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•BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

JULY, 1915

Number 1

C

Photo by J, E, Mock, Rochester

R. G. PHILLIPS, ROCHESTER, NEW YORK

Secretary of the International Apple

Shippers' Association.

The International Apple Shippers' Association will hold their Twenty-first Annual Convention
and Apple Exhibit at the Sherman Hotel, Chicago, August 4, 5 and 6. This association has
accomplished wonders in assisting the selling end of the apple business, Mr. R. G. Phillips
devotes his entire time to the association, being its present secrelary. He has done such excel-
lent work in building up and assisting the association that we herewith present his picture on
the cover page in order that the fruit growers may become better acquainted with Mr. Phillips,
who is esteemed very highly by all those who know him.

BETTER FRUIT PUBLTSHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Subsciiption .fl.OO per Year in the Unitcil Stales; Canada and Foreig-n, Includinsr Postage, $1.50.

Single Copy 10 Cents

Goodyear Passes Goodyear

$500,000 Better

Yet Users Pay $5,000,000 Less

Note these amazing facts:

Goodyear tires, as built this year, will
cost us f 500,000 more than if built like
1914 Goodyears.

That's because of improvements.

Yet this year's output will cost our
users some five million dollars less than
if sold at 1014 prices.

That's because of a big price reduc-
tion, made February 1st. It was our
third in two years, totaling 15 per cent.

Why Better Tires?

You ask why we add that half- million
dollars in face of such reductions.

We have always added every better-
ment our experts could discover. And
we spend on reseach $100,000 yearly just
to seek improvements
out.

Goodyears may pass
Goodyears, but we
make sure that no rival
ever can.

What Extras
Cost

Goodyear Fortified
Tires embody many

G

extras. Five of them are features found
in no other tire that's built. Others are
found in but few.

Based on current output, these extras
this year will cost us )|1,635,000.

That is, if we omitted our exclusive
features, which all others do omit

And other protections which most
makers omit

We could probably add to our profits
this year more than l}i million dollars.

But What of You?

But Goodyear users would pay. Those
extras save our users many times the
cost to us.

In these extras lies the reason why
Goodyear outsells any other tire. And
in that mammoth out-
put lies the reason for
the value that we give.

OOD/^YEAR

AKRON. OHIO

Fortified Tires

{Rim-Cuts- by our No-Rim-Cnt feature.
Blowouts— by our "On-Air" cure.
Loose Treads— by many rubber rivets.
Insecurity— by I'iti biaided piano wires.
Punctures and Skidding — by our double
tbick All-Weather tread.

Think of these thiugs
when other tires are
offered. Each Goodyear
extra means a saving to
you. Any dealer, if you
ask him, can supply you
Goodyear tires.

(241.'!)

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO

Makers of Goodyear "Tire Saver'* Accessories; also Goodyear "Wing" Carriage Tires and other Types

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page ?

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester
SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS

Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Ira B. Solomon Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth & Webling Co.
204 Franklin Street, New York Canning, N. S. Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

IP YOU WANT TO MARKET
YOUR

FRUIT

RIGHT

ALWAYS SHIP TO

W. B. Glafke Co.

WHOLESALE FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

108-110 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

W. H. DRYER w. W. BOLLAM

DRYER, BOLLA M & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

phones: «a,n||.. POBTLAND. OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

WHOLESALE

FRUITS AND PRODUCE
Commission Merchants

SOLICIT YOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns
PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture
to US to be Stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

The Old Reliable

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. GiLBCRT, President and Manager
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer C. W. Stose

Mark Levy 8f Co.

CORLMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

Orchardist
Supply House

W. F. LARA WAY

DOCTOR OF OPTHALMOLOGY

EYES ^^ LENSES
TESTED VF GROUND

Over 30 Years' Experience

Telescopes, Field Glass

Magnifiers to examine scale

Hood River and Glenwood

OrcRcm Io\\a

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

LIBRARY
NEW YORi
BOTAMICAJ

GARDEN

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

July

The New Three-Grade Cutler

FRUIT WEIGHING MACHINE

Delivers an EXACT PACKING SIZE to each bin and mai\es the packing of fruit in boxes
a simple affair at one-half the cost of hand methods.

Our new models employ a simple method of weighing the fruit — the only principle by which
the necessary accuracy can be accomplished. We know this sizer to be more efficient than an\-
other machine on the market.

THE OUTSTANDING FEATURES ARE:

Astounding accuracy and the ability to
regulate the delivery to any bin so that every layer
packed at random therefrom will have the desired
tightness and every pack will have the same height.
Use your ordinary help as packers.

A (|uiet, gentle handling of the fruit — nO bruis-
ing or violent dropping or roll of the fruit.

Automatic feed with a belted sorting table
accomodating from four to ten sorters.

WORKING CAPACITY up to 1,000 boxes
in ten hours.

Built sectionally in three sizes so the capacity
can be increased later by the addition of a section.

Patented spring supported bins with three
times the capacity of ordinary bins and a ijracti-
cal device to move the fruit into the bins without any
pawing or raking of the fruit by the packer. These
bins are far in advance of those used on any other
sizer.

The CUTLER SIZER can be quickly set to
handle either two or three grades and each grade
has a separate set of bins.

This machine has the benefit of our three years'
experience in the manufacture of sizing machines.

If you visit the San Francisco Exposition be sure to see the CUTLER SIZER
exhibited at the Oregon Section of the Palace of Horticulture.

WRITE FOR DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE

THE CUTLER FRUIT GRADER CO., Hood River, Ore.

THE SHOTWELL
Box Marking Machine

This machine patented May 11. 1915.

Patent No. 1138985.
.Any infringement will be proseculeci.

Is designed to print all the stamps required
on a box of apples or other fruit at one stroke,
in perfect alignment, saving time and labor.
The machine prints the liox to look as follows:

125 EXTRA FANCY WINESAP 40LBS.NET JOHN DOE

WENAICHEE.WASH.

It eliminates untidiness and unevenness in
marking.

Saves time in picking up five different
stamps separately, as all these stamps are
placed on a wheel and the entire marking of
the box as shown above is done in one move-
ment and as quickly as one stamp is put on
by the old method. The machine works auto-
matically and is self-inking.

Tile Sliotwell Box Marking Machine is a
device that saves labor, does it neatly with
dispatch. Made to be attached to any open
end press and can be adjusted to mark any
standard fruit box of any variety, apples,
pears, peaches, oranges and lemons, etc.

It is made of malleable iron, assembled
ready for use.

VV^ith each machine is included, witliout
extra charge, eighteen number stamps, three
grade stamps, one net weight stamp, one two-
line grower's address stamp, ten variety
stamps and an ink pad. Price, neativ packed
ready for shipment. J15.00, f.o.b. Wenatchee.
U'asliington.

Ready for delivery July 15. Order promptly.
.'IS only a limited number will be assembled
thi.s year as orders are taken. For full de-
scriptive illustrated catalog and further par-
tif-nlais. write

Shotwell & Wilmeroth

WENATCHEE. WASH.

"Wt STARTED RIGHT
AND WURE RIGHT"

6458 Acres

IN OUR ENTERPRISE

4178 Acres

ALL IN APPLES

Nine miles continuous rows of trees,
the largest apple orchard ever planted.

All are one- two and three years
old: the two and three year old all
sold, amounting to over 3,000 acres.

We are now ofTering our one-year
;it terms to suit you.

We give five years', from date of
planting, free care. Our company is
unlike others in the feature of staying
with our iiurchasers after the free
care peiiod. Our plans make our in-
terests mutual; we all work together
for the interest of all.

Our Booklet will give you a simple
statement of ovn- dealings .and meth-
oiis. Write us for infonnalion.

DUrUR ORCHARD COMPANY

Northwestern Bank Building
Portland, Oregon

WHEN WUITINt; AnVEUTlSERS MENTION BETTER FKUIT

BETTERr FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN. PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

The Development of the Fruit Package

THE object of this article is to trace
ttie development of the package of
the apple, pear, ijcach, plum and
cherry from the time these first ap-
peared on the markets of the United
States until the present time; and from
the past and present tendencies proph-
esy what packages the fruit growers of
the future will adopt. In the publica-
tions of the past which have been avail-
able little attention and space has been
given to the discussion of the fruit
package, which now has become an
important phase of the marketing !)rob-
lem. .Judging from this, the growing of
the fruit was the all-imi)ortant matter
and the marketing was a secondary
consideration. The marketing of fruit
until recently was a simple matter,
since the home markets were able to
handle all of the fruit grown locally,
and for this reason, and due to the fact
that keen competition did not exist, the
fi'uit was i)laced upon the market in
almost an> kind of package. Before the
year 1840 there were comparatively few
commercial orchards of any sort in the
United States. Most of tlie fruit grown
at that time was grown in the home
orchard, for home use, and only the
surplus was marketed. Most of this
surplus was carried to the markets in
the farmer's wagon and sold di"ect to
the consumer, by peck or bushel, the
])ackage not being given with the fruit.
For the cit\' retail trade the fruit was
marketed in most any package avail-
able. Innumerable crude packages have
been found upon the maikets, varying
in sizes and description and being made
of every kind of materials.

It was with the rapid development of
the fruit industry between the years
1845 and 18(10, when hundreds of
commercial orchards were comin-'J into
bearing throughout the United States,
that the question of the fruit nackage
first became of importance. The tre-
mendous amount of fruit being thrown
upon the market between the years
185.1 and 18(iO, much more attention was
given than formerly to the marketing
of these crops. The wholesale market
rather than the retail played a larger
part in the fruit industry, causin.g a
Ijroper development of the fruit pack-
age. The fruit men realized that it was
not altogether the fruit wliich caused a
sale, hut that the iiackage played a verv
iniiiorlani |)art. The fruit was not onl,\
displayed to better advantage, but also
arrived on the market in better con-
dition. Since the sale of the fruil was
handicapped by the use of discolored
second-hand packages, the trade came
to demand the "gift" package more and

By E. D. Lake and W. B. Arens.

more. During the last half century
there has been a general embetterment
of the fruit package, until today we find
many novel as well as neat and useful
packages upon the market.

In the latter part of the eighteenth
century a shipment of apples was made
from the United States to Benjamin
Fianklin, who was then in Europe.
The fruit, through careful packing, ar-
rived in good condition; this showed

Features of this Issue

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRUIT
PACKAGE

THE APPLE AS A FARM PRODUCT;

HISTORY AND PRESENT

STATUS

THREE YEARS OF PRACTICAL EXPE-
RIENCE WITH HOME CANNING

COVER CROPS FOR BEARING
GATED ORCHARDS

MARKETING THE APPLE

the possibilities of the foreign develop-
ment of the fruit industry and necessi-
tated the use of a strong, substantial
package for shipping purposes.

Until recently the form of apple
package was chiefly the barrel, which
now has a more or less definite size
and shape. Formerly there were wide
extremes in the tyjie of the barrels
found on the various markets, ranging
froiu small kegs to hogsheads. Thus it
could be seen that many of these would
be wholly unsuitable. Apples have been
packed in barrels ever since orcharding
became a conunercial branch of farm-
ing. The barrel is the standard package
for api)les east of the Rockies, and from
all indications it will continue to be so
for some years to come. In some local-
ities the so-called half barrel has been
used for marketing apples on a small
scale. The half barrel is nothing more
than a small barrel whi'li holds about
one-half of the slandard aimle barrel.
Its use is very limited. l-"or high grade
fanc>' apples and for special markets
some of the growers are packing apples
in the Oregon slandard aijple box, but
the box tra<le represents insi"nili''anl
parts of the apple business in the I'asl.
("leorgia is an excei)tion to Ibis rule, as
it iiacks most of its apples in the Xorth-
weslcrn slandard box. The bushel and

half-bushel hampers arc used for ship-
ments of early apples for short dis-
tances, not over two or three hundred
miles.

There is a third class of package for
apples which is just now coming into
prominence and which is bound to
become of more and more importance.
That is the small retail "take-home"
package holding from a few quarts up
to perhaps a half bushel. These pack-
ages are principally of two types, either
the basket or carton. They have the
advantage, from the standpoint of the
consumer, that they can be easily car-
ried in the hand; that they keep the
fruit in good condition, and that they
hold so little fruit that the question of
storage is not important. Thus they
obviate the greatest dillicultv which is
experienced with the barrel and even
with the box, namely, that the ordinary
household cannot use all of the apples
before they begin to decay. An addi-
tional advantage of the small nac!:aee
being attractivelv packed is that the
fruit can be much better disclavei. In
this regard. F^. C. Sears, professor of
pomology, Massachusetts Agricultural
College, might be (luoted: "There is
also among those who grow very fancy
apples a movement to try a still s-naller
])ackage. particularly of the pasteboard
carton type. These have been taken up
because the barrel and Western box
both bruise the apples loo much. \ few
growers are also tryina a carton which
holds practically a bushel and which is
supplied with partitions similar to an
egg case. At a recent meeting of our
association (Massachusetts Horticultural
.\ssociation) we had such a package on
exhibition which had been shipju'd
from Virginia to Brockton in this state,
then back to Boston, then up to Wor-
cester, where our meeting was held, yet
the apples arrivcil in perfect condition."

West of the Hockies, including Colo-
rado, the apples are neaily wholl\ han-
dled in boxes. The first shipment of
apples fi'om Oregon to distant ])oints
was made in 1853, when large boxes
bound with iron straps were sent to
San Francisco by steamer. The apples
sold as high as ■*2 a pound. The Ore-
gon standard and California sjiecial
boxes are used to the exclusion of all
others. It is a fact that the Western
apple growers market their apples in
boxes, in the markets of Eastern cities,
and these same markets i)refer to have
Ihe Eastern a|)ples packed in barrels.
It cannot be explained why this should
be the case, unless it is because Ihe
Western apples are of such superior
(Uialih Id be demanded l)\ special fanc.\-

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

jith

trade. The future tendency will prob-
ably be that the East and West will
continue to use their respective pack-
ages with but minor variations. One
fact stands out as being established be-
yond question, namely, that if boxes are
to be used at all, the fruit has to be
above the average in quality and prop-
erly graded, and the whole package
must be made attractive. Without these
attributes fruit cannot be placed profit-
ably in any market. The cost of box
packing makes this type of package
almost prohibitive in the handling of
the lower grades of fruit. The slatted
box and the barrel have been suggested
as a means of overcoming this difficulty
in the Northwest. The following tables
from Bailey's "Farm and Garden Rule
Book" show the legal weights to the
bushel of apples and the legal sizes of
apple boxes and barrels in the several
states named; also the usual standard
(not legal) sizes of apple boxes and the
heaped bushel expressed in cubic inches
in such states as have expressed the
capacity of the heaped bushel in that
form. All of these boxes, where actu-
ally used, are subject to considerable
variation in capacity, resulting from
the use or non-use of cleats under the
covers.

BOX AND BARREL SIZES, AND WEIGHTS

PER Bt'SHEL.

Arkansas Green apples .in lbs. per bu.

Box size: 20x12x9 — lawful bushel measure.

Connecticut Apples 48 lbs. per bu.

Florida Green apples 48 lbs. per bu.

Iowa Apples 48 lbs. per bu.

Kansas Green apples 48 lbs. per bu.

Maine Apples 44 lbs. per bu.

Box size: 20x11x10 inches — 22.30 cu. in.;
standard bushel box.

Barrel size: Head ITi-s, staves 28%, bulge
64 inches — 3 bushels,
^raryland

Box size: 2212 cubic inches.

Barrel size: 6253% cubic inches.

Massachusetts ...Apples 48 lbs. per bu.

Michigan Apples 48 lbs. per bu.

Barrel size: Heads 17 '4, staves 27 inches,
or flour barrel size.

Nebraska Green apples 48 lbs. per bu.

New .lersey Apples .'iO lbs. per bu.

New York Apples 48 lbs. per bu.

Barrel size: Head 17'^, staves 28Vo, bulge
64 inches — 100 quarts.

Minnesota Green apples .'jO lbs. per bu.

Missouri Apples 48 lbs. per bu.

Barrel size: Heads I714, staves 28 V™, dia-
meter center inside 2OV2 inches.
North Carolina ..Green apples 48 lbs. per bu.

North Dakota. .. .Apples 50 lbs. per bu.

Ohio Apples 50 lbs. per bu.

Barrel size: Head 17i.i, staves 281/2, bulge
66 inches.
Oregon Apples 45 lbs. per bu.

Standard box: lOL^xll i/,xl8— 2173V2 cu. in.

Standard box: 20x11x10 — 2200 cu. in.

Tennessee Green apples 50 lbs. per bu.

Texas Apples 50 lbs. per bu.

Vermont Apples 46 lbs. per bu.

Virginia Apples 45 lbs. per bu.

Barrel size: Head 17i^, staves 27%, bulge
64 inches.
Washington Green apples 45 lbs. per bu.

Box size: 10%xll%xl8 inches.
Wisconsin Apjjles 48 lbs. i)er bti.

Barrel size; 100 quarts.

OTHER APPLE BOX SIZES.

California 4n-lb. . .20%xl0%x9i(, . . .1965 cu. in.
California 50-Ib.. .20%xlli4xl0% . .2393 cu. in.

Canadian Legal. . .20x11x10 2200 cu. in.

Colorado 18x11x12 2376 cu. in.

Washington Sped ,20x11x10 2200 cu. in.

N. W. Special 20x12x10 2100 cu. in.

LEGAL HEAPED BISHEL CAPACITIES.

Connecticut 2564 cu. in.

Kansas 2504 cu. in.

Washington 2564 cu. in.

•''^•■:

f-iSf^

"^^m:-

•S

-1

Courtesy of SnuHurn I'mllir liiiUnuit]

Hay Field, Western Oregon

The history of the pear package does
not dilfer extremely from that of the
apple, in that development was along
practically the same lines. It is true
that the pear industry has not devel-
oped nearly as rapidly as has the apple.
It has been until recently more of a
local proposition with pears, since they
will not stand shipping and rougher
treatment, nor keep as well in cold
storage as will the apple.

On account of the diU'erent chiu'acler-
istics of the pear of the East and of the
West, and the uses to which the pears
are put, the packages would necessarily
vary considerably. The half bushel
peach basket is commonly used in han-
dling the pear crop for delivery to
consumers in the Eastern states. The
barket usually goes under the name of
five-eighths bushel. This basket, with
a slatted cover, is also very largely useil
in shipping by steamer and otherwise
to Baltimore and Philadelphia. The Dear
box with a middle partition and holding
from three pecks to one bushel is very
commonly used in the Eastern states.
This box is rather attractive and helps
to sell the fruit.

In New York and the New England
states bushel kegs are very largclv used
for shipidng Bartletts, Aniovis and other
pears. A still larger i)ac!.anc for shin-
ping pears, smaller and with less btd.<re
than the common apple barrel, holds
2'; bushels. The Le Conte and Kielfcr
pears are frequently shipped in regular
apple barrels. Somelimes boxes are
used for the fancier grades of fruit.
There seems to be a diversity of oiiin-
ion amon.g Eastern growers regarding
the most desirable type of package in
placing this fruit upon the market.
l'robai)ly tlie best package for the loc;d
market is the bushel box or the half-
bushel hamper basket. For the distant
market, varieties like the Kieffer and

Duchess seem to be preferred in bar-
rels. A few of the progressive growers
have discovered that the basket can be
packed with regular packs almost as
conveniently as the box, and that not
only are the carrying qualities of the
fruit enhanced, but the basket presents
a much more pleasing appearance.

The pear growers of the Pacific Coast
pack most r)f their fruit in boxes, as is
the case with ajjples. Most of the pears
grown on the Pacific Coast are mar-
keted in the Eastern cities. The box
proba!)l\' being the most economical
and ellicient package for long distance
shipping, has for this reason come into
general use. The smaller varieties such
as the Seckel are packed in half boxes,
and the larger pears such as the Bosc
and Anjou are marketed in packages
that are somewhat smaller than the
standard apple box. The ideal package
for the pear will, in all jjrobability. be
a half box, somewhat shorter than our
stanchird ajMile box, practically such as
is used by California ])ackers. The fol-
lowing table shows dimensions of some
of the pear p;ickages in common use:

Northwest standard pear box — Si'-jXiOil.xISH

Pear h.Tif box— tiJxll«,xl8V4.

Vermont — 58 lbs. per bushel.

lov.a — 15 lbs. per bushel.

Indiana — 2150 cubic inches.

A'innesota — 45 lbs. per bushel.

New Mexico — Size box. ISxlli'.xS inches; 18
lbs. per bushel.

New York — IS lbs. per bushel; 100 (|uarls
per bari'el.

r. S. — 18 lbs. per bushel.

R. .1.-48 lbs. per bushel.

ralifornia pear box— 9x1 1^4x1 9*4 ; 50 !hs.
pel- box.

California pear box (export) — l^'jxl 1^4 \10%
— 21 lbs. per box.

With the manv dilferent races of
l)eaches under cultivalion in the I'niird
Stales it is true that the regions in
whicli peaches can i)e grown include
practically the whole country, ;ind n;il-
Continucd on page 27

10 1 ^

BETTER FBTTTT

Page 1

The Apple as a Farm Product — History and Present Status

[Editor's Note. — The following article is the
beginning of extracts from a thesis prepared
by A. Millard. .Jr., a young orchardist of Hood
River, who graduated from Cornell in horti-
culture in 1915. Following chapters will ap-
pear in future editions of "Better Fruil" dur-
ing the balance of the year. It contains much
valuable information and data, with many
original ideas in reference to the fruit indus-
try, the apple in particular, as obtained by
Mr. Millard through thorough research work
covering a long period. This is one of the
ablest and most thorough articles that has
ever appeared in print along the lines covered
and some good suggestions and sensible con-
clusions are drawn.]

APPLES are mentioned in some of
man's earliest writings, and ap-
ples were planted by American
Indians before the middle of the ei.ah-
teenth century. (The writer has seen
a specimen of these early plantines at
Geneva, N. Y., which is said to be 125 to
150 years old.) We are, however, only
concerned with the developinent of the
commercial side of the apple industry
in the United States, and correspond-
in,!Jly with the history of the whole
fruit trade.

One hundred years a.ijo practically no
fruit was imported into this country;
only an occasional cask of Mediterran-
ean prunes, raisins, or ,grapes found its
\^'ay across the four weeks of water as
a very great luxuiy through the agency
of the larger importing merchants of
the colonics, and later of the young re-
[jublic. Even the scasf)nal selling of
the fruit of nearby farmers in cities
was not practiced until early in the
nineteenth century, and once at this
point the trade stood still until about
1830. In 1832 a cargo of oranges ar-
rived from Sicily, and this shipment
was followed by a growing commerce
in Italian oranges and lemons for thirty
years, during which period these fruits
held full possession of the American
markets. About 1865 wholesale com-
mission fiiiit houses came into exist-
ence, and Italian fruit began to come,
consigned to these firms, but about 1880
branches of the Italian concerns were
one by one established in New York
and elsewhere, and these branch houses
have since controlled the ]Slediter-
lanean fruit trade here.

There was practically no competition
b\- domestic fruit for the American
Iraile till 1807. Oranges and lemons,
grapes, raisins, currants, and prunes,
fresh, preserved and dried, found only
the Yankee apple as American-raised
fruit. Even West Indies bananas and
pineapples were not shipped in enough
(piantity to disturb the complete mo-
nopoly of the Mediterranean fruit. In
18(17 the first car of green fruit fiom
California reached New York, and from
then our domestic sub-tropic friiils
rapidly took over the I'nited Slates
markets. Lemons from Sicily still find
a strong market on account of their
flavor, and this, with the banana,
rapidly growing in consumption, will
always figure heavily in oui- fruit
imports.

The phenomenal development of the
banana trade is worthy of some note
at this point. The schooner "Reynard"

was the first West Indian "fruiter"
when it brought, in 1801, to New York
City the first thirty bunches delivered
there. Small quantities were subse-
quently imported, till in 1830 a man
named Pearsall landed 1500 bunches,
the first considerable shipment. Banana
imports grew quite slowly, till 1880, at
which date they were listed for the
first time separately in the imjjortation
reports. Since 1880 the growth of the
banana trade has been enormous, and
American growers feel the pressure of
this competition in more ways than
most of them realize. The banana is
the "poor man's fruit." In 1912 the
continental United States consumed
44,520,.530 bunches, or over 60 bananas
for each man, woman and child in the
Union. These bananas came from the
various small countries bordering the
Carribcan Sea; .Jamaica leading with
15,167,918 bunches of the above men-
tioned imports. Of the entire banana
crop of the world, the United States
consumes nearly all (85%) and the
remaining 15% is controlled and to a
large degree re-exported by the United
Fruit Company and a few other con-
cerns. European taste for the banana
is being developed, the area available
for the production is literally unlimited,
and the banana is a most important
competitor of any fruit produced in the
United States.

Strangely enough at first thought, but
logically when we consider that we
were then the colonies of an empire
which expected to receive and not to
give the luxuries of food, we find
recoi'ds of fruit export earlier than of
import. This trade began with the
apple. There is record of apple ship-
ments to the West Indies in 1841, and
the trade probably existed for some time
previous to this date. Benjamin Frank-
lin, in London, was sent a package of
Newtown Pippins from the 1758 crop,
and the sight and taste of these resulted
in quite a trade. There is a letter on
file (the younger Collinson, writing to
,Iohn Bartram, "Better Fruit"), written
in 1773, stating that the English apple
crop had failed and that the market was
being supplied by American apples.
This letter reads, "They (American
apples) are, notwithstanding, too ex-
pensive for common eating, being sold
for twopence, threepence, and even
fourpence an apple." The apple has
always been the commercially ranking
export fruit of this country. Shipments
of ice from the New England ports to
the West Indies, which began in 1805,
were accompanied by large <iuantities
of a|)ples, and soon after the extension
of the ice trade to India and China,
which occurred in 1830, apples could be
had in the ice ports of these countries.
Statistics do not exist prior to 1821,
when the Treasurer reported an ex])ort
of 68,143 bushels of apples, valued at
.•*39,966.

In the "Transactions of the .Vmerican
Institute" it is said that Boston fruit
dealers had shipped apples and cran-
berries to Euroiie for many years. "In

1845 Newton Pippins from the orchard
of Robci't L. Pell, of Ulster Co., N. Y.,
which contained 20,000 trees, sold in
London for .$21.00 a barrel." Virginia
apples were also exported about this
time. The Eastern States still furnish
a large part of the apples exported, but
shipments from the great orchard dis-
tricts of the Mississippi Valley and of
the Pacific Coast now are a very large
factor. New York City has always held
the lead in apple exports of North
America, in 1812-13 the approximate
percentages of the barrels exported by
the various cities were: New York,
32%; Boston, 16% (some few Canadian
apples included); Portland, Me., 10%;
Halifax and St. Johns, 30%. Boxed
apples exported in this same year from
the Atlantic seaboard were appor-
tioned: New York, 93%.; Boston, 6%,
and Portland, Me., \%. The various
apple importing cities of Europe are
elsewhere taken up under foreign
markets.

Apples comprise by far the greatest
amount of our fruit exportations, but
various other fruits — cranberries,
peaches, plums, prunes, pears, grape-
fruit, oranges, etc. — are also sent out.
The supply of all but the first fruit
comes in the main from California. In
1912 over two million pounds of apri-
cots and peaches, over ninety-one mil-
lion pounds of pears, and over six mil-
lion pounds of plums and prunes were
exported to England. Canada imports
considerable quantities of our lender
fruits, and most of the countries of
Europe, excepting Russia and those
bordering on the Mediterranean, im-
port some of our fruit. Dried fruits are
also exported in large (piantities (the
fruit-dryer was perfected between 1870
and 1875.) Belgium imported in 1912
$310,000 worth of our dried apples,
apricots and prunes, and Austria im-
ported about a million and a half
pounds of various dried fruits. France
imports much, but her orders depend
entirely on her own croi). Germany
imports a great deal; but Italy, Norway,
The Netherlands and Russia import but
little dried fruit. England imports in
quantity only prunes and plums, of
which in 1912 she took twenty-nine
million and a hundred and fourteen
million pounds resi)cctively. .Japan,
China and India import very little tlried
fruil, allhough there may be a limited
field for further exploitation there.
.\uslralia does lake some of our dried
apples, though litis conmionwcalth ex-
ports the first fruit in (|uanlity. There
is a very bright jiromise for increase in
the dried fruit trade with South
.•\merica.

We have seen above that there was
no doincslic ((inipelilion for the fruit
trade in the Uniled Stales until after
the Civil War, except for the poorly
developed apple industry and the even
less developed small fruit trade from
I^ong Island, New .lersey and Dela-
ware. Exceptions to this condition
were occasional boatloads of water-
melons, etc., from the .South, .\fler this

Page 8

BETTER FRUIT

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CFor Frnits, Fish and \'egetables.

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222 N. Wabash Ave.
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time the growth of intra-state com-
merce in fruits was very strong and
very rapid. According to U. B. Barnes,
of Middlchope, N. Y., the planting of
commercial apple orchards did not
receive much attention until 1825,
although Robert Pell was already ex-
porting Newton Pippins. Gradually,
summer, early and late fall apples
became customarily shipped down the
Hudson to New York. These apples
were often sold by the steamboat
captains who carried the fruit to the
city. Heavy plantings in Western New-
York followed the completion of the
Erie Canal, which opened in Western
New York one of the greatest fruit
regions of the world. The 1867 ship-
ment of California to New York City
was a failure as regards condition of
fruit and prices received, but the idea
remained, and pears, peaches, Tokey
and other grapes, and later, oranges and
lemons followed this firm shipment.
This State is today easily first in green
fruit production, though prior to 18fl,3,
but 5,0n0 boxes in all of California fruit
had ever been sold in New York.
Florida oranges entered the market
shortly after this first California ship-
ment, and now the more rapid citrus
industry in California has outstripped
the orange industry in Florida. Florida,
however, has the grapefruit, and the
two states are keen competitors in the
production of domestic, tropical and
sub-tropical fruits of all kinds. Early
fruits with vegetables are controlled by
the Gulf States, and specialized fruit

industries have sprung up in the Rocky The total value of tropical and sub-

Alountain and North Pacific States. tropical fruits trebled in the ten years

The following tables show the 19(19 between the twelfth and thirteenth

values, acreage, etc., of small and census figures. The production of

orchard fruits in the United States: citrus fruit alone increased 2.31.3%.

TABLE IV.— S:MALL TRUITS in the UNHED states, 1910 CENSUS.

Total Value Proftttction in Hclaliiie

in 1009 IWi'.i (quiirls I Acreage Value

AH small fruits lji29,974,481 rj|-...-.C..',.,sli:! 272,11111 10n.n%

Strawberries 17,613,92fi 2.-|.j,702,0:i.'i 143,045 58.8%

lilaekberries 3,909,831 .i5,343,570 49,004 13.0%

Raspberries 5,132,277 60,918,196 48,668 17.6%;

Currants 790,431 10,448,532 7,862 2.8%

Gooseberries 517,034 5,282,843 4,765 1.8%

Other small fruits 1,810,982 38,870,687 19,116 6.0%

TABLE v.— ORCHARU FRUITS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1910 CENSUS.

Pro/luction Increase Helative

Total Value (bushels) over ISU9 Value

All orchard crops SI 40.867,347 216,083,695 1.8% 100.0%

Apples 83,233,492 117,522,318 15.9% 59.1%,

Peaches 28.781,078 35,470,276 133.0% 20.4%

Pears 7,910,600 8,840,733 33.4% 5.6%

Plums and Prunes 10,299,495 15,480,17(1 76.6% 7.3%

Cherries 7,231,160 4,126,099 43.6% 5.1%

Apricots 2,884,119 4,150,263 57.1%, 2.0%

Quinces 517,243 428,672 0.3%,

The acreage of all classes of small Much of the greater part of the tropical
fruits decreased between 1899 and 1909 and sub-tropical fruit produced in the
from a total of 309,770 to 272,460 acres. United Slates is grown in California
or 12%; likewise the total production and Florida, the former producing
was 7.9% less. The only crop with 67.8% and Florida 28.7% of the total
increased production was cranberries, valuation. Of the oranges, nearly three-
Small fruits in general are grown rather fourths are produced in California,
uniformly throughout the United States. most of the remainder coming from
In acreage New York and New Jersey Florida. Nearly the entire domestic
head the list, but many states produce supply of lemons comes from Cali-
crops excelling the New Jersey crop in fornia. Although California produces a
value. Strawberries come from all few grape fruits, the dealers receive
sections of the country, but the South ncarlv the entire supply from Florida.
Atlantic States are the heaviest pro- Xo other class of fruit has increased in

1'q -nlv'nnn''"''"", '"» ^'^^"'cr.,,""r'?u'7';'^ production and popularity in the past
.^3 oOO 0( 0, or about one-fifth of the total ^^^3^,^ ^^ j^^^ ,j^^ grapefruit or pomelo,
value of the strawberry crop of the a,, ., ., r •. • . 1
entire country. The increase of value J}"^ °*h'^'' "."'"•^ f""*^ ^';^ unimportant;
in small fruits is not given for the ^^^^^ ""^ T""!' '^"f,';'""?^-'*' «"^ '^'^™-
different crops separately, but as a «I"«'S' '^^lefly from Florida, and man-
whole the berries showed an increase darines from Louisiana. The production
in 19.8% in value, with a decrease of "f ^Ss is widely distributed throughout
7.9% in total production. the Southern States, although California

Our grape crop has had a picturesque leads with two-fifths of the crop,

history since the first vain attempts in Arizona and California control the

colonial days. Ohio and Missouri have domestic supply of olives — a crop

in turn lead the other states in produc- which has trebled in the last decade,

tion, but today 63% of our crop comes Florida is the only source of supply

from California, New York and Mich- within the United States for pineapples,

igan. Practically all of our European bananas. Avocado pears, and mangoes,

grapes are produced in California, (Discussion, "Small Fruits, Grapes,\nd

whereas New York and Michigan can t..„„: „i u •, " 1 1 u .•

produce only native American grapes of J' "P'^,=^ ^'''^p l«':sely verbatim copy

the Concord type. The grape crop for f™'" '^*'"^'-. I"™' '. .' ^he guavas are

1909 was valued at !?!22,027,961, an known only in California and Florida,

increase of 57.1%- over the value in =^"'' loquats only in the former. The

1899. The total production in 1909 was native supply of pomegranates and

2,571,065,205 pounds. dales come from several of the southern

The following table gives the value of and southwestern states. Japanese per-

Iropical and sub-tropical fruits in the simmon is produced only in California,

United States for 1909: Florida and Texas.

TABLE VI.— VALUE AND PRODUCTION OF TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUITS, 1909.

Increase of

Total Value Production Production

\on-C.itrus Fruits in 1909 in 1909 over 1S99

Figs ?803.810 35.060,395 pounds 178.3%

Pineapples 734.090 778,651 crates 672.6%

Olives 404,574 16,405, 193 pounds 220.6%

Bananas 5.66I 10,060 bunches Not given

Avocado Pears 10,100 4,920 crates Not given

C.uavas 11,628 .354.062 pounds —78.8%

Mangoes 5,7.39 5,278 pounds Not given

Persimmons (Japanese) 9,087 6,723 bushels 148.1%

Loquats 5,880 4,541 boxes Not given

Pomegranates 4,203 152.825 pounds Not given

Dates 533 9,947 pounds Not given

Ci(ru» Fruits •

Oranges $17,566,161 19,487,481 boxes 217.0%

Lemons 2,993,738 2.770.313 boxes 215.9%

Grape Fruit 2,060,610 1,189,250 boxes 3,378.7%

I>>mes 12.478 11.318 boxes —50.0%,

Tangerines 68,770 .38.752 boxes Not given

Mandarines 6,553 3.896 boxes Not given

Kum(|uats 2,826 1.112 boxes Not given

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

Danger of Clover-root Curculio.

The United States Departnient of
Agriculture in the Weei<ly News Letter
under date of April 21st, has called the
attention of the fruit growers and
famers to the danger of clover-root
curculio. The pest has become more or

less of a national menace as a destroyer
of the various legumes. It works in
the stems and fretiuently is unnoticed
and for this reason the damage has
been freiiuently attributed to other
causes. Recently it has been shown to
be a great obstacle to alfalfa growing.

The Department states there is only
one practical suggestion at the present
[Iiat can be made for limiting the
<Kvaslalions of curculio, that is disk-
ing or harrowing the fields as soon
as the fii-st crop is harvested. This
process, it is stated, will destroy vast

Page lo

BETTER FRUIT

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numbers of the pupae of this Insect,
which do not descend more than one
inch below the surface. Disking and
harrowing ought to be done immedi-
ately after removing the first hay crop
as prompt action even at this time, will
not prevent injury to the present crop
but should serve to considerably reduce
the pest the following year. If your
alfalfa looked sick last year and you
did not know what was the matter it
is time to investigate. It may be this
curcolio, and, if so, prompt action
should be taken, as Government advice
is usually unquestionably good. It
would seem the proper thing would be
to disc it promptly. Some disc-harrows
are especially suited for this purpose.
The Cutaway Harrow Company of
Higganum, Conn., have given consider-
able time investigating this pest, and
fruit growers who have trouble may
find it worth while to write this
company for further information in
reference lo this pest.

Why the Apple Is "Food of the Gods"

The apple has become so familiar
to us as the conmionest of all fruits
that its value as man's greatest friend
in the vegetable kingdom may not be
fully realized. It was called the "food
of the gods" because it was believed to
be the magic renewer of youth to
which the gods resorted when they felt
themselves growing old and feeble.
There have been many mystic tradi-
tions about the apple, which has been
credited with varied potency. It is the
healing fruit of the Arabian tales.
Latin chronicles and institutes and
early English poems contain many
references to it. Scientific analysis of
late years has justified all the ancient
glorification of this fruit, which has
been found to contain albumen, sugar,
gum, malic acid, gallic acid, fibre, water
and phosphorous.

Malic acid of apples neutralizes the
excess of chalky matter caused by too
much meat and thereby helps to keep
us young. ,\pples are good for the

complexion, as their acids drive out
the noxious matters which cause skin
eruptions. They are food for the
brain, which those same noxious mat-
ters, if retained, render sluggish. The
acids of the apple diminish the acidity
of the stomach that comes with some
forms of indigestion. The phosphorus,
of which apples contain a larger per
cent than any other fruit or vegetable,
renews the essential matter of the
brain and spinal column. England,
Normandy and the United States have
made the most notable improvement in
the quality of the fruit, of which
there are between 400 and 500 distinct
varieties.

Mr. Howard G. Fletcher Joins the
Northwestern Fruit Exchange

Mr. Howard G. Fletcher has resigned
his position as General Manager of the
Grand Junction Fruit Growers' Ex-
change of Colorado and accepted a
position with the Northwestern Fruit
Exchange as Associate Salesmanager.
The Grand Junction Fruit Growers'
Association, of which Mr. Fletcher has
been manager, is one of the largest
and best co-operative organizations in
the United States, having been in ex-
istance for 25 years, managed pre-
viously for many years by Mr. John
Moore. Last year it handled a ton-
nage of 3000 cars. Mr. Fletcher ac-
cepted a position with the Grand Junc-
tion Association fourteen years ago
and by hard work and close attention
to business he received many promo-
tions, finally being tendered the posi-
tion of Manager three years ago, which
he has filled with credit to himself
and the Association. Mr. Fletcher is
not only well known among the fruit
growers throughout Colorado, but has
an extensive acquaintance with the
trade all over United States and is
recognized as a man of ability and
a splendid fruit sales operator. His
acquaintance and knowledge of the
business will be a great help to the
Northwestern Fruit Exchange.

Half a Million Dollar Loans

The Seattle banks, after numerous
conferences through their clearing
houses, have about perfected arrange-
ments for financing the growers of
the Wenatchee North Central Washing-
ton Growers' League for the year 1915,
and expect to perfect arrangements
to advance the growers of the above
district Half a Million Dollars with
which to care for and harvest their
apple crop during the coming season.
This loan probably will be made
through the marketing organizations,
five of which have been approved by
the Seattle banks, as follows: Wenat-
chee Fruit Growers' Association,
North Pacific Fruit Distributors,
Northwest Fruit Exchange, Wenatchee
Produce Company, and G. M. H. Wag-
ner >S: Sons of Chicago.

The apricot crop in Southern Cali-
fornia will probably be from 30 to
■10 per cent of last year's crop.

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

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Reaion- Better Service

Three Years' Experience with Home Canning Plant

By C. C. Vincent, Horticulturist, University of Idaho, Moscow

SINCE the fruit industry in the
Pacific Northwest has attained
such gigantic proportions, many
questions of great importance have
confronted the best brains and talent
for solution; questions of vital impor-
tance and far-reaching consequence,
that demand careful and faithful con-
sideration by those entrusted with the
solution of such problems. Such prob-
lems as orchard management, orchard
irrigation, maintenance of soil fertility,
picking and packing, as well as market-
ing schemes should be encouraged and
helped by both slate and nation, but we
believe there is another question of
vital importance to all the people of
the Pacific Northwest that should re-
ceive the early attention of investi-
gators, and that is the saving of by-
products that naturally go to waste
annually on our farms. It was the con-
census of opinion at a recent meeting
of the National Apple Show By-prod-
ucts Committee that fully 2.5 per cent
of our present investment of $200,000,-
000 in the fruit industry in the four
Northwestern states went to waste.
This trementlous loss affects practically
every farmer, orchardist and planter in
the country.

For your future prosperity and de-
velopment can you, Mr. Fruit Grower
and Vegetable Grower, afford to let this
continue. Decidedly, No. As the sum
total of our knowledge is the result and
experience of the present as of past
generations, we can readily see that the
logical thing to do is to establish at an
early date plants for the handling of
by-products. The fruit growers' organ-
izations, private enterprise, etc., should

Wanted, 2 Back Numbers
of "Better Fruit"

Viil. IV, Nos. I) and 7.
(December, liHIil, and .January, 1910)

Please communicate with

JoiinC.Wister, Wister St. and Clarkson Ave.
Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.

WANTED TO HEAR

from owner of good fruit ranch for sale.
Send description, price and full par-
ticulars.

O. O. MATTSON,
:w Andriis Bids'. Minneapolis, Minn.

immediately take up the matter for the
installation of vinegar factories, can-
ning plants, and evaporating establish-
ments. Referring again to a recent
meeting of the By-Products Committee,
we find in their minutes a statement to
the effect that fully 10 per cent of the
by-products plants here in the North-
west have been failures.

This state of affairs does probably
exist here in the Pacific Northwest,
but this cannot be the true condition
generally throughout the United States,
for, according to the last census report,
there has been a gradual increase in
the number of canning and preserving
plants since 1869. In 1869 there were
only 167 successful plants, employing
6,240 men, women and children. In
1909 we find 3,.369 plants, furnishing
employment to 50,042 people.

factory. A community that can furnish
a constant supply of fruits and vege-
tables over a long period, should have
no difficulty in making a canning plant
pay good dividends. The length of sea-
son for the various fruits and vege-
tables in and around Moscow, Idaho, is
as follows: Asparagus, May 15 to July
1; string beans, July 15 to September
15; corn, August 10 to September 20;
peas, June 10 to July 20; tomatoes,
August 15 to October 1; rhubarb, June 1
to July 30; strawberries, June 10 to July
15; apricots, July 15 to August 1; black-
berries, July 1 to August 20; raspber-
ries, July 10 to August 1.5; apples, Sep-
tember 1 to December 15.

The annual output from these suc-
cessful plants is enormous. To .show
to what extent bv-products are utilized,
we find that in 1909, 32,752,469 cases of

TABLE I.

No. of

Wage-earners

Value

"i.slablish

{A verage

r.osi tif

Value of

A deled by

merits

Number)

^\ages

Materials

Products

Manufacture

3,369

50,042

.$15,516,809

.$84,341,019

.$128,772,908

.$44,431,889

2,789

48,499

13,496,784

08,217,318

107,838,309

39,020,991

2,237

44,414

10,489,908

51,257,020

79,904,548

28,046,928

1,202

53,339

5,810,209

23,993,704

39,653,271

15,059,567

520

32,835

2,939,414

13,523,9.32

20,006,918

0,482,986

127

6,204

885,070

3,939,01 6

6,668,513

2,728,897

1909

1904

1899

1889

1879

1809

A close analysis of the situation re-
veals the fact that failure has been due
primarily to the installation of too elab-
orate, expensive machinery, which ties
up capital and cripples the industry.
The essential requisite in the canning
of fruits and vegetables is to grow the
crop. The products .should be grown
in large enough quantities to justify the
installation of expensive machinery for
commercial canning. Mr. M. C. Reme-
lin, manager of the Yakima Fruit Prod-
ucts Company, says that one of the
essentials to success in the business is
the stability of supply; without this the
I5lant of the most modern design, oper-
ated under the most efficient manage-
ment, will soon close its doors, for the
requisite of success is dividends; divi-
dends depend upon sales, and sales de-
pend upon your ability to furnish a
dependable quantify of quality goods.

The rapid growth of the canning in-
dustry in other parts of the country
has been due largely to this stability of
supply, efiicicnf management, a thor-
ough knowledge of the various details
involved in processing, and the close
and constant attention to details. I'llic-
iont management is absolutel> essential
in the operalicm of a successful canning

vegetables, valued at ?51,568,914, were
sold. A total of 5,501,403 cases of fruits,
representing a valuation of $12,938,474,
were also placed on the market. The
accompanying table, taken from the
Thirteenth Census, shows in detail the
various fruits and vegetables canned:

TABLE n.

Quantity
Kind Cases

Cnnned Vegetables 32,752,409

Tomatoes 12,909. nsc>

Corn 7,451.L>(;5

Peas 5,901,711.!

Beans 3,392..sc, I

Asparagus 22S..").">H

Pumpkin 41(1.303

Sx\ eet Potatoes 347. aso

,\ll oilier 2,0811.503

Canned I'luits 5.501.101

Peaches 1.407,213

Apples 1,205,7 12

Apricots
Pears . . .
Berries
Cherries
All other

ii3n.i.s.-

037.782
8I."...S5I
300.351
35I.2.SII
Pounds
100,328.767
111,771.76

Dried Fruits ....

Raisins

Prunes 13S. I9S. 190

Apples 11.508,211

Peaches 46,843,391

Apricots 29,205.509

All other 29.438,300

To show graphically the value of
vaiious caiU'd products, such as fish,
oNsters. fruits, vegetables and the ni.an-
ufacture of pickles, preserves and jel-

Value

$51,508,914

18,747,941

10,332.136

10.217,363

0,013,098

1,975,775

570,043

531,651

3,144.907

12.938,474

3,753,698

1.898,720

1,825,311

1,833,214

1,751,927

1,019,013

853,591

SI 9,8 10,395
4.837.933
5,130,112
3,098.095
2.123,083
2,277,177
2,073.095

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

July

Speed Your Sales ^F

Our Apple and Case Labels will make
your pack more attractive to the buy-
er's eye.

It's the best looking package that
sells first and usually brings the fancy
price.

Our experts on fruit packing will
advise you free of charge.

WRITE NEAREST OFFICE

Schmidt Lithograph Co.

SAN FRANCISCO

Los Angeles Fresno Portland Seattle

Salt Lake City

lies for the leading states, for 1899 and
1909, I wish to call your attention to
the following chart:

CHART I.

CANNING AND PRESERVING— VALUE OF

PRODUCTS FOR LEADING STATES,

1909 AND 1899.

Millions of Dollars
n S ll'i 24 32

California HT^^T..,.n--o.T^^^"'^^^^

Ne%\ York t^^^TTTT^^'"^^^"

Maryland

Washington TZTT!?"^

Pennsylvania ^^^^"^

Indiana ^^"^^

Maine ^^^

Illinois .^^TT"

Massachusetts TS^^T

Michigan rT^

W'isconsin 7^^ ^^^^1909

Ohio TTT" ....... 18S«

New Jersey iH

Oregon JT

Iowa 7T

Delaware ST

Kentucky .t"

Virginia ^

Missouri ^

Colorado ,"

Minnesota ^

Utah —

In presenting the above figures and
charts I do so with a view of showing
the true condition existing at the pres-
ent time. If it is impossible to main-
tain and manage and at a profit operate
a large commercial cannery, possessing
all the most modern, improved machin-
ery, etc., 1 believe the immediate solu-
tion of Ihe problem is the establishment
of small community canneries, or indi-
vidual outfits. Such plants can be
bought at prices that will come within
the reach of all. I sec no reason why
these smaller plants cannot, under most
conditions, conveniently take care of
all perishable products that go to waste
in ccrlain localities. The Horticultural
Department of the University of Idaho
has been operating for the past three
years, and successfully, too, one of
these small plants. The fruit and vege-
tables arc all processed under steam

pressure. These small canning facto-
ries cost from $200 to .$500.

The outfit that was installed at the
University consists of two steam-tight
retorts, 27 inches deep and 25 Inches in
diameter, each one holding 144 No. 2
cans, 90 No. 2V2 cans, and 21 No. 10
cans. Two galvanized iron crates, in
which the cans are placed, are also
furnished. These have openings in the
bottom and side for free access and cir-
culation of steam. A steam boiler, com-
plete, one blast furnace, two capping
irons, lipping irons, iron complete for
crane, etc., are included. The daily
capacity of the plant depends almost
entirely upon the speed of the em-
ployees, as well as the number em-
ployed. The claims of one manufac-
turer are that from five thousand to ten
thousand cans per day can be pro-
cessed, depending, of course, entirely
upon the kind of goods packed. We
employ one man to solder and tip the
cans and to care for the boiler; another
to load and unload the crates, to take
away the cans and attend to the blanch-
ing and scalding; a woman to fill the
cans and prepare them for the capper.
Then enough girls to prepare the fruits
and vegetables for the cans. The length
of time it takes one person to prepare
fruits and vegetables is as follows:
Peas, 12 pounds per hour or 120 pounds
per day; beans, 8 pounds per hour or
80 ])ounds per day; tomatoes, 37 pounds
per hour or 370 pounds per day;
peaches. 34 pounds per hour or 380
pounds per day; apricots, 22 pounds per
hour or 22(1 pounds i)er day; pie cher-
ries, two gallons per hour or 20 gal-
lons per day; cherries, 45 pounds per
hour or 450 pounds per day; raspber-
ries, 10 minutes per crate, six crates
per hour, or 60 crates per day; straw-
berries, one crate per hour or ten crates
lier day.

The following table shows approxi-
mately the capacity of our home can-
nery, that we have installed at the
Idaho Experiment Station, prepared on
the basis of one person filling cans. As
it can readily be seen, the output of
this plant could be doubled by increas-
ing the labor, as the retorts are not
kept busy the entire day. (For length
of time required to process the differ-
ent fruits and vegetables, see table.)

TARLE III.

Toma-
Peaches iocs Peas
Number persons employed —

Filling 1 1 1

Shelling or peeling 2 3 6

Soldering and processing. . . 1 1 1

Number cans per hour 32 33 37

Number cans per day 320 330 370

Size of cans 2V2 2yt, 2

Number pounds raw material —

Per can 1% 214 2

Used per day 560 742 740

The yield will vary according to the
general care of crops, condition of soil,
etc. Peas at the station have yielded at
the rate of 6,188 pounds or 206 bushels
per acre. A bushel of unshelled peas
weighs 30 pounds. To keep the plant
supplied with peas for one day would
require the produce from one-eighth of
an acre. At the rate of seven tons of
tomatoes per acre, it will take the prod-
uct of one-eighteenth of an acre to keep
five people employed daily. To turn
out 320 No. 2V2 cans of peaches per day
it will require 25 boxes. From the
above data, you can readily see that it
would take the products from a great
many farms to keep a ■*500 plant sup-
plied, let alone a $2,000 factory.

We have endeavored to ascertain as
accurately as possible the actual cost
of packing the various fruits and vege-
tables. Summarizing our figures for
the past three years, the average cost
per case shows to be as follows: Peas,
.$1.89 for No. 2 cans; beans, $1.57 for
No. 2 cans; tomatoes, $1.73 for No. 2V2
cans; corn, $1.91 for No. 2 cans;
peaches, $1.86 for No. 2M> cans; apri-
cots, $2.21 for No. 21/2 cans; raspber-

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page I J

Bale Faster — Last Longer

Ueera genernlly ndmit that a CASE Baler
takes hay fatter thiin they can fetil if— and
with minimum power. Only 6 to 10 Bnilie h.p.
required to operate. Two Sizes— 14 1 1>S inches
(3>-^ to 5 tons) ami 17 i 22 inches (4 to 6 tons
per hour). No other presses (ire so well made
and HtroHR. They outlast the next best by
vears. Built as carefully ns the IhrceHt and
inosteinensivo C.\8E Tractors. But th.ir nie-
chanicul perfection cohts jou notbint,' extra.

CASH

Baling Presses

Bimplf'Bt to haiiillo Piifost to work with.
Ctin't bo cliMkc'i or jammed. Ko ohimco for
accidpnt (liM-nite with li li'ss men than others
—with CASE Hav Fork attachment.

Case Sweep Power Baler is ideal for home
ose. 3 men ami 2 horses liale up to 2^ tons
per hour. Think of tlint. Start when the hay
IS read.v. Don't wait for the iniiehino crew.

Mail a postcard for new Baling Press Cata-
log and prices.

J. 1. Case TIir*.«hinB Machine Co., Inc.
Depl. 827. Racine, Wis. (303)

ries, .$1.64 for No. 2 cans; dewberries,
.$1.61 for No. 2 cans; loganberries, $1.66
for No. 2 cans; Royal Ann cherries,
.$2.12 for No. 10 cans. A case will hoW
24 No. 2 cans, or 24 No. 2V2 cans, or
12 No. 10 cans.

How profitable a factory of this kind
will be will depend largely upon local
conditions; for the condition of the
crop, expense of labor, location as to
market, all have a material influence on
the profits obtained. To show the pos-
sible profit from an acre of different
products we present the following:

TOMATOES.
Average yield per acre, 7 tons or 2.')9 cases.

Cost of canning per case .$0.6120

Cost of cans per case 9216

Cost of case and labels 1978

Total cost of canning $1.7314

Wholesale price .f2.20

Total cost 1.73

Prim $0.47

Net proflt per acre $121.73

BEANS.
Average yield per acre, 2,400 lbs. or 138 cases.

Cost of canning per case $0.6120

Cost of cans per case 792

Case and label 1478

Total cost $T.5734

Wholesale price, per case $2.40

Cost of canning 1.57

Profit $0.83

Net profil per acre $114.54

The cost of production can be re-
duced materially if cans, labels, etc.,
are bought in carload lots. Plain sani-
tary No. 2 fruit cans will cost approx-
imately $29.7.^ per thousand, f. o. b.
Portland. The enamel No. 2 cans cost
$33.2.T per thousand; No. 2% plain, .$34

HUGO E.BIRKNER,Arborist

Expert I'runer and Tree Repairer. Broken
Down Trees a Specialty. Individual Service
and Advice on Planting; Selection of Sound,
Adapted Nursery Stock; on Spraying- Prob-
lems; Orchard Productiveness and Soil
Management.

Address P. O. Box 224, Mosier, Ore.

per thousand; No. 2V2 enamel cans, $38
per thousand, and the No. 10 enamel
cans cost $78 per thousand. These
prices include solder-hemmed caps,
which cost $2 per thousand. In the
cost of production we paid the above
prices for our cans plus the freight;
15 cents and 20 cents per hour for
labor; approximately $2.25 per thou-
sand for labels, and 8 cents, 12 cents
and 18 cents apiece for cases, f. o. b.
Spokane.

The Cutler Fruit Grader Company

On June 29 the extensive factory of
the Cutler Fruit Grader Company, in-
cluding machinery and equipment, was
burned to the ground. The building
and machinery was owned by Cutler
Bros., two enterprising orchardists of
Hood River. Three years ago they
worked out a patent for a fruit grading
machine and continued to use it each
year themselves in their own orchard,
which is one of the best orchards in
Hood River Valley, and by practical
experience improved it from year to
year. Originally Cutler Bros, put out a
machine that graded by measurement.
They became convinced that a more
perfect grading machine could be pro-
duced if the sizing was done by weight,
and after working a year on this difFi-
cult problem they reconstructed their
machine, carrying out all the original
good features, which had proven good
by practical experience, producing a
machine that graded by weight instead
of by measurement. The experimental
machine gave such perfect satisfaction
in actual practice that they became con-
vinced that it was absolutely the most
perfect process of any they had tried,
consequently they were busy manufac-
turing machines for this year. They
inform us that they will immediately
make arrangements for building these
machines and will be able to furnish
all growers who want them, although
there will be some delay, and insteati
of being able to make deliveries in July
they will not be able to make them
until some time in August.

The machine which was designed for
demonstration at the Panama-Pacific
Exposition was burned, and for this
reason Cutler Bros, have been com-
pelled to cancel their arrangements and
therefore will not exhibit their grading
machine at the Panama-Pacific Exposi-
tion.

The Commercial Bank and Trust
Company of Wenatchee, Wash., has
issued a very interesting iiooklet with
a very attractive cover, entitled, "What
your neighbor is doing," which con-
tains a number of interesting and in-
structive short articles of the fruit
growers in the Wenatch,ce district,
giving a brief account of what each
one is doing, willi a view to showing
principally the value of diversity in
connection with llie fruit growing in-
dustry. There are many good and
practical illustrations showing how
fruit growers through diversity have
produced an extra and steady income
in addition to Iheir fruit crops.

To

Large Growers

or

SMALL

Sell Direct to
Distant Jobbers

BY USING THE

''Blue Book"
System

CRiiiiT PRODUCE REPORTER
^ COMPAKY'S

■ ■• ■v^i^^'ti.y.. .■ ■■•■

iCREbiifpoK

'"'"™ . i.:WpHON^«•"

Eliminate All

Unnecessary

Middlemen

BUILD UP YOUR OWN
SHIPPING BUSINESS

The Credit Book guides you to reliable,
responsible buyers — points out the
"tricky" and "unfair" dealers-gives the
summarized experiences of other ship-
pers with every firm in evt-ry market. It
is used today by the Kreat majority of
successful fruit and produce handlers.

Our Inspecting and Adjusting Depart-
ment looks after rejected or complained
of shipments — Adjusters located In all
principal markets. Collections, LltiKH-
tions. Railroad Claims promptly, el^l-
ciently handled for members.

Produce Reporter Service operates on
the corriM-t nt-dp. ratlvf principle for the
mutual bi'nelit and prctccHon of mem-
bers — it cnabli's the smalb-st Rbipper to
protitably competP wit h the largest "IMs-
triiiutor." It alTords the (»nly iiraclical
solution of your prol>lem -write us today
f<tr full Information -you Incur no ol>llga-
tion whatever in doiuK stt

Produce Reporter Co.

NEW YORK
Fruit Trade Building

CHICAGO
Bell Telephone Building:

WHEN WRITING ADVFKTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

Julv

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers* Afisoclation
A Monthly Illustrated Jlagazine Published In the
Intei^st of Modem Fruit Growing and Marlieting

AU Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publishing Company

E. H. SHEPARD, Editor and Publisher
H. E. VAN DEMAN, Contlibutlng Editor

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS
OREGON

C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallls

H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Corvallls

H. F, Wilson, Entomologist Coirallls

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman

O. M. MoiTls, Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor, Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wicks, Horticulturist Moscow

W. S. Thomber. Horticulturist Lewiston

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C. W. Woodworth, Entomologist Berkeley

W, H. Volch. Entomologist Watsonvllle

Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R. M. Wlnalow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

In the United States. $1.00 per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50

ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906, at the

Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3. 1879.

The Apple Crop of 1915. — Last year,
it is generally assumed, the apple crop
of the United States amounted to fifty
million barrels. The Agricultural Opti-
mist estimated the crop at forty million
barrels. In all probability the former
estimate of fifty million barrels is more
nearly correct. Apparently, from gen-
eral reports all over the United States
early in June, the apnle crop this year
is the shortest the editor remembers in
the last thirteen years, during the time
he has been an apple grower. The cen-
sensus of opinion seems to estimate the
crop of the United States at about fiftv
per cent of last year, or in all probabil-
ity less than fifty per cent of last year,
which would mean twenty to twenty-
five million barrels. However, there is
much in store in the way of the June
drop, which has not been reported on
fully at the time of going to press with
this edition. Drouth and disease are
apt to be factors in reducing the crop
during the balance of the year, so it
seems safe to assume at the present
time that the apple crop of the United
States will probably not exceed fifty
per cent of last year and maybe less.
Every year during the last thirteen
years in which the editor has been en-
gaged in apple growing in Hood River,
when the crop did not exceed thirty-
five million barrels the apple grower
got good prices, so the prospect this
year looks very good indeed for good
money for the grower, as well as for
the dealer.

few leaders. Frequently some leaders
are hobbyists, therefore the Northwest
has occasionally gone to extremes in
the past. This has been noticeably true
in reference to clean cultivation. Too
much clean cultivation has exhausted
the humus of the soil and depleted the
nitrogen content, and therefore many
orchards are bearing less than they
should and the general condition of the
orchard is somewhat off. This is indi-
cated both by light crops and light
colored foliage, the leaves frequently
turning yellow too early in the fall.
The orchardists are now turning to
cover crops. July and August are good
months for sowing. If your orchard is
not bearing right or does not have the
right colored foliage investigate cover
cropping. The cover crops most fre-
quently used are clover, alfalfa and
vetch.

A good many orchardists who have
planted cover crops in the orchard do
not understand that they require con-
siderably more water, consequently
many orchards are suffering instead of
being benefitted by cover crops, because
the fruit grower does not irrigate sufTi-
ciently. Cover crops take the moisture
from the soil very rapidly, leaving not
enough for orchard requirements, there-
fore fruit growers who have cover
crops in the orchard should give the
matter especial attention and see that
the moisture condition is maintained
evenly throughout the orchard and that
the soil is kept in a nice moist condi-
tion during the balance of the growing
season.

Home Canning. — The fruit grower,

more than anyone else, should put up
enough canned fruit to last until the
next year. Tliey can do this because
the only cost involved is the cost of
production. Everv fruit grower should
have a home canning outfit. These can
be obtained at a very reasonable price.
The advantages of home canning outfits
are many. The work is done scientifi-
cally, without any danger of spoiling.
It is done more rapidly. A home can-
ning outfit can be operated by gasoline,
which costs a great deal less than the
amount of wood that is required where
canning is done on the cook stove, be-
sides when the weather is hot during
the summer a home canning outfit is
much more comfortable, as it can be
operated outdoors, instead of heating
up the kitchen. In addition to tliis, a
home canning outfit operates much
more rapidly and saves time.

Cover Crops. — The orchard industry

of the Northwest has been given some-
what to extremes, probably due to the
fact that a large percentage of orchard-
ists were comparatively new in the
business and followed the example of a

Scab. — Scab is more or less prevalent
in humid apple districts this season,
with a considerable quantity in semi-
arid districts. The experiment stations
have devoted considerable time to tliis
subject in various sections throughout
the Northwest. An excellent schedule
for preventiim of scab has been pre-
pared by the .\gricultural College at
Pullman, Washington, which gives ex-
cellent advice. The experiment station
at Corvallis, Oregon, has bad to contend
with scab more than any other experi-
ment station of the Northwest. Their

recommendations have been excellent,
but the main trouble seems to be that
the fruit growers do not follow instruc-
tions. Excessive scab this year in nearly
every instance is due to one of the fol-
lowing causes: Not spraying with the
right fungicides; not spraying at the
right time; not spraying thoroughly or
not spraying frequently enough. In
nearly every case where there is an
excessive amount of scab, where care-
ful investigation and inquiry has been
made it has been ascertained that the
grower has been remiss in some one of
the requirements referred to in this
brief editorial.

Tree Propping. — Orchardists are gen-
erally becoming more progressive every
year, the business now being done in a
very scientific and efficient manner. It
is the aim of "Better Fruit" editorially
to call attention to many features in
connection with the orchard business
that will be helpful to the grower.

There is nothing more short-sighted
than for orchardists to allow the limbs
with heavy loads to be weighted down
to the ground. The loss is severe, as
many limbs break off if not carefully
propped. In addition to this, when
limbs are severely bent with heavy
loads they never fully go back, nor can
they be pulled back to a natural, nor-
mal, upright position. Consequently it
seems wise that the fruit grower should
be urged to begin propping early and
we would atlvise them to do the job
very thoroughly, too.

A good many growers use forked
sticks which they get out of the woods,
but these are not very satisfactory and
are difiicult to obtain in many districts,
where there are no forests from which
to secure them. Consequently tree prons
have been invented which ai'e very effi-
cient and which are so constructed that
the limbs are not bruised when they
are propped.

"Better Fruit" aims to secure adver-
tising from all firms who have any
modern conveniences for the orchard-
ist, in order that he may be informed
of the latest and best articles on the
market.

Apple Graders. — The editor of "Better

Fruit" bought the first api^le grader
which was ever sold in the Northwest,
in the year 1911. Since then several
different makes of grading machines
have been invented and are being put
on the nKirkct, all of them giving very
good satisfaction, (irowers have found
by actual exiierience and also by obser-
vation that b> using grading machines
in ijacking houses a saving of from five
to ten cents per box can be made in the
harvesting expenses. Therefore we sug-
gest to all growers the advisability of
investigating the different fruit sizers
which are being placed on the market
this year and jiurcbasing what they
want in time to make a saving on this
year's crop.

This year the growers want to make
as much money as possible and at the
same time to save as much monex as
possible.

I9I5

The Apple Crop of the Northwest for
1915. — The largest apple producing dis-
tricts of the Northwest are: Yakima,
Wenatchee, Hood River and Southern
Idaho. Last year Hood River had over
1,300 cars, Yaliima about 6,000 cars,
Wenatchee about S.t'iOO cars. Southern
Idaho probably around 500 cars. Con-
servative reports at the present time
from these districts indicate that Yak-
ima will have about one-third of last
year's crop, or about 2,000 cars; We-
natchee is figuring on about 75 to 80
per cent, which would be about 4,000
cars. This probably puts Wenatchee's
estimate a little high, as the crop cer-
tainly is not heavy. Southern Idaho
seems to be comparatively strong com-
pared with last year; various estimates
place the probable output at from 500
to (iOO cars. Rogue River had about 200
cars last year and may be to 300 cars
this year. Montana will have probably
50 cars this year, more or less. Esti-
mates seem to vary greatly from Colo-
rado, all the way from 3,000 to 500
cars, which is very indefinite. Watson-
ville, California, will probably have 75
per cent of last year, or about 3,000
cars. Altogether the Northwest would
size up somewhere from 40 to 50 per
cent of last year's crop, maybe less.
However, the growing season has been
good and apples have attained splendid
size up to July 1.

BETTER FRUIT

Page 15

Attention has been called elsewhere

in this edition to cover crops, showing
the necessity of cover cropping. Atten-
tion is also called to the fact that cover
crops can do serious injury, therefore
it is wise in connection with that edi-
torial to call the reader's attention to
an article on "Cover Crops," which
contains very interesting information.

The Editor takes pleasure in calling

the attention of the reader to the begin-

EXPERIENCED

Orchardist and Parmer

wants management of diversified

farm on shares.

B. A., care "Better Fruit."

SPRAYING HOSE

SERVICE AND QUALITY PROVEN

Our hose will stand more pressure and

last much longer than any other.

PERFECT, Vs-inch. for 300 lbs. press-
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Per foot 15<>

STERLINGWORTH, %-inch. for 300 lbs.
pressure. Any length up to 500 feet.

Per foot 15<»

VULCAN, 14-inch, for 200 lbs. pressure.
In 50-ft. pieces, coupled. Per foot 120

WIZARD, %-inch. for 100 lbs. pressure.
In 50-foot pieces. Per foot 10<

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Hose replaced free of charge or money
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Orders filled same day as received.
Try us once — you will use no other.

HAMILTON RUBBER MFG. CO.

TRENTON, N.J.

STOVER'S

GOOD
ENGINES

I F YOU WANT
CATALOGS AND
PRICES OF
THIS POPULAR

ENGINE, ADDRESS

3ronr 1901
to date
more than
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and. used the
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The best eviderNce of

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L

ning of a series of articles by A. Millard,
.Ir., the first of which appears in the
.July edition of "Better Fruit," continu-
ing in successive numbers during the
balance of the year, for the reason that
these articles will contain much valu-
able information for fruit growers, and
especially those engaged in the apple
business.

gently. Orchards can be damaged more
than benefitted by injudicious summer
pruning.

Canning. — The July edition is off the

press just in advance of the canning
season, therefore with wise forethought
this edition contains an excellent article
by Professor C. C. Vincent of the Idaho
Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho, on
"Canning." Professor Vincent has made
a very thorough study, doing much
practical work in home canning, conse-
quently this article will prove interest-
ing, instructive and very valuable to all
people who intend to do home canning.

Marketing. — This edition contains a

very excellent article of good common
sense and good advice by Mr. J. F.
Segrue, one of the most popular fruit
growers of the Northwest, known gen-
erally all over this country as well as
elsewhere as "Barney." Mr. Segrue is
manager of one of the Cashmere Fruit
Associations. He is a large orchardist
and, it is a pleasure to say, a very suc-
cessful one.

Summer Pruning. — July and August
are the months when summer pruning
is usually done. The editor desires to
comment that while summer pruning is
considered advantageous in increasing
the crop it should be done with extreme
caution, as frequently orcliards suffer
from summer pruning done unintelli-

Economy This Year

Many fruit growers will undoubt-
e<lly find their young orchards are
this season jiroducing a pretty nice
crop of apples. Many of them are
short of money on account of last year's
low prices, and therefore il is import-
ant for them to economize in every way
possible. Kvery fruit grower needs a
packing house of some kind. Perhaps
he has a barn or shed which will l)e
sullicient or which may be made sulli-
cient with a little additional room. He
finds that he is not in a position to
build a packing house, which would

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 1 6

BETTER FRUIT

/h/v

fIRST HONORS

Panama-Pacific International
Exposition

First among products of their
kind — first in quality, first in
efficiency. Zerolene and Red
Crown have been awarded the

GOLD MEDAL

— the highest honor the Expo-
sition can bestow — the acknowl-
edgment that the "best oil and
gas the Standard Oil Company
can make" are the best that
human skill and experience can
produce.

ZEROLENE

^ie SianJdrclOilio}' Moior Cars

RED CROWN

ihe Gasoline o/Clucf//(y

package, prevents pilfering, and insures
tlie arrival at destination in good con-
dition. The expense of using this
Duplex strapping is so small that it is
hoped that by calling it to the attention
of the apple packers and shippers its
use may become general in apple pack-
ing houses, as it has in the orange and
lemon shipping districts of California
and Florida. Mr. A. C. Rulofson — so
long identified with the cement-coated
nail industry and one of the best known
men among the fruit packers — is the
Pacific Coast agent for this specialty,
and he will gladly furnish samples and
information to all interested. — Adv.

cost anywhere from •'?1,000 to $5,000;
the size of his crop will not justify such
an expense. The editor has given this
matter considerable attention and last
year found a grower who had solved
the problem of furnishing additional
room at a very small cost by having a
large tent made. The editor called on
the manager of the Portland Tent and
Awning Company, Portland, Oregon,
and ascertained that a grower can get a
tent 30 feet by 40 feet, with walls about
7 feet high, which will furnish a splen-
did quantify of room, at a price some-
where between $60 and $80, according
to the thickness of the canvas. The tent
manufacturer will make a tent to order
in any size desired and from any ply
canvas. — Adv.

Palace Hotel, San Francisco, California
Since the Palace Hotel, San Francis-
co's historic hostelry, inaugurated its
sweeping advertising and publicity
campaign to acquaint the public with
its reduced rates and at the same time
to correct unjust and misleading state-
ments regarding the hotel rates of this
city during the Exposition year, ranch-
ers, vineyardists, orchardists and dairy-
men are finding the Palace a popular
and convenient gathering place. The

reason for this is that when the Palace
established its new rates and installed
new features in connection with its
service, the management had in mind
meeting the particular needs of this
class of patronage. In making its re-
duction in rates the Palace Hotel has
won the endorsement and praise of the
board of directors of the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition, the
leading hotels of the country, and also
favorable editorial comment from many
of the leading newspapers of the coun-
try. As a result of this generally favor-
able attitude and the fact that San Fran-
cisco is the scene of the great World's
Fair, it is the consensus of opinion that,
despite many unfortunate conditions
this year, the attendance at the Exposi-
tion will be considerably increased and
that the Palace will be generously pat-
ronized bv all classes. — Adv.

Duplex Box Strapping
We would refer our readers to page
22, where they will see illustrations and
interesting matter regarding a box
strapping that is being introduced for
use on apple boxes. This is the kind of
strapping which is being used exclu-
sively by the citrus fruit packers of
California. Its use strengthens the

BORDEAUX MIXTURE

FOR THE CONTROL OF SCAB AND

ANTHRACNOSE ON APPLE

TREES.

To those fruit growers who intend
using bordeaux mixture this summer
and fall we wish to call attention to the
following:

In the use of bordeaux mixture dur-
ing the growing period it is important
to use the best, properly balanced prep-
aration obtainable. "Orchard Brand"
bordeaux mixture paste is so prepared
(the result of careful chemical analysis,
special knowledge and the right equip-
ment) as to give the greatest possible
efficiency. There is no waste of mate-
rial, no clogging of nozzles and no loss
of time in dissolving bluestone and
slacking lime. No cumbersome mixing
tanks are necessary; simply stir the
paste to a uniform consistency in the
original container, weigh out amount
needed and dilute in proper amount of
water.

"Orchard Brand" bordeaux paste is a
time saver, is economical and is effec-
tive because it is properly made. It has
as great advantage over the home-made
bordeaux mixture as the commercial
lime-sulphur solution has over the old
home-made product. S. W. Foster, en-
tomologist. General Chemical Company,
201 Sansome Street, San Franci-sco, Cal-
ifornia.— Adv.

-[915

BETTER FRUIT

Page 1/

Palmer Fruit Sizer

Sorting

Table

with

Power

Feed

Belts

Standard Machine

Floor space 6x24 feet.

Sizes three grades at a time. Capacity two carloads daily.
First grade into nine sizes.
Second grade into four to six sizes.
Third grade into three to tive sizes.

Pony Machine

Floor space 6x12 feet.

Sizes two grades at a time into four or six sizes as desired.
Capacity one carload jier day.

Either machine can be used for boxes or barrels. Openings on both
machines expand uniformly from 1^ inches to 4 inches square.

Illustration shows sorting table attachment; also travelling belts
for sorting table.

Machine discharges the fruit into boxes or barrels without bruising.

Box packing can be done direct from the machine or, if preferred,
on separate tables, giving the grower a chance to work his packers on
the particular sizes and grades he wishes packed first.

Write or wire for catalogue and prices.

August edition will
have illustration of
Pony Fruit Sizer.

PALMER BUCKET COMPANY,

Hood River,
Oregon

Cover Crops for Bearing Irrigated Orchards

THE following discussion is based
upon a farni-to-farm study of the
use of green manures and cover
crops in the Yakima and Columbia
River valleys, particularly in Benton
County. Most of our irrigated soils are
naturally deficient in nitrogen and or-
ganic matter. The practice of clean
orchard cultivation has also greatly
aggravated this condition by causing
the vegetable matter of the soil to decay
and disappear. Hence the importance
of orchard soil improvement by means
of green manure and cover crops.

Many orchardists early appreciated
the importance of maintaining soil fer-
tility, and during the last ten or twelve
years the various cover crops have
been extensively tested; consequently,
very satisfactory methods of growing
and using these crojjs have been worked
out. This paper is the result of a study
of these farm methods. The primary
purpose of this paper is: (1) to present
the soil-building value of green man-
ures and cover crops; (2) to discuss the
growing and management of the crops
found best adapted to this purpose, and
(.3) to show how cover crops may be
profitably used for hay and pasturing
swine.

As previously pointed out, most of
our irrigated soils are deficient in nitro-
gen and organic matter. Under these
circumstances the following conditions

By Lee M. Lampson, Pullman, Washington

u.sually prevail: The water-holding ca-
pacity of the soil is too low; desirable
bacterial life is insuflicient; the soil
dries out quickly; available plant food
is inadequate for good crop yields; the
soil is improperly aerated. In addition
to the above, the fine-grained soils run
together and bake and are dilRcult to
cultivate. Green manure and cover
crops correct these conditions. The
roots of these crops permeate the soil
to a considerable depth. The addition
of vegetable matter makes most soils
more friable, increases their water-
holding capacity, improves soil aera-
tion, increases bacterial activities — in
short, builds up soil fertility.

The cover crops in use at the present
time in Benton County may be divided
into two classes, the cereals or small
grains, and the legumes. The cereals —
wheat, oats, barley, rye, etc. — are not
the best crop to use as green manure
or cover crops. Orchard soils usually
need both humus and nitrogen. These
crops cannot make use of the atmos-
pheric nitrogen, and when plowed
under or worked into the surface soil
add only vegetable matter but little or
no nitrogen. Generally speaking, they
do not do well on gravelly and sandy
soils. They also require the expense
and work of resecding each year. \Miile
it is sometimes necessary to sow rye in
order to keep sandy soil from drifting.

the use of this crop in this way should
only be considered as a preparation for
one of the permanent leguminous crops.

Leguminous crops, when grown under
favorable conditions, have the nitrogen-
gathering nodules on their roots. They
are capable of increasing the nitrogen
content of the soil by using the nitro-
gen in the atmosphere. This is a very
important point, since arid sage-brush
land is low in nitrogen. In addition to
this, when plowed under the legumes
increase the vegetable matter in the soil
.just the same as do the cereal crops.
The legumes generally used for green
manures are red clover, hairy or win-
ter vetch, and alfalfa.

Used as a cover crop, clover adds
both hunuis and nitrogen to the soil
and is easily eradicated. It is not as
good a crop for our localities as vetch
or alfalfa. Clover requires consider-
ably more water than alfalfa and a
great deal more than vetch. Its root
system is near the surface, and in order
to keep the clover growing the upper
layer of soil must be kept too wet for
the trees. Orchards may be injured,
not only temijorarily but permanently,
by such over-irrigation. Clover is also
easily crowded out by grasses and
other weeds. If it is sowed solidly in
peach orchards and left more than two
years, in nearly every case the foliage
of the trees becomes yellowish and the

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

July

. . .

► . -

► . -.

► . ^

. . ■!

I A * I * * lA II I * I II*

Typical of California

THE

palaceJ|toteL

San Francisco

Made Famous by its Sensible
Rates and Efficient Service

NEW POLICY

Reduced Rates

Will Continue its Fame during The
Panama-Pacific International Exposition

$2 per Day without Bath
Rates, per Day, with Bath

100 Rooms ISO Rooms ISO Rooms

$2.50 $3.00 $3.50

100 Rooms

100 Rooms

100 Rooms

$4.00 $5.00 $6.00

Suites $7.00 and Upward
Club Breakfasts 40c to 80c

®If0 Jatrmnnt l|nt^l

San Francisco'* Most Exclusive Hotel
Under Same Management

Rff^R

R -HP-Pi •^p

. . 1

^•. ^

► • <

■ • •

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> • ••

trees assume a sickly appearance; fur-
thermore, if clover is worked into the
soil by plowing or disking, consider-
able expense and work will have to be
incurred each year in reseeding.

If the cover crop is to be grown
purely as a soil-builder, vetch is un-
questionably the best thing that has
been tried in Benton County. If the
crop is to be continued year after year,
it is allowed to stand until a portion
of the seed has matured before being
disked or plowed under. In this way
the crop reseeds itself each year. Where
the crop is heavy it is often necessary
to cut it up with a sharp disk before
plowing it under. If the water supply
is limited, the crop is not worked into
the soil until the end of the season.

During the fore part of the growing
season vetch requires considerable
water. Early in the summer the vetch
ripens, goes down and forms a thick
mat that completely covers and shades
the surface of the ground. This mate-
rially lessens evaporation and de-
creases the amount of water necessary
for irrigation. We have conservative
farmers who claim that no more water
is required to produce vetch in this
way than to clean cultivate the land.
While it takes more water in the spring
when growing, it requires much less
water during the hot part of the sum-
mer, because the crop is ripe and forms
a dead mat on the surface of the
ground. Vetch is sown during the lat-
ter part of summer or early i^all. If a

reasonably thick stand is desired the
first year, 25 to 30 pounds of seed
should be sown per acre, and this inoc-
ulated. Our experience does not war-
rant the sowing of spring vetch. To
get rid of vetch plow it under in the
spring, before the seeds form.

If it is desired to raise some hay or
utilize the crop for pasture and at the
same time build up the soil, alfalfa is
better than vetch, because it will add
humus and nitrogen to the soil and will
produce more and better feed. The
alfalfa that is grown in an orchard
should not be used for hay unless it
is to be fed to livestock and the manure
returned to the soil. One of the best
ways to handle alfalfa as a green ma-
nure and a hay crop at the same lime
is to cut the first two crops for feed
and cut and disk the next two crops
into the ground. This will add nitro-
gen and humus to the soil rapidly and
at the same time furnish a good supply
of hay. This will save considerable
expense where hay has to be bought
the year around. Alfalfa takes consid-
erably more water than vetch. It is
also harder to plow up, should it be
desired to get rid of it. This last is not
a serious objection, however, if it is
done in the right way. The essential
point in getting rid of alfalfa without
difliculty is to plow very shallow just
before freezing weather, having the
plow absolutely sharp. This will cut
the crowns off and leave them near the
surface, so that they will freeze during
the winter.

Alfalfa can be sown solid in orchards
without injurious results after the trees
are four or five years old, providing
they have made a good growth up to
that time. Otherwise clean cultivation
should be practiced a few feet on each
side of the trees until they are thrifty
and vigorous.

I would not feel that a discussion of
cover crops was complete unless I at
least briefly presented the most profit-
able method we have found of using
them. The practice of pasturing down
the cover crops with hogs has been
very profitable where it was done prop-
erly. There are some who want to
carry on only one farm enterprise and
seriously object to such a thing as a
hog on the farm, but the most of us
are farming primarily to make money
and we cannot afford to let our likes
and dislikes influence our decision in
operating the farm. The two questions
that arise here are: Will the hops hurt
the orchard? and, will they pay?

Only occasionally hogs will injure
matured trees. \Mien I hear a man say
that hogs won't hurt trees I know he
is drawing his conclusions only from
his own experience or very limited
observation, and that he is mistaken.
When I hear a man say you can't run
hogs in an orchard because they will
injure the trees, 1 also know he is
drawing his conclusion from very ex-
ceptional cases. If time would permit,
1 could give you the results of a farm-
to-farm study on this problem in the
Yakima and Columbia River valleys.
The results, if tabulated, would show
in about the following proportions: I

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page ig

find ten farms where the hogs have
hurt the trees more or less. On eight
of these farms one of two conditions
exist — either a large number of hogs
are confined around a few trees, or the
hogs have become poor because their
ration has been nothing but roughage
(alfalfa, clover, waste fruit, roots and
the like). I find on the other two of
these ten farms the hogs have done a
slight amount of harm even where they
have been well cared for. On the other
side of the question, I find ninety farms
where the hogs have not harmed the
trees in two to seven years' experience.
This makes two out of one hundred
farms on which the hogs have been
properly fed and cared for where they
have injured the trees while pasturing
down the cover crops. Now, it doesn't
do any good to say "properly fed" un-
less brief mention is made of how the
feeding is done in the successful places,
because indefinite information is worth-
less.

Feeding hogs would be a long dis-
cussion in itself. So, to be as brief
and concise as possible, the failure in
raising profitable hogs and preventing
injury to trees while pasturing cover
crops are practically all due to getting
the hogs poor and stunted by feeding
them nothing but roughage. Enough
concentrated feed to keep the hogs
thrifty is absolutely essential. For pigs
and shoats this will be about a two per
cent grain ration — that is, two pounds
of grain for one hundred pounds of
live weight of hogs. Now, I hope no
one will contradict this statement of
facts because he has seen someone
keeping brood sows or other mature
hogs fat on pasture alone. Mature hogs,
if placed on pasture while in good con-
dition, can be carried in that condition
on roughage, but pigs and shoats posi-
tively will not keep fat enough to grow
good without a small amount of con-
centrated feed.

Will the hogs in the orchard pay?
I will cite only two or three of a num-
ber of illustrations that might be given.
The following experiments were car-
ried on with grade Durocs. A farmer
who is a good feeder was induced to
weigh his hogs in and out and keep
accurate accounts of all feed except
roughage (that is, the pasture and
waste fruit). To make a long story
short, he grew the hogs for 3.(5 cents
a pound, not including the roughage.
The hogs sold at 7% cents per pound.
This left him .3.0 cents per pound to
cover the cover crop pasture and the
waste fruit and his work in looking
after them. These hogs were fed
enough grain tr) keep them reasonably
fat from the time they were weaned
until they were marketed, which time
was four and one-half months. An-
other man kept figures and he lost
.$105.60 on thirty head. Don't let this
next point slip by you. His pigs were
run on alfalfa alone after they were
weaned until they got poor. At the
same time anotlier farmer was keeping
figures for us. He bought the grain at
the same place and he got $82 for the
pasture and waste fruit put into 18
hogs in four and one-half months.

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE'S

Name fills more pages in the world's solemn hislorj" than any other monal
The celebrated snuff-box portrait reproduced herenith from Ridpatb's His-
torj- of the World is regarded as the best likeness extant of the great Cor-
sican. The tragic account of his lise and fall is but one event of all the
thousands that make up the history of every empire, ^-

kingdom, principality and power, all accurately and '
entertainingly told in the famous publication

Ridpath's

Six Thousand Years
of History

OIDPATH takes you back tothedaui
** history, long before the P>Tami<l-
Egypt were built; down through tlie roiti.
tic troubled times of Chaldea's gran.i
and Assyria's magnificence; of Babyluiu
wealth and luxury; of Greek andRnn
splendor; of Mohaimnedan culture and
flnement; of French elegance and Bni
power to the dawn of yesterday. He co^
every race, every nation, every time, ii
holds you spellbound by its wondei
eloquence.

FREE!

We will mail free a beautiful 46-p..ge
booklet of sample pages from Ridpatb's
History of the World to every reader vrho
mails to us the coupon.

Western Newspaper
Association

History of the World

.Over 250.000 sets of this great work have I
,^^ /been sold in the past 20 years and everj- 1
^1^-/ purchaser is more than satisfied. We
«^V ' closing out the last edition at a great _
,^^ sacrifice in price.

, NEVER AGAIN SUCH A BOOK BARGAIN

E will name our special low
- price and easy terms of paynieiii
■jiily In direct letters, A coupon for v
convenience is printed on the
lower comer of this advertise
nient. Tear off coupon, write
your name and address plainly
aji-i mail. We do not
I'lihlish our special
low price.

1

Name...
Address...

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

E
A
R

S

o

P'/~i'^i^"]VTV in buying is getting the best
^"■^^^-LTJ. i value for the money, not

always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON

prices are right.

DHESIVENESS

or holding power is

the reason for

PEAKSON nails. For twenty years tliey have

been making boxea strong. Now, more than ever.

T?I T A RTT TTV behind the goods is
XUl^VJWtVl^Vl. I added value. You can

rely on our record of fulfillment of every con-
tract and fair adjustment of every claim.

ATisFACTiONi.^';re™;::K.e"'™";?rk^

ing nuils to suit our customers' needs. We know
what you want; we guarantee satisfaction.

"DT/^TT^ A ¥ T'TY' plus experience always
rVlVJli^i^rjlX X excels imitation. Imi-
tation's liighest hope is, to sometime (not now)
equal Pearson— meantime you play safe.

A
I
L

NAILS

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

Julv

Grade Your
Fruit

WITH A

BRITTON

Fruit Grader

A marvel of effleieney. Largest
capacity; easily operated; can-
not bruise or even leave a mark
on the most delicate apple or
peach. Weight about 300 pounds.
Made almost entirely of steel.
Will not get out of order or wear
out.

Price $60.00

f.o.b. Rochester, N.Y.

Send for descriptive circular.

Britton Grader Company

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Henninger, Ayes & Co.

AGENTS
Portland, Oregon

WINANS' PATENT ]

FIRST AID TO FRUIT TREES

Winans' Net Tree Support

Prevents fruit-laden trees from breaking, holding
the limbs up more efficiently and at much less ez-
penae than propping. Holds limbs in place, pre-
venting damage and dropping when the wind blows.

Meehea are large enough so fniil can be picked
through them — open at bottom so picker can get
Inside the net, or net can be removed at picking
time.

This net of finer mesh will keep the birds from
eating the blossoms or fruit In diatricta which are
thus troubled.

For further particulars, descriptive circulars and
price lists, write

W. ROSS:WINANS.Hood River, Ore.

These few typical illustrations will
show that hogs in the orchard are prof-
itable if ])roperly fed.

The above recouiniendalions on plant-
ing cover crops, the kind of cover crops
and the use of thcni, are made only
after going over more than seven hun-
dred farms in the Yakima and Colum-
bia River valleys and studying in de-
tail every ])lan of cover cropping and
clean cultivation in orchards of differ-
ent kinds and ages and discussing the
subject from every angle with the
owners. After this study a cover croj)
of some kind is strongly recommended,
both to improve the soil, save water
and the expense of clean cultivation,
and the pasturing of the cover crops
is recommended because it has been
found to pay.

Method and Value of
Thinning Fruit

"It is becoming more and more ap-
parent that under our present market
conditions Oregon growers must pro-
duce the very highest percentage pos-
sible of first-class fruit if they are to
make good money from their orchards,"
says Professor W. S. Brown, extension
horticulturist of the Oregon Agricul-
tural College. "Thinning fruit, espe-
cially apples, pears and peaches, is a
practice which has been tried for some
time in most of the specialized fruit
districts of the Northwest and has
proved to be of great value in growing
fruit of the best merchantable quality.
Fruit growing districts of the East are
beginning the practice also.

"Thinning may be done either by
pinching or twisting off the stem with
the thumb and fingers or by using small
shears or pruners. In either case great
care must be taken not to loosen the
stem of the remaining fruit or to break
the fruit spur. An orchard foreman
must watch the ground carefully to
notice when workmen are careless in
this respect.

"The specimens should be left widely
separated enough so that when mature
they will not touch. Whenever they
come in contact with each other fruits
are apt to rub, or may offer a conveni-
ent place for codling moth larvae to
start their burrows, or in the case of
highly colored varieties, cause the fruit
to be off-color at that spot. To avoid
touching, young apples, pears and
peaches are thinned to four to seven
inches apart, depending upon the
variety.

"On apples and pears thinning is
done for the most part just after the
June drop. Peaches grow so rapidly
and set so abundantly, as a rule, that
they are often thinned before the 'drop'
is over. Many growers, however, make
a secondary thinning of apples and
pears in the latter part of summer,
when cultivation is over and the work
is slack, in which they take off speci-
mens that have bad scab spots, worm
infestations, rubs, sunburn and the like.

"Thinning is a form of harvesting, in
a sense, and what it may cost may be
rightfully charged to harvesting. It has

SAVE YOUR

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MACHiNERY

BY USING

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the advantage, however, of coming dur-
ing the long days of sunnncr, when the
work is not so rushing as at harvest;
of saving the vitality of the tree, which
would be ex]jended in maturing the
crop; of avoiding breakage in the limbs,
due to overloading in years of heavy
crops, and of greatly reducing the num-
ber of culls which would otherwise be
handled at harvest time.

"In considering the amount of thin-
ning to be done the fruiting habits of
each variety must be caiefully consid-

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Pape

21

ered, for an understanding of them is
of the utmost importance. Varieties
like the Newtown and Spitzcnberg, that
bear many of their fruits in clusters,
may be benefited by thinning even
when the yiekl is moderate, because, as
has been pointed out, the percentage of
culls may be increased quite materially
by allowing individual fruits to touch
each other. Varieties such as Wine-
saps, which naturally are inclined to
bear small speciments if allowed to
bear a full load, may have the size of
their fruits increased materially by
judicious thinning. On the other hand,
some varieties, such as the King apple
and the Clairgeau pear, are apt to grow
to a size too large to be best for market-
ing if thinned considerably. Care must
be taken not to thin too heavily or too
early on some varieties that shed heav-
ily, such as Arkansas Black. Many vari-
eties that bring low prices on the mar-
kets, such as the Ben Davis, it may not
pay to thin when prospects are good
for large yields of the better sorts.

"The cost of thinning will vary
greatly with the size and shape of the
tree — whether low or high-headed —
and the load of fruit it carries. Ordin-
arily it will take a man from one and
one-half to four hours to complete the
job on mature trees.

"The best way for every fruit grower
to find out whether thinning pays for
him or not, is to try it carefully on a
few trees, leaving others unthinned to
check on. He should keep track of the
amount of time required in thinning
and in harvesting, and should note the
differences in the proportionate amount
of culls obtained from the thinned and
unthinned trees. After the fruit is sold
he can then figure out which method
gave him the largest net profit."

Summer Prunning

The importance of summer-pruning
young apple trees is little understood
by many fruit growers. The habit has
become so firmly fixed that all pruning
is invariably done during the late win-
ter or early spring months.

While winter pruning will always be
most important, because less injury is
done to the trees at this season, espe-
cially to old bearing trees, yet, for the
best success with young trees, sunmier
pruning should be as regularly per-
formed as winter pruning. After the
shape of the tree has been obtained
through winter pruning, the filling out
of the branches and the trunk should
be accomplished by summer pruning.
This is especially true during the fourth
and fifth years after planting. As a
rule, most fruit growers prune their
young trees too heavily during these
years. Growth becomes too excessive,
especially in length, and the branches
do not become properly braced at the
crotches of the tree. If summer prun-
ing is done between the middle and the
latter part of .lune, wlien the growth in
length has reached from twelve to
fifteen inches, by cutting off the ter-
minal buds, it will invariably check
the growth in length and increase the
thickness of the trunk and branches.

The New Era Auto-Irrigator-works whiie You sieep

The thing you have been looking for— something which will distribute your water
into furrows with a uniform rate of flow and not require vour continued attention. It
has been thoroughly tested for two years and its users speak in enthusiastic praise of
Its work. The more rough and more difficult your land is to irrigate the more the
advantages of this irrigating device appear. It consists of a canvas hose with apertures
along one side, spaced about 20 inches apart, from which the water escapes Into the
furrows. These apertures are fitted with a regulating device to regulate or stop the
flow of water. The hose is tapering in form to conform to the gradually diminishing
volume of water. The standard size is 75 feet long and 6 inches in diameter at large
end, and tapers to 1% inches diameter at small end. which is open. It has a capacity
of about one-half cubic foot of water per second when the water in the ditch is raised
about 8 inches abov'e the level of the land. This will require that your ditch banks be
thrown up a little higher than they generally are at present. The hose is easily and
quickly set in operation by connecting it with a pipe set into the ditch bank. The end
of pipe in the ditch has a cylindrical screen fitted over it to prevent the entrance of
leaves, etc. The hose is light and when one strip of land is irrigated it is easily carried
to the next strip. Where more than one hose is needed they can be used in a series,
according to the number needed. This device will pav for itself in two months' use or
less, besides saving from 20% to 50% in your water and producing better crops by the
uniform application of water, and also preventing your land from washing. For fuller
details send for descriptive circular. Will make a siiecial discount on the first five
Irrigators bought and used in any community. We desire implement dealers to sell this
great labor and water-saving device in every town, or agents to demonstrate and sell it.
Good money for live men. Can be mailed anywhere in the United States by parcel post.

For particulars and prices address

AUTO-IRRIGATOR MFG. CO., Box 609, Denver, Colorado

The Paris Fair

Hood River's Largest and Best Store
RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES

HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES

MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

Things We Are Agents For

Knox Hats
Alfred Benjamin & Co.'s Clothin?

Dr. Jaeg-er Underwear

Dr. Deimel Linen Mesh Underwear

Dent's and Fownes' Gloves

Buffum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

To Growers and Shippers of High Grade Apples in Boxes
We Recommend Our

Edgemont Lid Press

.\s i;i-:iN(:
Strong, Durable. Convenient and Moderate in Price

That a Lid Press with nail stripper ami cleat box. brackets to hold
lids where you want them, cleat hooks to hold cleats while nailing
and a perfect treadle rachct is appreciated by the growers is shown
by the sale of hundreds of them to Rrowersnot only of the Nortliwest
hut of nearly every fruit district of the L'nited States.

^Send for circulars and prices to

H. PLATT & SONS, Como, Montana"

You can buy an
Edgemont Lid Press from

YAKIMA HARDWARE CO., Nonh Yakima, Washineton
PLOUGH HARDWARE CO., Wcnalchec, Washinston
BERGER & CARTER CO., .S04 Mission Street, San Francisco
B. G. PRATT CO., -SO Cliurch Street, New York Cilv
INLAND SEED CO., 91.1 First Avenue, Spokane, WsshinBton
PIONEER PACKING HOUSE, Hood River, Orejon

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

July

Spend a Nickle and Save a Dime

iilBiJi!

aMmiiiMiiiiiiijiiiMipiiiiiiiiiMiiliMiiiiiiMI

Use Peerless
DuplexStrapping

ON YOUR

Shipping Boxes

and

( 1 ) You will prevent pilfering.

(2) You will prevent damage in
handling.

No. ."5 Duplex Strapping is made of Mgh grade Cold Rolled
Steel of considerable tensile strength and pliability. The turned
edge protects the packer's hands; the knurled center prevents
the nail from slipping while being driven.

Discounts and Information from
Pacific Coast Representatives

A. C. RULOFSON CO.

No. 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California

No. 3 Peerless Duplex Strapping in
coils of 6,500 feet each— $14.63 per
coil witli liberal discount.

TWISTED WIRE AND STEEL CO.
515-521 Greenwich Street, New York, N. Y.

LADD & TILTON BANK

Eslablished 1S59 Oldest Bank on the Pacific Coast

PORTLAND, OREGON

Capital $1,000,000.00

Surplus 1,000,000.00

Officers:

W. M. Ladd, President

Edward Cookingham, Vice President

W. H. Dunckley, Cashier

R. S. Howard, Jr., Assistant Cashier
J. W. Ladd, Assistant Cashier
Walter M. Cook, Assistant Cashier

INTEREST PAID ON TIME DEPOSITS AND SAVINGS ACCOUNTS

Accounts of banks, firms, corporations and individuals solicited. Travelers' checks for
sale, and drafts issued available in all countries of Europe.

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Established 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if

you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we

make no charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Further, it tends to produce fruit spurs
by checking the flow of the sap.

Summer pruning may also be prac-
ticed on older or bearing trees in con-
nection with the thinning of the fruit.
In this case, there is very little occa-
sion for cutting and pinching otf the
terminal .shoots, as older trees make
little or no wood growth, and cutting
out a number of fruit spurs will give
a larger amount of food supply for the
remaining ones and the size of the fruit
borne is greatly increased.

In Colorado, especially, we are
troubled with over-bearing, that is,
most of our trees have too many fruit
spurs and set too many fruits, making
it difTicult to obtain the proper size.
While thinning the apples by removing
them after the fruit is set is a remedy
against over-bearing, yet this is less
efhcient than the actual removal of a
certain number of fruit spurs. In cut-
ting out the fruit spurs they should be
cut off close to the branches and in
such manner as to leave the remaining
spurs well distributed on the branches.

The time for this kind of thinning, or
summer pruning, is after the apples are
well formed and the .Tune drop is past.
The operator can then gauge the num-
ber to be removed or left without any
difficulty.

A pair of light pruning shears is the
best tool for this purpose. — E. P. Sand-
sten, Colorado Agricultural College,
Fort Collins, Colorado.

"Lushus Brand"

The North Pacific Fruit Distributors
offered a number of prizes for the
best name for a brand, the principal
requirement being that the name
should appeal to the taste or appetite,
this being important for the reason
that this was the primary function
in the name of any food product.
Two thousand five hundred names
for brands were submitted. Carl
W. Art of Spokane won the first
prize, the name "Lushus" being chosen
which has been adopted. Mrs. C. A.
Sanborn won the second prize with
the suggestion "Mello-west." Carl G.
Allenbach of Spokane won the third
prize with the suggestion "Dependa-
pack." The committee who awarded
the prize was composed of Dr. H. S.
Clemmer, President of the Spokane
Ad Club; G. C. Corbalay, Manager of
the Chamber of Commerce, and J. H.
Robbins, General Manager of the
North Pacific Fruit Distributors.

It was stated early in April that a
new warehouse would be erected in
Wenatchee this season by G. M. H.
Wagner & Sons of Chicago, Fruit &
Produce Dealers of that city and large
operators in Western box apples. The
plans for the warehouse call for hol-
low-tile construction, fire proof,
which will be 50x90 feet, one story
with basement. The site selected is
at the foot of Orondo Street on a lot
owned by Mr. J. Lewis. This ware-
house will approximately hold about
50 cars.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

I9I5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

WRITE US ABOUT THE

Universal Fruit Sizer and Conveyors

Most Efficient. Least Expensive. You'd better investigate them.

WESTERN FRUIT GRADER & MFG. CO.

Grand Junction, Colorado

Marketing the Apple

To attempt to shed any new light
on the much discussed topic of
marketing our apple crop, is a
difiicult task. There is, however, an
opportunity to point out to those most
interested in the solution of this ques-
tion, the fact, that practical application
of sonic of the plans now in use would
he more beneficial to the grower than
the constant effort to find new schemes
to dabble with.

The marketing of our product under
whatever name or form it may ulti-
mately be done, is going to be a com-
plex and many-sided affair, and it is
unfortunate that the individual most
interested, viz., the grower, is lament-
ably ignorant of the many difTiculties
and perplexities that must always be
met and overcome in cfTecting a satis-
factory distribution of his crop. The
main object to be attained is the getting
for the grower the maximum figure that
the business can stand. By this I do
not mean that the price should be
shoved up to an extortionate figure, be-
cause then the consumption would be
reduced and the business brought to
a standstill. Nor do I mean that the
fruit should be sold at such a low price
as to return no profit to the grower,
for in that case the production would
cease and the business be brought to a
standstill. There is, however, an aver-
age price at which consumption can be
kept in a healthy condition and at
which the careful grower can succeed.
The system or systems that for a period
of years can bring this condition about
is what we are looking for. One of the
chief obstacles to this result is the
grower himself. The plans to be suc-
cessful must be elastic. There is no
one way in which fruit can be sold
year in and year out. There is no one
line of effort that can successfully cope
with the varying conditions of even
any one year.

There are, however, certain broad
lines along which the general scheme
can and must move to have any hope
of success. Siipidy and demand is the
dominating factor. When the supply is
great, the demand, while it may not
decrease, is necessarily less active and
must be sought more diligently. This
invariably means a lower price and
more expensive selling. In years of
short crops the opposite is true. Apples
not being a vital necessity, despite
assertions to the contrary, are not as
badly needed in years of financial
stress as wheat, meat, eggs, and the
other necessities of life. Therefore, it
is only right to expect in seasons such
as this that the returns will not be as

By J. F. Segrue, Cashmere, Washingtou

glittering as in years of short crops
and prosperity, and any plan or plans
must naturally be subject to these con-
ditions. The grower in too many in-
stances forgets to fake these conditions
into consideration, and casts aside or
loses faith in the plans already ma-
tured, whereas, as a matter of fact, the
plan is all right. The grower also has
a happy faculty of forgetting that the
most perfect plan is doomed before-
hand if concerted action on the part of
the executive or selling force and the
producer is neglected. The sharpest
axe in the world will not cut down a
tree unless used as it should be. The
finest bricks and mortar will not erect
a building unless competent labor is
employed. Therefore, until the rank
and file of the fruit growers study the
salient points of any marketing scheme,

and after studying it, apply the knowl-
edge gained thereby in putting the
theory into actual practice, little or no
result can be expected.

Plans of any kind are not perfected
in a day or year. Any selling plan can
only be perfected — if indeed that is
possible — by years of patient plodding.
Stick-to-it-iveness is the great attribute
that our business is so sorely in need
of. It is generally conceded that a cen-
tral organization of some kind is the
most likely solution of this question.
Be it one or two organizations of this
nature that is finally decided upon,
there is this feature in common to both,
to-wit: There must be a central or exec-
utive body from which radiates the fol-
lowing spokes: On one side, the can-
vassers of the trade, call them agents,
brokers, what you please, whose duty

"BLUE RIBBON

^5

(EXTRA F-AIMCY)

J^

"RED RIBBON

(RArSICY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Fruits

We specialize in mixed cars of

BERRIES AND CHERRIES

and will also have straight and mixed cars of the earliest Apricots,

Prunes, Pears and Peaches g^rown in the Yakima \'alley.

Write or wire for information.

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager
NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, F.vergreens,
Flowering Shrubs, \'ines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the \'I\('OM.-\X
FRAXQL'ETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us aliout your wants before buying.

W'HtN WRITINC ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

jiii\

Vv-

The Modern Idea

Get in touch with tlie world. Farm telephones help
business, help farm life— save time and money. A
few men in vour neighborhood can eet together
and easily build a local telephone farm line.

The line is simple, easy to build
The telephone is easy to install
The cost is not excessive
The upkeep is small

Especially are these things true, when reliable,
made-to-last telephones are used. Each man can
buy his own telephone, then decide upon the cost, of
wire, poles and supplies. We will tell you the approxi-
mate cost, what material is needed and show you how
to put up the line free.
Co-operative farm lines are not a new idea. They are being
operated in many parts of the world now. Very many thousands of Ketlogg telephones are
installed today— many in service for eight or ten years in all parts of the United States.

Kellogg Telephones

KelloKK farm telephones save you money because they are practical and well built, do

not cet out of order easily, give unexcelled transmission which means that th^"

bells ring properly, that you can hear and be huard clearly and distinctly.

Ask our practical telephone men at San FranciRco for our illustrated

bulletins that tell in a plain, understandable way how our telephones operate

and why they save money.

We will send you these bulletins and help you build your line in any way that

we can. Tell us what you want and the conditions under which

you will build your line. Write for bulletin 21 ■

Kellogg Switchboard and Supply Co.

Mission and Third Streets
San Francisco* California

ii^

Cover Crops That Pay

INOCULATED VETCHES
INOCULATED CLOVERS
INOCULATED PEAS

We have made a liost of friends iu California and now come to
the orchardists of Oregon, with a proven article, asking a trial.
A postal card will bring onr literature (without cost) telling you
how at a very small expense we have greatly improved condi-
tions both in trees and fruit in many orchards of California.

Western Soil Bacteria Co.

442 Sansotne Street

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

'Sole Breeders of Westrobac." "The Best for the West."

it is to find a market for the fruit; on
tlie otfier side are the local units, com-
posed of the growers who produce the
commodity which the agents are at-
tempting to sell. The central hody is
the halfway house. Being directly in
touch with neither the huyer nor the
grower, having to trust to the agents
on one hand for information as to
demand, price, etc., to the grower on
the other hand for information as to
supply, conditions of fruit, etc., it must
be, necessarily, a keeper of records.

When the agent in(|uires as to the
amount and quality of the fruit to be
sold, the central body has no actual
knowledge of its own. It can only
answer truthfully and intelligently as
its records are truthful and intelligent.
Here is where the grower falls down.
He loo often fails to realize that tel-
epathy is a negligable quantity as yet,
and that unless he ])crsonall\ supplies
his union with accurate information,
and what is more, sees that those in
charge of his aflfalrs in the local are

not only competent but willing to
impart that knowledge to the central
body, so that they can answer the de-
mands made on them by their agents,
he, the grower, is primarily responsible
for blocking the track and is seriou.sly
handicapping his own business. An-
other place that the grower fails is the
inability of so many of them to realize
that some of the individual schemes for
selling, while successful on a small
scale, would not be adequate to move
the whole crop of the Northwest.

A familiar simile might be made by
comparing some of these plans to the
old story of the man who went into
the chicken business. One hen lays one
egg every day for 220 days — 220 eggs.
Two hens lay two eggs every day for
220 day.s — 440 eggs. Ten thousand hens
lay 10,000 eggs every day for 220 days
a year — 10,000x220 eggs per annum.
Eggs worth 4,0 cents per dozen. Result
— afiluence(?) Exploded theory. It
does not work out in actual practice.
We who believe in organization do not
decry the effort of the individual to
make the best bargain he can for his
crop, but we do believe that for the
ultimate and lasting good of the indus-
try, that man's brains and intelligence
would be put to better use if thrown
into the common iackpot and used to
solve our difficulties in a broader and
larger way. If everyone of us was to
return to the old ways of individual
effort, not one of these plans would be
successful, and their success now is
based uiion the fact that their neigh-
bors are stabilizing conditions and car-
rying them along as a dead weight at
no cost to the independent operator,
but at a serious cost to the future suc-
cess of the business as a whole.

To return to the matter of records.
It is absolutely necessary that the cen-
tral body be kept posted in all the de-
tails as to quantity of fruit to be dis-
posed of, condition of fruit at all times,
and any other information that the cen-
tral body may require. These estimates
should be sent to the central body as
early as possible in the season, in order
that the f. o. b. market can be thor-
oughly combed and supplied. Mani-
fests of cars shipped must be for-
warded promptly, so that the traffic de-
partment can keep close and intelligent
watch on the progress of shipments
from loading point to destination. By
this means diversions can be accomp-
lished promptly and many advantage-
ous sales made that otherwise would be
lost.

Without direct and correct informa-
tion from the local, the central body
has to work more or less in the dark,
and therefore, more or less inefficiently.
To many individual growers, and to
many local units, the persistent de-
mands made on them by the central
body seem unnecessary. They are not
so. The German army, in the the un-
fortunate affair that is now taking place
in Euro])e, has i)roved to the world at
large thai ediciency in tlie petty details
is worth while. Our position is very
much akin to theirs. We are fighting
for our existence. We have pitted
against us the desire on the part of the

191 5

dealer to make as much profit as he
can. The public's diversified taste for
other fruit connuodifies, such as
oranges, bananas, grapes, etc.; the ef-
forts of the producers of these other
articles to supplant us in the public
favor; the desire inherent in ourselves
to get as much money for as little
effort as possible.

The first few obstacles to our success
cannot ever be eliminated totally, but
the last mentioned, our own weakness,
can and must be eradicated. Until we,
us growers, realize that it is our busi-
ness that is being taken care of; until
we realize that it is not sufficient to
select a theory or plan and lie back in
the traces and let the other fellow pull
the load, all out attempts to solve the
marketing problem will be wasted en-
ergy. I once had occasion to discuss
local difficulties with one of the mem-
bers of our union. His complaint was
that "they" — meaning the directors —
"did not do this," and "they did not do
that," and "they did not do the other
thing." I endeavored to explain to him
that they — the directors — could only
advance as far as the membership were
willing to advance with them, and that
the habit of electing a board once a
year and then going back to the ranch
and refusing to comply with the rules
and regulations adopted by that board
was the main cause of failure on the
part of so many local organizations.
My advice to him was that in the future
he would substitute the word "we" for
"they," and include himself in the gen-
eral criticism. So, with the connection
between the local and the central or
selling body, unless the response is gen-
erous, unless the demands made upon
the local are promptly responded to, we
find forces opjiosing instead of helping
one another. The local that is not up
to snuff and that does not obey orders
from headfiuarfers is on a par with the
niechanic who throws a monkeywrench
into a piece of delicate and complicated
machinery while in motion.

There is time during the year when a
review of the situation by a joint meet-
ing of the heads of the central and
locals is invaluable, but during the
operating or selling season any hesita-
tion or inefficiency on the part of any
branch or unit can only be disastrous
to the plan as a whole. There is no
plan today that is on record that pre-

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2S

Store Your Apples
in Spokane

The Natural Storage Center

Take advantage of storage in
transit rate and the better mar-
ket later. Write us for our dry
and cold storage rate and infor-
mation.

Ryan & Newton
Company

SPOKANE, WASHINGTON

Visit the Exposition Beautiful

S26-75

Portland
San Francisco

and Back

Very low round-trip fares to Los Angeles and San Diego

Sale Dates

July 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, lO, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

August 7, 8, 9, 10

The above in addition to long limit daily round-trip
Exposition Fares to San Francisco and San Diego

Four Fine Trains Daily in each direction

Ample accommodations— Scenery Unsurpassed— Every mile
protected by electric automatic block signals.

Ask nearest agent for particulars and our illustrated descriptive folders
"Wayside Notes Shasta Route" and "California Expositions"

SOUTHERN PACIFIC

John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent. Portland, Ore.

To California Expositions

"North Bank" Rail and 26 Hours' Ocean Sail

Steamer train (new steel coaches and parlor cars)
leaves Portland '^:m A. M. Lunch on ship.
S.S. arrives San Francisco 3;30 P. M. next day.

Palaces of the Pacific

S.S. "Northern Pacific"
S.S. "Great Northern"

Sail Every Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday

Same Time and Rates as All Rail
Fares Include Meals and Berths

Between Portland and San Francisco

All agents Great Northern, Northern Pacific Rys.

Burlington Koute and

THE NORTH BANK ROAD

SPOKANE— Davenport Hotel
PORTLAND- Fifth and Stark Streets
SAN FRANCISCO-665 Market Street

tends to be perfect. My own belief i.s
that there never will be a time that
some improvement cannot be effected.
I believe, however, that there are suf-
licient well-groimded theories extant to
build on. I would therefore suggest
tiiat the great body of apple growers
spend more time in mastering the de-
tails (if the plans now before them, and
by practicing, each and every one of
you, the principles of sane co-opera-
tion, help to advance slowly but surely
along the lines as already mapped out.
If we would use intolligcnll\' and to
the fullest extent the means now at our
disposal, I believe that our troubles
would be materially decreased.

There has been consiiler.-djlc outcry
as to the necessity of the marketing
heads getting togeiher. If the time of
liie heads of these agencies was not so

taken up keeping the individual grower
in line and instilling into his system
the lirst princijjles of business, there
would be a greater opportunity to pro-
gress along those lines. Have you ever
seen a horse get his leg over a trace?
The horse is young and skittish. The
only way to get his leg back is to un-
hook the trace, but the unfortunate
teamster is so busy holding the fool
horse by the head that he cannot do the
one thing that he knows should be
(lone. .So with the apple marketing sit-
uation. If the grower would stand still
and work for the general good of the
industry our difficulties would be mini-
mized.

liemendjer, at no time, nor under any
plan or theory, are all our troubles and
drawbacks likely to be removed. We
can always look forward to obstacles

WHIN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BF.TTER FRUIT

Page 26

BETTER FRUIT

July

to overcome, vexed questions to solve.
Pei'sonally, I believe that these trials,
like a few fleas on a dog, are good for
us. Appledoni will never be Lotus land.
Intense and keen interest in our busi-
ness will always be necessary. Indi-
vidual ellort will receive its reward or
its punishment in proportion to its de-
serts. The millenium is a long way otT
and not likely to be reached in our
time. But I do believe that the apple
industry, with a portion of the acreage
eliminated and a greater portion of the
brains and energy that are conected
with it diverted into broader channels,
can and will be preserved as a business
that will be a cause of pride and a
source of profit to the Northwest.

Northwestern Fruit Exchange
Crop Prospects

United States

Northwest — Wenatchee Valley: Indi-
cations point to the following tonnages:
Apples, 4,000 to 4,800 cars; pears, 300 to
350 cars; peaches, 150 to 250 cars; apri-
cots, 80 to 100 cars; plums and prunes,
in the neighborhood of 25 cars. Yakima
Valley : Apples, 3,600 to 3,800 cars ; pears,
800 to 900 cars; peaches, around 1,000
cars. Rogue River Valley: Apples, 300
to 350 cars; pears, 250 to 400 cars. Hood
River District: The Hood River District
appears to be less than a normal year
and it is expected that the district will
produce from 850 to 900 cars of apples
this coming season, with pears running
from 50 to 75 cars. Walla Walla: 200
to 225 cars of apples. Spokane: 300 to
400 cars of apples. Southern Idaho:
Some reports relative to the apple ton-
nage this season from Southern Idaho
indicate a crop of about (UK) cars, while
others estimate that the tonnage will
come to 1,(100 cars or even more, the
former estimate, however, being con-
sidered more nearly correct. It is ex-
pected the output of prunes will amount
to about 1,000 cars. For peaches it is
expected that some 200 or 250 cars will
be shipped. Montana: Apples, about
50 cars.

New York — Blossoms were scarce on
Baldwins, possibly because of last
year's heavy crop. Present indications
point to a shortage of about 4,250 cars
in the combined peach and apple crops.
Peaches will move between August 15
and September 15.

Michigan — A normal crop of early
apples is expected, with about a 00 per
cent crop of the fall varieties. Peaches
considerably above normal. Pears fair.

Georgia— Estimated that 4,000 to 4,500
cars of peaches will move in the period
from June 1 to August 25. Last year's
shipments totaled 4,020 cars.

Ohio — Estimates of peaches indicate
a yield of 2,.")00 to 3,000 cars, moving
from September 1 to 20.

Virginia and West Virginia — This sea-
son's apple crop is exjjccted to be light.
Virginia is estimated to produce about
1,315,000 barrels. West Virginia will be
particularly light.

Connecticut — Huge peach crop ex-

Courtesy of Western Fruit Jobber

Loading Bananas

pected; estimated from 1,500 to 2,000
cars. Ten days earlier than last year.

Nebraska and Iowa — Conditions fav-
orable for large crop of apples, pears
and peaches.

Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Mis-
souri— Following peach tonnage esti-
mated from the Southwest: Texas:
2,000 cars; early varieties now moving;
Elbertas to move from June 25 to July
25. Oklahoma: About 2,500 cars; July
20 to August 15. Arkansas and Missouri:
From 2,500 to 3,500 cars, moving from
July 20 to August 15. Estimates from
the Ozark region for apples are meager,
those received merely indicating that
the crop is progressing favorably.

Colorado — All fruits greatly damaged
by a severe freeze early in May. Indi-
cations point to the fact that the Grand
Junction district will have but 12 to 15
per cent of a normal crop, although the
district around Canon City (on the
Eastern Slope) will produce a large
crop. The apple crop for the whole
state is estimated to be 3,000 cars; pears
150 to 200 cars; peaches 1,000 cars, the
lalter moving between August 15 and
September 15.

New Mexico — Apple bloom damaged
by heavy rains, (irop small, estimated
at 200 cars, which is one-half of last
year's crop.

California — Pajaro Valley : Applecrop
estimated at 75 per cent of 1914 crop.
Sacramento District: Owing to heavy
rains during May cherries were severely
damaged, probably to the extent of 50
per cent. This, while not reducing other
fruits, nevertheless delayed maturity,
particularly of apricots. Indications
point to a heavy pear and peach crop,
plums slightly less than 1914, apricots
about the same as 1914.
Canada

Apples — Estimates for Xova Scotia
under dale of .May 21 indicate a crop of
2,000, (((10 Ijarrels this season, as com-
pared with 800,000 for 1914. However,
fruit is reported being backward and
retarded somewhat by frosts, two hav-
ing occurred in this (hstrici during the

week following May 16. Conditions in
Ontario and Quebec at this time are re-
ported to be favorable. British Colum-
bia on June 15 reported that the crop
will run slightly less than last year, the
estimated production for the coming
season being from 1,100 to 1,200 cars.
Old trees are bearing lighter than last
year, but which is somewhat offset by
new trees coming into bearing.

Pears — In Nova Scotia and Eastern
Canada it is expected that the pear crop
will be about normal, not differing
much in tonnage from the crop of last
season. In British Columbia an increase
of some 25 per cent is expected over
last year, from 50 to 60 cars being ex-
pected to move out this season.

Peaches — Peach prospects throughout
Canada appear fairly bright. In British
Columbia it is expected that tlie produc-
tion of all varieties will be equal to, if
not slightly greater than, the tonnage of
1914. Elbertas are light. Peach move-
ment expected July 20 to October 15.

Plums and Prunes — Will be in heavy
tonnage in Eastern Canada if present
conditions do not change materially.
In Western Ontario particularly a heavy
crop of plums and prunes is antici-
pated; in British Columbia about 100
cars of plums and prunes is looked for.

"Skookum" is the name of a brand
that was adopted two years ago by the
Northwestern Fruit Exchange as an
inter community brand to be used on
high-class varieties of apples that are
packed according to certain require-
ments in the different districts of the
Nortliwest in which the Northwestern
Fruit Exchange are operating.

Special offer from the publishers to the
readers of Better Fruit.

Through special arrangements -with the pul)-
lishers we are enabled to make the following
generous offer:

Sunset Magazine for four months .50.80

McCUn-e's for four months 60

Pieti^rial lleview for four months 00

Ladies' World for four months 40

Litlte Folks for four months 40

Better Fruit for one year 1.00

Total .53.80

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2j

Development of Fruit Package

(Continued from page '"•-

urally the industry lias become more
greatly developed in some sections of
the country than in others, namely,
Michigan, Georgia, New Jersey, Dela-
^vare, Virginia, etc. In earlier times
various sized packages were used in
shipping the peach even to the same
markets; generally this package was
some form of basket. During the later
development of the peach industry uni-
formly sized packages were used in the
same market for the same grade of fruit.

For the early peaches a dilTerent
package was used; there was also a
different package used for the extra
fancy grades. At one time the best and
favorite package was the standard five-
eighths bushel basket, ^vithout top or
cover. For fancy fruit some were cov-
ered with muslin, and on others wooden
tops were used, being a later idea. This
enabled the baskets to be packed with-
out danger to their contents. Another
package is the crate of wood, seven-
eighths bushel, with two compartments
of equal size. These packages were
used chiefly for the Baltimore market,
where they were popular for some var-
ieties of peaches. Small fancy baskets
holding one gallon or six quarts each
are generally packed in .32-auart berry
crates, which hold either eiebt one-gal-
lon baskets or six six-quart baskets.
These were very commonly used for
extra early or extra fancy fruit. In
some localities the Delaware half-bushel
veneer basket and the Michigan handle
basket holding about a peck are largely
used, but these have mostly given way
to the six-basket or Georgia carrier. A
relatively new package which has come
upon the market is the Climax, with
slatted cover, extensively used as a
grape basket. This package has found
some favor, as it is attractive and handy
to carry home. The peach package
generally used in the Pacific Coast states
has been the box rather than the basket.
The sizes of the boxes nsed have in the
past showed a great difference, but at
the present time the favorite package is
what is known as the California iieach
box. which holds less than a half bushel
or about 21 'j pounds. The peaches
packed in this box are nearly always
wrapped in paper and stand shipment
very well. This package has been a
very attractive one and has displaved
the fruit well. Within the past season
of 1914 quite a bit of interest has been
shown by peach shippers and also by
receivers on different markets in the
bushel basket for packing and shipping
fruit. It is declared by many that this
package is much more satisfactory to
handle than other forms and also that
the fruit .shows up in better condition
when shipped in this container. The
big crop now in prospect in Alabama,
Georgia, Texas and other Southern
states is bringing the subject of pack-
ages before the trade and shippers and
arrangements are now being made for
the handling of the crop.

Growers at different points are dis-
cussing the package question. Man>-
prefer to pack in the bushel basket in-

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HIGH GRADE FRl IT BOXES
APPLE, PEAR AND PEACH BOXES

F'ruit and Vegetable Crates

GOOD SERViaE Write us

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SALESMEN^
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199 Majestic Building INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANA

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A. C. RULOFSON CO.

"The Cement Coated Nail People"

Monadnock Building, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
PACIFIC COAST SALES MANAGERS

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRl'IT

Page 28

BETTER FRUIT

/;//v

BIG PROFITS

in the Cider Business

Cider

thf e

with a Mount Gilead

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compared to other

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Gener-
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Send tor Catalog

THE HYDRAULIC PRESS MFG. CO.
60 Lincoln Avenue Mount Gilead, Ohio

I'acitic t_'ua8t Representatives:

BEKGER <fe CARTER CO., 17th it Mississippi Sts.

San Francisco, California

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7. 122^3 Grand Ave.. Portland. Oregon

Wholesalers ol Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

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F. A. BISHOP, Secretary

HOOD RIVER ABSTRACT COMPANY

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

ABSTRACTS INSURANCE

CONVEYANCING

Ask for Catalogue No. 5

.stead of the six-basket carrier. It seems
as though the bushel basket has not
until lately been considered safe to ship
the fruit in, but with the good results
obtained last season it will undoubtedly
take the place of the six-basket carrier
more and more. The best and most
practical way to pack peaches for ship-
ment in bushel baskets to assure them
arriving at destination in perfect shape,
receivers state, is to nail strips on either
side of the car, so that by placing a
three-inch board across for each tier a
natural shelf is formed which keeps
each tier of baskets separate, and pro-
tects them from being jammed together
by the rocking of the car. In this man-
ner four separate shelves are made run-
ning the full length (jf the car, which
will accommodate about 400 bushel bas-
kets. The baskets should be lined with
paper and have good strong covers anil
be made with a pole in the middle to
prevent the covers from sinking in and
mashing the fruit.

In tlie Northwest and in California
the package used is the California stan-
dard box, the dimensions of which are
11% by 18% by 4, 41/2 or 5 inches, in-
side measurement. Sooner or later this
package will probably be replaced by
the bushel peach basket, which is prov-
ing to be the most economical package
in which to handle the peach crop.

The packages used for the marketing
of plums seems to vary as widely as the
Ijackages used for the other fruits. Very
little is known of the past history of the
plum package, due to the fact that the
I)lum industry is limited to a few fav-
ored districts. There has been but little
written in regard to the various pack-
ages in which this fruit is marketed.
In many of the articles on fruit growing
the subject of the package for the plum
is dismissed with the statement that the
same ijackage is used for the plum as
for the peach. This is largely true.
Some of the difl'erent packages in which
fruit is handled are in Vermont. The
Ilium is marketed in both the peck and
the half-bushel box. In Massachusetts
the round Delaware basket and the old
Climax grape basket with slatted cover
are used, and to a limited extent they
are placed in strawberry baskets in the
usual strawberry crates. In New York
plums are sold for the most part in
Climax, in the six-basket carrier.

The style of the package used in mar-
keting plums varies somewhat with the
preference of the diflferent markets.
Some prefer the 10-pound handled bas-
ket frequently used in marketing grapes,
others want the >S2-quart berry crate,
but the greatest demand of the Eastern
markets is for the six-basket carrier
used for packing peaches.

In the Northwest the tendency to use
a uniform package is much more pro-
nounced than in other sections of the
counti'y. The grade rules for the North
I'acific Fruit Distributors, season 1014,
are as follows: "Prunes and plums
should be packed in four-basket prune
crates. Fruit too small to pack 6x6
should never be packed in prune crates
and should only be shipped in .^Mj-inch
lieach boxes paper lined. Whenever

Pear Land in Nevada
County, California

will bring sure returns to the man who wants
to better his condition. This land can be
bought, cleared and planted, for

$150.00 an Acre

Nevada Countj' fruits and nuts won more
first prizes at the San Francisco Land Show
than fruit from any of the other counties.

The Climate is Ideal

Write for detailed information and literature

Chamber of Commerce

Grass Valley, California

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.

Proprietors

HOOD KIVER, OKEliON DUFCK, OKK(;ON

Growers of high grade nursery stock, guar-
anteed true to-name. Breeders and imjiorters
of purebred Big Tvpe Poland China Hogs. Ser-
vice boars, bred gilts and weaiiine pigs tor sale.
For catalog of nursery stock and prices
on swine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD KIVKK, ORK(iON

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHFN WRITING .ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2g

The Thompson
Adjustable Tree Support

Practical, Cheap, Permanent

WRITE FOR FOLDER

Thompson Mfg.Co.

Eighth and Santa Fe Ave.
Los Angeles, Cal.

Mount Tamalpais
Military Academy

SAN RAFAEL. CALIFORNIA

The most thoroughly organized and com-
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the Rocky Mountains: Cavalry. Infantry,
Mounted Artillery. Sixteen miles North
of San Francisco; U. S. army officer de-
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the University of California, Stanford and
other Colleges. Twenty-sixth year begins
August 24th, 1915.

Address Rev. Arthur Crosby. A. M..D.D.

Orchard Yarn

Progre?sive orchardista. those right down to the minute
in methods of protecting hea^T laden fruit trees, are agreed
that tying branches with Orchard Yam is the modern way
of supportiiiK orchard trees, it is not expensive, is easily
done, and tlie time to tie is when trimming. The spurs
are then tougher. less easily broken off than later, leaves
are not in the way and all parts of the tree can be seen.
Saving but a small percentage of trees from being broken
down will pay for the expense of tying an entire orchard.
One-ply Tarred iranila Yarn will run at)out 200 feet per
pound. Two-ply will run from 90 to 100 feet per pound.
Put up in 5-pound balls or on 10-pound spools. In 5-pound
balls the yarn pulls from the inside and is more easily
handled.

Sold by all inerchaiils hanrilitif,' orchard supplies,

Manulactured by

The Portland Cordage Company

PORTLAND, OREGON

POWER WASHER

WOMANS \
FRIEND

A REAL
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Rnund rulil-er rul)H the rlnthcn, turnn them ovtT
and over ami forces tiio liiit, woupy water throiij^li
tbem. Washert tub full j>erf,M-tly elean In 5niliiiitec.
No wrln^'ers toBhlft. Nothing' to yet out of onler.
Sjjeelal low prlee to introduce. OatalOKuo Free.
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pcssible use the square pack. Pack all
Tragedies and Italians three tiers deep,
stem end down; pack top tier with
creased side up and all the same way.
Hungarians, Bradshaws, peach plums
and similar varieties that pack smaller
than 5x5 in prune crates should not be
packed."

The package which is coming into use
and ])opularity on the markets and
among the merchant men is a variation
of the four-basket crate that is now on
the market. The new package is of two
tiers, one above the other, and having
two baskets to the tier. This package is
very conveniently handled and can be
carried with ease, and forms a very de-
sirable "take-home" package, as it can
be carried as a suitcase.

The measurements for the Northwest
standard plum and prune package are
18y2xliy2x2V2 or 3% inches.

In regard to giving any delinite size
of package for cherries little can be
said, as the style of the package used
varies widely. .\ few things which are
essential are: A shallow box to avoid
weight and consequent bruising; free
ventilation; a gentle pressure to prevent
jostling; convenience in packing, and
an attractive package. In the past the
30-pound cherry box has been widely
used, but it is doubtful if this package
furnishes sufficient ventilation. Cher-
ries go to market principally in two
kinds of packages, either in strawberry
boxes and crates, or for the fancy West-
ern cherries boxes varying in capacity
from eight to thirty pounds. Many
growers say that the 10-pound box is
the most handsome package and carries
almost as well as any. The Okanogan,
Washington, Fruit Union, which ships
considerable cherries, has obtained the
best results from the use of the 10-
pound box, especially for long distance
shipping. For short distance shipping
the 20-pound box can be used to advan-
tage sometimes, as it costs less money
for grocers' trade, where (he fruit is
weighed out by the pound. For sour
cherries a strawberry hallock is used
and the cherries are faced on the top of
each hallock. The 5-pound tin top box
which contains four crates is often used
for shipping and has much to recom-
mend it, for it is convenient and gives
good ventilation. The ordinary cherry
crate which holds twenty-four 1-pound
hallocks is also much used; it gives
good ventilation and is of convenient
size. The hnllocks should be a little
less in depth than for strawberries.
This is probably the package for the
cherry that will be used more and more
in the future, as it is comparatively
cheap, docs not have to be packed, and
alfoi'ds an individual package for each
imrchascr on the market. Another ad-
vantage is that if the fruit of any one of
these boxes should become damaged it
could be removed, and thus the repack-
ing of the whole crate is avoided. ."Ks
early as IflOO the paper carton holding
about one pound of fruit was thought
of as an important package for the
cherry. This is a very attractive one,
esiiecially for a fancy fruit trade. In
later years cartons were made of straw

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FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives yon a liieli grade quick selling product at a
miniiiiuni cost. It makes a clean and natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetables have been
approved by the I'. S. Government, wliile desiccated,
dried and evaporated products have been rejected.
There is but one Dehydrator manufactured in the
West and it is the hesi By-Produet machine ever de-
vised. It is adapted to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all rpquirements. It is
fully covered by l'. S. patents. Therelore, you are
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The manufacturers of this Dehydrator have recently
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WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page JO

BETTER FRUIT

July

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails.

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Ci>ated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
liest on the Market.

Write for Growers" testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

and various other materials, wliieh took
well in some of tlie markets. Tlie main
objection to the paper carton is that it
lacks in convenience and ventilation.
It has not come into general use, as was
once hoped for. The whole question of
the fruit package for the cherry is un-
settled and it will probably be some
time before any package will be widely
adopted. Some of the dimensions of
the package of the cherry are:

lO-lb. cherry box— ISVaxOxa'/o inches.

20-lb. cherry box — 18%xliy2''4 inches.

The California box— 2%x9xl9% ; \vt. 11 lbs.

We hope to have made fairly clear
the progress that has been made up to
the present time in the various fruit
packages. There still remains a great
deal yet to be done before the proper
packages are selected. New i)ackages

The

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F. S. STANLEY, President
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are constantly being introduced, but
most of them are soon discarded. This
has not only worked a hardship upon
the box manufacturer, but also on the
producer and the consumer. At the
present time there are entirely too
many packages for the same kind of
fruit on the market, and any new pack-
age introduced should be viewed with
suspicion until its merits have been def-
initely proven; after this there is plenty
of time to adopt the package, and much
loss would be avoided should the pack-
age prove unsuccessful. The different
markets have certain types of package
that are more acceptable in that market
than other jjackages. The fruit growers
raising fiuit for some certain market
should make a study of the demands of
that market and conform as nearly as
possible to them. Extra fancy and extra
early fruit will probably be continued
to be shipped in different kinds of pack-
ages than the later fruit, they being
more attractive, smaller, and probably
more expensive.

The main tendency during the pa.st
few years, in the matter of packages,
has been uniformity and standardiza-
tion. This has been a desirable move.
The box consumer requires a safe and
secure package which will secure de-
livery of his goods at destination in
good order. The size must be sufficient
to accommodate the product to be
packed therein and must provide for
ready packing. The cost of the con-
tainer must not bear an excessive ratio
to the cost of the contents. Containers
must be limited in size to conform to
easy handling, standard units of meas-
ure, and weight of articles per unit of
bulk. Standardization will often pro-
vide a rcadv interchangeability of box
parts and thereby alTord the consumer
an advantage. Standardization of boxes
prevents waste of lumber and oermits
manufacture in advance of orders. It
insures against faulty packing and guar-
antees against the loss of commodities
through breakage and damage. Uni-
formity of containers protects llic con-
sumer of boxed commodities from false
measure and protects packers and ship-
l)ers from unequal competition result-
ing from the differences in the ([uantity
of commodities furnished. This is espe-
cially a factor for consideration by the
fiuil trade. It promotes satisfaction and

equality in the trade and eliminates
unscrupulous practices.

The necessity for co-operation among
the fruit growers in various districts is
becoming more and more felt. This
movement has and will continue to
have considerable influence toward the
standardization of the fruit package. In
California the California Fruit Grow-
ers' Exchange and in the Northwest the
Northwst Fruit Distributors have done
a great deal toward the standardization
of the packages, as they have set forth
certain deflnite rules as to the package
specifications of the fruit which they
handle.

Any legislation with the idea in view
of compelling fruitgrowers to pack their
fruit in definite sized packages is doomed
to failure. This can be shown by look-

SEE CALIFORNIA

AND HER TWO
GREAT EXPOSITIONS

NOW

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

California is this year holding two great
universal Expositions, one at San Francisco
and the other at San Diego, in celebration of
the completion of the Panama Canal and the
joining of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
These two Expositions represent an expendi-
ture exceeding one hundred million dollars.
To supply the demand for reliable and
authentic information on these Expositions
and California, we have published two beau-
tiful books; one on San Francisco, the Expo-
sition and Northern California; the other on
Los Angeles. San Diego, the Exposition and
Southern California: also a lithographed view
of San Francisco in colors (size 30x45 inches),
a picture of the rebuilt city, including the
Exposition. Each book is 6x9 inches, con-
tains nearly 200 pages and many beautiful
illustrations.

These two books and large bird's-eye view
give a comprehensive, honest history and de-
scription of the state, her principal cities,
resources and her two great Expositions.
Sent prepaid for 35 cents each or all three for
a one dollar bill, money order, draft or check.
Order now, addressing

North American Press Association,

Publishers,
1420 Hearst Building, San Francisco.

WIIKN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

ing through the state laws of many
states and finding hivvs which are dead
and no attempts have been made to en-
force them for many years, they being
impracticable. The important point
about any legislation would be the mat-
ter of quantity and it might be well to
say that there is a decided tendency at
present time to require a statement on
the container of the net contents, stated
in terms of weight or numerical count.
In fact the new federal law requires on
all interstate shipments that the con-
tents be so stated. No provision is
made however, as to the shape of the
package. One of the greatest dangers
in standardizing packages or products
is the legislature, as they may pass mea-
sures that are impractical for the fruit
grov^'ers to live up to. Standardization
must be simple and legislation must
take place only after the public opinion
is with vou.

BETTER FRUIT

Page

The Eternal Question

"What I would like to know," ex-
plained the agriculturist patiently, "is
what I need in the way of new tools
and new buildings and new ideas. Tell
me why my wife keeps complaining
and telling me she's tired of farm life
and wants to move into town? I don't
want to go to town."

This isn't a fairy story. It isn't fic-
tion. It isn't even a story about a dis-
tant land. It happened in the Middle
West, in the East, in the Far West. It's
happening today, everywhere.

The agriculturist was up to date. He
had a first-class farm. He rotated his
crops. He kept the soil fertile. He had
good machinery and treated his men
well and his livestock well. For the
heavy work he had motor-driven ma-
chinery. His pumping was done by
motor. He had an expensive silo. He
kept his roads in good repair. He had
quit borrowing money and was invest-
ing money instead, most of it in the
farm, but a good deal in securities. It
was a paying farm.

And yet his wife wasn't satisfied.

The farmer's friend went into the
farm house to see what could be the
matter. The house was clean and well
kept, but the housewife looked tired.
In one corner was a sewing machine.
The window beside it looked out on the
motor-driven pump.

"Where's the motor for that ma-
chine?" inciuired the friend.

"Motor?" said the farmer; "there
isn't any. My wife runs it."

In the laundry were the tubs hanging
from the wall, an ironing board, an
old range which had passed its period
of usefulness as a cookstove and had
been exiled to the laundry.

"Ever tr>- washing machines and all
the other kinds of laundry machinery?"
inquired the friend.

"No," said the farmer. "My wife
does that."

"I notice you don't have electric
lighting here."

"No," said the farmer after a i)ause.
"Lamps. My wife takes care of them."

The visitor had a lot of comments as
he went through the rest of the house.

Ridley,Houlding&Co.

CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON

Points to remember wlieu con><igning
apples to the London Market

1.— We Specialize in Apples

2.— All Consignments Receive our
Personal Attention

3.-The Fruit is Sold by Private
Treaty on its Merits

CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON

Every Farmer

is interested in the manifold uses of
cement-concrete on the farm.

Practical Cement Work

By W. B. HENRY

is a cloth bound book of 113 pages, g-iving
valuable information on the mixing and
placing concrete in the various forms of
building.

Post paid. 50 cents.

The Concrete Age

Equitable Building

JATLANTA. GEORGIA

W. van Diem

Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49. 51, 61

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruits

Eldest and Pirst-CIass
House in this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandlem
ABC Code used; 5th Edition

Our Specialties are

Apples, Pears, Navel Oranges

I RHODES DOUBLE CUT
PRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFQ. CO.,
»«0 3. DIVISION AVE , GRAND RAPIDS, HICH.

""THE only
pruner
madetnat cuU
from both sides of
the limb and does not
bruise the bark. Made in
all styles and sizes. We
pay Elxpress charges
on all orders.
Write for
circular and
prices.

Portland Tent & f^wninss Co.

MANUFACTURERS OF

Tents, Awnings, Covers

Canvas Goods of All Descriptions

Hammocks, Camp Furniture, Etc.

Telephone: Main l.'jijO

16 North Front St., corner Burnside, PORTLAND, OREGON

Special tents to order for housing fruitgrowers' extra help during strawberry and
apple picking seasons. Extra large tents to order for apple growers, suitable for stor-
ing apples as they come from the orchard; also, suitable for grading machines and
apple packers. Weather-proof canvas wagon covers a specialty.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 32

BETTER FRUIT

/»/v

YAKIMA FRUITj SELLERS

North Yakima, Washington]

A Central Selling Agency for Yakima

EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS FOR

Yakima County Horticultural Union

Yakima Fruit Growers' Exchange

Richey & Gilbert Company

Our organizations handled 2,500 carloads of Yakima Fruit last ssason. Hundreds of growers
have joined our movement and we already have under contract a much larger proportion
of Yakima tonnage than ever before. Additional tonnage is coming to us daily. We have
a large proportion of the fruit in the early districts — therefore we can load the early
assorted cars— money-makers for the trade and the growers.

WRITE OR WIRE UB IN SEASON

H. M. GILBERT, General Manager FRED EBERLE, Asst. Manager

Phosphorus Makes Fruit

Ground Phosphate Rock is the most economical and profitable and only
natural form of Phosphorus to use in systems of Permanent Horticulture
and Agriculture, and when properly applied restores Fertility to vrorn out
soils and Maintains and Increases the Fertility of good soils.

Write for our literature.

United States Phosphate Co.

405 Marsh-Strong Bldg., LOS ANGELES, CAL.

Our mines are located in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming.

CIRCUIT
TOURS

OF THE EAST-

inchicling the California Expositions on either going or returning trip,
afford unusual opportunities for travelers — business or pleasure.

We shall be delighted to mail prospective travelers a beautifully
illustrated booklet descriljingthe many natural advantages of the nation-
famous

Columbia River Route

A letter or card addressed to the

GENERAL PASSENGER AGENT

UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM

70 I Wells-Fargo Building
PORTLAND, ORE.

will serve the purpose.

Tickets on sale daily until September 30. with
going and return limit of October 31, at very
low fares for either direct or E.xpositions route

Full information, fares, tickets, reservations, etc.,
upon application to any agent.

UNION
PACIFIC

SYSTEM

Then he went outside and pointed to
the gasoline vehicles, the motor pump,
the utilized water power, the examples
of ways in which the up-to-date farmer
made machinery do 90 per cent of the
work that the men used to do.

"Think it over," he said with a grin.
"How much of all your machinery is
being used to help your wife? How
much better off is she than the farmer's
wife of fifty years ago? And think of
how much less work you have to do
than would have been necessary even
twenty years ago. Is it fair?"

At the San Diego Exposition they
have a building called the "Home
Economy Building," which is calcu-
lated to show that drudgery is not
necessary: that invention, which has
brought about the mechanical speed of
farming, has also brought about the
mechanical speed of housekeeping. In
one section of the Exposition grounds
is located the model bungalow which
is equipped with motors which operate
the kitchen, the laundry, the sewing
machine, the cleaning apparatus for
floors, windows, walls and furniture.
This exhibit does much in the way of
showing us how to keep the girl on
the farm.

The Cashmere League, Cashmere,
Wash., has re-elected the following
Board of Directors: Robt. Griffith,
Wm. Grigg, Thos. Larson, Frank .Shel-
ton, H. G. Bohlke. One hundred and
twenty-six members and growers at-
tended the election.

The Fruitgrowers' Wife

Don't waste time scrubbing a sink
with scouring powder. The use of
kerosene is more efficient and will not
hurt the enamel.

A zinc-covered table in the kitchen
will save work for the housewife. A
zinc cover is easily put on and needs
only to be wiped off.

The kitchen should be arranged so
as to eliminate unnecessary steps. A
very good idea is to have a shelf over a
table within easy reach and the utensils
that are the most often used hanging
underneath, and on the shelf the condi-
ments, salt, etc., and such other mate-
rials as are used in cooking.

For those who have electricity in
their homes a motor attachment to the
sewing machine will do much to sim-
plify the work in the sewing room.
There is no work in the world that is
so hard on a woman as running the
sewing machine, and there are very
few fruitgrowers but what can afford
to have a motor attachment to the sew-
ing machine.

There are many convenient and eco-
nomical electric appliances for the
house which simplify the work. An
inexpensive electric cooking stove is
now made that will do much to lessen
the work and keep the house cool in
summer. In connection with an electric

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISEKS MENTION BETTER ERUU

IQIS

BETTER FRUIT

Pag<^ 33

stove a fireless cooker is very essential
and will lessen the fuel bills. Vacuum
cleaners are becoming a necessity in
the household instead of a luxury.
They not only take up the dirt but it is
entirely done away with, and if oper-
ated by electricity the weekly cleaning
day will not be dreaded by the house-
wife.

Every fruitgrower should sec that his
wife is provided with a power washing
machine. In this way lessen the horrors
of wash day, changing "blue Monday"
into "sunny Monday." There are many
ditferent makes that can be operated by
ditferent kinds of power, — hand power,
gasoline and electricity. For those who
have electricity in their homes an elec-
tric washer is the most satisfactory and
can be operated for a few cents an
hour. An electric iron can be obtained
from three to five dollars, which makes
ironing much easier and does away
with having a fire in the cofik stove in
warm weather.

Attracting Birds

It is possible with a little care and
forethought to attract birds about our
dwelling places, adding thereby not
only to the cheer, but providing one of
the best means of protecting our gar-
dens and orchards from the ravages of
insects. One of the easiest birds to
attract is the Mountain or Arctic Blue-
bird, on the east side of the mountains;
and the Western Bluebird on the west
side. These birds are invited to remain
with us not so much by the planting of
slow-growing shrubs and vines as by
erecting bird houses for them. Even on
the treeless prairie this form of invita-
tion will usually induce them to remain
throughout the nesting season. Natur-
ally, they nest in holes in trees or
cracks in buildings, sometimes in the
most unexpected idaces, states Professor
W. T. Shaw, zoologist of the State Ex-
periment Station. I once knew of a
pair to nest in the tool box of an old
abandoned reaper. Consequently, any-
thing in the form of a box of the proper
dimensions, furnished with a hole of
sufficient size to admit the bird, will be
used by them.

A suitable bird house may be made by
converting a small box into one. A box
six or eight by ten inches is one of
about the right dimensions. In one end,
about two inches from the floor, a hole
should be made, two and one-quarter
inches in diameter. This may be cut
flat in the bottom and arched. The box
may be made still more attractive, not
only to the birds, but to the owner of
the place as well, by being covered with
strips of bark sawed from yellow pine
or fir. The door might be furnished
with a little step of sound bark.

The box should be placed at least ten
or twelve feet from the ground. It is
well to locate it near a building, as
under an eave. It may be made to fur-
nish endless enjoyment for the cliilih'cn
by placing it close to an upstairs win-
dow.—Bulletin 138, Washington Slate
Agricultural Experiment Station.

D. Crossley & Sons

ESTABLISHED 1878

Apples for New York and Export

CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON, IDAHO AND
FLORIDA FRUITS

Apples handled in all European markets at private sale. Checks
mailed from our New York office same day apples are sold on the
other side. We are not acrents: WE ARE SELLERS. We make a
specialty of handling APPLES, PEARS AND PRUNES on the New
York and foreign markets. Correspondence solicited.

200 to 204 Franklin Street, New York

NEW YORK

LIVERPOOL

LONDON

GLASGOW

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station. Belmont Road
We will be pleased to show you trees, apple trees that have a heritage, a quality that should be considered by everyone
who plants a tree. Our trees are grown in clean hillside virgin red shot soil with clay subsoil, producing the moet vigorous
root system. Our buds are selected from the best bearing healthy Hood River trees that make the Hood River apple
famous throughout the world. Our trees uill give you satisfactory resiiUs in vigor, fruit and quality. Ask for catalog.
We guarantee our products. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, almonds and waliuits. A complete line of the best varieties
of all kinds of fruits.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD, President W. J. ENSCHEDE, Manager

YELLO^VSTONE

NATIONAL

PARK

Season to September 15. jAsk for literature.
Enter at Gardiner, the Northern and Original Gateway, on

NORTHERN PACIFIC RY.

Line^of ExceUence.

Today and Everyday

Operating two through observation car trains between Pacific Coast

and Chicago via Minneapolis and St. Paul, one daily train to St. Louis

via St..loe and Kansas City, with Dining Service hard to equal, and

the wonderful "(irea't Big Baked Potato'" at yonr service.

BETWEEN

Portland-Tacoma-Seattle

I'se the elegant

New Steel Trains

Have ticket read "N. P. Ry."

Ask about Eastbound Summer Tourist Fares
A. 1). Charlton, A. (i. T. A.. Portland. Ore.

WHEN WRTTINH .\nVEBTTSERS MENTION BETTER FBCIT

Page 34

BETTER FRUIT

July

The Value of Milk as Food

In the educational exliibits of tlie
Iowa Dairy and Food Department dif-
ferent articles of food are on exhibition
and placards stating the cost of each as
compared with one quart of milk. In
one exhibit the following information
was given :

A quart of milk, costing 8 cents, is
equal in value to any of the following:

Seven ounces of full-cream cheese
costing 9% cents.

Ten eggs costing 20 cents.

Eleven ounces of fat round beef
costing 15 cents.

Fifteen ounces boneless codfish cost-
ing 14 cents.

Six and one-half ounces white bread
costing 2V-2 cents.

Five ounces of cornmeal costing 1
cent.

Nine and one-half ounces of pota-
toes costing 2yi cents.

Four pounds and two ounces of cab-
bage costing 10 cents.

Five ounces of dried beans costing 2
cents.

Eight oranges costing 2.3 cents.

One dozen apples costing 9 cents.

Five bananas costing 5 cents.

Six and one-half ounces of prunes
costing 6 cents.

Four and one-half ounces of walnuts
costing 17 cents.

A few good books that have been
issued recently:

"Citrus Fiuits," by .T. E. Colt, published by
MacMillan & Co.. New Yoik.

"An American Fruit-Farm," by Francis
Newton Thorpe, published by G. P. Putnam's
Sons, New York.

"Farm Management." by G. F. Warren, pub-
lished by MacVillan Ji: Co., New York.

"Manual of I'ruit Insects," by Slingerland i«:
Crosby, published by MacMillan & Co., New-
York.

"Management and lireedini; of Horses," by
Merrill W. Har'ier. nublished by Orange Judd
Company, New Y'ork.

"Management and Breedins? of Sheen," by
Thos. Shaw, published by Orange Judd Com-
pany, New Yoi-k.

"California Fruits and How to Crow Them."
by E. .T. Wickson, published by Pacific Rural
Press, San Francisco.

"American Fruit Culturist, 21st Edition," by
,Tohn .1. Thomas, published by Orange .ludd
Comuany, New- York.

"Fungous Diseases of Plants," by Benj. M.
DuRgar. published by C.inn & Co., New York.

"The Potato," by C.rubb & Guilford, pub-
lished by noubleday. Page Co., New York.

"Productive Orcharding." by Professor F. C.
Sears, published by .1. B. Lippincott & Co.,
Philadelphia.

"The American Peach Orchard," by F. A.
Waugh, nublished by Orange Judd Company,
New Y'ork.

"How to Make an Orchard in British Colum-
bia," by J. T. Bealby, published by Adam and
Chas. Black. London.

"The Work of the Rural School," by Eggle-
son * Brucre, published by Harper & Bros.,
New York.

"Insects of Economic Importance," by Glenn
W^ Herriek, nublished by Carpenter & Co.,
Ithaca, New- Y'ork.

"Key to the Families of North American In-
sects," by A. L. Melander, Pullman, Washing-
ton, and Chas. T. Brues, Harvard Fniversity,
published by the authors,

A list of publications for fruitgrow-
ers who arc eni-'a.ning in diversified
lines:

American Swineherd, Chicago.
Gleanings in Bee Culture. Medina, Ohio.
Kimball's Dairy Farmer, Waterloo, Iowa.
Hoard Dairyman, Ft. Atkinson, Wisctjusin.
Norlhw-est Poultry Journal, Salem, Oregon.
Breeders' Gazette, Chicago.
Rural Spirit, Portland.
Angora Journal, Portland.

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres ; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres ; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

[^o^o^o^ogog,og.o^og.o^o^^o<3c^.^c^o^o^^c^o|g;

High

Quality FWBALTES
y -^ &COMPANY

VA

tn

02

PORTLAND, OREGON

Brinting

^
^
^

^

WRITE FOR PRICES AND SPECIFI-
CATIONS on Catalogs, Booklets, Labels
for Fruit Boxes, Circulars, Stationery, etc.
We can supply your wants quickly, accur-
ately and economically. Best Equipment in
the Northwest. We print Better Fruit.

at

Oi
Oi
Oi

Lowg

:[^e==Bog,.g,.g,og,og,o^og,<go^c^ccgo=go,g=^c^o^.ip

1 Prices

PORTLAND, OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Blocl{

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

EUROPEAN PLAN— $1.00 per day and upward
Write for Portland Hotel Booklet Geo. C. Ober, Manager

WHEN WRITING AD\LRTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Barnett Picking Pail Hardie Ladder Portland Picking Bag

Made o( heavy ualvanlzed Iron. Has a
canvas sack lining with patented opening
and closing device. If you like a picking
pall you will want a Barnett.

Price, each fl..50

dozen lots I6.50

These are but three of the articles shown
in our new catalog of orchard and packing
house supplies. Write for this catalog. We
have the goods you need at the right prices.

Only well seasoned spruce used in Its con-
struction, with each step braced. Strong
and rigid, it weighs but 8 lbs. to the foot. A
thoroughly high grade orchard ladder made
in from six to fourteen foot lengths.
Price, per foot 85c

A strong canvas sack with broad shoulder
straps. Does not tire the pickerand enables
him to use both hands In picking. Easily
and quickly emptied A speedy and eco-
nomical device for every orchard.

Price, single bag $1.50

dozen lots 15.00

The Hardie Manufacturing Co.,

49 North Front Street
Portland, Oregon

^

IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR THE FRUIT GROWER £S

a Fruit Packing House, a Warehouse, a Cooling or Cold Storage Plant, or a Home

Buildings for the Handling or Storage of Fruit should be designed to aiford the greatest
possible protection against extremes of weather — hot or cold. Packing Houses should be
constructed so as to maintain a uniformly cool temperature in Summer and Fall because
the fruit as it comes from the orchard contains a great deal of heat. This heat should be
reduced to the minimum before the fruit is packed to insure its reaching the consumer in
the best possible condition. The lower the temperature of fruit when packed, the better
it will stand up under refrigeration and the longer it will keep in and after cold storage.

To Obtain the Above Results Use Insulation

and apply it according to the specifications of our specialists who have had fourteen years'
experience with these problems. They will recommend the use of LITH, LINOFBLT or
FIBROFBLT, whichever is best adapted for your re<iuireraents, and will send yon plans of
construction. Oiu' insulation is used in lining the largest cold storage plants and by the leading
refrigerator transit railroads. Nearer home we have furnished plans and insulation to C. A.
Congdon and the Fruit Growers' Warehouse Company, both of North Yakima, Washington.
Tell us what you want to accomplish and we will show yon how it can be done.

Union Fibre Company, Winona, Minnesota

Brown & Bingham, Western Agents, 439 Van Nuys Building, Los|Angeles, California

§:s:

:»s

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

The World — Our Orchard

4%/ 101 PARK PLACE ^
^ NEW YORK

Unquestionably the most

important factors in

the fruit industry

of the

United States

Our Market = The World

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS UENTION BETTER PRUIT

*"G 2 6 iSffi

BETTER FRUIT

VOLUIME X

AUGUST, 1915

Dumber 2

Couittsy of Southern Pacific Railroad.

Fruit growers are finding that diversity is a big asset in fruit growin?. Many orchai'di-ts

are engaging in dairying, hog raising, trucis: gardening. Many are finding .sheep raising

remunerative. The above illustration shows a flock of sheep in the Willamette Valley, one

of the fruit growing districts of the Northwest.

BETTER FEUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States: Canada an<l Forei-ii. Iiu-hidinsr Pd.sla-o. .fL.'iO.

Siiiffle Copy 10 Cents

$1,635,000 Hidden

In This Year's Goodyear Tires

Not an Excuse

Let us first explain that this i.s not au
excuse for over-price. Our this year's price
reduction — made February 1 — will save
Goodyear users about five million dollars
this year.

And that was our third reduction in two
years, totaling 45 per cent. Our matchless
output gives you in Goodyears a value
never before known in tires.

Goodyear Extras

Goodyear Fortified Tires have five costly
features found in no other tire. They com-
bat your five major troubles in better ways
than anyone else attempts.

These tires, in addition, have other feat-
ures not commonly em-
ployed.

If we omitted those ex-
tras, this year's probable
output would cost us
$1,(;:>5,000 less. That is,
we could add to out prof-
its about $5450 per day.

Most of these extras
are hidden. Tires that
lack them look as strong

GOOD^^EAR
^f^ AKRON, OHIO

Fortified Tires

J

Fortihed J j^ose Treads— bv niauy rubber rivets.
Affainst ^ insecurity— by r2(> braided piano wires.
^ I Puncturea and Skidding -by our double-

as Goodyears. And you would never know it,
save by' months of use, if we left them out.

$500,000 Added

This year's improvements— just our latest
additions— cost us |50(),O(Mt yearly. ^Nlost of
it goes into extra rubber — all into extra
wear.

And this much is added— this half million
dollars— at a time when we save users five
million dollars in price. At a time when some
makers are skimping to meet competition.

Then our Research Department— to find
more betterments still— will cost us $100,(M)(»

Yours for the Asking

These extras are yours for the asking.
Tires without them will be oft'ered so long
as you will buy them.
But any dealer, if you
ask him, will supply you
Goodyear tires.

Goodyear has for
years outsold any other
tire. It is gaining new
users faster than we
can supply them. And
those extras did it.

Rim-Cuts- by our No-Rim-Cut feature.
Blowouts— by our "On-Air" cure.

tbick All-Weatber tread.

THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO

Makers of Goodyear "Tire Saver" Accessories; also Goodyear "Wing" Carriage Tires and other Types

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

I9I5 BETTER FRUIT P<^ge 3

SPECIALIZING

IN

Box Apples

Deciduous Fruit

^w.

^r^

127 Dock Street

PHILADELPHIA, PA.

WHKN' WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

August

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH &l CO., Liverpool and Manchester

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS

Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Ira B. Solomon Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth & Webling Co.
204 Franklin Street, New York Canning, N. S. Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

The Old Reliable

W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM

BELL & CO.

DRYER, BOLLAM & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

PHONES: MAIN 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

LEVY & SPIEGL

WHOLESALE

FRUITS AND PRODUCE

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

Commission Merchants

SOLICIT YOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns

to US to be Stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.

PORTLAND, OREGON

PORTLAND, OREGON

Hood River, Oregon

BUY AND TRY

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. Gilbert, President and Manager

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

White

Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.
109 Fourth Street

River
Flour

Pears and Cantaloupes
TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer C. W. Stose

Orchardist

W. F. LARAWAY

MAKES

Supply House

DOCTOR OF OPTHALMOLOGY

EYES ^^^ LENSES
TESTED ^^^ GROUND

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Telescopes, Field Glass

Magniflers to examine scale

Hood River and Glenwood

Oregon Iowa

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

New Plums and Prunes for the Pacific Northwest

By C. I. Lewis, Chief Division of Hurtitulture, Oregon Agiicultural College, Corvallis, Oiegon.

THE material facts in this article
were largely obtained through cor-
respondence with successt'id plum
growers of California and of the Pacific
Northwest, and some of the jirincipal
buyers and handlers of green plums
and prunes in the various markets. We
all know how successfully plums and
prunes arc grown in the Pacific North-
west. There are relatively few pests to
contend with, and this class of fruit is
perhaps grown more easily than any
other type of fruit we are producing.

At the present time Western Oregon
and Western Washington are producing
about thirty million pounds of dried
prunes annually. Occasionally a few
carloads of green prunes are shipped
during those seasons when Idaho has a
light crop and there is a general short-
age of fresh fruit in Eastern markets.
The Champion is being planted some-
what, especially in Western Oregon,
and being disposed of largely in such
markets as .Seattle and Portland, while
considerable shiiiment is being sent to
Alaska. In Eastern Washington, in such
sections as Yakima and Walla Walla
Valleys, and in Oregon, in such regions
as The Dalles, Freewater, Milton and
Cove, and in Idaho, in such valleys as
Payette and Boise, considerable quan-
tity of green prunes and plums are be-
ing shippefl largely to Eastern markets.
In a normal season, Idaho alone will
ship eighteen hundred carloads of
prunes, chiefly Italian and some Trag-
edy and Hungarian. Walla Walla re-
ports two hundred and twenty-five
cars, but this tonnage will be increased
to a thousand cars annually. There are
at the present time in the Walla Walla
Valley, not counting this year's plant-
ing, ,Sl,9.i.^ Italian prune trees seven
years old or younger. The variety pro-
duced in all of these sections is chiefly
Italian, with Tragedy and Hungarian
increasing. The price at the present
time receive<l for Hungarian and Trag-
edy is greater than that received for
Italian, but this condition is probably
only temporary, due to the relatively
small amount of these prunes. With
the increased yield and acreage there
will be very little difference in the
price between any of the first class
shipping plums. In addition to the
varieties already named, there are mis-
cellaneous plantings of several plums
and a sprinkling here and there of the
Japanese varieties. In the vicinity of
Portland there are large ciuantities of
plums produced which are handled in
a very poor way, and a considerable
percentage of the crop is of inferior
grade.

The greatest weakness in green prune
and plum production in the Northwest
at the present time is the fact that the
Italian is being planted almost exclu-
sively, and while there will always be
splendid markets for this plum, as the
Italian ijrobably holds the first place
in popularity and in carrying qualities,
nevertheless, there seems to be danger
that we may specialize too much on
this one variety and that we are neg-
lecting other varieties which may suc-
ceed fully as well. We know in the

Features of this Issue

NEW PLUMS AND PRUNES FOR THE
PACIFIC NORTHWEST

THE APPLE AS A FARM PRODUCT

—HISTORY AND PRESENT

STATUS

SPLENDID VARIETY OF FRAN-

QUETTE ■W^ALNUTS

SOIL MANAGEMENT AND
IRRIGATION

MOVING THE FRITIT GROWER
INTO TOV^T^

USE CIF DYNAMITE ON THE
FARM

Northwest that we must have not only
a more diversified horticulture, but in
the case of plums and prunes, a more
diversified isroduction.

Our plums and prunes are shipping
east in very good condition and arrive
in European markets. Most of the large
Eastern markets will handle this class
of fruit as long as it arrives in good
condition. In 1912 the earliest plums
from the Yakima Valley were shipjjed
about July 2Ci. In 1914 the ripening
season came about fifteen (lavs earlier
than the season of 1912. In 1013, at
Eugene, Oregon, the Santa Rosa ripened
August 10, Climax August \'^. nuibank
August 20, and Wickson September 7.
The season of 191-1 was about ten days
earlier than this. This section of the
Willametle Valley reports Santa Rosa
and Hungarian as being very ])romis-
ing. The Santa Rosa has been picked,
held for two weeks and shipped across
the contineni in small packages in good
condition. While the California season
is much earlier than the ripening time
in the Pacific Northwest, we will come
into comi)etition with them, but their
I)hims are largely out of the way be-
fore the Northwestern i)liuns are ready
for ship|)iug. The Pacific Northwest

has a wide range of ripening. Such a
point as Cove, in Eastern Oregon, is
nearly a month later than some of the
lower inland valleys. This difference
in ripening, however, is a distinct ad-
vantage to both sections and gives much
less competition.

There is a possibility that some of
the plums which grow to such a large
size and have such remarkable color in
California, will not do equally as well
in the Pacific Northwest. Time alone
will demonstrate this point. The North
Pacific grower, in attempting to handle
some of these newer varieties, will
have to prune heavih and thin vigor-
ously if he is to get the perfection in
size and color. This is especially true
of all of the heavy bearers and rank
growers. In California there is a great
interest being shown in the production
of shipping plums. While attending a
convention of fruit growers in Cali-
fornia last year, the writer was im-
pressed by the fact that no subject
treated aroused more interest than the
subject of new varieties of jjluins and
prunes for shipping. California grow-
ers are vying with each other in pro-
ducing new varieties of superior excel-
lence. The shipping period in Califor-
nia comes very early. For 1914 the
shipping period from the Vacaville dis-
trict, which is one of the earliest in
the slate, are as follows: First ship-
ment of Beauty, May 23; Tragedy, May
24; Formosa, May 27; Burbank, May 29;
Climax, May 29; Santa Rosa, May 31;
California Red, June .">; Gaviota, June
12; California Blue, June 12; Wickson,
June 23; Diamond. June 23; Grand
Duke, June 25; Hungarian, July 7;
Giant, July 13. The season for each
variety of plums in this district is
about three weeks. One of the best
prune and plum authorities of Califor-
nia has kindly prepared for me a table
giving the quality, shi|jping and bearing
char.Mcleristics of the ijrincipal ship-
ping plums and prunes produced in that
state, and while these scores would not
hold true for all districts, they are,
nevertheless, very interesting, showing
the keen attention (^alifornians are giv-
ing to this business:

Quality Shipping Hearing

lieanly lOn 7.'i(?) 1011

Hinbiink .iO ion 100

Giaiul Duke 100 lOO 90

Diam.MKi 100 lOO 100

Califiiinia Heel 7,') 7."> 25

Califiiiiiia Uliie 100 inn

Tragedy 100 100 ."lO

Wickson 7.5 inn .50

(liant 7.5 inn 100

C.aviola 75 inil 100

I'oiiiuisa 100 100 75

Hcingarian 100 100 50

Cliniax 90 100 100

Sania Kosa T5 100 100

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

August

Courtesy of Southern Pacific Railivay

Dairy Cattle, Coquille, Oregon

The California producers are consid-
erably ahead of the Northwestern pro-
ducers in handling this type of fruit.
They have made a closer study of va-
riety characteristics. They give much
more attention to thinning, pruning and
picking, and their packing is much
superior to our own. This is being
strongly brought out by reports of some
of the marketing districts that receive
fruits from both sections. However,
these are matters which the intelligent
growers of the Northwest can easily
master.

It will be interesting to note some of
the variety characteristics of the lead-
ing shipping plums and prunes pro-
duced in California:

Beauty — A new plum which has been
fruited but little. However, it is a very
promising plum. It will be rather hard
to ship unless handled carefully. The
tree is a very strong grower, having a
willowy type of growth. Probably will
be a heavy bearer, even when planted
alone, and is thought to be a very good
pollinizcr.

Burbank — A bright red plum. Very
strong grower, requiring severe prun-
ing. Has a tendency to over-bear.
There is a feeling in some sections that
the Burbank is losing ground.

Grand Duke — A large purple plum. Is
a good bearer. Well received in many
markets. Is firm, sweet and of pleasing
flavor.

Diamond — A purple plum, a very
heavy bearer, and universally well spo-
ken of as good grower and bearer. It
needs heavy pruning. This plum is dis-
tinctively tart, and on that account is
very popular. Is one of the most prom-
ising for the Northwest to try, and
should sell well wherever the Italian
is a favorite.

California Red — A light red plum,
considered a good shiiier, but reported
in some districts as being a shy bearer.

California Blue — A comparatively
new plum. Shows indication of being

a good bearer, but needs further trials
before definite recommendations can be
given.

Tragedy — A blue plum. The only one
of the European type which tends to be
of medium size. Frequently it is a shy
bearer. It is very popular, however,
on the market.

Wickson — A sharply-pointed plum of
dark red color. Makes a rapid upright
growth and blooms profusely. Gener-
ally sets well, but drops fruit badly
during season, often as a result giving
a very light yield.

Giant — A large purplish red plum. A
very heavy bearer and needs heavy
pruning. Competes somewhat with
Hungarian, but doesn't meet with quite
as good reception on the whole as does
the Hungarian.

Gaviota — A fine large plum. Its bear-
ing qualities in some districts, how-
ever, is doubtful. Has a very thick
skin, small pit, is quite shapely, a strong
grower, and thought by some to dry
satisfactorily. Some sections report its
bearing very favorably.

Formosa — A large red plum. One of
the very best early. Makes an upright
growth and occasionally blossoms
lightly but sets well. Needs heavy
pruning. Is extremely promising for
the Pacific Northwest.

Hungarian — A large red plum which
needs very little comment in the North-
west. Is locally known as Pond's Seed-
ling. Should not be confused with
Hungarian Prune, which is a large blue
fruit.

Climax — A dark red plum. One of
the very best early, but not as good as
Formosa in quality, and is apt to crack
at blossom end. The tree makes a small
wiry growth. Requires heavy pruning,
as it sets and bears well.

Santa Rosa — A red plum which grows
much like the Gaviota. The flesh is
also a little tinged with red. A heavy
bearer, needing severe pruning. One

of the most promising for the Pacific
Northwest.

Champion — A dark purple plum,
grown especially near Salem. Has a
rather pecular form, being compressed
on the side. Is very firm, a good ship-
per and considerably earlier than
Italian.

The following plums are either Jap-
anese or Japanese hybrids, and are
large, sweet plums, generally red in
color: Beauty, Burbank, Wickson, Ga-
viota, Formosa, Climax, Santa Rosa.
The so-called European varieties are
considered superior in quality, larger in
size, and most of the varieties are blue
or purple, there being a few red, how-
ever. The following are varieties of
the European type: Grand Duke, Ital-
ian, Hungarian, Tragedy, Giant, Cali-
fornia Red, California Blue.

Our readers will be interested in
knowing the market opinion of some
of these varieties:

One New York firm stated that the
most popular varieties in that market
are: Tragedy, Hungarian, Burbank, Dia-
mond, Wickson, Grand Duke, Santa
Rosa and Italian. The Splendor, a new
variety from California, is also highly
spoken of. The bulk of the California
fruit arrives early in July and August.
The Pacific Northwest Italian prunes
are being exported very successfully to
England. A second firm reports that
75 per cent of the Northwestern fresh
fruit goes to the great East Side, known
as the Ghetto, and that this section will
buy almost unlimited quantity as long
as the prices are cheap.

A Chicago house states that other
than Italians our plums are apt to be
too small, and that the latter part of
the season some of the Northwestern
prunes arrive in very poor condition,
showing considerable blister, mold and
decay. Another firm believes the ban-
ana is bound to push harder and harder
on the soft deciduous fruits. This is
due to the cheapness in price. The
Italian, Hungarian and Grand Duke are
preferred from the Northwest.

In Philadelphia, Burbank, Grand
Duke, Tragedy, Wickson, Giant, For-
mosa, Hungarian, Climax, Diamond,
Santa Rosa, Italian, are popular.

In St. Louis one firm states that the
city can handle fifteen carloads of Ital-
ian a week and maintain present prices.
Could handle more provided prices
were lowered. The Italian and Hun-
garian are preferred, but some Tragedy
can be handled. However, they do not
want the French from the Northwest.
Popular California varieties are: Grand
Duke, Burbank, Wickson, Tragedy, Gi-
ant, Hungarian, Diamond. This firm
also reports that during the latter part
of the season considerable of the North-
western fruit gets very moldy.

Milwaukee — The Italian from the
Northwest are well liked when they
can wholesale at 75 cents a crate, which
means a retail price of 25 cents a bas-
ket. The most popular varieties are:
Tragedy, Italian, German, Climax, Santa
Rosa, Grand Duke, Diamond, Hungar-
ian, California Red, Clyman. California
fruit is received in eight days; North-
western in nine. Fruit shipped in

I9I5

p. F. E. and S. F. R. D. refrigerator
cars carry better than fruit in refrig-
erator cars coming from the Northwest.
Minneapolis — Do not like Clyman and
Petite. Not familiar with Earliana, Ga-
vlota and Champion. The other varie-
ties described in this report are popu-
lar in this city.

Washington, D. C— Not handling
Northwestern plums and prunes, city
being supplied largely by local fruits
grown in nearby states.

Topeka, Kansas — Burbank, Grand
Duke, Tragedy, Wickson and Diamond
of California, and Italian, from the
Northwest, are favorites.

Lincoln, Nebraska — Not receiving all
the Italian that can be used. Could
handle 50 per cent more fruit if prices
were 25 to 35 cents a crate lower.
Varieties preferred are: Burbank.
Grand Duke, Tragedy, Wickson, Giant,
Hungarian, Diamond, Santa Rosa and
Italian. In early season trade likes red
Japanese varieties; later prefers blue
fruits.

Columbus, Ohio— The old-fashioned
damson, Shropshire damson, French
and Italian are preferred. This market
doesn't take kindly to extremely large
plums regardless of color. The Trag-
edy, Burbank and Champion have some
demand.

Kansas City, Missouri— This city de-
pends upon the Pacific Coast for its
supply of plums, the Italian being about
the only one handled from the Pacific
Northwest. Occasionally varieties like
Giant, Climax and Hungarian sell well.
It is believed that the amount could be
materially increased by shipping to ter-
ritory adjacent to Kansas City, espe-
cially Oklahoma and Nebraska. Cali-
fornia varieties meeting with favor are:
Grand Duke, Tragedy, Wickson, Giant,
Champion, Diamond, Santa Rosa.

Evansville, Indiana — Can use limited
quantity of Italian and occasionally
mixed cars of such varieties as Bur-
bank, Grand Duke, Tragedy, Wickson,
Giant, Hungarian, Climax and Clyman.
Dallas, Texas — Do not use large quan-
tities of plums and prunes, a few being
received from California with mixed
cars of grapes. The blue plum is not a
good seller in this market. Have never
been successful in selling Northwestern
plums. Red and yellow fruit sells bet-
ter in this market.

Houston. Texas — Receive local sup-
ply in June, July and part of August.
After that shipments of Burbank, Grand
Duke, Tragedy, Wickson, Giant, Hun-
garian, Climax, Diamond, Clyman and
Italian are handled. Some of the North-
western plums tend to run too small in
size.

Detroit, Michigon — The only varieties
handled from the Northwest are the
Italian and German, which always find
a good market. Much local fruit from
Michigan is handled. Such California
varieties as Burbank, Grand Duke,
Champion, Tragedy and Gaviota, are
well received.

Tuscon, Arizona — Most of the fruits
come in mixed cars from Los Angeles.
Are handling Grand Duke, Tragedy,
Burbank, Gaviota, Wickson and Hun-
garian.

BETTER FRUIT

Page 7

Cuurtesy Western Fruit Jobber

Fruit Jobbers and Their Wives Enjoying a Visit to a Banana Plantation in Midwinter

New Haven, Connecticut — Fruit be-
gins arriving in June and continues un-
til the middle of September. Fruit
arrives in very good condition from
the Northwest. Varieties being sold in
city are: Climax, Burbank, Italian,
Grand Duke, Tragedy, Wickson, Gavi-
ota, Hungarian and Diamond.

Pittsburg — Most of the fruit comes
from California. Varieties handled in
largest quantity are: Clyman, Tragedy,
Climax, Burbank, Abundance, Santa
Rosa, Red June, California Red, Wick-
son, Diamond, Grand Duke, Sugar, Gi-
ant and Hungarian. The California
fruit is systematically and well handled.
Some Northwestern fruit received
when California fruit is cleaned up.

Birmingham, Alabama — Popular vari-
eties for this market are Burbank, Trag-
edy, Wickson and Hungarian. Most of
the fruit received comes from Cali-
fornia.

Portland — City over supplied with
local stuff, largely in bulk. Some of
the better grades of Burbank, Tragedy,
Wickson, Climax, Santa Rosa and Cly-
mand are handled.

Seattle— City favors Climax, Bur-
bank, Tragedy, Hungarian, Clyman,
Italian and Peach. Received a new
package the past year, which they pre-
fer. This is one basket wide, two bas-
kets long and two baskets deep, one
basket being packed on top of another,
with a deck or board between.

San Francisco — Beauty, Santa Bosa,
Climax, Diamond, Tragedy, Wickson,
Grand Duke, Grosse, German, are pre-
ferred varieties. Second choice arc:
Sugar, Giant, Satsunia, Kclsey, Burbank,
Clyman. Local fruit arrives from May
to August. Could use considerably
through August, September and Oc-
tober.

All markets, with Ihe exception of
Seattle, report uniformly that the pres-
ent four-basket crate is a very desirable
package, and it is doubtful if it can be
improved upon.

Special Recommendations for the Pa-
cific Northwest

The Italian prune is the most popu-
lar shipping prune, not only in the en-
tire Northwest, but for the Pacific
Coast.

The Hungarian, Tragedy and Cham-
pion are at the present time selling for
higher prices than the Italian, owing to
the under-supply of these varieties. So
far, these are the only varieties we have
been shipping from the Northwest suc-
cessfully in commercial quantities.

The Northwest should not attempt to
ship Petite prunes in the fresh state, or
any plums or prunes that are small in
size or of poor color.

The acreage of the Italian will in-
crease materially in the next ten years,
and it is probable that the prices will
be lowered for this variety unless spe-
cial attention is given to distributing it
to new markets.

Since plums can be sold as long as
they are good, it would seein that the
Northwest should attempt to grow more
varieties and lengthen the ripening
season.

We would suggest that in each valley
where green prunes and plums are a
commercial crop that the following ad-
ditional varieties be tried in a limited
way: Beauty, Burbank, Grand Duke,
Diamond, California Red, California
Blue, Wickson, Giant, Gaviota, Formosa,
Climax, Santa Bosa, Splendor, Earliana.
While some of these varieties may not
succeed as well as in California, on
the other hand, some may excel Cali-
fornia in excellence.

In altemiiling to grow most of these
Iilums, especially the Jai)anese varie-
ties, which lend to bear heavy and pro-
duce vigorous wood growth, it will be
necessary for our growers to prune
more vigorously and practice severe
hand thinning.

The Northwest should be more care-
ful in handling and packing the green
prunes and plums.

Page 8

BETTER FRUIT

August

The Apple as a Farm Product — History and Present Status

(Continued from July edition)

CHAPTER FIVE
HOW MANY APPLES— OVERPRO-
DUCTION

THE writer has been told on many
occasions by various good busi-
ness men, some of whom were
farmers, to "keep out of the apple game
— there will be overproduction." In
the general sense that this term is taken
it would seem from all points of view
that this is indeed to he the case. How-
ever, without explanation, the admis-
sion of overproduction is sure to be
misleading, and when it comes to the
blanket advice to keep out of the apple
game, it is indeed another question
entirely. We will, therefore, at this
point (lualify and define this overpro-
duction.

First, as to the subject of cycles of
prices and plantings. G. F. Warren, in
"Farm Management," says: "Man is so
constituted that he is too likely to think
that the present conditions are to con-
tinue. If we have a wet year or two.
we think that it will always be wet; if
good prices, these are to remain for-
ever. In the case of prices, it is the
very feeling of certainty that present
conditions are to continue that makes
it impossible for them to do so."
Farmers, to some degree, and near-
farmers to a much more marked degree,
are prone, in determining what crops
and animals to produce, to select those
which have been high for the last year
or two. The fallacy of this appears
with consideration of price range over
a considerable period, showing tempo-
rary inclines and declines that have no
real indicative value. Further, it must
be considered in regard to the total
amount produced, that the weather for
any particular year is almost as im-
portant as the acreage at that time.
The annual crop tends to be much less
out of adjustment to the demand than
longer time crops for obvious reasons.
To quote Professor Warren again: "The
longer the time required to grow a
product, the worse the jieriods of over
and under-production become." Curves
have been constructed to show the cy-
clic nature of prices with several prod-
ucts, and the result is very striking.
The period for hogs is three years of
high prices and three years at low — a
six-year cycle — and graphed prices
since 1867 show true cycles which only
vary occasionally with a very large
corn crop, etc. The writer believes
Professor Warren to be the most logical
thinker of prominence in agriculture
today, and as to the cyclic nature of
farm production, there can hardly be
any question, but the case for each indi-

Wanted

A position as superin-
tendent or manager of
a fruit farm by a grad-
uate In horticulture from Kansas Agricul-
tural College. Was raised on a farm and
since graduating from college have spent
three years In orchard work as foreman
and manager. Can furnish best of recom-
mendations. WM. R. CUUKY, Dixon, Mo.

By A. Millaid, .Ir., Hood River, Oregon.

vidual or for each community is
affected bv many other factors.

From 1854 to 18(54, apple prices were
high, and from 186.i to 1874 they were
very high, and continued at about this
level until 1878, when the down slope
of the curve was reached. Prices
dropped quite steadily, more rapidly at
first, till 180(5, the year of the famous
bumper apple crop. Since 1896, the
prices have been rising steadily till the
present. 1912 was a bad year, and
1914 has been a very bad year, and it
rather appears that the approach of the
down turn is at hand. This should be
well under way about 1920, according
to the cvcle hvpothesis. (See Appendix,
Table 3i.)

In Parma Township, Monroe County,
New York, in 1912, 5.7 per cent of the
apple trees were planted between 1859
and 1878, and only 11 per cent from
1879 to 19n.S, while 21 per cent were
planted in the five years 1904 to 1908.
(M. C. Rurritt, Thesis, Cornell Univer-
sity Library.) In 1908, 6 per cent of
the apple crop of this country was
borne on trees planted since 1878, and
since practically no trees were planted
after this period till 1903, we may ex-
pect high iirices in some years until the
recent plantings fully afl'ect production,
and then large crops and low prices
should prevail for a period of about
twenty years. Professor Warren esti-
mates that the plantings will affect
prices about 1920 or 1925, but this esti-
mate was made before the size of the
last three crops, 1912, 1913 and 1914,
and of these three, the first and last
certainly point to an earlier Waterloo
than Professor Warren anticipated.

The writer is convinced of the gen-
eral soundness of the overproduction
bugaboo in apples, but, at the same
time, he fails to see this as complete
discouragement to the present, or even
the prospective apple grower. We
.should remember that weather is al-
most as potent a factor in the produc-
tion of a given year as is the bearing
acreage; farmers expect good and bad
years with any crop, and most so with
a biennial crop. A very progressive
North Pacific grower has told the wri-
ter that he could do very well on a
1913 vear once in three of four years,
and 1913 was only a fair to good year
for Western apples. A good many men
will engage in the production of apples
and they will make some sort of profit
or they would cease to raise the fruit
until tile scarcity had brought the price
up to a point where they could produce
at a profit. The question for each
grower and each community is: ^^TlO
is going to raise the apples'? They must
be raised, 100,000,000 to 300,000,000
bushels a year, and competition of a
very harsh sort will decide.

We have, above, covered in a way
the question of high or low prices to
come, but it will be well to attempt
to settle this question from a slightly
different angle. The following table
inav prove enlightening in the question

of comparative high prices of apples.
It will be noted that apples have in-
creased in price in nothing like propor-
tion to other staple food products.

TABLE VII. — COMPARATIVE IN'CREASE IN

PRICE OF APPLES AND

OTHER CROPS

Apples 9..=i% I Oals .37.7%

Cotton 64.1% 1 Potatoes 28.2%

Corn 41.9%, I Wheat 36.5%

Hay 33.4% I

Prices must be higher or lower; they
cannot remain at a medium level under
the pressure of the capital involved.
This capital is pretty well lost unless
some return is obtained for apples, and
it stands to reason that this capital will
produce apples at a very low return
rather than to mark itself out as a dead
loss. We can start with the perfectly
fair assumption of the existence at pres-
ent and of the future "coming in" of
fui'ther supply of more than enough
trees to meet the demand for apples in
any but small-crop years. As to the
alternatives of high and low prices— if
prices should show any prospect of be-
ing good, the farmers will crop (spray,
etc.) more than enough apples to sup-
ply the demand at high prices, and the
prices consequently will drop. Apples
will be marketed as long as the farmer
can get anything over his total cost of
production, and in bad years fruit will
be marketed below the cost of produc-
tion, for once raised, the farmer must
get what he can for his product. We
have then a pressure of supply which
will assure against higher than bare
profit market prices in normal years.
This pressure of supply will accom-
plish much in the lowering of the cost
of production, considering production
as taking the fruit clear to the con-
sumer. Economic necessity, and this
alone, may and doubtless will, alter the
machinery of distribution, and here
are involved several important factors
which vitally affect our future prices.
The chief of these is increased con-
sumption with lower prices. This sub-
ject is best discussed elsewhere. It is
safe to say that producers in general
will receive in normal years what they
now consider bad apple year prices,
and that the man who eats apples will
pav less for them.

What, then, is to be the fate of the
existing plantings of apples? I'nfor-
tunately, just the sort of statistics on
plantings which would be most useful
in this discussion, are not available.
Figures on bearing and non-bearing
plantings over a long period of years,
and figures on annual plantings would
do much to clear up this matter. How-
ever, census figures and figures from
other sources can be of the greatest
assistance if studied intelligently, and
we will, below, consider several tables
on plantings and i)roduction.

The following figures on the produc-
tion of apples since 1896 are the best
that the writer knows of. The figures
are rather conservative, generally be-
low census or government figures, and

Continued on page 27

7975

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

Splendid Variety of Franquette Walnuts

[From the St. Helena, California, Star]

ONE of the largest and most inter-
esting farms among the many pro-
ductive ones in Napa Valley is that
owned by John H. ^^^leele^, at Zinfan-
del, near St. Helena.

On this splendid estate will be found
a large vineyard and well equipped
winery, a thriving prune orchard, a
suflicient number of acres of alfalfa to
support a fine dairy herd and sleek
bunch of hogs, and such a diversity of
things that the visitor is at once im-
pressed with the wisdom of its owner
in not putting all his eggs in one basket.
At Mr. AMieeler's place will be found,
therefore, diversified farming carried
on scientifically and with gratifying
results.

But the feature of the ^^^leeler farm
that impresses one most and is just
now attracting widespread attention, is
the grove of 140 acres of walnuts, now-
coming into hearing. About two tons
of nuts were marketed at a fancy price
this week, and each year from now on
the yield will be larger until, when the
trees have attained an age of ten years
and have come into full bearing, it is
confidently expected that there will be
harvested annually from this one wal-
nut grove a ton of nuts to the acre, or
a total of 140 tons.

Walnut growing in Napa Valley, as
an industry, is new, and consequently
interesting from that viewpoint, i)ut
growers and others interested in wal-
nuts are probaiily most impressed by
the variety Mr. Wheeler has selected
and that predominates in his grove.

After very wide investigation, Mr.
AMiceler selected the Franquette as the
best variety for this valley, and, in fact,
it has taken the lead in California, be-
cause of the large size and splendid
quality of the nut.

The Franciuette walnut has easily
taken the lead in grafted and budded
stock in California. The nuts are eag-
erly sought by dealers and conunand a
premium of several cents per pound
over all others.

The variety was first brought to Cali-
fornia by the California Nursery Com-
pany in early days, from the Grenoble
district in France, where it developed
from a century or more of breeding up
in a climate much more severe than
ours. It comes out a month later and
sheds its foliage several weeks earlier
than the Concord and Santa Barbara
varieties, though the nuts ripen later.

Grafted by all leading nurseries onto
California Black stock, the I'ranquette
seems best qualified for all require-
ments of the central and northern part
of the state, where it is blight proof.

Many seedlings have resulted from its
wide distribution, some of which show
marked improvement over the original
European stock. One strain, the exact
life size of which appears in the illus-
trations that accompany this article,
represents an extreme variation se-
lected by Mr. Wheeler as his specialty.
It is a veritable "whale" among wal-
nuts, weighing five ounces and measur-
ing eiglit inches around one way and
eight and three-quarters the other. This
weight and the measurements, of
course, include the shuck, but the nut
itself is exceptionally large, is full of
white meat, and has a light, firm shell.

The Franquette is wonderfully pro-
lific when on trees old enough to bear,
though not so precocious as some oth-
ers. Mr. Wlieeler grafts his California
black walnut stock to this strain of
Franquette only, and his product has
attracted wide attention, excelling all
others thus far produced in the state.

Some have objected to other Fran-
quettes for their shy-bearing qualities.
The strain in Mr. Wheeler's grove is
certainly an exception, for the mature
trees yield crops difiicult to maintain
without idacing props under the trees.
Mr. Wheeler lost three nine-year-old
trees this year from breaking under
their heavy loads.

The shucks of this strain, like all
Franquettes, are remarkably heavy, so
much so that they may be utilized
separately for making valuable walnut
pickles, if the nut be picked and re-
moved therefrom at early maturity.
The pickle somewhat resembles the
olive, and is very palatable, being con-
sidered a great delicacy by many.

Mr. Wheeler has saved several hun-
dred pounds of nuts of this year's crop,
and these will form an attractive fea-

Same Nut cut tlinnigli center, sliowing how IhoroiiRliIy meat flUs the shell

Page 10

BETTER FRUIT

W Speed Your Sales

Wniidr

Our Apple and Case Labels will make
your pack more attractive to the buy-
er's eye.

It's the best looking package that
sells first and usually brings the fancy
price.

Our experts on fruit packing will
advise you free of charge.

WRITE NEAREST OFFICE

Schmidt Lithograph Co.

SAN FRANCISCO
Los Angeles Fresno Portland Seattle Salt Lake City

ture in Napa County's exhibit at the
Panama-Pacific Exposition.

From the very start the entire prun-
ings of this Franquette stoclv have been
eagerly bought by prominent planters
and nurserymen, and thus they are be-
ing distributed over the state and Napa
County in particular, where the indus-
try bids fair to assume very large pro-
portions. Certainly California growers
of walnuts are to be congratulated on
getting well started on such a marvel-
ous producer. By such selection this
state must ultimately outdo Europe in
the production of walnuts, just as we
have outdone Spain in the production
of raisins and some other products.

When Mr. Wheeler decided to go ex-
tensively into walnut growing, he made
a close study of every phase of the
industry. His son, Rollo C. Wheeler,
also became greatly interested, and the
two visited all the large groves in the
state and studied every available au-
thority. Now that a large acreage of
the trees are coming into full bearing a
visitor will find every preparation made
for caring for the crop.

Near the winery is a building 80 feet
long, one half 30 feet wide and the
other half 16 feet wide, the whole being
26 feet high. This is equipped with
every modern device for handling the
nuts, which are washed, sorted, dried
and bleached. There are six tiers of
wire mesh tilting drying trays, each of
one ton capacity. These are arranged
to dump automatically, and thus the
nuts drop from one tray to the other
in the process of drying. The plant has
a capacity of 50 tons, and was installed
by C. C. Sidwell, of Los Angeles, an
expert in that line.

As the walnut industry has developed
during the past few years, there have
been many visitors drawn to Zinfandel

to inspect Mr. \Vheeler's grove and
plant.

When walnut trees come into bearing
the nuts may be handled at light ex-
pense and command good prices; thus,
it is safe to predict that Mr. Wheeler
will soon find that branch of his varied
farm work the most profitable and de-
sirable of all the activities at Zinfandel.

Use the Garden Hose on Insects
\\Tiere city water pressure is avail-
able, the garden hose often affords the
easiest way of checking the ravages of
certain insects, states Dr. A. L. Melan-
der. Entomologist of the Washington
Experiment Station. Many people have
the idea that strong poisons are re-
quired in controlling bugs, but this is
not necessarily so. A stream of water
delivered through a garden hose will
most effectively serve in washing off
and maiming such insects as aphids or
plant lice, leaf hoppers, red spiders,
young scale insects, the elm-hark louse,
the cottony maple scale, caterpillars,
slugs, bud-worm, as well as spores of
fungus diseases that have found lodg-
ment on the plants. Not only is this
treatment serviceable, but in many
cases it will give better results than can
be had by insecticides applied by the
small spray pump. The use of certain
sprays about houses is often attended
by staining of painted woodwork or by
the persistence of disagreeable odors,
which are obviated by the water cure.
Even under some garden or orchard
conditions, where water piped under
pressure is not available, it may be most
advantageous to combat certain insects
with plain water applied in this case
by a pressure spray pump through a
plain-bored nozzle. Red spiders, cur-
rant worms and aphids call for such a
recommendation, especially just before
the fruit is to be picked, when spray

August

compounds might leave a taint. When
aphids have curled the leaves they can-
not be reached by the usual spraying
but they must be touched by the poison
to be killed. A stream of water is much
more likely to wash out the aphis fam-
ily from curled leaves than a misty
spray is to penetrate into their midst.
Many of these insects obtain their food
by sucking, and sit with their beak
deeply inserted into the plant tissue.
When struck with a forceful stream the
beak is cracked, and such insects, even
if not killed outright, are unable to feed
again. City shade trees besmeared with
honey-dew from aphids moreover re-
ceive an advantageous cleaning from
the hosing. — Washington State Agricul-
tural College Bulletin.

HISS HARKER'SSCHOOLfoii GIRLS

PALO ALTO

ACCREDITED TO COLLEGES

GRAMMAR AND PRIMARY GRADES

FOURTEENTH YEAR

Catalogue upon application

Address

MISS BARKER, Palo Alto, California

Mount Tamalpais
Military Academy

SAN RAFAEL. CALIFORNIA

The most thoroughly organized and com-
pletely equipped Military School west of
the Rocky Mountains; Cavalry, Infantry,
Mounted Artillery. Sixteen miles North
of San Francisco; U. S. army officer de-
tailed by War Department; accredited by
the University of California, Stanford and
other Colleges. Twenty-sixth year begins
Augnst 24th, 1915.

Address Rev. Arthur Crosby. A. M..D.D.

Bolster Springs

fru

*'*'^^ -— ^

-^^^^^^ Tht lundirf ipnnp oi Amtnc» iin« I88v. MjLt
iny wtgoB ■ ipnng w»gon. Prevenl damiee I
irltL Soon (iff toit — produc* br
:r (or hot

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Made Like Finest Auto Springs

HiKh«i critit fl«l. \'trf r«ihent ind duribl*. All siiti —
(or nrcoUr ihonnng how Hirvry Sprinf) t»tt money

HARVEY SPRING CO, 784 Wtk St., Riciiie, WU.

GUARANTEED

Things We Are Agents For

Knox Hats
Alfred Benjamin & Co.'s Clothing

Dr. Jaeger Underwear

Dr. Deimel Linen Mesh Underwear

Dent's and Fownes' Gloves

Buflfum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page II

Oregon ^
Agricultural
College i

For the advancement of General Scientific and Industral Education." Forty-seventh School Year Opens September 1(. lUlo
Agriculture; Home Economics; Engineering; Mining; Forestry; Commerce; Pharmacy and Music. Vocational Courses in Agri-

culture. Dairying, Home Making, Mechanical Arts. Forestry and Business,

A college plant, oomprisiog 35 swbstaDlial bulldinga, located od a beautiful campus, in an ideal college town amid aurroinidings of exceptional
a faculty of 200 trained teacbers; a self-governing student body; a wholesome and bappy college life; living expenses moderate,

abort courses, 25:57; total, 4176

enie beauty:
Enrollment, long courses, 1039:

Write to the Registrar, Corvallis, Oregon, for catalogue and illustrated booklet.

The Anniie WrigKt
Seminary

Tacoma, Washington

Thirty-first Year

An endowed church scliool for girls, coUege preparatory
and general courses. Certificate admits to Smith, Welles-
lev, Vassar and the leading state universities.

Special advantages in domestic science, music and art.

ADELAIDE PRESTON, Principal

RT. REV. F. W. KEATOR, D. D.

President of the Board of Trustees

A Few Valuable Fruit Receipts

Bv Miss Hek-ii A. Syman, PittsQeUI, Muss:icluisftts

Grape Blanc Mange. — Take one-half
cup of grape juice which has l)een
sweetened to taste. When boiling stir
in two teasjjoonfuls of cornstarch,
blended with one tablespoonful of
water. Let boil about five minutes,
then pour into a prettv mouki, a cup
will do. The mould should be rinsed
in cold water. Turn out on a saucer
and place whijjped cream around it.
Any kind of fruit juice may be added.

Plum Sweetmeats. — When damson
plums are ripe, peel and divide them,
taking out the stones; jjut them over a
gentle heat to cook in their own juice;
when soft rub them through a sieve
and return to the stove, adding just
enough sugar to sweeten, a little cinna-
mon, and when nearly done add wine
in ([uantity to suit the taste. This is
<lone for the flavor. If sealing cans
cannot be had, paste over with white
of eggs on top.

Compote of Pears with Maraschino.
— One pint of stewed pears; drain syru])
into a saucepan and arrange the pears
on a dish. Add one ounce of sugar, a

ST. HELEN'S HALL

PORTLAND, OREGON

Diocesan BoanlinR jiihI Day Scbool fur (iirls \infipr tlic
care of tlie sisters of St.. John Baptist { Kpiscopal ( 'luirrti i

Forty-Seventh Year begins September 15th

CoIleLre I'repuratory and OctitTal Courses. :\riisic. Art.
ElMcution, Oyninasiiim, swlnimins:. plf. Moiilessnrt
Kiniiergarten for littl*- i)OVs aod uirls iimiHr s^-vi'ti. I-"or
Catalogue, address, THE SISTER SrPKRIOK.

tablespoon of maraschino and a vanilla
bean to the syru]); let simmer on fire
to one-half the quantity; then strain
the syrup over the pears and serve.

Cherry Tapioca. — Let stand over
night one cup of pearl tapioca in
cold water; in morning put in double-
boiler and add one pint of boiling wa-
ter; let it cook until clear, then add
the juice of one lemon and one-half
cup of sugar and one pint of stoned
cherries; pour into a mold, set on ice
to get good and cold. When ready to
serve, unniold and serve witli whiijped
cream llavoi'ed with lemon extract.

Queen's Pears. — Select small, hard
pears, not too lipe, and boil until they
can be pierced with a straw, in water
enough to cover. For every six pears
add one large cupful of brown sugar
and one-fourth of a cupful of New
Orleans molasses. Boil until the syiu|)
is thick and still". Chill in the ice-box
over night. Dissolve in three cupfuls
of cold water one and a half cupfuls
of white sugar, add tablesjjoonful of
mixed spice; in this boil rice until ten-
der: press the rice into small molds,
chill and ari'aiige upon a jilatter. Place
M i)ear on each mould of rice and cover
with syrup. .Serve with cream.

Pineapple Cream. — One grated jiine-
apple, two eggs, one cup of sugar; put
in a double-boilei-; when it boils put in
a tablespoonful of Hour wet with a
little walci-; cook until it thickens;

when cold pour over it one-half pint
of whipped cream.

Peach Pudding. — Mix one cupful of
sponge cake crumbs in one quart of
milk, add one-half cupful of sugar, the
well-beaten yolks of three eggs and the
stifTly-whipped whites of two eggs;
mix well and bake until firm in center.
Spread over the tops a thick layer of
pared and thinly-sliced peaches and
cover with whites of two eggs whipped
to a very stiff froth with two table-
spoonfuls of powdered sugar. Return
to the oven with the door half open
and leave until the meringue is a pale
straw color. This is very nice and
delicious.

Bavarian Cream with Peaches. — Cut
peaches in bits and boil with enough
sugar to sweeten them. When soft rub
through a colander. Then add a half
box of gelatine and one cupful of
cream. Stir well and when it begins
to set add one pint of whipped cream,
])reviously prepared. Pour over mold
and put on ice. Serve garnished with
peaches cut in halves.

Peach Sherbert. — Melt one-half of a
pound of sugar in a quart of water and
cook twelve peaches in this syrup until
tender. Mash the fruit fine. Soak a
level teaspoonful of gelatine in cold
water and dissolve it over heat. Add

IF YOU WANT TO MARKET
YOUR

FRUIT

RIGHT

ALWAYS SHIP TO

W. B. Glaf ke Co.

WHOLESALE FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

108-110 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

WIIFN WKlliNt. AUVKRTISEKS MtlNflON BLTTER FRUIT

Pa^e 12

BETTER FRUIT

August

WeMakeT.ARFf.S

FOR EVERY PURPOSE

Best Work and Lowest Prices

THE SIMPSON & DOELLER CO.

E. SHELLEY MORGAN, Northwestern Manager

1423-24 Northwestern Bank Building
PORTLAND. OREGON

We have a fine new line of STOCK APPLE BOX LABELS

Send for Samples and Prices

OUTRIGHT SALES

QUICK RETURNS

MINIMUM COST

GROWERS AND SHIPPERS

Do You Want ■ " ZA ^ H for Your Fruit?

CASH

Why become involved in long drawn out pools — delayed settlements — unsatisfactory
returns-and unnecessarv disappointments when you can obtain EXPERT MARKETING
SERVICE at a MINIMUM COST with ALL RED TAPE ELIMINATED.

I SPECIALIZE ON F.O.B. CASH SALES

Write me at once if interested, specifying the number of cars and varieties of fruit you
will have to market.

H. E. SMITH

Independent Marketing Agent Northwestern Fruits

Office Addre.ss C^\\\ciW(\ Til FormerLv Sales Manauer

DuringAugust. September and October VylllV-Ogl*, Xll. North Pacific Fruit Distributors

Walla Walla. Wash. Payette Fruit Packing Co.

EXPERIENCED

COMPETENT

RELIABLE

CIRCUIT
TOURS

OF THE EAST

including the California Expositions on either going: or returning trip,
afford unusual opportunities for travelers — business or pleasure.

\^'e shall h<t delighted to mail prospective travelers a beautifully
illustrated booklet describing the many natural advantages of the nation-
famous

the prepared gelatine, with the juice of
one large lemon, to the peaches, and
cool the mixture well before freezing.

Peach Compote. — To make a compote
of peaches, cut the pared fruit in half
and ]nit in a saucepan with four table-
spoonfuls of sugar. Let them get heated
through. Put each half peach on a
S([uare of sponge cake, hollow side up.
Moisten one tablespoonful of corn-
starch with cold wafer, adding two tea-
spoonfuls of lemon juice and one egg
very lightly whipped, mixing with the
peach syrup, and let all boil together
for a few minutes. When slightly cool
pour over peaches and jiut in cold
place. The syrup will jelly all about
the fruit. Garnish with whipped cream
and candied cherries.

Peach Shortcake. — Make a shortcake
dough by sifting together one quart of
sifted flour, three teaspoonfuls of bak-
ing powder and half a teaspoonful of
salt. Rub in half a cupful of butter,
add the beaten yolks of two eggs and
just enough milk to make a soft dough.
Bake in rather a deep pan in a hot
oven. When done, split with a hot
knife, butter cpiickly and spread with
sweetened peaches. The peaches should
be cut up in rather small pieces, pre-
pared before the cake is baked. Place
Ihe other crust on top, spread more
peaches over it, and serve with
whipped cream.

Peach Pie. — Bake a rich tart and
when cool fill it with sliced peaches,
sprinkling a little sugar over each
layer. Over the top of these spread
a covering of whiped cream, sweet-
ened and flavored with lemon. In place
of the cream a meringue may be spread
on and browned in oven. Use whites
of two eggs and powdered sugar for
this meringue.

North Pacific Fruit Distributor
)ointments

Appc

Mr. E. W. Jones has been appointed
district manager of our Chicago otTice.
Mr. Jones will have general charge of
all of our business in the Chicago terri-
tory, including everything from the
Twin Cities as far East as Pittsburgh,
Philadelphia and New York, in which
territor\- he has had wide business
experience in all lines of deciduous
fruits.

Columbia River Route Xhg Inside Intl

A letter or card addressed to the

GENERAL PASSENGER AGENT

UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM

70I Wells-Fargo Building
PORTLAND, ORE.

will serve the purpose.

Tickets on sale daily until September 30. with
going and return Hmit of October 31, at very
low fares for either direct or Expositions route

UNION
PACIFIC

SYSTEM

Full information, fares, tickets, reservations,
upon application to any agent.

etc.

is a beautiful, pernianput. up to rtntf hotel ocrii]iyiDi;
a iiia;.;;uiti(.'eiit site witbiii the ernuuds of the Paiiania-
Painfic International Exposition, amidst the most
wonderfnl setting of scenery and architectural beauty
the world has ever known. The Inside Inn is hut a
silort walk from the State and Foreljin Buildings anil
practically surrounded hy tlie mnin Kshibit Palaces.
Appeintmeiits thriuiphouf the hotel are tirst-class.
Kollowin;:: are nur ^'ener;il rales:

European plan, without bath, per day $2

one person
European plan, without bath, per day . . $3

two persons
European plan, with bath, per day ... $3 to $5

one person
European plan, with bath, per day . $4 to $7
two persons
( >nr motor busses tuecl all trains and steanurf .
We shall be glad to give y<Mi any general informa-
tion in regard to the Exposition or aide trips upon
reijuest.

ALBERT BETTENS, Manager

WHtN WRITI.NG ADVEKT ISt US MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FBTTTT

Pazc /?

Since 1913 Mr. Jones has been in the
brokerage business at Kansas City,
closing out his business to accept the
Chicago appointment. In 1!)(),3 Mr.
Jones joined the sales force of the Cal-
ifornia Fruit Distributors and was ap-
pointed sales manager in 19()(i, and
later assistant general manager, (huing
which time he was in intimate and per-
sonal touch with all of the fruit con-
suming centers in the United States
and Canada, where he has a personal
acquaintance with both the trade and
their fruit requirements.

Mr. Jones is now making a visit to
the fruit producing sections of the
Northwest, and will shortly leave for
his new headcjuarters in Chicago.

Mr. C. W. McCuIlagh, for the past
three years connected with the Yakima
Valley Fruit Growers' Association, a
sub-central of the North Pacific Fruit
Distributors, in the capacity of assist-
ant sales manager and later sales and
tralTic manager, has been appointed as
district manager with headquarters in
Minneapolis.

This is not a new territory to Mr.
McCullagh, he having covered this field
which extends from Montana east, in-
cluding Canada, annually ever since
his connection with the Yakima con-
cern. Mr. McCullagh brings to the Dis-
tributors a most intimate knowledge of
not only apples but other Northwest-
ern fruit, his duties in the past having
demanded personal supervision of the
picking, packing and assembling of
mixed cars of soft fruits, which are
sold largely in the territory that he will

Standard Inoculating Bacteria

Prepared for all legumes. Price $1.00 per acre,
six acres *o.O0. Guaranteed for six months.
Write for

Free Booklet on Orchard Cover Crops

Agents Wanted

THE EGGERT CHEMICAL CO.

607-8 City National Buildinp: CANTON. OHIO

Make Your

Boy Happy !

by civins him THE BOYS' MAGAZINE.
Y<iu coulJ nut give hiiu a greater pleasiin;
or a slroii^er influence fi>r good. Each
is-iue of this splendid raa.;aziiie is lillLd
■Willi clean, fascinann? stories and iu-
EtructivQ articles, all of intense interest
lo every live boy. Also, each issuccout:iin3
dii)artincnts devoted to Eke ;ricitv,M\.'chan-
ics, Athletics, Photozr;Liiliy, Carpentry,
Stamps and Coins. Anew, liandsouie cover
in colors each mouth. Beamil'ully illustra-
ted Itirou'^hout, both, in bluck liud wbite
aud in colors.

B0Y5' MAGAZINE

Magazine for a ■wUole year and a, copv
the most nseful book you ever read, "Fifty TFajs for Boys to Earn
Money," and this Electric Engine. This eut;ine is cousidenibly
larger than illUiitratioQ. Runs at variable speeds, ciilier forward or
bncbn-ard, between 200 and 3,000 revolutions a ntinuto on one dry
battery. Abjjotutely safe and easy to operate. This Electric Engine
is interesting and instructive and any boy will go wild over il.

OrHpp Tn-d n v ' Tour subscription will be entered at once and the
viuci lu uajf- £1 ^(ri^ Engine nud Book will be forward d to
yim immodiai. ly, nil tr nisjiortatioti Charges prepaid. We'll relnnd
your tiomv jiroinptly if von arc not more than pbaard witli THE
BOYS' MAGAZINE, the Eleciric Eni:inc and the Book. (WerL-fr
you to any bank, mercantile agency or publisher as to our respoii-
sibilitv.)

Address THE SCOH F. REDFIELD CO.

B42 Main Sireh.
Smethport. Pa.

(THE BOYS'
U.iGA~ISE

it oi: tala
at all

neu-s-atanJa
at iOc a copij.)

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

■lilii:iJil:iiiilJ!nS

%^ ON MYDRO-PINEUMATIC PUMPS

FOR COUNTRY>WATER SYSTElVIS

The Pumpi Ihal pl,ice w.lh.n re.icn o! every hc>mc ,uch conveniences as a

bath toom. lunmrg water m ihe kitchen and laundry, for watering Mock.

washinR windows sprinkling Rghtmg fires and a thousand and one oihcr usci

Nolhinj will add as much lo Ihe value ol your properly a^ a MODERN

\X'ATER SYSTEM. No improvcmenl you can make m yout home will relieve

ihe cnlirc (amily. and especially ihe women (oiks of so much hard work. Let us

^lell you more aboul MYERS HYDRO-PNEUMATIC (air and water) PUMPS

How Ibey are installed and used in connection with air pressure lanks and

what an o^cefknl water suppiv ihcv (utnuh You 11 be surprised how easily and cheaply

hcrcvcr wanted New catalog inlormalion and name ol ffu. nearest dcale

VERS
1 ' V

Ml

MYERS & BRO. 120 Orange St. AStlLAIND,

A S M L A N O PUMP AND MAY TOOL WORKS

#_9<'

FUES WONT BITE
£dWS WONT KICK

WOOWARKTLYREPEtJINT

=^ ^ (trademark)

MISUSED EASILY APPLIED

SAVESTIMETEMPERHILK- MONEY-

If your dealer hasn't it, senrl us his name, with seventv-five cents, and we
will send ynu at nnce, all charges prepaid, a half-gallun package.

WOODARD, CLARKE & CO.

Wood-Lark Building Portland, Oregon

WALNUTS TO THE FRONT

The introduction of the Vrooman strain grafted Franquettes in Western Oregon
a few years ago, that have born six consecutive successful crops of the highest quality
nuts, has proved beyond all doubt that walnuts will become one of the leading indus-
tries west of the Cascades. Our climate is especiallv adapted to the growing of as
high grade walnuts as can be produced anywhere in the world. Do not guess at any-
thing, or jump at conclusions, or deal in unknown quantities, but come and see our
bearing trees with your own eyes and then decide yourself. That's business. We
will take pleasure in showing you. Then if vou decide to plant an orchard we would
be pleased to sell you trees that are the highest grade possible to grow anywhere at
any price. We cut all our scion wood from our own orchard. We have' 200 acres
coming into bearing and a visit to our orchard and nursery will interest vou. If vou
can't come write fur booklet and prices.

FERD GRONER & McCLURE, Hillsboro, Oregon

this year handle for the Distributors.
He had personal supervision over the
,shipnicnt of over 1,000 carloads of
nii.\ed soft fruit, as well as nearly 1,500
carloads of apples from the Yakima
Valley this past season alone.

Previous to his connection with the
Yakima Valley Fruit Growers" .\ssocio-
lion, Mr. McCullagh was connected
with the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
way Company for six years, traveling
west from Chicago, and for seven years
he was mana,i;er of large produce in-
terests in Seattle. His past experience
enables him lo lender the best of ser-
vice not only to the Distributors, but
to the trade in the territory which he
will cover, being thoroughly convers-
ant with the shii)ping, sales and traflic
needs of the Xorlhwestern territory.

Mr. .1. S. Robinson has been appointed
district manager of the Middle and
Soiilhwestern territory, wilh beadquar-
lers at Omaha. He has been with the
Distributors since their organization,
and last year bad head(|iia]'lers at Fort

^Vorlh, covering Texas, Oklahoma,
Louisiana, Mississippi, .\labama, Geor-
gia and Florida, in which states he in-
creased the Distributors' business 80
per cent over the preceding year.

Mr. Robinson is thoroughly exiieri-
enced in both the assembling and shij)-
ping ends of the Xorthweslcrn fruit
business, as well as the marketing end.

Holt

Picking

Sack

NO MORE BRUISES
APPLES

A pood picker can pick
Bnotifih more, and to
better ailvantagp. with
this liag to p:iy for its
cost in twoiiayw. Money
back if not satisfactory.

ORbfciK NOW. PRICE, prepaid. $1.75

Agents Wanted

J. J. MARISCHAl. & CO.

Spokane, Washington

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRVIT

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

August

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Offldal Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers' Association
A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the
Interest of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publishing Company

B. H. SHEPARD, Editor and Publisher
H. B. VAN DEMAN. Contributing Editor

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS
OREGON

C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist.,./ Corrallis

H, S, Jackson, Pathologist CorvallU

H. P. WilsoTi, Entomologist Corvallls

WASHINGTON

Dr, A. L, Melander, Entomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris, Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor, Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wicks. Horticulturist Moscow

W. S. Thomber. Horticulturist Lewiston

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C W, Woodworth, Entomologist Berkeley

W. H. Volck, Entomologist Watsonyille

Leon D, Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R. M. Wlnslow, PTOTindal Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE;

In the United States, $1.00 per year In advance

Canada and foreign, including postage. $1.50

AD\'ERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906, at the

Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Canning and Home Canning. — A good

many fruit growers in the Xnrtliwost
have experimented in a small way with
home canning outfits and found that
the business can be conducted so as to
save a great deal of fruit that otherwise
might go to waste during the season
when the markets are glutted. There
is always a good demand for home
canned fruits and particularly peaches
and pears, which are consumed in im-
mense quantities. It seems well worth
while to suggest to fruit growers that
they give the matter of home canning
the proper consideration, and it cer-
tainly seems to the editor of Better
Fruit that this work is well worth
every fruit grower trying out, particu-
larly where he has a family to look
after this work without extra expense.
The steam pressure outfits made by
many of the canning machinery manu-
facturers certainly simplifies the pro-
cess, enabling a canner to do tlie work
much more rapidly at much less ex-
pense and turn out a product that is
certainlv far more reliable.

"The Development of the Fruit Pack-
age," the leading article in the July
edition of "Better Fruit," written by
E. D. Lake and W. B. Arens, was pre-
pared as a special essay in a course of
study at the Oregon Agricultural Col-
lege known as "Commercial Pomology,"
in the Division of Horliculture in
charge of Professor C. I. Lewis. Pro-
fessor Lewis has made a study of the
development of practical ideas in his
classes by suggesting topics similar to
this one and other sub.jects like picking,
packing, transportation, storing and
selling fruit, all of which conies in the
course of "Commercial Pomology."
About thirtv of the voung men register

in this course annually. Half of the
year is given to the subject of problems
in connection with the distribution of
fruit crops. The editor desires to state
in addition that the article on the
"Status of the American Fruit Trade"
in our July, 1914, edition, by R. M.
Rutledge, a student at the Oregon Agri-
cultural College, was written in a simi-
lar way at the suggestion and under the
direction of Professor C. I. Lewis.

Fruit Graders. — The fruit growers of
the Northwest have learned during the
two hard years of 1912 and 1914 that
two things are necessary in the fruit
business in the production of fruit,
namely. Efficiency and Economy. There
are many modern conveniences that
are being introduced which supply ef-
ficiency, enabling the grower to do his
work much more economically. Per-
haps no article which has been put
on the market recently has rendered
more service than fruit-grading ma-
chines, which are saving fruit growers
all the way from 5 cents to 10 cents
per box in packing, grading and sizing.
Therefore, it seems advisable to sug-
gest that every fruit grower should
look into this matter for himself and
see if he cannot do his work cheaper
and save some money by using a grad-
ing machine.

to publish an interesting account jier-
taining to the walnut orchard of John
H. ^\Tleeler, Saint Helena, California,
showing his success. Mr. Wieeler at-
tended the University of California at
the same time the editor was a student
at that institution. Mr. Wheeler has
made a specialty of walnut growing,
and told the editor at the ctmvention of
California fruit growers at Davis, Cali-
fornia, last year, that he had an espe-
cially fine strain of Franquette walnuts.
The article in this edition will prove
interesting and valuable to the fruit
growers of the Northwest who are
thinking about planting walnuts. Wal-
nut growers' associations have achieved
the greatest success of any of the sell-
ing organizations, having been able to
secure extremely satisfactory prices
every year for their walnuts.

Walnuts. — The walnut industry has

been a paying proposition with nut
growers who have good groves in bear-
ing. Therefore, Better Fruit is pleased

Prunes and Plums. — The prune and

plum industry is one which has made
good money for the growers in the
Northwest except in occasional years.
Plums are grown extensively in Cali-
fornia and shipped East in immense
quantities by carloads. The Northwest
has done very little in the plum indus-
try, but has grown prunes quite exten-
sively. With the profit made in these
two varieties of fruits in the past in the
Northwest, and in other sections as
well, it would seem that the fruit
grower would be justified in investigat-
ing the plum and prune industry, and
therefore Professor Lewis has contrib-
uted a very interesting article which

THE SHOTWELL
Box Marking Machine

This machine patented Mav 11, 1915.

Patent No. 113S985.
An.v infiingemeiit will he prosecuted.

Is desi.?ned to print all the stamps required
on a box of apples or other fruit at one stioke.
in perfect ali,i?nment, sa\'ing time and labor.
The macliine i>rints tlie tiox to look as follows:

125 EXTRA FANCY WINESAP 40LBS.NET JOHN DOE

WENATCttEE.WASH.

It eliminates untidiness and unevenness in
marlting.

Saves time in picking- up five different
stamps separately, as all these stamps are
placed on a wheel and the entire marking of
the box as shown above is done in one move-
ment and as quickly as one stamp is put on
by the old method. The machine works auto-
matically and is self-inking.

The Shotwell Box Marking Machine is a
device that saves labor, does it neatly with
dispatch. Made to be attached to any open
end press and can be adjusted to mark any
standard fruit box of any variety, apples,
pears, peaches, oranges and lemons, etc.

It is made of malleable Iron, assembled
ready for use.

With each machine is included, without
extra charge, eighteen number stamps, three
grade stamps, one net weight stamp, one two-
line grower's address stamp, ten variety
stamps and an ink pad. Price, neatly packed
ready for shipment, $15.00, f.o.b. Wenatchee,
AVashington.

Ready for delivery July 15. Order promptly,
as only a limited number will be assembled
this year as orders are taken. For full de-
scriptive illustrated cnlaltig and further par-
ticulars, write

Shotwell & Wilmeroth

WENATCHEE. WASH.

WHEN WRITINC, ADVERTISERS MENTION BF.TTLU FRUIT

10 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 13

contains much valuable information on
plums and prunes, which will be of in-
terest to the grower in assisting him to
make up his mind about the advisability
of planting plums and prunes. This
article also gives much valuable infor-
mation about varieties which are best
adapted to the Northwest, and the ones
whicli are the best money makers.

Apple Harvest. — The apple picking and

packing season will begin in September
with the fall varieties. It is no unusual
thing for dealers to be short on sup-
plies, such as picking buckets, baskets,
ladders, etc., during these years of de-
pression, when dealers are ordering in
small quantities. Therefore, it seems
wise to suggest to the fruit grower
that it is advisable for him to order his
ladders, picking receptacles, nail strip-
per, box press and stamping machine,
and such other articles as he may need,
without delay, for otherwise the suijply
in the different local stores may be sold
out and consequently the grower will
be unable to get just what he wants,
when he needs it the most. Therefore,
the editor seems justified in advising
the fruit growers to give attention to
tills matter promptly.

tiew Fruit Juices. — Since the wave of
prohibition has swept over the country
people are now looking for new drinks.
Prohibition will undoubtedly create an
immense demand for many kinds of
fruit juices, which will enable the fruit
grower to convert much of the surplus
into juices, in this way realizing a good
profit and saving much waste. The
sliort article on New Fruit Juices in
this edition is forth reading.

Store Apples

NEAR BIG MARKET

Apples stored with us take in transit rate
and quick delivery to

New York, Boston
Philadelphia

and other big eastern markets.

LOCKPORT COAL, ICE & COLD STORAGE CO.

Lockport, New York

l_E\A/IS AUDIBL.E:

SPEED INDICATOR

The Missing Link" thit ait.tdu's

lit aii> » ii.-.tiii .St-i,iuai<ir lur any
Bpct'il. Kings a warniiit' liell while
uniJer-speeding. Clicks loudly at
the right speed and at over-speed is
silent. Increases yield of butterfat
and insures uniform tests at creamery
Descriptivei circulars on applicatirm
Postpaid $3.25 Liberal terms to agents
Columbia Dairy Supply Co-
Portland, Oregon

lOc for Three Months

Trial subscription to leading fruit and gar-
den publication. Gives timely information
each month. Eighteen years old. Regular
subscription rate ¥1 for tree years. Address

Fruitman and Gardener
11 Main Street Mount Vernon, Iowa

STOVERS

GOOD
ENGINES

Srom 1901
to date
more than
5.000 people
in the >lorth.tL>est
hauo boua,ht
and used the
Stouer Gasoline
Eng,me

TKe best evidei^ce of
tKe quality of
a nr\d.cKirve is &.
ye<5,rly ir\cred.se
ir\ rwjrrvber pvjrcKa-sed
by people who
Kevve the opportunity to
asccrtairv the vdlue
of the Article before
buy ir\^.

IF YOU WANT
CATALOGS AND
PRICES OF
THIS POPULAR
ENGINE, ADDRESS

/»fV«fl^ PORTLAND
■4 J^^r SPOKANE

BOISE

OR CALL ON THE
NEAREST STOVER AGENT

Comfort for the Milch Cow

Careful dairymen are paying greater
attention each year to the little savings
hitherto unthought of in the way of
stock. Particularly is this true in pro-
tecting the herd from the annoyances
which have hitherto been regarded as
altogether in the course of nature. Bark-
ing dogs are being less and less permit-
ted upon the premises, still less to chase
in the cows. The necessity of pure
drinking water is appreciated as never
before, and above and beyond all else,
the loss in milk production, flesh, time
and temper, incident to the irritation of
winged pests — flies, gnats and mostpii-
toes, is being conibatted as never in the
past. There are on the market today
reliable preparations which act as ab-
solute fly repellants, used externally,
harmless yet wonderfully elVective.
Applied with a sprayer or with a soft
cloth, sponge or brush, to the exposed
surface of the cattle daily, they furnish
instant and complete relief. No dairy-
man can afford during the fly season to
be without a supply. Their use will
spell dividends many, many times in
excess of the slight initial cost. The
government is now issuing bulletins
advocating the use of fly repellants.

Asphalt-Base Oils Are Best Lubricants

Lieutenant G. S. Bryan, of the Naval
Engineering Experiment Station, An-
napolis, Maryland, in a paper pub-
lished in the Journal of the American
Society of Naval Engineers for Febru-
ary, 1915, says: "Oils made from
asphalt-base crudes have shown them-
selves to be much better adapted to
motor cylinders, as far as their carbon-
forming proclivities are concerned,
than are the paralline-base Pennsylva-
nia oils. The carbon formetl from the
latter is, as a rule, extremely hard and
clings to the metal surfaces, while that
from the former is soft and can easily
be wiped olf any surface that it is de-
posited on. This would be expected
from a consideration of the nature of
the h\-drocarbons composing the oil,
and it lias also been demonstrated in
practice. The exijlanation lies in the
fact that the parafline-base oils are gen-
erally composed of the paradine series
of hydrocarbons, while the asphalt-
base oils are composed mainly of the
ethylene and napthene series. One of
the characteristics of the latter two
series, as compared with tlie i)nrallinc
series, is their tendency to distill with-
out decomposition.

Page

i6

BETTER FRUIT

August

The New Three-Grade Cutler

FRUIT WEIGHING MACHINE

Delivers an EXACT PACKING SIZE to each bin an
a simple affair at one-half the cost of hand methods.

Our new models employ a simple method of weighing the fruit — the
the necessary accuracy can be accomplished. We know this sizer to be
other machine on the market.

makes the packing of fruit in boxes

only prm
more effi

ciple b
cient t

y which
han any

The Outstanding Features Are:

Astounding accuracy and the ability to regulate
the delivery to any liin so that every layer packed
at random therefrom will have the desired tight-
ness and every pack will have the same height.
Use your ordinary help as packers.

A quiet, gentle handling of the fruit— no bruis-
ing or violent dropping or roll of the fruit.

Automatic feed with a belted sorting table ac-
c ommodating from four to ten sorters.

WORKING CAPACITY up to 1.000 boxes in
^en hours.

Built sectionally in three sizes so the capacity
can be increased later by the addition of a section.

Patented spring supported bins with three times
the capacity of ordinary bins and a practical de-
vice to move the fruit into the bins without any
pawing or raking of the fruit by the packer. These
bins are far in advance of those used on any other
sizer.

The CUTLER SIZER can be quickly set to
handle either two or three grades and each grade
has a separate set of bins.

This machine has the benefit of our three years'
experience in the manufacture of sizing machines.

WRITE FOR DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE

THE CUTLER FRUIT GRADER CO., Hood River, Ore.

Barnett Picking Pail Hardie Ladder Portland Picking Bag

Made of heavy galvanized iron. Has a
canvas sack lining with patented opening
and closing device. If you like a picking
pail you will want a Barnett.

Price, each $150

dozen lots 16-50

These are but three of the articles shown
in our new catalog of orchard and packing
house supplies. Write for this catalog. We
have the goods you need at the right prices.

Only well seasoned spruce used in its con-
struction, with each step braced. Strong
and rigid, it weighs but ;i lbs. to tli^ foot. A
thoroughly high grade orchard ladder made
in six to fourteen foot lengths.

Price, per foot

.85c

A strong canvas sack with broad shoulder
straps. Does not tire the pickerand enables
him to use both hands in picking. Easily
and Quickly emptied. A speedy and eco-
nomical device for every orchard.

Price, single bag $1.50

dozen lots 16,00

THE HARDIE MANUFACTURING CO.,

49 North Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page I-

BRAND NEW, BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED— CONTENTS RIGHT UP-TO-DATE

Bailey's New Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture

WILL INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF YOUR EMPLOYEES

BAILEY'S Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture should be close at hand for uuick reference by every member of your force, because it pre-
sents the combined labor and experience of the foremost North American authorities on horticultural subjects. These six magnificent
volumes place at the disposal of the horticulturist, whether practical, amateur or scientific, an ample and readily accessible account of
every subject which at any time may be of interest or practical use in his calling. Its range is wide, covering plants, flowers, vegetables, trees,
tillage processes, tools and implements, cultural discussions, botanical history, geography, commercial markets, and a myriad items that only
constant use will reveal. The scope of the volumes has not been confined to botanical subjects alone, but every subject in any way incident to
the activities of the horticulturist has been fully covered, commercially as well as scientifically.

Six large quaito volumes. More tban 3,600 pages. 24 full-pape exqui-
site color plates 96 beautiful lull pag^e halftones. More than 4.000 text
engravingrs. 500 Collaborators. Approxiuiately 4.000 g-euera. 15.000
species and 40. 000 plant names

"The immense wealth ol practical horticultural tacts and teachings con-
tained in this work, and the case \vith which they are found in it. place
Bailey's STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE at the top.
In other woi'ds. it is the Monarch oi Horticultui'al Literature."

Three volumes now published. Write us for 16-paffe Prospectus
containing Complete Description and Our Special Offer.

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO., Hood River, Ore.

Soil Management and Irrigation

P,y L. G.

THE subject of soil manageiiient and
irrigation is an important one to
tlie fruit grower and tlie farmer of
the Nortliwest. Witliout any question
tlie soil of Southern Idaho has most
wonderful productive qualities when
properly managed. Therefore, we will
not enter into the discussion of the dif-
ferent kinds of soils in technical terms,
but accept our Idaho soil as it really
is, making the leading thought of the

Patent for Sale

Patent Fruit Gatherer — saves the wtirk of
several men. Inexpensive, easily operated.
Moderate investment. Write for particulars.

ASSOCIATED INVESTMEMT CO.
rtlHTeon Buildinir Portland, Oregon

What are
your dairy
problems?

To get started profitably in dairy-
ing as a side-line, the fruit grower
needs helpful advice and sugges-
tions.

Our service department will de-
light in doing this very thing, with-
out any charge or obligation.

We are sole Oregon distributors
for "Simplex" Separators. B-L-K
Milkers, Papec Ensilage Cutters.
Simplex Silos and all kinds of
dairy, butter-making and cheese-
making sui»ilies.

Your name on a postal will
bring Free Catalogs

Monroe & Crisell

126 Front St. Portland, Oregon

Dunn, Manager Swiss Valley Ranch, Incorporated,

subject: First, soil management to so
regulate the soil elements of soil fertility
as to make them available for plant
life; second, irrigation, to regulate the
soil moisture, which is most essential to
help create the chemical actions that
take place between the dilTerent ele-
ments of fertility, making plant-food
available to the grasp of the hungry
plants. Without moisture in the soil all
other elements of plant food are worth-
less.

Idaho has some of the richest soil in
the world, as has been proven by the
many record-breaking crops that have
been produced in the Twin Falls coim-
try, as well as in other parts of the
state. It is simply a question of how
are we going to get the maximum yield
from the land? This question is con-
stantly before the American farmer. If
Neighbor .Jones gets 100 bushels of oats
per acre, and Neighbor Brown but 40
bushels on practically the same soil, on
ad,joining farms, there is a reason. If
one end of a potato field yields twice as
many good marketable potatoes as the
other end, there is a reason for it. And
the reason is generally found in the
previous management of the lands in
question. If we go into these fields and
study in detail methods of soil manage-
ment of Jones and Brown for a few
years back, we will no doubt learn why
both fields did not yield 100 bushels of
oats per acre, as they should.

Several years ago I cut some oats for
a neighbor with my twine binder. In
going around a ten-acre field I found
one end of the field very short, about
.30 bushels to the acre. On the other
end about three acres was so rank that
I could hardly get through. This end
would make about 90 bushels to the
acre. I asked the reason, and it was
explained in this way. ^^^lere the short
grain was it had been in oats ever since
it was cleared — five years. The other
end was an old alfalfa field, followed
two years with potatoes, then the oats.
There was a reason. This lesson I have
never forgotten. Since that time 1 have
studied many such conditions in an
elfort to solve some of the many prob-
lems of soil management and irrigation.

Bliss, Idaho

The major portion of the soil is de-
composed rock and had its origin in the
rock masses of the earth surface, which
has been transformed into its present
form by the action of the weather,
changes of temperature, erosion by riv-
ers and glaciers. As the bulk of the

Summer Excursions
to Eastern Cities

PORTLAND

Seventy-two hours Portland to Chicago,
via Spokane, over THE NORTH BANK
ROAD, or to California on the floating
palaces, SS. "Northern Pacific" or "Great
Northern," — Trans- Atlantic magnifi-
cence, speed and comfort — sailing from
San Francisco and Portland every TUES-
DAY, THURSDAY, AND SATURDAY—
a; Hours at Sea.

Round Trips East

Daily till September 30

Direct Via California
Both Ways One Way

New York $110.70 $128.20

St. Louis 71. 20 88.10

Chicago . 72.50 90.00

Kansas City . . 60.00 77.50

New Orleans .. . 95.20 lOO.lO

Omaha 60.00 77.50

St. Paul fiO.OO 84.25

Milwaukee . . 72.50 90.00

Toronto 92.00 109.50

Denver 55.00 72.50

Many other places in proportion.
Send for booklet.

10-day stopover on one-way tickets East
through California via this route.

"THE NORTH BANK ROAD" between
Spokane, l^ortland and the Pacific Ocean
traverses one of the choice scenic regions
of the world.

R. H.CROZIEK, A. G.P. A.
Portland, Oregon

WHEN WRITING AD\'i:kTISERS MENTION BETTER ERUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

August

Palmer Fruit Sizer

Standard Machine, $200, Floor space 6x24 feet.

( First grade into nine sizes.
Sizes tliree grades at a time. Capacity two carloads daily. < Second grade into four to six sizes.

Third grade into three to tive sizes.

Machine

Pony Machine, $150

Floor spacel6xl2 feet.

Sizes two grades at a time into four or six sizes as desired.
Capacity one carload per day. ,^ .2^ :M(^

^ Either machine eaii be used for boxes or barrels. Openings on both
machines expand uniformly from I'A inches to 4 inches square. ; ,^

Illustration shows sorting table attachment: also travelling belts
for sorting table.

Machine discharges the fruit into boxes or barrels without bruising.

Box packing can be done direct from the machine or, if preferred,
on separate tables, giving the grower a chance to work his packers on
the particular sizes and grades he wishes packed first.

Write or wire for catalogue and prices.

PALMER BUCKET COMPANY, Hood River, Ore.

soil is decomposed rock it carries min-
eral fertility. The additional material
being organic matter, composed of de-
cayed animal and vegetable matter.
This organic matter, called hmnus, car-
ries the nitrogenous plant food, and is
one of the most important factors to be

considered in the study of the soils of
this country.

The soils of Southern hlaho are rich
in all of the most important mineral
elements of plant food (which as a rule
are well equalized) but are deficient in
organic matter and nitrogen so essential

Canning! Canning!

This Steam Pressure Canning Plant will save
your perishable Fruit Crop when nothing else
will. Ten different size outfits to select from.

Write for Catalog B-2

HENNINGER & AYES MFG. CO.

47 First Street PORTLAND, OREGON

to plant life. Our soil is well supplied,
as a rule, with all the various mineral
elements of soil fertility except, nitro-
gen, which we must supply. The ques-
tion then, is how to supply this nitrogen
in available form. Plants cannot use
this nitrogen in its free form. But cer-
tain microscopical forms of hfe that
grow upon the roots of leguminous
plants, forming nodules thereon, have
the power, through the aid of the oxy-
gen of the air, to take this free nitrogen
from the air and convert it into organic
nitrogen, available for plant food.

The most important of the legumes is
alfalfa. Alfalfa being a very deep-
rooted legume is able, through its nod-
ule-forming bacteria within its roots, to
place nitrates deep in the soil, and
greatly increase the fertility of the soil
to that extent. Though it may draw
heavily on the other elements of the
soil they are generally so abundant in
the soils of the Nortwest it only tends
to equalize the amount of the avail-
able supply of the different plant foods
within the soil. Ami for this reason all
crojjs do so well following alfalfa. Or-
ganic matter may also be supplied to
the soil by plowing under any vegeta-
tion, green cover crop, or by the appli-
cation of barnyard manure. As a great
many of the fruit growers and farmers
of this country do not handle much live
slock, a liberal supply of barnyard
maiuire is not availal)le. Therefore the
organic nuitler nnist be supplied to the
soil by a systematic rotation of crops,
cultivation and irrigation.

WHEN' WRITING ADVERTISERS MEKTIOX BETTER FRUIT

/P/T

FOR SALE

One H. it A. Steaiii Fruit Evapor:itor of
one ton CHpacitv of green fruit in 24
hours. The machine contains 45 trays
of 24x38 inclies. This machine has hceu
used as a demonstrator for about six
months and is in good condition. Price,
f.o.b. Portland. Oregon, $250.00 com-
plete with pressure reducing valve and
steam trap, .i-horse power boiler re-
quired to run it.

B. M. HURST

207 Clay Street Portland, Oregon

IN LIEU OF
POTASH

UNDER the pres-
ent shortage of
potash, we recommend
super phosphate used
in conjunction with
lime.

Apply 200 pounds of
super phosphate with
a half ton of lime per
acre for assured success

In super phosphate
you supply the fibre
builder, without which
seeds will not form and
mature.

Moderate in price.
Easily sown with-
out special soil
preparation.

Apply immediate-
ly or during the
next ninety days.

Jf'ritc for prices.

PORTLAND SEED CO.

PORTLAND, OREGON

BETTER FRUIT

The availability of soil fertility is
dependent upon natural conditions and
soil management. Supposing that we
have nil the necessary elements of plant
foods in the soil. The soil nnist then
be in the right comijact condition, with
moisture, warmth and soil air, in order
that various chemical changes may
take place for the development of
plant food, available to the grasp of
the plants, to jjroduce plant life. Xo
matter how rich the land is in plant
food, unless the three leading factors,
moisture, warmth and soil air, are pres-
ent, the various chemical changes inci-
dent to the decfimposition and develop-
ment of idant food, cannot take place.
Without air in the soil the seeds will
not germinate and grow.

If air is excluded from the soil where
plants are growing, they will get yellow
and sickly and will die, if the air is
excluded long enough. Soil must be
ventilated, first, by tillage. All the dif-
ferent processes of cultivation produce
a change of air in the soil to a certain
extent. Second, by vegetation. The
growth of any kind of vegetation, by
drawing moisture out of the soil tends
to draw air in to take its place. A greater
aeration of the deeper soil is possible
by the decomposition of the roots of the
deep feeding plants that leave openings
as the roots decay that admit soil air and
nitrogen. Third, by the addition of hu-
mus. Barnyard manure, weeds, stubble,
or any vegetable matter plowed under,
will tend to aerate the soil. Air is
necessary in the soil to supply the oxy-
gen for the development of the nitrog-
enous plant food, and also needed for
the processes of decomposition and
other chemical actions that develop the
various forms of plant foods.

A proper degree of temperature is an
indispensible factor for a high degree
of fertility. It is said that corn retiuircs
a soil temperature of fifl or (i.T degrees
during some part of the day for satis-
factory germination. And if the soil is
so cold as to allow only slow and feeble
germination, the crop can never make
the growth and development that it
would have made under the same after-
conditions but with a good, vigorous
start. Speaking of plants, we have ref-
erence to fruit trees the same as any
other plants. A dark-colored soil will
absorb more heat from the sun than
will a light-colored soil. A south slope
will hold a higher temperature than
a level field. A smooth and compact
soil with a soil mulch on to]), made so
by thorough tillage, increases the tem-
perature of the seed bed by removing
any excess of moisture that may exist
and by checking the evajioration from
the surface. Tillage also favoi-s the
more rapid decomijosition of the or-
ganic matter in the soil, which action
produces heat. Rapid evaporation i)ro-
cesses have a marked cooling effect upon
the soil, the same as the evaporation of
moisture through the canvas of a water
bag tends to cool the water in the bag.
This illustration proves that rapid eva|)-
oration of moisture from the soil will
lower the temi)erature. This is espe-
ciallv true where land has been lldcided

Page IQ

To

Large Growers

or

SMALL

Sell Direct to
Distant Jobbers

BY USING THE

''Blue Book"
System

mH PROPUCl REPORTER
^ COMPANY'S

iCREDIT BOOK

rXECUTWt Of nets
CH.CASO.'tU-O'S-

Eliminate All

Unnecessary

Middlemen

BUILD UP YOUR OWN
SHIPPING BUSINESS

The Credit Book guides you to reliable,
responsible buyers — points out the
"tricky" and "unfair" dealers — gives the
summarized experiences of other ship-
pers with every firm in every market. It
is used today by the great majority of
successful fruitand produce handlers.

Our Inspecting and Adjusting Depart-
ment looks after rejected or complained
of shipments — Adjusters located in all
principal markets. Collections, Litiga-
tions. Railroad Claims promptly, effi-
ciently handled for members.

Produce Reporter Service operates on
the corrrct co-operative jirinciple for the
mutual hcnetit and protection of mem-
bers — it enables the smallest shipper to
profitably compete with the largest "Dis-
tributor." It affords the only practical
solution of your problem— write us today
for full Information— you Incur no obllgu-
tlon whatever in doing so.

Produce Reporter Co.

NKW YORK
Fruit Trade liuilding

CHICAGO
BeU Ti-k'phone Buildine

WHEM WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHLN WRITING .\U\ERIISEKS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Pa^e 20

BETTER FRUIT

August

WON HIGHEST
AWARD

SANFMNCISCO
EXPOSITION

International Motor Trucks

TIME is such an important factor in the
marketing of fruit and vegetables, that any
reasonable device for saving time receives earnest
consideration. Perhaps the principal reason why
International Motor Trucks are so popular among fruit and
vegetable growers is because they save so much time on the road.

Around the larger cities truck farmers buy International
Motor Trucks because their produce is on the road from one to
three hours less time and is, therefore, delivered in such good
condition that it commauds the best prices.

Add to this advantage the ability to see customers first, which
an International Motor Truck gives, and add again the saving of
time on the return trip, and you have three good business-getting,
money-making reasons for buying an International Motor Truck.

Tliere are also other good reasons which every fruit and
vegetable grower should know and which it costs nothing to find
out. Drop us a line and we'll send you complete information
about our three motor truck models, "M" for 1,000-lb. loads,
"E" for l,S0O-lb. loads, and "F," the new International 2,0UU-lb.
truck.

International Harvester Company of America

(incorporated)
Crawford, Neb. Denver, Col, Helena, Mont. Portland, Ore.
San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City, Utah

There Are Big Profits
in the Cider Business

Let us tell you liow you can earn big profits making
Older, Vinegar, Apple Butter, etc., on a "Mount Gilead"
Hydraulic Cider and Grape Juice Press. A"Mount Gilead"
Cider and (xrape Juice Press Ayill pay
for itself in the extra juice it will extract
as compared to other makes.

We manufacture Evaporators, Apple
Butter Cookers, Vinegar Generators,
Cider and Vinegar Filters, etc. Let
us tell you about '-Mount Gilead"
outtits and how you can put good
profits in your pocket by their
use.

The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co.

60 Lincoln Ave., Mt. Gilead, O.

Pacific Coast Representatives

THE BERGER & CARTER CO.

17th and Mississippi Streets
San Francisco. Cal.

and has an excess of moisture under a
puddled surface. In this case a thor-
oush cultivation as soon as the land is
in condition to cultivate, making a soil
nudch to conserve the moisture in the
lower soil, will raise the temperature.

The matter of supplying artificial
moisture to the soil by means of irri-
gation, is no doubt the most important
feature of soil management. And irri-
gation justly comes under the head of
soil management in any irrigated coun-
try. The amount of moisture in the
soil and the way it is applied or
drained off, tends to regulate the move-
ment of soil air, and afTects the tem-
perature, the decomposition of organic
matter, and transforming the various
mineral elements into soluble forms of
plant foods available to plant life. The
corrugation or furrow system is the
best method of irrigation. Our plans
in irrigating the Swiss Valley orchards,
where we have 120 acres of young
apple trees and 230 acres of Italian
prunes, one and two years old, has
been lo start to irrigate the young trees
as soon after planting as possible, with-
in a week, anyway. ^Ve make furrows
on each side of the tree rows, about
18 inches from the trees, and allow
the water to soak well into the roots.
^Yhen the land is not very moist we
follow the planters as soon as possible
and run the water directly into the
hole and puddle each tree. We found
the very best way to plant a young
tree was to puddle it in as it was being
set, either by irrigation or by pouring
in a bucket of water on the roots and
then cover that up with about four
inches of dry soil. By this method we
got nearly 100 per cent stand.

The greater portion of our land is
rather coarse sandy land, and the wa-
ter percolates rapidly and subs w-ell.
The second year we run the furrows
farther away from the trees on both
sides, allowing the moisture to reach
the roots by subbing as much as pos-
sible, thereby retaining the soil air
with the moisture, generally following
each irrigation by a thorough cultiva-
tion, which aids greatly in the develop-
ment of nitrogen.

■\Mien we raise other crojis between
the trees we never plant anything
nearer than four feet from the trees,
and the trees are irrigated and culti-
vated the same as if there was no other
crop there. ^Ve raise alfalfa, clover,
corn, beans and potatoes between the
tree rows, and fnid the trees do as well
there as where we clean cultivate. In
fact, where we have potatoes or beans
between the trees they have done bet-
ter than any place else. ^Vhe^e other
crops are raised between the trees it
takes more water. However, where the
trees are cultivated and irrigated as
usual and the crops between the rows
are kept in good condition by thorough
cultivation and irrigation, the trees
will make as good healty growth as if
no other crop was there. \Vhere trees
are making a good healthy growth it is
not best to irrigate too late in the grow-
ing season, as it is best to let the new
wood harden up a little before the ex-
treme cold weathiM- sets in. In this rc-

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 21

gard, one must be governed by local
conditions. If the land is clean culti-
vated the water may be turned ofT in
August. But if weeds, grass or crops
are growing near the trees they will
require water much later. In extreme
cases, where the land is foul and the
soil has a good under-drainage, it is
best to irrigate until October or until
there is some fall rain. In case of a
very dry fall, such as the one just past,
I think it a wise plan to irrigate the
orchard some time in November, after
the leaves have fallen.

As an experiment we irrigated a por-
tion of our young apijle orchard last
November. The results of this experi-
ment will be carefully noted next sum-
mer, as a future guide. I am quite
sure the results will be very favorable.
The extreme dry weather last fall, and
the extreme cold spell that we had in
December is an unfavorable condition
for young trees, and we may reason-
ably expect some damage by winter-
killing, though it is impossible to tell
at this time what the outcome will be.
The most essential feature of irrigating
an orchard for best results is to keep
an even degree of moisture in the soil,
by close attention to the irrigating and
cultivating at the right time and in the
right way to meet local conditions. I
am quite sure that a well regulated and
even degree of moisture under a bear-
ing orchard will have a verv favorable
effect upon the keeping qualities of the
fruit in storage or transit. If the trees
are allowed to get very dry while the
fruit is maturing, then the moisture ap-
plied, the fruit will take a new start
and make an unnatural growth that is
unfavorable to the keeping qualities of
that fruit. I am not very familiar with
this feature, but it seems to me that it
is a very important one, and the matter
should be thoroughly discussed by the
State Horticultural Association.

In conclusion, there are a few lead-
ing thoughts to keep in mind. Prepara-
tion of the soil, by deep plowing and a
system of cultivation that will place
the soil in the right degree of compact.
Supply the much needed nitrogen, by
the application of organic matter, by a
system of crop rotation, cultivation,
and the application of manure. Regu-
late the soil moisture by careful irri-
gation and cultivation. Cultivation
plays the most important part in regu-
lating the three leading factors, tem-
perature, moisture and soil air.

Mr. ,T. N. Shotwell, a fruit grower of
AVenalchce, last year patented a prac-
tical device which is giving splendid
satisfaction for stencilling boxes. It
stamps the grower's name, postofTice
address, the number of apples con-
tained in the box, grade and variety, all
on one end of the box in regular align-
ment at the one movement. Such facil-
ities which save labor and expense are
going to be big factors in helping the
fruit grower solve his problems by re-
ducing the cost of production. This
machine is being manufactured and put
on the market by Shotwell ^t Wilmer-
oth, Wenatchee, Washington.

Free Book on Road Construction

Will be Issued About August 1st

Reserve Your Copy Now

We are just receiving from the printers a
new book on road construction, which we
believe will prove the most useful and val-
uable book of the kind ever issued. Our
object in preparing it is to show the why
and how of using

Red Cross Explosives

for Road Building

It is by no means confined to this method, bnt
thoroughly covers every detail of road construc-
tion and maintenance, and the uses of all modern
methods and appliances for this purpose. It is
fully illustrated by halftones and original plan and
sectional drawings. A copy will be sent free to
any supei'visor, path master or private party who
has anything to do with building <n- maintaining
roads.

Write to us at once and you will get one the
first copies issued. Ask for booklet No. 338.

Good Roads Department
Du Pont Powder Company, Wilmington, Del.

GOLDEN GATE WEED CUTTER
AND MULCHER

Not only cuts down weeds, but KILLS them— and
leaves finely pulverized top soil. Cuts any depth.
Prevents evaporation by working under soil with-
out disturbing soil on top.
See them at the Exposition, Block 1. Agricultural Palace
Write for circular

C. G. SIGURD

CapitalAve. and McKee Road. SAN JOSE. CALIFORNIA

To Growers and Shippers of High Grade Apples in Boxes
We Recommend Our

Edgemont Lid Press

AS I'.EING
Strong. Durable. Convenient and Moderate in Price

That a Lid Press with nail stripper and cleat box. brackets to hold
bds where you want them, cleat hooks to hold cleats while nailing
and a perfect treadle rachet is appreciated by the growers is shown
by the sale of hundreds of them to growers not only of the Northwest
but of nearly every fruit district of the United States.
Send for circulars and prices to

H. PLATT & SONS, Como, Montana

YAKl.MA HARDWARE CO., North Yakima. VCashinglon
PLOUGH HARD\X'ARE CO., Wenaichee. NX'ashinglon
Ynii ran hiiv an BERGER & CARTER CO., 504 .Mission Streei, San Francisco

lUU Ldll UUy dll B. G. PRATT CO., 50 Church Street, Ne»- York City

Fdpemont I id Press from inland seed CO., 913 First Avenue, Spokane, Washington
LUgCIHUm LIU r 1 c»s liuill pi^^^^^ PACKING HOUSE, Hood River, Oregon

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

August

WRITE US ABOUT THE

Universal Fruit Sizer and Conveyors

Most Efficient. Least Expensive. August is the month to investigate Universal Graders

WESTERN FRUIT GRADER & MFG. CO.

Grand Junction, Colorado

The Use of Dynamite in the Orchard and Garden

By Iloyd Wert/. Onit. I-all River County, South Dakota

DOUBTLESS thu most (if us have
always thought of dynamite as
a powerful agent of destruction to be
usetl only in warfare, tearing to pieces
great rocks in road-building and min-
ing, and criminally used in wrecking
buildings, etc. I am proud to live in an
age where the use of high explosives
in the peaceful and remunerative occu-
pation of farming is becoming nation
wide. The stability of our nation de-
pends not so much upon our being a
nation of warriors, but more upon our
resourcefulness as agriculturists and
stockmen.

There are many times on the farm
when a powerful rending force is
necessary in such work as breaking
rocks, tearing out stumps, ditching, etc.,
and deep subsoiling for trees and the
field crops. In this article I will ex-
plain the uses of dynamite in that in-
dispensible part of the farm, the orch-
ard and garden. In the orchard or gar-
den it is impracticable to use heavy
deep tilling machinery, and dynamite
does the work thoroughly and econom-

FRONT BACK

Ideal Fruit Picking Bag

Made of heavy-weisht ducl^ and so
arrang-ed as to equalize tlie load on botli
shoiilder.s.

The openings are arranged so both
hands can be used in picliing, and tlie
drawstring is arranged so the fruit can
be let out at the bottom in emptying the
bag.

The bag can be let down to the bottom
of the box before opening the draw-
string, thus not bruising the fruit.

This is the best and handiest arrange-
ment for picking fruit that has ever
been offered. A trial will convince even
the most skeptical.

SAMPLE. POSTPAID. $1.00

AGENTS WANTED

BARKER MANUFACTURING CO.

Dept. C.

HONEOYE FALLS. N. Y.

ically. In impervious soils there is a
deficiency of moisture, humus and air.
Deep tilling allows water that would
otherwise stand on top until evapor-
ated to be absorbed and stored in the
subsoil for use in possible dry periods.
It enables the farmer to supply humus
to a greater depth in the day of deep-
rooting legumes and manure. It allows
the circulation of air to a proper depth.
Land once deep tilled with dynamite
will not need it again in years, if it
is properly surface tilled and fertilized.
My experience is that from 40 to .50
pounds of 20 or 2.") per cent dynamite,
divided into one-fourth pound shots,
will do a thorough job on an acre of
ground. In preparing horseradish and
asparagus beds and planting trees and
shrubs, we have found it to be of great
value. After having failed to grow
good horseradish for three years, we
prepared a bed by exploding one-sixth
pound charges at a dept of two and
one-half feet, spaced about eight feet
apart. Since then we have secured
root of large size and good quality. In
preparing ground for a row of aspara-
gus, we exploded one-sixth pound
charges, spaced four feet apart and
about two and one-half feet deep. This
made it easy to dig a narrow ditch two
feci deep, which we filled to a proper
depth for the roots with rotted manure
well mixed with earth. This asparagus
did not suffer in the driest weather.
Although impervious soil may be rich
in mineral plant foor, we must bear in
mind that it is deficient in humus, and
lo have lasting benefits from deep till-
ing this humus must be supplied. In
the case of an orchard, where deep-
rooting plants cannot be planted, this
humus should be supplied in part at
the time of setting the trees.

The method of blasting for and set-
ting trees is about as follows, depend-
ing somewhat upon the character of
the soil, dejjth of hardpan, etc.: The
holes are easily made by driving a
pointed steel bar, one and one-half
inches in diameter and four feet long,
to a depth of from two and one-half
to four feet, as the deplh of the hard-
pan calls for. The bar should not be
driven entirely through the hardpan,
but within from six to twelve inches.
A one-half iiound stick of 20 or 2,5 per
cent dynamite is primed with cap and
fuse and carefully lowered and lamped.
The first six inches of earth should be
tamped very lightly and the balance
should be tamped as tightly as can be
done with a wooden tnnii)ing slick.
The charge is now ready to explode,
which is done by lighting the fuse.
After the explosion a bairel-shapcd

chambei- is usually found, twelve or
eigliteen inches below the surface. This
should be filled to a proper depth for
the tree with rich humus-bearing earth
and the hole is ready. Set the tree and
fill the balance of the hole with rich
earth, and it has every chance to live,
as far as its root-bed is concerned.
Now, in the center of the squares
formed by each group of four trees, it
is an admirable plan to blast a hole and
fill with well-rotted manure, leaf-mold,
etc. This lalace takes water readily and
plant food is soon absorbed on all
sides which will help feed the trees for
years.

Orchards set in spade-dug holes may
be cultivated by exploding dynamite
between the rows, or if the trees are
far apart, three small charges around

KEES FRUIT PICKER

ift

Gathers, Ap-
ples, Peaches.

f^ Etc.. as carefullv
as by hand with
less work, Savts
climbinK liidder. Nu
fruit out of reach.
No wire to injure
fruit or tangle in
branches. Fruit
drops into cloth
bag. which can be
filled before low-
ering. Ask your
hardware dealer
or send to ua.

Price complete,
except long han-
dle (a fish pole
will do>,5Uc, post-
age paid. Your

— " money back if not
O. K. Circular
Benton refjuest.
F. 0. KEES MFG. CO..
Beatrice, Neb.

Address Box 50

Western Commercial
Fruit Evaporator Co.

1005 Chamber of Commerce BIdg.

Refer to our ads in the March, April, May
and June numbers of "Better Fruit"

Home Canners

ALU SIZES

Used by U. S. Government Scliools. Girls'
Clubs. Collaborators and Farmers every-
where. For Catalog and Special Offer, write

Royal Home Canner Co.
Dept. P Albion, Illinois

Ginocchio- Jones Fruit Co.

.'519-521 Walnut St.

Kansas City, Missouri

Established 29 Years
in Kansas City

APPLES

Our Licading Line

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MtNTION BETTER FRUIT

1915

BETTER FRUIT

Pa^c

each tree about six feet from it. Wliere
the dynamite is exploded close to tlie
tree it is necessary to brealv throu.nh
to tfie cfiamber and fill it with moist
rich topsoil. Deep tilling with dyna-
mite should be done when the soil is
reasonably dry. In the case of some
of our western country the hardpan
absorbs but little water even though
the topsoil is at times excessively wet.
If the dynamite is placed at the proper
depth, this may be subsoiled at any
time. The best time for subsoiling and
blasting tree holes is in the fall. This
catches the winter and early spring
moisture and stores it for use later on.
A few trees well set and cared for will
beautify the landscape far more than a
large number poorly set and cared for.
I have known of hundreds of trees
dying in the last few years, not for
lack of rainfall, but for lack of con-
serving the rain that did fall. By all
means use explosives for making tree
holes, even though by so doing fewer
trees mav be set.

Pacific Coast Fair Dates

Vancouver (Canada) Exhibition, Vancouver,
B. C, .\ugust 14 to 21.

Southwest Wasliington Fair, Centralia-Che-
halis, Washington, August 23 to 26.

Columbia River Interstate Fair, Vancouver,
Washington, September 6 to 11.

Walla Walla County Fair, Walla Walla,
Washington, September 13 to 18.

Spokane Interstate Fair, Spokane, Washing-
ton, September 13 to 18.

Washington State Fair, North Yakima, Wash-
ington, September 20 to 25.

Oregon State Fair, Salem, Oregon, September
27 to October 2.

Cascade International Livestock Show, North
Yakima, Washington, November 22 to 27.

Western National Hairy Show, Seattle, Wash-
ington, November 8 to 13.

"WE STARTED RIGHT
AND WURE RIGHT"

6458 Acres

IN OUR ENTERPRISE

4178 Acres

ALL IN APPLES

Nine miles continuous rows of trees,
the largest apple orchard ever planted.

All are one- two and three years
old: the two and three year old all
sold, amounting to over 3,000 acres.

We are now offering our one-year
at terms to suit you.

We give five years', from date of
planting, free care. Our company is
unlike others in the feature of staying
with our purchasers after the free
care period. Our plans make our in-
terests mutual: we all w-ork together
for the interest of all.

Our Booklet will give you a simple
statement of our dealings and meth-
ods. Write us for information.

DUFUR ORCHARD COMPANY

Northwestern Bank Building
Portland, Oregon

ZEROLENE

OILS V CREATES

RED CROWN

G AS O L I N E

COl^D

MEDALS

S^an f^a/zcisco IDI^

The Exposition gave highest
honors to these Standard prod-
ucts made from California
crudes, in competition with other
gasolines and automobile oils.

Standard
Oil Company

(California)

Northwest Fruit Ladders

Not excelled by any Fruit Ladder
on the market

We use Air-Dried Spruce Lumber. Rods under each step.

Price of ladder will surprise you. If your dealer does not sell the
Northwest Fruit Ladder write us for prices and circular before buy-
ing". You will save money and get the best ladder.

Also Step Ladders

Northwest Fence and Supply Co., portlInToregon

"PERFECT" Cement Coated Nails

OUE PRODUCTS AKE OF SUPERIOR QUALITY

AND GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION.

PRICE andtQUALITY:alwayslright.

PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa.
A. C. RULOFSON CO.

"The Cement Coated Nail People"

Monadnock Building, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
PACIFIC COAST SALES MANAGERS

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

August

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails.

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the. Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER,COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & 1. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

Moving the Fruit Grower Into Town

Bv Geo. F. Whitselt, of the Inttrnaiional Haiveslci- Company of America

WITH the fruit grower the mo-
ments are golden. He must
gather his crop on a certain
day — tlie day it gets ripe. He must
keep it cool. He must get it to market
the same day or the following morning.
All of these things require speed, pre-
cision and expedition. The fruit grower
and corn raiser must then be as differ-
ent as their jobs. The former must be
able to think and act quickly. These
conditions and the kind of men that
meet them, may have something to do
with the fact that motor trucks are
coming so rapidly into use in the fruit

SEE CALIFORNIA

AND HER TWO
GREAT EXPOSITIONS

NOW

California is this year holding two great
universal Expositions, one at San Francisco
and the other at San Diego, in celebration of
the completion of the Panama Canal and the
joining of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
These two Exi>ositions represent an expendi-
ture exceeding one hundred million dollars.
To supply the demand for reliable and
authentic information on these Expositions
and California, we have published two beau-
tiful books; one on San Francisco, the Expo-
sition and Northern California: the other on
Los Angeles, San Diego, the Exposition and
Southern California; also a lithographed view
of San Francisco in colors (size 30x45 inches),
a picture of the rebuilt city, including the
Elxposition. Each book is 6x9 inches, con-
tains nearly 200 pages and many beautiful
illustrations.

These two books and large bird's-eye view
give a comprehensive, honest history and de-
scription of the state, her principal cities,
resources and her two great Expositions.
Sent prepaid for 35 cents each or all three for
a one dollar bill, money order, draft or check.
Order now, addressing

North American Press Association,

Publishers,
1420 Hearst Building, San Francisco.

growing business. The head of the
motor truck department of a large con-
cern recently said: "Judging from the
development during the past year, I be-
lieve the motor truck will supplant
soon practically all other forms of de-
livery in the fruit growing business."

When we look into the advantages
of motor truck delivery over horses
and wagons for growers of fruit, we
wonder only why the change has not
been more prompt than it has. Mar-
kets are often a long drive from orch-
ards. One grower in an Eastern state
had to rise at one o'clock every morn-
ing to get to market, 38 miles distant,
and to arrive at 7 a. m. This was hard
on the disposition, but it was necessary
so long as horses were the motors.
One day a motor truck salesman came
along, showed the grower some inter-
esting fgures, and he now gets up at
4 a. m,, just as the birds are starting
on their morning's music and the col-
ors in the east are becoming attractive.

Another fruit grower, who lived a
long way from town, often found the
market glutted when he reached it.
Growers who lived nearer had un-
loaded before he could possibly arrive.
There were other markets, but it was
out of the question to make them with
slow delivery. The hot sun would
mount high into the sky before another
city could be visited. There was noth-
ing to do but return home. A motor
truck moved this raiser nearer town.
It enabled him to enjoy an even chance
with growers who lived nearer, and in
case he found the demand in that mar-
ket satisfied, he had no cause for
worry. He could go on to a second
market, or even a third. The motor
truck lengthened his reach, his stride.
It moved liim in, and solved his specific
probleiu.

(irowcrs of all tender-skinned fruits
that are susceptible to rajiid deca\' have
a further thing to keep tlieni awake
nights. That is, how to pick their fruit
in tlie cool of the day and get it de-
livered. The man who has a refriger-
ating estal)lishmcnt can outwit nature,
but the small grower must meet her
conditions. Peaches, on acciiunt nf

their delicate complexions, are always
a worry in this way, and the same, to
some extent, is true of other sensitive
fruits.

One peach grower lived so far from
a town in New Jersey that he could not
gather his fruit after four in the after-
noon and get it into town. Picking in
the heat of the day meant hot, dam-
aged fruit, and late picking meant no
market. A motor truck solved the di-
lemma and made the producer master
of the situation. It gave him leisure,

/

/

\ THIS PRESS

MAKES

GREATER

APPLE

PROFITS

I en

The Monarch
Hydraulic
Cider Press

is suitable for both individual and merchant
service. With it you can work up all the culls
into profitable cider. Our celebrated high pres-
sure design, combined with minute accuracy in
construction, produces maximum quantity of
juice from the apples with low operating expense.
Monarch Presses are built in sizes having capac-
ities from 15 to 400 barrels a day. 60-page Press
Catalogue explaining tlie numerous exclusive
Monarch features sent free on request. Write
for this instructive book to-day
A.B.FARQTTHAB.CO.,Ltd.,Box 106 Tork.Penna.
TTe also manufactztre Eiujhies, SairAIiUs, Th
ers. Potato Diggtrs, Grain hnlls. Cultivators.

THE BARTLETT PEAR A
MONEY MAKER

In Nevada County. California, conditions
are ideal for the best results. Pears from
this county took first prizes at the State Fair
and at the San Francisco Land Show. Eight
gold medals for Iruit at Land Show. Un-
cleared land sells for ¥20 to .*-so an acre. Cost
of clearing varies, but the average land can
be bought, cleared and planted, for $1.S0 an
acre. The climate is ideal. (Utyof Grass
Valley has pay roll of .<100.000 a month.
Richest and deepest gold mines in the world.

Write for literature to

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

GRASS VALLEY, CALIFORNIA

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Pasc

independence iind a new hold on his
proposition.

The Wynian Fruit Farm, Brunswick,
Ohio, was up against tlie distance prob-
lem and solved it to its own satisfac-
tion with a motor truck. "I feel sure
we would not be able," says J. P. Wy-
nian, manager, in commenting on the
situation, "to handle our fruit crop
without the use of the motor truck.
Living, as we do, eighteen miles from
market, the tiuck saves us many dol-
lars in time and expense, over horses,
in handling our fruit."

Thus, in matters of time, conveni-
ence, wider range of markets, grasp of
the job, and peace of mind, the motor
truck is proving to be the most popular
hit on the fruit grower's program. It
niefins shorter hauls, quicker deliveries,
more profit, and a better time for the
fruit grower; fresher fruit, better fiuit
and more fruit for the consuming
public.

New Fruit Juices for the Home

That the juice of currants, blackber-
ries, black raspberries, sour cherries,
and peaches may be prepared and kept
as successfully as grape juice and by
the same methods, has now been dem-
onstrated in the course of a series of
investigations which the United States
Department of Agriculture is conduct-
ing into the whole complicated ques-
tion of fruit juices. The juices of the
fruits mentioned, it has been found, re-
tain their characteristic color and fla-
vor after being sterilized and stored
away, and can, therefore, be made
available for use throughout the year
in households and at soda fountains,
etc. In this way it is thought much
fruit that has hitherto been allowed to
go to waste may be utilized.

For reasons, however, which are not
as yet very thoroughly understood, the
various fruits differ greatly in the
efl'ects of sterilization upon them. Thus,
strawberry juice and red raspberry
juice lose their distinctive colors and
flavors very readily, and, therefore,
cannot be put up on a commercial scale
and marketed as grape juice is. Lemon
and orange juices also undergo peculiar
changes in flavor after sterilization, and
no satisfactory method of overcoming
this obstacle has yet been developed.
Lemon juice is the more promising, but
this, too, cannot yet be manufactured
commercially with success. With cer-
tain precautions, on the other hand,
luncapples can be made to yield a ster-
ilized juice of a very attractive flavor,
which should have distinct commercial
possibilities. The juice, however, shoulrl
be kept in cold storage at from 32 to 35
degrees Fahrenheit after sterilization,
and most of the suspended material
should be removed by means of a milk
separator or by filtration. Moreover,
where atmospheric oxygen is not ex-
cluded in the process of bottling, the
juice darkens gradually.

These studies have already rcsulled
in the discovery of a method of produc-
ing concentrated ajiple juice by freez-
ing, which is no! only easier to ship

Spend a Nickle and Save a Dime

Use Peerless
Duplex Strapping

ON YOUR

Shipping Boxes

and

(1) You will prevent pilfering.

(2) Y'ou will prevent damage in
handling.

No. 3 Duplex Strapping is made of high grade Cold Rolled
Steel of considerable tensile strength and pliability. The turned
edge protects the packer's hands; the knurled center prevents
the nail from slipping while being driven.

Discounts and Information from
Pacific Coast Representatives

A. C. RULOFSON CO.

No. 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California

No. 3 Peerless Duplex Strappiug in
coils of 6,500 feet each— $14.63 per
coil with liberal discount.

TWISTED WIRE AND STEEL CO.
515-521 Greenwich Street, New York, N. Y.

gMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM'yi&M&MM'^MSSM52Mi^MMiaM"^

B

Eternal Vigilance

The directors of this l)aiikare in constant touch
with general financial conditions throughout
the country and appl}' their knowledge to the
personal management of this bank's affairs.
Patrons and bank alike profit by such vigil-
ance. Become a depositor. Your affairs will
Commercial and Savings Accounts be in competent hands here.

LADD & TILTON BANK ^<toT

Oldest Bank in the Northwest

Capital and Surplus
Two Million Dollars

-I tAt tm fJTi tATirAtiAr>Atfr«Tr^Qr^ff^ ;rSTtr»yiT.iAt ffTT trVrAi lAi lAriAnnt tAl tAl »\\ irM TAtTATiAuniiQlIQllCmi

Portland Tent & fawning Co.

MANUFACTURKRS OF

Tents, Awnings, Covers

Canvas Goods of All Descriptions

Hammocks, Camp Furniture, Etc.

Teleph<»ne: Main l.'>50

16 North Front St., corner Burnside, PORTLAND, OREGON

Special tents to order for housing fruitgrowers' extra help during strawberry and
apple picking seasons. Extra large tents to order for apple growers, suitable for stor-
ing apples as they come from the orchard; also, suitable for grading machines and
apple packers. Weather-proof canvas wagon covers a specialty.

WHEN WRITI.NG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRVIT

Pai^e 26

BETTER FRUIT

August

Water A-Plenty

for Btock. home, fire protection
etc.— fully discuBsed in our book
Water Supply for the Country Home

It describes our 300 guaranteed,

durable pumps —hand and pow- ^ ^'

■r — 33 to $300 — which our ^--^

Service Dept. will help you

select— free. Send for

your free copy today.

The Goulds Mfg. Co.

Seaeca Falls, N.Y.

BRANCHES: ^,- - ■

N«w York m-^

Houston

Chicago

3

Wm

(©oxjLr>«

Every Farmer

is interested in the manifold uses of
cement-concrete on the farm.

Practical Cement .Work

By W. B. HENRY

is a cloth bound book of 113 pages, giving
valuable information on the mixing and
placing concrete in the various forms of
building.

Post paid. 50 cents.

The Concrete Age

Equitable Building ATLANTA. GEORGIA

Western Pine Box Sales Go.

HIGH GRADE FRUIT B0XE3
APPLE, PEAR AND PEACH BOXES

Fruit and Vegetable Crates

GOOD SERVICE-Write us

SPOKANE, WASH.

SPRAYING HOSE

SERVICE and: QUALITY PROVEN

Our hose will stand more pressure and
last much longer than any other.
PERFECT, Vs-inch, tor 300 lbs. press-
ure. 50-foot pieces, coupled.

Per toot ISe

STERLINGWORTH, V^-inch. for 300 lbs.

pressure. Anv length up to 500 feet.

Per foot 15<t
VULCAN, %-inch, for 200 lbs. pressure.

In 50-ft. pieces, coupled. Per foot 13^
WIZARD, Vo-inch. for 100 lbs. pressure.

In 50-foot pieces. Per foot 10«

Freight or express paid; cash with
order.

Hose replaced free of charge or money
refunded if not satisfactory.

Orders filled same day as received.

Try us once — you will use no other.

HAMILTON RUBBER MFG. CO.

TRENTON, N.J.

W. van Diem

Lange Franken Straat 45, 47. 49, 51, 61

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruits

Eldest and First-Class
House in this Branch

Cable Address; W. Vandiem
ABC Code used; 5th Edition

Our Specialties are

Apples, Pears, Navel Oranges

than ordinary cider, but whicli will
Iceep 'luicli belter. In the conceutrateii
juice, liowever, llie presence of sugai'
and acid retards the growth of micro-
organisms and fermentation is very
slow.

Similar methods are now being tried
out with other fruits. In the case of
grape fruit-juice, for example, concen-
tration to a syrup by freezing is easily
accomplished, and it appears at the
present time that there are great com-
mercial possibilities in this method,
although further experimentation is
considered necessary. In the case of
fruits whose juices do not suffer any
change of flavor or color in the process
of sterilization, this method is not likely
to prove necessary.

Details of the experiments, with a
discussion of the effects upon the vari-
ous fruits of sterilization, exposure to
atmospheric oxygen after sterilization,
storage at low temperatures, etc., are
contained in a new bulletin of the
United States Department of Agricul-
ture, No. 241, "Studies on Fruit Juices."
— U. S. Department of Agriculture Bul-
letin.

BORDEAUX MIXTURE

Bordeaux mixture is the standard fall
spray for use on apple and pear trees
to control Anthracnose; on peach trees
and other stone fruits to control Peach
Blight, Shot-hole Fungus, etc.; and to
control Anthracnose on grape vines,
raspberries, etc.

"ORCHARD BRAND" Bordeaux mix-
ture paste is made from high grade
materials, combined by chemical pro-
cesses and put up in paste form. The
paste, as sold, is ready for use and
dilutes readily in water, thus over-
coming the necessity of dissolving blue-
stone, slaking lime, diluting the two
separately and mixing together after
dilution. It is l'NIF"ORM in composi-
tion, and when properly applied is an
EFFI^CTIVE treatment for the control
of the troubles mentioned above.

It is, in reality, a more ECONOMI-
CAL preparation to use than the usual
home-made mixture. The various in-
gredients are so combined as to give the
greatest efhciency, and this is possible
only by chemical exactness. The slight
dilTerenee in cost between this and Ihe
i-aw materials for making Bordeaux
mixture at home is more than offset by
Die INCREASED EFFICIENCY of the
]Mepared paste, the prevention of waste
by improper combinations, the saving
of labor in making and the cost of
maintaining mixing and storage tanks.

In addition to this we have a full
line of "ORCHARD BRAND" Spray
Materials of best quality, including
Liiiie-Sulphm- Solution, .Vfomie Sulphur,
Aisciiale of Lead, ])aste and powder.
Soluble Oils and Oil Enudsions. Full
information furnished free on applica-
tion. CENERAL CHEMICAL COM-
PANY, 2(11 San.some Street, San Fran-
cisco, Cal. — Adv.

Turn Waste Apples
Into Good Profits

\X7ITH anOrchard QueenCider
Mill you can make your

windfalls, culls and unmarketable fruit
pay you 50 cents a bushel. No waste or
loss at all, for the Or-
chard Queen extracts
100^ of the juice.

,itjj[jjj;;;;;;i^

100%
Juice

The ORCHARD

QUEEN CIDER MILL

Simplest, easiest -operated, cleanliest and
most efficient of all cider mills. Doesn't
crush the apples, but grates or grinds them,
breaking the juice cells so that when pomace
is pressed in its sanitary cloth-Hned forms,
all the juice is extracted. Easily operated by
either hand or power. Strongly built in one
size only — sold at a low price.

Write today for folder describins the Or-
chard Queen Cider Mill and showing how
to convert your orchard losses into profits.

Puffer - Hubbard Manufacturing Co.,

3222 26th Street, East, Minneapolis, Minn.

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.
Proprietors

HOOD RIVER, OREGON Dl'FlR. OREGON

Growers of high grade nursery stock, guar-
anteed true-to-nanie. Breeders and iniportera
of purebred Big Type Poland China Hogs. Ser-
Tice boars, bred gilts and weaning pigs for sale.
For catalog of nursery stock and prices
on swine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD RIVKli, OREGON

The Paris Fair

Hood River's Largest and Best Store
RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES

HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES

MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION E2TTKR FRUIT

WHEN WRITING .\D\ERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

P"!_3"

rir

■4^ WINANS' PATENT ^

' FIRSTAID TO FRUIT TREES *

Winans* Net Tree Support

Preveiita fruit-laden trees from breaking, holding
the llmhB up more eCBciently and at much lee* ex-
pense than propping. Holds limbs in place, pre-
Tontlng damage and dropping when the wind blows.

Mashee are large enough so fruit can bo picked
through them — open at bottom ao picker can get
inside the net. or net can be removed at picking
time.

This net of finer mesh will keep the bird* from
eating the blossoms or fniit in districta which are
thus troubled.

For further particulars, descriptive circulars and
price lists, write

W. ROSS WINANS, Hood River, Ore.

The

First

National

Bank

Hood River, Oregon

Capital and Surplus
$135,000

4% Interest Paid on Savings
and Term Deposits

F. S. STANLEY, President
E. 0. BLANCHAR, Cashier

STATES PRODUCTION

IN BARRELS

1906 38,280,000

1907 29,540,000

1908 28,850,000

1909 25,415,000

1910 23,825,000

1911 31,499,000

1912 47,825,000

1913 30,900,000

1914 40,505,000

BETTER FRUIT
Apple as a Farm Product, Etc.

Continued from page 8

represent something like the commer-
cial crop. Estimates for 1896-97 and
1898 are from "Better Fruit," Vol. V,
No. 5, and estimates for 1911, 1912, 1913,
1914 are from various sources, includ-
ing the Pomology Department at Cor-
nell University and certain government
figures. All of the years are from esti-
mates of the American Agriculturist:

TABLE VIII.— UNITED
OF APPLES

1896 69,070,000

1897 41,530,000

1898 28,570,000

1899 37,4(10.000

1900 56,820,000

1901 26,970,000

1902 46,625,000

1903 42,626.000

1904 45,360,000

1905 24,310,000

The average for the five years, 1896-
1900, from the above table, is 46,690,000
barrels; the average for the five years,
1901-1905, is 37,178,200 barrels; and for
1906-1910, 28,582,000. It appears, then,
that there has been a regular decline in
production, the second period averaging
9,511,800 less than the preceding five
years, and the years of the third period
averaging 8,596,200 less than those of
the second. Note, however, that since
1910, every crop has been above the
average of the previous five vears
(1905-1910). The lowering of produc-
tion may be explained by the fact that
until about 1911 practically all bearing
trees (94 per cent estimated) were
planted previous to 1878, when a low-
price period set in and planting ceased.
These bearing trees are rapidly going
out with age and accident (wind storms,
etc.) and a decrease in production,
1896-1910, is to be expected. We have
further seen earlier in this chapter that
the last period of planting began about
1903, and it is also to be expected that
production will increase when the.se
trees begin to come in, about 1910-1913.

Mr. L. J. Steele, in undergraduate
work at Cornell University, in the last
year, has conducted a questionaire with
nurserymen all over the country. From
a great many replies he selected thirty-
eight, from twenty-four states, and
from these he finds that 17.6 per cent
more apple trees were bought for set-
ting 1909-1913 than were bought during
the four years previous, 1904-1908, and
that the trees purchased in 1913 showed
a decrease of 5.3 per cent from the
number purchased in 1912. The high
planting had been increasing steadily
for about ten years up to 1913, when
the very bad year of 1912 caused the
above 5.3 per cent decrease. 1913 was
a good apple year, comparatively, and
though figures are not available, prob-
ably 1914 plantings increased somewhat
over 1913. There is a tendency to let
the pendelum swing too far; we go on
after evidence definitely shows that
apple plantings are hardly the most
promising agricultural investment.

The following U. S. census figures are
very valuable. There were 120,152,795
bearing and non-bearing trees in 1890,
201,794.764 in 1000, and 217,121,689 in
1910. The maximum was not rcachc<l
till 1895-1896, and the commercial crop

Page 2/

WESTROBAC

( Soil Bacteria )

Will maintain your soil fer-
tility, help produce larger
crops, larger fruit and
through a cover crop will
produce more humus than
you can get otherwise, at
the smallest expense.

Let us tell you — write for
literature (without cost)

Western Soil BacteriaCo.

MAIN OFFICE

442 Sansome St., San Francisco, Cal.

Branch Office for Northwest

74 Front St., Portland, Ore.

Branch Office Southern California

244 So. Central Ave. , Los Angeles, Cal.

A New Book on Insects

m TO THE TAMILIES OT

By C. T. BRUES. Assistant Professor of Economic

Entomolofiry. Harvard University, and

A. L. MELANDER. Professor of Entomology,

State College of Washington

A practical hamibnok giving complete tabular keys
for the identitication of allfaniilies of North American
insects, citing representative genera and species of
econoiuic importance. The most usable and complete
book of its kind; especially valuable to fruit growera
wiio wish to know the insects. A necessity for every
fruit inspector.

"The most useful single publication on systematic
entomology in my library,"— A. \V. MORRILL. Arizona
State Entomologist.

"A godsend to teachers of entomology in our colleges
and high schools. Many of our farmers are earnest
students of insects and they will give this volume a
glad welcome."— A. .T. COOK, California State Com-
missioner of Horticulture.

Large octavo, 146 pages. 427 illustrations. Bound in

heavy cloth. Sent postpaid for $L50

For sale by the authors at Forest Hills, Boston, Mass.

or at Pullman, Washington

Orchard Yarn

Profn^selve orchardlsts, those right down to the mlnut©
In methods of protedlriB heavy laden fruit treee, are agreed
that tying branches wltli Orcliard Yani la the modem way
of siipportlnR orrliard treee. It la not expenalTe, la eaMly
done, ajid the time to tie is when trimming. The spur*
are then tougher, le.-w easily broken off than later, leafea
are not In the way and all parts of the tree can be •eeo.
Sating hut a small ixrcentage of trees from t>e.lng broken
down will pay for the expense of Lying an entire orchard.
One-ply Tarrtnl Manila Yam will run about 200 feet per
pound. Two-ply will nin from 90 to inO feet per pound.
1*111 up in 5-pound l>all.s or on Ifl-pound spoola. In 5-pound
balls the yam pulls from the inaide and is more easily
handled.

Sold by all merchants handling orchard supplies.
Manulactured by

The Portland Cordage Company

PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 28

BETTER FRUIT

August

Telephone
Economy

ii'iii'i

rHE Kellogg farm
telephone will save
you money because: It
is carefully made of the
best material. It is easy
to install and simple in con-
struction. It does not get
out of order easily, and is con-
structed for the heaviest farm
line service. It is long lived.
iTliousands and thousands of
I Kellogg telephones are now in
service over ten years. It is not
affected by climatic conditions;
has proper insulation of all parts,
heavy nickeling of outside metal;
iron and steel parts are copper plated
and oxidized — they cannot rust, scale
off and cause short circuits.

Kellogg

Telephones

' \\f/'"7^'A I'-^^n' Kellogg telephone is equipped with
Mi^^/J0 our standard transmitter, over a million of
one type in service today. Every transmitter
is guaranteed against inherent defects for live years. This phone
will ring over the longest, heaviest loaded farm lines. It can be
equipped with a cundenser. vastly improving the service of your lines.
It can be equipped with a push button, enabling you to call central se-
cretly and call other parties without disturbing your neighbors.
"Use is the test," judging solely by the service this telephone is giving to-
day in all parts of the world. It will give you telephone transmission
superior to anytiiing on the market. It is the master telephone.
Write today for our bulletins describing in plain language just how theKellogsr
telephone will do these things for you. Write for Bulletin 21 .

KELLOGG SWITCHBOARD AND SUPPLY CO.

Mission and Third Sis. San Francisco. Calif.

/"

Z,

• ■.r.Ar.i'j'.^

m.

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

E
A
R

S

o

/^/^'M'i^lW'V in jjuying ia getting the best
v^v/l^V/iTJ. X value for the money, not

always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON

prices are right.

DHESIVENESS rhr?lTs'o7To'?

PEARSON nails. For twenty years tliey have
been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever .

rpT T A t>TT TTV behind the goods is
rjlj-1-c^-D-I-L'lA 1 added value. You can
rely on our record of fiiltillment of every con-
tract and fair adjustment of every claim.

AT'T^F' Ar^T'TOlV i^assuredbyourlong
-^ -Hi^A^ -^^ -*- -^^-^^ experience in mak-
ing nails to suit our customers' needs. We know
what you want; we guarantee satisfaction.

■pji^TVr AT JTV P^"^ experience always
XVl.Vllll.rt.lJl.± X excels imitation. Imi-
tation's highest hope ia, to sometime (not now)
equal Pearson— meantime , vow play safe.

A
I
L

NAILS

decline .since ha.s been given; the higlier
number of trees in 1910 over 1900 .sim-
ply shows the existence of a larger pro-
portion of non-bearing trees (about 45
per cent). The 1910 crop was but about
half of the 1900 crop. The number of
farms, the bearing and the non-bearing
trees in the United States and in several
of the larger producing and more indic-
ative (recent heavy planting) states, are
as follows:

TABLE IX. — BEARING AND NON-BEARING

APPLE TREES, AND FARMS,

1910 CENSUS

States Farms Trees

United States .. .2,980,398 151,322,840 bearing

United States. . .1,198,746 05,798,848 non "

New York 168,677 11,248,203 bearing

New York 48,007 2,828,515 non "

Missouri 183,396 14,359,673 bearing

Missouri 75,0.35 3.624,833 non "

WashinRton 21,156 3,009,337 bearing

Washington 21,401 4,862,702 non "

Oregon 23,850 2,029,913 bearing

Oregon 1 4.327 2,240.636 non "

California 19,071 2,482,762 bearing

California 12,716 1,054,107 non "

Colorado 7,968 1,688,425 bearing

Colorado 0,496 1,972,914 non "

Before commenting on these figures,
it will be well to submit figures from
the same source for 1909 production
and value of crops in several crops.
Interesting coniiiarisons can be made
here. The yield figures are the "agri-
cultural" and not the commercial yield;
the latter is usually 40 to 50 per cent
of the former.

TABLE X. — BUSHELS AND TOTAL VALUE

OF APPLES IN VARIOUS STATES, 1909

States Bushels Value

New York fist) 25,409,000 .?13.343,000

Michigan (2nd) 12,332,000 5,909,000

Pennsylvania (3rd).. 11,618.000 5,557,000

Missouri (4th) 9.968,000 4,885,000

Washington 2,672,000 2,926,000

Oregon 1 ,931 ,000 1,657.000

California 1,935,000 2,902,000

Colorado 3,559,000 3,405,000

United States 146,122.000 83.231,0(M)

Missouri, in 1910, had more bearing
trees than any other state, but Missouri
apples were worth but about 50 cents,
while Washington apples are worth
better than a dollar a bushel. In the
West, where high value per bushel is
shown, there have been the heaviest
plantings of late, and there are the
largest proportion of non-bearing trees;
Wa.shington has half again as many
non-bearin,g trees as bearing trees. In
New York there are about 127 trees
to the farm, while in Washington there
are over 200 trees to the farm. This
last is important, for the question of
small versus commercial producers will
be a vital one in the future competi-
tion. Nearly half the farms of the
United States (40.9 per cent) reported
bearin.g apjile trees in 1910, but a very
large inoporlion of these are only
kitchen orchards or are used as such
except in years of specially good apple
prices. Thou.ch there was a decline in
total production of 10.7 per cent from
1899 to 1909 ("agricultural") crop, cen-
sus figures, production increased in 30
states and decreased in but 18. The
largest increases in jiroduction were in
Missouri, Michigan. Colorado and Cali-
fornia, and the largest decreases were
in Ohio and Pennsylvania.

Definite apple statistics on Northwest
plantings are conspicuously lacking, but
in this conection tlie following ojjinion
of Mr. Sheperd. the editor of "Better

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRIUT

IQI5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 29

POULTRY
TONIC

MoFting
Ifens

K30

fitCUiATOR
LAlflMfifbmC

I 'ou't neglect your hens at molting-^
time. Give thi.m Conkey's Poultry
Tonic now and build them up after

the hea\'y strain of the laying and bmoding
stii&on. 'Ihtn wa[i:h them feather up
quickly and begin laying before cold weather.
Conkcy's CDntains no filler, no Cayenne
pepper — ^jubt gncid tonics.

like Cookey's Head
Conkey's Lice
Powder and Con-
key's Lice Liquid
to rid yoar flock of
lice. Have tbem
handy all the time.
Send 4 cents in
stamps for "Con-
key's Poultry
Doctor." Worth
dollars to any
poultry owner.

THEG.E.CONKEYCO.

111 Coolcey Boilding
Cleveland, 0.

Ask for Catalogue No. 5

The^SraiersTriend

In

h^

CELEBRATED

CIS

Lt GR

*HITTIER.COBURNCO./

, «i«>iur»CTUill"5 . "

^_ SAN FRANCISCO, CAl.^

A.sK your Dealer

.Also

POWER WASHER

WOMANS 1^
FRIEND

A REAL
POWER WASHER

Round rubber rubs tlie clothea, turns them over
and over and foroes the hi't, soapy water throuph
tliiin. Washes tub full iierre<'tly clean In 6 minutes.
Ni> vv ringers to shift. Nothing to get out of order,
sperlui low price to Introduce. Catalogue Free.

BlufftonMfgCo. BOX 8F. Bluffton, Ohid.

Fruit," in a letter to the writer, Decem-
ber 5, 1914, should be of much value:

"The crop of 1912 was about 12,(100
cars; in 1913, 8,000 cars; and in 1914
will be about 12,000 cars. It is impos-
sible to get an average price for the
reason that no such figures have been
compiled. Different marketing concerns
in different places, different varieties
and different grades and sizes, present
sucli a variation that no one has ever
attempted to figure out an average
price, and without such a record being
kept, the average price could not be
compiled. In 1912 the average price
was somewhat under .fl.OO; in 1913 it
was considerably over -SI. 00 for all va-
rieties, grades and sizes. It is a little
early (December .5, 1914) to make a
guess on this jear's prices, but I assume
the grower of good varieties in good
districts will probably receive some-
where around if 1.00, although it may be
somewhat less. The acreage in the
Northwest has been estimated at about
500,000 acres in apples. About 20 per
cent of this is estimated to be in full
bearing last year. Probably 10 per cent
to 20 per cent of the balance would
come into bearing annually. A promi-
nent olTicial in the Department of Hor-
ticulture in Washington, D. C, in-
formed me when 1 was there in 1910,
that only between 10 and 20 per cent
of the fruit trees planted in the United
States ever made commercial orchards.
Old nurserymen tell me the same.
Therefore the average would be about
15 per cent. Assuming the Northwest
would do quite as well as the average,
that would be about 30 per cent, which
would mean that perhaps 150,000 acres
out of 500,000 acres in the Northwest
would make commercial orchards. If
20 per cent of the bearing acreage is in
bearing, that would be about 100,000
acres, which probably is an exaggera-
tion, and if 12,000 cars were shipped,
it would mean that if the whole acreage
came into bearing as it did in 1914. the
output of the Northwest would be about
50,000 cars. A few years ago various
newspaper men and railroad men began
to figure on the production of the
Northwest, taking the number of acres
at so many trees to the acre, producing
so much to the acre, and estimated. If
1 remember correctly, the crop in 1915
would be 50,000 cars and in 1920 150,000
cars. I honestly believe that it will be
a long time before the Northwest will
exceed 50,000 cars. If we are to have
50,000 cars in 1915, and only 12,000 cars
in 1914, we have to go a good deal
faster in increasing the production in
fhe future than we have in the ijast."

Apples produced in other countries
affect only our foreign market, and im-
I)ortant as this is, especially to high
grade fruit, only 7 per cent to 10 per
cent of our commercial crop is ex-
ported. We will consider foreign pro-
duction later, under the head of foreign
markets.

We have now gone over the plantings
of apple trees; they are very large and
liave been increasing, and further, to
again quote G. F. Warren, in "Farm
Management," "There is no shortage of
apple land, most of the tillable land in

Bale _
More Tons"

== CASE Hay Presses will Inst lonirer than anv ~

= pressc-imiulo and do very best worl; IltMniin- 2 =

— less men when equipped with CAtSEHuy Fork. =

I CASE Hay Presses |

= Two sizes;— 14 in. r IS in, {%H tn 6 tons) Bnd =

= 17in. x'J'i in. (4 t'>6tnn>i. Trememloiisly strnuR =

= anddiirulili'. Siinplennd safe tooiKTiite. Miiil =

=r postctinl for Biiimt^ Press Ctitulog uud prices. =

= J. I. CASE THRESHING fWACHINE CO., Inc. S

= Dept.827. Racine, Wi«. =

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives you a high grade quick selling product at a
minimum cost. It makes a clean and natural tasting
product. DVhydrate<l fruits and vegetables have been
approved iLy^the U. S. Goveriimeni. wliile desiccated,
dried and evaporate<i products have been rejected.
There is but one Dehydrator manufactured in the
West and it is the best By-Product machine ever de-
vised. It is adapted to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therefore, you are
protected in Us use.

The manufacturers of this Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved automatic laijor-saving
preparatory machinery which will further reduce the
present low cost lor the production of this product.

For new descriptive booklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

Store Your Apples
in Spokane

The Natural Storage Center

Take advantage of storage in
transit rate and the better mar-
ket later. Write us for our dry
and cold storage rate and infor-
mation.

Ryan & Newton
Company

SPOKANE, WASHINGTON

PORTLAND WH0LE8AL[ NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7, 122 '3 Grand Ave., Portland. Oregon

Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast Grown Seedlinps

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

Write Now Perleclion Currants Write Nowr

YOU CAN EARN $50.00 ''^^,?^h'C

■Geartest tmprovftd Standard
Well Orllllna Machln*.

Drilla tKroufh way fonoatioft.

Five reftn aAe*d of abt other.

Hu record of dnOnLc I 30 feel

and driTiog c«Baf in 9 kouta.
AnoCber record when 70 feet wu dnlled od 2 H •«!. dWblUtt
al9cp«rgKL OnamuicaBoDerate. EJectncjJJr eqtnppedfor
nBDiagiuakli. Fiibincjob. Envine isBJtiaa. C*tmio««eW|.

REIER80N MACHINERY CO., Mantra.. PorUand, Or*.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITIN-; ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 30

BETTER FRUIT

August

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA F="AINJCY)

"RED RIBBON"

(RAIMCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Fruits

We specialize in mixed cars of

BERRIES AND CHERRIES

and will also have straight and mixed cars of the earliest Apricots,

Prunes, Pears and Peaches grown in the Yakima Valley.

Write or wire for information.

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF w«"'H»»iss
PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE

The only complete, thorough manual of fruit growing published—
covering every ieature— placling, pruning, cultivating, spraying, dia-
eases, harvesting, etc., as used and approved by Northwest fruitgrowers.
Cnntains valuable statistics. All reading matter arranged conveniently
for reference and indexed.

It tells how to do the things that every fruit grower must do who
is growing fruit as a business.

iiness.
THREE LARGE VOLUMES HANDSOMELY BOUND

Write lor circulars containing full descriptive matter and prices.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE, ^"" ^'"^^ ^"'"""^

North Yakima, Wash.

Ridley,Houlding&Co.

COYENT GARDEN, LONDON

Points to remember when consigning
apples to the London Market

1.— We Specialize in Apples

2.— All Consignments Receive our
Personal Attention

3.-The Fruit is Sold by
Private Treaty

CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON

the United States is well adapted to the
crop." What will then be the fate of
existing plantings? The question re-
solves itself into one of competition.
Apples must be produced, and the indi-
viduals and communities that can pro-
duce the required grades of fruit at the
least cost will outcompete others. Mon-
tana and Colorado districts cannot avail
themselves of the Panama Canal all-
water shipments to the East and to
South American and European markets,
as can, for instance. Hood River, Ore-
gon. That is, of course, not the only
factor in competition, and it may or
may not be the deciding one, but this
factor gives Hood River an advantage,
and it is just such factors as this which
will determine the survival of the most
fit. To quote Mr. Shepard again: "An
elimination process is going on. There
are some sections in the Northwest
where apples cannot be grown of sufTic-
ient quantity and flavor, color, keep and
perfection to justify Eastern shipment.
Such sections, as you can readily under-
stand, must necessarily pass out. Blight
is another factor in wiping out an
immense area already set to apple trees.
Large tracts set by promotion compan-
ies to be sold on lO-acre plan in some
instances have already passed out. Oth-
ers are passing."

The general opinion of men with
whom the writer has talked is that the
best apple districts will produce the
future apples and that the small grower
in the less favored districts will have
to be content to supply his own table.
New England corn cannot compete with
Iowa corn because it cannot Idc raised
as well in New England — the soil and
climate are an insurmountable handi-
cap to New England. The writer is
convinced that the same thing will
evolve out of the heavy future crops,
and he sees no reason why the best
farmers of the New York growers, of
the Virginia growers, and even of the
North Pacific growers, may not continue
to operate their orchards at a normal
profit over a period of years, while the
cycle juggernaut is forcing out all the
absurd recent, steep-hillside, poor-soil,
and out-of-the-way plantings; forcing
out, let us say, thousands of acres in
poorly favored Missouri.

(To be continued)

Famous Scientist to Speak

Bacterial diseases of California fruits;
proper cultivation and the treatment of
soils; causes that hinder potato produc-
tion, and the remedy for blights and
fruit pests, will be a few of the subjects
which will come up for consideration
at the Exposition convention of the
California State Fruit Growers' Associ-
ation at Stanford University during the
last week in .luly. Many famous agri-
cultural scientists and experts have ac-
cepted invitations to read papers and
make speeches on these and other top-
ics of great interest to the thousands
of orchardists throughout the state. A
feature of the sessions will be a sympo-
sium on the outlook of the various
fruits grown in California, by men who
have made a notable success of their

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

I9I5

culture. Pear blight, which is laying a
heavy hand on the orchardists, will be
treated from the bacteriological point
of view by scientists who have made a
special study of the subject.

Mrs. Lillian D. Clark, of Berkeley,
will have charge of the women's ses-
sions, where many problems in home
economics will be considered. Matters
of special interest to the various county
horticultural commissioners and in-
spectors will occupy the attention of
the delegates Monday and Tuesday, July
26 and 27, while the following day will
be devoted to a tour of the famous
Santa Clara Valley. Saturday, the con-
vention will adjourn and go to the
Panama-Pacific International Exposi-
tion at San Francisco, to view the great
plant exhibits in the Palace of Horti-
culture and to take part in the Horti-
cultural Day ceremonies on the Expo-
sition grounds. In the evening of that
day Dr. John Coulter, of Chicago Uni-
versity, will deliver an address. Many
hundreds of the leading orchardists and
farmers of the state have already noti-
fied the convention arrangements com-
mittee of their intention to be present.
In all, 825 conventions will meet in
connection with the Exposition by the
Golden Gate, and of these, 74 are de-
voted to farm and rural interests. Visit-
ors are welcome.

BETTER FRUIT

Page SI

Live Irrigation Data

In a booklet recently issued by Fair-
banks, Morse & Co., of Chicago, irriga-
tion projects in many parts of the
United States are attractively illustrated
and briefly described. The plants shown
therein are supplying water to land
growing crops of beets, wheat, alfalfa,
rice, corn and potatoes, and the land
irrigated is located not only in the
semi-arid tracts of the West, but in the
Southern and Eastern states. One of
the larger tracts mentioned is located in
the beet raising district of Southern
Kansas. To the land irrigated a 60-h.p.
Fairbanks-Morse oil engine belted to a
centrifugal pump delivers about four
million gallons of water per day. The
use of this water resulted in the yield
of nineteen tons of sugar beets to the
acre. A very good idea, both of the
machinery used and the character of
the soil irrigated, may be gained from
the text and illustrations in this publi-
cation, which is entitled "Practical Irri-
gation by Pumping." It will be sup-
plied by the publishers free of charge
to those interested.

Holt Wins Nine Big Awards

The Panama-Pacific Exposition an-
nounces the award of two grand prizes,
five medals of honor and two gold
medals on farm machinery to The Holt
Manufacturing Company, of Stockton,
California. All these awards indicate
scorings of 95 per cent or better. Grand
prizes are given on the Caterpillar trac-
tor and the Holt combined harvester.
Medals of honor, next in rank, are
awarded for the Caterpillar disc engine
plow. Caterpillar moldboard engine
plow. Caterpillar disc harrow. Cater-
pillar wagon and Holt wood bar engine

*C*W!«»L^

TRAUMG

yOURtABEL.?"SfA'

?CONTRACTS^ -Highest QuAUTr-PftOMPTSEftviCE-LowESTPRiCES i

' \A/ITU lie ' f SAMPLES AND PRiCtS UPON APPLICATION J'

* . . ft ^"^ ^4 "^'^TIS'FY THti CUJ'TOMeR" ArOurJ°/o^an 'd

Send for our 1915 Art Calendar. Free on Application

Get Rid of the Destructive Gophers by Using an Efficient Trap

in fS: ,•>• ''hubbuck Co., San Kraneisco Uentlemen-I have found the Ideal Oopher Trap to he the best thii^
L?rt.. ,h V '"*■ .'..'"'^■^ ""f many different kinds of traps but have put them all aside for the Ideal I con-
sider the trap as the surest an.l safest way of exterminatins the gopher, having caught I04 coDhera in the
month of February with Ave of the Ideal Oopher Traps.-E. D. G., Lathrop. Cal.VMarch Hi "ris "

The Chubbuckldeel Gopher Trap.

The oTily trap guaranteed to catch small or the large pocket gopher. Being round with thin edges gopher
walks into trap before detecting anything in runway. 10« per cent efficient-catches gopher every time Par
salerand surer than poisons or gas. Farmers .say it's worth dozen other makes. Price ISOr. If your dealer can't
supply you, will be sent postpaid upon receipt of line; two traps jl.lp; six for ?:1.00. Money back if not satisfied
E. J. CHUBBUCK CO., Dept. C, San Francisco, California

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Established 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if

you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we

make no charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Paste for Labeling— "Palo Alto" Paste Powder

added to cold water, instantly
makes a beautiful, smooth,
white paste. Ready for imme-
diate use at a cost of 10 cents
a gallon. No labor. No muss.
No spoiled paste.

PASTE SPECIALISTS

Robinson Chemical Works

349-351 Eighth Street
San Francisco, California

WHEN WRITING .\nVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 32

BETTER FRUIT

August

YAKIMA FRUIT SELLERS

North Yakima, Washington'

A Central Selling Agency for Yakima

EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS FOR

Yakima County Horticultural Union

Yakima Fruit Growers' Exchange

Richey & Gilbert Company

©ur organizations iiandled 2,500 carloads of Yakima Fruit last season. Hundreds of growers
have joined our movement and we already have under contract a much larger proportion
of Yakima tonnage than ever before. Additional tonnage is coming to ub daily. We have
a large proportion of the fruit In the early districts — therefore we can load the early
assorted cars— money-makers for the trade and the growers.

WRITE OR WIRE US IN SEASON

H. M. GILBERT, General Manager

FRED EBERLE, Asst. Manager

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering Shrubs, \'ines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOAIAN
FRAXQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying.

I RHODES DOUBLE CCT
PRUNIISG SHEAR

RHODES ;MFQ. CO.,
•«0 3. DIVISION AVE , GRAND RAPIDS, HICH.

'T'HE only
prunei
made mat cuU
from both sides of
the limb and does not
bruise the bark. Made in
all ityles and sizes. We
pay Ejcptess charges
on all orders.
Write for
circular and
prices.

■1 I" Portland to
I u "^^^ Francisco

■ « \0 and Back

August 7, 8, 9, 10.

"TO l_OS AIMGELES <t yl O C i\
AMD RETLJRIM ^)4'^b9U

August 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.

Low Round Trip Fares Daily

with stop-overs in either direction. Stop-overs on all
one-way tickets at Los Angeles and San Francisco.

Four Fine Trains Daily

San Francisco Express Leaves Portland 1:30 a. m.

Exposition Special Leaves Portland 12:30 p. ni.

Shasta Limited Leaves Portland 3:50 p. ni.

California Express Leaves Portland 8:15 p. ni.

Call on nearest agent for particulars, tickets,
reservations and Ex]>o.sition literature.

SOUTHERN PACIFIC

.lohn M. Scott, General Passenger Agent, Portland, Ore.

harrow. The Caterpillar land leveler
and Cattr])illar sagebru,sh plow receive
gold nu-dal.s. Every type of machine or
iniplenu'iit entered by the company thus
received con.spicuous recognition. The
Holt exhibit is one of the largest in the
Palace of Agriculture, and with the out-
door display it occupies a larger area
than any other single agricultural ex-
hibit. Intelligent care in planning the
display and a liberal expenditure in
carrying out the details have made it a
distinct feature of the Exposition. The
rides of award recognize not only the
exhibit itself, but the company behind
the product, the world-wide distribu-
tion of the product itself, its civilizing
influence, and other factors that bear a
deep significance.

Fire at the Bean Plant

The Bean .Spray Pump Company, San
Jose, California, on the morning of May
29th had a very serious fire, causing
.f,50,0n() damage. The olTices, drafting
room and a portion of the machine shop
were burned. The company will not
be delayed, however, in the filling of
orders, as their branch at Lansing,
Michigan, will be able to take care of
their Northwest and Central West busi-
ness, and their branch at Fresno, Cali-
fornia, will supply Pacific Coast points
until the San Jose plant is in working
shape again. .\ large part of the ma-
chine shop was undamaged and was
running the afternoon of the fire. A
temporary office was established while
the fire was still burning, and the offi-
cers of the company state that though
they work under considerable incon-
venience for some time, business will
be continued as usual. The loss was
covered by insurance, and plans are
already under way for the construction
of a larger building and better equip-
ment in place of that which was de-
stroyed. This concern is well known
as manufacturers of spraying outfits,
centrifugal pumps and gas engines, and
it is interesting to know that they will
not be seriously set back by the fire.

West Wenatchee elected the follow-
ing men to serve in their unit of the
Fruit Growers' League as directors:
Ed Denni.s, E. G. Pogiie, Carl Jones,
W. E. Reeves, and C. F. Kiser. T. F.
Roddy was elected delegate to the cen-
tral body. The League decided not to
engage in any form of commercial
business this year but to confine its
efforts towards the establishing of a
uniform pack and to assist in the gen-
eral supervision of selling agencies.
The League has already 300,000 boxes
of fruit signed up and a strenuous
campaign is being conducted for addi-
tional tonnage.

Mr. C. T. Haskell has resigned as
Chairman of the Wenatchee North-Cen-
tral Washington Fruit Growers' League
and Mr. J. B. .\(lams of Leavenworth
has been elected Chairman of the
Board of Control in his idace. Mr.
.\dams has a reputation for being a
wonderful executive and a splendid
organizer, one <if the strong men of
tile Wenatclue district with an im-

1:n UKllING ADVERTISIiRS MKNTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

PaKC ?.?

mense ac<iii;iiiit;ince and a large circle
of friends.

The unit membership of fee to fruit
growers will be ifl. Salaries for all
officers in the League and in the
League and in the Board of Control
will be fio per day and expenses when
actually engaged in the business of
the League.

An Engine on the Farm.

Gasoline engines are being put to
many interesting uses, being important
factors in creating eOiciency and
economy in farm management. Gaso-
line engines are taking the place of
horses in many ways, being used for
power tractors and serving additional
purposes such as furnishing power for
driving feed cutters, pumping wafer,
running spray out-fits, etc. They are
serving a new purpose with the fruit-
growers in furnishing power for run-
ning the apple-grading machines and
sizers, which are being used universally
by orchardists. By the use of sizers
and graders the grower has found that
he can pack his crop more efTicienlly,
more economically, more uniformly and
better.

One of the most interesting and in-
structive stories on the State of I'tali,
written from an agricultural, horticul-
tural and livestock standpoint, entitle:!
"The Lands of Utah," has just been
issued by the passenger department of
the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad.
The subject matter prepared by Dr.
E. G. Peterson, director of agricultural
extension of the I'tah State Agricultural
College, vouchsafes its reliability and
authenticity. Tlie illustrations, of which
there are many, have been chosen wilh
care and cannot but impress the reader
of the great agricultural resources of
the state. Under the caption "Gleaned
Facts New Settlers Should Know" are
given the answers to cjuestions the
seeker of a home wants first to know
about a prospective location. The Carey
Act projects in Utah are described and
classified.

The Panama-Pacific Exposition. — All

fruit growers who can spare the time to
attend the Panama Pacific Exposition at
San Francisco and also the San Diego
Panama Exposition should do so, be-
cause these two expositions are the
most wonderful (hat have ever been
held anywhere in the United Slates.
As the Pacific Coast is a fruit countr\',
special attention is being given to hor-
ticultural exhibits, whicli will provide
the fruit grower an oiiportunity of mak-
ing many observations and acquiring a
great deal of knowledge which will be
of much value to him in his business.

Prof. V. I. Safro, formerly Assistant
Entomologist at the Oregon Agricul-
tural College, now associated wilh the
Kentucky Tobacco Company, has just
issued a very interesting booklet,
"Nicotine Sulphate Bordeaux Combi-
nation."

D. Crossley & Sons

ESTABLISHED 1878

Apples for New York and Export

CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON, IDAHO AND
FLORIDA FRUITS

Apples handled in all European markets at private sale. Checks
mailed from our New York office same day apples are sold on the
other side. We are not agents; WE ARE SELLERS. We make a
specialty of handling APPLES, PEARS AND PRUNES on the New
York and foreign markets. Correspondence solicited.

200 to 204 Franklin Street, New York

NEW YORK

LIVERPOOL

LONDON

GLASGOW

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station. Belmont Road
We will be pleased lo show you trees, apple trees that have a heritage, a q'lalHy that should be considered by everyone
vFho plauta a tree. Our trees are grown in elean hillside virgin red shot soil «1th clay subeoil, producing the most vigoroua
root system. Our buds are selected from the best bearing healthy Hood River trees that mahe the Hood River apple
famous throughout the world. Our trees uill give you satisfactory results in vigor, fruit and quality. Ask for catalog.
We guarantee our products. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, almonds and walnuts. A complete line of the best varieties
of all kinds of fruits.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD, President W. J. ENSCHEDE, Manager

$60

Return fare to St. Paul
Minneapolis, Duluth
Superior, Winnipeg
Omaha, Kansas City

Eastbound Excursion Fares

FKOM PACIFIC NOUTHWEST

Big reduction from regular fares to all points in Middle
West and Eastern States. Stopovers and long limits.

NorthernPacificRy.

TWO DAILY TRAINS

TO CHICAGO

Via Minneapolis and St. Paul

with Observation Cars, Standard and Tourist Sleepers,
Coaches, Diners.

One Train Daily to St. Louis

Write for information as to
fares and routings.

A. D. CHARLTON, A. G. P. A.
Portland, Oreg:on

WHEN WRITING .\DVERTISKKS MHNTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 34

BETTER FRUIT

Aiipust

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres ; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres ; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washinistoii

Highi

[g^og.o^cg>^og>o^og,og,o^o^^o^o^c<gc^o^c§^o^o^gg

Quality

m

CA3

FWBALTES
&COMPANY

PORTLAND, OREGON

Brinting

WRITE FOR PRICES AND SPECIFI-
CATIONS on Catalogs, Booklets, Labels
for Fruit Boxes, Circulars, Stationery, etc.
We can supply your wants quickly, accur-
ately and economically. Best Equipment in
the Northwest. We print Better Fruit.

Ct]
03

at Low

^@^o^o^o^o^cg,og.o^o^o^^o<go^.<go^c^o<go^o^o^ Prices

PORTLAND, OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City BIoclc

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

EUROPEAN PLAN— $1.00 per day and upward
Write for Portland Hotel Booklet Geo. C. Ober, Manager

Paint No Cure for Fire Blight
Mr. F. E. DeSellem, County Fruit
Inspector in Yakima, calls the atten-
tion of the fruit growers to be on the
lookout for blight during the season.
He states that some growers have an
idea that paint is a cure for fire blight,
but everybody who knows anything
about the orchard business knows that
no preventative or no cure for blight
has ever been discovered. There is
only one treatment to get rid of fire
blight, that is to cut it out. In the
cutting out process extreme care
should be taken to cut below the blight
infection, and after each cut the knife,
pruning shears, or saw, with which
the cutting is done, should be disin-
fected before making another cut.

Apple Crop 40,50.5,000 Barrels
The American Agriculturist, in its final
apple crop estimate for the year, gives
the commercial apple crop of 1914 for
the United States as 40,505,000 barrels.
This is considerably below the Govern-
ment estimate put out in September of
70,000,000 barrels, which many people
claimed at the time was entirely too
large. The estimate of the crop in the
different sections is given as follows:

1914— Barrels

New England 3,620.000

Middle States 17,410,000

Central West 5,375,000

Far West 5,070,000

Southern States 6,000,000

All other 3,000,000

Total 40,505,000

1913— Barrels

New England 2,520,000

Middle Slates 12,010,000

Central West 5,500,000

Far West 4,170,000

Southern States 3,700,000

All other 3,000,000

Total 30,900,000

1912— Barrels

New England 4,100,000

Middle West 18.400,000

Central West 8,500,000

Far West 6,025,000

Southern States 7,200,000

All other 3,600,000

Total 47,825,000

Mr. W. King, who has charge of the
hydraulic department of the Berger &
Carter Company of San Francisco, who
are Western representatives for the
Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Com-
pany, of Mount Gilead, Ohio, will be in
Ihe Northwest about August 1, with
headquarters at Berger & Carter Com-
pany's office, 406 Pacific Building, Seat-
tle, Washington. This will offer an
opportunity for fruit growers who are
figuring on doing some cider and vine-
gar making this year to pick up some
considerable knowledge and informa-
tion about this work.

The Scbasto])ol .\pple Show will hold
its sixth show at Sebastopol, Califor-
nia, -August 14. Secretary J. P. Kelly,
formerly of Portland, Oregon, reports
that this show will be the greatest suc-
cess of any that has been held. Already
many exhibitions have been promised
and the fruit is a sijlcndid quality, indi-
cating that the show will be a marvel
this year.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

The Perfection Lid Press

Price $7.50

APoorlyPressed
and Nailed Box
is a poor adver-
tisement of good
fruit

The appearance of
the package carries
with it either a good
or bad impression
of the contents.

It is easy to insure a good tightly pressed, well nailed and
good appearing package when our Perfection or Lightning
Presses are used.

Both presses are built for rapid, accurate work and are
well worth further the investigation possible by writing today
for our new catalog of Orchard and Packing House Supplies,
which will be gladly mailed you.

This catalog contains articles every fruit grower
will eventually need.

The Hardie Manufacturing Co.,

The Lightning
Lid Press

Price $28.00

49 North Front Street
Portland, Oregon

3»-

:m

SIS

IMPORTANT INFORMATION FOR THE FRUIT GROWER i'XTu

a Fruit Packing House, a Warehouse, a Cooling or Cold Storage Plant, or a Home

Buildings for the Handling or Storage of Pruit should be designed to afford the greatest
possible protection against extremes of weather — hot or cold. Packing Houses should be
constructed so as to maintain a uniformly cool temperature in Summer and Pall because
the fruit as it comes from the orchard contains a great deal of heat. This heat should be
reduced to the minimum before the fruit is packed to insure its reaching the consumer in
the best possible condition. The lower the temperature of fruit when packed, the better
it will stand up under refrigeration and the longer it will keep in and after cold storage.

To Obtain the Above Results Use Insulation

and apply it according to the specifications of our specialists who have had fourteen years'
experience with these problems. They will recommend the use of LITH, LINOFELT or
FIBROFBLT, whichever is best adapted for yoiu- requirements, and will send you plans of
construction. Oiu" insulation is used in lining the largest cold storage i)lants and by the leading
refrigerator transit railroads. Nearer home we have furnished plans and insulation to C^ A.
Congdon and the Fruit Growers' Warehouse Company, both of North Yakima, Washington.
Tell us what you want to accomplish and we will show you how it can be done.

Union Fibre Company, Winona, Minnesota

Brown & Bingham, Western Agents, 439 Van Nuys Building, Los Angeles, California

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

The World — Our Orchard

^N ALL FIELDS OF ENDEAVOR no work is
I )) more worthy of recognition than that of the
oc^ salesman. To be successful these pioneers of
commerce must possess attributes wliich would bring
world wide recognition to men in other walks of life.

The salesmen of our country are largely responsi-
ble for the development of the great industries which
are the bulwark of the nation. Most leaders of business
were at one time salesmen; nearly every self-made man
has served on the firing line of salesmanship. No house
in the trade had humbler beginnings than the firm of

Steinhardt & Kelly

Built upon the fundamental principles of

Honor, Honesty, Strength and Service

which are the foundations of all successful business
enterprises, the house of

Steinhardt & Kelly

stands today preeminent at the very top of the fruit
industry of the United States.

Our Market — The World

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X SEPTEMBER, 1915 Numuer 3

W. D. TIDWELL. DENVER. COLORADO
Secretary of the Western Fruit Jobbers' Association

wliose members handle thousands of cars of fruit annually.
Mr. Tidwell's work has been of inestimable value to the
fruit industry, benefitting fruit grower a.s well a.s dealer.

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, i'^^'I^I^li^HERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Subscription $1.00 per Year in the I'liiteil States: Canada and Foreicrn. Iiicli-.diug- Postage, $1.50. Single Cojiy 10 Cents

Goodyear Tires 30x3^
Vastly Better This Year

Also Size 30x3

Note first that Goodyears — the tires we have bet-
tered— are the largest-selling tires in the world. They
have held top place for years, against all rivalry,
because of super-merit.

' Note that the small sizes — the sizes we mention —
are called for on more cars than all other sizes together.
So these small sizes must have been a great factor in
our success.

So it isn't a faulty tire we are bettering, but the top-
place tire of the world.

We Add $317,000

This year we are adding
vastly to the size of Good-
year small tires.

In size 30x3 we've in-
creased the air capacity 21>4
percent. In size 30x3/4 we've increased it 20 percent.

We have thickened the side walls by adding 30 per
cent more rubber. That's where constant bending
breaks a thin-walled tire.

We have improved the general design of the tires
to increase their endurance.

The new molds alone cost us $63,000. And the total
cost of these extras, ior this year only, is $317,000.

20% More Capacity
30% More Strength

In Side Walls

Much More Mileage

This extra size and extra rubber will add enormously
to mileage. And it is added to these extra good tires,
making them better still.

Both these sizes are fom--ply tires in Goodyears.
Size 30x3, as often made, is a thi-ee-ply ply tire. Onr
anti-skid tread — the Goodyear All-Weather — is dou-
ble-thick in all. _And tjjjg yg^r, remember,
we made a big price reduc-
tion. That was our third re-
duction in two years, totaling
45 per cent. It will save our
users some five million dol-
lars this year.

Don't Take Less

You seek long mileage, less trouble, less expense.
The way to get them is to get these Goodyear tires.
Don't take tires with less capacity, thinner side walls
or fewer plies or fabric.

Any Goodyear dealer will supply you. Every neigh-
borhood has a Goodyear service station with your size
in stock, and it renders full Goodyear service. (2S93)

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio

Makers of Goodyear "Tire Saver" Accessories; also Goodyear "Wing" Carriage Tires and Other Types

OODA>YEAR

^s^AKRON.OHIO

TIRES

Rulers of Tiredom

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

10 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 3

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER

SIMONS, JACOBS <fe CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.
204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

The Old Reliable

BET.L & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM

DRYER, BOLLAM & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET
PHONES: MAIN 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

WHOLBSALiB

FRUITS AND PRODUCE
CoTTi mission Merchants

SOLICIT YOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns
PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship your IMrniture
to us to be stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. Gilbert, President and Manager
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VAT.T.EY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer C. W. Stose

Orchardist
Supply House

W. van Diem

Lange Franken Straat 45. 47. 49, 51, 61

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruitt

Eldest and First-Class
House in this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandlem
ABC Code used; Bth Edition

Our Specialties are

Apples, Pears, Navel Oranges

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

September

SHIP YOUR APPLES AND PEARS TO THE PURELY COMMISSION
AND ABSOLUTELY RELIABLE HOUSE

W. DENNIS & SONS, Ltd.

LONDON AND LIVERPOOL

REPRESENTED IN NEW YORK BY

DENNIS, KIMBALL & POPE, Inc.

202 FRANKLIN STREET

From whom all information as to shipping can be obtained

Free Camp
Grounds

Pure
Water

Band
Concerts

Dahlia
Show

Daring

Aviator

Daily

Arial Wire
Walker

Wild
West

$40,000 IN GOLD

Will be given away at the

54th Annual

OREGON STATE FAIR

SALEM

September 27 to October 2, 1915

Bring your Live Stock, Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Products, Textile, Race Horses, Flowers, Poul-
try or, in fact, anything mentioned in our premium
list, which is free for the asking, and take part of it
home with you.

Further information address

W. AL JONES, Secretary, Salem, Oregon

Government

Indian

Exhibits

Five

Reservations

Children's

Industrial

Exhibits

Oregon
Manufacturers

Bee

Demonstration

Concession

Amusements,

Etc.

BRAND NEW, BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED -CONTENTS RIGHT UP-TO-DATE

Bailey's New Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture

WILL INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF YOUR EMPLOYEES

BAILEY'S Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture should be close at hand for uulck reference by every member of your force, because it pre-
sents the combined labor and experience of the foremost North American authorities on horticultural subjects. These six magnilicent
volumes place at the disposal of the horticulturist, whether practical, amateur or sclentitic. an ample and readily accessible account of
every subject which at any time mav be of interest or practical use in his calling. Its range is wide, covering plants, tiowers, vegetables, trees.
tillage processes tools a^d implements, cultural discuBsions, botanical history, geography, commercial markets, and a myriad items that only
constant use will reveal. The scope of the volumes has not been contined to botanical subjects alone, but every subject In any way incident to
the activities of the horticulturist has been fully covered, commercially as well as scientifically.

Six large quarto volumes. More than 3.600 pages. 24 full-page exqui-
site color plates 96 beautiful full page halftones. More than 4.00Otext
engravings. 5O0 Collaborators. Approximately 4.000 genera, 15.000
species and 40. 000 plant names

"The immense w^ealth of practical horticultural facts and teachings con-
tained in this work, and the ease with which they are found in it. place
Balley'8 STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE at the top.
In other w^ords. it ia the Monarch of Horticultural Literature."

Three volumes now published. Write ub for 16-papre Prospectus
containing Complete Description and Our Special Offer.

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO., Hood River, Ore.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN. PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

Pruning — Plant Physiology as Related to Pruning

By W. M. Atwood, Associate Professor o

[iNTHODUCTioN. — The Department of Botany,
in co-operation with the Division of Horticul-
ture, has prepared this treatise on pruning.
Dr. Atwood of the Department of Botany pre-
paring the chapter on Plant Physiology as Be-
lated to Pruning. The Division of Horticulture
has been working for a number of years on
research problems related to pruning. As this
work is in the preliminary stages, it will be a
number of years before a complete report can
be made. However, in the various papers in
this article we are presenting a few of the
facts which we have been able to determine,
coupled w ith observations that have been made
in various fruit-growing districts. — C. I. Lewis,
Chief, Division of Horticulture.]

FOR the orchardist most correctly to
deal with the problems confronting
him, it is necessary to have a clear
idea of the complicated "living machin-
ery" upon which he is dependent for
profit or loss. It is worth while to
know how the tree removes from the
soil the substances it needs; how it
manufactures its food, and finally how
both the complicated
food materials and
water are distributed
and used by the tree.
The knowledge of a
few facts of this na-
ture is the necessary
foundation on which
is being built the suc-
cessful practices of
the practical fruit
grower of today.

If the finest ter-
minal roots of most
living plants be care-
fully examined there
is found on their sur-
faces a fuzzy growth
resembling fine hairs.
As the root is the
region in which the
plant absorbs the
water and minerals
of the soil, it is evi-
dent that this absorb-
ing region of the root
— the root hair region
— must tremendously increase the ab-
sorbing area of the root. Figure 1
shows a young root with the root hair
zone well developed. These fine out-
growths of the root enable it to get into
very intimate contact with the finest
soil particles which contain necessary
minerals and which are surrounded by
films of soil-moisture that become avail-
able to the plant. The necessity of
carefully guarding the root hair region
of trees from injury so far as is possi-
ble is emphasized by the behavior of
any young tree upon transplanting.
Figure 2 shows the way in which a
twig of a pine tree was affected by
transplanting. It is evident that in

Figure 1. Se<!dling
of radish showing
root hairs. (After
B.M.Duggar, "Plant
Physiology." Mac-
millans.)

f Botany, Department of Horticulture Experiment Station, Oregon Agricultural College

transplanting, the tree loses a large per-
centage of the finer roots, and hence of
the most active water-absorbing tissues.
The region where the needles were
so noticeably shortened is the region

[Editor's Note. — This is the first of a series
of articles covering completely the subject of
"Pruning" that will appear in "Better Fruit."
"The Study of Fruit Buds," by E. J. Kraus,
will appear in the October edition. "Pruning
Young Trees," by Professor C. I. Lewis, will
appear in the November and December issues.
"Pruning the Bearing Apple and Pear Tree,"
by V. R. Gardner, will appear in the January
issue. "Pruning the Bearing Prune Tree," by
V. R. Gardner, will appear in the February
issue.]

thin outer wall there is a lining of the
jelly-like living substance called proto-
plasm, which is present in all animals
and plants wherever there is life. Water
tends to be taken into the root hair by
a force called osmosis. When pure
water is separated from the cell sub-
stances by the thin film of protoplasm,
we find that the water can readily enter
but the substances within the hair can-
not get outside of the protoplasm. The
law of osmosis is that when two liquids

Figure 2. Effect of transplanting
upon water supply. Short needles
produced after transplanting. (After
B. M. Duggar, "Plant Physiology."
Macmillans.)

which developed immediately following
transplanting and before the pine had
been able to develop new water-absorb-
ing root tissues. It thus becomes per-
fectly clear why the orchardist when
purchasing trees from a nursery never
leaves a large leafy top after first set-
ting out the young tree. Temporarily
the young tree is less able to supply its
leaves with water than previous to its
removal from the nursery. The judi-
cious cutting back of the top for a little
while enables the tree soon to develop
its root system back into balance with
the top.

The root hairs do not absorb water
from the soil as a sponge or blotter
takes up water when placed in a wet
place. If a root hair is examined under
a microscope we find that inside the

■^i^^i

s

') •

m

W^nuF^

^--

f

^M

■a

'^.

"***="

Figure 3. Root Cells. "A," in normal
condition; "B," cell deprived of its nor-
mal water. (After Bergen and Davis,
"Principles of Botany." Ginn & Co.)

Figure 4. \ swamp enduring tree, the
Cypress (Taxodium distichtim. Rich.)
Note the root projections or "knees
above the water surface. (After Bergen
and Davis, "Principles of Botany.
Ginn & Co.)

of different density arc separated from
each other by protoplasm which per-
mits the passage of the less dense only,
the less dense liquid moves in through
the protoplasm into the more dense
liquid. There would be no object in
here explaning this water intake if it
did not help to make clear the reason,
at least in part, for the unfavorable
effects of alkaline soils upon plants.
Figure 3 shows at "A" a root cell which
is in normal condition. If such a cell
is surrounded by a soil sulficiently alka-
line, water, instead of moving into the
root, tends to move in the opposite
direction— that is, it moves out of the
root, leaving a collapsed living cell as
shown at "B." It is thus iiossible for a
tree to be unable to get needful water
in too alkaline a location, even though

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

Scptctiihcr

I'lGiiRE 5. Cross section of a young pine root.
(Piniis Strobus, L.)

moisture be abundant. Fortunately
soils of this character are not common.

Before following water from the root
hair region in its journey over the tree,
one more point must be mentioned.
Root hairs, to perform their work of
water intake properly, must have a cer-
tain amount of air in the soil. If the
soil be too wet or "water-logged," in-
jury results to the tree because of the
unfavorable conditions imposed upon
the root. Only a few trees, such as the
cypress (Figure 4), are adapted to meet
such as excess of water about their
roots. The significance of this fact in
orchard cultivation and drainage is
clear.

If we cut a thin slice across a root,
we are able to see towards its center
the water-carrying vessels which take
the water absorbed by the root hairs
anil carr\- it up to the stem. Figure ,')
shows at X the water-carrying region
of a young pine root, while Figure (i
shows at X the region in a young vine
stem through which the water travels
after leaving the root. We can also see
in this cross cut of the young stem the
cambimn region at "C." The cambium
is practically the only region in which

any of our orchard

trees develop so as to

produce increase in

diameter of the stem.

As this is the only

growing region, it is

very evident that two

grafted stems unite

only at this one re-
gion, the cambium;
y, hence the care which
■O the orchardist exer-
cises in making the

two cambium regions

come together.

The cambium lays

down new wood each

year, the latest wood

always of course be-
ing the outer layer.

The rings we often

see running about the

stump of a freshly

hewn tree are the

product of this yearly

activity of the cam-
Figure 7 illustrates the yearly
rings of a stem, but if
more clearly just the

biuni.

we would see
cause of the
ringed appearance of the wood, we tind
it necessary to magnify the wood at the
region of one of these rings. This

FicvRr. 7. Cross section of stem of the
Redwood iSeqiioia sempervirens. End.)

wood or water-carrying tissue, as illus-
trated in Figure 8, is composed of water

ducts or cells. The wood laid

down in the later summer is
much more dense, as shown
at "A," while the early
summer wood is more por-
ous and open, as we see at
"S." This is partly ex-
plained by the fact that the
water demands upon the
tree aie greater in (he
spring in proportion to the
w a t e r - c a r r \ i n g tissues
present, tlian later in the
summer. Tlie wood of the
horticultural varieties, as
the walnut (l'"igure 9) or
the cherr\ (Figure 10),
shows the difference in
spring and late sunnner
wood a little less conspicu-
ously than Figure 8.

If we follow the ascent
of the water up the stem,
the two points of destina-

FiGURE 8. Magnified section of wood of the Pitch Pine il'inus

resinasa. Ait.) "A," late summer wood: "S." early sunnner

wood.

leaves. Only in so far as water ab-
soriJtion from the root and water
transfer through the stem is in nor-
mal condition can the young buds
far up on the twigs open or ijcrforni
their work. In the leaf we tind the
source of the majority of all the food
which the plant produces and which
enaldes the tree to grow or produce
fruit. A very small proportion of the
woody tissues or of fruit tissues are due
to the so-called "foods" of the soil, but
the large per cent is derived from true
foods laid down in the leaves. This
makes clear the great injury to an
orchard resulting from any factor which
reduces the leaf area of the tree beyond
certain safe limits. If we cut across a
leaf and then look at the exposed edge
much magnified, we see something like
the diagram of Figure 11. The green
coloring of plants is particularly abun-
dant in the leaf, and is locafeil espe-
cialh- in the upper portions of the leaf,
which are marked "palisade." On the
under surface of the leaf will be seen
little openings, one of which is marked

IGURE 6. Cross section of young stem of "Pipe
Vine." {Aris(olochia Siplio. L'Hei. i

tion most of interest i)er-
haps are the buds and the

I'lcuRF. 9. Magnilled section of the wood of tlie Walnut.
(JtlgUais nigra. I..)

19 1 3

BETTER FRUIT

Page

FiGlBE 10.

Magnifii-d section of tht> wood of the Cherry.
iPriiniis serolina. Ehrh.)

cut it made parallel
and close to the sur-
face from which the
limh arises, the
wound will be in the
best position to in-
tercept the food ma-
terials passing down
li'om the leaves
through the inner-
"bark." (See Figure
14.) For similar rea-
sons heading back is
usually to a side
limb father than cut-
ting to a bare stub.

V r o m the ah o v e
facts it should be
evident that the
growth and thrift of
a tree is dependent
upon various factors,
a m o n g w h i c h w e
must include the fer-
tility of the soil, the
water supply about

Figure 13.
Basswood.

"stoma." Through these openings the
air has access to the interior of the leaf.
The carbon dioxide, present in the air
in small amounts, combines with mois-
ture present in the leaf, under the inllu-
ence of sunlight in the region of the
green coloring bodies found in the leaf
palisade tissue. The result is ])lant food
in the form of starches and sugars.
These air openings or stomata are
present on the lower surface of an
apple leaf to the extent of about 24,(1(11)
per s(iuare inch. Figure 12 shows such
stomata photograi)hed from the under
side of a leaf.

The food laid down or manufactured
in the leaf is distributed over the tree
through certain regions of "food ducts"
which are located in the inner "bark."
Thus in F'igure 13 we see in the cross
cut of a basswood limb that the woody
or water-carr)ing tissues are sur-
rounded by certain regions of the
"bark" (P) which are responsible for
the distribution of food to the tree.
It is a familiar fact that wounded
animal tissue reipiires abundant food
materials to repair and rebuild the
injury. The food is supplied by the
blood. In the case of plants, the food
stream is distributed more slowly
through fhi bark. It thus is evident
that in r-etttoving a limb entirelx, if the

the roots, their condition and develop-
ment, the care with which the soil has
been cultivated, and the character of
the leafy top of the tree. The objects
which are aimed at in pruning are
always more effectively attaine<l if, at

'"'vte^

-:L,*^^%^-y\

idf^^^^<jk

^/*i

^^'^ ^'^viife'^^^jit

' •■ 4v j_i!;f*>!k\'^p- !~~~S A

'■"^^^

Z^*^^^'. »■ ~' ^51

|<^S^' -:--., J^

^^^r'^^

33^;"

v^^^^[jN^r

\

^^^^r-

Magnified section of the wood of the Linden or
(Tilia Americana. L.) "P." the food-carrying
regions of the inner "bark."

be shii)ped into certain territories. The
Western Cooperage Company of Poi't-
land advises us they are getting ready
to make (piotations on partly made up
Government standard apple barrels to
submit to the various associations, with
samples, showing how they would be
.shipped. The idea they are working
on, they state, is a simple proposition
to the packer, as the barrels will be
partly made up, requiring no cooper-
ing or special labor or tool work of any
kind.

Fir.iRE 12. Photomicrograph of stotnata

on the nnder side of a leaf. (After F. E.

Lloyd, "Physiology of Stomata."!

the same time that the top is being
artilicially altered, we bear in mind the
various other conditions which sur-
round the tree, of which we have
spoken above, and which are often suf-
ficiently ellective to modify or do away
entirely with the bene-
ficial effects of the most
"artistic" i)runing un-
thinkingly pr-acticed.

The application of
these conditions to the
problems of |)runing in
Or-egon w-ill be
br-oughl out mor-e
clearly by the por-
tions of this ar-tide
which follow.

South American Markets for Canned
Goods

.\lthough South America imports about
.-^l.KdOd.dOO worth of canned goods an-
nually, the United States furnishes only
about 18 per cent of the total, of which
the principal item is canned salmon.
That the sales of canned goods in this
field can be greatly increased is the
opinion of Commercial Agent E. A.
Thayer-, of the Department of Com-
merce, who recently completed an in-
vestigation of the Latin-American mar-
kets for this line of goods. The results
of this investigation are incorporated in
a monograph issued by the Bureau of
Foreign antl Domestic Commerce. This
pirblication treats of the consumers'
pi-eferences, sales methods, pure-food
laws, credit terms, shipping costs, and
other- subjects in the various countries
of intei-est to .American canners. Cop-
ies of this monograph (Special .\gents
Series No. 87) may be obtained from
the Superintendent of Documents, at
Washington, for live cents.

FiGVRE 11. Diagram of the cut edge of a leaf to show the regions
contaiTicd. Magnified. I.\fler Stevens, "Plant Anatomy. I

During the last
two or three years
growers hrrve been
figuring on finding
a cheaper- r-ece|)-
tacle than boxes for-
low-grade ai)i)les to

FlGiHr. II. Section of a stem lo show the method of

healing after reninval of a branch. lAtler Curtis,

"Nature and Ucvelopnu'nt of Plants.")

Page 8

BETTER FRUIT

September

The Apple as a Farm Product— History

By A. Millard, Jr., Hood River, Oregon.

CHAPTER VI Fiftv-flve or 60 cents, then, plus 35 to

The Ultimate Limits of Production. 50 cents gives 90 ^ents to $1 10 plus

overhead charges, which must be re-

THE ultimate limits of the produc- reived as wholesale prices in New York

tion of apples may be reduced to before the Western grower can make a

two things: the cost and returns of profit. With 1912 and 1914 prices very

the apple orchard and the consumption jjjjjg '^^^^ 9i,\M), and 1913 prices less,

of apples. Either heading, in one sense, ^^ pg^ ^gp jjjat ^g Jq ^ot appear to be

includes the other, and various head- fgj. j-^q^^ (j,g p^j^t at which Western

ings might be worked out to include or growers can no longer raise apples,

to subdivide one or both of the above, Farmers' Bulletin No. 615, United

but for the discussion of the underlying states Department of Agriculture, gives

principles, these two are as apt as any. ^j^^ following figures on the average

In the previous chapters we have sev- ^^-^^^ received per bushel by growers

eral times hinted at the direct depend- jjjg country over. This is interesting,

ence of production upon the profit or j^^j without other data on the same

loss made by the grower. The principle apples, it is of little value for com-

is simply that apples or any other crop parison

will be produced as long as a profit can xi_prices received by growers

be made, and will cease to be produced p^^ barrel of apples.

above the amount that will bring a Year juneis July 15 Aug. 15

profit. With a long-time crop, the ex- 1910 No data $0.77 No data

tremes are true; a very low profit will I9ii ; N° ^ata .95 No data

be accepted on apples before the ex- 1913 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 1.01 .86 ?o.68

pensive orchard will be taken out or 1914 1.36 .91 .75

allowed to "go back," where with pota- Prices are to tend to be at least as low
toes the farmer can next year leave this as they are at present — lower prices
crop out of his rotation. This is the will tend toward greater consumption,
sum of the only logical conclusion that and the pressure of the competition
can be made from any observations of forced by lower prices will cause the
supply and demand in farm products, lowering of the cost of production,
and the principle can only be amplified. This is the most important phase of the
Data on the cost of producing apples question. The writer has spent the
that is accurate enough to be used for past two summers in Hood River, Ore-
calculations is not available. The ab- gon, and in that short time has seen the
sence of such data is only explainable change from the expensive policy of
by the fact that the very important "clean cultivation is the only thing" to
science of cost accounts in agriculture a general trend for intercropping and
is a new one. Though cost accounts farm diversification. The by-product
on annual crops have been carefully side of this discussion is a very prom-
worked out in detail in New York, Min- ising one (Mr. Shepard estimates a sav-
nesota and alsewhere, dependable fig- ing of from .$10 to $20 an acre from
ures for the production cost of apples, this source), and the phase of savings
including the six to ten unproductive in distribution discussed in Chapter II.
first years, will not have been worked will undoubtedly have much effect in
out for several years. Estimates are this direction.

valuable in the absence of such exact The costs, then, may be lowered, and

data, and the most reliable of which the the returns will be a slight profit of

writer is aware are given here. necessity, but the marginal profit will

For 6.1 acres, containing 234 apple tend to be low. Our conclusion is iden-

trees of mixed varieties and ages, over tical with our first premise: apples will

a ten-year period, M. C. Burritt, of be produced at any profit, and below

Cornell University, found the average profit they will not be produced,

yearly cost per barrel of apples to be The various phases of consumption

$1.08. As regards Western box fruit, of apples have been or will be treated

Mr. Shepard estimates the total harvest- elsewhere in this work, and here it is

ing cost of a box as reducable to 30 only necessary to sum up the question,

cents. (Under unfavorable circum- To begin with, apples have always been

stances his own cost was 35.9 cents.) the most popular and the leading fruit

From estimates, Mr. Shepard believes in this country, and this is a great

that about 30 cents will cover all cost advantage to the apple industry. The

of growing, from the end of one har- consumption depends to a large degree

vest to the beginning of the next, not upon price, and the prices are to be

including interest on investment. This low, so we can count upon increased

makes 60 cents as a minimum, to which consumption from this lowering of

35 to 55 cents per box must be added as prices. There is the most intense sort

the water or rail rate to New York, of competition going on between the

The overhead (interest, etc.) charges various fruits; this will strongly tend

that must be added to this varies with against increased consumption of ap-

the land value, and is best not included pies. The apple has some advantages

here in considering one of the Western over other fruits; oranges cannot be

orchard communities where land values cooked unless jellied, but the rate at

are so unsettled, descending, as they which the grape-fruit has been taken

have, from ridiculous boom prices to an up in the last few years is assurance of

indefinite, much lower status, with not the mobility of public taste in fresh

enough land transfers to fix the cost, fruit. The story of the banana, the

and Present Status

poor man's fruit, is discussed in this
treatise. Extending consumption by
advertising and standardizing promises
much within certain limits; these topics
are discussed later. Various grades of
apples are consumed, and the demand
for the most expensive fruit is very
limited. Such consumption buys to
please its eyes, but the great consump-
tion which affects the whole of the
industry is the consumption of the
lower grades of fruit. But one other
factor need be mentioned. This is the
population increase. Increased popu-
lation means increased markets, but
the markets will become none the less
competitive.

CHAPTER VII.
What We Have Today.

In this chapter we will take up five
of the most important phases of the
present apple industry. We will take
these up in the following order:
Apples, staple or luxury; distributing
organizations and individual or co-op-
erative selling; increasing the demand
— standardizing and advertising; com-
petition of other fruits; and, finally, the
various markets.

Apples are not at all a necessary of
food. Fruits are not a necessary of
food, since proteins, carbohydrates and
fats can be obtained in more concen-
trated and cheaper forms in other
foods. Much less, then, is any one fruit
a necessary of food, since any other
of many fruits can substitute for it.
The query as to whether apples are
a staple or a luxury is of no im-
portance. It is not worth settling,
since it is but a matter of definition.
The farther from a aluxury that apples
will appear, due to the extent of the
habit of their use and to the price
at which they are sold, the greater
will be the consumption. Apples will
appear as a staple if the price is low
enough. Bananas are a staple to a great
number among our foreign population
who have become accustomed to this
fruit. Apples are selling wholesale and
retail right beside oranges, grape-fruit,
bananas and what not, and the price
cannot but be an all-important factor
to the buyers of these fruits. Elastic
demand increases in about direct pro-

I9I5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

portion; other things being equal, halv-
ing the price doubles the demand. Ap-
ples are, then, a staple or a luxury
primarily as they vary in price, and,
excluding the very highest grades of
apples, the industry will benefit or
suffer (other things being equal again)
in proportion as api)Ies are made by
their price to appear a staple of the
daily public diet.

We have discussed distributing organ-
ization of farm products in Chapter II.
At this point we will consider some-
thing of the same question as it applies
to apples. Commission and jobbing,
etc.. is practiced in the apple trade as
outlined in the above mentioned chap-
ter, but co-operative organizations, in
as far as they concern apples, merit
further discussion at this point. For
nearly all examples of successful co-op-
erative concerns, we must look to the
far West or to specialized districts in
the East. .Some little work has been
done on co-operative marketing of
apples in New York communities, but
the movements are not at all well de-
veloped. It is in the West only that
co-operative apple marketing has been
carried on thoroughly enough to give
this practice anything like a trial. Mr.
G. K. Holmes' statement of the essence
of the matter admits of the results and
possibilities of co-operative marketing
under "good management" and "with
conditions which permit success." This
system is still on trial, and yet it has
gained already such momentum that
there must be something back of it.
Northwest growers have had local asso-
ciations and unions for several years,
and the 1913-1914 crops were marketed
to a large degree under the co-operative
bod\- known as the North Pacific Fruit
Distributors. The Northwest growers
are planning at present a large repre-
sentative meeting at .Spokane in Feb-
ruary, 191,5, at which it is expected that
further marketing schemes along lines
similar to those now in vogue will be
evolved. Many evils of strict competi-
tion were not avoided by the Distribu-
tors; in spite of every efTort self-com-
petition went on, and over-heavy con-
signments and under-bidding, etc., all
lent a hand in bringing low returns for
the 1914 crop. The writer has been told
by various men whose judgment should
be of the best that the only salvation
for co-operative fruit producers was
complete pool of produce, with no
chance for the insistance on the pick
of the markets a* certain times by any
fruit raising community. This complete
pool is without doubt a vital point, but
the California Fruit Growers' Exchange
has managed without such an absolute
pool, the various localities retaining
their respective identities, and though
the circumstances in California are dif-
ferent, the writer believes that this one
factor will not check the movement in
the Northwest.

Each grower must decide in these
communities whether he is to market
individually or with the union or asso-
ciation. If the association is clearly
bringing him the highest prices, there
is no doubt as to what to do. But when.

Speed Your Sales

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your pack more attractive to the buy-
er's eye.

It's the best looking package that
sells first and usually brings the fancy
price.

Our experts on fruit packing will
advise you free of charge.

WRITE NEAREST OFFICE

Schmidt Lithograph Co.

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as in many cases, the association does
not bring in as good prices as certain
individuals receive by standing out for
themselves, it is a ditferent question.
The writer knows of a group of grow-
ers who are associated in a Northwest
valley to market their apple crop inde-
pendently of the local and of the North-
west association. These growers be-
lieve that they can grade higher, etc.,
and so get an earned better price. Is it
right to say to these men, "We know
you can get better prices selling alone,
but we want you to sell through us so
that the co-operative idea will gain
strength"? The writer believes not. The
burden of proof is on the co-operative
association; they must prove themselves
to be the most advantageous marketing
agency before they can be allowed to
market all the fruit. The small grower
has been forced to join the association.
He cannot handle his own marketing,
and though the larger owner may be-
lieve in co-operation and eventually
intend to join the movement, he cannot
be logically asked to sell his api)les for
less than the highest price thai they
will bring, under any pretense of any
motive whatsoever.

Within limits, a great deal may be
done in the direction of getting a larger
consumption of apples. We will con-
sider this phase of increasing the de-

mand under the heads of standardizing
and advertising.

The grading of apples has come
from the West to the East. In the
West what was then a revolutionary
uniformity of pack became a necessity.
The Wesiern grower could only sell
fruit at top prices to compete with
Easterners who did not have the ex-
pensive long shipment, and hence there
developed in the Rocky Mountain and
North Pacific States systems of sizing,
grading and packing which have very
vitally affected the apple industry.
Perhaps the most important function
of grading is that in thus standanlizing
the marketable product there is taken
a long step in bringing the consumer
closer to the producer. This standard-
izing has also allowed much of the
change from commission to jobbing
marketing, and thus accomplished a
great deal toward the simplification of
(hstribution. .Stanilardizing has its
drawl)a(ks; llic Chicago commission
men mention st)iiu' of these, but never-
theless standanlization is a most de-
cided advance in agricultural nuirket-
ing. We cannol accomplish anxtliiiig
by clinging lo antiiiuated methods. We
must make whal progress we can by
adapting ourselves skillfully to the in-
evitable new systems.

Page

10

BETTER FRUIT

Sc[^tcuihcr

WE WILL SAVE YOU MONEY ON YOUR

Fruit Case Labels

Quality Guaranteed.
Write for Prices and Samples.

THE SIMPSON & DOELLER CO.

E. SHELLEY MORGAN, Northwestern Manager

1423-24 Northwestern Bank Building
PORTLAND. OREGON

We have a fine line of new stock Apple Box Labels. Samples on application.

^^'hen the Siilzer bill was befort- the
House of Representatives, the lnlern;i-
tional Apple Shippers' Association pre-
pared a pamphlet in support of the bill,
in which they submitted among many
other figures, the following tables:

TABL1-; XII— BARRELED APPLE EXPORTS,
UNITED .STATES AND CANADA

Five-Year Period United Slates

1882-1887 2,.354,256

1887-1892 3,115,107

1892-1897 .3,904,224

1897-1902 2,8r)9,628

19112-1907 8,1.34.552

1907-1912 4,310,474

Canada
585,277
1,480,106
2,578,255
2,450,101
4,353,103
5,048,305

TABLE XIII— PERCENTAGES OF EXCESS,
U. S. AND CANADIAN EXPORTS

1882-1887, U. S. excess over Canada 300%

1887-1892, U. S. excess over Canada 110%

1892-1897. V. S. excess over Canada 51%

1897-1902, U. S. excess over Canada 10%

1892-1907, U. S. excess over Canada 87%

1907-1912, Canada's excess over U. S 14%

This pamphlet of the Shippers' Asso-
ciation laid the Canadian gains largely
to the Canadian Fruit Market Act,
which had at this time been in effect
some years.

A grading law has been in effect
during the present season (1914) in
New York State, and although it is too
early to pass final judgment upon this
it is certain that the first year's practice
of the law has not been either an un-
c|ualified success or an untiualifled
failure. The season was not one for
fair trial, but decidedly one for a
severe trial. There were many com-
plaints, but these came mainly from
the smaller growers, who claimed to be
unable to pack inside the law without
unjustifiable expense, and these grow-
ers asked for lower grades and for
wider limits in the higher grades. It
appears that the law is not stiictly en-
forceable and not being in the "agricul-
tural code." Further, the law was
hardly followed out to the letter dur-
ing this year. The writer inspected
several sample bari'els of .Standard-A
Baldwins during December, t!)14, on
the New York Central pier. New York
City, which needed much leeway be-
fore strictly falling under the specifi-
cations. The present |)lans are to go
on under this law, and it would appear
that giading will continue in New York
State, but there are many difliculties
to be overcome. There has been con-
siderable agitation in New England in
regard to apple grading. New England
will have every disadvantage and will
lack many of the advantages of New

York in putting through a grading
measure. F^ruit is even more scattered
in New England than in New York
State, and there is much less of it.

deal. Other agencies have done nuich;
growers and dealers. Steinhardt &
Kelley, fruit dealers of New York City,
have had during this (1914-101.'i) season
very catchy advertisements in the New
York City subway and elevated cars,
with the "Eat an .\pple" slogan over
the name and attractive picture of the
".Skookum" apple, the particular North-
west brand that they are pushing tliis
year. This advertising has value, and
all apple men should support it. There
is some danger of waste in the cross
advertising of competing brands of
boxed aijples, etc., but in general the
more said about ajjples the less the pub-
lic will think about oranges. Any
means of causing more intelligent use
of apples is also productive advertising.
The following table is an example of
this; intelligent seasonal consumption
of apples means satisfaction and future
purpose:

TABLE XIV— SEASONAL FITNESS OF APPLE VARIETIES
[W. S. Thornber, Lewiston, Idaho, in "Better Fruit" for April, 1914]

Variety
Yellow Transparent.

Duchess

Mcintosh Red

Wealthy

Winter Banana

Delicious

Jonatlian

Grimes Golden

Stayman

Spitzenberg

While Pearniain .
Rome Beauty . . . .
Yellow Newtown.

Winesap

Wagener

Arkansas Rlack..
Ben Davis

Months to Be
Used (Season)

Condition

Aug.

to Sept.

( Unripe
) Ripe

Aug.

to

Oct.

( Vnripe
■( Ripe

Sept

to

Oct.

f Unripe
1 Ripe

Sept

to

Ocl.

( Unripe
1 Ripe

Oct.

to

Dec.

1 Unripe
JRipe

Od.

to

Nov.

( Unripe
)Ripe

Nov.

to

Dec.

( Unripe
) Ripe

Nov.

to

Feb.

1 Unripe
) Ripe

Dec.
Dec.

to

to

Feb.
.Jan.

( Unripe
(Ripe
( Unripe
1 Ripe

Dec.

to

Mar.

i Unripe
i Ripe

Dec.

to

Apr.

( Unripe
) Ripe

Feb.

to

May

( Unripe
iRipc

Feb.
Feb.

to
to

Apr.
May

( Unripe
( Ripe
! Unripe
1 Ripe

Feb.

to

May

( Unripe
1 Ripe

Feb.

to

May

( Unripe
) Ripe

Dessert

Good

Excellent

Poor

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Poor

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Poor

Excellent

Poor

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Poor

Excellent

Poor

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Poor

Good

Poor

Poor

Poor

Poor

Sauce

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Poor

Poor

Good

Poor

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Poor

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Poor

Good

Poor

Baking

Poor

Poor

Poor

Good

Good

Poor

Excellent

Good

Poor

Poor

Poor

Poor

Good

Poor

Good

Poor

Good

Poor

Excellent

Good

Good

Excellent

Excellent

Good

Excellent

Good

Good

Good

Excellent

Poor

Excellent

Good

Good

Poor

The International Apple Shippers'
Association (Rochester) and in the last
year or so the Apple Advertisers of
America (Baltimore) have done a very
considerable work in advertising
apples, and they are vigorously jmr-
suing plans for the future. The ship-
pers distributed a great number of
booklets on apple recipes several years
ago, and they have just lately put on
its feet the slogan, "Eat an apple a
day — keep the doctor away." Mr.
Phillips, secretary of the Shippers'
Association, has shown the writer a
large book of newspaper clippings on
"Apple Day," 1914. The Shi])pers gave
a cup to the cil.\ holding the best
demonstrations, etc. (won this year by
very enthusiastic Cincinnati), and the
results of this Apple Day were fell all
over the country. The Apple Adver-
tisers work in harmony with the Ship-
pers, and though much newer, the
former organization has done a great

Advertising can hardly create a
want, but it can disclose a desire and
thereby create a demand. "Sunkist"
for oranges is a model for the results
attainable for efforts toward a brand,
and this has meant thousands of dollars
in receipts and many more thousands
in prestige to the California Fruitgrow-
ers' Exchange.

There can be no c|uestion but that
apples compete decidedly with every
other fruit on the market, literally
from mangoes to hickory nuts. In a
previous chapter we have traced the
historx- of the ai)ple industry from the
days when it did not even com|)ete with
the Mediterranean trade through the
period when the apple was practically
the only widely consumed orchard
fruit. The first California shipment
was made in 1807, but only in the last
twenty years have oranges been keenly
marketed up to the limit of consmnp-
Continued on page 26

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page II

There's a bunch of joy

in every puff of
Prince Albert Tobacco

You don't have to call for an encyclopedia
to find out how P. A. sets on your taste !
You just open up your supply, fill your
jimmy pipe or roll a makin's cigarette,
strike a match and-putf-away! Because,
you've found at last the brand that gives
you all-the-time the pleasure you've always
sought! The patented process fixes that
— and cuts out bite and parch !

Fringe
Albert

the national joy smoke

among tobaccos is like a real man
among men. You can make camp
with it on short acquaintance!

Because you know from the first puff
that it is right! It is a fact that Prince
Albert is the friendliest smoke you ever
put into a pipe or rolled into a cigarette.
What we tell you is govemment-bond-
good. And we say right here that our
printed word has never yet struck within
50% of what P. A. will prove out! The
heartiest enthusiasm of Prince Albert's

'k^ friends does not overdraw the pleasure

[^^ this tobacco W77/ giVe you /

If

Prince Albert is sold everywhere in
toppy red bags, 5c; tidy red tins, 10c;
handsome pound and half-pound
tin humidors and that classy pound
crystal- glass humidor with the
sponge - moistener top that keeps the
tobacco in such fine condition.

R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY

Winston-Salem, N. C.

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

September

"^jZ-^-e*'-

The (nside Inn

is a beautiful, permanent. u]i-todate hotel occupy-
ing a magiiitirent site within the grounds of the
Panama-Paeitie International Exposition, aniidat
the nioRt wonderful settinir of scenery and archi-
tectural beauty the world lias ever known. The
Inside Inn is but a short walk from the State and
Foreign Buildings and practically surrounded by
the main Exhibit Palaces.

Appointments throughout the hotel are tirst-
class. Following are our general rates:

European plan, without l}ath, per day S2, one person
European plan, without bath, per day S3, two persons
European plan, with bath, per day, S3 to S5. one person
European plan, with bath, per day, S4 to S7, two persons
Our motor busses meet all trains and steamers.
We shall be glad to give you any general infor-
mation in regard to the Expositinn or aide trips
upon re([uest.

ALBERT BETTENS, Manager

Barnett Picking Pail Hardie Ladder Portland Picking Bag

Made of heavy galvanized Iron. Has a
canvas sack lining with patented opening
and closing device. If you like a picking
pail you will want a Barnett.

Price, each $160

dozen lots . 16.50

These are but three of the articles shown
in ournew catalog of orchard and packing
house supplies. Write for this catalog. We
have the goods you need at the right prices.

Only well seasoned spruce used In its con-
struction, with each step braced. Strong
and rigid, it weighs but 'A lbs. to the foot. A
thoroughly high grade orchard ladder made
in six to fourteen foot lengths.

Price, per foot.

35c

A strong canvas sack with broad shoulder
straps. Does not tire the picker and enables
him to use both hands in picking. Easily
and quickly emptied. A speedy and eco-
nomical device for every orchard.

Price, single bag $1.50

dozen lots 15.00

THE HARDIE MANUFACTURING CO., Zn^^ZT^^o^

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the, Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVKR, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipiS

BETTER FRUIT

Page 13

Cause of Carbon Deposits

iLeutenant G. S. Bryan, goveniiiunt
expert, in an article in the February
issue of the Journal of the American
Society of Naval Engineers, says:
"Carbon may exist in a motor oil in
two forms: First, as free carbon held
in suspension, and, second, in combi-
nation with hydrogen, forming the
numerous hydro-carbon compounds
which go to make up the oil. The
f.niount of free carbon in a well-renned
oil is very small, and the objectionable
carbon deposit is generally due to scime
other factor.

"The conditions attained in the
cylinder of internal combustion en-
gines that result in the formation of
carbon are: First, high temperature,
and, second, a limited supply of oxy-
gen (air). References have been made
to oil 'burning.' This term has been
used rather loosely, as strictly speak-
ing, 'burning means the combining of
the vapors from the oil with the oxy-
gen of the air, and does not include
simple vaporization of the oil. Unless
air is present in excess of that required
for the combustion of the gasoline or
fuel oil, and usually it is not, the oil
cannot really burn. Under the intense
heat, however, the inner surface of
the oil film will be vigorously afTected,
and, in the absence of the air necessary
for burning, three things may happen:
Case 1. The compounds may volatize
with decomposition. Case 2. The com-
pounds may decompose with the for-
mation of free carbon and hydrogen.
Case 3. The compounds may decom-
pose with the formation of other
hydro-carbon compounds of a ditTcr-
ent nature.

"The products formed in case 1 give
no trouble, as being gaseous, they are
carried out with the exhaust, whether
burned or not. Of the products formed

Is Your Name

On Our
Mailing List?

Our new catalogue is
nearly ready for distribu-
tion.

The "Motion Picture
Booklet" may be had for
the asking.

You will be glad to get
the regular numbers of the
"Yuba Bulletin."

Fill in the coupon on
page 20, send it to The
Yuba Construction Com-
pany,4.33 California Street,
San Francisco, which in-
sures your being up-to-date
on the tractor question.

THE SHOTWELL
Box Marking Machine

This machine patented May 11, 1915.

Patent No. 113S9S5.
Any infiingement will be prosecuted.

Is designed to print all the stamps required
on a box of apples or other fruit at one stroke,
in perfect alignment, saving time and labor.
The machine prints the box to look as follows:

125 EXTRA FANCY WINESAP 40LBS.NET JOHN DOE

WENAICHtE.WASH.

It eliminates untidiness and unevenness in
marking.

Saves time in picking up five different
stamps separately, as all these stamps are
placed on a wheel and the entire marking of
the box as shown above is done in one move-
ment and as quickly as one stamp is put on
by the old method. The machine works auto-
matically and is self-inking.

The Shotwell Box Marking Machine is a
device that saves labor, does it neatly with
dispatch. Made to be attached to any open
end press and can be adjusted to mark any
standard fruit box of any variety, apples,
pears, peaches, oranges and lemons, etc.

It is made of malleable iron, assembled
ready for use.

With each machine is included, without
extra charge, eighteen number stamps, three
grade stamps, one net weight stamp, one two-
line grower's address stamp, ten variety
stamps and an ink pad. Price, neatly packed
ready for shipment, $15.00, f.o.b. Wenatchee,
Washington.

Ready for delivery July 15. Order promptly,
as only a limited number will be assembled
this year as orders are taken. For full de-
scriptive illustrated catalog and further par-
ticulars, write

Shotwell & Wilmeroth

WENATCHEE, WASH.

Northwest Fruit Ladders

Not excelled by any Fruit Ladder
on the market

We use Air-Dried Spruce Lumber. Rods under each step.

Price of ladder will surprise you. If your dealer does not sell the
Northwest Fruit Ladder write us for prices and circular before buy-
ing. You will save money and get the best ladder.

Also Step Ladders

Northwest Fence and Supply Co.

station A, Portland, Oregon

THE IMPROVED

HOOD RIVER

BOX NAILING

PRESS

I- Ihr ltt-«l ltr\it-t'4it ilH

kiiiil for tlir nuiiicv

oil itu* innrkpt.

Thr liu-t tliiit Hihm) River
muwt'ra hy the hiirirtrpdH use
them. Is niir Ix'st ti'sliiiiuiiiiil.

Ami those whn Imvi- hud ex-
perletu'p with the pres^ are ^a\-
Wrieil; fur hy llie I'liiiiiiialioii tif
hii.x hrutsos It htts nideii in
iiiiikliiK ihe Ilood Kiver apple
lanuuis.

If ynu are in the market for a
Natlinn Press, ii is to your ad-
V(ini4it:e lo InveatiL'nte the
H(1<T1» IlIVEK rUKSS and
uet t'lir prlcr<.

■W. G. SNOTV
Hood River, Oregon

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

September

Cold Store

Your apples and feed out to the consuming
public as the market demands and prices suit.

California apple crop 1,500 cars short
this season.

Los Angeles, the great distributing cen-
ter of the Southwest.

Why not ship to this market?

The things you will most nunitto consider in selecting a ware-
house to colli store your apples:

Character and Responsibility of Company.
Location of Warehouse.
Capacity of Warehouse.
Equipment.

Handling of and caring for fruit.
Rates.
The question of CHA RA CTER and RESPONSIBILITY
is very important and we take pleasure in stating it is these very
things that have made it possible for our Company to operate
the largest cold storage warehouses on the Pacific Coast.

LOCATION of our warehouses, near the Public Markets,
direct connections with all railroads; switching facilities un-
excelled.

Combined CAPACITY of our two plants is 1,000 carloads.
Both plants are EQUIPPED with all modern improvements
which practice has taught us to be the best.
All goods are HANDLED by men who KNOW and DO IT.
We are everlastingly particular about the temperatures o] the
rooms, they being taken regularly and carefully verified.
Our RA TES are reasonable.

Write us about this market; we are constantly accumulating data for just
this purpose. Feel free and welcome to write us about anything pertaining to
the production or marketing of your fruits, and if we don't know, we will find
out for you, if possible.

Los Angeles Ice and Cold Storage Co.

Main Plant and Office, Seventh Street and Santa Fe R.R.
P. O. Box 643 Station C LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

PLANT

CORNER
rOURTH
STREET

AND

CENTRAL
AVENUE

sou I HERN

PACIFIC

TRACKS

unilcr case 2, the hydrogen would pass
out of the exhaust, whether burned or
not. The carbon may be blown out
with the gases, or may remain in the
cylinder. Whether or not it remained
in the cylinder would depend greatly
on the condition of the oil film on the
cylinder walls. Some oils form a thick,
viscous, gummy deposit which retains
the carbon formed on its surface and
prevents it from being blown out
through the exhaust. This gummy
deposit gradually gets thicker and
harder, eventually forming the hard
carbon deposit so well known in clyin-
ders. This gummy deposit is due to the
action of the compounds mentioned in
case 3. The free carbon liberated in
case 2 is light and fluffy and of itself
would not form the hard deposit.
^\Tlere the compounds break up into
new compounds, however, some of the
new compounds are volatile, while
others are heavier and more viscous
than the original compound. Con-
tinued action of the kind mentioned in
case 3 will therefore result in the
gradual thickening of the film, and the
retention and absorption by the film of
the carbon that is liberated will in-
crease this effect until, finally, a hard,
brittle deposit results.

"In the absence of any gummy de-
posit of this kind to cement the free
carbon together, the latter will gener-
ally be blown out through the exhaust.
The oil that will give the best results,
then, is not necessarily the one that will
form the least carbon, but the one that
will form the least carbon in the cylin-
ders. Oils made from asphalt-base
crudes have shown themselves to be
much belter adapted to motor cylin-
ders, as far as their carbon-forming
proclivities are concerned, than are the
paralhne-base Pennsylvania oils."

The loganberry growers of the Wil-
lamette Valley shipped the first car-
load of loganberry juice East in the
month of August. Loganberry juice has
become a very popular drink and has
been pronounced one of the pleasant-
est of all fruit-juice drinks. Fifteen
hundred gallons were given away by
the loganberry growers of the Wil-
lamette Valley at the Panama Exposi-
tion in San Francisco. It is prophesied
that when the public becomes well
acquainted with loganberry juice, as
they are with grape juice, that it will
command a sale equal, if not greater,
than grape juice.

Store Apples

NEAR BIG MARKET

Apples stored with us take in transit rate
and quick delivery to

New York, Boston
Philadelphia

and other big eastern markets.

LOCKPORT COAL, ICE & COLD STORAGE CO.

Lockport, New York

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page IS

FORKNER fo^T^ILLERS

(

WORK RIGHT UP TO YOUR TREES ^

Cultivate entire surface between rows without disturbing boughs or fruit. Does
more work — easier and quicker— and leaves better surface mulch than any other
0- jiri'ri, ^,-j^ T.~^- —j cultivator. Used by thousands of fruit

"The Forkner

labor 40%". Another says:

all kinds of tools, but we

lurwork quickerand bet-

:h a Forkner". Still an-

says: "I wouldn't take

>. for my Forkner Tiller if

couldn't get another".

'rite today for catalog and

!ree book — "Modern Soil

Tillage" — invaluable to

any farmer or fniit

grower. Mailed free.

Write today,

LIGHT DRAFT
. HARROW CO.

601 Nevada St.
MarshalltowD, la.

Western Pine Box Sales Co. Wc for Three Months

HIGH GRADE FRUIT BOXES
APPLE, PEAR ANDEPEACH >BOXES

Fruit and Vegetable Crates

GOOD SERVICE— Write us

SPOKANE, WASH.

Trial subscription to leading fruit and gar-
den publication. Gives timely information
each month. Eighteen years old. Regular
subscription rate $1 for tree years. Address

Fruitman and Gardener

H Main Street Mount Vernon, Iowa

PENDLETON. OREGON

SEPT. 23-24-25, 1915
EXCURSION FARES

"Wild and Wonderful

PONY EXPRESS RACES
BRONCHO BUSTING
INDIANS, COWBOYS
OUTLAW HORSES

Get Fares and Particulars

Furious and Exciting

New Contestants for Glory
Old Champions, man and
beast, hold you spellbound
with their nerve and daring

From Agent 0-W. R. & N.

To

Large Growers

or

SMALL

Sell Direct to
Distant Jobbers

BY USING THE

''Blue Book"
System

mm PRODUCE REPORTER
C COMPANY'S

iCreditBook

EXtCUTWl Qff'=«

JtLcphc..bu..o..c

Eliminate All

Unnecessary

Middlemen

BUILD UP YOUR OWN
SHIPPING BUSINESS

The Credit Book guides you to reliable,
responsible buyers — points out the
"trirky" and "unfair" dealers — gives the
summarized experiences of other ship-
pers with every lirni in every market. It
is used today by the great majority of
successful frultand produce handlers.

Our Inspecting and Adjusting Depart-
ment looks after rejected or complained
of shipments — Adjusters located in all
principal markets. Collections. LitlRa-
tions. Railroad Claims promptly, etH-
ciently handled for members.

Produce Reporter Service operates on
the correct ci>-()pt*ratlve principle for thf
mutual bfuellt and protection of mem-
bers—it enables the smallfst shipper to
profitably compete with the largest "Dis-
tributor." It affords the only practical
solution of your problem— write us today
for full information — you Incur no obliga-
tion whatevei' in dolim so

Produce Reporter Co.

NEW YORK
Fruit Trade Bnilding

CHICAGO
Bell Telephone Buildins:

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 1 6

bettp:r fruit

September

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Official Organ of TI19 Nortluvest Fruit Growers' Association
A Moiitlilr Illustrated Magazine Published in the
Interest of Modem Fruit Growing and Marketing

Alt Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Pnblishinp; Corapanv

E. H. SHEPARD, Editor and Publisher

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallis

H. S. Jackson. Pathologist Corvallis

H. F. Wilson, Entomologist Corvallis

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E, P. Taylor. Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wicks. Horticulturist Moscow

W. S. Thomber, Horticulturist Lemston

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley

W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville

Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R. M. Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE;

In the United States. $l.on per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50

AD"VERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906. at the

Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Ac^t

of Congress of March 3. 1879.

The Apple Crop of the United States,
the Northwest in Particular. — Men who
are engased in the ajiple business and
others who are not, but who are well
posted, remember the boom that ex-
isted in the Northwest a few year ago,
in fact throughout the United States.
The boom collapsed in 1912. Since that
time there has been no extensive
planting of apple trees anywhere in
the United States, with the possible ex-
ception of some promotion work being
done in the State of Virginia. In the
meantime a large number of peojile
have found out that much land has
been planted to apples where neither
good varieties or quality can be pro-
duced, therefore a large amount of this
acreage is being dug up, not only
throughout the Northwest but in other
sections as well. The planting of 1912,
in 1920, will all be in bearing, being
eight years of age at that time; there-
fore the maximum of production could
be expected in 1920. As a matter of
fact it is the editor's opinion that the
maximum production will be reached
before that time, iirobably in 1918, for
the reasons, as already indicated, that
large acreages are being dug up that
are not adapted to fruit growing and
are being planted to something the dis-
trict can produce to advantage. In ad-
dition to this many varieties of apples
have been planted in districts where
the climate or soil conditions are not
suitable. For instance, Spitzenbergs
have been planted quite extensively in
some districts. It is now being ascer-
tained that in a great many districts
that Spitzenberg trees are susceptible
to blight. This is true more particu-
larly in warm sections, where the
blight has already done an immense
damage, not only to pear trees but to
Spitzenbergs. Figuring on reasonable

prices for apples during the next five
years or so, many are finding that in
some sections they can make more
money by growing alfalfa, engaging in
the dairy business, raising bogs or en-
gaging in some other line of farming
than they can out of the apple business.
Therefore it looks very much to the
editor as if the decreasing acreage dur-
ing the next two or three years will be
rapid and that the maximum produc-
tion will probably be reached in 1918.

Varieties for the Northwest. — The

number of varieties of apples in which
the Northwest has shown extreme su-
periority in all respects are compara-
tively few, therefore the Northwest
will do well to figure out for the dif-
ferent locations which varieties they
will be justified in retaining, and what
they ought to either dig up or graft
over. Among the ijrincipal varieties
that look good at the present time, in
accordance with their time of ripen-
ing, are: Gravenstein, King, Jonathan,
Spitzenberg, Delicious, Winter Banana,
Rome Beauty, Ortley, Winesap and
Newtowns. In the minds of some there
is some question about the future of
the .Jonathan, for the reason that this
variety does very well in many other
states in the Union. In fact it is grown
in many states, whereas the other vari-
eties named are superior in the North-
west and can be produced in only a
few states in localities which are
limited.

Apple Packing; House. — Every grower

who has not already a good packing
house on his place should erect a shed
or cover so he can keep a good quan-
tity picked ahead, under cover, so as to
keep the packers going steadily during
rainy days that frequently occur dur-
ing the harvesting season. A shed an-
swering this purpose can be built at
small cost. Frequently many growers
who have sheds now need additional
room. One of the best conveniences
for this purpose and one of the cheap-
est is a .good sized tent about 30x40
feet, which affords a splendid place in
which to i)ut the grading machine and
packers, shutting otT the wind and
keeping out the cold and rain. These
tents can be ordered from a tent manu-
facturer, any size you want. The price
of a 30xl0-foot tent, according to the
ply, would cost somewhere from -*()0
to »m. The cost of lumber for the
framework would probably not ex-
ceep .$10 or •fil.'i, so for from .$7.5 to
100 a man can fix up a tent that will
accommodate a grading machine and
packers and take care of the entire
day's packing after being packed,
which is usually hauled away regu-
larly each day.

ment of Botany and Plant Pathology,
Experiment Station, Corvallis. The
next four sections are by experts con-
nected with the same institution, the
second being a "Study of Fruit Buds,"
by an eminent authority, E. .1. Krans.
The third section is "Pruning of Young
Trees," by Professor C. I. Lewis, who
has a reputation as a horticulturist, sci-
entifically and theoretically, according
to Western methods, unsurijassed by
any horticulturist in the United States.
The fourth section is devoted to
"Pruning of the Bearing Pear Tree,"
by Professor V. R. Gardner, who has
given some of the most valuable in-
struction to Northwestern growers on
this sub.ject of any man who has writ-
ten or talked about it. The fifth sec-
tion, "Pruning the Bearing Prune
Tree," is also by Professor V. R. Gard-
ner. Each one of these articles is writ-
ten in the briefest language possible
and each illustrated in a very thorough
and scientific way with splendid illus-
trations.

Cull Apples. — Perhaps no better ad-
vice can be given the grower in refer-
ence to cull apples, which contain
scab, codling moth, San Jose scale or
any pest which can be communicated,
than to advise him to put them in sacks
as fast as they are gathered up, tying
up the end of the sacks and haul them
to the vinegar factory promptly. By
leaving them around such diseases or
insects as they may contain remain to
infest the crop next year. This is par-
ticularly true in reference to codling
moth, which will crawl out and go in
the cracks of the packing house, next
year producing a large crop of worms
to bore the ci-op full of holes. The
editor has done this for several years.
This in connection with spraying has
reduced the crop of wormy and stung
apples regularly each year. Proper
spraying anil getting rid of the cull
apples promptly each year will sooner
or later result in the crop being al-
most entirely free from many pests.
During the thinning season the thin-
ners only reported five worms and
stings in the editor's orchard in a crop
of about 5,000 boxes.

The editor desires to call attention

cflitoiially to the article bet/inning in
this issue on pruning, which will be
continued during the next five or six
issues of "Better Fruit." The first sec-
tion appearing in this issue is devoted
to "Plant Phyisology as Related to
Pruning," by W. M. Atwood, Depart-

The Apple Crop of the Northwest. —

Several years ago, at the National
Apple Show at Spokane, some railroad
officials and newsjiaper men in com-
pilin.g statistics of the acreage made a
prophesy as to the (piantity of apples
the Northwest would produce. It was
stated at that time, as nearly as the
editor i-emembers, five years ago, that
in 191.") the ajjple crop of the North-
west would be .')0,000 cars and in 1920
would be I'lO.OOO cars. The editor at
that lime stated he did not believe the
Northwest crop in 191.") would exceed
l."),(IO() cars. 191.5 is iiere and accord-
in.g to the consensus of conservative
estimates it is the general opinion now
that the crop will be somewhere in the
neighborhood of 12,000 cars, maybe
less, instead of 50,000 cars, as stated by
the various railroad officials and news-
paper men.

Grading Machines. — Tlie experience of

of the Northwest in marketing is such
that we are conipelled to admit that
■we have to put up a high-class prochicl ;
varieties of apples that have quality,
that are not grown extensively in the
East, making our pack uniform and our
grade perfect. There is no one factor
that is so much help in securing uni-
formity of size in grading and packing
as the grading and sizing machine.
Several makes are on the market which
have been tried out and have proved
their efliciency and economy. It is the
opinion of many growers that by using
a good grader 5 to 10 cents per box can
be saved in the packing house. When
an orchard produces 2,000 boxes or
over, according to the size of the crop,
a grading machine can be paid for in
one or two years, at the same time
doing the work more efTiciently and
quicker. The apples will bring better
prices.

BETTER FRUIT

Page

n

Economy in Harvesting. — The apple
growers last year either made no money
or lost money, consequently they have
to strive this year, as the situation
looks fair for good prices, to make
enough money to produce a fair aver-
age income for last year and this year.
WTiile the situation looks reasonably
good for fair prices it will be necessary
for the grower to endeavor to save as
much as possible in every way. Al-
ready attention has been called to the
grading machine as a saver, to picking
receptacles and ladders. Growers
should aim to secure careful pickers
and good packers, paying them fair
prices for the work, endeavoring to be
economical as possible in every way.
So much money saved is just as good
as so much money made.

Boutell Apple Paring
Machinery

Dayton Hardware & Machinery Co.

PORTLAND. OREGON
Write for Catalogue

Western Commercial
Fruit Evaporator Co.

1005 Chamber of Commerce BIdg.

Refer to our ads in the March, April, May
and June numbers of "Better Fruit"

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7. 122' 2 Grand Ave., Portland, Oregon

■Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast Grown Seedlings

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

"Write Now Perlection Currants "Write Now

WANTED!

To hear direct from owner of good farm
or unimproved land for sale.

C. C. BUCKINGHAM

Houston, Texas

Special
Prices

ON

Mitchell Ladders

On account of overstock we are iimkiiig a reduc-
tion in prices of our Mitchell Ladders. If you will
need a ladder now or next year

Buy Now and Save Money

Apply at the nearest Mitchell dealer,
or mail in this coupon;

Portland, Oregon

Send me special prices on your
Mitchell Ladders.

Name .
P. 0..

Cider Mills

Four sizes of the best type. Low prices

TRIPOD
\ FRUIT GROWERS
LADDER

Picking Ladders. — It is false economy
on the part of the grower to en-
deavor to get along with an insulTicient
supply of good ladders. Too fre-
quently we see apple growers with old
ladders that are rickety. Every once
in a while a picker falls otY the ladder
with a bucket of apples, bruising half
a box. Other growers, to save buying
ladders allow the pickers to climb up
in the trees, frequently shaking off
enough apples to pay several times the
cost of a good ladder. In addition to
this, when a grower allows a picker to
climb in a tree it is barked and more
or less permanently injured.

Apple Boxes. — Every grower should

haul out boxes according to his crop
estimates, at the earliest possible mo-
ment, making them up ready for use
when the harvesting .season begins.
.\nother important reason for doing
this is that frequently the boxes that
come from the mill are more or less
wet and will not dry out knocked
down, but if made up and i)iled in the
packing house they will dry out.
Apples will keep better when packed
in thoroughly dry boxes llian wet
boxes.

Ridpath's

History of the World

At A Bargain

Weighs 50 lbs.— 2.000 Pages— 4.000 Pictures
\V(? Mill name our price only in direct letters to those
setictuin lis Iht^ Coupon bt-low. Tear off the Coupon,
write name and address plainly, and mall to us now
before you forget It. Dr. Riiipath is dead, his work Is
done, but, liis widow derivts her suiiporl from liis hls-
torj-. and to print our price broadcast for the sake of
Qulcklv sclHriK those few sets would cause great iniury
to future sales.

INSPECTION COUPON

WESTERN NEWSPAPER ASSOCIATION HIS

Better Fruit Biire.iu. Hooi) River. Oregon
I'Irasc mail viHjr 46-pagc free s.Tmple booklet of
Ridpath's History of the World, contalnlna pholograv-
iirM nf Napoleon, (iiii-en EllzalMh. Socrates, ocsar
j.iid Sliakespt'are. and \vrite me full particulars of your
spet'jal offer to "Better Fruit" readers.

NAME -

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

\ KITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

AWARDED
COLD

MEDALS

5an Fi

an Iran CISCO

1915

ZEROLENE

OILS V CREASES

RED CROWN

GASOLINE

The Exposition jury found Zerolene first in lubri-
cating efficiency; Red Crown, first in carbureting
qualities, in purity and uniformity. A victory for
Standard products made from California crudes,
in competition with other gasolines and automo-
bile oils!

Standard Oil Company

(California)

OUTRIGHT SALES

QUICK RETURNS

MINIMUM COST

GROWERS AND SHIPPERS

Do You Want ■ Z_% .^fe^ 1— ■ for Your Fruit?

CASH

Why become involved In long drawn out pools - delayed settlements - unsatisfactory
L^n'i^f^S" """'"^^^'""y ^'*'*PP°'"'™<'°'** ■"*i^" you can obtain EXPERT MARKETING

SERVICE at a MINIMUM COST with ALL RED TAPE ELIMINATED

I SPECIALIZE ON F.O.B. CASH SALES

^n")f.^^S' °°';'' i' interested, specifying the number of cars and varieties of fruit you
will have to market and advise very lowest prices will take loaded for shipment.

H. E. SMITH

Independent Marketing Agent Northwestern Fruits

During August. September and October V^UlCagO, 111.

Walla Walla. Wash.

EXPERIENCED COMPETENT

Formerly Sales Manager

North Pacific Fruit Distributors

Payette Fruit Packing Co.

RELIABLE

Picking Receptacles. — Every grower
should be careful about picking his
apples, endeavoring to prevent all un-
necessary bruising. There are several
picking receptacles on the market in
the way of picking buckets with canvas
bottoms, and some canvas bags, which
will bruise the apples less than ordi-
nary buckets. These patent devices
are also easier to empty and the empty-
ing is done not only more rapidly biit
with less bruising.

Apple Packing. — First, secure able

packers who put up an honest pack.
Beware of the apple packer who packs
too many boxes in one day. ^Vhile some
packers may exceed 100 boxes per day,
under favorable conditions with a large
run of sizes, a good packer taking all
grades, sizes and conditions as they
occur throughout the harvesting season
will very seldom average much over 100
boxes, while there are many who can-
not and will not average this quantity.

September

Apple Harvesting. — Apple harvesting

will commence in various sections the
latter part of September or the early
part of October, therefore a few sug-
gestions in the way of preparation may
be of some value to the fruitgrowers
vyho are inclined to be, frankly, just a
little lax in making thorough prepara-
tion in advance of the harvesting
season.

Apple Picking. — Don't expect your

apple pickers to pick more than a rea-
sonable number of boxes a day. \Mien-
ever a picker picks too many boxes
generally he will knock off, by work-
ing rapidly and through being careless,
a large number of fruit spurs, which
will make the crop short next year.

Attention is again called to the article

by A. Millard, Jr., which contains a
wonderful fund of information, the
result of a long period of thorough re-
search work. This article began in the
July issue and will be completed by
December.

Experienced Orchardist
and Farmer

with several years' experience in both
Hood River and Wenatchee, wishes situ-
ation as manager of an orchard or diver-
sified farm. Best of references. Address
O," care "Better Fruit."

Do you need the services of an orchard
superintendent? one who is familiar
with and competant in every phase of
orchard management. Am an elderly
man; experienced in handling of help.
Care of and marketing of fruit a spec-
ialty. Address F. W., care "Better
Fruit.""

Orchard Superintendent

Unusual chance to get position as superintend-
ent on 100-acre orchard, mostly in bearing.
Must be able to take full charge and be experi-
enced pruner especially. Good buildings. Mar-
ried man preferred, with some cash. Will be
expected to secure small amount of stock in
the company or interest in tract. Address
"Supt.," care "Better Fruit."

WANTED

Position as Superintendent or Mana-
ger of large commercial fruit orchard
by Agricultural College graduate with
years of experience. Best of references.
Married, one child. Address R. W. M.,
Wengel Apts., Madison, Wis.

J.& H. Ooodwiii, Ltd.
APPLE IMPORTERS

Commercial Sale Room, Deansgate,
Manchester. England.

Floral Street, Covent (iarden Market,

London, England.

Fruit Exchange, Victoria Street

Liverpool, England.

Hnmher Dock Street,

Hull, England.

.\MEI{I('AN ADDRESSES:

97 AVarren Street, .New York, ti. V.
tiO State Street, Roston,Mass.

ConRlgnnients and Correspondence Solicited

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page ip

Experts Talk on Vital Questions

Mr. Parlin of the Curtis Publishing
Company, Philadelphia, and Mr. Boyce
of the San Francisco office of that com-
pany, who are visiting the various sec-
tions of the Northwest, gave very in-
teresting and instructive talks on "Ad-
vertising," which included much gen-
eral information of a very interest-
ing nature on many varied subjects,
directly and indirectly connected with
advertising.

The Cost of Living.— The statistics
collected by the Curtis Publishing
Company on the cost of living are ex-
tremely interesting. This report was
compiled by ascertaining the expenses
of 2,567 working families. The cost of
living average as follows: Food, 40
per cent; rent or upkeep of home, 14
per cent; clothing, 13 per cent; fuel and
light, 5 per cent; all other expenses, 21
per cent; surplus, 7 per cent. Ex-
pressed in other words, the average
income of these working families was
i?827. which was divided as follows:
Food, »327; rent and upkeep, $119;
clothing $108; fuel and light, «40; all
other expenses, $175; surplus, .$58.

* * *

The Percentage of Different Foods
Consumed by the Average Family. —
Mr. Parlin states that the average
family spends in meat and poultry 33
per cent; dairy products, 22 per cent;
vegetables, 10 per cent; flour and
bread, 0 per cent; other foods, 21 per
cent; fruit, 5 per cent. In other words,
according to Mr. Parlin the average
family of the United States spends an-
nually $16.35 of his income in fruits.
This indicates very forcefully the ne-
cessity of the fruitgrowers doing some
educational work with advertising,
educating the public as to the value of
fruit as a food. It is a well-known
fact that the Americans are large meat
eaters and eat a great deal less fruit
than many other nations. Fruits arc
not only nutritious but wholesome, and
in addition to this they assist in
digestion and also assist in keeping the
system in perfect order. If the pulilic
was sufficiently acquainted with the
value of fruit along these lines the
consumption would be wonderfully in-
creased. It requires the right kind of
educational campaign to bring about
such a condition. Such a campaign
should be taken up by the fruit-
growers at the earliest possible op-
portunity.

* * *

From the Producer to the Con-
sumer.— Mr. Parlin gave some interest-
ing information showing the necessary
changes that products must go through
in order to reach the consumer. In
speaking of fruit growing he named
first the producer or grower, then the
exchange, association or shipping con-
cern, then the wholesale fruit jobbers
in the various cities, the retailers, ami
eventually the consumer. Many grow-
ers have frc(iuently expressed the idcii
and opinion that the fruitgrower can
sell direct lo the retailer. It nuist be
admitted that fruit could be handled in
this wav, but on the other hand it is

Fall Sowing

OUR TESTED GRADES OF

VETCH-CLOVER-GRASS
SEED AND COVER CROPS

have had much to do with the Agricultural
Development of the Pacific Northwest. We
furnish all Seed tested for Pmity and Germi-
nation. They are Grown, Cleaned and
Packed under our supervision and tested by
experts. Sold by dealers in Lilly trade-
marked sacks. Send for price list.

Hi^ Tested Seeds

PURE CANE il

PURE CANE

lOOl-BS-MET 'i^

PURE CANE |\

lOO LBS HErr

PURE CANE '\

fJL'-'l

lOO LBS NET 'i^

PURE CANt i\

100 LBS NET

Buy at wholesale from Jones Cash Store

Again this old reliable mail order house comes to the front with a
smash at high sugar prices! We handle more sugar than any other
concern in the Northwest. Supply sugar for your fruit and preserving
needs, at wholesale. If you have never ordered by mail from us. take

this chance and get acquainted.

Best Fruit or Berry Sugar
lOO -Pound Sack Now for

$6.15

r1 '■

Ball-Mason Fruit
Jars Reduced

Verv best quality.

PINTS, dozen SOe

Gross .$5.50
QUARTS, dozen . . .55<'

Gross S6.50
1/2 GALLONS. doz..SO<?

Gross .'SO. 00
FRUIT JAR CAPS,

dozen 30<»

Extra Heavy Rubbers,
dozen 6^

THIS COUPON BRINGS YOU OUR
BIG FREE CATALOGUE NO. 63

Hundreds of pages, filled
with descriptions and pic-
tures of mail order bar-
gains! Fill out the coupon
or send your name on a
postal.

Jones Cash Store

Established 1882

Front and Oak Streets

Portland, Oregon

Other Timely Grocery Bargiiiiis

Har\-est-time groceries and pro-
visions t)f all kinds at reduced
prices. Send for special grocery
catalog. For instance —

Canned Tomatoes, dozen S9<?

Fancy Evap. Peaches, lb tie

4- gal. Keg of Pickles 6S<-

Economy Coffee, lb 15r

Eastern Bacon. ^^^

pound.. ISc ^•^

t-O V,e ^*^°^

, vrjarvt *-°»<.\ndW ^
^r-ces.ppe£«

V,0NN

Oil I"

t)Liy

019

^io•

ess

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

ill Tread Tractor turning close to the tfces in Cutter Bros.' Orchard in Brighton, Sacramento County, California

GETTING CLOSE
Cultivated orchards pay. The
closer you succeed in bringing
the cultivator to the trees, the
more successful is the result.

The Yuba Ball Tread Tractors
bring the cultivator close to the
trees — are light enough not to
pack the ground, and are com-
pact enough not to injure the
fruit-burdened branches.

THE ONE-MAN OUTFIT
If the cost of cultivating your
orchard was reduced 50 per cent,
your income would be increased
by whatever amount you saved.
Suppose your cultivating equip-
ment was a one-man outfit, in-
stead of two, would that help
you to decrease your monthly
expenditures? Yuba Ball Tread
Tractor owners are economizing
in this way. Are you?

^CTORl

B The Yuba Construction Company

■ 433 CALIFORNIA STREET, SAN FRANCISCO

BALL TREAD TRACTOR! m

THE YUBA CONSTRUCTION CO., Dept C

433 California St., San Francisco

Gentlemen :

Please send me a copy of your booklet, *'The
Ball Tread Tractor."

Name P.O.Box

Town State

My orchard consists of acres. The

principal product is

known by those who have been in the
business extensively that only a small
<iuantity could be moved in this way.
Under favorable circumstances and
conditions, coupled with good ability
for handling fruit, undoubtedly some
fruitgrowers could market their fruit
to advantage direct to the consumer,
particularly where the quantity is
small, but such a process would never
take care of 20,000 cars in the North-
west in one season, or any great part
thereof. One fruitgrower suggested to
the editor that the Northwest could
market its fruit by parcel post or ex-

press. To determine the value of such
a suggestion just imagine what would
have to be the size of the postolhce
and the number of employes required
at the shipping point like Wenatchee,
Yakima, Hood River or some of the
other big shipping stations, which in
the height of the season would ship
out all the way from ten to one hun-
dred cars a day, or from 6,000 to 60,000
packages, each one weighing ."lO pounds.

The QuantilN' of Business Done by
the Different Kinds of Jobbers Through-
out the United States.— Mr. Parlin

divided the jobber in four classifica-
tions, the national jobber, doing busi-
ness all over the United States; the
sectional jobber, doing business over
some one section of the United States,
like the South, West or East, for in-
stance; the semi-local jobber, doing
business not only in one stale but in
surrounding states, and the local job-
ber, doing business confined to his own
immediate locality, which includes the
city in which he is located and some
surrounding territory. The percentage
of business done by each class of job-
bers is as follows: The national, ."> per

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

Pape 21

cent; the sectional, 9 27-100 per cent;
the semi-local, 32 4-10 per cent; and the
local 53 33-100 per cent. The volume
of business clone by the local jobber is
so great that it is evident that the fruit-
grower must give the local jobber the
highest consideration in placing an im-
mense quantity of fruit grown in the
t'nited States.

Retailer. — Mr. Parlin gave some in-
teresting statistics in reference to the
percentage of business done by the re-
tailers on food connnodities. The meat
markets do 22 per cent of the business,
while the corner groceries do 37 9-10
per cent of the business. This ought
to indicate to the fruitgrower the value
of co-operating with the retail grocers
in marketing his product. Of course it
is a well-known fact that an immense
quantity of fruit is handled by the
fruit stores, push carts and peddlers,
which handle a large portion of the
remaining 100 per cent.
* * *

Some interesting information was
also given by Mr. Parlin in reference to
the retail products consumed by the
various sections of the United States
which is of value to the fruitgrower,
indicating to the fruitgrower where
the greatest consumption of products
takes place. The editor regrets he has
not a complete list of the different
states included in the following sec-
tions, therefore is able only to name
in a general way these sections with-
out giving definite boundaries: New
York and part of New England, 21 per
cent; Maine, 2 per cent; the Middle
West, 25 per cent; the Dakotas, Ne-
braska and Kansas, 7 per cent; south-
ern part of South, 7 per cent; Pennsyl-
vania, 7 per cent; South Carolina and
surrounding territory, ^V-i per cent;
Kentucky and surrounding territory, 4
per cent; Arkansas and surrounding
territory, 5 per cent; Texas, W'l per
cent; California, 3 per cent; Colorado,
New Mexico, Nevada, Wyoming, Idaho
and Montana, 2 per cent; Arizona, one-
half of 1 per cent; Oregon and Wash-
ington, 2 per cent. According to Mr.
Parlin 22 per cent of the food products
advertised is handled by the Saturday
Evening Post, and 10 per cent is han-
dled by the Ladies' Home Journal.

The Almeria grape crop of Spain is
reported very much lighter and very
much below normal and much less
than last year.

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives you a hiuli yrade quick Belling product at a
minimuiu cost. It makes a clean and natural lasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetables have been
approved by the l^. S. Government, while desiccated,
dried and evaporated prodnots have been rejected.
There is but one Ii-bydminr umniifucttired in the
West and it is the liewt ity-Produrl niarliine ever de-
vised. It is adaptfil to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It ia
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therefore, you are
protected in its use.

The manui'actvirers of this Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved automatic labor-saving
preparatory machinery which will further reduce the
present low cost U\t the production of this proiUict.

For new descriptive bixiklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

Grand Prizes

TKe International Jury of Awards
of tKe Panama-Pacific International
Exposition has awarded (jranl
Prizes for the Caterpillar TractOi-
and the Caterpillar Harvester. Only-
one Grand Prize is a^warded m each
class — the rating is made on the
skill in invention, on the value to
the v^'orld and to agriculture, and
on similar points.

Send for Bulletin BE 309, whi'ch gives full in-
formation about the Caterpillar Tractor, or ask
for literature on our harvester line.

'Tfe Holi HanufaciuringG. %c.

Stockton. Calif? Peoria. 111.

Wask.

There AreBigProfits
in the Cider Business

Let us tell you how you can earn big profits making
Cider, Vinegar, Apple Butter, etc., on a "Mount Gilead"
Hydraulic Cider and Grape Juice Press. A"Mount Gilead"
Cider and Grape Juice Press will pay
for itself in the extra juice it will extract
as compared to other makes.

We manufacture Evaporators, Apple
Butter Cookers, Vinegar Generators,
Cider and Vinegar Filters, etc. Let
us tell you about "Mount Gilead"
outfits and how you can put good
profits in your pocket by their
use.

The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co.

60 Lincoln Ave., Mt. Gilead,0.

Pacific Coast Representatives

THE BERGER & CARTER CO.

17th and Mississippi Streets
San Francisco. Cal.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 22

Don't Get Wet

and carry around a load
of water and a cold.

Tower's Fish Brand

Reflex

Slicker

$3.00

sheds every drop.

Easy fitting and

\ strong at every

.\ point. RcflexEdges

,$\ stop every drop

from running in

^>j, at the front

Protector Hat, 75 cents
Satisfaction Guaranteed f^OWEiJ'^

Send for catalog ^,<a^^^^^el

A. J. TOWER CO. ^?^^^'

SIS BOSTON ^JSHrn^

Orchard Yarn

Progressive orchardists, those right down to the minute
In methods of protecting heavy laden fniit trees, are agreed
that tying branches with Orcliard Yarn is the modem way
of supportlne orchard trees. It Is not expensive. Is easilj-
done, and the time to tie is when trimming. The spure
are then tougher, less easily broken off than later, leaves
are not in the way and all parts of the tree can be seen.
Saving but a small percentage of trees from being broken
down win pay for the expense of tying an entire orcliard.
One-ply Tarred Manila Yam will mn about 2il(> feet per
pound. Two-ply will lun from 90 to 100 feet per pound.
Put up in 5-pound balls or on 10-pound spools. In 5-pound
balls the yam pulls from the inside and is more easily
handled.

Sold by all merchants handling orchard supplies.

Manufactured by

The Portland Cordage Company

PORTLAND, OREGON

Store Your Apples
in Spokane

The Natural Storage Center

Take advantage of storage in
transit rate and the better mar-
ket later. Write us for our dry
and cold storage rate and infor-
mation.

Ryan & Newton
Company

SPOKANE, WASHINGTON

BETTER FRUIT
Contest for Boys and Girls

The Washington State Fair, which
will be held in North Yakima this year
September 20 to 25, is going to make a
strong appeal to the interest of the
boys and girls of the state. An at-
tractive list of premiums has been pre-
pared in a special catalog covering dif-
ferent phases of agricultural displays
and stock judging. Besides the regular
list of premiums, several individual
prizes are likewise offered. One of
these is a scholarship at the Washing-
ton State College, offered through its
president, E. A. Bryan, to the most suc-
cessful student of any high school, or
eighth-grade graduate in the stock-
judging contest. As tuition at the state
college is free, the prize will be ac-
cepted as an exemption to the extent of
thirty dollars in room rentals or other
fees. Another individual prize is
offered by Dr. H. T. Graves, state com-
missioner of agriculture, for the best
exhibit of vegetables submitted by any
boy or girl in the state residing outside
of Yakima County.

The scope of the children's industrial
contests at the State Fair is wide and
covers Home Economics, Agriculture,
Manual Training, Nature Study, Edu-
cational, Floriculture, Horticulture and
Livestock. So comprehensive has this
department been made that the special
premium list was made necessary.
Rodney Ackley, a children's organizer
of state-wide reputation, is the superin-
tendend in charge, and a systematic
effort is being directed toward making
the department one of the interesting
and educational features of the fair.
The contests are open to the children
of the entire state, and the premium list
is scarcely equaled by any state fair in
the West this year.

September

Seattle fruit jobbers during the
month of August reported a strong de-
mand for all kinds of fruits.

YOU CAN EARN $50.00 P^^Hh toi

^^ '^^^ iQeirlatt linpr«v«d Standard

Well Dfllllni Htohlne.
Di^ thrvuik *%7 (onnaboa.
Five ycu« •E«ad W a>r other,
Hu lecoid of iMIbi 130 («(
^u^ ~ uuj dnrina i ■■■■ ta 9 koun.

Aoolba ncotd wiiera 70 (mi wu drilled M 2)2 (d. diMilUu
tl9epetfiL GnamucaBopento. ElectricaDrBluvpedioc
f^niae nifllitl. FiibincKob. Engine iffutias. CftlBMflueWB.
iEIERSON MACHINERY CO., Manfrt. Perttand. Or«.

You can buy an

Edge

To Growers and Shippers of High Grade Apples in Boxes
We Recommend Our

Edgemont Lid Press

AS BEING
Strong, Durable, Convenient and Moderate in Price

That a Lid Press with nail stripper and cleat box, brackets to hold
lids where you want them, cleat hooks to hold cleats while nailing
and a perfect treadle rachet is appreciated by the growers is shown
by the sale of hundreds of them to growers not only of the Northwest
but of nearly every fruit district of the United States.
Send for circulars and prices to

H. PLATT & SONS, Como, Montana

YAKIMA HARDWARE CO., North Yakima, Waihineton ^i
PLOUGH HARDWARE CO., Wenatchee, Washinfton 1

BERGER & CARTER CO., 504 Mission Street, San Francisco
B G. PRATT CO., 50 Church Street, New York City

mont I id Press from inland seed CO., 913 First Avenue, Spokane, W.shineion
mum LIU ricss 11 urn p,Qfjg£R PACKING HOUSE, Hood River, Orejon

rs^iiJ

Work* Preparation tor *

! college career or

business life. A department
with Grammar Grades.
Special preparation for engi-
neering courses. Evidence
of the success of Portland
Academy lies in the fact that
over half our graduates have
successful college careers.

Athletics: "--^'cm'

ties. Football, baseball, bask-
etball and track teams. .A.n
annual tennis tournament.
Excellent gymnastic equip-

ment.

Boarding: Portland

Academy is
a day and board-
ing-school. Fine
boarding-halls for
both boys and girls.
Careful super-
vision.

The 27th school
year begins Sep-
tember 18. next.

JAMES F. EWING

Principal
Portland Academy

Montgomery St.
Portland. Ore.

=&

HISS BARKER'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS

PALO ALTO

BACCREDITED TO COIiLEQESI

GRAMMAR AND PRIMARY GRADES

FOURTEENTH YEAR

Catalogue upon application

Address

MISS HARKER, Palo Alto, California

Mount Tamalpais
Military Academy

SAN RAFAEL. CALIFORNIA

The most thoroughly organized and com-
pletely equipped Military School west of
the Rocky Mountains; Cavalry. Infantry,
Mounted Artillery. Sixteen miles North
of San Francisco; U. S. army officer de-
tailed by War Department; accredited by
the University of California, Stanford and
other Colleges. Twenty-sixth year begins
August 24th, 191.5.

Address Rev. Arthur Crosby. A.M..D.D,

ST. HELEN'S HALL

PORTLAND, OREGON

Diocesan Boardiiic imd I'uy Sfli....! for Girls under the
.■iircottlu'Sistersiil st..l<iliii Huptist i KpisoopaU liurch)

Forty-Seventh Year begins September 15th

CoUe-e l'r4Miariit.irv Htid (l.-neral Courses, Music, Art,
Flncutioii cvmiiii^iiiiin, SwimmiuK. etc. Montessori
Ivinderu-iirteii fnr liltic linvs and L'irls under seven. For
Catalogue, address, THK SISTER SCPKRIOB.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

RONIIER DAYS

Stage Coaches

Indians
Trail Blazers

Cow Boys

Cow Girls
Racing, Roping
Broncho Busting \

VAfmcuLAnd ntoH

OW. H S H.

A Reproductioo
oE Stirring Events
oE Pioneer Times

Showing Early Life
in the Far West

Walla Waua

WASHINGTON

SEPT. 16-17-18,1915

Houler Stre«e Parade. The World's Most
Celebrated Riders and Ropers will be Pres-
enl lo CoDteal for tbe GbampioBship. A list
of Prizes WtD Be Sent Dpoa Application.

A WESTERN SHOW thats the REAL THING

EXCURSION FARES

Holt

Picking

Sack

NO MORE BRUISED
APPLES

A good picker can pick
enough more, and to
better advantage, with
tliis bag to pay for its
cost in two days. Money
back if not satisfactory.

ORDER NOW. PRICE, prepaid, $1.75

Agents Wanted

J. J- MARISCHAL & CO.

Spokane, Washington

Things We Are Agents For

Enox Hats
Alfred Benjamin & Co.'s Clothingf

Dr. Jaeger Underwear

Dr. Deimel Linen Mesh Underwear

Dent's and Fownes' Gloves

Buflfum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

What are
your dairy
problems?

To get started profitably in dairy-
ing as a side-line, the fruit grower
needs helpful advice and sugges-
tions.

Our service department will de-
light in doing this very thing, with-
out any charge or obligation.

We are sole Oregon distributors
for "Simplex'' Separators. B-L-K
Milkers, Papec Ensilage Cutters,
Simplex Silos and all kinds of
dairy, butter-making and cheese-
making supnlies.

Your name on a postal will
bring Free Catalogs

Monroe & Crisell

126 Front St. Portland, Oregon

Don't Simply Buy a

Mattress

Insist on getting a

HEYWOOD MATTRESS

It is guaranteed to give you
perfect .satisfaction.

Each mattress comes separately
wrapped in its original package — a
sanitary advantage which appeals to
the discriminating.

At all better dealers
$12.00, $15.00 and $18.00

If your dealer cannot supply,
write direct to

HEYWOOD BROTHERS AND WAKEEILD COMPANY

Portland and Seattle

PORTLAND

$72.50 ""'"-^"^
$71.20

round trip

St. Louis —
round trip

$60.00 K^n^' c?r'^-

round trip

$1 1 n 70 N^^ York -
X J.V/« 1 1/ round trip

and many other places in like propor-
tion—.$G7. 70 to Des Moines; $55.00
Denver; ,$83.50 Detroit Daily

Low Fares East Expire

September 30

Routings via California

Trains the Traveling Public Approve
for Quality Service:

"The North Bank Limited"

Daily at Ti'J.t P.M.

"Inland Empire Express"

Daily at 9:55 A. M.

For Spokane, St. Paul, Chicago

SS. "Great Northern" and "Northern

Pacific" Reservations for California

and Railroad Tickets to any point.

R. H. CROZIER, A. G. P. A.

PORTL.\ND. OREGON

PORTLAND TICKET OFFICE
5th and Stark Streets

PORTLAND

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

September

Spend a Nickle and Save a Dime

Use Peerless
DuplexStrapping

ON YOUR

Shipping Boxes

and

(1) You will prevent pilfering.

(2) l^ou will prevent damage in
handling.

No. 3 Duplex Strapping is made of liigli grade Cold Eolled
Steel of considerable tensile strength and pliability. The turned
edge protects the packer's hands; the kniu'led center prevents
the nail from slipping while being driven.

Discounts and Information from
Pacific Coast Representatives

A. C. RULOFSON CO.

No. 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California

No. 3 Peerless Duplex Strapping in
coils of 6,500 feet each — $14.63 per
coil with liberal discount.

TWISTED WIRE AND STEEL CO.
515-521 Greenwich Street, New York, N. Y.

"PERFECT" Cement Coated Nails

CUE PEODDCTS AEE OF SUPEEIOE QUALITY

AND GUAEANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION.

PRICE and QUALITY always right.

PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa.
A. C. RULOFSON CO.

"The Cement Coated Nail People"

Monadnock Building, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
PACIFIC COAST SALES MANAGERS

# s*?

FUESWWTBITE
dWS WONT KICK

WOOWASKTLYREPEUINT

^^ (trademark)

15 USED EASILY APPLIED

SWlSTIMETEMPERmUi- MONEY-

^ If your dealer hasn't it. send us his name, with seventy-five cents, and we

vrill send you at once, all charges prepaid, a half-gallon package.

WOODARD, CLARKE & CO.

Wood-Lark Building Portland, Oregon

BUY DIRECT FROM FACTORY-
MONEY SAVED ON BUILDING

WINDOWS

Sash and Glass

Frames and

Finish

24x2,s-l-V-3 lit;ht window
$1.10

FRONTDOORS

SASH PANEL

DOOR FRAMES

DOOR FINISH

DOOR HARDWARE

Door2:fix8:6 <i:i 1 ft
5 cross panels «?-*-•-■-"

DIAMOND
HOUSE PAINT

Strictlv Pare, Our Own Make
Per Gallon, $1.75

LEAD8,OILS,VARNISH

CARBOLINEUM

CREOSOTE

Portland Door and Window Go.

280 Front St., PORTLAND, ORE.

SEE CALIFORNIA

AND HER TWO
GREAT EXPOSITIONS

NOW

California is this year holding two great
universal Expositions, one at San Francisco
and the other at San Diego, in celebration of
the completion of the Panama Canal and the
Joining of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
These two Expositions represent an expendi-
ture exceeding one hundred million dollars.
To supply the demand for reliable and
authentic information on these Expositions
and California, we have published two beau-
tiful books; one on San Francisco, the EJxpo-
sition and Northern California; the other on
Los Angeles, San Diego, the Exposition and
Southern California; also a lithographed view
of San Francisco in colors (size 30x45 inches),
a picture of the rebuilt city, including the
Exposition. Each book is 6x9 inches, con-
tains nearly 200 pages and many beautiful
illustrations.

These two books and large bird's-eye view
give a comprehensive, honest history and de-
scription of the state, her principal cities,
resources and her two great Expositions.
Sent prepaid for 35 cents each or all three for
a one dollar bill, money order, draft or check.
Order now, addressing

North American Press Association,

Publishers,
1420 Hearst Building, San Francisco.

,^«???^, UENA/IS AUDIBLE

^ SPEED INDICATOR

The 'MISSlnS Link" thn attaches

to any rrcaru St-paraior for any

speed. Iliniis a waniiiiK bell while

under-speediiig. Clicks loudb' at

the right speed and at over-speed la

silent. Increases jneld of tnitterfat

;irui insures uniform tests at creamery

Uescriptlve circulars on application

Postpaid $3.25 Liberal terms to agents

Columbia Dairy Supply Co.

Portland, Oregon

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

^9^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 25

The apple crop of Wenatchee is re-
ported approximately around 80 per
cent of last year. Last year, if we re-
member correctly, Wenatchee shipped
about 5,600 cars. The crop this year
is estimated variously from 4,000 to
5,000 carloads. It is also stated that
one-quarter of the Wenatchee apple
crop has already been contracted for
by cash buyers. The Wenatchee apple
crop is being marketed through various
organizations, among which may be
mentioned the Northwestern Fruit
Exchange, the North Pacific Fruit Dis-
tributors, Wenatchee Fruit Growers'
Association, E. Wagner & Sons, who
have contracted a large block for
Australian shipment; Wagner & Sons
of Chicago, who are extensive han-
dlers, and a number of other large fruit
dealers who are extensive operators in
the Wenatchee district. All fold there
are somewhere probably in the neigh-
borhood of fifteen to twenty handling
concerns operating in this district.

The Southern Pacific Building at the
Panama Pacific International Exposi-
tion. This is 200 feet square, of Renais-
sance architecture. It is open daily and
fruit growers are invited to visit the
rest rooms, to attend the illustrated lec-
tures and organ recitals in its theatre,
and also to stroll through the Glade,
where some of the noted scenes on the
Southern Pacific lines are reproduced
in pleasing elTect.

lOR

lALLOOWING

"Diamond Quality"
TESTED

CLOVERS— ALFALFA
VETCHES— GRAINS
GRASSES and FIELD

SEEDS

MIXTURES for DRY LAND-
WET LAND— BURNS— Permanent
HAY CROPS and PASTURES-
COVER CROPS for ORCHARDS

WRITE FOR SAMPLES

[and Prices or Send in Your
Order — You will Receive
Prompt Service and Full Value

ASK FOR CATALOG No> 200

PORTLAND
SEED CO.

Portland, Ore.
Aeants "CLIPPER" Fannlnc Mills

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

E
A
R

S

o

/^/A'VrfAlV/fY' in buying is getting the best

X-' v/i^ V/iTl. X value for the money, not
always in getting the lowest prices. PEAKSON
prices are right.

DHESIVENESS rh'e°'?ira^rnTj?

PEAKSOX nails. For twenty years they have
been mak ing boxes strong. Now, more than ever .

X?J T A "DTT T'PV behind the goods is
rjljlAr>lljll 1 added valne. You can
rely on our record of fulfillment of every con-
tract and fair adjustment of every claim.

A'PTQT? A r^TTO^ isassuredbyourlong
x\. X lor x\v^ X Xvf il experience in mak-
ing nails to suit our customers' needs. We know
■what you want; we guarantee satisfaction.

'OTi^T'Vr AT T'pV P^"^ experience always
XvXVJXi^.AXjXX X excels imitation. Imi-
tations highest hope is. to sometime (not now)
equal Pearson — meantime you play safe.

A
I
L

NAILS

YAKIMA FRUIT SELLERS

North Yakima, Washington]

A Central Selling Agency for Yakima

EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS FOR

Yakima County Horticultural Union

Yakima Fruit Growers' Exchange

Richey & Gilbert Company

®ur orEanlzatlons handled 2,S00 carloads ot Yakima Fruit last sgason. Hundreds of growers
have joined our moYement and we already have under contract a much larger proportion
of Yakima tonnage than ever before. Additional tonnage is coming to us dally. We have
a large proportion of the fruit In the early districts — therefore we can load the early
assorted cars-money-makers for the trade and the growers.

WRITE OB WIRE US IN SEASON

H. M. GILBERT, General Manager FRED EBERLE, Asst. Manager

Paste for Labeling— "Palo Alto" Paste Powder

added to cold water, instantly
makes a beautiful, smooth,
white paste. Ready for imme-
diate use at a cost of 10 cents
a gallon. No labor. No muss.
No spoiled paste.

PASTE SPECIALISTS

Robinson Chemical Works

349-351 Eighth Street
San Francisco, California

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Pape 26

BETTER FRUIT

September

GUT THE COST OF PACKING

PRICE

PREPAID

WITH THE

PRACTICAL BOX MARKER

Puts on the five stamps at one operation.
Write for information.

PRACTICAL BOX MARKER CO.,Otis Orchar(ls,Wii.

HOOD RIVER APPLE VINEGAR CO.

HOOD RIVER

YELLOW NEWTON VINEGAR

AND SWEET CIDER

EVAPORATED APPLES

Made from Choice Hood River Apples

If your jobber cannot supply you
send your order to

Hood River Apple Vinegar Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Every Farmer

is interested in the manifold uses of
cement-concrete on the farm.

Practical Cemenf'.Work

By W. B. HENRY

is a cloth bound book of 113 pages, giving
valuable information on the mixing and
placing concrete in the various forms of
building.

Post paid, 50 cents.

The Concrete Age

Equitable Building:

ATLANTA. GEORGIA

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering- Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying.

Pears = Cherries— Prunes

in leading varieties. Thisstockisespecially fine thisyear; can't be beat; is free from dis-
ease and in fact, you can't wish for anything better. Also berries, roses, ornamentals, etc.
Catalog on request.

CHRISTOPHER NURSERIES, Th^rift^Xerrwas^^

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station. Belmont Road
We will be pleased to show you trees, apple trees that have a heritage, a quality that should be considered by everyone
who plants a tree. Our trees are grown in clean hillside virgin red shot soil with clay subsoil, producing the most vigorous
root system. Our buds are selected from llie best bearin;^' healthy Hood River trees that make the Hood River apple
famous throughout the world. Our trees will give you satisfactory results in vigor, fruit and quality. Ask for catalog.
We guarantee our products. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, almonds and walnuts. A complete line of the best varieties
of all kinds of fruits.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD, President W. J. ENSCHEDE, Manager

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H, VAUGHAN, Cashier

Established 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if

you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we

make no charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Apple as a Farm Product, Etc.

Continued from page 10

tion. The banana trade is even more
recent and the grapefruit most recent
of all. Florida grapefruit alone in-
creased from 117,336 boxes in 1900 to
1,611,537 boxes in 1910, about 900 per
cent. (See Table VI.) Our population
is increasing rapidly, and more and
more fruit per capita seems to be eaten.
This gives room for increase in all agri-
cultural production, but the fruit pro-
duction has been generally over-em-
phasized, and a man will either eat an
orange, a grapefruit or an apple for
breakfast; he won't cat them all, or if
he were able to perform this feat the
growers of each respective fruit would
all clamor to have him eat three of
their particular kind.

The apple has certain advantages;
some of these have already been men-
tioned. The apple has always been and
is the leading fruit of this country, and
this is worth something; but the rapid
public appreciation of the citrus fruits
in the past generation has shown this
advantage is not necessarily perma-
nent. The apple can be consumed in
more conditions than can any other
fruit. The apple has more to fall back
on in the way of by-products than any
other of our orchard fruits, in spite of
the "essential oils" of the citrus in-
dustry. Probably more than any other
advantage found in the apple will be
the possibility of lower cost of pro-
duction of this fruit, compared to
others, and its greater ability, com-
pared to some, to find outlet in the
lower levels of ultimate consumers.

Under chapter three we have dis-
cussed the markets of this country,
applying the ciuestion to farm ])roducts
generally, and as regards the domestic
markets, apples fit in with this dis-
cussion with only slight qualifications.
Apples are so universally produced for
home use by farmers that the farms
and small villages, and even many out-
lying towns are practically marked off
the map of demand for the fruit that
is not produced in that immediate lo-
cality. This differs apple from orange
distribution, for instance. Further,
Eastern apple states can hardly expect
to market apples in other Eastern apple
states, except in the larger cities, and
even there they are at a strong disad-
vantage. The whole market question is
thus to some degree localized on a
large scale. Western apples are an ex-
ception to this, and have proven their
ability to sell on their appearance
beside less expensive and often quite
as good quality locally-produced fruit.
The writer has observed Pacific Coast
apples attracting attention on fruit
stands in Rochester, New York, the
center of perhaps the greatest apple
region in the world.

(To be continued)

The percentage of apples exported
from the United States is variously esti-
mated at from 3 to .") per cent, while
the percentage of Northwestern apples
exported is estimated at approximately
around 10 per cent, varying in differ-
ent vears, — usually less.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2 J

Controlling the Apple-Borer

"Worniing" and painting tlie trunks
of the trees are recommended to own-
ers of apple orchards as ellicicnt meth-
ods of dealing with the roundheaded
apple-tree borer, in a new Farmers'
Bulletin, No. 675, of the United States
Department of Agriculture. A heavy
apijlication of some paint that will not
injure the trees l)ut will remain in an
unhidken coat on the bark for two or
three months, is effective in preventing
the female from laying her eggs in the
tree, and greatly reduces the amount
of worming, or the removal of the in-
sects with a knife and wire, that must
be (lone.

The roundheaded apple-tree borer,
the most destructive of a number of
similar pests, lays its eggs in or under
the bark and wood to such an extent
that the tree is seriously weakened or
killed. The pest is found over the
whole of the eastern portion of the
United States and as far west as Ne-
braska, Kansas and New Mexico. In
addition to fruit trees, it feeds on ser-
vice, wild crab and mountain ash trees,
wliich makes it advisable for orchard-
ists to remove these varieties for a dis-
tance of at least one hundred yards
from their orchards.

The female lays her eggs, one at a
time, in an incision she has made in
the bark, usually just above the sur-
face of the ground, .\bout 15 or 20 days
later the eggs hatch and the larvae ap-
pear. When full grown these are near-
ly an inch and a half in length. They
first attack the inner bark, eating out
broad, more or less circular galleries
and thrusting out through small holes
and the insect pulled out. If made
in the bark castings which form little
heaps of reddish wood fragments
around the base of the tree. During
the winter the borers are quiescent, but
early in the following spring they
attack the solid wood, while some of
them work their way up the trunk.
These last S])end one more winter in
the tree and then having passed
through the pupae stage, dig their way
out and emerge as adult beetles. Three
years are required for the insect to
complete its develo|)ment from egg to
adult.

beetle lives al)out 41)

d)out three-fourths of

light bi'own in color

bi-oad white banils,

extending the full

the underparts and

Ordinarily, the
or 50 days. It is :
an inch in length,
above, with two
joined in front,
length of the back;

front of the head are white. The fe-
males rarely (ly any considerable dis-
tance, so that if the immediate vicinity
of an orchard can be kept free from
them, tliere is little danger of a serious
infestation.

The most common method of ridding
an orchard of these pests is to cut
away the bark suHiciently to trace the
burrows made by the borer. A hooked
wire is then inserted into the burrow
with care, the wound in the tree caused
by this process will heal readily. The
castings at the base of the tree serve
as an indication of the presence of the
borers. Where the burrows are curved

Vertical Farming

PROVED

BY

Effects of ^;
Orchard
Blasting

with

RED CROSS

FARM POWDER ^-

These culs are made from photos
showing comparative growth of pear
trees from Spring of 1913 / E /

U'. .Orchards, be, Norfolk, Va. -^^'--Kltf IftV^..^"

IN BLASTED GROUND

A LL progressive farmers and orchardists know that trees planted
-^^- in blasted ground grow much faster than those planted in the
old way and bear fruit earlier.

This proves the truth of the principles of Vertical Farming, which
aims to cultivate downward as well as to till the top soil.

Three years ago tree planting in blasted holes was experimental —
now millions of trees are set out by the Vertical Farming method
every spring and fall.

In like manner, blasting the subsoil to increase general crop yields,
now regarded as experimental, will in a few years, be common.

To learn how and why Vertical Farming may double the yields
of your farm, get the Free Reading Course in Vertical Farming, by
Dr. G. E. Bailey, one of the best works on soils and soil culture
ever published. Sent free with every request for our Farmer's
Handbook N. F-338. Write now.

DU PONT POWDER CO., Wilmington, Delaware

Establistied 1802

) RHODES DOUBLE OCT
PRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFG. CO.,
••0 3. DIVISION AVE . GRAND RAPIDS. niCH.

■yHE only
prunei
made mat cuU
from both sides o(
the limb and does not
bruise the bark. Made in
all styles and sizes. We
pay Elxpress charges
on all orders.
Write for
circular and
prices.

Washington State Fair

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

September 20th to 25th, 1915

$20,000 in Premiums and Purses ^^Sf^^^^^. fL""^^^ ^^^-

ti'Mis anil Other .\miisements. A whole week of pleasure and protit.

COME AND ENJOY YOURSELVES

Keduced Rates on all Lines. Special invitation tci automobile tourists.

For Premium List and Information Address
FRANK MEREDITH, Secretary, North Yakima, Wash.

\\ HFN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRfIT

Page 28

BETTER FRUIT

September

WESTROBAC

(Soil Bacteria)

Will maintain your soil fer-
tility, help produce larger
crops, larger fruit and
through a cover crop will
produce more humus than
you can get otherwise, at
the smallest expense.

Let us tell you — write for
literature (without cost)

Western Soil BacteriaCo.

MAIN OFFICE

442 Sansome St., San Francisco, Cal.

Branch Office for Northwest

74 Front St., Portland, Ore.

Branch Office Southern California

244 So. Central Ave. , Los Angeles, Cal.

The Law of
Gravity

is no more final in its results
than is the spirit of economy
in making for wealth. Just as
sure as the apple falls down-
ward when shaken from the
tree, do your savings climb
upward when drawing inter-
est in this strong state bank.
If it is not your good fortune
to get money today, remem-
ber, when you do have it, the
experience acquired at the
time you were without it. A
little reflection at such a time
should bring you here with
with your savings.

Aftr^cfi've Interest Paid on Sa'vings
Accounts and Time Deposits

Ladd&TUtonBank

Oldest in the Northwest
PORTLAND, ORE.

or obstructed in some way, so that the
wire cannot be inserted, cotton batting
dipped in carbon bisulphid should be
inserted, and the hole then plugged
with moist earth. The gas from the
carbon bisulphid will penetrate all
parts of the burrow and kill the borer.
In addition to worming, as this pro-
cess is called, paint is often used to
prevent the beetles laying their eggs.
Pure white lead and raw linseed oil,
mixed rather thick, will not injure the
trees, and when applied to young,
smooth bark, will form a protective
coat during the egg-laying season. It
is probable that this is a more effective
method than wrapping the trees with
building paper, cotton batting, cloth or
other materials simetimes used for this
purpose. Before painting, however, the
earth should be removed from the base
of the tree for a depth of from three
to four inches. The surface of the
trunk thus exposed should be first
scraped and painted and the earth then
replaced. This is necessary, for the
beetle occasionally lays her eggs under
instead of above the ground.

i

The Auction Market

By Arthur M. Geary, Portland, Oregon.

"If apples of the Pacific Northwest
were stored carefully until each variety
reached its prime, and then were sold
through the auctions of the large East-
ern cities, would there not be much
wider and quicker distribution at less
expense, with greater returns to the
growers than under the present method
of dealing entirely through the large
receiving apple jobbers?" This was the
question that I asked a well-known
apple jobber of Chicago a month ago.
His answer was: "Yes, but we apple
jobbers are not going to promote the
system that puts the small jobber and
broker on the same level with us who
have outlets through our stores. We
are not afraid of the shippers handling
the apples in this way themselves, be-
cause the growers are in such a sad
financial condition that they could not
wait for the returns."

The fact that the growers cannot af-
ford to hold their apples from October
to February, March, or whenever they
should properly be eaten, is the great
obstacle in the way of the Northwest-
ern apple growers deriving the same
benefit that the Florida Citrus Ex-
change and the California Fruit Distrib-
utors and California Fruit Growers
Exchange obtain from selling their
products exclusively at public sale in
the large auction centers of the United
States and Canada. The big receiving
jobber must compete with the little job-
ber at the auctions, under the auction
system. But under the private sales
method the little jobber purchases from
the big jobber. The consumer buys less
at a greater price.

As a prominent niarketman in Cincin-
nati told me: "A buyer abhors to pay
profit to another." That is the reason
that hundreds of jobbing firms in the
United States do not deal in box apples.
That is the reason that the consumption

FIRST AID TO FRUIT TREES

Winans* Net Tree Support

ProTflnts fruit-laden trees from breaMng. h*ldln(
tha limba up more efficiently and at mucb leas «x-
penae than propping. Holds Limbs in pla^je. pn-
Tontlng damaee and droppinn when the wind blam.

Meahes are large enough so fruit can be pl<±«d
through them — open at bottom so picker can gat
Inalde the net. or net can be remored at picking
time.

This net of finer mesh will keep the bird* froa
eating the blossomB or fruit in distrlcta which an
thua troubled.

For further particulars, descriptiTe drculart and
price lists, write

W. ROSS WINANS,Hood River, Ore.

The

First

National

Bank

Hood River, Oregon

Capital and Surplus
$135,000

4% Interest Paid on Savings
and Term Deposits

F. S. STANLEY, President
E. 0. BLANCHAR, Cashier

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2Q

of fruit sold at auction is increasing at
tlic expense of the demand for box
apples.

It is because the sales managers of
the different associations and compan-
ies of the Northwest realize that the
demand for the box apple nmst be in-
creased that they listen attentively to
the arguments in favor of the system-
atic use of the great public clearing
houses for fruit that have been estab-
lished by the auction companies. Many
of the growers appear to be under the
delusion that because they are produc-
ing a package of great merit the demand
and price should be satisfactory.

In order to sell, the box apple must
have salesmen. Is it not better to have
hundreds of salesmen who get their
supplies on an equal basis from the
auction, than to have a fewer number
who must buy from their larger rivals'?

There is great advertising value to be
gained from placing a high-class pack-
age before all the trade of the city each
morning. A prominent ofTicial of the
California Fruit Growers' Exchange
told me in New York: "There is no
doubt among the California Exchange
olficials but that auction selling forces
consumption."

My investigations in different cities
sustain the belief that the apple grow-
ers, as the volume of apples produced
in the Northwest increases, will find it
necessary and highly profitable to fol-
low in the footsteps of the shippers of
California and Florida. The outlets
controlled by the apple jobbers at pres-
ent are too small. The great problem
for the apple growers to solve is, "How
to Finance their Business?" When that
is solved, they can use the auction to
advantage.

According to the figures given me by
the Boston Produce Exchange, ten more
cars of Northwestern apples were con-
sumed in Boston five years ago than
during the year closing with June 1,
1915. On the other hand, the reports of
the California Fruit Distributors, the
California Fruit Growers' Exchange,
and the Florida Citrus Exchange show
that during the same period there has
been a tremendous increase in the con-
sumption of the fruits sold at auction
in Boston.

There are over 1,200 cut rate stores in
Philadelphia, as well as great numbers
in Pittsburgh and other cities. These
stores that are endeavoring to reduce
the cost of living by avoiding paying
unnecessary profits to the middlemen,
feature the fruit that they can buy di-
rect from the auction.

In New York last fall, inability to find
an outlet for inferior .lonathans that
glutted the market sent apple prices to
rock bottom. Until late in the spring
the apple market did not recover from
the depression caused by the Jonathans.
If all of these had been fed into the
auctions, hundreds of peddlers and
small Jobbers would have aided in their
distribution. New York people would
have taken to eating apples. The rate
of consumption established would have
resulted in the rebound of prices. These
Jonathan apples, instead, were disposed
of through the slow and tedious method

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA RAISJCY)

"RED RIBBON"

(RArslCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Fruits

\\'e specialize in mixed cars of

BERRIES AND CHERRIES

and will also have straight and mixed cars of the earliest Apricots,

Prunes, Pears and Peaches grown in the Yakima Valley.

Write or wire for information.

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF muMS
PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE

The only complete, thorough manual of fruit growing published—
covering every teature— plautliig, pruning, cultivating, spraying, dis-
eases, harvesting, etc., as used and approved by Northwest fruitgrowers.
Contains valuable statistics. All reading matter arranged conveniently
for reference and indexed.

It tells how to do the things that every fruit grower must do who
ia growing fruit as a business.

THREE LARGE VOLUMES HANDSOMELY BOUND

Write lor circulars containing full descriptive matter and prices.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE, Zlt^i^LuiZ"^^::^^.

D. Crossley & Sons

ESTABLISHED 1878

Apples for New York and Export

CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON, IDAHO AND
FLORIDA FRUITS

Apples handled in all European markets at private sale. Checks
mailed from our New York office same day apples are sold on the
other side. We are not agents; WE ARE SELLERS. We make a
specialty of handling APPLES, PEARS AND PRUNES on the New
York and foreign markets. Correspondence solicited.

200 to 204 Franklin Street, New York

NEW YORK

LIVERPOOL

LONDON

GLASGOW

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRL'IT

Page 30

BETTER FRUIT

Scptoiihcr

Mr. Planter!

DID YOU KNOW
THAT A

Genuine

Vrooman Strain

Franquette

Walnut Tree

will come into bearing: as early as three
or four years after planting?

And that there are many instances
of four and five-year-old trees (after
planting) producing close to a bushel
of nuts?

And that there are thirty-two (32)
pounds to the bushel?

And that from 22c to 250 per pound
is an average market?

And that Oregon soil and climate
make for perfection in treegrowing?

And that every order is backed by
30 years' experience in growing, pack-
ing and shipping?

Just a line will bring you our new
illustrated catalogue and a lot of val-
uable information.

Albany Nurseries

ALBANY, OREGON

The Paris Fair

Hood River's Largest and Best Store
RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES

HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES

MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.
Proprietors

HOOD RIVER, OREGON DUFUR. OREGON

Growers of high grade nursery stock, guar-
anteed true-to-name. Breeders and importers
of purebred Big Type Poland-China Hogs. Ser-
vice boars, bred gilts and weaning pigs for sale.
For catalog of nursery stock and prices
on swine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD RIVER. OREGON

of private selling from the jobbing
stores. Many of the packages were in
an unfit condition wlien tinally offered
the consumer.

.Jobbers buy to supply existing wants.
Tlie>- do not create new demands. A
selling agent for one of the large North-
western shipping associations in an
l-;astei-n cil\' told me that he had been
forbidden to supply orders of apples to
a string of tea stores by a jobber who
furnished one of the main outlets for
apples in that particular city. The
agents of the Calil'ornia and Florida
associations are not so handicapped.
They send out market letters the day
before each auction sale to large retail-
ers as well as to jobbers.

Protection of Dried Fruit

Recent investigations have shown
that the loss to the dried-fruit industry
from the attacks of insects is sullic-
iently great to make it nearly as desir-
able to ])ut up the fruit in sealed pack-
ages as it is in the case of cereals. No
exact figures are available as to the
extent of the loss, because the injury
is usually noticed for the first time by
the retailer or consumer, after the
product has been widely distributed.
The retailer, moreover, is inclined to
be reticent about the amount of dam-
aged fruit in his possession, and unless
the damage is considerable, jnefers to
stand the loss rather than return it to
the wholesaler. The total damage,
however, is unquestionablv consider-
able.

'fhe two insects that do most of the
harm are the Indian-meal moth and
the dried-fiuit beetle. An investigation
carried on in California by the De-
IKU'tnient of Agriculture has shown thai
the fruit may become infested with
these insects in the held, in the packing
house, in the warehouse and in the
grocery store. Adeipiate jirotection
against such infestation, therefore,
must consist, first, in the sterilization
of the fruit before it is packed, and
secondly, in the use of cartons through
which the insect cannot penetrate.

Dried fruit is usually processed in
some manner before being packed, in
order to make its appearance more at-
tractive. Figs, for example, are fre-
quently dipped in boiling brine, and
this, in itself, is sullicient to destroy all
insect life. Other fruits, however, such
as the peach, are dipped in cold or luke-
warm water. In such cases the addi-
tion of a belt heater is suggested as an
effective means of destroying insects.
By running fruits in a series of belts
through a chamber the temjjerature of
which is maintained at 180 degrees
I'^ihrenheit, satisfactory sterilization
can be secured. My adjusting the speed
of the belt, the time that the fruit re-
mains in the heater can, of course, be
easily regulated. The heater should be
so arranged that the fruit is delivered
into a screened packing room, which
will insure it against contamination be-
fore packing.

'Ihe greatest part of the infestation,
however, occurs after packing, and, in
consequence, the sterilization of Ihe

Fruitgrowers
Attention

Do you waDt to increase yoiirearningsf
Do you want a side line that will bring
youa steady in eouie? If .so, invest iu a few
good cows and sows. They will provide a
steady source of income and increase
your bank account. Remember the old
saying, "Prosperity follows the cow;"
the same is true of the sow. If you are
interested, be prepared to attend my
auction sale of

Jersey Cattle

AND

Duroc- Jersey Hogs

AT

Rickreall, Oregon

ON

September 8th, 1915

I am nrtering sonje ot the best ;tninials in my
herd; llefiister of Merit cows with records of
over lou lbs. of butter with first calf; also some
choice heifers and all kinds of red hogs — hiy;,
healthy, prolific ho^s. All stock, both cattle
and hogs, registered. Send for (':it;ilng.

C. N. McARTHUR

Yeon Building

PORTLAND, OREGON

Home Canners

AUI_ SIZES

Used by U. S. Government Schools. Girls'
Clubs, Collaborators and Farmers every-
where. For Catalog and Special Oit'er. write

Royal Home Canner Co.
Dept. P Albion, Illinois

FRONT

BACK

Ideal Fruit Picking Bag

Made of heavy-weight duck and so
arranged as to equalize the load on both
shoulders.

The openings are arranged so both
hands can be used in picking, and the
di-awstring is arranged so the fruit can
be let out at the bottom in emptying the
bag.

The bag can be let down to the bottom
of the box before opening the draw-
string, thus not bruising the fruit.

This is the best and handiest arrange-
ment for picking fruit that has ever
been offered. A trial will convince even
the most skeptical.

SAMPLE. POSTPAID, $1.00
AGENTS WANTED

BARKER MANUFACTURING CO.

Dept. C.

HONEOYE FALLS, N. Y.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING .ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

I9I5

BETTER FRUIT

Page

BOYS' MAGAZINE

juLr J^

CIKlUThftirtlKkKIOOO

Make Your

Boy Happy!

by givio? him THK BOYS' MAliAZlNK.
You could not give him a greater pleasLri-
or a siroiij^er iuHueuce for good. E oli
is^ue of thia splendid ma-'.iziue is lill>tl
wilb clean, fasciaaiini; storks and in-
Blrujtive articles, all of iuten-^e intcrrst
to every live boy. Also, each issue cunt^ii 113
departmeuls devoted to Electriciiv, Meulmu-
ics, Athletics, Photography, CiirpLMitry,
Stumps and Coins. A new, handsome covtT
in colors each month. Beauiilully illustra-
ted throui^hout, both in bJacl£ aad white
and in colore.

Cnoplal nifpri For onlv $1.00 we will send jou THE BOYS*
jpC(,llU VIICI . MAGAZINE for a whole year and a copv of
the most useful book you ever read, "Fifty Ways for Boys to E;irii
Uoncy," and this Electric Engine. This engine is cousiikT.bly
larger than illustration. Runs at variable speeds, either forward or
backward, between 200 and 3,000 revolutions a minute on one dry
battery. Absolutely safe and easy tn operate. This Electric Engine
is iute'resting and instructive and any boy will go wild over it.

ApHpH Tft»Jnv* Your subscription will be entered at once and the
VIUCI lU-uajr. E|,,ctric Engine and Book will be ftirward- d to
you immediately, all Ininsportalion charges prepaid. "We'll reliinrl

Sjur noiiev pro-iiptiy if you are not nmre than pliasi^d wiih THE
OYS' MAGAZINE, the Electric Eu'-ine nnd the Bou!;. (We refL_r
you to any bank, mercantile agency or publiiher as to our rcspon-
libility.)

Address THE SCOH F. REDFIELO CO.

842 Mmin Street,
Smethport, Pa.

(THE Bors'
ii.\r,AZi.\E

is on sale
at all

news-stands
At iOc a copy.)

Ask for Catalogue No. 5

■ The-P^Crmers^Friend"

In

CEUCBRATED

CIS

''HITTIER.COBURNCO.

M«„ur»cTUllti«s I

.^^ Sam FRANcisco,c*i- _

Also!

Siti<il|l

A.sk. your Dealer

POWER WASHER

WOMANS \
FRIEND

A REAL
POWER WASHER

Uniind mbber nilis the cIotheB, tumB them over
aiul ♦►veraiul forced the hot, euapy water through
them. WnnhcB tub full perfectly clean In 5mlnuteB.
N«i wrln^rtTB toBlilft. Nothing to get out of order.
Spet-lal low prk-e to Introduce. Catalogue Kree.
BLUFFTON MFC Co. BOX tF, BlUFFTON, OHIOL

cartons is of gre;it iiiiportaiuc. These
shoiikl be sealetl after having been
filled and before they aie idaced in the
warehouses or cars. In this \va\- the
fruit is not only protectetl against in-
festation, but is preserved for long peri-
ods in the condition in which it was
paclved. Fibre-board packages have
been found satisfactory containers for
the fruit, and sealing can be done in
several ways. Machines have been in-
ventetl, for example, which will rapidly
seal small packages of dried fruit and
at a moderate cost. One machine de-
signed to wrap cartons 8x3x3 inches,
will wrap and seal a minimum of 10,0(10
a day, at an estimated cost, including
all material and the wages of the oper-
ator, of less than .$1.00 a thousand.
When the output is increased to from
15,(100 to 20,000 cartons a day, the cost
will be from 80 to !)0 cents a thousand.
.\t this rate it is estimated that the
machine will pay for itself in a com-
IKuatively short space of time, and that
the manufacturer will be able to de-
liver a sealed product which is prac-
tically safe from all danger of infesta-
tion. Further details in regard to this
subject are contained in Bulletin No.
235 of the U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, "The Control of Dried-Fruit In-
sects in California." — U. S. Department
of Agriculture Bulletin.

Agricultural and Horticultural Associa-
tion of Kelowna

Kelowna has for several years past
held very successful agricultural and
horticultural exhibitions organized by
this association (previously known as
the Okanogan Mission Trades and Agri-
cultural Association). Being in the
heart of the Okanogan, the district from
which comes the finest agricultural
products of the province, and Kelowna
fruit, jjarticuhuh apples, having proved
its pre-endnence in conipetition with
fruit from all parts of the North Ameri-
can continent, it will easily be under-
stood that it has been possible to get
together very creditable exhibitions,
which have attracted large nnndjci's of
visitors. The 1015 show is to be held
.SejitendK'r 27 to 2i), and will be much
on the lines of the show held last year.
The directors feel that this year the
firms from whom the people of the dis-
trict have been obtaining the greater
part of their many letiuirements should
be given an opportunity of showing
their interest in what is the jirincipal
event in the Kelowna calendar, by do-
nating special ijrizes for the show. Such
prizes, particularly if oflered for ex-
hibits in some way, if only remotely,
related to the business of the firm do-
r.aling, would add very materialh to
the attractions of the show, both from
an exhil)itoi"s and a visitor's viewpoint,
and would naturalh draw the atten-
tion of the general public to the name
of the firm in a way to ensure a very
friendly feeling toward that firm. The
ilirectors will be grateful for an.\ con-
tribution you care to make to the piize
list, and will carry out any reasonable
conditions imposed in connection with
special prizes donated. I shall be

This WITTE Engine, aftes 28 years.gHll giving
good srrri.r to S. A. Stone, Chillicothe, Mo.

JHflTTE ENGIHES

4^ Kerosene, Gasoline & Gas

^ YoucMn now own a good Kn^'ine for
Ifss than you can do without one.

LOOK A r THESE PRICES!

2 HP. $34.95: 4 HP, $69.75; 6 HP, $97.75-
8 HP. $139.65; 12 HP, $197.00; Pric«F.OB
16 H-P, $279.70; 22 HP, $359.80. F«torY.

Stationary , Portable, Skidded and Sawrig styles
Standard for 2S years. Why pay two prices for any
good engine or take chances on a poor or doubtful
engineforany kind of a price, whtn the WITTE
coats solittle and saves you all the risk

LIBERAL 5-YEAR GUARANTY.

Easy terms of payment , at regular prices,
if you don't ivish to pay all cash. '

Rnnk FpPP Getmy Book before ,
uvun II CC* arrangingfotrvany j
engine. Costs nothing to be sure j
of your selection, evenif you don't
pick a WITTE. Learn the inside /
of the engine business and how
to judge engines for yourself.
Write us today.

ED. H. WITTE ENGINE WORKS,

'<'<> Oakland Ave.,
Kansas City, Missouri.

1>N^ Empire BIdg., Pittsburgh, Pi.

FRUITJICKER

Gathers, Ap-
ples, Peaches.

Etc., as rarufullv
Bs by hund with
less work. Savt-.-i
climbinK ladder. No
fruit out of reach.
No wire to injure
fniit or tantlk- id
hranchva. FVuit
drops into cliith
ban, which can be
filh'd bt'fore low-

r Bcnd tti
PricB ci>Tnpl«t«,
cxcvpt loriK han-
rilo (a fish piiln
- will ciol,[iOc, poHt-
aito paid. Your
money back tf not
O. K. Circular
am ton rcciucnt.

D. KEES MFG. CO.,
Butrlcfl, Neb.
AJdress Box 99

WHEN WRITING .ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 32

BETTER FRUIT

The Great

Home Builder

wi

the

■"HAT after all is more worth while
than bringins? comfort and safety into the
r home? Think what the telephone has

done to tie the country house to the town and the town to the
the city. Don't be isolated. Get into touch with the voice of
he big outside world. Know the prices that rule on farm prod-
ucts Know about the party at your neighbor's house. Bring to
your whole family the safety that cnnies with the knowledge that in
the time of illness or fire the whole community is within call.

Kellogg Telephones

have won their way into homes all over America because of the quality of service they give.
Did you know there is a big difference in telephones? There is. Kellotrg P>^^"«.^„^ave to
undergo an inspection more rigid than other makes. They pass through 37 distmct tests
before they leave the factory. That means dollars and cents to you.

As a matter of fact.it is not uncommon for the repairs to cheaper telephones to cost in a
few years more than the first cost. Keilnsg instruments go on year after year carrymg the

-_./ y

most delicate sounds perfectly without repairs.

Kellogg Transmitter is guaranteed for five years. A Kellogg lightning protector goes

with every phone. ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ;_^,„.„t ,-. „f.nn^ ^^^^ 1^^

Bulletin

Every part of the instrument is etronK,
BJmple and durable. Big, powerful gener-
ator that will rintr efficiently with 40 tel
ephones on the line. Unbreakable
receiver and transmitter mouth-
piece. Long life batteries. Se-
cret service push outton to ring
"Central" without ringing
your neighbors.

Let us help you in plan-
ning your line. We can tetl
you how to avoid mistakes
and save money. Our expert
help costs you nothing.

Literature and bulletins
irfving the latest ideas about
telephone construction sent
free.

Hellogq Switchboard
& Supply Co.

Mission & Third Sts.
San Francisco, Cal.

Chicago
St. Paul
Minneapolis

Two Through Trains Daily

Both having Observation Cars, Standard and Tourist Sleeping Cars,

Coaches, Dining Cars.

To St. Louis, one train daily from Paciiic Northwest.

NorthernPacificRy.

"The Great Big Baked Potato Route"

Excursion Fares

Much lower than regular fares, to all points in Eastern and
Middle Western States, and to Canada.

Extra stopover allowed on all tickets for visit to

Yellowstone Park

Season to September 15

Tickets, Information, 255 Morrison St.

Main 244 — Phones — A 1344

Call on or write to
A. D. CHARLTON, A. G. P. A., Portland

September

pleased to send you copy of the prize
list and any other information you may
wish, on being favored with a reply.
Thanking you in anticipation of your
kind consideration of this application,
I am, gentlemen, yours faithfully, P. B.
Sudshall, Secretary.

Annual Cover Crops

The annual cover crops should be
sown some time during the early part
of September. Many people have al-
ready planted vetch, some have planted
rye or oats in tlie orchard, and these
crops will be up and growing well be-
fore the fruit is gathered from the orch-
ard. Early planting is especially valu-
able in many regions. In regions where
winter injury has been common, the
planting of some form of cover crops
close to the trees in time to make suf-
ficient growth to remove the surplus
water from the soil and cause the trees
to go into winter quarters without any
soft or unripened wood is sure to pro-
duce beneficial and helpful results.

Rye is a good crop for this, if sown
early. Winter vetch is also a good crop,
but has the objection of being very
expensive. When once seeded, how-
ever, it can be grown as an annual
cover crop for several years, If it is let
grow in the spring until mid-spring or
early summer, when it will have devel-
oped seed that will remain practically
dormant all summer and start into
growth in early fall.

The planting of permanent cover
crops, such as clover and alfalfa, should
be thoroughly considered before it is
undertaken. These crops require that
the water supply be sufficient for grow-
ing both the orchard crop and the cover
crop at the same time. Clover can be
grown for one year and then turned
under with very beneficial results. Al-
falfa can be grown for one or two years
and then the surface soil thoroughly
disked and worked up until it looks like
a plowed field, and in that way a great
deal of vegetation that falls on the sur-
face can be worked into the surface
soil. Alfalfa is difficult to eradicate and
should not be planted until all of its
characteristics have been thoroughly
considered by the orchard owner. Most
orchardists who have planted alfalfa
and clover consider clover less valuable
and favor alfalfa more and more every
year. — O. M. Morris, Horticulturist,
Washington Experiment Station.

Canning Demonstration Car on S. P.
R. R. Lines

A demonstration car for teaching
farmers and others interested the new
process of canning by the steam pres-
sure metliod, is now in operation over
the Southern Pacific lines in the Wil-
lamette Valley. The tour was arranged
by Professor D. Hetzel, director of Ex-
tension at Oregon Agricultural College,
and H. M. Hinshaw, general freight
agent of the Southern Pacific lines. The
car is in charge of F. L. Griffm, state
leader of industrial club work for girls
and boys.

It is the purpose of the demonstration
to enable producers of fruits and vege-

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 33

tables to utilize their surplus products
by canning, for use either for home
consumption or for commercial pur-
poses. A few of the leading types of
home canners will be shown, with
which fruits and vegetables can be con-
verted into by-products within a few
minutes time. Steam pressure raises
the temperature in a short time to a
degree of heat that is fatal to germs
and their more resistant spores, so that
when sealed the products will keep for
a long time. The cost is shown to be
so low that a good profit is made on
the work and a supply of home-canned
fruits and vegetables and fruit juices
can be secured from the home garden
and orchard.

The Growing Popularity of the Bushel
Shipping Basket

Some fifty factories in the United
States make the bushel shipping bas-
kets which are being so extensively
used all over the United States for
peaches and other large fruits. The
popularity of these baskets as a fruit
package has been growing from year
to year to such an extent that with a
good fruit crop generally it taxes the
capacity of the factories to supply the
baskets. In the East, West, North and
South the majority of these factories
have sold their entire output this year
up to August 15. The approximate pro-
duction of these baskets in all the fac-
tories in the United States amounts to
200,000 baskets per day, three million
a month. From this, it can be readily
figured that nearly thirty million
bushel fruit shipping baskets will be
used this year in the United States.

The fruit grower and shipper is usu-
ally slow to experiment with a new
package, therefore, the use of such
enormous quantities of these bushel
shipping baskets proves conclusively
that it is the cheapest, most practical
and best package that can be used for
peaches, pears and many others of the
larger fruits and vegetables. The price
of a basket with round hoop, slatted
cover and center post complete at the
factory runs from 10 cents to 12 cents
apiece. There is no other package of
equal size, strength and utility that can
be sold at that price. The bushel bas-
ket package is ready to ship when the
fruit is ripe; no nailing or other prep-
aration is required; it's handy and con-
venient to handle and last but not least
worth really more than first cost to
anyone having use for a basket after
it has delivered the contents. These
are only a few points that have made
this package so popular.

The Pear Leaf Blister Mite
The pear leaf blister mite is a very
common pest in many districts. It
causes the leaves to blacken in spots
where the mile is present. These black-
ened spots represent galls or swellings
of the leaf tissue in the center of which
the mite resides. When first forming
these galls are blister-like and redilish
in color. Wliile mainly abundant on
pear, the blister mite also may attack
the apple, in which case the galls are

WON HICHEST
AWARD

SAN F^CISCO
EXPOSITION

International Harvester
Wagons — Weber — Columbus

' I ''HERE are a few points about the new
■*- Columbus and Weber wagons that every
farmer ought to knnw. These points make the differ-
ence between Columbus and Weber wagons and
others — a difference that means a good deal to you.

The fifth wheel, that prevents the pulling up and pitching of
the bolster, makes it easier for your team to pull a Columbus or
Weber wagon and does away with bent and broken king pins
and circle irons. The patent folding endgate and the Imk end
rods save much of your time in the busy season. The high-
grade wood, iron, stsel and paint used add years to the life of
Columbus and Weber wagons. These things mean economy.

These points are explained in detail in our wagon folders
and are pictured so plainly that it's almost like looking
at the wagon itself. Some dealer near you handles these
wagons and has samples set up for you to see. Drop us a line
and we'll send you the booklets and folders. We'll also tell you
where you can see a Columbus or Weber wagon so j-ou won't
have to waste any time looking for it. Write to us today.

International Harvester Company of America

(incorporated)
Crawford, Neb. Denver, Col. Helena, Mont. Portland, Ore.
San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City, Utah

Ridley,Houlding&Co.

CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON

Points to remember when consigning
apples to the London Market

1.— We Specialize in Apples

2.— All Consignments Receive our
Personal Attention

3.-The Fruit is Sold by
Private Treaty

CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 34

bp:tter fruit

September

PORTLAND, OREGON

Portland Hotel

The liotel which made Portland. Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan — $ 1 .00 per day and upward

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

GEO. C. OBER, Manager

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres ; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

Printing

For the Fruit Grower

Manufacturer
and MercHant

Isabels Booklets

Stationery Catalogs

Blank Books
Posters

AVrite for Prices and Specifications. M^e can supply
your wants quicKly, accurately and economically

We print "Better Fruit"

F. W. Baltes and Company

Portland, Oregon

brown in color. During thu siininuT
time the niite.s live entirely in llie blis-
ter.s, producing eggs and young therein.
.\t the approach of cold weather the
niite.s migrate to the bark of the tree,
hiding themselves in rougli bark around
buds and twigs. According to l)i\ \. L.
^k'lander, entomologist of the Washing-
ton Experiment Station at Pullman, the
best control measure seems to be a
spraying of" suljihur-lime given in early
spring, when the buds are swelling.
After the mites have entered the leaf
tissue they cannot be exterminated, al-
though spraying with colloidal sulphur
is claimd to all'ord some relief. This
finely-divided sulphur keeps the mites
from spreading, especially to the fruit.
In case of bad infestation the fruit is
scarred with similar blisters. — Wash-
ington .State .\gricultural College Bulle-
tin.

Mr. H. E. Smith, of Payette. Idaho,
who has an extensive accpiaintance
with the fruit growers in Idaho, and a
large acquaintance with the trade, hav-
ing been one of the district sales man-
agers for the North Pacific Fruit Dis-
tributors for the past few years, with
headquarters in Chicago, is going into
business for himself, having issued a
circular which is headed, "H. E. Smith,
Marketing Agents, Northwestern Fruits,
for Idaho, Washington and Idaho, in
box apples, prunes, peaches, pears, etc.,
with head(|uarters in Walla Walla,
Washington."

Yakima reports convey the informa-
tion that through the efiforts of W. H.
Paulhamus, president of the Growers'
Council, and H. F. Davidson, the prices
on Bartlett pears were advanced in
.\ugust from $15 a ton to .$17.,")0.

Coming Events

Chehalis County l-'air, Elnia, Washington,
September 1 to 5.

California State Fair, Sacramento, Califor-
nia, September 4 to 11.

Columl)ia River Interstate Fair, Vancouver,
Wasliington, September 0 to 11.

Washington-Idaho Roundup, Garfield, Wash-
in;:;ton, September 9 to 11.

(■.oloi-ado State Fair, Pueblo, Colorado, Sep-
li-iiil)ir l.t to IS.

Si)okane Interstate Fair. Spokane, ^Vashing-
Ic.n, September l.T to 18.

Walla Walla Fair, Walla Walla, Washington,
September l.f to 18.

Montana State Fair, Helena, Montana, Sep-
ti-nd)er 211 to 2."i.

Washington State Fair, North Yakima. Wash-
ington, September 20 to 20.

i.atah County Fair, Moscow. Idaho, Septem-
ber 21 to 2.-).

Nelson Agricultural Fair, Nelson, Ilritisli
Columbia, September 22 to 24.

Cowlitz County Fair, Woodland, ^Vashingt(nl,
September 23 to 2.").

Utah State Fair. Salt Lake City, Utah, Sep-
tember 27 to October (>.

Oregon Stale Fair. Salem, Oregon, September
27 to October 2.

Lincoln Coinity Fair, Da\:enport, Washing-
Ion, September 2'w to October 1.

Western Montana Fair, Missoula, Montana,
September 2!) to October 2.

Wilbur Fair, Wilbur, Washington, October
.-| to ,S.

Stevens C<iunty Livestock Show, Colville,
Washington. Oct(il)er 2(1 to 2il.

.\rizona Slate Fair, Phoenix, Arizona, No-
vember 8 to !.•!.

Cascade International Stock Show. North
Yakima, Washington, November 22 to 27.

Lew iswton Livestock Show, Lewiston, Idaho,
Novembei- 2!t to December \.

Pacific International Livestock F\position,
North Portland, Oregon, Decembei- n t<> 11.

WHKN \\RIT1NC. ADVF.RTISHRS MENTION BETTER FRl'IT

The Perfection Lid Press

Price $7.50

APoorlyPressed
and Nailed Box
is a poor adver-
tisement of good
fruit

The appearance of
the package carries
with it either a good
or bad imi^ression
of the contents.

It is easy to insure a good tightly pressed, well nailed and
good appearing package Avhen our Perfection or Lightning
Presses are used.

Both presses are built for rapid, accurate work and are
well worth further the investigation possible by writing today
for oiir new catalog of Orchard and Packing House Supplies,
which will be gladly mailed you.

This catalog contains articles every fruit grower
will eventually need.

The Hardie Manufacturing Co.,

;

The Lightning
Lid Press

Price $28.00

49 North Front Street
Portland, Oregon

Palmer Fruit Sizer

standard Machine, $200, Fioorispacei6x24 feet.

rst ffrade into niue sizes.

(Fi ^

Sizes three grades at a time. Capacity two carloads daily. ^ Second grade into foiu- to six sizes.

I Third grade into three to five sizes.

Pony Machine

Pony Machine, $150

Floor space 6x12 feet.

Sizes two grades at a time into four or six sizes as desired.
Capacity one carload per day.

Either machine can be used for boxes or barrels. Openings on both
machines expand uniformly fi-om I'A inches to 4 inches square.

Illustration shows sorting table attachment; also travelling belts
for sorting table.

'j Machine discharges the fruit into boxes or barrels without bruising.

Box packing can be done direct from the machine or, if preferred,
on separate tables, giving the grower a chance to work his packers on
the particular sizes and grades he wishes packed first.

Write or wire for catalogue and prices.

PALMER BUCKET COMPANY, Hood River, Ore.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

The World =— = Our Orchard

^N ALL FIELDS OF ENDEAVOR no work is
I ji more worthy of recognition than tliat of the
3c^ salesman. To be successful these pioneers of
commerce must possess attributes which woukl bring
workl wide recognition to men in other wallvs of life.

The salesmen of our country are largely responsi-
ble for the development of the great industries which
are the bulwark of the nation. Most leaders of business
were at one time salesmen; nearly every self-made man
has served on the firing line of salesmanship. No house
in the trade had humbler beginnings than the firm of

Steinhardt & Kelly

Built upon the fundamental principles of

Honor, Honesty, Strength and Service

which are the foundations of all successful business
enterprises, the house of

Steinhardt & Kelly

stands today preeminent at the very top of the fruit
industry of the United States.

Our Market = The World

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

OCTOBER, 19i;

XUJII'.ER 4

National Apple Day — Always the Third Tuesday in October
Let everybody celebrate National Apple Day

Courtesy of nregoii-Wiishinglon Railroad S: Saiiigalion Company.

CHARACTERISTIC HIGHWAY STRUCTURE AT SHEPPARDS HELL, ON THE COLUMIilA RIVER HIC.HWAY

BETWEEN PORTLAND AND HOOD RIVER.

The Columbia River Highway is the "Appian Way" of the Pacific Coast, built not aloru' with an eye to siniplicily. liul Idr i iiKi^cil slicnglh
and endless use as well. Tlie Columbia Rivei- Highway lies alnnn the Colnnibia River, parallel with the ()i(non-\Vasliinj;loM liaiiroail A Navi-
gation Company's tracks, which are seen in the inunediate l'<i)-egrountl. 'I'his road is one ot the scenic wondeis of Ihe woi-ld. The complete<l
portion is hard smi'aced. This is the beginnint? of a highway from the Pacific to the Atlantic.

'Health's best way
Eat apples every day"

Buy them by the box

"An apple a day
4, Keeps the doctor away'

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMRANY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Subscript ion |1.00 per Year in the United Slates; Caiiada and Foreis-n, Inelndiiii;- Pnslasre. ."fL-'iO.

Sinule Copy 10 Cents

These Goodyear Tires
Made Extra-Large

Sizes 30x3^2 and 30x3

We are this year giving special attention to users of
small-size tires. There are about a million of them.
And the tire we build would win them all if all of them
could know about it.

$317,000 Added

This year we are building these tires larger than
ever. We've increased the air capacity by 20 per
cent. Added size means added mileage, as every
user knows.

We have added 30 per cent
to the rubber in the side walls
just above the bead. That's
where constant bending taxes
tin- walls most. And where
thin-walled tires often chafe
and break.

We have made new molds to improve the tire's
design. For we have found a new shape which in-
creases endurance.

These three additions will add to our tire cost
;)<:J17,000 this year. Yet this year we made another
big price reduction — our third in two years, totaling 45
per cent.

Four-Ply Tires

Even the smallest Goodyear Automobile Tires are

20% More Capacity
30% More Strength

four-ply tires — even size 30x3. And our anti-skid
tread — the Gfoodyear All-Weather — is double-thick
on all.

So Goodyears have always been exceptional tires.
They won on sheer merit the top place in Tiredom,
and for years have out-sold any other.

Now we add '20 per cent to the air capacity and 30

per cent to the rubber aljove the bead. And we give

you a better design. We are building by far the most

capable tires ever built in

these small sizes.

So even the occasional mis-
hap and misuse will And new
strength to combat them.

In Side "Walls

Get These Extras

The value we give in
Goodyear tires is due to our mammoth output. Get
that value — it is due you. Smaller, thinner, lighter
tires can't serve as Goodyears do. Even last year's
Goodyears, though the leading tires, could not com-
pare with these.

Any Goodyear dealer will supply you. Every
neighborhood has a Goodyear Service Station with
your size in stock, and it renders full Goodyear
Service. (26-18)

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio

Makers of Goodyear ' ' Tire Saver' ' Accessories ; also Goodyear " Wing " Carriage Tires and Other Types

GOOD^^EAR

TIRES

Better Still This Year

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 3

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Simons, Shultleworth & French Co. Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.

204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

^4.4.4.^.4.^4.4.4.^.4.^. 4.4.4.4.41 4. .^j. 4. ^.^.^.^.^..^i^.^.^^^^.^. 4. j,4.^4.,{.4.4.4.j.4.j.j.^j,j.^j.^,|.,{,j.^,|,^^j.|,,|.,j.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

FOR QUALITY SALE

See our "Ad" in the PACKER. "We are selling to the trade all over the United States under this
heading. 'Would you like some of your fruit placed on the same basis?

BOX APPLES

AUCTION, PRIVATE OR F. O. B.

"We w/ant to hear from every groover in your section ^A/^ho has fruit of quality

SGOBEL Sc DAY, New York

Ship Direct
One Commission

********'l"i'*'H'***4"H'4"J'********4'**4'***********4-*4>**4'***********+*4'***4'******+**4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4.4..j.4.

The Old Reliable

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

Orchardist
Supply House

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

W. H. DRYER w. W. BOLLAM

DRYER, BOLLA M & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

PHONES: MAIN 2348 r>/->TDmT a xtta ,^TiT-.r^,^^T

A 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

WHOLESALE

FRUITS AND PRODUCE
Commission Merchants

SOLICIT YOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns
PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture
to us to be stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. Gilbert, President and Manager
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer C. W. Stose

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

October

SHIP YOUR APPLES AND PEARS TO THE PURELY COMMISSION
AND ABSOLUTELY RELIABLE HOUSE

W. DENNIS & SONS, Ltd.

LONDON AND LIVERPOOL

REPRESENTED IN NEW YORK BY

DENNIS, KIMBALL & POPE, Inc.

202 FRANKLIN STREET

From whom all information as to shipping can be obtained

The War is Over

Who Won, England or Germany?
Neither

BUT THE ENGLISH WALNUT— IN THE

Vrooman Strain Franquette

— Won as to its Adaptability to the Soil and Climate
of the Northwest.

We carry a full line of both Second Genera-
tion and Grafted Trees.

Also a full line of fruit trees, ornamental trees
and shrubbery, and have added many new special-
ties. We are in a position to supply the fi'uit grower
with his needs.

Always room for one more good salesman.

Capital City Nursery Company

SALEM, OREGON

MESHl

fiasK

Who is sure

of future protection
who has not saved
money today? It is
your plain business
of life to consider
this question. Open-
ing a savings account
in this bank is an
easy matter. Rigor-
our state bank laws
give you every pro-
tection.

LIBERAL INTEREST PAID
ON SAVINGS ACCOUNTS

Ladd&TJItonBank

Oldest in the Northwest

PORTLAND
OREGON

Resources Over Fourteen and
One-Half Million Dollars

BRAND NEW, BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED— CONTENTS RIGHT UP-TO-DATE

Bailey's New Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture

WILL INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF YOUR EMPLOYEES

AILEY'B Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture should be close at hand for quick reference by every member of your force, because It pre-
sents the combined labor and experience of the foremost North American authorities on horticultural subjects. These sis magnllicent
volumes place at the disposal of the horticulturist, whether practical, amateur or scientiflc, an ample and readily accessible account of
every subject which at any time may be of interest or practical use in his calling. Its range Is wide, covering plants, liowers, vegetables, trees,
tillage processes, tools a^d Implements, cultural discussions, botanical history, geography, commercial markets, and a myriad items that only
constant use will reveal. The scope of the volumes has not been confined to botanical subjects alone, but every subject in any way incident to
the activities of the horticulturist has been fully covered, commercially as well as scientilically.

B

Six large quarto volumes. More than 3,600 pages. 24 fuU-pape exqui-
site color plates 96 beautiful full page halftones. More than 4.000 text
engravings. 600 Collaborators. Approximately 4,000 genera, 15,000
species and 40,000 plant names.

••The immense wealth of practical horticultural facts and teachings con-
tained in this work, and the ease w^ith which they are found in it. place
Bailey's STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF HORTICULTURE at the top.
In other words, it is the Monarch of Horticultural Literature."

Three volumes now published. Write us for 16-pai;e Prospectus
containing Complete Description and Our Special Offer,

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO., Hood River, Ore.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 5

Spend a Nickle and Save a Dime

Use Peerless
I Duplex Strapping

ON YOUR

Shipping Boxes

and

(1) You will prevent pilfering.

(2) You will prevent damage in
handling.

No. 3 Duplex Strapping is made of Mgh grade Cold Eolled
Steel of considerable tensile strength and pliability. The turned
edge protects the packer's hands; the knmied center prevents
the nail from slipping while being driven.

Discounts and Information from
Pacific Coast Representatives

A. C. RULOFSON CO.

No. 359 Monadnock Building, Saxi Francisco, California

No. 3 Peerless Duplex Strapping in
coils of 6,500 feet each — $14.63 per
coil with liberal discount.

TWISTED WIRE AND STEEL CO.
515-521 Greenwich Street, New York, N. Y.

The Great Big Baked Potato

Is a Winner on the

NorthernPacificRailway

But its whole dining car service is in a class by itself, in excellence
of cooking the best the markets afford, the variety and attractive-
ness of the menu, the pleasing manner in vphich served.

Have your ticket read that way
and be convinced

Daily Through Trains to the East

Board them at Portland, T;icoma, Seattle, Spokane,
or other main line points in Pacific Northwest

Regardless of where you are starting
from, ask the Local Agent to ticket
you via this popular line, or write for
full information to

D. CHARLTON

A. G. P. A.
Portland, Oregon

BUY DIRECT FROM FACTORY-
MONEY SAVED ON BUILDING

WINDOWS

Sash and Glass

Frames and

Finish

24xU8-1''h-2 light window

si.io

FRONT DOORS

SASH PANEL

DOOR FRAMES

DOOR FINISH

DOOR HARDWARE

Door 2:6x0:6 «1 lA
Serosa panels "PA'A"

DIAMOND
HOUSE PAINT

strictly Pure, Our Own Make
Per Gallon, $1.75

LEADS, OILS.VARNISH

CARBOLINEUM

CREOSOTE

Portland Door and Window Go.

230 Front St., PORTLAND, ORE.

SEE CALIFORNIA

and her two
great expositions

NOW

California is this year holding two great
universal Expositions, one at San Francisco
and the other at San Diego, in celebration of
the completion of the Panama Canal and the
Joining of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
These two Expositions reiiresent an expendi-
ture exceeding one liundred million dollars.
To supply the demand for reliable and
authentic information on these Expositions
and California, we have published two beau-
tiful books; one on San Francisco, the Elxpo-
sltion and Northern California; the other on
Los Angeles, San Diego, the Exposition and
Southern California; also a lithographed view
of San Francisco in colors (size 30x45 inches),
a picture of the rebuilt city, including the
Elxposition. Each book is 6x9 inches, con-
tains nearly 200 pages and many beautiful
Illustrations.

These two books and large bird's-eye view
give a comprehensive, honest history and de-
scription of the state, her principal cities,
resources and her two great Expositions.
Sent prepaid for 35 cents each or all three for
a one dollar bill, money order, draft or check.
Order now, addressing

North American Press Association,

Publishers,
1420 Hearst Building, San Francisco.

L.E\A/IS AUDIBLE

SPEED INDICATOR

The'tllsslntf Link" iimt attaches

1(» any rrrain Sfiiarator for any

epetnl. Kings a warning bell while

under-speeding. <'lick.s loudly at

the right speed and at over-flpeed is

silent. Increases yield of hutterfat

itnil insnr»i utilfomi tests at creamery

Itfst-rlpllve circulars on appll(.ation

Postpaid S3.25 Liberal terms to agents

Columbia Dairy Supply Co.

Portland, Oregon

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

October

ORCHARDISTS find sand cultivation difficult.
Until a recent date no suitable tractor had been
placed on the market that met this peculiar condition.

THE YUBA BALL TREAD TRACTOR has met and suc-
cessfully overcome this difficulty. Its distinctive features have
made this possible.

The Ball Tread does not sink in the
sand. The balls are large enough to
crush any particles of sand that enter
the ball race. The compactness of the
machine permits it to run under the
fruit-burdened branches without in-
juring them.

The unique transmission allows the
machine to get close to the trees and

eliminates one man from the plow;
because the full power of the motor
can be thrown on one tread it is
unnecessary to lift the plow ingoing
from one row to anotner.
Yet the Yuba Ball Tread Tractor has
power enough to work equally as
well in heavy adobe soil as in the
shifting sand.

THE YUBA CONSTRUCTION CO.

Maryfvml°'camornia 433 California St., SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

m:tor|

BALL TREAD TRACTOR

THE YUBA CONSTRUCTION CO.
433 California Street,
San Francisco, California
Department C-2
Gentlemen :

Kindly send me a copy of your book-
let "The Yuba Ball Tread Tractor."

Name . . .
P. O. Box

Town

State

Size of Farm acres.

CHECK MAIN CROP RAISED

Fruit Rice

Grapes Alfalfa

Grain Hops Hay

"PERFECT" Cement Coated Nails

OUE PRODUCTS AltE OF SUPERIOR QUALITY
AND GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION.

PRICE and QUALITY always right.

PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa.
A. C. RULOFSON CO.

"The Cement Coated Nail People"

Monadnock Building, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
PACIFIC COAST SALES MANAGERS

W. van Diem

Lange Pranken Straat 45, 47, 49, 51, 81

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruiti

Eldest and Flrst-Cla,ss
House in this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandiem
ABC Code used; 5th Edition

Our Specialties are

Apples, Pears, Navel Oranges

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, TROGKESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

The Study of Fruit -Buds

By E. .1. Klaus, Oregon Agricullural College, Coivallis, Oregon.

IF the fruit-buds are regarded as the
actual fruit-manufacturing machin-
ery of a tree, it is necessary to
know something of where they are lo-
cated, how and when they are formed,
and how they should be treated. For
convenience, they may be classified ac-
cording to their particular location on
the tree, namely, terminal buds (on
shoots), axillary buds (on shoots) and

Figure 15. Bartlett pear twigs showing al a
numerous axillary InitLs; ( terminal buds; / a
fruit-spur which bloomed last year but set no
fruit and from which vigorous' side branches
have grown; h fruit-spurs which bore fruit last
year and are producing blossoms this year at s.

those borne on spurs. The terminal
fruit-buds arc those which are at the
very tip or terminus of a shoot. In cer-
tain varieties of apples such as Jon-
athan, Gravenstein, Newtown and
others, and in some varieties of |)ears,
notably the Bartlett, Winter Nelis and
Angouleme, much of the first crop of
fruit-buds is borne terminally on
shoots. The axillary buds are also
borne on one-year-old wood, but on the
sides of the shoots instead of at Ihe
tips. The third class of buds, those
borne on spurs, which are really
nothing more nor less than very short
branches, are borne either singly or in
aggregations of twos, threes or many.
Generally they are developed first from
either one or two-year-old wood,

though at times from that which is
older. They develop either from single
terminal buds, as is general in plums
and prunes or from one to several lat-
eral buds, as in apples and pears. De-
pending on variety and environmental
conditions, these annual increases in
length may vary from a fraction of an
inch to several inches, with the result
that the older spurs may be very com-
pact, or loose and spreading. In some
instances large spurs consist of as
many as forty or fifty buds on more or
less angled branches. A fruit-spur,
then, may be a single short branch
bearing one or a few fruit and leaf
buds, or a large aggregation of such
branches which arise from one another.
The proportions of the several classes
of fruit-buds vary greatly, according to
the kind and variety of fruit. In the
peach, particularly, all the fruit-buds
are axillary and borne on one-year
wood. Some of the annual branches
are so short that they might be re-
garded as spurs perhaps, though the
proportion of buds borne on such
spurs, as compared to the total number
on the tree, is small. In this particular
class of fruits the fruit-buds, which
usually contain one or sometimes two
flowers, are borne singly on one side
or the other of the leaf-buds, or in
pairs with a leaf-bud between them.
They are usually more numerous to-
ward the tips of the branches, though
when the trees have been properly kept
open to admit light and air they are
plentiful on the smaller laterals and
scattered well along the branches, ex-
cept at the bases of
the larger ones. In
the plum and prune
fruit-buds are borne
both on o n e - y e a r
shoots and on spurs.
Most Japanese varie-
ties have large quan-
tities of axillary buds,
m u c h a s has t h e
peach, except that
frequently there arc
more than two buds
at each node. The
number of axillary
buds on fuie-year-old
wood in Ihe case of
the common vai'icties
of prunes shoidd be
regarded as small as
compared with those
on spurs, though one-
year-old spurs are
often prolilic bloom-
ers. The sweet cherry
bears its fruit-buds
either on spurs or as

axillary buds on one-year-old wood.
If the one-year branches are of any
considerable length, it is worthy to
note thai Ihe fruit-buds on them are
borne near the base, or at least the
basal one-half. Apples and pears may
be considered together, since the
methods of fruiting are similar. The
fruit-!)iids are borne on spurs, as axil-
lai)- buds, or terminals on one-year
wood. Varieties vary greatly in this
regard. Some have a large proportion
of their fruil-buds on one-year wood,
especially while young, while others
bear very few such buds, having practi-
cally all, except a very few terminals,
borne on spurs which sometimes are
present on one-year wood. Attention
is called to Ihe fact that, normally, the
axillary fruit-buds are borne near the
tips of Ihe branches instead of the base,
just Ihe reverse of the condition pre-
vailing in Ihe sweet cherry.

In apples and pears it is frequently
objectionable to have fruit borne at or
near the tips of long one-year branches,
because such branches are bent with
the fruit and become misshapen, are
swayed with the wind, anfl thus bruise
not only Ihe fruit they bear but all in
the immediate vicinity, and tend to
bring the fruit to the very outside of
the tree, so that even a light load is apt
to cause breaking. Yet it is undesirable
at times to remove all such fruit-buds,
because Ihey may constitute a large
proportion of the entire crop. If it
were possible it would be of much
greater advantage to have them borne
on short laterals so that they might be

•'iciRK l(i. liarllell pear. At s fruit-buds produced lalirally from
a spur which bore last year.

Page 8

BETTER FRUIT

October

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FiGuru-: 17. Winter Nelis. I'ruit hrajich taken fruni an olti tree. Note that
the greatest number of I'luit-buds are borne on vigorous new wood produced
by thinning out ok! spurs. The old unprunetl spurs bear mainly leaf-buds.

Figure 18. Bartlett pear. Old spurs which have been blooming annually but

setting a very small number of fruits. At a spurs which bloomed but set no

fruit, some of them af^ain producing fruit-buds the following season.

saved to produce fruit. Such a con-
dition actually can be brought about,
especially with young trees, through a
method of early sumiiier ijruning,
whereby .some of the branches, instead
of being allowed to grow normally, are
headed back sulhcienfly early in the
season to allow laterals to spring from
them and develop terminal and even
axillary fruit-buds.

The amount of pruning to be done in
winter on any variety of fruits so as
to pi-odnce the maxinuim number of
fruit-buds depends upon so many
factors that no specific recommenda-
tions can be made. Two facts must be
observed, however, when dealing with
normal apple or pear trees of average
vigor, and, in a general way, all other
deciduous-tree fruits. First, if a large
amount of wood is rcmoveil in heading
back a one-year-old branch, lateral
branches, and not fi-uit-buds, will be
produced from the remainder. Second,
if the heading back is very slight, fruit-
buds may and are apt to be ijroduced,
but they are likely to be borne near the

cut, with the result that below them
few or none of the buds will break and
long barren spaces on the branches will
exist. It is a safe rule to bear in mind
that the greatest influence is felt in the
vicinity of a pruning cut. Thus, if a
long branch is cut back severely, the
greatest gi-owth response will come
near the ]joint of cutting, though there
will be some response throughout the
whole limb. Or again, if a dense or tall
pear tree, for exam])le, has the top cut
back without a thinning out or cutting
back of the remaining branches, the
first or greatest response will be near
the cut. This principle is of importance
in pruning very old trees in which
masses of spurs have been formed, but
which arc not producing annual profit-
able crops. Annual crops of bloom arc
produced, but the crop of fruit is light,
and what is produced is often inferior.
In such cases it would be better to re-
move some spurs entirely and thin out
others in order again to bring about
a vegetative response directly within
the remaining spurs tlieinselves rather

than to take out many large branches
or merely to cut back the top or saw
olT the ends of all large limbs. Such a
spur jiruuing may not be advisable each
year, but will serve as an occasional
rejuvenating means. The removal of
some branches will probably be neces-
sar\- in conjunction with the spur thin-
ning, and of course the removal of all
(lead wood is essential. The main i)oint
to be emphasized, however, is this:
There will be less unbalancing of the
trees and more real stimulation to fruit
production if the cutting is distributed
rather than more or less localized.
Figure 18 represents part of two very
old spurs. They have been producing
fruit-buds and flowers for many years,
but have matured but few fruits, due to
a lack of vegetative vigor. Figure 20
shows a portion of a spur which had
been thinned and shows a strong, al-
most too vigorous vegetative response
as a result, while Figure 22 illustrates
how these vegetative shoots again be-
come strong fruit spurs in the course of
two or three years.

In this connection attention is called
to those lateral branches of moderate
length which bear terminal fruit-buds
anti are freiiuently abundant in young
trees just coming into bearing. If not
excessively long, say not over twelve
inches, it is the best policy not to re-
move the terminal bud, since if it is
left to remain the chances of having the
lateral buds on such a branch develop
into fruit-spurs are much greater than
if the branch is headed back. Even if
fruit does not set from such a bud, the
beneficial effect is greater if it is not
removed. Of course if the branch is
excessively long and limber head it
back. Frec|uently, in pears and in
many varieties of ap])les, such laterals
of from three to eight inches in length,
if left alone become the first really pro-
ductive areas of the tree, but are ruined
if removed or heavily cut back. This
statement is in no way intended to dis-
courage the ])ractice of shortening in
or heading back those more or less nu-
merous lateral, vegetative branches
which fre(iuenlly grow in large num-
bers in the lower inner portions of
young trees. In fact there is reason to
believe that if some of these branches
are allowed to remain and are cut back
to three or four inches in length they
can be developed into early and valu-
able fruiting wood.

The time or season during which
fruit-buds are formed is a matter
worthy of consideration. The practice
of summer pruning largely hinges on
such a knowledge, because if the jirun-
ing is (lone at one season of the year,
and is to have an immediate effect, sulli-
cient time must be allowed for fruit-
buds to develop during the i)art of the
season which remains. The amount of
culling that may be ijcrinissible early
or late in Ihe season is entirely dilTer-
ent. Farly summer ])runing may, and
sometimes should, be heavy to bring
about a vegetative response, while a
late summer pruning must be light in
order th;d a heavy vegetative res|)onse
may be avoided. Too late a summer
pruning ina,\ fail of lis pui'ixise abso-

^9^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page p

lutely, either by forcing worthless
vegetative shoots or causing leaf buds
to start which do not have suflicient
time for reorganization into fruit-buds.
Roughly speaking, trees have a growth
period and a dormant period, though in
fact certain changes are going on
throughout most of the dormant period.
Changes take place within a bud and
determine whether it will become a
leaf or fruit-bud in the apple or pear
as early as the latter part of June and
proceed throughout the sununer and
fall. The very beginnings of fruit-buds
are also visible as late as the latter part
of August, so that apparently there is
actual difl'erentiation of buds occurring
throughout the summer. Usually this
differentiation takes place first in the
buds on the spurs, then those in the
axils of the leaves, and finally in the
terminals. Depending on conditions,
the order may vary, depending on the
-vigor and growth of the shoot, espe-
cially among the terminals. In fact the
order may be reversed, or they may
form at about the same time. With
minor exceptions fruit-buds for these
particular fruits go into the winter in
practically the same state of develop-
ment. But slight advance takes place
during the early part of the dormant
season. Later numerous microscopic
changes go on, and these, in late win-
ter and early spring, occur even more
rapidly, until finally the swelling of the
buds becomes very evident and bloom-
ing follows in course of time. Know-
ing the period at and during which
fruit-bud formation takes place, one is
better able to modify orchard practices
so that the best possible conditions for
their development can be brought
about. Such buds are influenced by
many conditions other than pruning,
such as moisture, light, air and food,
but it is the former means with which
this discussion is most concerned.

The relation or balance which seems
to exist between the so-called vege-
tative or growth tendencies and the re-
productive or fruit-producing powers
of a tree is a delicate one and can be
brought about or maintained only by
the careful observation of each indi-
vidual tree and its response to any
treatment given. Sufiice it to say that
it is easily possible to have too many
fruit-spurs or fruit-buds in a tree; so
many in fact that the energies of the
tree appear to be used up merely in the
production of bloom, and such fruit as
may be produced is inferior both in
size and quality, as previously pointed
out. The aim must be to produce or
maintain, not the greatest possible num-
ber of spurs, but the most efficient
fruit-spur system, which means that
the spurs shall be evenly distributed
throughout the whole tree, that there
shall be ample room between and
among them, and that they be healthy
and vigorous. The same ideas as out-
lined for fruit-spurs hold true for the
fruit-buds of the peach. While the
total number of fruit-buds ])roduced
might be greater on an unpruned tree,
and it is true that large numbers of
them are lost from winter pruning, yet
it is better to remove some branches

Figure 19. Bartlett pear. Old spurs ■\\hicli have set an average number of
fruits in previous years. At « spurs which bloomed but set no fruit, again
producing fruit-buds for the following year. At b the same, except no fruit-
buds jjroduced.

Figure 20. Bartlett pear. Vigorous vegetative response from thinning spurs.
Terminal fruit-l)M<ls at t; axillary fruit-buds at a on one-year shoots.

t'litireh and to shorten back others and
aihnit light and air into the tree to
strengthen the remaining buds and
maintain proper vegetative condition
tlian to allow it to spread out and lose
practically all its lower and interior
fruiting area and produce only at the
ends of the branches toward the
outside.

Finally, then, it is necessar,\ that a
careful study be made of the fruit-bud-
producing habits of any variety under
any given set of conditions. Tliere are
localities in which trees tend to pro-
duce an excess of fruit-buds when com-

pared with the iiroduction of vegetative
shoots and care must be exercised in
pruning that the ideal relationship be
maintained by either a heavy heading
back or thinning out. .\gain the ten-
dencies may be in the opposite vege-
tative direction, and unless great care
is exercised tlie trees are unproductive
or ilo not come into bearing for many
years. In such cases great caution in
heading back nuist be exercised, and
freciuenlly methods of control other
than pruning must be resorted to. The
question of annual bearing of varieties
i.s of great importance to every fruit-

Pas^e 10

BETTER FRUIT

October

Figure 21. Bartlett pear. A good vegetative response from thinning spurs.
Note the numerous fruit-buds at s on spurs which did not break into long
branches. Terminal buds at t and axillary buds at a on one-year shoots.

Figure 22. Bartlett pear. A vigorous shoot produced from an old spur which

has been pruned, now in a healthy productive condition. Note the numerous

fruit-buds present.

Orf Bxp Sra

f-.W7C"^

Figure 23. Large branches from an old Bartlett pear tree. Numerous fruit-
sjiurs but very light vegetative growth.

grower. It would be a dillicult task to
make all varieties of apples annual
bearers, since if it is not a character-
istic of any variety so to bear special
methods of pruning or culture would
be required to change the entire con-
stitution of the tree. On the contrary,
some varieties will bear annually even
under the most adverse conditions.
Generally speaking, those varieties
which produce fruit-buds liberally on
one-year wood, either as axillaries or
terminals, come into bearing younger.

and are more likely to bear annually
than those which bear on spurs ex-
clusively. It should not be overlooked
nor forgotten that while it may be
normal for spurs to bear only during
alternate years, such is by no means
always the case, and blooms and even
fruits are often produced each suc-
cessive year for a number of years.
This is notably true of several varieties
of pears, especially the Haitletl, which
like the Wagener and .Jonathan apples
is an excellent example, also of a vari-

ety which produces an abundance of
axillary and terminal fruit-buds. The
following table, based on a range of
average Oregon conditions, will serve
to give information concerning the
more common varieties of apples and
pears:

Table I. — Rel.vtion of Position of Bloom to

Bearing ix the Commoner Varieties

OF Oregon Apples and Pears.

Variety

Apples
Arkansas . . . .

Baldwin

Bellflower . . . .
Ben Davis . . . .
Gravenstein . .

Grimes

Hyslop

Jonathan

King

Mcintosh

Newtown

Rome

Spitzenberg . . .
Transcendent .

Wealthy

Winesap

Pears

Anjou

Angouleme . . .

Bartlett

Bosc

Clairgeau

Cornice

Howell

Winter Nelis. .

Bloom on '^j^XrT
terminals "yX"

None
Some
Rarely
Abundanl
Many
Many
Many
Many
F>w-
Few
Some
Some
Few-
Many
Many
Many

Few-
Yes
Yes
Some
Yes
Few-
Yes
Yes

None
Some
l"ew-
Many
Few-
Rare
Many
Many
Rare
I"ew-
None
Very few
Rare
Many
Many
Many

Very few
Yes
Yes

Very few
Yes
Few-
Yes
Yes

Annual
bearers

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Y'es

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Nearly

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

In 1914 very few apple growers made
any money; most of them did not real-
ize enough to pay the cost of produc-
tion. In 1915 it is expected that the
growers will be able to obtain reason-
ably good prices, without question.
But even so, to make up for the loss
last year it will be necessary for the
apple growers to make effectice every
system of efTiciency and economy that
is possible in harvesting the apple crop.

Chelan, Washington, shipped the
first carload of apples June 11th, con-
sisting of Gravensteins, Red Astrachans
and Red Junes.

Thousands of faiit growers have become Fall
Spraying Enthusiasts, for they find that fall
sprayed trees are healthy and free from scale and
similar diseases, and require but little attention
the following spring.

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im

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19 i 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page IT

Beats the band how quick
Prince Albert rings true!

Soon as you get a light you'll start enjoying every puff of a
pipe or makin's cigarette that's packed with Prince Albert!
Don't have to be introduced; don't have to fireproof
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It cheers up your desire for a real smoke most
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the national
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You take our word for it
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Give it a real try-out,
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about Prince Albert being your side partner in the immediate
future ! Smokers all over the nation, all over the world, now,
know how good this brand is ; how much actual joy it passes
out. Realize that it can't cost you more than 5c or 10c to
prove that Prince Albert is all the most ardent enthusiast
ever claimed for it.

Prince Albert is sold everywhere in toppy red bags, 5c ; tidy
red tins, 10c; handsome pound and half-pound tin humidors ;
and in pound crystal- glass humidors with sponge-moistener
tops that keep the tobacco in the finest possible condition.

R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO., Winston-Salem, N. C.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Here is a photograph of one of the finest types of Indians now hving. Chief
Eagle Shirt, an ardent pipe smoker, who hails from the Pine Ridge Reservation.
The Chief is 32 years old. and is one of the star attractions with "101 Ranch

right 1915 by R.J.
olds Tobacco Co.

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

October

The Apple as a Farm Product— History

M

By A. Millard, Jr., Hood River. Oregon.

■AHKETS, "local" and "uncla.ssi-
lieil," are then pretty well out
of the iiue.stion, except for lo-
cally-produced fruit, and for anythin.a
like distance .shipment, the grower
must turn to the primary niai-ket. The
largest primary markets for apples in
about the order of their importance
may be listed as: New York, Boston,
Philadelphia, Chicago, (Cincinnati, Bal-
timore, St. Louis, Pittsburg, San Fran-
cisco, New Orleans and Seattle. We
will leave the (|uestion of domestic
markets here and proceed to take up
in some detail the foreign markets.
The writer realizes that more than pro-
portionate emphasis is laid below on
foreign markets. However, the sub.ject
is most interesting to all fruitgrowers
and dealers, and is especially vital to
the growers of the Far West, and since
their grades of fruit are more in de-
mand abroad than the general grades
of Fastcrn fruit, the Western growers
will do well to follow up this matter
very vigorously.

About 7 per cent of the United States
apple crop is marketed overseas each
year, and this fruit lends strongly to be
the best class of fruit and to be more
uniformly and safely packed. This
preference has favored the strictly
graded Northwest boxed apple, but
the handicap of the transcontinental
freight rate to the Atlantic seaboard
for European shipment has hugely otf-
sel this. F'oreign markets seem to pre-
fer the boxed fruit, but barreled apples
are generally delivered, i)er bushel,
cheaper (barrel e(|uals three bushels).
In England, always the chief foreign
market for apples, there has been built
up by many \ears of custom the liking
for barreled a|)ples of certain varieties,
notably the Baldwin; this is a distinct
advantage to Eastern barreled fruit.
There are many dilliculties attendant
on foreign shipments of apples, as
there are in any foreign trade, and de-

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GOULDS

RELIABLES

Fruit Burdened ]5rancbes
are not injured if you have tlie
proper e(iuipineut. An illus-
tration on page (> sliows how
this is (lone.

velopment of foreign markets must pro-
ceed very slowly, since transportation,
refrigeration, storage, and most impor-
tant, traile relation facilities, can only
be built up in time. Our Yankee
methods run into many stundjling
blocks as soon as we get away from
our own shores, and conservatism is
the only successful practice when deal-
ers over the seas are to handle our
output.

The markets outside of the L'nited
States are briefly considered country
by country below. (Much of the text
and all of the tables not otherwise
specified on the subject of foreign mar-
kets here are from R. M. Rutledge,
"Better Fruit," Vol. IX, No. 1, anti from
S. S. Lamb's article based on consular
reports published in "Better Fruit"
May, 11)14.)

Great Britain should be mentioned
first. This was our earliest and has
always been our largest market. Liver-
pool, Lf)ndon and Glasgow have always
taken most of our exports of apples.
England imports large quantities of
apples from the L'nited States and
Canada as well as from other coun-
tries. Their relative importance is
shown by the following approximate
percentages:

Tabi.t-; XV. — English
Cjiimtyti

United States

Australia

liclgiuni

Canada

France

Piirtnsal

All titlu-rs

Mi'oRTS OF Apples.

I'll I

J4';,

9'/r

0.8'*
41';i

l.ll'r

2.(1%

1 "r

100'/;.

:!,.3:!2,H1S

1912

43'7r
10Sl'/r
l.:i'/o
42.1'/r

0.4';'o

2 ' Y
ii.lir^r

100',;.

3,881,940

'I'otal inipoi'ts in e\\ ts.
Distribution by the importing fruit
brokers is either by private sale or by
auction. When large cpiantities are to
be dealt with, the latter method is most
general, but where the supply is short,
private sales are frequently better.
Brokers prefer to be in a position to
adopt either method according to their
judgment of market conditions at the
time. The 1912-13 American exports to
Liverpool were 3.5% of total United
States export barreled apples and 22%
boxed apples: London li)% barreleil
and 38% boxed; Glasgow 18% barreled
and 7% boxed. Of the boxed apples
taken into Great Britain, Washington
supplies about ()()% and Oregon and
Galifornia each about 20%. Appendix
tables give exact export figures, etc.
England is a large but a very close
market for all fruits. There are some
strong variety preferences; the Elberfa
peach, for instance, is practicalh the
only peach marketed in London. The
writer has been tcdd b\- M. W. French,
apple exporter of New York City, that
at a fair i)rice the English market for
Baldwins was unlimited, but that the
market for any other variety went "all
to pieces" as soon as any above normal
shipments were made. The heavy ex-
pense of jjlacing apples on the Fngli.sh
market is rather discouraging; the
Panama Canal should materiallv aid

and Present Status

the Western grower. In 1912-13 best
(luality Yellow Newtowns brought .*1.22
to .$1.94 per half box; the red apples
•S1.09 to ftl.94; "choice" boxed apples
brought from .$2.18 to .$4.80 per box.
,\ustialian Spitzenbergs, in the oppo-
site season, brought about $1.1').') per
forty-pound box. Newtown "l()4s" to
"144s" are the preference Western
apple. Gravensteins and Jonathans
have been mentioned as well liked
early apples: Spitzenberg, Staymen,
Winesap and Home Beauties as late
varieties, and Ben Davis and Blacks as
very late varieties from the West,
which are specially desired. Some
apples are raised in England, but the
climate is unfavorable; they are gen-
erally of a very poor quality, and as
competitors they are negligible.

Germany imports large amounts of
ap])les, chieflv from the L'nited .States
and Australia. In 1912-13, .3(111.1111(1 boxes
and 23().(l()() barrels were handled at
Hamburg, the barrels coming from
Eastern States and Canaila, and the
boxes chielly from Washington and
(])regon. Hamburg is the distributing
center for all Germany. In 1912. what
were called low prices prevailed, with
three times the usual shipments of
apples, the prices per wholesale box
ranged from $l.(i6 to $2.14.

Apples are the only L'nited States
fruit sold in France, and practically all
these come from the Northwest. After
a bad local season, there is a good mar-
ket for apples. They sell, retail, on
Paris fruit stands for from five to eight
cents apiece. The I'rench market de-
pends entirely upon the local produc-
tion of fruit and for this reason is so
unsteady from year to year that ship-
ping apples to France steadily is some-
thing of a speculation.

Belgium's imports of apples are con-
siderable, through .\ntwerp by w-ay of
London and Southampton. The mar-
ket is controlled by London, and only
the best quality apples sell, local pro-

Experienced Horticulturist
Wants a Position

.SI years old; German by birth ; graduate
of horticulture in Germany. Years of ex-
perience in some of the finest orchards in
the Northwest. - C. R. VILLMANN, Hor-
ticulturist. Walla Walla, Wash.

WANTFT) Posltlo" as Foreman

'" -^■■•^~ ± A-i 1-^ or Manager of a fruit or
diversified ranch b.v a single man. :iO .vears
old. with ti years' experience in Wenatchee
\'alle.v. Am familiar with the care and
devek)ping of an orchard andean deliver
the goods. Atldress 8. Y., care of "Better
Fruit."

Wanted

Working foreman on
SO-ae re apple and stork
ranch. Must under-
stand pruning, spraying and packing, also
knowledge of general farming. House,
milk and garden furnished. State age,
experience and wages expected in first
letter. Address H. A., care "Better Fruit."

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER ERL'IT

WllKN WRITING .\li\ K KT USKKS MKNTltPN HETiKR FRL'lT

'915

BETTER FRUIT

Page

cluction taking care of the pocirer
grades. The L'nifefl States ships a godd
proportion of the apples consumeil.
Canada and South Africa also supply
some. This market is characterized by
irregular shipments and fluctuates
badly. Denmark, Norway and Russia
buy our fruit. One million pounds of
apples and pears were exported from
this country to Norway in IfllO. Amer-
ican apples brought in this year .$4.86
lo !f().()7 per wholesale barrel, in
Stavanger, but shipment to the markets
of all three of these countries is very
expensive, since it includes repacking,
or at least reloading at English ports.
There are some home-grown red apples
in Denmark, but .American apples are
imijorted through Iland)urg and the
I'^nglish cities, to Denmark.

In Russia there seems to be no chance
for increased sales. Very little fruit is
eaten and the country is measurably
self-supplying. C.onclitions in The
Netherlands are similar to those in Hel-
gium, and though theie are excessively
high import freight rates at Rotterdam,
a few American apples find their way
to that country. This completes the
survey of the countries shipped to via
the English Channel.

In past years Austria-Hungary has
paid very high prices for a limited
amount of the best fruit; well-to-do
classes have purchased American fruit
out of the fresh-fruit season in that
country. Hothouse out-of-season Aus-
tialian fruit shipped in ,^5-lb. wooden
packages has brought excessively high
prices there.

There is, generally speaking, no mar-
ket for American fresh fruit in any of
the Mediteiranean countries. These
countries ])roduce such an enormous
amount of fresh fruit at prices with
which it is impossible to compete that
there appears to be no opportunity for
American fruit interests in that legion.

In the Northwest, .\sia is generally
thought of as a big market for apples,
but as a matter of fact only small cpian-
tities of first-class stock is demanded.
Only the most wealthy classes of na-
tives in these densely populated coun-

Western Pine Box Sales Go.

HIGH GRADE FRUIT BOXES
APPLE, PEAR AND;PEACH BOXES

Fruit and Vegetable Crates

GOOD SERVICE Write us

SPOKANE, WASH.

Store Apples

NEAR BIG MARKET

Apples stored with us take in transit rate
and quick delivery to

New York, Boston
Philadelphia

and (itlier big eastern markets.

LOCKPORT COAUCE & COLD STORAGE CO.

Lrf>ckport, Ne\v York

^r Speed Your Sales

^chmidr

Our Apple and Case Labels will make
your pack more attractive to the buy-
er's eye.

It's the best looking package that
sells first and usually brings the fancy
price.

Our experts on fruit packing will
advise you free of charge.

WRITE NEAREST OFFICE

Schmidt Lithograph Co.

SAN FRANCISCO
Los Angeles Fresno Portland Seattle Salt Lake City

tries c'iin piuchase Anierifiui apples,
and these few, with the small foreign
colonies in the larger cities, make up
the market. Hongkong imported 11,0(1(1
boxes of apples from all countries in
1!)12-13, and of these 2,(100 boxes came
from Hood River by way of Seattle,
and (1,000 were second and third-class
apides from San Francisco. Certain
Western growers can supply this mar-
ket to advantage, but it is a tpiestion of
individual business relations and not
at all a normal market.

Australia impoits dried fiiiil and ex-
ports fresh fruit. They are strong com-
petitors of our apples, though they are
always marketed in the opposite season.
The following figures and tables are
from the "Ollicial Year Book of the
Commonwealth of Australia" (Boston
public library). 47,749 acres of fruit
were i)lanted in Australia in the last
ten years. The main increase in Tas-
mania (1(5,383) and Western Australia
(12,118) is due to the extensive plant-
ings of apple trees with a view to the
London market for fresh fruit.

Taht.i: XVI. — Totvi, Acres Ohchabiis ami Fhut

(wardens and Ac.RliS PER One Thocsand

Population for Australia.

A crcs per

toon

Yi'itrs Acres I'i>i>uhilii)n

1!llll-1!l(i2 1 l(),77ri :w

VMM-V.WH l(ii),2il!l 11

1!l(l.S-IiMI!l 171.r)."»S 11

i!i(>:i-i:nii I78.7ii8 n

iiniM'.ni I85,i.'.r) 12

I!M1-1!I1-' l!)4,.-i2l 1.1

Note — AiisliMlion liiiil ranges I'roni the iTopii-
|iinc';ini>lr oml inoiiKo to the tcni])ci:ilc apple,
strn\vl)eri->' and ^;<Hisebcrry.

Australian fresh-fruit imports con-
sists chietly of bananas from Fiji;
oranges and lemons from Italy, and
out-of-season ai)ples from Canada.
Their 1011 fresh-fruit exports amounted
to t.J20,780 (£504 of this was re-ex-
l)orled). This finiit was chielly ai)i)les,
and they were sent to the Inited King-
dom, (iermany. New Zealand, Brazil,

L'. S. A. and India. The following table
gives an idea of the fruit trade of the
commonwealth:

'I'ahi.e XVII. — Australia's Net Imports of Dried

1'ruit and Net Exports of Fresh Fruit.

net imports of drii:d fruit

Qiiiiitlitii.

Year I'tnintts Vntue

liioi ]:!,i:%;'„73."> t:iii.").ii!i:i

1907 ,S,(l()(l,(IOI) :>7.S(i I

1!I(I8 8,11011, 0(10 (ll,i:i!»

111(19 12.000,0(10 108,(1 11;

1910 9,000,000 7i,:ni

1911 5,000,000 J.-),0I2

net exports of fresh fruit
Qtiantiltf,

Year Cenltds Value

19('l £11, n:)]

1 907 2 1(1.182 1 7,.")9 1

1908 21 1,.")S,-) 19.2."i7

1909 121,997 IS. ins

1910 :!2('>,92S 19. ."il:!

1911 :ii:',.08S 12,.->92

Of preserved fruit in 1911 Australia inii>iirled
£Ci7,Cj2(I worth and exported 1:29,2 l.'>.

The following figures and c|uotalions
from the 1013 New Zealand Ollicial
Year Book are of interest, more as pro-
duction figures of a competing country
than as apiilying to a prospective for-
eign market: "Each succeeding year
shows a marked increase in area
planted to commercial orchards in the
Dominion." For the four years ending
December, 1012, 7,413 acres were
planted, and 2,420 acres were estimated

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It Kives yon n hitli erade (jnick selling proilin't Ht a
miniinum cost. It niukes h clean htuI natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetables have been
approved by the U. S. Goveriinient, while desiccated,
dried and evaporated products have been rejected.
There is but one Dehydratnr niiinufuctured in the
West and It is the hest By-Proiluct maclilne evrr de-
vUed. Tt is adapted to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. s. patenis. Therefore, you are
priitected in Its use.

The manufacturers of this Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved auioniatic labor-saving
prepnrntory machinery which will further reduce the
present low cost for the iiro'luclloti of this product.

For new descriptive booklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Frnncisco, California

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

WE WILL SAVE YOU MONEY ON YOUR

Fruit Case Labels

Quality Guaranteed.
Write for Prices and Samples.

THE SIMPSON & DOELLER CO.

E. SHELLEY MORGAN, Northwestern Manager

1423-24 Northwestern Bank Building
PORTLAND. OREGON

We have a fine line of new stock Apple Box Labels. Samples on application.

for 1913; the total 1913 area would then
be 38,720, as compared to 31,9.33 for
1910-11. "A good market exists locally
for choice, clean fruit, but as large
areas recently planted come into bear-
ing, growers will have to look to out-
side markets to take the surplus, and it
is hoped that the export of fruit will
become in time one of the largest of the
Dominion." 33,000 cases of apples were
shipped to South America in 1913, and
"this market will be able to absorb
all the Dominion can supply for several
years to come at satisfactory prices to
the growers."

The exports of Canada to the United
Kingdom were as follows:

Taf.le XVIII. — Canadian Exports of Dried and
Fresh Apples.

Fresh Apples Drit-if Apples

1908 ;f I. Il^'i. 722.(1(1 s 11, (1X7. (1(1

19(19 2,(i'.l2,2:i:'..(i(i (1. 2(1:1. (((I

19in 1.184,878.(1(1 8(i.(ISJ.(l(l

1911 1,. 398. 359. 00 lO.Ol.S.OO

Cidiacla imported no green apples, and prae-
ticallv no dried apples (.flS) in 1912, while she
impoi-ted .'ii22(),2.39 worth of oranges, lemons,
limes, etc.

Our apple trade, with our sister con-
tinent, has been very undeveloped.
Now, however, due to the increasing
prosperity of South America, exporla-
tions of .\merican apples are finding
their wa\ into that market. .\t present
the inchistry is only in its infancy, but
it is hoped that the scdidity of the .Amer-
ican apple will enable it to travel long
distances and to hold its own against

Adobe Lands

as well as sandy soil are easily culti-
vated. On page (i an illustration
shows how this is done.

HOOD RIVER APPLE VINEGAR CO.

HOOD RIVER

YELLOW NEWTON VINEGAR

AND SWEET CIDER

EVAPORATED APPLES

Made from Choice Hood River Apples

If your jobber cannot supply you
send your order to

Hood River Apple Vinegar Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

all comers. Argentina, Brazil and Uru-
guay all have small importations of our
apples, but due to the fact that refriger-
ation facilities are very inadeciuate on
the few transportation lines between
our ports and those of South .\merica,
these have been very limited in c|uan-
tity and very costly when landed in
trans-ec[uator ports. American apples
are unknown in Chili, as well as in
many parts of the west coast, but with
the advent of the Panama Canal this
will probably be remedied. Venezuela
imports some of our apples from the
Xcn-thwest, but it is only at great cost
incurred by shipping over the Isthmus;
these are North Pacific apples. Mexico
started some importation of our apples
some years ago when refrigerator cars
could be sent to Mexico City, but due
to the unsettled condition of the coun-
try and the impossibility of maintain-
ing rapid transportaticm, this has
ceased. The South .American markets
can never rival England or Germany
as an outlet for apples from this
country in quantity, but trade south of
the equator promises more propor-
tionately to the apple industry than
does any other market in sight. This
applies especially to best quality North
Pacific stock.

The foreign market iiuestion is an
involved one at best, and with war
aftermath conditions in Europe we can-
not tell what exports can be counted
upon. France is said to have recovered
very rapidly in a commercial way after
the disastrous war of 1870, and apples
sold in Europe are always sold to the
wealthier class, who will be least em-
barrassed after the war.

If there is one place more than any
other where business ability in apple
marketing will count, it will be in the
(lisi)osition of apples over the seas.

The man who would know how to
sell his apples nnist first stud\- and un-
derstand some of the fundamental iirin-
ciples in the exchange of farm prod-
ucts. .Aiiples are not sold toda,\ in the
same manner as they were sold a hun-
dred years ago. It is not necessary to
know how apples were sold then in
order to know how they are sold today;
that subject can be more ([uickly
studied by itself; but it is necessary to
understand the history of the trade in
ai)ples in order to .iudge how they will
ln' sold loHKn'row. There is no (luestion

October

in the whole subject of commerce and
trade that is more distinctly in a de-
veloping stage than of the distribution
of farm products. Unsettled phases
of this distribution are working out
their destiny, and the man unaware of
this evolution can hardly avoid being
left behind in the race. The subject
of the distribution of farm products
needs no advertising to make it a per-
tinent question — it is a popular issue
already — it is a cry of the day. This
means that biased and baseless opinions
and criticisms will be exjaressed, but it
also means that a S(dution of the prob-
lems will be hasteiieil by iniblicity.

The man who would sell his apples
inlelligenfly must know the lessons the
past has taught, and must view the
present ([uestion with a broader per-
spective than petty, individual or even
cominunity problems. He cannot afi'ord
to imijiicitly accept the conclusions of
others; these matters are too undefined
to allow of settlement by any one opin-
ion. He must realize that there is an
excess of apple plantings in America,
but he must not stop here, for he would
then be no better off than if he firmh
believed that there were an insuliicient
supply of trees. He must follow the
matter out. How will these large crops
to come affect him, and through what
agencies, and what may he do to place
himself in the most advantageous posi-
tion to meet the necessary competition.
The man who would market apples
must know who eats his fruit and how
much is paid for it, and what other

The Mattress

WITH EVERY
ADVANTAGE

Heywood
Mattresses

are more than ordin-
ary mattresses.
Each Heywood Mat-
tress comes seperately
wrapped. It has not
been handled— it has
never been out on
triaL

It is absolutely guaranteed
to give satisfaction or you
receive a new mattress.

Priced Reasonably At
$12.00, .$15.00 and $18.00

Made By

HEYWOOD BROTHERS AND

WAKEFIELD COMPANY

Portland and Seattle

Sold By

All Best Dealers

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRTTT

'91 5

BETTER FRUIT

Pas.c /i

fruit is offered to those who are to
select his apples and at what price. He
must decide whether he should sell his
own crops or sell through associations,
and he must know where he may most
advantageously dispose of his fruit.

Such preparation is not easily ob-
tained, hence the weeding out will take
place rapidly; but the man who is thus
armed for this competition can hardh
fail to succeed.

Newspaper reports indicate that the
apple growers of New York State, real-
izing the ajjple crop is short this year,
at the present time are very firm in
their ideas of prices. It is stated that
New York growers, believing the crop
to be one-half of last year, think ajjples
should sell for twice the money sold at
in 1!)14. Those who solil at SJl.25 are
asking .^2.50 per barrel this year.
There are many who are holding for
$3.00 per barrel for Standard Bald-
wins. Very few sales have been re-
ported up to the present time. Dealers
operating in New York State intimate
that the price from .*2.()(l to .*2.50 ought
to be the limit for this year's crop.
Dealers believe that by starting the
crop off at a moderate price consump-
tion will be stimulated at the begin-
ning, the demand kept up throughout
the season and a better
obtained.

average price

Mr. ,1. \. Westerlund, member of the
Board of Control from Southern Ore-
gon, attended the meeting of the North-
west Fruit drowers' Council in August,
where he also met Mr. Brand and mem-
bers of the Federal Trade Commission,
composed of ,Ios. E. Davies of ^Viscon-
sin, chairman; Edward Hurley of Illi-
nois, vice-chairman, and the following
other connnissioners: \Vm. J. Harris
of Georgia, ^Vill H. Parry of Washing-
ton and deorge Bublee of New Hamp-
shire. The Federal Trade Commission
is making an extensive tour of the
United States to ascertain just what
trade conditions are and for the pur-
pose of seeing what can be done to im-
prove business conditions.

Boutell Apple Paring
Machinery

Dayton Hardware & Machinery Co.

PORTLAND. OREGON
Write for Catalogue

Reasons Why You Should

Investigate the 3/^)|00W

Kerosene Stationary ENGINE

It mna on kprosone (eoal oil), gaiollBtf
distillate and alcohol nithoat fhan^c^ Id
eiialpment — HtKrtv nllhout eranbii)^ —
ruDi in either direellon — Ihrodle gov-
erned—hottprr and tank-flooled — spred
onntrolted while rtmniog— no eani> — no
valtes — DO prenra — no sproeketa — only
three moTinn; parts — lieht weig;fat — enallT
portable — fcreat power — Htarts AMily at
forty dogrtes below lero- oompl»le Mi-^y to
roB-otllilren iipermt* tbem-dow fsotory
prices Ijna'il on enormotn out put--3i) dty
nej-baolc trlk1--10 jtarf IronrUd Eti>r-
ntea. b'lra, 1 1-2 to 16 borierx'Ktr.
(nda postal tiwity for free cmialog which
telli bow ^^tndow irlll be uscrul to you
No I'-irlwMDB. P.iokel tKfnU' •D'i

mil lldiiFo'i o^mmlialon* by dokllnf
dlrsot with fa-^orj. (fi'".')

Detroit Motor Cv Supply Co.
a^ Culoo Atc. Detroit. HidL

^t fe

Tested Seeds

Grasses,Clovers,Alfalfa
Vetches, Grain and

Special Mixtures for
Special Purposes

Write for Prices and Samples. Get tlie
Best — Don't Take Chances on Inferior
Seed. Dealers Sell Lilly's Seeds.
THE CHAS. H. LILLY CO , Seattle

Tlie European apple maiket appears
to be a very uncertain proposition for
export this year on account of the war,
the submarines and the blockades.
Nevertheless the same conditions pre-
vailed to some extent last year witli a
large export business being done, and
larger in 1914 than in 1913, but it must
be borne in mind that the submarines
are more active, while the blockades
are becoming more effective, with
England endeavoring to prevent as
nuich as possible shipments of many
kinds going through the neutral coun-
tries into the countries at war with
England and her allies.

In the Hood River Valley there is
the Apple drowers' Association or-
ganized in 1903, which will handle
from two-thirds to three-cpiarters of
the crop, the Northwestern Fruit Ex-
change, the Hood River Apple and Cold
Storage Co. and a few independents.

The U. S. government reports 205,-
000,000 bushels of apples this year.
Their report for last vear indicated
2.')3,()00,000 bushels. The State of
Washington is credited with 31,000,000
bushels.

A local representatives of an Eastern
dealer is reported as having stated that
the following is a list of apple prices
that, in his opinion, can be expected to
prevail at the beginning of the apple
season: Arkansas Black, extra fancv,
•«1.5n, fancy S1.30; Black Bens, .sl.2'5,
JSI.O,"}; Delicious, $1.90, Sl.T.i; .lonathans,
Sl.3.1, .$1.20; Yellow Newtowns, $1.00,
$1.-1,'); W. W. Pearmain, $1..30, $1.1.'5;
Rome Beautv. $1.00, $1.45; Spitzenberg,
$1.85, $1.70; Stayman, $1.10, .-si. 25;
Winesap, $1.60, $1.45; Ben Davis, $1.00,
90 cents; Black Twigs, $1.10, 90 cents;
Grimes Golden, $1.25, $1.15; Bananas,
$2.25, .$2.10.

Ridpath's

History of the World
At A Bargain

A shipment of Bartlett pears was con-
demned at Vancouver, B. C, on account
of codling moth. .-\ similar exjierience
occurred last year. Therefore it seems
wise to caution all fruit-shi|)i)ing con-
cerns to use extreme care in shipping
to Canadian ports.

One apple grower of Wenatchec is
rei)orted as having sold his apple cro|)
of Extra Fancy and Fancy, all sizes,
as allowed in the Northwestern grad-
ing rules, at $1.40 per box.

Nine Roy.il Volumes — 1. 000 Pages — 2,000 Pictures
We "ill name our price i-i]l> m direct letters lo iljuse
seuiling us the Coupon beloiv. Tear otf the Coupon,
write name and address plainly, and mail to us now
before you forget it. Dr. Itiilimili is dcid. his work Is
dOFie. bill his widow derives her support from his lilB-
torj-. and to print our price broadcast for the .sake of
qulckb' selling these few sets would cause flreat injury
to future sales. .Mjjil roiipoii f,.r fn,' ^-aiiiph pa^'i^

INSPECTION COUPON

WESTERN NEWSPAPER ASSOCIATION l<i IT.

Better Fruit Bureau, Hood River. Oregon
Pltiist' mail y«mr 46- page free sample booklet of
Ridpath's History of the World, coiitatiiing pliotocrnT-
iins (if Naimlfdii. Queen Kllzahftli. Socraies, Cn'sar
f.tiii Shakespeare, nnd write nio full particulars of your
j^petlal oflfer to "Better Krull" readers.

NAME - - - ^

ADDRESS

^RITIM; .AnVERTISEkS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

UHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 1 6

BETTER FRUIT

October

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Official Organ of The Norlliwest Fruit Growers' Association
A Monthli' Illustrated Magazine Publislied in the
Interest of Modem Fniit Gromng and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publisliins; Company

E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher
STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Coirailis

H. S. Jacltson. Pathologist Corvaliis

H. P. Wilson, Entomologist Corvallis

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L, Melander, Entomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris, Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering, State Agrictiltural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor, Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W, H. Wicks, Horticulturist Moscow

W. S. Thorn t>er. Horticulturist LeMiston

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B, Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C. W. Woodworth, Entomologist Berkeley

W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville

Leon D. Batchelor, Horiiculturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUAreiA
R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE;

In the United States. $1.00 per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50

AD^-ERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906. at the

Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3, 1879.

The Second Manufacturers' and Land
Produces Show will be hcltl in Portlaiiii
October 25 to November 13. An un-
iLsiKiIly attractive program i.s ofTered
thi.s year, with special features for
every clay. Thi.s show is of special
interest to the Northwest for the rea-
son that the exhibits cover all the pro-
ducts of the soil and include all kinds
of manufactured goods which are made
in the Northwest. It is a splentlid
opportunity for all manufacturers to
exhibit their manufactures and secure
a great deal of publicity, and help
secure atlditiontil business. It affords
a splendid opportunitx' for the farmers
to exhibit all products of the soil, which
will certainly do much to encourage
people to locate in the Northwest and
help build up our agricultural commu-
nities where there is much land yet to
be placeil under cultivation, and which
can be obtained at very reasonable
prices. The mana.gers of the Manufac-
turers' and Land Products Show show
excellent .judgment in making this a
diversity show, because the future pros-
perity of the Northwest depends not
upon the producing of one crop alone,
but a large number of crops; in other
words, "diversity farming."

The Northwest Apple Crop for 1915.
While a great many estimators placed
the apple crop of the Northwest at
12,0(10 cars, the Editor of "Better Fruit"
early in the season estimated the cro])
around i).000 cars. (.\t the time the
Editor furnished this estimate he stateil
many things might arise between that
time and harvesting to reduce the crop
below that figure, more of which has
hajjpcned than could reasonably be ex-
pected.) Since this estimate was made
considerable damage has resulted in
various districts from the following

causes: Hailstorms, codling moth, fun-
gus, drouth, lack of water on the part
of some of the irrigation companies, —
all of which has changed contlitions
very much in the last thirty to sixty
days. The consensus of opinion now
seems to point to a much smaller yield
than originally estimated, ('onsecpiently
it looks very much as if the commercial
crop would be as follows: Washing-
ton, about 4,.")00 cars; Oregon, about
1,500 cars; Idaho, 500 to 700 cars. There
will be a reasonable proportion of
Extra Fancies, but not as large in some
districts as was anticipated early in the
season, while in other districts the
([uantity of Extra Fancies will be
larger than originallv estimated.

Fall Spraying for Anthraenose. — An-

thracnose is one of the most serious
iliseases that can infest an orchard, for
the reason that when the trees become
badly infested the large limbs die, and
in a young orchard when the canker
attacks the trunk of the tree the fruit
grower may lose the whole tree. Rec-
ommendations for anthraenose is a fall
spraying of bordeaux mixture. Of
course the earlier this spray is ajiplied
in the fall the better. However, when
there is a crop of apples on the trees
the grower cannot use bortleaux strong
enough to be absolutely effective in
controlling anthraenose, therefore it is
necessary to spray with bordeaux mix-
ture, winter strength. This should be
done immediately after the apples are
harvested. Where antliracnose is more
or less prevalent in an orchard it is
recommended by pathologists that bor-
deaux of summer strength should be
applied to the trees before the fall rains
stiU't in, which can be done without
injury to the fruit. Every .grower who
has an orchard infested with anthrae-
nose .should spray this fall with bor-
deaux immediately after the harvesting
season.

The LTnited States Department of
Labor has sent Inspector R. P. Bon-
ham to Hood River to assist the fruit
arowers in securing help during the
harvesting season. Splendid work was
rendered this valley by the United
States Department of Labor during the
strawberry season. Mr. Bonham's work
during the apple harvesting season is to
assist growers to secure the necessary
amount of competent help. The L'nited
.States Department of Labor, Immigra-
tion Service, maintains an ollice in
Portland, 424 Railway Exchange Build-

The Eighth National Apple Show will
be helil in .Spokane November 15 to 20.
Everyone who has attemleil the Na-
tional .\pple Shows at Spokane realizes
fully their importance and value to the
fruit indusrty of the Northwest. The
people of Spokane are showing great
enterprise in prognniiming this show
this year, esi)ecially so because it has
been dillicult to iinance anything on
account of the tightness of the money
market. One of the main features of
the show will be the meeting of the

Washington State Horticultural Society,
which will hold its sessions in .Spokane
during the week of the Apple Show,
under date of November 18 and 19.
"Next Year's ]\larketing Problem" is one
of the vital subjects that will come up
before the growers who attend the
Apple Show this year. Every fruit
grower who can send an exhibit to this
show should do so, and every fruit
grower shoultl attend. The National
Apple Show has always been good and
is entitled to the support of every fruit
grower of the Northwest.

Marketing the 1915 Apple Crop. — The

experience in marketing apples in past
seasons, especially in 1!)14, when the
crop was rushed on the market in bulk
at harvesting season, realizing the low-
est prices that have been obtained for
box apples in many years, ought to be
a good lesson to apple growers for 1!)15
and future years, indicating the neces-
sity and imijortmice of avoiding glutting
the market at any particular time, espe-
cially in harvesting season. The supply
of apples should go to the consuming
public regularly month by month in
ample quantities, without overcrowding
the market during any of the marketing
months. Of course this means that a
great many apples shoulil be placed in
cold storage, and it is well in using cold
storage to distribute the crop so that
the supply is within close distance of
the large consuming centers and trihu-
tarv territorv.

Fall Spraying. — Generally throughout
the Northwest orchards have been
pretty free from San Jose scale, conse-
quently growers have not been spray-
ing for San Jose scale in the last year
or two, therefore San Jose scale has
increased very considerably in various
fruit districts throughout the Northwest
recently. In some cases the scale is re-
ported as being very plentiful. Growers
are beginning to realize this, but a word
of advice seems well worth while to
those who may not be aware how ser-
ious this pest is if allowed to continue,
as San Jose scale breeils very rapidly
and only a small number this season
may mean a seriously infested orchard
next year. Therefore it is advisable to
suggest that where scale is present in
the orchard the fruit grower should
spray either this fall of next spring.
Of course if a man has comparatively
little scale he can gel along with one
spray.

-A New Grafting Wax. — Mr. August

Niehans, after a long iieriod of experi-
mental work, has succeeded in making
a grafting wax which is being reported
on favorably by growers who have used
it, especially on account of its conven-
ience, as every fruit grower knows all
grafting wax generallv has to be heated
and kept warm when being used. Mr.
Niehans is making a |)liable grafting
wax that can be applied without being
heated. Therefore it will be found to
be a great convenience to the fruit
grower who has grafting to do or who
wants to cover the wounds after he has

101 ■

BETTER FRUIT

Page 1/

PORTLAND

Best of the Trip in Daylight
between

Portland and San Francisco

Exposition at its best.
October the Farmers' Month.
Daily Excursion Fares via

"THE NORTH

and the palatial SS

"Great Northern"

AND

"Northern Pacific"

EVERY
TUESDAY, THURSDAY, SATURDAY

m

Round Trip

from Portland

$33.40 Round Trip

from White Salmon

Leave Portland 'J^SU A.M., arrive San
Francisco 3:30 P.M. next day.

E. A. GIBERT, Agent S. P. c\; S. Ry.
White Salmon

R. H. CROZIER, A. G. P. A.
Portland.

Manufacturers' & Land Products Show
Portland, Oct. 25 - Nov. 13

(lone ;i sercvf pruning, to protect thtMii
from the weather. .Attention is called
to thi.s wax on account of it.s convenient
form, being ready for use at any time,
which will save the fruit grower much
trouble. Full particulars can be ob-
tained by writing Mr. .August Xiehans,
of Hood River, Oregon.

National Apple Day. — October 19th is
National .Apple Day. Every grower,
every dealer, every retailer and every-
one connected with the apijle business
.should get beliind this day to make it a
grand success. It comes just as the
right time of year when if the right
effort is made a prompt stimulation can
be created for aijples which will mean
increased consumption of api)les during
the year, and increased consumption of
apples will mean a better demand and
better prices, thus helping all the grow-
ers. On the other hand, the more fruit

we eat, and the nioi'e I'egularly we at it,
the better health we will have. So any-
thing you can ilo to boom National .Ap-
I)le Day will be a help to everybody.

Distribution of Northwestern Box

Apples. — The Ollice of Markets and
Rural Organization has perfected ar-
rangements for investigation and study
of distribution of Northwestern box
apples. .An ollice was opened in Spo-
kane September 2.3 in charge of Mr. .1. (',.
(iilbert. The excellent work Ijeing done
in llie disliibidion of fruits by the Ollice
of Markets and Rural Organization will
be of wonderful benefit to tlie fiuit
growers of the .Northwest.

Treat the Boys — Now's Your Chance

National .Apple Day occurs Tuesday,
October 19, and is now a permanent
institution. It is the day of ctieer and
all are invited to join in its festivities.

There are many reasons why National
.Apple Day shoulrl be encouraged. First
of all, apples are a valuable commercial
commodity and aid towards the nation's
wealth, when they are grown and dis-
tributed scientifically. Second, their
health value is untjuestioned. Even
with the knock given the doctor bv the
old-time slogan, ".An apple a day keeps
the doctor away," the doctor has many
good words to say of the medicinal
value of the apple. The modern slogan,
"Health's best way, eat ai)p!es every
day," is a more pleasing truth. The
phosphorus in the apple is considered
a great aid to brain workers, particu-
larly if apples are eaten on retiring at
night. From an economical standpoint
a box or a barrel of nice juicy apples
will satisfy and please more jiersons
than any other article of food or luxury
with which you can entertain them.
F"rom the humblest of humanity to the
millionaire, king or queen, the a|)ple
will be accepted from the barrel or box
without the use of a golden or silver
platter, and such is the dignity of the
apple, "King of Fruits."

So many good things can be said of
the virtues of the apple, why not keep
a nice box of apples near your desk,
and your cigar bill will be less'.' Even
the other fellow who is accustomed to
the use of strong drink will change,
when weaned to the liberal use of
apples. Prohibitionist and temperance
organizations should emblazon on their
temperance banners, "Don't diink, pray ;
eat apples every day."

.Accordingly you see apples are also a
moral force. 1 might call them "The
snnshine fruit of cheer." The smiling
school children are aided in health by
apple.s — but do they get their share'.'
The man or men who supply their
neighborhood schools with apples on
National .Apple Day will be blessed and
revered with the joy of giving and the
pleasure that is experienced by making
so manv others happy. AA'on't \ ou hel])
make the day a success by supphing
your employes, family, friends, etc.'.'
Nature's best fruit — the sunshine fruit
of cheer. Beneficially and respectfully
youis, R. .1. (^oyne, C.hairman Pid)liclty
Conuiiittee.

HERE ARE THE

Cut Prices

ON

Fruit Ladders

6-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod $0 JA
Ladder Z.4U

8-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod O OA
Ladder O.ZU

10-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod A AA
Ladder 4.UU

12-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod A QA
Ladder ^,0\j

14-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod r Of\
Ladder D.DU

At these prices (for a first-class
ladder) you simply cannot afTord
NOT to send us a money order
or check for one of these ladders

BUY A

Mitchell-Keystone
. ^ Cider Mill

and you will get
more for your
'"''^■/'lll^K. money.

*ll lllfct^ Three Sizes

Prices upon request.

Portland, Ore.
Spokane, Wn.
Boise, Idaho

.Arthur M. Geary, whose father. Dr.
Geary, owns a large orchard in South-
ern Oregon, while attending the law
school in New York, was a frequent
visitor among the fruit dealers of that
city. He I)ecame impressed with the
value of the auction market for apple
growers. Since his return to Portland,
where he soon expects to take up the
practice of law, he has been visiting a
number of fruit sections, explaining his
views as to the value of auction mar-
kels to the apple growers by giving
addresses and writing a number of
artiides which have appeared in vari-
ous publications.

The Georgia peach section .shipped
about l,.")t)0 cars of peaches to New
York. In 1912 New York use<l about
2,()0(l cars of Georgia peaches and in
191-1 about 1,()()0 cars. The Georgia
peach crop varies all the way from
about 1,(100 cars annually fo 8.000.

Pas-c 1 8

BETTER FRUIT

October

JAMES HANDLEY.

Founder of Nat

MH. HANDLEY was born in Rhode
Island, spending much of his early
life in an apple orchard, consisting of
Rhode Island Greenings. When a boy
he moved to Missouri, living for a few
years in the vicinity of St. Joseph,
where he continued his interest in
orchariling and fruit growing, becom-
ing a member of the local horticultural
society. Dui'ing his school life he de-
voted much attention to the study of
botany, studying the growth of trees,
plants and flowers. Afterwards he
moved to M(mtana. While there he
learned the printer's trade, becoming
associated with the press and doing
nnich work in a publicity way in de-
veloping the fruit industry <if that state.
While in Montana he i)ublishe(l a pam-
phlet on the resources of that state,
making ])rominent the orchard indus-
try. Later he returned East and settled
in Quincy, Illinois, his present home,
where he assisted in organizing the
Mississippi Valley Apple (irowers' Asso-
ciation. For fourteen years he has been
secretary-treasurer, a great tribute to
his ability and shicerity in behalf of the
fruit industry of that section. The asso-
ciation came into existence for educa-
tional |)urposes and for the purpose of
observing more closely the causes of
failures in the production of fruit.
Through the efforts of Mr. Handley,

QUINCY, ILLINOIS
ional Apple Day

who conducted a very careful campaign
of research work, it was determined to
a large extent that the poor crops were
due to a lack of care and treatment on
the part of the owner. Therefore Mr.
Handley concluded that it was wise to
set apart one day of the year to be
observed in giving serious attention to
the causes of failure and to other fac-
tors that might be introduced for the
purpose of arousing a more general and
concerted action on the part of the
growers, with a view to obtaining bet-
ter results. Incidentally, confidence was
inspired, and the idea was so popular
that Mr. Handley conceived a second
idea in connection with Apple Day,
which was that such a day could be
utilized by a feast of apples, in this way
stinuilating in the beginning of the
a|jple season an increased <lesirc which
would lead to a greater consumption,
that would be of benefit to the consum-
ing public as well as the grower and
everyone connected with the apple in-
dustry. The objects and aims of Mr.
Handley were entirely original and so
interesting, and the opportunity for ac-
complishing nuich along this line were
so great, that the plans were approved
by all of the prominent peo])le con-
nected with horticulture in the I'nitcd
.States. The grower, the conunission
man. the apjjle dealer, the retailer, the

IHiblic, the press, have all worked ad-
miiably and forcefully together in har-
mony along the ideas of National Ap)jle
Day as suggested by Mr. Handley, ami
the i-esults already achieved have far
surpassed the most sanguine expecta-
tions. The orchard in(kistry has ad-
vanced and imprf)ve(l during the last
few years and has now become a i)er-
manent business, almost a stabilized
business. National Apple Day by gen-
eial agreement has been set for the
third Tuesday of every October. In
nearl\ all of the large cities this day is
being celebrated throughout the Union
with exhibitions of apples in all the
leading stores; special inducements to
the trade are offered; the day is ob-
served by all the hotels, dining cars,
restaurants, who prepare special apple
menus for this great day, the greatest
day in the whole year for the apple
world, and in this way, just in the be-
ginning of the harvesting season, the
public is stinudated to a greater con-
sumi)tion, which is being maintained
throughout the season. The press is
liberal in its publicity work; everyone
connected with the apple industry is
enthusiastic over Apple Day, therefore
all honor is due Mr. Handley for creat-
ing and establishing National Apple Day
throughout the United States. The con-
sumption of apples has increased far
beyond calculations and National Apple
Day has fulfilled, is fulfilling and will
continue to fulfill its purpose by creat-
ing a greater consumption and a greater
demand, which means more money for
every one connected with the apple in-
dustry and better health for everyone,
as there is no more wholesome food or
diet than an apple.

SAND

An illustration on page (i shows
the best waj' for orchardists to over-
come the difficulties of cultivating
this soil.

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7, 122 ' 2 Grand Ave.. Portland. Oregon

"WTiolesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees. Shrubs. Vines. Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast GrowTi Seedlincs

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

"Write No^v Perfection Currants Write Now

J.4& H. Goodwill, Ltd.
APPLE IMPORTERS

Commereial Sale Room, Deansg'ate,

Manchester, England.

Floral Street, Covent (iarden Market,

London, England.

Fruit Excliangre, Victoria Street

Liverpool,EnirlaDd.

Hiimlier Dock Street,

Hull, England.

ASIEHICAX ADDRESSES:

07 Warren Street, Xew York, N. V.
(JO State Street, Boston, Mass.

ConHlcninentN and CorreBpondence Solicited

WHEN WKITING AnVERTlSEBS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

^915

BETTER FRUIT

Page ip

Apples for the Soldiers
in the Trenches

Every soldier in the trenches and
hospitals in Europe will be given an
apple in the near future, it' plans now
being worked out by a committee of
the apple trade throughout the United
States are successful. It is proposed to
have a vessel take over a big cargo of
apples to be distributed free under the
auspices of the Red Cross, and efforts
will be made to get President Wilson
and Secretary of State Lansing to have
the several warring governments per-
mit safe passage for portions of the big
consignment to the various fronts and
hospitals where the fruit can be placed
in the hands of the Red (>ross for dis-
tribution, especially among the sick and
wounded.

Apple growers and dealers who arc
endeavoring to send over the big con-
signment have learned that many of the
fighting men are suffering because of
lack of fruit juices, giving i-ise to
scurvy and other disorders. Returning
surgeons who have seen service in the
European hospitals are said to approve
heartily the plan to i)rovide more fruit
juices, not only among the wounded but
also for the men in the trenches. "We
are working on this undertaking purely
from humanitarian motives," said one
of the comnnttee, who is a leading
wholesale apple distributor, today. "It
is going to cost a lot of money for the
fruit alone, and we shall call upon all
the people engaged in the apple indus-
try to contribute a portion of the ex-
pense. At first the trade did not take
kindly to the plan, as it was feared that
vessels could not be found to carry over
the apples. Then the idea was conceived
of chartering a ship which would take
nothing but api)les, and we believe that
when the purpose is disclosed to for-
eign governments none will oppose free
passage of our .ship, for it will go on a
mission of charity. Last year they lei
several cargoes of toys and other simi-
lar articles go through to the different
countries, and I think these apples
ought to be considered in the same light
as other gifts which America has
donated to the war ridden countries."

A local apple man who has interested
himself in the matter, and who has
figured out how it can be done, says:
"It is a big proposition and will i-equire
skilful handling, but it can be done.
The value of the fruit alone would aj)-
proximate about •'?3(l(),00t) aboard shi|)
at New York, for apples are worth con-
siderably more than a year ago. Of
course the expense of outfitting a vessel
is a matter that has not been fully de-
cided upon, but the fruit peo|)le have
always been charitably disposed in
cases like this, and they will help to
find the means if assurances are given
that the ai)ples will reach the proper
hands. We understand that there are
about 2.'),(l(l(),fl()() men actively engaged
in the various armies and navies in the
European war, and pi'ohably as many
more indirectly involved. To give them
all an .\merican apple apiece would
mean at least ,')(),()(l(l,0(l(), and taking .')(l(l
apples to the barrel, which would be

Pulls yott ovet* ilte liills^

Red Crown

Highest Awards
at San Francisco
and San Diego
Expositions.

iKe Gasoline
of Q.ualiiy,

Standard Oil Company

(California;

The DE LAVAL LINE

THE LEADER OF THEM ALL

The "ALPHA" ENGINE for gasoline
or distillate has its place on every dairy
farm or orchard, for pumping water, run-
ning cream separators, grinding feed, or
any other work generally done by hand.
The ALPHA starts direct from mag-
neto without spinning. No batteries to
get out of order, and it is a DE LA\'AL
product.

Alpha Combination Power Spray Outfits

Equipped with a Duplex \'ertical
Cylinder Double Acting Pump,
Direct connected to a 2!^ ILP. self-
contained ALPHA ENGINE, on an
all-steel frame and platform ready
to be mounted on wagon trucks. A
THOROUGHLY DEPENDA-
BLE OUTFIT.

Write today for catalogs pertaining to our
Silo, Cream Separator, Engine or Barn Equipment.

DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY COMPANY

SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA, 101 Drumm Street
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, 1016 Western Avenue

Oresion Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering Shrubs, \ines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the \'ROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before Inlying.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION B::TTER FRl'IT

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

October

Fruit

Trees Need

Nourishment

To attain quick and sturdy growth, they
must be planted in soil that possesses
unlimited plant food. Soil when left to
itself will soon run short of the food nec-
essary to promote the rapid growth of
your orchard, unless it is replenished by
a fertilizer of the right kind.

Beaver Brand Animal Fertilizers

"A fertilizer for every soil "

are rich in the constituent elements that will rt-
vitalize your soil. By its use an increase in the
quality and quantity of your fruit is possible, and
the natural growth of your orchard is certain.

Place your order today.

Address

Box 101 for Folder.

^

'■.'-■liVCr-v.''

m§mm

•m.

n

1^

fK>jW

^'«i

ifc»3

1/

1^1. 1.. .J *<•"•'

MfAt

■cot"''

'fl^l

Union

Meat

Company

North Portland
Oregon.

W'l'iimii.n
Iff* frit ivn/it

m

iȣ/\T COUPMY^ 0

The History of the World

From the Dawn of Creation until the Great War

Is depicted in art, science and industry and presented in wonderful colors

Panama- Pacific ExiiosiUon

San Francisco

This wonderful Exposition closes December 4th

Don't Miss It

Lest you always look back to lUlo with regret.

Scenic Shasta Route

Through the wonderful Valleys of the Willamette, the Sacramento,
the Umpqua and the Rogue offers exceptional diversion.

Low Round Trip Fares

Full particulars with copy of booklet "Wayside Notes, Shasta Route" or
••California and Its Two World Expositions" on application to nearest agent

SOUTHERN PACIFIC

John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent
Portland, Oregon.

mediiiiii size fruit, we .shall linve to
provide 1(10,110(1 l):irrels or 300,000 l)oxes
at the lowest estimate. .\t jjresent the
miniiinini marl<et value of this fruit is
••?3 a barrel. I figure the wliole under-
taking would cost not less than .'?500,()00,
but when we stop to figure that every
person in this country, no matter what
liis nationality may be, could easily
lend a haiul in the undertaliing, it is not
such a dillicult proposition as one might
suppose."

Apjjle men hope to have the European
belligorents to agree upon a one-day
armistice when the apples are distrib-
uted, and it is planned to get everything
in readiness for the vessel to sail on
National .\pple Day, October 1!), so that
the consignment may reach the various
fighting zones and hospitals the early
part of November, when Euiope's scant
fruit supply will have been exhausted
lor this season.

APPLE SHIPPERS' COMMITTEE

R. .J. Coyne, of Coyne Bros., Chicago, chair-
inun.

T. O. Melton. Rii-mingham, Ala.

Warley l-'ruit & Produce Co., Mobile, Ala.

.Scott >Iayer (^oniniission Co., Little Rock, Ark.

J. T. Nash, of Klein Simpson Fruit Co., Los
Angeles, Cal.

C. E. Virdeii, of California Fruit Distribu-
tors, .Sacramento, Cal.

L. M. Speigl, of A. Levy & J. Zentner Co.,
San Francisco, Cal.

A. S. Donaldson, of l)<inaldson fruit Co.,
Denvei', Colo.

!*•. M. Merrick, Washington, D. C.

.1. Noonoy, of J. Nooney & Co., Jacks<tnville,
Fla.

Crenshaw liros. i^ Saffold. Tampa, Fla.

W. \V. Anderson, of W. W. Anderson & Son,
Atlanta, Ga.

E. L. Stanley, of E. L. Stanley Co., Colum-
bus, Ga.

C. F. Newion, of C. E. Newton Jt Bros.,
Macon, Ga.

Nelson tS: Finch. Peoria, 111.

R. V. Bahr. of Pure Ice & Cold Storage Co.,
Springfield. III.

R. H. Pennington, of R. H. Pennington & Co.,
Fvansville, Ind.

.1. H. King, of Vondersaar & Co., Indianapo-
lis. Ind.

W. H. Gi-uiie, of the Lagomarcino-Grupe Co.,
Burlington, Iowa.

(). West, of C. C. Taft & Co., Des Moines, la.

Wm. Hanson A Sons, Dubuque, Iowa.

Palmer Fruit Co., Sioux City, Iowa.

W. O. Anderson. Topeka, Kan.

T. C. Raylcss, of Bayless Fruit Co., Lexing-
ton. Ky.

Charles Scholtz, of Denunzio Fruit Co.,
Louisville, Ky.

Charles Sugarman, of Kohlman Bros. -Sugar-
man, New Orleans, La.

U. Grant Border, of T. H. Evans Co., Balti-
more. Md.

("eeil Cummings, of Sands, Furber & Co.,
BostfUl, Mass.

H. .1. Perkins, of Henry Perkins Co., Spring-
field, Mass.

W. N. Gleason, of W. N. Gleason Co., Wor-
cester, Mass.

.lohn D. Wiley, of D. O. Wiley & Co., De-
troit, Mich.

T. F. Moscly, of Mosely Bros., Grand Rapids,
Mich.

W. G. Raldwin, of Fitzsimnions-Palmer Co.,
Duluth, Minn.

.1. C. Famechon, of J. C. Faniechon Co.,
Minneapolis, Miini.

C. Emerson, of C. Emerson .t Co., St. Paul.

R. H. .Tones, of Ginocchio-.Iones Fruit Co.,
Kansas Citv, >Io.

L. H. Hunt, of Hunt Bros. I-ruit Co., St. Jos-
eph, Mo.

George P. Scbopp, of George P. Scliopp i^ Co.,
St. Louis, Mo.

G. G. Trimhle. of Trimble Bros., Omaha,

C. Wollers, of C. Wollers C.i., Newark. N. .T.

F. Breimiseu, of 1'. Brennisen Son. BulTalo.
.Tiiscph SteinhardI, of Sleinluirdl-Kel ly. New

York.

G. i;. Ward, of G. V.. Ward ^: Co., Ravena,
N. Y.

H. B. Cash, of E, M, I'pton Cold Storage Co.,
Rochester, N. Y.

The .\lhens Ice (.I- Storage Co., Athens, Ohio.
.1. Castellini, Cincinnati, Ohio.
(;eo. Myers, of Myers, Weil & Co.. Cleveland.
L. K. Sutton, of Sutton Bros., Columbus. O.
M. O. Baker, of M. O. Baker & Co., Toledo, O.

WHEN WRITING .\nVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCIT

/0/t

BETTER FRUIT

Pa"c 21

R. B. Claybfigcr, of C. Wilkinson's Sons,
Philadelphia.

Chester I-ranzell, of Chester Franzell ^S: Co.,
Pittsburg, Pa.

\V. H. Fiske, of H. B. Fiske & Co., Provi-
dence, R. I.

Ernest M. DuPre Co., Columbia, S. C.

W. W. .Scarborough Co., Knoxvillc, Tenn.

Milton A. Dieyfus, of Roth Produce Co.,
Memphis, Tenn.

I. T. Hert/ka, Nashville, Tenn.

A. A. .lacksnn it Co., Dallas, Tex.

C. E. Harkridcr, of Harkrider-Keilh-Cookc
Co.. Fort Worth, Tex.

Eugene Robinson, of Richmond Cold Storage
Co.. Richmond, Va.

E. H. Jennings, of Jennings Bros., Roanr>ke,
Va.

H. T. Lang Co., Eau Claire, Wis.

Fied Grossenback, of A. Grossenback, Mil-
waukee, Wis.

A pl;int to exploit apples is bein.i» ni-
ranged 1j> the trustees of the Siiokaiu-
Fruit Growers Co. and a committee
from the Chamber of Commerce of
Spokane. The (Chamber of Commerce
believes that increased consiimi)ti<)ii
and better prices can be obtained if the
fruitgrowers of that section spend the
necessary amount of money in i)ub-
licity retiuired for this purpose. That
the Chamber of Commerce believes in
publicity to advertise the apple is evi-
denced by the fact that they state they
are ready to spend $1,000 in an ailver-
tising cam])aign for this purjjose.
While no ilefinite plan, in the latter
part of August, had been effected, the
matter was largely placed in the hands
of Mr. Corbaley, secretary of the
Chamber of Commerce, who is well
known to the fruitgrowers of the
Northwest, having been manager of the
National Apple Show at Spokane dur-
ing the last two years. Mr. Corbalev is
credited with being one of the ablest
and most popular publicity men in the
Northwest.

Arthur M. Geary states that in Bos-
ton Northwestern apples are sold by
the wagonload, containing various
varieties, sizes and grades. This infor-
mation will not be very gratifying to
Northwest apple growers because they
have ascertained by experience that
job-lot cars do not bring good prices.
Therefore it cannot be expected that
jobbing by the wagonload, in job lots
of sizes and grades, will bring good
prices. AYhen a retailer or wholesaler
has to purchase a job lot containing a
lot of stufT that he does not want in
order to get some that he does want,
the average price cannot help but be
low. There has been a strong demand
on the part of dealers to buy in straight
carloads of single varieties of certain
grades with size specifications. Such
carloads certainly bring the best
money, and inasmuch as fruitgrowers,
through marketing associations, have
learned that the job-lot tramp grades
sell at very low prices, it seems that
they should wake up and load theii-
cars in the way the trade demands and
in the way that will bring the most
monev.

Following is a list of .shippers re-
ported approved by the Growers'
Council as announced by W. H. Paiil-
hamus: Hays Fruit Co., North Yakima:
Randolph Fruit Co., North Yaknna;
The Fruit Exchange, Kennewick;

Our Special Clubbing Offer

a splendid clubbing list. These rates do not apply

"Better Fruit" olTeis to its leaile
to Canada, owing to extra postage.

Through lack of space we aie unable to give a more extended clubbing list. If this
clubbing list does not meet your requirements, please make up a clubbing list that
desire, send it to us and we will advise vou what the list will cost you.

you

Everybody's .SI. ."id

Delineator 1.50

Better Fruit i.flo

Total .S14.011

All for 2.7.')

Outlook .^3.00

Scribner's .^.00

World's Work 3.00

Better Fruit 1.00

Hoarti's Dairyman . . . .
Review of Reviews....
I'arm Journal ( .t years
Better I'ruit *.....

Total .?10.00

All for 6.4.")

Scribner's .^3.00

Delineator 1..5()

ICverybody's 1.50

Better Fruit 1.00

Total .?7.00

All for 4.50

American Magazine SL.'jO

Woman's Ht)nie Companion 1.50

Better Fruit 1.00

Total %\.m

All for 2.15

Woman's Home Companion -SI. 50

.\merican 1.50

Better Fruit 1.00

■Sl.UO
3.00
1.00
1.00

Total .su.oo

AH for 3.70

Ladies' World fil.OO

Modern Priscilla I.OO

Pictorial Review 1.00

Better Fruit 1.00

Total .JI.OO

All for 2.75

American Swineherd

Everybody's

Oregon Agriculturist .
Better I'ruit

Total . .
All for

)?4.00
2.80

Aeronautics .?3.00

Good Housekeeping 1.50

Better Fruit 1.00

Total ?5.50

All for 4.30

Motion Picture Magazine .$1.50

American Boy 1.00

Better Fruit.'. 1.00

Total if3.50

All for 2.80

Automobile Journal .?1.5i)

Scientific American 3.00

Better Fruit 1.00

Total .$5.50

K\\ for 4.70

S .50

1.50

.50

1.00

Total $3.50

All for 2.60

Fruit (irower and Farmer $1.00

Good Housekeeping 1.50

Better Fruit 1 .00

Total $3.50

.\ll for 2.60

Northwest Poultry Journal $ .50

Gleanings in Bee Culture 1.00

Review of Reviews 3.00

Better Fruit 1.00

Total $5.50

All for 3.40

Pacific Homestead

Delineator

Better Fruit

si. 00
1.50
1.00

Total .$3.50

All for 2.60

Western I'armer .$1.00

Harper's Bazaar 1.50

Evervl>odv's 1.50

Better Fruit 1.00

Total .$5.00

All for 3.75

^otFALL
PLANTING

EES

Strawberries

Rhubarb

Asparagus

for fall planting

' ' 64 page Autumn Catalog

listing the most profitable and satisfactory
varieties for commercial and home plantings
Write now. Ask for Catalog No. :iO I

Order early. Your inquires -will
have prompt attention. It pays

you to have your order on file wlien tlie
shipping season begins.

give sure and quick
returns and can be
made to pay big pro-
fits.

Our Trees and Plants
are grown in Oregon

sturdy , healthy stock with
heavy, fibrous roots. Dug

and packed as ordered. Bearing

official certificate of inspection.

PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRITING APVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

October

FARMERS

SHOOTING
CLUBS

Provide just the fun
the farmer needs. Be sociable.
Invite the neighbors to a trapshoot
in the meadow. Find out who is the
best shot. Meet once a week in
winter — once a month in summer,
and soon all will be good shots.

HAND TRAP

throws clay targets 40 to 75 yards
just like flying ducks or quail.

Great practice for hunters. Fun
for everybody. Let the women try.
They ought to know how.

The Hand Trap costs only I4.00
at your dealers, or sent prepaid
by us. Write for free Hand Trap
Booklet No.S-5 34 , also "The Sport
Alluring" (men) and "Diana of the
Traps" (women).

DU PONT POWDER CO.

Established 1802 Wilmington. Del.

Richey & (iilbert Co., Toppenish;
Thompson Fruit Co., North Yakima;
The E. E. Samson Co., North Yakima;
C. R. Paddock, North Yakima; Pike &
Blood, North Yakima; Yakima Fruit
Sellers, North Yakima; Richey & (Iil-
bert,- North Yakima; Horticultural
Union, North Y'akima; Hafenor >S: I'lath,
North Yakima; Producers' and Con-
sumers' Alliance, North Yakima; J. F.
McCurdy, \Vapato; H. H. Davis Co.,
Kenncwick; Northwestern Fruit Ex-
change; North Pacific Fruit Distrib-
utors (which includes the Yakima Val-
ley Fruit Growers' Association); A. F.
Carpenter; J. McPhee Ferguson; J. E.
Shannon; ^Vright Fruit Co.; Fruit
Growers' Exchange, Sclah; Roy C.
Brown, Zillah.

There is some talk about ^V. II. Paul-
hamus running for governor, but Mr.
Paulhamus has not yet expressed him-
self definitely so far as has been ascer-
tained. It is generally conceded and
admitted that Paulhamus is not only a
very able man and that he would make
an excellent governor, but the fruit-
growers believe that he has a greater
opportunity to do more good by de-
voting his time to the berry lousiness of
Puyallup, which he has built up ex-
tensively and successfully. Fruitgrow-
ers all over the Northwest are also put-
ting up a strong claim for his services,
believing that he can be of more value
to the Northwest as a member and
president of the Fruit Growers' Coun-
cil than in any other position.

The Apple Show at the International
Apple Shippers' Association at Chicago
was a winner, both in (piality and
((uantity. At the convention in Boston
in 1014 the exhibit consisted of 1.10(1
plates, but this year the exhibit at Chi-
cago consisted of 2JMU plates. Exhibits
were made from the Northwest by
Wenatchee, Hood River, I'ayette, Idaho,
and also Sebastopol, California. The
latter section is well known in the
trade on account of being the largest
producing section of Gravensteins of
any single district in America.

According to general reports, busi-
ness in the United States has been
showing material improvement. A map
has been compiled showing every state
in the Union, and the states where
business is good are marked in white
and other states where business is only
moderate are shown slightly shaded in
black, while where business is below
normal or poor that state is marked all
black. Many states show white and
some states show black shading, while
some show slightly black shading,
whereas only two states are put down
in black or I'eported "poor."

F. E. DeSellem, horticultural in-
spector from Yakima, accompanied by
Dr. J. W. Hotson, pathologist, con-
nected with the Experiment Station at
Pullman, who is doing special work in
Yakima Valley, made a visit to Hood
River in the month of August. Mr.
DeSellem is one of the most energetic
inspectors located anywhere in the
Northwest, with an extensive ac-
quaintance among fruitgrowers all
over, having been a regular attendant
at all of the horticultural meetings and
apple shows held in the Noithwest.

Philadelphia fruit dealers attended
the International Ap])le Shippers' Con-
vention at Chicago in large numbers,
being very enthusiastic in according
the meeting a great success.

West Virginia reports the apple crop
of excellent quality, there being about
40 per cent of last year.

Things We Are Agents For

Enox Hats
Alfred Benjamin & Co.'s Clothlnif

Dr. Jaeger Underwear

Dr. Deimel Linen Mesh Underwear

Dent's and Fownes' Glovea

Buffum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

There seems to be something peculiar
about the fruit business. Prices do not
depend entirely upon quantity, but they
are due largely to other conditions
which are not always tangible. It is
usually a fact that when early fruits
like cherries, apricots, plums and
peaches bring low prices, all other
kinds of fruits later in the season, like
pears and apples, sell also at low fig-
ures. When the demand is good at the
beginning of the season, fruit selling at
good prices, usually this condition pre-
vails throughout the year.

Mr. I). J. Whitney, editor of The
Orchard and Farm, a short time ago
made a flying trip through the North-
west, visiting the editor of "Better
Fruit" on his way. Mr. Whitnex is one
of the best informed editors of all the
fruit publications on the Pacific Coast.
Orchard and Farm is one of the best
fruit iiublications, typographically, in
the Stale of California, and ablv edited
by Mr. Whitney.

It is stated by local Wenatchee pa-
pers that E. Wagner & Sons have con-
tracted about 300,000 boxes straight
orchard run of api)les at an average of
.*1.00 per box for Australian and South
American markets. These i)urchases in
a large measure consist of the early
and fall varieties.

Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc.

Required liy the Aet of August 21, 1;U2.

of "Better Fruit," Published Monthly at Hood River, Oregon

for October, 1915

Ncile: This statement is tii lie made in dnplicate, b'lth copies to be delivered l)v the
pidjlisher lo the postmaster, wlio will send one copv to the Third Assistant Postniasler
lleneial (Division of Classification), \Vashington, D. C, and retain the other in the tiles of
the pi)st ollice.

Name of Kditor, E. H. Shepard. Post ofTice address. Hood River, OrcRon.

Name of Managing Editor, E. H. Shepard. Post office address. Hood River, Oregon.

Name of Rnsiness Manager, E. H. Shepard. Post oHiee address. Hood River, Oregon.

Publisher, Better Fruit Publishing Company. E. H. Shepard, sole owner and pub-
lisher. Post ofhce address. Hood River, Oregon.

Owners: (If a corporation, give its name and the names and addesses of stockholders
holding 1 per cent or more of total (unount of stock. If not a corporation, give names and
addresses of individual owners. I E. II. Sheparil, sole owner. Address, Hood River.
Oi-egon.

Known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders, holding 1 per cent or more
of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities: (If there are none, so state.)
None.

Aveiage nmnber of copies of each issue of this publication sold or distributed through
the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date
shown above: (This information is re((Uired frinn daily ncwspai)ers onlv.i

K. H. SHEPARD, Editcn- ami Publisher.

Sworn to and subscribed befine me this 2.'ith liav of September, Ifll.'i.

(Seal I ERNEST C. SMITH,

Notary Public f<n- the State of Oregon.
(My commission expires August 7, Iflll).)

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

t9i5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

Ship Your Apples—

—to the LOS ANGELES market, the distribut-
ing; center of the gfreat Southwest.

The California apple crop is about 1,800 cars
short this season, which makes Los Angeles an
excellent market.

Our two warehouses equipped with all the
modern improvements which practice has taught
us to be the best — with our experienced ware-
housemen who KNOW and DO IT, oiTer you
an unusual inducement to cold store with us the
apples you ship to this market.

We are in a position to render you a service

that will please you.

Direct railroad connections — rates rea-
sonable communicate with us now

Branch Plan Central Ave. at Fourth St. S. P. Tracks

Los Angeles Ice and Cold Storage Co.

p. O. Box 643. Station C LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

The Spokane National Apple Show

By Uoberl S. I'hillips,

TfTE Xatioiiiil .\i)ple Show, which h;is
bct'n a I'l'ature at Spokane I'lir seven
years, will be held again this fall, the
business men of Spokane having re-
cently decided to guarantee whatever
deficit ma\- result. While none of the
seven apple shows held thus far have
conic out even financially, the business
interests of Spokane have chosen to
consider only the broad question of
assisting the Northwestern fruit in-
dustry, even though they know the>
must be prepared to pocket a tidy loss
each year. The eighth annual show
will be held November 13 to 20, prob-
ably in the s])ncious grounds beneatli
the joint overhead tracks of the O.-W.
R. & N. Company and Chicago, Milwau-
kee and St. Paul. Robert H. Kipp, a

Si>okjuu', Wasllington.

well-known apple man, has been ap-
pointed chairman of the board of
trustees.

This year the growers" conference
will be directed by the Washington
State Horticultural Society, which will
be in charge the first three days. The
Northwest Fruit Growers' Council, of
which W. H. Paulhamus is chairman,
has called a conference of growers to
be held November 18 and 19 at the
apple show. Marketing jiroblems,
especially those connected with the
handling of the l'.)l(i crop, are an-
nounced to be the chief subject of this
conference. The closing day's session
will be devoted to by-products of the
fruit industrv.

YAKIMA FRUIT SELLERS

North Yakima, Washington

A Central Selling Agency for Yakima

EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS FOR

Yakima County Horticultural Union

Yakima Fruit Growers'" Exchange

Richey & Gilbert Company

Our organizations handled 2. SCO carloads of Yakima Frultlast season. Hundreds oJ growers
have joined our movement and we already have under contract a much larger proportion
of Yakima tonnage than ever before. Additional tonnage is coming to us dally. We have
a large proportion of the fruit In the early districts — therefore we can load the early
assorted cars — money-makers for the trade and the growers.

WRITE OR WIRE US IN SEASON

H. M. GILBERT, General Manager FRED EBERLE, Asst. Manager

"Next year's marketing problem is
the most vitally important question be-
fore Northwestern apple growers,"
declares (lordon C. Corbaley, manager
of the show. "The Northwest in li)l()
will be called on to sell between 18,000
and 22,00(1 carloads of boxed apples, as
against 0,000 cars this year. Our ability
to cause the market to absorb an in-
crease of more than 100 per cent de-
pends upon the way we systematize
disti'ibution. At the apple show the
growers will consider the facts gath-
ered by the Northwest Fruit Growers'
Council dui'ing the 1915 marketing sea-
son, and will aiJi)oint committees to
woi-k out details to permit final and
definite action at the annual meeting
of the Council in .lanuary. "The
women's department of the show,
which was a wonderful success la.st
year, will be repeated on a greatly en-
larged scale. Demonstrations of grade
and i)ack by the inspectors of the prin-
ciijal Xorthwestern boxed-a])ple ship-
pers will be features of the a])i)le show.
The demonstrations are an impoi-tanf
educational feature. Prizes are to be
olfeied the inspectors for the most in-
structive and educational exhibit fiom
the standpoint of benelit to the grow-
ers. The inspectors will be invited to
enter five-box exhibits of the red, the
partly red and green varieties, jjacking
the l)oxes so as to demonstrate the
extremes i)ermissil)le under the stand-
ard classifications and illustrate the
sizes permissible. In this connection
the inspectors will be aski'd to conduct
half-hour ([ueslion rcnmd tables each
aflernoon, when growers ma>' in(iuirc
regarding the grades and jiacks illus-
Ir.ited. The grade and pack exhibits
will supplement the jjacking school and
contests which have been features of
previous apple shows. 'i"o stinuilate in-
terest in an absolutely uniform svstcni

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

October

Only a Car
of Apples

OR

Tricks of

the Trade

Exposed

(By C. C. P.)

Br-r-r-r-r-r-r-i-z!

Bunco Skiuuer, the Proud
Produce Pirate, deftly light-
ing a monogranimed Turkish
cigarette with his right,
gracefully bent over to the
buzzer,aud with his carefully
manicured left rang for a
messenger boy.

A moment before, his pri-
vate secretary. Miss Keys,
had laid a thick swad of tel-
egrams on his glistening ma-
hogany desk.

"Ah, hah!" said B. S. (for
thus shall we refer to the vil-
lain in tlie future) — "Ah,
hah!" repeated B. S., as he
inhaled a fragrant draught
from his privately mouo-
granimed cigarette — "Today
I make a killing."

The continuation of this
exciting story will be fur-
nished on re(iuest. WRITE
FOR IT TOD AY— it is great.

Produce

Reporter

Company

CHICAGO

of grade and pack for every Ncirthwest-
eni district tlie live-box awards will be
made not only on the basis of the most
perfect fruit, but on the skill with
which the different styles of packing
arc illuustrated. In scoring the judges
will emphasize the ability with which
the various packs are exemplified.
While the by-products proposition has
been at a standstill since the Kurojiean
war began, making it more profitable to
sell fresh fruit, that condition seems
now to be passing, and the by-products
features of the apple show promise to
make a live subject. This will be dis-
cussed in the conference November 2(1."

Land Show in Portland Opens Soon
October 25 will witness the opening
in Portland of the second annual Man-
ufacturers' and Land Products Show.
The exposition will be in progress until
midnight, November 13, and each day
will offer a special feature, event or
program in which some city, town or
community of the Northwest will take
part. The exhibition is intended to
show the whole of the Noi-thwest under
one great roof. More than 7.5,(1(10 scpiare
feet will be devoted to exhibit space,
and Oregon, Washington and Idaho
counties and connnunitics have been
invited to take part. The management
of the exposition is this year giving
free space to land products displays
and a grand prize is to be given for the
best county exhibit.

Portland's Chamber of Commerce
presents the exposition, and the direc-
tors of the show have been named by
the Industries and Manufacturers' and
the Oregon Development Bureaus, two
of the most important in the work of
the organization. Exhibits from the
field, forest, factory and stream will be
arranged in an attractive manner, and
visitors will be given a tiuthful pre-
sentation of the agricultural, industrial
and horticultural greatness of the
Northwest. The exposition is open to
exhibitors from the entire Pacific Coast.
The exposition in Portland comes at a
time of the year when the state and
county fairs are over and this assures
an excellent disijlay of exhibits of all
kinds in the Oregon metropolis. Con-
sumer and producer will meet at the
exposition, new markets will have a
wider knowledge of what the North-
west ])roduces. It will also present in
a truthful manner the exact opportuni-
ties for homeseekers. It is intended
that the exposition will prove an ideal
medium to advertise many connnodities
to demonstrate and jjrove be\(ind (|ues-
tion of doubt that the Pacific North-
west has many possibilities as a great
manufacturing and industrial center.

Leading manufacturers of the North-
west assert the industries of the coun-
try are becoming better known each
year as a result of the activities of the
managers of the various concerns to
acciuaint the people with the articles
that are produced here. In no better
way can the manufacturer show to ad-
vantage wliat he realh- makes than by
a comprehensive exhibit at expositions
like the Manufacturers' and Land Prod-

Mr. Planter!

DID YOU KNOW
THAT A

Genuine

Vrooman Strain

Franquette

Walnut Tree

will come into bearing as early as three
or four years after planting?

And that there are many instances
of four and five-year-old trees (after
planting) producing close to a bushel
of nuts?

And that there are thirty-two (32)
pounds to the bushel?

And that from 22c to 25c per pound
is an average market?

And that Oregon soil and climate
make for perfection in treegrowing?

And that every order is backed by
30 years' experience in growing, pack-
ing and shipping?

.Just a line will bring you our new
illustrated catalogue and a lot of val-
uable information.

Albany Nurseries

ALBANY, OREGON

The Paris Fair

Hood River's Largest and Best Store
RETAILERS OF

EVERYTfflNG TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES

HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES

MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.
Proprietors

HOOD RIVER, OREGON DlFtR. OREGOX

Growers of high grade nursery Block, guar-
anteed true-to-name. Breeders and iniportere
of purebred Big Type PolaudCliina Hogs. Ser-
vice boars, bred gilts and weaning pigs for sale.
For catalog of nursery stock and prices
on swine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING AHVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

'9J5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 33

nets Show, where more than 2(),(l()()
people daily view the displays. Appli-
cations for space have been received
from many concerns, and by Septem-
ber 1st the success of the second annual
show was assured. More than 4,;)(I0
members of the (Chamber of Connneree
are taking a personal interest to make
the exposition the greatest of its kind
ever staged in the West. Industrial ex-
hibits will be arranged in the Armory
and a temporary structure covering
more than a city block will be erected
to house the soil products.

Special prizes will be awarded for
apple and potato displays, and the best
individual farm exhibit. The exhibit of
apples at this year's .show will be a
feature. Announcement is made by the
[.and Products ("ommittee of the expo-
sition that more than two-thirds of the
counties of Oregon will send exhibits
to Portland, and after the holding of
the State Fair there is a possibility of
having a display of some kind from
each of the thirty-five counties in the
state, as well as from sections of Wash-
ington and Idaho, especially the Wash-
ington counties in the Columbia River
watershed. The transportation lines
are co-operating to make the exposition
a success, and low fares for the lound
trip will prevail while the show is in
progress.

The Mutual Creamery of Utah is i-e-
ported having announced that the> will
purchase 20,(1(10 cows for the State of
I'tah during the next twelve months.
The dairy business is proving a profit-
able diversity line for the fruitgrow-
ers. There are reasons for this.
Orchards produce better when the
nitrogen supply and humus content is
maintained in the soil, which can be
done by producing cover crops of
clover, alfalfa or vetch, which in turn
will furnish feed, according to the size
of the orchard, sullicient to maintain
good-sized dairy herds.

Philadelphia jjapers are reported as
strong on the idea, "Direct from the
grower to the consumer." That may
be all right and undoubtely is in a
small way, but the Northwest would
have a bia .job if the individual grow-
ers would tackle the problem — each
one finding for himself consumers to
purchase his crop. A few growers can
do this in a small way in nearby mar-
kets, but when it comes to moving
15,000 carloads of apples which have
to go under ice that is another prob-
lem. It will be a long day befoi-c the
grower can do away with either the
dealer or the retailer.

.lohn B. Cancelmo of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, one of the high-class
fruit dealers of the United Slates and
one of the most popular men in the
trade, in a personal letter to the editor
reports the International Apple Ship-
per.s' convention as being the greatest
and most successful meeting ever held.
Mr. Cancelmo is one of the largest
handlers of boxed ajjples from I he
Northwest in Philadelphia.

t ^p^ Hi^kesi £x]>osiiioH HoHOfs

Highest in lubricating eflficiency — high-
est among the many oils competing —
a triumph for lubricating oil made from
asphalt-base crude.

ZEROLENE

iAe Siandard Oil /or Maior Cars

The Jury of Awards at San Fran-
cisco and San Diego awarded Zero-
lene the gold meda! in recognition
of its superiority.

STANDARD OIL COMPANY

(California)

Portland

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 (HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station. Belmont Road
We will lie ple.Tsed to show you trees, apple trees that have a heiitace. a quality that should be consirtereci by everyone
who plants a tree. <.)ur trees are grown in clean hillside virgin red shot soil with clay subsoil, producing the most vigorous
root sjsteni. Our buds are selected from the best bearing healthy Hood Kiver trees that make the Hood River apple
famous throughout the world. Our trees will give you satisfactory results in vigor, fruit and QuaJity. Ask for catalog
ne guarantee our products. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, almonds and walnuts. A complete line of the best varieties
of all kinds of fruits.

H. S. BUTTERF(ELD, President

W. J. ENSCHEDE, Manager

PURE CANE il

too 1.BS NET

IOOLBS.NET

PURE CANE |\

too LBS NET

PURE CANE

To)

too LBS NET

PURE CANE :

100 LBS NET

Buy at wholesale from Jones Cash Store

Agrain this old reliable mail order house comes to the front with ..
smash at high sugar prices! We handle more sugar than any other
concern in the Northwest. Supply sugar for your fruit and preserving
needs, at wholesale. If you have never ordered by mail from us. take
this chance and get acquainted.

est Fruit or Berry Sugar iU/J "I fT
OO -Pound Sack Now for «PO« A O

Ball-Mason Fruit
Jars Reduced

^'ery best quality.

PINTS, dozen 50«^

Gross $5. SO
QUARTS, dozen ...55«>

Gross S6.50
1/2 GALLONS. doz..SO<>

Gross 89. OO
FRUIT JAR CAPS,

dozen 20*

Extra Heavy Rubbers,
dozen 6<*

Other Tiiiiely Grocery Bargains

Harvest-time groceries and pro-
visions of all kinds at reduced
prices. Send for special grocery
catalof;. For instance —

Canned Tomatoes, dozen 80<>

Fancy Evap. Peaches, lb 6f

*-gal. Keg of Pickles 6So

Economy Coffee, lb 15<^ —^

Eastern Bacon, ^^Hw

pound.. 18o -•^•^

THIS COUPON BRINGS YOU OUR
BIG FR[E CATALOGUE NO. 63

Hundreds of pages, filled
with descriptions and pic- '
tures of mail order bar-
gains! Fill out the coupon
or send your name on a
postal.

Jones Cash Store

Established 1882

Front and Oak Streets

Portland, Oregon

W^\

'sW.f'jto-^

to

\3s

VlO^N

ov>r

buV

NO.

^p.w*e

•

ad

OB

£SS.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUI

Page 26

BETTER FRUIT

FORKNER I^oTt^hTILLERS

{

WORK RIGHT UP TO YOUR TREES "

Cultivate entire surface between rows without disturbing boughs or fruit. Does
more work — easier and quicker — and leaves better surface mulch than any other

cultivator. Used by thousands of fruit
growers and pronounced indispensable.
One grower says: "The Forkner
reduces labor 40%". Another says:
"We have all kinds of tools, but we
can do our work quicker and bet-
ter with a Forkner". Still an-
other says: "I wouldn't take
rjtf^"y//j^^ Wt?^VCT liJf /jIIHP^^^ "^S® \IBH ^^T' 9150. formyForkaerTillerlf

'" ~ '' ' " " I couldn't get another".

■A Write today for catalog and
i/^* free book — "Modern Soil
^•* Tillage" — invaluable to
any farmer or fruit
• T^ grower. Mailed free.
Write today,

UGHT DRAFT
. HARROW CO.
601 Nevada St.
Marthalltown, la.

Prune and Grafted Walnut Trees

Also Apples, Pears, Peaches. Plums, Apricots, Cherries, Small Fruit Plants, Etc.

Can be bought now at Greatly Reduced Prices

Write today submitting your want list for quotations.

LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., LAFAYETTE, OREGON

) RHODES DOUBLE CUT
PRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFQ. CO.,

•«0 3. DIVISION AVB , GRAND RAPIDS. HICH.

■THE only
prunec
made that cuti
from both sides o(
the limb and does not
bniise the bark. Made in
all styles and sizes. We
pay Elxpiess charges
on all orders.
Write for
circular and
prices.

Let Us Help You Start A
Profitable Business —

There is bin money iu inakiny cider from cull fruit, windfalls
and unmarlvetable fruit for fruit yrowers at a fixed price per gallon.
Let us tell you how this is done on a "Blount Gilead" Hydraulic
Cider Press. Our presses are helpiuy thous-
ands of men to a comfortable income and with
a very small investment. Let us start you.

We manufacture Evaporators, Apple
Butter Cookers, Vinegar Generators,
Cider and Vinegar Filters, etc. Let
us tell you about "Mount Gilead"
outfits and how you can put good
profits in your pocket by their
use.

The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co.

60 Lincoln Ave., Mt. Gilead, O.

Pacific Coast Representativea

THE BERGER & CARTER CO.

17th and Mississippi Sts., San Francisco, Cat.
Pacific Building. Seattle, Wash.

October

The (ifowers' Lciigiie of Wunatchee
has adopted a resolution which will
require every packer to be registered.
To register a packer must call at the
ollice of the I>eague and show refer-
ences as to his ability and deposit a
registration fee of Jfl.dO. Through this
system the League believes it will be
able to keep a line on poor packers
and improve the Wenatchee apple pack
very materially. Selling agencies and
shippers operating in the Wenatchee
district have promised their support to
this system, which assures it of being a
success.

The bibby, McNeil Cannery at The
Dalles, Oregon, has done an extensive
business this year, hi addition to put-
ting up an immense (piantity of cher-
ries from The Dalles, Hood River, Yaki-
ma and surrounding territory, they
have put up a large amount of pears,
buying 20t) carloads from the Yakima
district alone.

The Hood River Co-operative Cream-
ery.— The fruitgrowers of Hood Piver
several months ago organized and have
been operating successfully a co-
operative creamery which has proven
very profitable to the fruitgrowers and
a very satisfactory side line in connec-
tion with growing fruit.

Southern Oregon apple crop and
pear crop are reported very light this
year on account of frosts and exceed-
ingly dr\ weather. It is stated by some
who have visited this district that the
shipments in pears anil apples will
probably be around 3(10 carloads.

J. D. Adams, member of the Growers'
League of Wenatchee, attended the bi-
ternational Ajsple Shippers' convention
at Chicago and is reported as feeling
optimistic about the prosjject of good
prices on apples in the year 1915.

11 is reported that Fred Olds of the
Wenatchee district has contracted his
apjjle crop, consisting princijjally of
King Davids and .lonathans, damaged
considerably by hail, at -SLOI) per box.

G. W. Coburn of Wenatchee Fruit
Growers' Association and J. F. Scgrue
of the Cashmere Union attended the
International Apple Shii)i)ers' Conven-
tion in Chicago in August.

The New York Central Railway
oflicials report in Iflll they shipped
out of Western New York 2(),(i3!) cars
of apples.

Sunmer, Washington, cannery i)ro-
cessed a ipiantity of cherries this year
for Ihe first time on the maraschino
method.

The ten-ycar-avcrage apple crop, ac-
cording to the I'nitcd Slates govern-
ment report is 17(),(I0I1,(III0 bushels per
vear.

The (^zark i)eaeh cro]) is reported to
have amoimted to one-half million dol-
lars this season.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2/

The Apple Crop of the U. S. for 1914
and 1915

In 1914 the Agricultural Optimist re-
ported the apple crop of the United
States as 40,500,000 barrels. The opin-
ion was frequently and generally ex-
pressed by the trade that the a])ple
crop of 1914 was somewhere from
50,000,000 to 60,000,000 barrels. Strik-
ing an average between the Agricul-
tural Optimist estimate and the dealers'
minimum of 50,000,000 barrels would
mean the crop was approximately
45,000,000 barrels. If anyone would
take the various estimates that have
been reported through the trade fruit
journals and through various other
sources and strike an average of the
percentages, figuring out the total ac-
cordingly, he would probably arrive at
the conclusion that the apple crop of
the United States for the year 1915 is
approximately in the neighborhood of
50 per cent. In making your estimate,
however, you must bear in mind that
some of the small producing sections
have very high percentages in the way
of crops this year, while some of the
large producing sections have 50 per
cent or less. New York State, the
largest apple state in the Union, is esti-
mated at from 40 to 50 per cent; Penn-
sylvania and New England, somewhere
near the same percentage. In the
Middle West, in Missouri and Arkansas
and some other states the crop is large
compared with last year, but it seems
fair to assume that 50 per cent would
be approximately a fair percentage.
Taking 50 per cent of last year's crop,
founded on an average from the Agri-
cultural Optimist and the trade esti-
mate, would figure out a crop of about
22,500,000 barrels, which is the lowest
crop reijorted in the last twenty years.
The following is an approximate list of
the apple crop from the year 1895 to
date, which has been printed in many
publications, ^^^lile we cannot vouch
for the correctness, in all probability it
is approximatelv correct: 1895, 60,-
500.000 barrels: 1896, 69,000,000 barrels;
1897, 41,000,000 barrels; 1898, 28,500,-
000 barrels; 1899, ,58.,5n0,000 barrels;
1900, 57,000,000 barrels; 1901, 26,970,000

Notice to Orchardists

On page fi there is a photograph
of orchard cultivation that will inter-
est all fruit growers.

Caught 51 Rats One Week

Trap resets itself; 2a inches high: will last
for years; can't get out of order; weishs
7 pounds. Cheese is used, doing away with
poisons. This trap does its work, never
falls and is always read.v for the ne.xt rat.
When rats and mice pass device they die.
Rats are disease carriers, also cause fires.
Rat catcher sent prepaid on receipt of $;i.OO:
Mouse catcher, 10 inches high, Jl.no. Money
back if not satisfied. One of tliese rat catchers
should lie in every srhool liuiklinu.

H. D. SWARTS, INVENTOR AND MANUFACTURER

Universal Rat and IMouse Trap
Box 566 SCRANTON. PA.

lei *ef Rain

Fall rains ^von't interrupt the work if you Kave a Cater-
pillar Tractor. Its long, wide end ess track doesn t pack
moist ground as round wheels do — doesn t slip or mire in
the soft places. Get a Caterp liar now and plow -w'^hen
horses and round--w^heel trsctors are idle. Use it 200 days
a year instead of 75.

Rcft. US, Pot on
Don't say Caterpillar unless you mean Holt!

One owner farmed 1500 acres and earned $10,000 Outside in 15 montlis —
only $200 repairs.

It's being able to work every day in tKe year that makes the Caterpillar
a money getter for you. And the upkeep cost is low^ — particularly in
tbe new models.

TKe Caterpillar today is mucb stronger and simpler than tbe old 1911
and 1912 modeU. 5 pieces in tbe track unit where it took 25 three
years ago — stronger fratne^^all cut-steel gears in dust-proof eases —
scores of important refinements.

Send for new Bulletin BE 276.

THE
HOLT MFG. CO.

t Incorporated )

Spokane. ^Vasb.
Portland. Ore.

Stockton. Cal.
Peoria. III.

Cons.Wagon&fMcy.Co.. Pales Agts.
Salt Lake City. Utah

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA RAIMCV)

"RED RIBBON"

(RAIMCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples

When ordering- apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market affords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATION

AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRIMT

Page 28

BETTER FRUIT

October

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ^^
PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE

The uiily cniplete, thoruugh manual uf fruit growing published —
Covering every feature — plantirig, pruning, cultivating, spraying, dia-
eases, harvesting, etc.aa lised and approved by Northwest fruitgrowers.
Cttnlains valuable statistics. All reading matter arranged conveniently
for reference and indexed.

It tells how to do the things that every fruit grower must do who
is growing fruit as a business,

THREE LARGE VOLUMES HANDSOMELY BOUND

Write for circulars containing full descriptive matter and prices.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE, ^"„^tS'^''^l„fa"^^rh«

Printing^

For the Fruit Grower

Manufacturer
and MercKant

Labels Booklets

Stationery Catalog(s

Blank Books
Posters

"M^rite for Prices and Specifications. "We can supply
S'our wants quicKlx, accurately at^d ecoikOinicall>^

We print "Better Fruit"

F. W. Baltes and Company

Portland, Oregon

barrels; 1902, 46,625,000 barrels; 1903,
42,626,000 barrels; 1904, 45,360,000 bar-
rels; 1905, 24,300,000 barrels; 1906, 38,-
280,000 barrels; 1907, 29,540,000 barrels;
1908, 25,850,000 barrels; 1909, 25,415,000
barrels; 1910, 23,825,000 barrels; 1911,
31,000,000 barrels; 1912, 47,825,000 bar-
rels; 1913, 30,900,000 barrels; 1914, 40,-
500,000 barrels; 1915, no reliable esti-
mates up to the present lime, but in all
probability somewhere between 20,-
000,(100 and 25,000,000 barrels, or a
good, fair guess would be 22,500,000
barrels.

Mr. Darlington, the local inspector at
Cashmere, has been making an esti-
mate of the apple crop of that district.
Cashmere reports through Mr. Ralph
Dunham, assistant to Mr. Darlington,
that the pear crop of that district is
exceptionally good this year. The
Cashmere Union made arrangements
to hold a packing school during the
month of August for the purpose of in-
structing their growers to do more per-
fect packing. Packing schools have
been of great educational value, and
where held in the different districts
the packs of different fruits have been
greatly improved.

The apple crop of 1914, taking a fair
average of estimates, would be about
45,000,000 barrels; the crop of 1913 was
reported at 30,000,000 and the crop of
1915 looks like about 22,500,000 barrels,
or one-half of the 1914 crop or three-
quarters of the 1913 crop.

Market Expert Expresses Opinion

Chas. .1. Brand, head of the Bureau of
Markets and Rural Organizations, who
has been visiting the West, is reported
as expressing the following opinion, ac-
cording to local papers in the various
sections where he visited, conferring
with the growers in reference to mar-
keting, endeavoring to assist them in
every way possible. His opinion out-
lines in a general way his views, which
will give the growers some idea of
where they "are at" in reference to the
Fruit Growers' Council, although his
opinion is not final or binding in any
way. "There are some close questions
to be considered," said Mr. Brand this
morning, "and I think that 1 have been
quoted incorrectly in some of the pa-
pers of the Northwest. I hold that
any body of growers or stockholders in
a concern may agree upon prices and
marketing ])ractices under the pro-

POWER WASHER

WOMANS It
FRIEND

A REAL
POWER WASHER

Round rubber rubs the clothes, turnB them over
ami over antl forces the hot, soapy water through
tlu-m. A\'a8he8 tub fall perfectly clean In b mlnutee.
No wringers toehlft. Nothing to get out of order.
Special low price to Introduce. Catalogue Eree.

Bluffton MfgCo. box bf, Bluffton, OHia

WHEN WKITI.SG An\ ERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2g

visions of the federal law. If the grow-
ers of this valley and Hood River and
Wenatchee want to get into one grow-
ers' organization, as individual growers
and not as members of another organi-
zation, I think that they have a perfect
right to do so and will not in their
operations come in conflict with the
terms of the anti-trust act. As indi-
vidual growers acting co-operatively
they can control their marketing, but
if they try to act as corporate units
they are passing the limits of the law.
(irowers in this valley. Hood River and
Wenatchee have not exceeded the
limits of their rights under the anti-
trust law by forming the Growers'
Council, but they must join it as indi-
viduals and not by associations, such
as the Fruit Growers' Association, the
Horticultural Union and the like.

"^^^len it comes to the question of the
several associations affiliating for the
purpose of control of markets I think
the limits of the law are passed. When
it comes to the Shippers' Council and
Growers' Council attempting to co-
operate in handling the marketing I am
certain that this is in violation of the
anti-trust law. I hope I make myself
clear. A co-operative fruit organiza-
tion, no matter how big, can act as the
2,500 stockholders of the steel corpora-
tion in the handling of their product.
The limits of the law are passed when
several of these co-operative organiza-
tions come together and attempt to
control prices."

Sunshine Lamp

300 Candle Power

To Try In Your Own Home

Tum8 niyht into day. Llives bt-tttT light
than gaa, electricity or 18 ordinary lamps at
©ne-teoth the cost. For Homes, Stores,
Halls, Churches. A child can carry it.
Makes its liKht from common ftasoline. No
wick. Nochimney. Absolutely SAFE. ^

COSTS 1 CENT A NIGHT

We want one person in each locality to whom
we can refer new customiTS. Tnke advan-
tage of our SPECIAL P^KEE TRIAL OFFER.
Write today. AGENTS WANTED.

SUNSHINE SAFETY LAMP CO.
fi39 Factory BIdg., Kansaa City, Mo.

FREE

B0Y5' MAGAZINE

JUL'

CIR'UUTI-WirtfSkKlOOO

Make Your

Boy Happy!

bypiTio? him THE BOYS' MAGAZINE.
You could not givu hiiu a greater plea=urt'
or a stronger influeuce for good. E .cli
issue of tliis apleudid raa>;aziue is filUd
with clean, fascinating storiea and iii-
Btru3tive articles, all of intense interest
to every live boy. AUo.each igsueconi-nua
departments devoted to Elcciricity.MucliaD-
ic3, Athletics, Photography, Carpentry,
Stamps and Coins. Anew, handsomecover
in colors each month. Beauiilully illustra-
ted throughout, both in black aod -while
and in colors.

Cnofifll niforf Fof o"'^ ^^-^ ^« ''■^ ^^^^ r^" "^^^ BOYS'
special UUCr. magazine for a whole year a«d a coi-v of
the most u.sfful book you ever read, "Fifty Ways for Boys to Earu
Mouev,"* and this Electric Engine. This engine is cousidcr. bly
larger than illustration. Runs at variable speeds, cither forward or
backward, between 200 and 3,000 revolutions a miuute on one dry
bauivrv. Absolutely safe and easy to operate. This Electric Engine
is interesting and instructive and any boy will go wild over it.

ApjIai* Tn-i1a vT Tour subscription will be entered at once and the
Vrucr lU-UUjr* El.ciric Engine and Book will be forwarded to
you immedlatflr, all transportation charges prepaid. "We'll refund
your r nri'V pronr'tly if vou are not more than pleased with THE
BOVS" MA(;.\/.INE, the Electric Enrriiie fit.. 1 the lUmk. (WurcfT
you to any bank, mercantile agency or puliU^ln r ai lo our respon-
aibility.)

Address THE SCOH F. REDFIELO CO.
642 Main Street.
Smeihport, Pa.

{THE BOYS'
UAGAZISE
U 0)1 sale
at all

newa-standa
at 10c a copy.)

Jolin

"We are almost out of chocolate. Get a 3-lb. can
of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate. Don't buy
the bulk kind."

And John "obeyed orders" cheerfully, for of all the members of the
household, John, the "boss," likes his breakfast cup of Ghirardelli's
the most.

He knows what a delicious, sustaining beverage it is, what wonderful
cakes, puddings and cookies his wife makes with its aid. He also
knows that it gives the highest food value for the man who works hard,
for the woman who must always be well, for children on the grow.

Order from Your Grocer Today

Gniiaidelli*i

Ground Chocolate

In J^-lb., 1-lb. and 3-lb. hermetically sealed cans.
There's a double economy in buying the 3-lb. can.

D. GHIRARDELLI CO.

Since 18S2

San Francisco

You are invited to Visit the GhirarJelli Pavilion at ifie Panama-Pacific
International Exposition and see a model chocolate factory in operation

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Established 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if

you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we

make no charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page so

BETTER FRUIT

October

UJi|mij|jim||iiK|- mmmimimi ||*l||iim||imi|*]m||^|

^ ^' itiFIiP'i^'i'iS'^i^''

I I illil^lll flli"ll|iiilllllllMlliiillllliil llll

This WITTE Engine, aftes 28 years. etill giving
good service to S. A. Stone, Chillicothe^ Mo.

-WITTE Ehgihes

^^ Kerosene, Gasoline & Gas

^^^ You can now own a good Fngine for
less than you can do without one.

LOOK A T THESE PRICES!

2 HP, $34.95; 4 HP. $69.75; 6 H-P, $97.75;
8 HP, $139.65; 12 HP, $197.00; phco.f.o.b.
16 HP, $279.70; 22 HP. $359.80. Factory.

Stationary , Portable, Skidded and Sawrig styles.
Standard for 2S years. Why pay two prices for any
good engine ortakechanci-9 on a poor, or doubtful
engineforany kind of a price, when the WITTE
costs Bolittte and saves you all the risk.

LIBERAL 5-YEAR GUARANTY.

Easy terms of payment , at regular prices,
if you doii'twiah to pay all cask.
DaaIz Frpp Getmy Book before
ifvvn 1 1 cCr arrangringtotryany i
engine. Coatg nothing to be sure j
of your select ion, cvcnif you don't
pick a WITTE. Learn the inside ,
of the engine business and how
to judge engines for yourself.
Write US today.

ED. H. WITTE ENGINE WORKS,

isr> Oakland Ave.,
Kansas City, Missouri.

iRv'i Emiiiie BIdg., Pittsburgh, Fa.

lOc for Three Months

Trial subscription to leading fruit and gar-
den publication. Gives timely information
each month. Eighteen years old. Regular
subscription rate fl for tree years. Address

Fruitman and Gardener

11 Main Street Mount Vernon, Iowa

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

A New Discovery in the American
Wine Industry

The American Department of Agri-
culture announces that there has been
discovered at Washington a method for
concentrating grape juice which prom-
ises to be the greatest discovery in tlie
wine industry since Pasteur discovered
tlie metliod of preserving light wines
for the French government.

This new method is altogether novel,
as it consists not in boiling down the
Juice, but in freezing the juice. The ice
is then cracked into small pieces and
whii-led in a centrifugal machine; by
this means all the sugar and thick
syrup is separated from the ice, which
is almost pure water. By this means
a gallon of the syrup is reduced to one
quart.

A peculiar phenomenon incident to
this process is the fact that the cream
of tartar crystallizes out with the ice
and makes the acidity of the juice much
less than normal. This is particularly
true of the Concord grape juice, which
has a large percentage of tartar in it.

This new method of freezing the
juices to concentrate them preserves in
a wonderful degree the natural purple
color of the juice and makes the drink
very much more beautiful in its rich
purple appearance and more sparkling.

WTien the concentrated juice is ster-
ilized afterward by heating it keeps in-
definitely as a thick syrup. It can be
used at soda fountains, as flavorings
for cookery and other dietary pur-
poses. The government hopes to ex-
ploit this latest discovery on a com-
mercial basis this year, as it promises
not only to give a fine qualify of
goods from the best grapes, but also
the freezing method takes out the
"rough" taste of many cheaper grades
and gives a very fine article from the
cheaper and coarser varieties. — Scien-
tific American.

A Few Canning Hints
Have the canning plant properly in-
stalled before the fruits and vegetables
begin to ripen. See that the cans,
labels, cases, solder, flux, etc., are or-
dered immediately. Be sure to order
the hole and cap cans, and specify in
your order that you want solder-
hemmed caps. Order the enamel cans
for fruits if you wish to preserve the
color, flavor and quality of the product.
Tlie soldering irons should be properly
tinned if you wish to do a smooth job
of soldering. This is done by heating
the irons, then filing them until they
are bright. The irons are now dipped
in a zinc solution, then rubbed in sal-
anmioniac lo which solder has been
added. When the cans are placed in
the retoits keep up the pressure as rec-
ommended, and do not record the time
until the tliermometer registers the de-
gree of heat recommended for handling
the various i)roducts. For detailed in-
structions write for the Canning Bulle-
tin, No. 82, Idaho Experiment Station,
Moscow, Idaho. — C. C. Vincent, Horti-
culturist.

Let 'er Rain!

If you've a man's

y^ work to do, wear

Tower's Fish Brand

Reflex

Slicker

$3.00

The coat that keeps
out all the rain. Re-
flex Edges stop every
drop from running
in at the front.

rrotector Hat. 75 cents

Satisfaction Guaranteed

Zend for free catalog

A. J.TOWER CO. ^

6i5 BOSTON

Bolster Springs

andard jpnnRi ol Amenci lince Xmt. MaU^
iprine WJgon. Prrvenl <fjm»ge to ty
ifkeL Soon tive tosi — product brings
morf — waiioo IjMi lonpei — etsier lor drivei — easiei lor hones.

Made Like Finest Auto Springs

HiRhetr Rrade stefi. Very rniiipnl and duDble. All i(7P^—
fil anL waer-n up lo S Ions c.pjcily. II nol al dfiler's. wnie
lof firculir ihomnR how Harvty Sprincs save money

HARVEY SPRING CO, 784 Wlh Sl, Racine, Wii.

GUARANTEED

^otect^ur
Jrees

nany ^~
n • lingle nighi. Mice and \
cut wormg will damage and
detiroy ihem if you don't protect them.
Gel doHan' worth of protection at a Irac-
ilon of • c«nt coit by uiing

TreePfotectoEf^

Absolute protection against gnawers
and borers. ' Prevent trees from
becoming skinned and brutsed by cul-
tivator or lawn mower Made of elm
veneer, chemically treated. Easily put
on and will last until tree is beyond

ne*ding protection Don t wait until some

of your irtes are Willed —order Hawkeye

Protectors now. Regular sue 10 inches

wWc. 10 inches high Price in lots of 100 —

I cent apiece, in lots of 1000 — ,'; cent

■piece Special sues made to order.

Write (or circular and samples.

We make Fniit Boi^eli — gel out pricex

Burlington Basket Company
I 12*> Main St., Burlington, Iowa ,

t

mt9>>. SEPARATORS, ENGINES, SPREADERS

■^■IP 200,000 customers tcsiify that my

^^^B» dcsi^rncrs and factories build quality into

them Built for lonir, hard, continuous users'

satisfaction. HIGHEST QUALITY — LOWEST

PRICES. About 1-3 to 1-2 less than you usually

pay. Don't buy till you iiet tny catalog

of ihese and othor farm and housohuM inwiJa

fri'<.'._A iiopUil K':,ta it^ Low frtifht rati-.

1J-20>^:P' Wm.GallowayCo..Bx 1055, Waterloo, la

YOU CAN EARN $50.00 '''^'iiS*'!

:]si

'6earl«t» Improved Standard
Well Drltllni Machine.

nead W aay other.

Orilli tKrouyk aaj fancatioB.

Hal recoid of dfiflmf I 30 ieef.

and ckrruig caiiai i» 9 boun.
Anotber record wImn 70 feet wat drilled od 2 H b*1 dtstiUat*
al9cpcrB«l- On* maacaa operate. EJectncaUy eauiM>ecl toe
noaiDgaisbti. FkKingiob. Ejivine igaiboa. CataiogveWl.

REIERSON MACHINERY CO., Man(r». Portland. Orr

WHEN WHITING APVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

I9I5

BETTER FRUIT

Page

Pear Blight

Mr. Waite, a graduate chemist and
druggist, with many years' practical
experience in compounding chemicals,
states that he helieves he has found the
cure for hlight, which is a chemical
preparation which, when applied, kills
the germs hy dissolving the exudation.
While it is hoped that his remedy will
prove successful, fruitgrowers in gen-
eral are not inclineil to helieve in any
remedy for the cure of blight. In fact
they will not believe that there is any
method of controlling blight cxceiJt the
cutting-out process until such a remedy
has been proven positively efTective.

Mr. Anthonie van Diem, of the firm
of W. van Diem Company of Rotter-
dam, Holland, called at "Better Fruit"
ofTice in July, this being his first trip to
the United States. The firm of W. and
W. U. van Diem was started in 1800,
and imported Northwestern fruits as
far back as 1895. Mr. van Diem left
Holland on this trip on the steam-
ship Rotterdam June 12, 1015, the voy-
age taking twenty-one days. His ex-
perience was quite interesting. The
steamship was held up several times
by British and German boats, but after
leaving the Irish coast he had a very
pleasant trip. Mr. van Diem was very
much impressed with the City of New
York, which he saw for the first time.
He arrived in Portland July 18th, being
entertained in that city by Vice-Consul
of the Netherlands, Mr. Berghuis-Krak
and his friends. On July 22nd he came
to Hood River, calling on the editor of
"Better Fruit," in which paper the firm
has advertised for a number of years.
He was also entertained by Mr. Wilmer
Sieg, sales manager of the Hood River

What are
your dairy
problems?

To get started profitably in dairy-
ing as a side-line, tlie fruit grower
needs helpful advice and sugges-
tions.

Our service department will de-
light in doing this very thing, with-
out any charge or obligation.

We are sole Oregon distributors
for "Simplex" Separators, B-L-K:
Milkers, Papec Ensilage Cutters,
Simplex Silos and all kinds of
dairy, butter-making and cheese-
making supplies.

Your name on a postal \Arill
bring Free Catalogs

Monroe & Crisell

126 Front St.

Portland, Oregon

Lime Sulphur
Lead Arsenate
Bordeaux Paste
Spra-Sulphur

The uiost serious pests and diseases doing the most dam-
age to trees in tlie Northwest are San Jose Scale and Authrac-
nose. The ones doing the most damage to crops and causing
a loss of millions iinimally to fruit growers, are Codling Moth
and Seal).

Growers Must Have Sprays that are Efficient

We make the above sprays of the highest degree of etii-
ciency and sell at reasonable prices.

Clean crops are necessary if you expect to sell your apples
at good prices.

Use Our Sprays and Grow Clean Fruit

Factory at Clackamas. Oregcm.
New factory being built at Hood River, Oregon.

For the present direct all correspondence to

Oregon Arsenical Spray Co.

CLACKAMAS, OREGON

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc

Sole Manufacturers

Old South BIdg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

/^i^T^^T^'Y' in buying is getting the best
^"-^^ v/lTJ. ± value for the money, not

always in getting the lowest jirices. PEAKSON

prices are right.

DHESIVENESS Z!ff:i^n^

PEAliSON nails. For twenty years they have
been making boxes strong. Now,more than ever.

A

E
A
R

S

o

NAILS

"C^T TARTT TTV behind the goods is
I!iXjli\£>lljlX 1 added value. You can
rely on our record of fultillnient of every con-
tract and fair adjuatuient of every claim,

ATT^isFAr'TTmV isaasuredbyourlong
-^^-'■-'■'^A /iV^XlVfl^ experience in mak-
ing nails to suit our customers needs. We know
what yon want; we guarantee satisfaction.

TJJ/"^!]^ AT T'PV J'*'"* experience always
XVAVXlll.rt.UJ.X X excels imitation. Imi-
tation's liighest hope is, to flometime (not now)
equal Pearson— nieantiiue you \>\i\y safe.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 32

BETTER FRUIT

October

Make Your Old
Trees Bear

Why let tlie old trees go to rack and
ruin. Make them produce. Make them
pay renewed interest on your past
investment. Regenerate those old
orchards and make tlie old trees bear.

Red Cross
Dynamite

will help you. By blasting and breaking
up the subsoil around the trees, a new Avater
reservoir is created, new plant food is made
available and the old trees Avill be made to pro-
duce as well as before.

To learn how progressive orchardists and farmers are
using dynamite for cultivating fruit trees, regenerating
barren soil, ditching, di-aining, stumping, removing
rocks and boulders and scores of other things, write
for our well written and illustrated booklet F-.'}38.

Kstablished
1802

Du Pont Powder Company

Wilmington
Delaware

r^

Paste for Labeling — "Palo Alto" Paste Powder

added to cold water, instantly
makes a beautiful, smooth,
white paste. Ready for imme-
diate use at a cost of 10 cents
a gallon. No labor. No muss.
No spoiled paste.

PASTE SPECIALISTS

Robinson Chemical Works

349-351 Eighth Street
San Francisco, California

More About Walnuts

Wliy raise wheat .iiul oal,>^ on land suitable for walnuts when the returns s<'arfel.v jnstify Ibe lalinr experitU'*!.
with very tittle Income on your Inveslment!'

Our 6 and 7-year-old grafted VROOMAN FRANQIteTTES are bearing eereral times as much net Income this
seaaoii as our wheat and oats. What will the difference be when the trees are 12 to 15 years old? We woiiUl
estimate 10 lo 15 times as much.

Why raise grain and sell it on ovensuppUed foreign markets at a low price when we nre Importing 10,000, Oiio
to 12.000,000 pounds of walnuts that are not nearly as good and sell for a lower price than those we can rai.^t-
here at home?

Many owners of seedling orchards of bearing age this season have applied to us for capable men lo top-graft
their orchards. This must lie done at gn?at expense and loss of time. Don't make this mistake, as others are
now pa>iiig for this experience. We helped to pay for it by working over 800 seedlings oureelves.

Come this month l>efore IIk> nuts drop and compare our orchiini with seedling orchards.

Write for our b<M;klfl. ■■W;dnut tJrowing," and i)rire» on OH.VKTEK VlKHiMAN KHAXQUETTE walnut trees.

FERD GRONER & McCLURE, Hillsboro, Oregon

Aijplc {Irowers' Association. He stated
he was nnich impressed with the
beauty of Hood River scenery and its
up-to-date orchards. Another thing
whicli he spoke of particularly was the
immense cold-storage plant and facili-
ties of the Hood River Api)le (irowers'
Association. Mr. van Diem left Port-
land .luly 23rd, via Seattle, intending to
visit a number of other points on his
trip, among them Chicago, Rult'alo and
Niagara Falls, expecting to reach New
York August 3rd and sail on that day
for home. The object of Mr. van Diem's
visit was to make arrangements for
such apples as his lirm would require
during the coming season and to form
a more intimate ac(iuaintance with the
shi])i)crs of the Northwest with whom
he has done business for many years,
and with whom he expects to do a
larger business in the future.

The peach crop of the Northwest in
the year 1015 is reported about normal.
Peaches in the Northwest have been
packed exclusively in boxes, but in
various other sections of the United
States many other kinds of packages
have been used for years, among which
may be mentioned the bushel basket,
the half-bushel basket, the six and
four-basket crate, the Climax basket,
containing one-fifth bushel; also one-
sixth of a bushel and a twenty-pound
package containing about one-third of
a bushel. In Delaware and New Jer-
sey the half-bushel basket is used quite
extensively. The six-basket crate is
more extensively used in the Middle
West. Along the Atlantic Coast and in
the Southern peach sections, as well as
Virginia, the package used contains six
baskets holding four quarts each. In
California peaches are usually packed

HONEST TREES ATI
HONEST PRICES

Order your trees direct from [ongest

established, most reliable nursery in the

West. Save money -avoid disappoint-

ment. 500 acres— 50 years thoroughly

rebable deabns3. Get our list and prices

before you buy a tree

THE
WOODBURN NURSERIES

Woodburo, Ore.

Store Your Apples
in Spokane

The Natural Storage Center

Take advantage of storage in
transit rate and the better mar-
ket later. Write us for our dry
and cold storage rate and infor-
mation.

Ryan & Newton
Company

SPOKANE, Vi^ASHINGTON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

J9I5

BETTER FRUIT

Page S3

in boxes containing twenty-one and
one-half pounds. In Arliansas tlie six-
basket crates are generally used; also
in Georgia, Tennessee and Carolinas.
Texas uses the four-basket crate most
extensively. Michigan uses largely one-
sixth, one-fifth and one-third Climax
baskets, also bushels and short-bushel
baskets, with a few of the hall-bushel
baskets. Ohio uses mostly the i-ound
bushel basket with very few other
styles. Kansas ships usually in four-
basket crates; West Virginia, Pennsyl-
vania and Maryland use one-half
bushel baskets and also six-basket car-
riers. It would look as if some step
ought to be taken if possible for a more
uniform package in marketing peaches,
and that a federal law similar to the
apple-barrel law would be desirable.

A North Yakima peach grower is ex-
perimenting with peach baskets this
year which have been used almost ex-
clusively in handling the peach crop in
the East and Middle West. It is re-
ported that he has ordered enough
baskets to ship out eight or nine car-
loads. These baskets will weigh
approximately (10 pounds and a car-
load will contain about 400 baskets.
On account of the popularity of the
basket in handling the peach crop it
has been extensively used. While not
posted on the prices of baskets it is
reasonable to assume that inasmuch as
they are used so extensively in the
Kast that they arc not only more eco-
nomical in packing the crop but that
this package is more attractive to the
consumer and more convenient to
handle.

It is reported that the North Pacific
Fruit Distributors sold a carload of
Lambert cherries to Steinhardt &
Kelt)' which realized $2,350 gross.

International Motor Trucks

' I ""HERE is one advantage in using an Inter-
-'- national Motor Truck that fruit growers and
truck farmeis are likely to lose sight of. The truck,
traveling faster than horses, brings about one impor-
tant economy.

Twenty to forty miles of daily travel, with the necessary
stops, keep the horses and driver busy all day.

With an International Motor Truck the driver can start later
in the morning and pass every horse-drawn rig on the road.
He'll be back early and can put in the best part of the afternoon
at productive work on the farm. That gain is enough to make
a motor truck pay.

The driver's time on the road is an expense, his time on the
farm a profit. An International Motor Truck saves you this
expense and gives you this profit.

This is only one of many reasons why every fruit grower or
truck farmer should use an International Motor Truck. Drop
us a line and we'll send you more reasons and full information.
One of our three trucks— a Model "M," for 1,000-lb. loads, a
Model "E," for l,5(X»-lb. loads, or a Model "F," f or 2,000-lb.
loads — will fit into tlie conditions of your work. A post card to
us may save you many dollars of expense. Send it today.

International Harvester Company of America

(incorporated)
Crawford, Neb. Denver, Col. Helena, Mont. Portland, Ore.
San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City, Utah

D. Crossley & Sons

ESTABLISHED 1878

Apples for New York and Export

CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON, IDAHO AND
FLORIDA FRUITS

Apples handled in all European markets at private sale. Checks
mailed from our New York office same day apples are sold on the
other side. We are not nsjeiits; WE ARE SELLERS. We make a
specialty of handling APPLES, PEARS AND PRUNES on the New
York and foreign markets. Correspondence solicited.

200 to 204 Franklin Street, New York

NEW YORK

LIVERPOOL

LONDON

GLASGOW

WIHN WRtTINC AIIVRRTISEBS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 34

BETTER FRUIT

October

Ridley,Houlding&Co.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON

Points to remember wlieii cousiguiug
apples to tlie London Market

1.— We Specialize in Apples

2.— All Consignments Receive our
Personal Attention

3.-The Fruit is Sold by
Private Treaty

CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON

PORTLAND, OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland. Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Sliopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan— $ 1 .00 per day and upward

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

GEO. C. OBER, Manager

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
"Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

W. S. Ballard, plant pathologist, a.sso-
ciated with the Department of Agricul-
ture, has been making a visit in com-
pany with T. 0. Morrison of the State
Agricultural Department of Washing-
ton, inspecting the orchards in Yakima
Valley. Dr. Brooks, associated in this
campaign, is an expert on powdery
mildew and other pathological diseases.
Professor W. S. Ballard has an ex-
tensive acquaintance among fruitgrow-
ers on the Pacific Coast as well as in
the East, and is an expert on pear
blight and many other diseases of fruit.

George Watts, an apple grower of
Millerdale in the Wenatchee district, is
reported as having sold his crop of

8,000 boxes,
per box.

orchard run, at $1.25

The Spokane Fruit Growers Co.
reports that they shipped about 22,000
crates of strawberries, averaging the
grower $1.59 per crate.

Coming Events

Wilbur Fair, Wilbur, Washington, October
5 to 8.

Stevens County Livestock Show, Colville,
Washington, October 26 to 29.

Arizona State Fair, Phoenix, Arizona, No-
vember 8 to 13.

Cascade International Stock Show, North
Yakima, Washington, November 22 to 27.

Lewiswton Livestock Show, Lewiston, Idaho,
November 29 to December 4.

Paciiic International Livestock Exposition,
Nortli Portland, Oregon, December G to 11.

1/'^'

''■»«".,.

-"Ask
Pratt"

l^<^t>f.

yrc.^

Here's a book of ciaily needs you
should keep handy. It lists the
best of every thins for tlie or-
chardist and truck grower.
Standard spray materials, har-
rows, cultivators, graders, pick-
ers, packing boxes, etc. If there's
anything needed, "ask Pratt."
You know him — he's the man
who makes "Salecide — the tree
saver." Everything else he sells is just as good.

Our Service Deparlment

is under his direct supervision and he is always
ready to advise, from his long experience, just
wliat implement, spray material, etc., you need.
Ask questions. But send for the book today.

B. G. PRATT COMPANY

Depl. D £0 Church St.. New Yoffc

A NEW OPPORTUNITY

IN THE WEST OKANOGAN
IRRIGATION DISTRICT

9,400 acres bordering the Okanogan
River will be irrigated with the com-
pletion of this project. This section
combines the soil and climate of the
most favored fruit growing districts of
the state, with unusual opportunities
for dairying and stock growing. A
farm unit of 40 acres has been estab-
lished and a price fixed on the excess
acreage of land by the Board of Direc-
tors, which enables the homeseeker to
purchase high class irrigated land at
prices lower than prevailed twelve years
ago in irrigated sections of Washington.

Send for our FRF.E piiHioition with
map and full description of iounlry.

F. W. GRAHAM

Western Immigration

Agent

Great Northern Ry.

Seattle, Wash

WHEN WRITING AIUERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

The (nside Inn

is a beiintifiil. permanent, u]t-to date hotel occupy-
ing a niagiiiticent site within the grounds of the
I'anania racilic International Exposition, amidst
the most womlerliul settinij; of scenery and archi-
tectural beauty the world has ever kuown. The
Inside Inn is but a short walk from the State and
Foreign liuildings and practically surrounded by
the main Exhibit Palaces.

Appointments throughout the hotel are first-
class. Following are our general rates:

European plan, without bath, per day S2, one person
European plan, without bath, per day S3, two persons
European plan, with bath, per day. S3 to S5, one person
European plan, with bath, per day, S4 to $7, two persons
Our motor busses meet all trains and steauiere.
"We shall be 'glad to give you any general infor-
mation in regard to the Exposilinn or aide trips
upon rei|nest.

ALBERT BETTENS, Manager

California

DIRECT ROUTE

TO

Portland

Ocean Liner or
ShastaRouteRail Service

TO

San Francisco

Steamship, Coast Line

or Orange Grove

Rail Trip

TO

San Diego

Liberal Stopover

Privileges

Diverse Routes Both Ways

if Desireil

THIS YEAR has held more
of interest, of wonder, of
beauty, of pleasure, than ever
before — possibly ever again.

THE WORLD-FAMOUS

EXPOSITIONS

are now at their best. The op-
portunity to visit them is
nearing its end — go now.

Information, tickets, reservations, etc., upon
application to your local agent.

Write the General Passenger Agent, Portland

for your copy of

"California and the Expositions."

OREGON-WASHINGTON RAILROAD & NAVIGATION CO

UNION PACIRIC SYSXEIVI

The

First

National

Bank

Hood River, Oregon

Capital and Surplus
$135,000

4% Interest Paid on Savings
and Term Deposits

F. S. STANLEY, President
E. 0. BLANCHAR, Cashier

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Cciated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the, Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER tRI IV

AFTER ii«e of C. F. *Sc I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

The World ^ Our Orchard

^N ALL FIELDS OF ENDEAVOR no woijv is
I jj more worthy of recognition than tliat of the
:^cJJ salesman. To be successful these pioneers of
commerce must possess attributes which would bring
world wide recognition to men in other walks of life.

The salesmen of our country are largely responsi-
ble for the development of the great industries which
are the bulwark of the nation. Most leaders of business
were at one time salesmen; nearly every self-made man
has served on the firing line of salesmanship. No house
in the trade had humbler beginnings than the firm of

Steinhardt & Kelly

Built upon the fundamental principles of

Honor, Honesty, Strength and Service

which are the foundations of all successful business
enterprises, the house of

Steinhardt & Kelly

stands today preeminent at the very top of the fruit
industry of the United States.

Our Market = The World

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

^

^

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

XOYEMBER, 1915

Number 5

Five-box CNhibit of apples packed by a ninc-ycar-old daughter of the Editor of "lietter I'ruit
winning a lirst prize at the Oregon Horticultural Exhibit, and also
at the Hood River Apple Show.

'Health's best way y

- — \ f "An apple a day

the box T^ ^\, , i

Eat apples every day" J3>Ll*l£n^j3)^Uie_bo^|_ j^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents

Prince Albert
is such a
real smoke

y'OUmah
the turn

ake fast tracks down
irnpike, for all stores
sell Prince Albert in the toppy
red bagt 5c; tidy red tin, 10c.
Quick like you're set for the
long pull, you'll want a bigger
supply, so you'll find P. j\. in
handsome pound and half-
pound tin humidors and in that
mighty cfever pound crystal-
glass humidor with sponge^
moistener top that keeps Prince
Albert fii -like- a- high- top-
thoroughbred !

R. J. REYNOLDS
TOBACCO CO.

Winston-Salem, N. C.

you can't any more sum
up the pleasure it gives
until you smoke some
than you can tell how-
smart a man is from the
size of his head. Takes
a try-out to learn the
inside facts!

You get that old pipe

out of storage or locate

some makin's papers,

buy a supply of P. A.

and fire- up, for you can smoke like

sixty — tender tongue or not — with

nothing to think about but joy-joy -joy!

The patented process fixes that, and cuts

out bite and parch !

No matter how long you've sworn off
the pipe line or shied on rolling your own cigarettes, you cut-
loose like a man on what we tell you. Because, we know
how good Prince Albert is; how much happiness it will hand
you ; how sincere will be your hearty, honest appreciation of
its merits!

Prince Albert has revolutionized smoking- satisfaction for
thousands of men! It has brought back countless pipes
into the sunshine; it will give you more fun than you've
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191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 3

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Pruning Young Trees

By Professor C. I. Lewis, Oregon .Agricultural College, Corvaliis, Oregon

MANY orchardists growing young
trees have been disappointed
with tlie resulls tliey have oIj-
tained from pruning. While tliese dis-
appointments may Ite due, on ttie one
hand, to a hick of knowledge of some
of the fundamental principles underly-
ing pruning, on the other hand, we
believe that a very large percentage of
the dissatisfaction is due to the fact
that the grower has been expecting too
much from i)runing alone, and has
failed to realize the great importance of
other orchard practices, such as irriga-
tion, tillage and the maintenance of soil
fertility.

No matter how skillfully we ])rune
for fruitfulness, iniless we have such
soil conditions as to furnish sullicient
food and moisture at the right time to
develop good, strong buds, we should
not expect to secure satisfactory re-
sults. Again, we must realize that soil,
elevation and climate are factors which
have a very close relation to pruning.
Likewise, the variety question is always
to be taken into consideration. For
example, the pruning of Jonathans in
Southern Idaho, at an altitude of 2,(1(1(1
feet, on a silt loam, is an entirely difTer-
ent problem from that of pruning Yel-
low Newt owns in ^Vester^ Oregon on
a heavy soil at an elevation of 100 feet.
While' the fundamental principles un-
derlying the pinming of these two trees
may be the same, the application of
these principles to the two may be
radically different.

We need, first, to form a clear under-
standing of what these principles are,
and, second, to study more closely than
we ever have in the past the applica-
tion of these principles to our indi-
vidual orchards.

The Three Types of Trees

There are three types of trees grown
here in the Northwest, the so-called
open, globe or vase-shaped tree, the
center-leader type and the niodified-
leader type.

In the vase or open tree three to five
branches are chosen to form the frame-
work of the tree; any tendency of a
branch to assume the lead is sup-
pressed; no leader being allowed to
grow, each of the three to five branches
is given equal i)rominence in the tree.
This tree was borrowed from the
French and has been modified in this
countrx to suit our S])ecial needs; for
example, in parts of the Middle West
and in California the tree is allowed to
carry a large number of laterals, sum-
mer pruning or shearing being em-
ployed to force out 'more laterals so as
to shade the branches from sun scald.

A dense, compact tree is the result.
Here in the Pacitic Northwest we sel-
dom use the term "globe" or "vase,"
hut almost always call it the ojjcn tree.
Instead of shearing to produce shade,
our growers prune out and keep the
tree open to admit more light. The
general framework, however, of the
California and Oregon types is the
same. Our orchardists claim that the
advantage of the open tree is that it
allows more light to enter the tree, thus
causing a better coloring of the fruit;
and, second, it produces a tree that is
broad and spreading and easy to keep
low-headed. The objections to this tree
are, first, that it is generalh struc-
turally weak, the scafl'old branches
issuing at one point, thus making weak
crotches, and if one branch breaks out
the tree may be ruined; second, this
type of tree is used too generally, as it
is not adapted to all varieties uniler all
conditions that are found here in the
Pacific Northwest.

The so-called leader tree has been
used largeb in the Fast on the Atlantic
Seaboard, and is used somewhat on the
Pacific Coast, especially in British
Columbia. There are a few orchards
here in the Pacific Northwest where
the growers believe the leader to be the

best type. With the leader tree, the
center branch is always allowed to
have the ascendency, and the tree
grows more or less to the true pyramid.
The growers obtain very large trees. It
is very dillicult, however, to keep them
low-headed and to keep them open, but
they are jjrohably stronger trees, there
being less breakage from this type of
tree than from the so-called open tree.

The third type of tree is the modified
leader. In this type we start the trees
exactly as though we were going to
grow the center leader, but, beginning
from the second to the fifth year, the
leader is suppressed. The advantages
of this tyi)e of tree are that it allows us
to space the branches well, to build
strong crotches and main scaffold
limbs, and at the same time allows us
to keep the tree relatively close to the
ground. This type of tree is growing
in favor where it has been tried
thrcuiihout the Northwest.

We would caution the growers, how-
ever, that with any of these types of
trees, weak trees or strong trees can be
built, and also that very bushy or open
trees may be attained witli any one of
the three systems.

The type of growth of trees in your
localitv niav determine to a certain

'mK-tn -jfcftTgs ujcf^-z.'^

I'u.rHi J I > "iiri;; Yellow Newt 5wn apple trep before and after sun
pruning. Photograph taken in August, 1912.

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

Noi'einhcr

01-

f

\i

'fe»

i'.W *'«^x^-' ■ ." ''-3. \^

fe-

WB^

5? ^

r^

Ore £tp Sra. ." T

"^"^^^f^minfflMfe^

^

^»

Figure 25 — Three

-year-old Lambert
pruning e:

cherry tree before and after summer
nly in July.

degree what system you shoultl use.
For example, we wouldn't grow the
Wagener ordinarily as an open type of
tree. It is rather an upright grower for
a few years, but later becomes a feeble
grower. On the other hand, we should
not think of growing varieties like the
Tompkins King or Northern Spy as
center trees. They shoot up too
straight, are too big and are too hard
to control. The Yellow Newtown is
too often pruned as a typical ojien tree,
and on licht soils becomes very weak
when twelve or fifteen years of age.
A modified leailer, or in some cases
even the old-fashioned leader, would be
better witli the Yellow Newtown. On
the other liand, on some very strong
loams, the Yellow Newtown can be
handled very satisfactorily when grown
as an open or globe-shaped tree, pro-
vided we take a little care in spacing
the branches carefully the first two or
three years.

The Height of Head

The height of head is only a relative
term. One man would say that thirty
inches was a low-headed tree; another
man would say that this was extremely
high. The Pacific Coast grows low-
headed trees. We have found by ex-
perience that these are the easiest to
care for, that they are the most eco-
nomical for thinning, harvesting, spray-
ing and pruning, and that we can shade
the trunks and main scaffold limbs bet-
ter with Ibis type of tree than with a
high-headed tree. In parts of the In-
land Empire they often head theii' tiees
very low, about eight or nine inches.
Many of the .lonathans in the Hocky
Mountain district, and in certain por-
tions of Idaho, Kastern Oregon and
\Vashington, are headed in this way
and are giving satisfactory results.
Under such conditions they must pro-
tect the trees as much as possible

against sun scald. However, in \Vest-
ern Oregon we would consider 20 to 25
inches a better height of head. Many
growers have felt that about 20 to 25
inches is the proper height for apples
and pears. Peaches should be headed
very low, as low as they can be grown.
Cherries should be headed at about 25
inches. Prunes should be headed at
about 30 to 35 inches. We used to be-
lieve that walnuts should be headed
vei-y high, 7 or 8 feet, and no laterals
allowed to grow the first few years, but
we are finding this was a mistake, and
that about 35 inches will make a splen-
did head for walnuts.

Season for Pruning

Here in the Northwest, in speaking of
seasons for pruning, we generally only
consider two seasons, namely, the win-
ter and summer. We receive many let-
ters in regard to early fall or late
spring jjruning. There is no question
but that in the Northwest, where mild
winter conditions prevail, winter prun-
ing may be done safely most years at
any time when the trees are dormant.
In those sections of severe winter con-
ditions, we would advise delaying the
pruning as late as possible before the
growth starts in the spring. Very
rarely would we advise fall pruning
in the Northwest, unless one has such
a large acreage that it is going to be
impossible to complete it unless the
pruning is commenced early in the sea-
son. If it becomes necessary to prune
trees in the fall or very early winter,
we would suggest that the growers
prune the older trees first, leaving the
younger trees for the last pruning. We
would caution against pruning trees
when they are frozen, and would ad-
vise delaying pruning until freezing
weather is over. Much heart rot and
dieback has resulted from pruning
frozen trees. It is possible to prune
trees somewhat even after they come
out fully in the spring. This is espe-
cially true with ijcaches, and will be
discussed in another section of this
article.

.\s regards summer pruning, this is
becoming of such interest and impor-
tance that we shall treat it under a
special head.

Three Lessons to Learn in Pruning
Young Trees

There are three great fundamental
underlying princiiiles connected with
the pruning of young trees. You might
say that there are three lessons, and
that if these are mastered the problem

Fir.iBF. 2G — At left: Vigorous flve-ycar-old Wagener tree i)rune<l in .July.
Photograph taken in October. Note that there has been a vigorous response
of new shoots averaging fully one foot in length as a result of the summer
pjuning. .\t right: I"ive-ye.ar-old Wagener apple tree of less than average
vigor j)rune<l in July. Photograph taken in early October. There has been
practically mi growth response as a ]-esult of the pruning.

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page r

of pruning young trees becomes rnther
simple, but unless they are mastered it
is ditTicult to develop strong, well-
balanced young trees.

Lesson 1. To Choose and Space the
ScafTold Branches. — If you grow an
open or modified leader type of tree,
four or five branches are what we rec-
ommend. If you grow the typical
leader tree it does not make as much
difTerence, as from year to year new
branches aie added. We prefer here in
Oregon the four or five-branched tree.
While it may be true that the three-
branched tree will produce three
branches that average larger in diam-
eter than if four or five are allowed to
grow, nevertheless we feel that the
three-branched tree is a dangerous
one; that it is structurally weak; that
if you lose one of the three branches
you have practically a ruined tree;
whereas, with four or five scaffold
limbs, you can lose a branch and still
balance the tree in such a way as to
save it. The first lesson, then, is to
choose four or five well-spaced
branches, having them issue in a whorl
around the tree, if possible, anil having
them as far apart as they can be con-
veniently spaced. The farther a])art
they are spaced, the stronger and bet-
ter will be the trunk and the better the
tree obtained. To do this you must not
neglect the tree as soon as it is headed,
but must watch it very carefully the
first month or two after it is set out.
It will be necessary to rub certain un-
desirable buds off, to remove certain
undesirable branches, or possibly to
suppress from time to time certain
branches which tend to run away wilh
the tree. By observing these simple
rules you can build a stronger tree. It
is for this reason that we often advo-
cate that instead of cutting the tree at
20 inches al the lime it is set, cut it 25

Figure 28 — At left : Five-year-old Wagener apple tree which was summer
priinet! in July. Photograph taken the following January. Note the amount
ot after-gro\\th, indicating that the tree ^\as pruned at about the right
jjeriod. A splendid ty))e of modified leader. At right: Same tree after
winter pruning. Note the light amount of wood which has been removed
in thiuTiing out; almost no heading back.

or 28 inches, and then space the
branches from as near the ground as
you can get them up to the top of the
trunk. However, if you cut the tree at
25 or 28 inches and then go away and
leave it you w-ill often find all the
branches will develop near the top of
the trunk and the tree will be weak.
It is only by careful watching that the
extra increase in height of head can be
made of any material advantage.

Lesson 2. To Keep Main Branches or
Sections of the Tree Properly Domi-
nant.— If one branch tends to grow at

Figure 27 — At left: Five-year-old Yellow Newtown apple tree which was
pruneil the jircvious summer. Note length of shoots which resulted from
summer pruning. At right: Same tree as shown at left after winter prun-
ing. Note that the pruning has been light. This tree is reaching the critical
period when il should commence to bear. Heavy pruning might keep il

from bearing.

the expense of the rest of the tree the
weaker branches gradually become side
branches to the two or three remain-
ing stronger branches. If proper prun-
ing is done this can be obviated. We
find that the average pruner does one
of two things. He may be among the
group that cuts the tree level across the
to]3, so he has a plain surface. This
will never build a strong, well-balanced
tree, because in doing this ^ou pay no
attention to the relation of one branch
to another. The second group of prun-
ers is apt to cut the weakest wood
most antl the strongest wood the least.
They have heard that the more we cut
the wood the more it grows; therefore,
if wood is weak and we cut it back it
will grow stronger. It is true that the
more a tree is pruned back as a whole
while dormant the more will be the re-
sulting growth; that heavy heading in
of a tree means a heavy after growth.
This, however, has to do with the trees
as a whole and has little to do with
the relation of one branch on a tree to
another. If you have a strong branch
in close proximity to a weak branch
the best way to strengthen the weak
branch is by cutting back the strong.
The develoi)ment of the weak branch
will be in proportion to its leaf and
branch area: if there is a large amount
there will be a heavy demand on the
saj), and the weak branch will develop.
By limiting the branches and leaves on
the strong branch you restrict its
growth: as a residt the following year
there will be less discrepancy between
the development of the two branches
and a continuation of the i)ractice
should lead to a balance between the
two. The heading back shoidd be done,
then, not so much from the jjoint of
view of the tree as a whole, but from
the point of view of the relation of the
branches to each other.

Pase 8

BETTER FRUIT

November

FiGlHi: 2'J — liaiaiu-e in i>iiininj5. Note at .4.1 e(iiial L-iittiiif^ lias rcMiltrd in

nearly equal sti'en^th of branches; at BB unetiual cutting has resulted in

completely destroying such balance, making a stronger crotch.

Cut the strongest branch the hard-
est; cut tlie second l)rancli in vigor not
quite so much; tlie ttiird in vigor still
less, until you come to the weakest
branch, which should be cut the least.
It is only by suppressing the strong
branches, limiting the number of leaves
and buds that they have, that you can
possibly hope to encourage the weaker
branches. If you wish to grow a modi-
fled tree, or leader-tyije tree, the only
difTerence we would make in this
pruning would be that we shoulil
choose one branch for a leader and not
cut it back quite so heavily as we
should with the open tree, simply let-
ting it have enough of a lead to main-
tain that position. Other than that we
should prune all the branches the same
as directed. We can do a great deal
of so-called corrective pruning. That
is, we may have a tree four or five
years old and notice that two of the
scaffold branches are weaker than the
rest of the tree, consciiucntly we woulil
like to encourage these two branches to
grow stronger and larger. To do this,
prune these two very lightly and prune
the other parts of the tree more heavily,
and thus encourage the two weaker
branches.

Lesson 3. To Avoid the Sharp-
Angled, Equally-Balanced Crotches. —
If we examine the average scafTold
branch of a tree carefully, from the
time it leaves the main trunk up to its
last year's growth, we shall observe
that it has been developed much along
this order. The first year the branch
was cut back it forced out a number
of laterals. All the laterals excejit two
were removed. These two were cut
equally and in most cases were not
spaced very far apart. The next year
on each one of these two the same
treatment was repeated. Two branches
were chosen and these were cut
equallx . The result is that the branches
all liver the tree are in pairs, of equal
strength, and form very sharp forks.
Now, this makes a weak branch, one
which will break very easily, as the
stress and strain all come at very
critical jjoints. namely, at the numerous
balanced crotches. To avoid this con-
ditiiin of a tree, treat eacii one of your
main branches as a leader. This means
that when you choose two branches,
at the first you will choose them as far
apart as you possibly can, and, second,
in iiruning these you will cut one
hai'iler than the other. Thus one will

become a leader and the other a side
branch. If you continue this, the whole
branch becomes a strong leader, with
a great many side branches, which dis-
tribute the strain in such a way as to
reduce the breakage to a minimum.

Classes of Non-Bearing Trees

For convenience of discussion, we
may divide the young or non-bearing
trees into three classes: First, those
trees from one to four years of age.
This is the formative period, the body-
building period of the young tree.
-Second, the period from four to seven
years of age. I have called this the
critical age. It is a transition period
from the body-building, on the one
hand, to the heavy-fruiting on the
other. With Yellow Xewtowns, Bald-
wins, Winter Nelis, Comice, and many
others we could mention, the pruning
at this time will determine to a very
large degree the fruitfulness of the
trees for a number of years to come.
The third class or group of trees are
those from seven to twelve years of
age, which have reached the bearing
age, but as yet have not borne a com-
mercial crop. Before taking up the
details of pruning these three classes
of trees, summer i)runing and its rela-
tion to such trees may be considered.

Summer Pruning as Adapted to Young
Non-Bearing Trees

During the past two years we have
heard much about summer pruning,
and with many summer pruning has
become a fad, and some expect mar-
velous results. While summer prun-
ing is not new, it is true, however, that
it has been more generally used the
past few years than formerly, and like
everything that is .just coming into gen-
eral practice, is being overdone. Many
people are expecting too much from
summer pruning.

Let us consider first the summer
pruning for our young trees during the
formative period, that being the ages
from one to four. In many cases not
much pruning will be done during the
first summer of the tree's life, as the
trees often do not make very much
growth the first season, but where
they do make a vigorous growth and
make it by the middle of .lune or early
July it will often be found to advantage
to head the trees at that time, cutting
them back just about the same way that
you would cut them back the following
spring. That is, if you have a long
terminal growth, 12 to 30 inches in
length, cut it back to the point where
you desire to force out new laterals for
the future body building of the tree.
Now, you may have a tree that is run-
ning to one or two branches at the
expense of all the others. It would
be well to pinch back these strong
branches so as to hold them back for
the time being and thus encourage the
weaker branches to grow. By the sec-
ond year nearly all these trees can be
greatly benefiled by summer pruning.
This may come any time from the lat-
ter part of May up to the middle of
.July, generally about the middle of
.hine. It consists of cutting back the

IQI5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

rank terminal growth so as to force
out the laterals and allow them to
make a good growth and become hard-
ened before fall. In this way you will
gain a whole year in the framework of
your trees. A good practice to follow
with such trees is to do most of the
heading back in .Tunc and most of the
thinning out in March or April, or
whenever the winter pruning is done.
However, should the trees after they
are pruned in June make such a rank
growth that they need some topping
back again the following spring, you
should by all means do so. In nearly
all cases it will be advisable to do some
topping back of the terminals, or else
the terminal bud will incline to con-
tinue this growth, producing a long
leggy branch. If no topping is done on
these shoots in spring it will be neces-
sary to give them a heavy heading
back in summer, to prevent their be-
coming too long before producing
desirable laterals. You should remove
from these young trees, during the
summer time, any undesirable growth,
branches which you know will never
be of any value to the tree and are
growing at the expense of some branch
which should be developed. We would
caution, however, against the too
strenuous thinning out of young trees.
We are of the opinion that we have
overdone the thinning out of lateral
branches.

This pruning which is given to these
young trees, while it does not as a rule
directly induce fruitfulness, will tend
to bring the trees up to the critical
period in much better condition than
otherwise, since it tends to balance the
tree; and since it distributes the prun-
ing over two periods of the year, it
eliminates the necessity for very vig-
orous pruning which so many growers
give trees. The heavy winter pruning
given young trees serves as a stimulus
and often causes too much vegetative
growth.

Some growers are opposed to sum-
mer pruning on the grounds that such
pruning weakens the tree, that it is de-
vitalizing, that it is unwise to remove
any of the leaves as they are the
"lungs" and manufacturing organs of
the tree. We feel that it would be only
in very extreme cases that summer
pruning would ever be devitalizing, and
certainly not where one makes the
single summer pruning as already rec-
ommended. Such pruning in some
cases might give increased vigor; in
others very little ditTerence will be
noted; while in still others the growth
may be modified to the extent that
there is less vegetative growth, but
even in the last case there is modifica-
tion rather than devitalization. The
result of a single summer pruning as
recommended for these young trees is
not so much a question of vigor as it
is a question of change in direction of
growth or energy. Tlie clipping back
of the terminal, forces the growth into
desirable new lateral framework rather
than into a useless additional terminal
growth. There aie cases where fre-
quent sunnner pruning at short in-

FiGURE 30 — An example of unequal growth. Branch .1 is growing at the
expense of the other branches in the tree and should be suppressed.

tervals during the summer has a tend-
ency to check or dwarf a tree; for ex-
ample, in growing dwarf trees we must
not only have a dwarfing stock but we
must practice frequent pinching back
of shoots. Again, we have seen walnut
trees dwarfed by removal of all lateral
growth for a period of years. These
last two cases, however, are extreme
and represent excessively frequent
pruning. The greatest danger of de-
vitalizing young trees does not come
from a single summer pruning, but
rather from allowing too heavy bearing
of young trees.

We shall now consider summer
pruning as related to our second class
of trees, namely, those from four to
seven years of age. These trees have
now gone through their formative
period and should have good trunks
and scall'old limbs, and shoidd be aj)-
Iiroaching that i)eriod when they can
begin to bear heavy crops. We shall
modify summer ijruning for these trees,
as compared with the yoiuiger trees.
In this case we are to work wilh the
idea of trying to induce fiiiilfidness

directly if possible. The iiruning will
generally come consideraljly later with
these older trees. There is no definite
time to set. We recommend, however,
tliat the pruning be done at the time the
terminal buds are forming on the ends
of the shoots. You will note the leaves
are beginning to get larger on the ends
of the twigs, and if you will look
closely you will see that the terminal
bud is forming. At that time, which in
the Willamette Valley, for example, is
generall>- abotd the middle of .luly, we
cut back the terminal growth, cutting it
back to the i)oint where it is desired
to force out new laterals for another
year's growth. The cutting at this time
seems to cause a thickening of the
branches, piolj.ihly an accimnihition of
tissues around the buds, and with some
varieties, pi-obal)I.\-, will lead to direct
fruiting the following season. With
others, however-, it will simi)ly tend to
keep the trees in balance, and probably
encourage earlier fruiting than would
otherwise be true. That is, your rc-
sidls may come in two or three years
rather than in one year. If this prun-

Papc 10

BETTER FRUIT

November

FiGUBE 31 — A good example of proper balance between branches. Note that

wherever there is a crotch in most cases one branch is stronger tlian the

other. .\t .\.\ is a bad fork due to even cutting.

ing is done at about tlie rigtit time very
little secondary growth will take place,
and what does will naturally be very
small. Of course we realize that in
many cases these trees four to seven
years of age do not harden up until
late in September or even in October,
and then it would be too late to do any
pruning to advantage. Even though
summer pruning with these trees might
not lead to an increase in fruiting the
following summer, it would be a (Hs-

tinct help in keeping the trees in bal-
ance and in eliminating the excessive
cutting which might otherwise be
necessary the following spring.

We shall consider for just a moment
the trees which are from eight to ten
or twelve years of age which should
be in fruiting, but have never borne.
These trees have almost always been
over-stinnilated. They have been over-
]3runed, over-tilled, over-irrigated; they
liave had some one stimulus or a com-
Ijination of stimuli given them which
results in forcing back wood growth,
producing heavy large leaves, but little
or no fruit. The remedy is to remove
the stimulus, whatever it may be, and
prune several limes a year.

Summer pruning for such trees will
come probably more about the time
you should prime the very young trees;
that is, along in .lune. At each time
wlien the terminal growth has reached
such a length that >ou can see it is
going to become excessive, it should be
cut back and the trees thinned out
somewhat, and the follow-ing spring a
lillle more thinning and i)runing out
could be done to advantage. The appli-
cation of summer pruning to these trees

should be largely merely a distribution
of the pruning over two periods, thus
avoiding an excessive pruning. Only
in very rare cases could you expect
(Hrect results from such pruning. Re-
sults will come indirectly in bringing
the trees back to their normal balance.
It often becomes necessary to reduce
the amount of tillage or irrigation
given such trees and in cases where the
growth is abnormally excessive it is
sometimes found advisable even to
check this by growing crops between
the trees, such as hay or grain.
Continued in next issue

It is reported that Mr. H. F. David-
son states that the guarantee-fund plan
which was instrumental in advancing
the price on pears in Yakima Valley,
made $10,000 extra money for the pear
growers. Prices on pears were ad-
vanced from .$15.00 to .$17.50 per ton;
and by the box went from 65 cents to
75 cents to 85 cents. Bartlett pears,
which started low at the early part of
the season, the latter part of August
were reported as selling at -^l.OO per
box in various districts throughout the
Northwest.

The cherry crop of the Northwest
has brought excellent prices this year.
Canneries have paid five cents per
pound for Royal Anns, or .$100 per ton.
One cherry grower in Hood River, J. R.
Nunamaker, realized considerably over
$4,000 on four acres of cherries.

Now is the Shooter's Time

The call of the woods, the fields
and the marshes is not: to be denied.

Get readyl See that your scatter-
gun is oiled and easy. Get shells
loaded with

SHOTGUN POWDERS

Dupont :: Ballistite Sehultze

Du Pont Black Sporting Powder

Each has irs good points — each has its
friends and all are bound to gcX. desired results
if your aim is right.

Write for booklet 53-f-S

E.I.Du Pont De Nemours &. Company
Wilmington, Delaware

THE SIZE

is gi\en on pajje 4.

There are also other points of interest

tn orchardists.

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page II

All Isn't
Gold
That

Glitters

BUT

a glitter
conveys a

better

impression

than a

coat

of rust

^

mm

i

If you think eiRniyh "1 the K""iI^ INSIHH; of ymir jiaokai;'', tlien by all mean:
put a high class covering on the OUTSIDE.

BEST QUALITY ONLY

Labels, Cartons, Posters, Corrugated Containers

SCHMIDT LITHOGRAPH CO.

SAN FRANCISCO
Los Angeles, Fresno, Portland, Seattle, Salt Lake City

Horticultural Exhibit Panama-Pacific Exposition

[Editorial Bureau, Pannma-Pac

THAT the horticultural exhibit at the
Panania-Pacilie International Expo-
sition at San Francisco will far surpass
in magnitude and general scope all pre-
vious exhibitions of the kind held any-
where is the opinion of experts who
have examined the exhibit in detail.
Fourteen acres will be devoted to hor-
ticultural purposes, five of these cov-
ered by the I'alacc of Horticulture, a
$341,000 structure with a great glass
dome 152 feet in diameter as the hot-
house center, and nine acres of outside
garden. The horticultural exhibit, within
the palace and without, will include
representative displays touching prac-
tically every important phase of horti-
culture as it is carried on in China,
Japan, England, Scotland, Ireland, Aus-
tralia, New Zealand, Canada, The Neth-
erlands, France, Italy, Argentina, Cuba,
the Philippines, Hawaii, and the follow-
ing slates of this continent: Oregon,
Washington, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Ne-
vada, California, Colorado, Missouri,
Kansas, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Indi-
ana, Ohio, Louisiana, New York, Massa-
chusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania,
New Jersey, Florida and Maryland.

As a whole the horticultural exhibit
of the exposition has been planned with
a fivefold purpose: to appeal with e(iual
interest to the tourist, the visitor, the
student, the business man and the in-
vestor. The tourist will see the pride
and the glory of the soil from the other
sections of the world. The visitor will
be entertaineil by the beauty and novel
wonder of all that is before him. The
student will find here an unexanijjled
opportunity to increase his knowledge
on all points i)ertaining to the horti-
culture of the earth. The business man

iflr International Exposition]

will find the exhibits of commercial
products so arranged as to permit the
placing of orders on the spot. And
the investor will be able to discover
through actual living evidence the pro-
ductive possibilities of soil from almost
every section of the earth.

Every participating state and nation
will have part of its display in the out-
side garden. The Netherlands and the
State of Massachusetts will show their
exhibits outdoors exclusively. Holland's
unified exhibits were presented under
the auspices of the National Hoard of
Horticulture and will present the quint-
essence of lloral culture as it is carried
on by the famous growers of that coun-
try. A flowering mass of 00,(1(1(1 bulbs
is but an item in this gorgeous part of
the exposition. Trees which have at-
tained years of growth in their native
Dutch soil will be seen here. Rhodo-
dendrons, trained conifers and numer-
ous growing l)otanical specimens will
be seen, all set out in a landscape ell'ect
arranged by 1). T. Tersteeg, of Maarden,
Holland, the most noted of the land-
scape architects of his country. Massa-
chusetts' display will be representative
of the state and will be presented by
her most noted growers. It will be a
Colonial garden designed by Stephen
Chilli, one of the foremost of his pro-
fession in the I'nited States. Notable
features will be gladioli exhibits by
Arthur Cowes, John Lewis Child and
R. Hammond Tracy, the most noted
gladioli growers in America. There
will also be a magnificent assemblage
of stately carnations, .showing new var-
ieties. The California exhibit will in-
clude an extensive showing of Luther
Rurbank's famous creations. The Jai)a-

nese garden will be a rare work of art
and will hold many surprises for the
exposition visitor.

In that portion of the exhibit known
as the "Eastern garden" will be found
a magnificent exhibition of roses from
Rhode Island and Maryland, heliotropes
of extiuisite color and ricli fragrance
from New Jersey, and iris and peonies
from Pennsylvania. The rose competi-
tion has excited international interest.
A prize of .fl,000 has been offered by
the exposition to the grower producing
the finest rose, hitherto unnamed and
unexhibited, but which is to be brought
forth for the admiration of the world
at this exposition. The prize will be
awarded by an international .jury of
award and whatever rose receives the
award will be given a name commemo-
rative of the exposition that brought it
to fame. Among the renowned rose
growers who will have entries in this
contest are Hugh Dickson, Relfast, Ire-
land; Samuel McGredy & Son, Pots-
down, Ireland; E. Pernet Ducher, Ven-
issieux-Lyon, France; Dobbie & Son,
Edinburgh, Scotland; S. Hide & Son,
Farnham, Surrey, England; E. G. Hill,
Indiana; Hrant-Hentz Flower Company,
New Jersey.

In the palace the visitor will find
beneath the great dome the exhibit of
Cuba, mycrocycus 1,000 years old, royal
palms, giant tree ferns, tropical lilies,
bamboo palms, breadfruit and banana
trees, mangoes, guanabana, cocoanut
trees and date palms in actual bearing.
Hawaii, Australia and the Philippines
will exhibit tropical displays, from the
Phili]3])ines coming one bed of 400 var-
ieties of orchids, all dilferent, but blend-
ing their wealth of colors in one pic-
turesque expanse of beauty. A feature
of Japan's display will be an aquarium
of gold fish, giving the typical Oriental
finish to the exhibit of rare specimens
from that country.

The economic section of the horti-
cultural exhibit will also be housed in
the palace, the idea here being to show
plant life in its relation to actual life.
A model cannery, the combined exhibit
of the National Canners' Association,

Experienced Orchardist
and Farmer

with several years' experience In both
Hood River and Wenatchee, wishes situa-
tion as manager of an orchard or diver-
sified farm. Best of references. Address
Otis Tetherow, R-1, Hood River, Oref^on.

Western Pine Box Sales Co.

HIGH GRADE FRUIT BDXES

APPLE, PEAR AND:PEACH BOXES

Fruit and Vegetable Crates

GOOD SERVICE-Wrlte us

SPOKANE, WASH.

WANTED

a flrst-class experienced man to take
charge of a bearing orchard. Wenatchee
District. State experience and wages
expected; also give references. Ciood
position for right man. Reply XV. care
.'Better Fruit," Hood River. Oregon.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

Noz'cinbcr

SPRAYINC-PAINTING-DISINFErriNG

Get your orchards and trees in prime condition this
Fall and they will require but liule attention next Spnng.
for FaJI spraying with a Myers Spray Pump destroys
scale and similar diseases at the nght time.

The MYERS POWER SPRAY RIG shov\-n below is
buiJt for high pressure work where extensive spraying
operations are carried on. and is complete wiih tank.
tower, pump and accessones ra::!y for engine and wagon
trucks. Oiherlypesof Myers Spray Ouifiis include small
Bucket and Knapsack Sprayers, and medium and large
capacity Barrel and Tank Oulfils for hand or power
operalion— All are proven, tested and completely equipp-
ed with Nozzles. Hose and Accessones, ready to spray.

Send today for 64 page Catalog— MYERS SPRAY
PUMPS for SPRAYING. PAINTING. DISINFECTING
ll shows all styles and gives Tables. Formulas and
DirecUons How and When to Spray.

ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOLWORKS

120 ORANGE ST. ASHLAND, OHIO.

THE WEIGHT

is given on page 4.

There are also other points of interest

to orchardists.

The

First

National

Bank

Hood River, Oregon

Capital and Surplus
$135,000

4% Interest Paid on Savings
and Term Deposits

F. S. STANLEY, President
E. 0. BLANCHAR, Cashier

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

will be shown in operation, conducted
by Dr. and Mrs. A. W. Bitting, the most
noted technologists in America. The
cannery exhibit will demonstrate the
various processes involved in fruit can-
ning, from the moment the fruit is re-
ceived in boxes to the final detail of
being crated for delivery to the grocer.
There will be a com])rehensive exhibit
of dried fruits in airtight sanitary pack-
ages. An ingenious display of horti-
cultural machinery will be a feature,
showing everything up-to-date in the
line of appliances and implements. In
general the exhibits cover every detail
pertaining to the soil, its cultivation
and adornment.

Destroy Insects by Fall Plowing

If you want to kill the army worms,
cutworms, Hessian Hies, grasshoi)pers
and otlier highly injurious insects plow
your fields this fall. Fall plowing,
disking and harrowing within the next
few weeks will break up the nests,
cells and protecting cases of many in-
sects and exjjose them to the rigors of
winter weather. This will completely
destroy many of our most injurious in-
sects and greatly diminish the numbers
of others. Fall plowing does not afi'ect
all insects alike because they pass the
winter in the soil in different stages.
The grasshfippers and the corn root
lice pass the winter in the egg .stage;
the cutworms, army worms, wire
worms and white grubs hibernate in
the soil in the worm stage; the fall
army worms, corn-ear worms and
garden-web worms pass the winter in
the pupa or resting stage: and the click
beetles. May beetles and potato beetles
hibernate in the soil as adult beetles.
Many insects are crushed and destroyed
in their wintering stages by plowing
and disking. Others are brought up
nearer the surface, and not being able
to go deeper into the soil or to con-
struct new cases are exposed to the
ravages of birds and other animals.
They are also subjected to excessive
cold and moisture, to alternate freezing
and thawing, and are killed. Old
wheat stubble fields full of volunteer
wheat, weeds and grass arc now har-
boring Hessian flies, army worms, cut-
worms, grasshopper eggs and plant
lice, all of which may be destroyed by
fall i)lowing. If these old stubble fields
are not plowed until next spring
serious injury may occur to corn,
wheat and other crops in the neigh-
borhood. The Hessian files coming
from the volunteer wheat next spring
may completely destroy late - sown
wheat. — T. .1. Talbert, University of
Missouri, College of Agriculture.

How to Make Vinegar
The housewife, either on tlie farm or
in the city, who makes her own vinegar
may be assured of both its purity and
strength if she follows certain specific
directions, according to Miss Carrie
Pancoast of the Missouri College of
Agriculture, (iood vinegar can be pre-
l)aicd from cider. Fill a barrel or cask
half or two-thirds full. A considerable
surface of the liquid must be exposed

to the air. For this purpose, bore two-
inch holes in opposite sides of the bar-
rel— one near the surface of the liquid
and one near the top of the barrel.
Cover the holes with wire netting to
prevent the entrance of files. One of
three metliods may be pursued in the
formation of vinegar from the cider —
(1) allow the cider to stand until
souring occurs; (2) add a little vinegar
of good (luality, or (3) hasten the
process by the addition of the "mother
of vinegar," a portion of the film which
has developed on the surface of vine-
gar previously prepared. Fart of the
vinegar may be drawn ofT and the loss
made good with fresh cider, using care
not to break the film. The added cider
will rapidly be converted into vinegar,
and the process may be repeated in
three or four weeks. When drawn ofi",
the vinegar should be strained and
placed in tightl\-stop])ered Vi'ssels —
otherwise it will lose its strength. —
University of ^lissouri.

The Pacific International Live .Stock
Fxijosition will be held in Portland at
the Union Stock Yards, North Portland,
December (i-ll. As many fruitgrowers
are going extensively into the dairying
business, hogs and sheep as side lines,
this exposition, which is one of the
finest held in the Northwest, or any-
where else in the United States for that
mailer, will give every visitor wonder-
ful opportunities to learn about stock,
the care of stock, and the kind of stock
that pays to raise. No fruitgrower who
is I'aising stock or expecting to should
fail to attend this show.

The Oregon Nursery Company, Oren-
co, Oregon, one of the largest and most
progressive nurseries in the Northwest,
has added a landscape gardening de-
partment, having secured the services
of a specialist, Mr. H. F. Burdette, who
is a practical man in this line of work,
for the inn-pose of assisting all patrons
of this company to enable them to lay
out their gardens, lawns, etc., around
their homes in the most attractive man-
ner possible.

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7. 122' 2 Grand Ave., Portland, Oregron

"Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees. Shrubs, Vines, Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast GrowTi Seedlinps

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

Write Now Perfection Currants Write Now

Caught 51 Rats One Week

Trap resets Itself: 22 Inches high ; will last
for years; can't get out of order; weighs
7 pounds. Cheese Is used, doing away with
poisons. This trap does its work, never
fails and is always ready for the next rat.
When rats and mice pass device they die.
Rats are disease carriers, also cause fires.
Rat catcher sent prepaid on receipt of J:i.OO:
Mouse catcher. 10 inches high, $1.00. Money
backif not satisfied. One of these rat catchers
should be in every school building.

H. D. SWiRTS, INVENTOR AND MANUFACTURER

I'niversal Rat and Mouse Trap
Box ,566 SCRANTON. PA.

WUEN WRITING .\nVF.RTISERS MENTION BETTKR FBCIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page

Planting Narcissus, Daffodil and Tulip
Bulbs for Next Spring
There is niithini,' tliiit will lieaiitify a
lawn (|uik' so imich as a bed of tulips,
dafTodils and narcissus blooniini' in the
early spring. The beds should be pre-
pared in the fall. As a general rule
bulbs should be jdanted in October and
November, so that the roots may make
a good growth before cold weather sets
in. Bulbs require a moderately rich
soil that is well drained. Narcissus
and daffodil bulbs should be set about
ten inches apart and live inches deep,
and tulip bulbs should be set five inches
apart and four inches deep, but this
will depend largely on the size of the
bulb. A good rule to go by is to cover
the bulbs with soil one and one-half
times their depth. When the ground
freezes it is a good idea to cover the
beds with a light mulch of straw or
leaves, which should be removed early
in the spring. After blossoming in the
spring allow from six to ten weeks for
the foliage to die, when the bulbs can
be taken up. Shake the soil from the
roots and put them in a cool place
where they will ripen, until time for
planting in the fall. If bulbs are wanted

Hood River Pruning & Grafting Wax

READY FOR USE

Without Heating

l-lb. Can, pnstpaid, ilOc

Made by

A. NIEHANS, Hood River, Oregon, R 2

PORTLAND

Only One Night at Sea

between

Portland and San Francisco

via

"The North Bank Road"

and the palatial SS

"Great Northern"
"Northern Pacific"

$0 A Round Trip

"^OM from Portland
$33.40 Round Trip

from White Salmon
Daily till November 3

E. A. GIBERT, Agent S. P. & S. Ry.
Wliite Salmon, Wash.

R. H. CROZIER, A. G. P. A.
Portland. Ore.

for house culture the soil should be
light and rich, one-third good soil, one-
third sand and one-third thoroughly
rotted manure, and the bulbs planted
thickly, so they almost touih. As soon
as planted they should be well watered
and pul away in a cool dry place. If
the room is light they should be covered
to keep them dark. If the soil gets dr\
water them, but not oftener than everx
two weeks. Bring them out after about
lour to six weeks, when they should be
watered freely. A very good idea, if
one has several pots of bulbs, is to
bring them out about two weeks apart,
and in this way a succession of flowers
can be had all winter and spring.

The North Pacific Fruit Distributors
through their manager, J. H. Bobbins,
stale that they will control about the
same percentage of tonnage this year
as last year. J. H. Bobbins, manager,
attendeil the Inlernational Ajjple Ship-
pers" convention at Chicago and re-
ported the apple crop of the United
Slates much less than last year — ap-
proximately about 50 per cent.

Mr. AVilmer Sieg, sales manager of
the Hood Biver Apple Growers' Asso-
ciation, attended the International
.\p|)le Shippers' Association meeting
held in Chicago in August, reporting
the apple situation as much more
favorable in the way of prices this
year. In fact Mr. Sieg is optimistic
about obtaining reasonably good prices
this year.

B. \. Perhani, sales manger of the
North Pacific Fruit Distributors, re-
I)orted in August that the peach crop
would amount to 1,200 carloads, and il
is also his ojjinion that the crop will be
marketed west of Kansas City and
.Minnea|)olis.

Mr. ,Iohn Steel of Parma, Idaho, who
is one of the largest prune orchardists
in that state, owning about U)v\y acres
in ijrunes and sixty acres in apples, has
signed up his crop with the North
Pacific Fruit Distributors.

Mr. L. J. Blot, formerly of the North
Pacific Fruit Distributors, is sales man-
ager of the Spokane Fruit tirowers
Co., a man credited with having splen-
did salesman ability and an extensive
accpiaintance with the tratle.

'file strawbeny weevil pest is re-
l)orted as doing extensive damage to
the stiawberry patches aroimd Ken-
newick.

Loganberry juice has been given a
.great boost through the i)raise awarded
it by William ,)ennings Bryan.

The pear crop of all of the Eastern
States is reported much less than last
year.

Rats.

H. D. Swarts, of Scranton, Pa., has
invented a ral catcher thai caught over
100 rats in a month in one establish-
ment. See his ad. in this issue. — Adv.

FALL SOWING

Tested Vetch, Clover, Timothy and

Grass Cover Crops— Sold by Dealers

Send lor Price List.

The Ch«s. H. Lilly Co.

Scatlle.Wash.

U.S.A.

J/r. Shipper:

Cold
Store

— Yonr APPLES with us in
L08 ANGELES and feed
out to the eoDsuiuing' pub-
lic .TS market demands and
PKICES SUIT.

LOS ANGELES is the dis-
tributing center of the great
Southwest.

California apple crop 1,800
cars short this season.

Big Market for your Apples.

We operate the largest and
best equipped Coltl Storage
warehouses on the Pacitic
Coast.

DIRECT EAILKOAI) CON-
NECTIONS — RATES
REASONABLE.

We .shall appreciate your bus-
iness and will show our ap-
preciation by the high qual-
ity of service we render you.

//' »v (■(HI he (if sen- ice to ijoti
in fitntixhitHj tJtita <nf mtirkrt
ruiidUUDis, J'vi'l J'rvc lo (V/// on
111 mill il irill hi- oiiy pUiiKure
to svn-f ijiiit.

Los Angeles Ice and
Cold Storage Co.

P.O. Box 643, Station C

Los Angeles

California

W ii:N WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

\\"IEV WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FI'TIJI

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

November

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growere' Association
A Montlily Illustrated Magazine Publislied in the
Interest of Modern Fruit Groiring and Marlteting

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publisbino; Company

E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher

STATK ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallis

H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Corvallis

H. F. Wilson, Entomologist CorvalUs

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris, Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C, P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering, State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor, Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W, H. Wicks, Horticulturist Moscow

W. S. Thomber, Horticulturist Lewiston

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Wliipple, Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNLA

C. W. Woodworth, Entomologist Berkeley

W. H. Volck, Entomologist Wausonville

Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R, M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage, $1-50

ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-clasa matter December 27, 1906. at the

Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Over Production. — About six or seven
years ago, at one of the National Apjjle
shows, in an address made by one of
the raihoad presidents, he stated that
in the year 11)15 the Northwest would
ship 50,000 carloads of apples and in
the year 1920 150,000 carloads of
apples. A short time afterwards, Bet-
ter Fruit editorially stated that it did
not believe the apple shipments in litlo
would exceed 15,000 carloads, to any
great extent. The year 1015 has arrived
and nearly gone. The apple tonnage
of the four Northwestern slates will be
in the neighborhood of 7000 cars and
some estimate as low as (JOOO. Last year
the shipments were somewhere be-
tween 12,000 and 1.3,000 cars. Mad this
yeai' protkiced a normal crop instead
of about 00 to 70 per cent, on account
of the increased age of the trees the
tonnage would have been somewhere
around the neighborhood of 15,000 cars
and in all probability would not have
exceeded that amount very greatly. The
Northwest, on an average, has not
increased in tonnage probably more
than 20 to 25 per cent over any pre-
vious normal year which was not
exceedingly heavy or unusually light.
If this rate of increase should be con-
tinued ami maintained, it w(juld mean
that in the year 1020 the Northwest
would probably ship about ,'?0,OIH) car-
loads. However, it is possilile anil even
probable that the increaseil planting
during the years 1910 and 1911 will
increase the tonnage beyond the esti-
mated 25 per cent per year, and it is
possible that the Northwest in the year
1920 may shi]) somewhere between
30,000 and 50,000 carloads, which is a
long ways from 150,000 carloads, as
prophesied by a prominent speaker at
the National Apple Show a few years
ago. It must be evident to a man who

is familiar with the tonnage and the
Northwest conditions, that the enor-
mous over production is not the bug-
bear that a good many prophesied it
would be a few years ago. When the
slump first came in 1912, apple plant-
ings stopped. Consequently there has
been no setting of trees since that time.
In the year 1921) all of the trees set in
the Northwest will be eight years of
age, when they reach a fair bearing
capacity. After that time, therefore, it
is doubtful if there will be any material
increase in the tonnage of apples in the
Northwest for some years to come.

Marketing Wormy Apples. — The cod-
ling moth was more severe in the
Northwest in its ravages this year than
for many years in the past. In various
districts the damage tlone in the way of
stings and worm holes has been esti-
mated in many orchards as varying
from 10 to 75 per cent. Of course there
are a number of orchardists who have
been extremely successful, who have
sprayed so thoroughly and so well that
their damage is less than 2 per cent.
In some districts, special arrangements
have been made for marketing fruit
damaged by the codling moth, the
authorities feeling that on account of
the short crop, there would be an
opportunity to dispose of this fruit,
helping out the grower and accommo-
tlating the public by supplying this
grade at a moderate price. Consequently
arrangements have been effected by
which fruit affected by codling moth
can be shipped in vegetable crates,
unwrapped, making it evident that
thei'e is no misrepresentation. Of course
where the quantity of fruit affected by
codling moth is large in the district, it
is only natural that growers should
want to realize in some way if possible.
It is to be regretted that such a condi-
tion exists. The districts which have
only a small quantity affected in this
way are indeed fortunate, because
they can well affortl then to send this
grade to the vinegar factory. One
observation in conclusion seems impor-
tant, and that is, this fruit sliouki be
marketed with good .judgment and kept
out of our best consuming markets that
handle our extra fancy and fancy
grades of fruit, for which they are will-
ing to pay a satisfactory price. The
Northwest must keej) up its standard of
([uality to the fullest possible extent.

Advertising the Apple to Increase
Consumption. — Every man connected
with the marketing of apples appreci-
ates fully the imijortance of advertising
to create a demand. In fact, a great
many growers also realize the impor-
tance of an extensive publicity cam-
paign. The trouble seems to be, how-
ever, this year in raising a sufficient
fund. The apple growers were short
on account of low prices last year, and
although the pi'ice looked good for this
present season, the average apple
grower consideis himself wise, and is
not going to spend any money before
he gets it. Under these circumstances,
it was difficult to raise the fund neces-
sary for the right kind of an advertis-

ing campaign, but with the value of
advertising made evident to the fruit
grower, with good prices and good
returns this year, there is little doubt
but what the growers in the different
districts will come cheerfully forward
next year with enough per box, through
the associations throu,gh which they
ship, to put on a campaign that will
increase the consumption of apples and
create an increased demand, just the
same as the demand has been created
and the consumijtion increased by the
orange growers in Southern California
and all the different food product man-
ufacturers of America, like Cream of
Wheat, Toasted Corn Flakes, Sunny
Jim, etc.

Walnut Growing. — The success of the
early pioneers in the English walnut
industry, originally in the Willamette
Valley, was so marked that a great
many walnut groves have been set dur-
ing the last few years, which have very
recently come into bearing and are ful-
filling in every way the expectations of
the planters, who are producing good
crops of superior quality which are
selling at a good price. The Franquette
walnut seems to be the favorite. The
Mayette is another variety favored
also. The Frantiuette is one of the
best flavored walnuts that the editor
has ever tasted. Last year he was pre-
sented with ten pounds, and unhesitat-
ingly pronounces it the best flavored
walnuts he had yet tasted. There are
a great many walnut groves in the Wil-
lamette Valley which ai'c producing
([uite extensively, a ready market being
founil for all that is produced. Recently
considerable attention has been given
the walnut industry in the Yakima Val-
ley, and upon investigation, Mr. Wig-
gins of the Washington Nursery, has
found a grove which is over thirty
years okl, in fine condition, the nuts
being large and of excellent quality. It
is quite evident from the success of this
grove and odd trees planted here and
there, that the climate antl soil of the
Yakima Valley is suited for the tender
walnuts such as mentioned above. The
walnut growers of the Northwest are
showing tlieir interest in the develop-
ment of tile intkistry, holding a meet-
ing in Portland, during the first week
of November.

The Value of Our Association Sales-
men.— Too fre(|uently we hear the
I'emark: "I can sell apples just as well
as anybody else." Perhaps you can;
but in order to be a good salesman or
sales manager, one must not only be
familiar with all of the different varie-
ties and grades, their eating (lualities,
their cooking ([ualities, and their keep-
ing (|ualilies, but he must possess a
knowletlge of crop condition in all of
the various districts and above all, he
should possess an extensive actpiain-
tanceship with the dealers who are our
purchasers. Very few indiviilual grow-
ers ])ossess such qualifications. Any-
body can sell apples. Yes, but it takes
a salesman to realize the market value
of our apples, and the market value is
all that any one can expect.

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 15

By-Products. — The By-Product Com-
mittee has not accomplished as much
as was anticipated, for which there
seems to be a very good reason. After
considerable investigation on the part
of the By-Product Committee, it wisely
arrived at the conclusion that the
whole success of the fruit industry did
not depend entirely on by-products or
primarily upon by-products, but that
the future of the fruit industry must
depend, first, upon the satisfactory dis-
tribution and sales of fresh fruit, and
therefore most of the members of the
By-Product Committee realized the
necessity of assisting to create a mar-
ket for fresh fruits, giving most of their

The Power

is given on page 4.

There are also other points of interest

to orchardists.

W. van Diem

Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49, Bl, 81

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Frulti

Eldest and First-Class
House in this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandlem
ABC Code used; 5th Edition

Our Specialties are

Apples, Pears, Navel Oranges

Things We Are Agents For

Knox Hats
Alfred Benjamin & Co.'s Clothing

Dr. Jaeger Underwear

Dr. Deimel Linen Mesh Underwear

Dent's and Fownes' Glovea

Buffum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

J.& H. Goodwin, Ltd.

APPLE IMPORTERS

Commercial Sale Room, Deansgate,
Manchester, England.

Floral Street, Covent Oarden Market,

London, England.

Fruit Exchange, Victoria Street

Liverpool, England.

Huniber Dock Street,

Hull, England.

AMEIUCAN ADDRESSES:

97 Warren Street, New York, N. V.
60 State Street, Boston, Mass.

ConNl^nmentN and I'orrespondence Soliolted

attention and time to tliat subject. Much
has been done along this line by the
By-Producl Committee, it being instru-
mental in calling together the Growers'
Council. As this influence has already
produced good results, it seems timely
that the attention of the By-Product
Committee should again be called to
the subject of by-products. Every year
there will be a large amount of all
varieties of fruits which for various
reasons cannot be marketed as fresh.
In the apijle business in particular very
many apples are either affected by
worm stings, fungus, bruises or other-
wise below grade, so they are not sale-
able as fresh fruit. The value of such
ranges anywhere from ■*6.fl0 to flO.UO
per ton. In the aggregate this is cpiite
a large sum to the fruit grower, par-
ticularly the one who has a large-sized
tract. As an instance, a fruit grower
who has a full-bearing orchard with
a reasonably clean crop will realize
from the vinegar factory about .f'J.OO
per acre this year. A man with forty
acres will average for the by-product
factory from one to two tons per acre,
which at the low figure of -SO. 00 per ton
would bring from .'S6.00 to i?12.00 per
acre. This would mean to the apple
grower who had forty acres from
.$240.00 to .$480.00; .$480.00 will pay the
grocery and meat bills for the average
family for a year. With a good by-pro-
duct factory this means just so much
money saved because the fruit grower
has to pay out this amount and even
more to pick, haul and grade out the
stuff that is unshippable, and by dis-
posing of it to the vinegar factory he
has the opportunity of getting back his
money, and .$480.00 saved in this way
is just as good as $480.00 made in any
other way.

South America as an Apple Market. —

So many reports have appeared in
print about the opportunities existing
in South America as an apple maiket,
that it seems worth while for the apple
shipping concerns of the Northwest to
give South American business their
earnest attention. The government
recently sent a man to South America
for the benefit of the apple growers of
America. This man lived there, speak-
ing Spanish. Before going this gentle-
man visited the editor at his office in
Hood River, explaining the situation
quite fully in advance. Without doubt
.South America will take an immense
cfuantity of our fruit, but before this
can be done, necessary arrangements
will have to be made both in the way
of transportation, financing details, and
proper connections. But the opportun-
ity is so great that it shouUI have spe-
cial investigation by the apple growers
through their shipping concerns.

Manufacturers' and Land Products
Show. — The editor visited the Land
Products Show when in Portland last
week, and i)ronounces it the best show
that Portland has ever held of this
class. The disjilays of diversified farm
products made by the different coun-
ties were among the most attractive,
interesting and beneficial features of

HERE ARE THE

Cut Prices

ON

Fruit Ladders

6-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod $0 ylA
Ladder Z.4U

8-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod Q <)A
Ladder d,L\)

10-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod A AA
Ladder ^.\)\)

12-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod A Q(\
Ladder 4.0U

14-ft. Mitchell Tri-Pod r (*(\
Ladder J.DU

At these prices (for a first-class
ladder) you simply cannot aiiford
NOT to send us a money order
or check for one of these ladders
BUY A

Mitchell-Keystone
_ ^, Cider Mill

°ifM(^ and you will get

111 i-iESal-r^*^! more for your
money.

tf-llll^^^ Three Sizes

3- Prices upon request.

Portland, Ore.
Spokane, Wn.
Boise, Idaho

the entire show. The exhibit of manu-
factured goods "made in the North-
west" also commanded the attention of
the visitor in a very forcible way. The
exhibit of home-made manufactured
goods will be a strong factor in educat-
ing the public as to what is manufac-
tured at home, and with continued
effort along this line, a large increase
in business can be develo]H'd for home
manufacturers, which will contribute
to the prosperity of the Northwest. The
apple exhibits were not large. How-
ever, The Dalles had an excellent dis-
play of fifty boxes, and Hood Hiver
about thirty boxes, consisting of Spitz-
enbergs and Xewtowns. One display,
made by (ius Miller, of fifteen boxes of
Newtowns, was especially attractive.
It is to be sincerely regretted that the
apijle growers did not take greater
interest in the show and make more
extensive exhibits. However, the apple
grower himself understands pretty well

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page i6

BETTER FRUIT

November

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering: Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying.

Don't
J\[eglect
Fall
Spraying/

=K

"PERFECT" Cement Coated NaUs

OUE PRODUCTS ARE OF SUPERIOR QUALITY

AND GUARANTEED TO GIVE SATISFACTION.

PRICE and QUALITY always right.

PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa.
A. C. RULOFSON CO.

"The Cement Coated Nail People"

Monadnock Building, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
PACIFIC COAST SALES MANAGERS

Alpha Combination Power Sprayer

F-ITTED WITH THE

Alpha Automatic Pressure Governor

ELIMINATES the trouble caused by relletvalve.
IN81IRE8 safety and absolute uniform pressure

regulation.
SAVES in power when nozzles are not in use.

Equipped with 2!.$ H. P. Alpha Engine that furnishes ample power for high pressure
with four nozzles In use. Send for catalog G-2.

Seattle Dc LaVal Dairy Supply Co. San Francisco

Increase your crop— preserve the vigor
of you trees by Fall spraying

[ Remember scale is softer, less resistant and easier to kill
It the Fall.

Scale hardens and saps the vitality of your trees during
the Winter months, making the tree less vigorous, the scale
more resistant.

Write for prices on Lime SulptlUr

Bordeaux Mixture, Scalecide

Free Spray Booklet and our Annual Autumn
Catalog of Trees and Nursery Stock and Sup-
plies now ready. Ask for Catalog No. 201.

Portland Seed Co.

PORTLAND, OREGON

the rea.sons; the fact of the matter
being that last year prices were so low
that the grower did well to make liis
expenses, many growers not even doing
this. Conseciiiently, they have been
short of funds and will be up to the
time they receive money for this year's
crop. The weather being beautiful,
every fruit grower was busily engaged
in harvesting his crop, putting forth
every effort to finish before the rains
set in. For these reasons he felt unable
to make exhibits on account of lack of
funds and did not feel inclined to delay
his harvesting in preparing exhibits.
This was the condition this year, but it

is to be hoped that next year conditions
will change s(( that the apple grower
will take more interest in making
exhibits. These are opportunities they
should not miss, as this kind of pub-
licit\- is the best kind of advertising at
llie lowest cost, which the fruit grower
can avail himself of. The show was
particularly attractive on account of it
being high class in every respect. Every
exhibit was one of merit.

The Growers' Council. — While a

great many people are unreasonable in
their expectations in reference to the
Growers' Council, it seems apparent to

the writer that the (Irowers' Council
has accomplished a wonderful amount
of good by creating a splendid influ-
ence. Some i)eople expected the Fruit
Growers' Council to have tlie power to
dictate and set prices. Sudi expecta-
tions were unjustified and unreason-
able. No organization can set or fix
prices without being a trust and abso-
lutely controlling the situation. If any
shipping concern or combination of
shipping concerns had a sufficient con-
trol of the situation and the tonnage to
fix ])rices by dictation, such a condi-
tion might be construed as a violation
of the trust laws. Hut to return to the
subject — the (irowers' Council suc-
ceeded in calling a number of promi-
nent growers together from all over,
in two large meetings, one in Seattle
and one in Tacoma, and also succeeded
in getting representatives, officials,
salesmen and attorneys of the various
shipping concerns together for a con-
ference. In these meetings a great
many things were threshed out. All
the different .shipping concerns found
out that the others had some mighty
good men, and every one present con-
cluded that the other fellow was not
entirely to blame for the disastrous
condition that had prevailed. The
result of these meetings has been a bet-
ter feeling of the shipping concerns,
which has resulted in a more harmoni-
ous condition and less unnecessary
comiietition. This has been a big fac-
tor in assisting the selling concerns to
otjlain more satisfactory prices for the
apple growers in the season of 1915.

The 1915 Apple Movement. — The

local jobjjing and trade centers of the
Northwest, like Portland, Seattle, Spo-
kane and Tacoma, at the present time
are pretty well filled up with apples of
the fall varieties and the very early
winter varieties, also low grades. Prac-
tically all of the apples that are not
in first-class keeping condition are
being rushed on to the market very
rapiilly, especially by those districts
which have no cold storage facilities.
(Consequently the market is pretty well
filled up with low-grade fruit, very
lillle of the extra fancy and fancy win-
ter varieties being in evidence. Due to
the unusual amount of apples affected
by codling moth this year and the
prevalence of scab in some districts,
both of which would affect the value
of apples, much of this kind of fruit is
being turned loose on the market for
the reason that the\ do not justify cold
storage expense.

Stampede Among Fruit Growers. —

The fruit induslrj of the Northwest has
certainl.\' gone through a very wonder-
ful and interesting development and
evolution. In this development atten-
tion is called to the marked stampede
among fruit growers, first in one direc-
tion, Ihen in another. A few years ago
apple growers of the Northwest con-
centrated all their efforts in an earnest
endeavor lo produce (lualily fruit,
doing Iheir work well and thoroughly.
In fact, Ihey spai'ed no expense, and it
might be said Ihey did Iheir work

19^5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 17

expensively, without any idea of the
necessity lor economy. Much money
was wasted. During the last two or
three years the whole stampede has
been toward selling fruit, conseciuently
there has been a lack of sufficient
attention to proper producing methods.
A great many growers in this last
stampede felt that apples would not
bring much money this year. Many
growers have slipped a cog in their
productive methods, which in a large
measure is lack of attention. The fruit
growers have lost more through cod-
ling moth damage and fungus this year
than they have for many years. All of
which is intended to indicate the fruit
grower should devote sufficient time to
producing first, clean fruit, and sec-
ondly, to devote a sufficient amount of
time to the marketing problem to pro-
gress in that as well.

Apples in Local Jobbing Centers of
the Northwest. — There are four princi-
pal consuming, jobbing, and supply
centers in the Northwest — Seattle, Spo-
kane, Tacoma and Portland. It has
been suggested that these cities should
patronize to the fullest possible extent
the associations and growers in their
respective states. Such a claim is per-
fectly justified. The growers in Wash-
ington are justified in expecting the
fullest cooperation from the fruit deal-
ers of Seattle, Tacoma and Spokane,
provided of course they, the growers,
cooperate in return. The growers in
Oregon are justified in expecting that
Portland should favor Oregon growers,
provided Portland fruit dealers receive
proper treatment. There is no reason
in the world why the fruit-jobbing con-
cerns in each state should not give
hearty support to the fruit dealers in
their own state. Not one of the cities
above mentioned has consumed the
amount of apples that can be marketed.
This is an un-worked problem, but it
is a problem that certainly is capable
of solution. Our dealers in these cities
should be cooperated with to the fullest
extent by the shipping concerns, with
a view to creating the greatest con-
sumption possible in nearby markets,
because there is no better market for
the producer than the nearby market,
when properly handled. The editor
calls particular attention to this sugges-
tion, feeling that there is ample ability
in every one of the selling organiza-
tions to assist in working out this prob-
lem so that the increased consumption
and sale in our Northwestern cities that
growers are entitled to can be realized.
It is to be hoped that it will be done.
The editor believes it can be done.

Harmony Among the Shipping Con-
cerns.— During a few years previous to
1915 a great deal of bitterness existed
between the different shipping organ-
izations, resulting in a great deal of
criticism, one association or shiiJiiing
concern blaming another for demoral-
izing competition. In their endeavor
for tonnage, unnecessary campaign
methods were used, which reflected,
more or less, in many instances unnec-
essarily on other shipping concerns. It

Bean Power Sprayers

Powerful— Durable— Economical— Efficient

Nothing has been overlooked that might add to the completeness, sturdiness and
downright serviceability of Bean spraying outfits.

Feature after feature has been developed, tested, patented and incorporated into
their construction to make them better. And besides these big outstanding features
there are a thousand and one little perfections that put the Bean absolutely in a
class by itself.

As a concrete example of Bean leadership take

The Bean Pressure Regulator

Until we developed this feature the relief valve on all sprayers was a source of
unending trouble. The old style valve was not only uncertain and unreliable, but
even unsafe. It simply could not be depended upon and when the nozzles were shut
off the engine and pump worked away at full pressure just the same— at tremendous
waste of fuel and the cause of considerable wear and tear on the outfit.

We have eliminated this relief valve trouble altogether, with the Bean Pressure
Regulator. It holds the pressure at exactly the desired gauge— can never fail to
operate accurately— and is so constructed that when the nozzles are shut off the
engines cease to work against the pressure and simply pump the liquid back into the
tank, thus effecting a decided saving in fuel and eliminating the wear and tear on the
rig that was caused by the old type of valve.

Send for New Catalog

The largest, tinest and most complete catalog
we have ever issued is now in tbe hands of the
printer. It describes our new outtits and new
improvements and explains the entire I'.ean line
of Hand Pumps and Power Sprayers. (IIUO.OO up).
Use the coupon.

Bean Spray Pump Co. \]

Bean Spray Pump Co.,

San Jose, California.

Please mall me your new catalog of Hand
and Power Sprayers,

No. of trees Kind of trees .

213 W. Julian St., San Jose, Cal.
Also Cleveland, Ohio

Name

Address

was with some satisfaction therefore
that it is to be noted so far this year
there is far greater harmony prevailing
among the shipping concerns than has
e.\istcd for several years in the past.
In fact, if there is any severe criticism
on the part of one concern in refer-
ence to another, so far it has not been
made public.

shipment of box apples from the North-
west last year was about three times
what it was in previous years. Freight
and insurance rates are much higher
this year, and therefore European ship-
ments will probably be considerably
less. However, owing to the short crop
in the United States the export markets
will not be needed to the extent they
are during a year of heavy production.

European Apple Shipments. — The

European apple shipments for the week
ending October 23, according to Mablon
Terhune, freight broker and forward-
ing agent. New York City, were a little
less than half the shipments for the
corresponding week of hist Nctir. It
must be rememl)ereil, however, thai the

The consumption of apples can be
slimidaled if all of the lo<al papers anil
the big dallies in the cities will publish
a few of the excellent recipes that
have been published at various times.
The O.-W. H. & N. Hy. last year issued
a very valuable booklet on "Fifty Ways

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

November

I have been to the Expositions and I
want to tell you that every man, wo=
man Sr child who can, by any means,
sHould go. Children ofto=day may
again enjoy such an opportunity, but
you and I- In the prime of life- never,

— Jtsk any Exposition visitor.

World conditions are such as will prohibit similar
gatherings during our generation. That is why I
say to you— GO ! The San Francisco Exposh
tion closes December 4th. There is plenty of
time yet to see it, but not more than enough. Now
is the best time of the year in California, and of the
Exposition season. Therefore — Go ^low !

We'll take care of your travel needs. That's our
business. Aak the

GENERAL PASSENGER AGENT

PORTLAND

OREGON-WASHINGTON RAILROADS NAVIGATION CO.

UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM

Free

A sixty-four pafje book on California and the
Expositions upon application. We pay postage

of Serving the Apple as Dessert." The
Northern Pacific Railway issued a very
attractive booklet called "Apple Talk,"
containing a number of very valuable
recipes. Apples can be served as des-
sert in ways loo numerous to mention,
and what is eipiallx' if not more impor-
tant, is the fact that there is no more
wholesome and healthful dessert tlian
one made from apples, and none that
costs less.

article will be found in the October
edition of Better Fruit of the life of
Mr. Handley and the history of the
origin of National Apple Day.

Will the Apple Market Advance? —

This apparently is a year for reason-
ably good prices all the way through;
First, on account of the short apple
crop; second, on account of improved
bu.sine.ss conditions; third, better mar-
keting facilities. However, the sellers
should bear in mind that it is not wise
to take the last drop of milk from the
cocoanut. They should remember that
there is another year ahead of us, and
with their own interests in view, they
should not be slow in realizing the
necessity of making the price to the
dealers sufficiently reasonable so he
can make a fair profit.

Grading Apples in 1915. — From the

reports, a number of apple-jjroducing
districts are using extreme care and a
thoroughness in their inspection this
year. Generally speaking the inspec-
tors are meeting with a hearty coopera-
tion from the growers, who as a rule
seem anxious and willing to put up a
pack that shall meet grade require-
ments in every particular. Nothing bet-
ter can be done for the future of the
Northwest apple industry than to put
up an honest grade.

National Apple Day, October 19. —

National Apple Day was celebrated
quite univeisally throughout the United
States, and was a great feature in stim-
ulating the consumption of apples early
in the season, which is always desir-
able for the fruit grower and beneficial
to the consumer. National Apple Day
was originated by Mr. .lames Handley
of Quincy, lllinoi.s. An interesting

Extra Fancy Apples. — The supply of
extra fancies in the Northwest is com-
paratively much less than last year, due
to codling moth being worse this year
than for many years in the past. Fun-
gus has also affected quite a large
quantity. Slight defects like fungus
spots do not affect the quality of the
apples, but they are not permitted in
the extra fancy grade.

The Hural Spirit of Portland, Ore-
gon, is very fortunate, having secured
the services of Mr. I. D. Graham as
editor. The stock industry of the
Northwest has increased very rapidly
during the past few years, as illustrateil
by the fact a few years ago the Union
Meat Company of Portland imported
90 per cent of the hogs they slaughtered

from the Middle West, whereas during
the past year 1)0 per cent of the hogs
Ihey slaughtered were produced in the
Northwest. The stock industry is be-
coming so important in the Northwest
that the Rural Spirit decided to engage
the most able man they could secure in
this line of work, deciding on Mr. Gra-
ham, who is familiar to many of the
readers of such publications as the
Breedens' Gazette. Mr. Graham is con-
sidered a very high authority on live
stock and very thoroughly informed on
all subjects pertaining to rai.sing stock,
feeding stock and caring for stock, and
other matters pertaining to the stock
industry. His connection with the
Rural Spirit will add much to its value,
which will be of interest to the fruit-
growers, inasmuch as many fruitgrow-
ers are going quite extensively into the
dairying business and hog raising.

Rogue River reports an unusually
light crop of apples this year, probably
somewhere between 100 and 200 car-
loads, due principally to two causes —
drought and frost.

HOOD RIVERAPPLE VINEGAR CO.

HOOD RIVER

YELLOW NEWTON VINEGAR

AND SWEET CIDER

EVAPORATED APPLES

Made from Choice Hood River Apples

If your jobber cannot supply you
send your orHer to

Hood River Apple Vinegar Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

What are
your dairy
problems?

To get started profitably in dairy-
ing as a side-line, the fruit grower
needs helpful advice and sugges-
tions.

Our service department will de-
light in doing this very thing, with-
out any charge or obligation.

We are sole Oregon distributors
for "Simplex" Separators, B-L-K
Milkers, Papec Ensilage Cutters,
Simplex Silos and all kinds of
dairy, butter-making and cheese-
making supplies.

Your name on a postal will
bring Free Catalogs

Monroe & Crisell

126 Front St. Portland, Oregon

Wnr.V WKITING ADVERTISERS MENTIO.N' BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page /p

Some Results of the Apple Storage Investigation by U. S.

E. L. Markcll, United States Department of Agrieulture, Washington, D. C.

THE problem of fruit storage would
be much simplified if the theory
held by one of the darkeys work-
ing in the government precooling plant
in Florida were correct. "What's all
dis here machinery, Sam?" one of his
friends asked him. "Why, dat's de guv-
er'ment embalming plant," was the an-
swer. "You puts de oranges in dcre
an' dey keeps forever." Unfortunately
storage of every type has its limitations,
and so far no fruit has been discovered
which keeps forever. Exceptional in-
stances do occur — one is continually
meeting the grower who overlooked
one box of apples in the storage house
and found four-fifths of them in good
condition the following August, and the
other grower, some of whose Jonathans

kept perfectly in his cellar until June.
Such exceptions are interesting, but
they merely serve to emphasize the fact
that what the practical grower is con-
cerned with is the rule of the average,
the normal result in the greatest possi-
ble number of cases of fruit storage on
a commercial scale. It is to determine
the normal average results of storage
from the behavior of apples of the
chief commercial varieties grown in the
Northwest, picked and stored under
difl'erent conditions, that the Depart-
ment of Agriculture has been conduct-
ing these experiments for the past four
years.

The apple is an organism, and like
every living thing has a definite length
of life. Favorable or unfavorable con-

Lime Sulphur
Lead Arsenate
Bordeaux Paste
Spra-Sulphur

The most serious pests and diseases doing the most dam-
age to trees in the Northwest are San Jose Scale and Anthrac-
nose. The ones doing the most damage to crops and causing
a loss of millions annually to fruit growers, are Codling Moth
and Scab.

Growers Must Have Sprays that are Efficient

We make the above sprays of the highest degree of effi-
ciency and sell at reasonable prices.

Clean crops are necessary if you expect to sell your apples
at good prices.

Use Our Sprays and Grow Clean Fruit

Factory at Clackamas, Oregon.
New factory being built at Hood River, Oregon.

For the present direct all correspondence to

Oregon Arsenical Spray Co.

CLACKAMAS, OREGON

One Barrel oy'Scalecide"

Will^Spraiy as m&ny Trees a&Three Barrels o/^
' .Lime Sulfur

Scalecide" has
greater iDvieorating effect
on your orchard — ki Us more scale, eggs
and larvae of insects with half the labor to
apply. We can back up this statement with facts
concerning the Good Results from Usi'm

"SCALECIDE"

Send (or our i11ii<;tratcd booklet— "Proof oi The I'u'ldine". Tells liow "Scalecide"
Cottonv Maple Scale. Pear Psvlla. I-enf Roller. 01c. . wilhoul injury to the trees.

LIME

iULFUR

LIME

SULFUR

LIME.

SULFUR

II positively destroy s.ui jose and

Write today for this t-Khli book and

Le.irn the dollars and cents value oi "Scalecide. The Tree Saver".

also our booklet — "Spraying Simplified".

Our Service Department can furnish everything you need for

the orchard at prices which save you money. Tell us your needs.

B. G. PRATT CO., M'f g Chemists Dept. D SO Church St., New York

ditions may increase or decrease the
normal existence of tlie apple, exactly
as tliey influence otiicr forms of living
organic matter. Centenarians among
men have their counterparts in cen-
tcnaiians among apples, but these ex-
ceptions do not prove that all apples
are capable of such prolonged exist-
ence. To secure the maximum length
of life for his fruit the grower must
determine the conditions most favor-
able for its preservation.

Dui-ing its growing period, the apple
stores within itself food material that
is capable of preserving its life for a
considerable length of time after its
removal from the tree. These food
products are mainly starches and
sugars, and by the chemical changes
which occur in the apple during the
ripening process the starches are
changed into sugars, and the sugars
gradually break up into simpler com-
pounds. The nb.ject of storage is to
postpone the final breakdown or death
of the fruit by checking these develop-
ing processes. Thus the fruit secures
the maximum length of life as well as
full development.

Much, however, depends upon the
fruit itself. The comlititin of the fruit
at the time of picking is a controlling
factor. It is a common fallacy to
imagine that the greener the apple the
better its chances of keeping. A green
apple is usually immature and the food
stored within it has not reached the
stage at which it can be utilized by the
fruit after it is picked. In consequence
green apples fail to become mellow,
but shrivel, while the flesh remains
hard and insipid. Immature fruit is
also found to be more susceptible to
diseases. The skin in particular is
more subejct to scald than that of ma-
ture fi'uit of the same vai'iety. The
final death of fruit picked while imma-
ture comes more quickly than in the
case of that picked at matuiity. The
work of the Department of Agi-iculture
has clearly demonstrated the impor-
tance of picking the fiuit at the proper
stage. The most striking example of
the effect of the degree of maturity at
picking time on the keepin.g i|ualily of
the fruit is biought out in the case of
Home Beauty apple, which the follow-
ing table illustrates:

ROME BE.\l'TY.
M.\TURE VS. IMMATURE FRUIT.
Per cent bad scald and decay at withdrawal
from storage, and after a lloldiiis period of
ten days under niarliet conditions. Tlirce-year
average. Time in storage at first withdrawal,
none to three and one-half innnths.

n.M) SCALD

DEI

.IV

A 1 willi-

10 (/HU.t

Al

ll'ilh-

in dans

Firsl drawal

later

d

awal

later

withdrawal :

Mature 0.0

2.1

0.0

0.3

Iinniatine .... 0.0

65.3

0.0

0.6

Seconti wilhiirawal:

Mature 0.0

6.6

11.0

0.3

Imnialurc 26..')

79.5

0.0

0.(1

Tliiril ii'ilhdrawal:

Mtillire 1.4

10.0

0.0

1.0

Inuiialure (12.0

93.1

0.:!

12.9

Fiiiirlh withdrawal :

Maltire .(.:!

18.7

0.0

3.0

Inimature . . . .72.0

89.6

0.1

23.7

The table shows the results at four
witlicliawals from storage in .lanuary,

WHEN WRITING APVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

November

Fred

" Put this can of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate
in your basket. You'll find it the most convenient,
nourishing, delicious, economical food beverage
you can get. There are imitations but I don't handle
them as my trade always demands Ghirardelli's."

And Fred took his grocer's advice. He now uses Ghirardelli's
Ground Chocolate as a beverage — morning, noon and night. You
can make a cup in a minute. For unusual desserts it hasn't an equal.

Order from Your Grocer Today

Cliiraraellis

Ground Chocolate

In }^-lb.. 1-lb. and 3-Ib. hermetically sealed cans.
There's a double economy in buying the 3-lb. can.

D. GHIRARDELLI CO.

Since 1852

San Francisco

You are incited to visit the Ghirardelli Pavilion at the Panama-Pacific
International Exposition and see a model chocolate factory in operation

Prune and Grafted Walnut Trees

Also Apples. Pears, Peaches. Plums, Apricots, Cherries, Small Fruit Plants, Etc.

Can be bought now at Greatly Reduced Prices

Write today submitting your want list for quotations.

LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., LAFAYETTE, OREGON

I RHODES DOUBLE CUT
PRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFQ. CO.,
•ao S. DIVISION AVE . QRAND RAPIDS. HICH.

"THE only
pruner
madetnat cuU
from both sides of
the limb and does not
bruise the bark. Made in
all styles and sizes. We
pay Ejtpress chargei
on all orders.

Write for
circular and
prices.

thu middle of February, late March and
May. At the liist withdrawal no scald
showed HI), eithei' in the mature or the
inimatm-e fruit. It wa.s then held un-
der ordinary market conditions, and at
the end of ten days only 2.1% of the
mature fruit had developed scald, in
striking contrast to which is the 65.3%
of scald in the innnature fruit. At the
second withdrawal the mature fruit
was still free from scald, hut 2().5%, or
more than a quarter of the immature
lots, had developed scald before re-
moval. Ten days after the last with-
drawal 18.7% of the mature fruit
showed scald, in contrast to 89.6% of
the innnature fruit — less than one-
fifth of each box in the one case,
against almost nine-tenths in the other.
Such difl'erences speak for themselves.
Ten days after the last lots of fruit had
been removed from storage, the decay
in the mature lot amounted to 3.6%, but
the decay in the lot picked before ma-
turity reached 23.7%.

A greater amount of scald shows up
than conunonly occurs with other vari-
eties, but Rome Beauty is notoriously
susceptible to scald. The natural in-
ference to be drawn from the large
amount of scald developing in the
picks made before maturity is that in
immatiue fruit the cells forming the
skin are weak and break down in
storage, .\fter removal from storage
they break down still further, and per-
mit the entrance of fungus spores, re-
sulting in more serious decay, as the
fi.gures indicate.

The dates at which the apples in
the above table were ])icked are omit-
ted to avoiil confusion. Differences of
season, section, culture and soil render
it absolutely impossible to give a defi-
nite statement regarding commercial
picking dates for a variety. Many
points .should be considered in deter-
mining whether a variety is ready for
picking. In general the seeds should
be brown, the apple should have a
good color for the variety, the ground
color shoidd be white or creamy white,
but not yellow, and the fruit should
snaj) readily from the spurs. The
|HO])er time for picking is an individual
Ijroblem for each locality and season,
anil the grower must determine it for
himself.

The tendency in some localities of
the Northwest has been to pick pre-
maturely, while in other sections the
op])osite tendency is prevalent. It
should be thoroughly understood that
over-maturity is fully as detrimental
to the keeping quality of fruit as im-
maturity. Ai)ples that are over-mature
at the time of picking have efTected
an almost comjjlete change of the
starches into sugar, and are that much
nearer the end of their life. They
could not be expected to last as long as
friiil [licked a week or two earlier and
l)laccd at a temperature that would
greatlx' reduce the speed of the chem-
ical changes occurring in it. The com-
petition among the growers for high
color in such varieties as .lonathan and
Ksopus (.Spitzenberg) has often been
carried on at the expense of their keep-

whe:^ writing advertisers mention better fruit

ing qualities. The results secured with
Esopus (Spitzenberg) last year are il-
lustrative of the efTects of this practice.

ESOPUS I SPITZENBERG)
EFEECT OE OVERMATURITY.

Per cent physiological and fungus decay at
■withdrawal from storage, and after a ten-day
holding period under market conditions. The
first pick -was made September 25, stored Sep-
tember 26, 1913. The second pick was made
October 10, and stored October 11, 1913.

DECA V
First iKillulrawal, Alwilh- 10 (lays

.htnuiirti 12. 191'i: drawal later

First pick 0.0 1.3

Second pick 2.3 2.3

Second ifilhdrawal, February 19. 19l'i:

First pick 0.0 1.3

Second pick 9.1 2.5.0

Third withdrawal, April 1, 191'i:

First pick 1.3 2.7

Second pick 4.0 26.0

Fourth willidrawal. May '(. 191i:

First pick 2.7 6.7

Second pick 14.0 36.0

As can be seen, at the first inspec-
tion the (lifl'erence in the two picks are
very slight, but little decay occurring
in either. At the second inspection, on
February 10, which marks the usual
limit of commercial storage for this
variety, there was no decay in the first
pick, made at maturity, and 9.1% in
the second. Ten days later, or by the
time the fruit w^ould normally reach
the consumer, the decay had increased
to 25%. (one-fourth of each box) in
the lot picked when over-mature, and
was only 1.3% in the lot picked at ma-
turity. Considering the fact that the
first pick was made before commercial
picking for that variety could be said to
have strated in that particular section,
and the last pick v,'as made consider-
ably before the last commercial pick-
ings, it is interesting to speculate how-
much of the Ksopus (Spitzenberg)
from this locality was fit to use when
it reached the consumers.

The temperature at the time of pick-
ing is a very important factor in deter-
mining the length of life of the fruit.
If the temperature is high at the pick-
ing time, the fruit matures very rap-
idly. This was the case during the past
season. .\n uncommonly mild fall has

BETTER FRUIT

Page 21

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No \vrlnErers to shift. Nothing to get out of order.
Special low price to Introduce. Catalogue Kree.
BLUFFTON MFC Co. BOX BF, BLUFFTON. OHia

Sunshine Lamp
300 Candle Power

To Try In Your Own Home

Turns ninht into day. Givea bttter light
than gaa, electricity or 18 ordinary lamps at
one-tenth the coat. For Homes, Stores,
Halls. Churches, A child can carry it.
Makes its ]]Lr)it from common Kaaoline. No
wick. Nocnimney. Absolutely SAFK.

COSTS 1 CENT A NIGHT

We want one person in each locality to whom
we can rffcr n.w customirs. T;ike ai]v:\n-
ta(?eofourSPfc;riALFKKKTFtlALOFFEK.
Write today. AtiP^NTS WANTED.

SUNSHINE SAFETY LAMP CO.
£39 Factory BIdg., Kansas City, Mo.

FREE

HARNESS

TRIMMINGS

Kept Trim

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Old Dutc^

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Large
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with Full
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PORTLAND, OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan — $1.00 per day and upward

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

GEO. C. OBER, Manager

Printing'

For the Fruit Grower
Manufacturer
and Merchant

Labels Booklets

Stationery Catalogs

Blank Books
Posters

AVrite for Prices and Specifications. We can supplj'
your wants QuicKIy, accurately and economically

IVe print "Better Fruit"

F. W. Baltes and Company

Portland, Oreg'on

WIIKN' WRITING ADVHKTISERS MENTTON BFTTER FRUIT

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

Novonhcr

instead of 25

^m Ir \ve ■v^^ere to pick out only one
^^^ point in the Caterpillar Tractor,
to snow tne improvement in tke new
moaels, it -would be this: — 5 pieces in the
track unit -where there -were 25 three
years ago — less -wear, no -svaste of po-wer,
longer lire.

If we -were allowed only one argument to
put up to a Caterpillar prospect, it -would be the

argument of quality of right design of hest

grade material and -workmanship of "stand-

up-iveness.

The Caterpillar has heen 10 years in the

field 10 years to he tried in 10 years to he

improved in.

We re looking for some good live tractor
prospects to let loose some of our enthusiasm

on. If you re the man drop us a line ask for

Bulletin BE 311.

Tke Holt Mfg. Co.

(Incorporated)
Spokane, Wash. Portland, Ore.

Stockton, Cal. Peoria, 111.

Cons. Wagon &? McKy. Co., Sales Agents.
Salt Lake City

Aih about our Cater-
pillar school — free if
you order noiv.

<%(%E%»

A

fi^.!hi&r^^_

Radium and Plant Life

A very low radio-activity exerts on plant life a healthful stimula-
tion of all the vital processes, and assists in building up the soil so that
all growing things can be at their best — healthy, thriving and vigorous.

This radio-active material is the residue from the process of radium
extraction and contains a definite amount of radium element. When
applied to gardens, trees or crops the results are most gratifying.
Radium has an influence, described by scientists, as very similar in its
effects upon vegetation to the ultra-violet rays ofthesun,and as applied
to growing things is the most important discovery of the century.

We have an illustrated book sent free upon request
showing what has already been accomplished.

California Radium Products Co.

633 Van Nuys Building
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

caused the apples in many sections to
mature far more rajjidly than usual,
and as a result much of the fruit is
being stored at a more advanced stage
of maturity than in the past. High
temperatures affect the fruit after
picking even more than during their
life on the tree. It has been deter-
mined that apples mature as rapidly,
if not a little more so, off the tree as
ujjoii il, if held at the same tempera-
ture in both cases. Therefore, unless
the fruit is stored at a low temperature
immediately after it is picked, its vi-
tality and possible length of life will
decrease very rapidly. Many growers
pick the the fruit at the proper time,
but allow it to remain in the orchard
for days, subject to alternate heating
and cooling — con(htions most unfavor-
able to keeping quality. Even after it
is removed to the packing house it is
often many days before it is packed
and stored at the proper temperature.
The effect of such delayed storage in
contrast to immediate storage has been
well brought out by the Department
experiments. Boxes of fruit that had
been picked, packed and stored within
a few days were compared with boxes
of exactly the same fruit, picked and
packed at the same time, but delayed
for two weeks before storing. This
experiment has been carried on with
a number of varieties of apples in the
principal fruit sections of the North-
west for several years, so that approxi-
mately average results have been
secured. The following table gives
a sunnnary of the results in four
varieties:

IMMEDIATE VS. DELAYED STORAGE.

Three-year average for Esopiis (.Spitzenberg),
Jonathan, Winesap and Rome Beauty. Percent
of bad scald and of decay at "withdrawal from
storage, and after a ten-day holding period
under market conditions.

B.I/) SC.\LD DECAY

At Willi- lOtlaiis At Willi- III duns
Fir.-it wilft- tlrawal later draiual later

drawal, January:
Immediate .... 0.0 4.1 0.1 1.1

Delayed 0.1 0.7 0.6 2.2

Second withdrawal, February :

Immediate 0.6 9.6 2.1 4.9

Delayed 0.9 12.0 4.4 7.0

Third wilhdrawal. March:

Immediate .... .'5.2 12.7 .3.9 7.4

Delayed 11. .5 22.7 7.3 13.2

Fourth wilhdrawal. May:

Immediate 10.3 20.0 4.7 12.8

Delayed 17.0 31.4 7.9 18.2

Note that ten days after the first
withdrawal from storage, 4.1% of the
immediate lot showed bad scald, as
against G.~7c of the delayed lot, and
ten days after the last withdrawal the
difference is still greater, 20.0% of the
immediate lot, against 31.4% of the de-
layed. The rate of decay showed sim-
ilar differences at the same periods — •
1.1% of the immediate lots, ten days
after the first inspection, and double
that amount in the delayed lots, and
ten days after the last inspection
12.8% in the immediate, with 18.2%
in the delayed fruit.

This table needs little comment, for
it shows plainly that at each of the
inspections tiie amount of the deteri-
oration was decidedly greater in the
delaxed storage lots, though, as pre-
viously stated, the delay began after
the fruit had been packed. Undoubt-
edly if part of the delay had been in

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

/0/t

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

Mr. Fruit
Grower

Read and think of these features that character-
ize all TRUE FRIEND SPRAYERS

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truck — cypress tank — ample capacity —
direct propeller agitator— high pressure
'■MOTOR - PUMP" producing perfect
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hillsides — plunger pump — quick accessi-
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angle leakless shut-offs and celebrated
"PKIKND" nozzles.

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Highest award given a single outfit.
Built for BCSINESS from wheels to
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Gasport, N. Y.

Representatives:

California Spray Chemical Co.. Watsonville. Cal.

J. A. Prentis, Cashmere. Wash.

M. V. Mathews, Paonia. Colo.

the orchard after picking and before
packing tlie amount of decay would
have been greater.

It i.s a well-known law that with
each increa.se of 18 degrees Fahren-
heit, the rapidity with which chemical
changes take place is increased from
two to three times, or applying this
to fruit storage, at 50 degrees tem-
perature the chemical changes which
ultimately result in the death of the
fruit would occur at least twice as
rapidly as at 32 degrees. Thus the con-
clusion to be drawn is plainly that the
lowest temperature at which the fruit
can be held without danger of freezing
is the one most favorable to its length
of storage life. Fruit has been placed
by the Department of Agriculture in
cold storage, part held at 32 degrees
and part at 35 degrees, and the results
were briefly as follows: The first two
inspections, in .lanuary and February,
showed very little dilTerence in the
amount of scald or decay in normally
good-keeping apples held at the two
temperatures. However, at the third
and fourth inspections, made toward
the end of their storage life, the fruit
held at 35 degrees showed consider-
ably more decay than that stored at 32
degrees. In apples with a shorter
storage life the differences were shown
even in the first two inspections. These
results are additional proof to the ef-
fect that low temperatures retard the
ripening processes, and that as these
l)rocesses are quickened by higher tem-
Ijeratures the length of life of the fruit
is shortened and its susceptibility to
disease increases.

Even after many years of successful
cold storage of apples many persons
cling to the belief that cold-storage
apples will not keep as well upon re-
moval as apples that are held through-
out at a higher temperature. The De-
partment investigations give very con-
clusive evidence that this opinion is
erroneous. Apples from the same lot,
placed in and removed from cold and
common storage at the same time and
held after removal under similar con-
ditions, practically always favor the
lower temperature, especially if re-
moved fairly late in the storage season.
Apples held in common storage are
usually removed by .lanuary or Febru-
ary, while those in cold storage are
often kept considerably later. People
are apt to compare apples removed
from common storage early in the sea-
son with those taken from cold storage
a good deal later, and this is obviously
unfair. Apples held in any kind of
storage until they are overripe will un-
doubtedly deteriorate very rapidly
tipon withdrawal to a warm tempera-
line, .lust as cold retards ri])ening in
slorage, a cool tem]K'rature is best for
fruit when held for any length of time
after its removal from storage.

In sijile of what has been said rc-
gardhig the ell'ects of temperatures
liigher than .32 degrees upon the keej)-
iiig (|uality of apples, every grower
liere doubtless realizes the impossi-
bility of ])Iacing all of the crop in cold
storage. At the i)resent lime lack of

Only a Car
of Apples

(Continued from October issue.)

The Plot Thickens!

Bunco Skinner at Bat!

(By C. C. P.)

Euggles of Keel

"Ourr-r-r-r-ssses!"

It was B. S.,the Proud Pro-
duce Pirate, who emitted this
exclamatiou tbrougii his
cleuched teeth.

1 lis musical voice trembled
with suppressed emotiou. His
jewelled fiugers nervously
clutched a telegram, the con-
tents of which had caused
this outburst, for it said: —
"Won't consign. AVill only
sell draft attached Bill of
Lading.
Gap."

But instantly B. S. recov-
ered his wonted poise. Again
he was master of the situa-
tion. In honeyed tones he
called his private secretary.

"Here, Miss Keys, take a
wire to this sagebrush rab-
bit— 'Ruggles of Red Gap:
Answering yours, date, will
buy any part ten cars extra
fancy winesaps three dollars
box delivered. Answer. Bun-
co Skiuner.' "

Daintily lighting another
of his private stock Turkish
Cigarettes, B. S. leaned back
luxiirion.sly and solihxiuized
— "Guess the over([uoting B.
S.consignment racket isabout
l)layed out, but I've got a
trick worth two of that." —

Thi.s ab.sorbiug story will be
continued iu our next.

DON'T MISS A NUMBER.

WRITE TODAY.

Produce Reporter
Company

CHICAGO

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHFN WRiTINO AU\'1:RT ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

No7'cmhcr

FORKNER foTTHILLERS

(

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cultivator. Used by thousands of fruit
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One grower says: "The Forkner
reduces labor 40%". Another says:
"We have all kinds Of tools, but we
can do our work quicker and bet-
ter with a Forkner". Still an-
other says: "I wouldn't take
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__ _ •* 1 couldn't eet another".

^^ •i^.r^ *^ Write today for catalog and
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any farmer or fruit
^ grower. Mailed free.
Write today.

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Standard Oil Company

tCalilunii.il

Portland

The Last Chance

TO VISIT THE

Panama-Pacific Exposition

is during the month of November, for this
great educational fair closes on

December 4th, 1915

You cannot afford to miss it. So many advantages too. The climate at

San Francisco now cannot be beaten.

Low round trip fares in effect; stopovers allowed, and

Four Trains a Day

from Portland to San Francisco over the

Shasta Route

Secure our booklet "Wayside Notes" from nearest agent

SOUTHERN PACIFIC

John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent
Portland, Oregon,

storage space neces.sitafe.s the shipping
of great ([uantities of apples to Eastern
markets througliout the harvesting sea-
son, with disastrous results to prices.
With this state of affairs at present,
and apple production on the increase
certainly for many years to come, the
(|uestion of finding storage space for
the coming crops is one of the greatest
problems confronting the fruitgrower
of the Northwest. Cold-storage ware-
houses represent a large amount of
capital in buildings and equipment, and
also retiuire a large operating capital.
Some comnninities are justifietl in rais-
ing funds for a cold-storage plant, but
many ai'e not. It is nearly always pos-
sible, however, for a small comnnmity,
a group of growers, or even one large
grower to build a common or air-cooled
storage house that will satisfactorily
provide for their necessities. A com-
mon storage house of very large capac-
ity may be built for six or eight tliou-
sand dollars, with slight operating ex-
penses, as against fifty or a hundred
thousand dollars and large running ex-
penses for a cold-storage plant. Many
conmion storage houses have already^
been built in various sections of the
Northwest, and the Department of Agri-
culture has inspected many of them,
held their fiuit in several of them in
the past, and has this season originated
more extensive work with this type of
storage.

Some of the connnon storage houses
in the Northwest are well constructed
and efficient, while others are unsatis-
factory fi'om many standpoints. Two
essentials to be secured in the con-
struction of a storage house are good
insulation and an efl'ective system of
ventilation. Both of these are of ut-
most importance. A building must be
well insulated to maintain a uniform
temperature, and this is necessary if
the fruit is to keep satisfactorily for
any length of time. Even the briefest
consideration of the details of construc-
tion and materials necessary to secure
Ijroper insulation would exceed the
limits of my time, but it is highly im-
portant that the common stoiage be
constructed to permit the minimum
I)assage of heat or cold through its
walls.

Ventilation is the next important
consideiation, and this may be achieved
!)>• siin|de air shafts, or more compli-
cated systems, employing electric fans
in the shafts. It is essential that out-
side air should not be admitted to the
storage house when it is warmer than
the air within the house. The owner
of one storage house visited a short
time ago was much distressed because
his fruit was sweating. Upon investi-
gation we found the ventilators all
open, the electric fans in the shafts
going, and the outside air, which was
decidedly wanner than the air in the
storage house, rushing in and con-
densing upon the cold fruit. This niay
serve to emphasize the necessity of
constant and careful attention to the
vcntilatoi's if the coiiunon storage is to
be salisfactor,\.

Iniformily of temperaluie is a most
imporlant consideration in a connnon

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCIT

I9I5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 25

storage house. It is better to hold the
fruit at 40 degrees than to bring it
down to 32 degrees at night and allow
it to jump up to 45 degrees during the
day. During the early part of the sea-
son, the temperature in a common
storage house will probably remain
relatively high, especially if cold nights
are none too i^lentiful. This year the
temperature in most of the conunon
storage houses in the Northwest as
late as the first of November was about
50 degrees. The daily receipts of warm
fruit prevent the lowering of the tem-
perature at a very rapid rate during
the harvesting season. A greater effort
should be made on the part of the
grower to deliver the fruit to the sto-
rage house in as cool a condition as
possible. Leaving the boxes of picked
fruit in the orchard over night and
hauling them to the storage house early
in the morning would insure their ar-
rival at low tenii)erature. Fruit picked
during the day and stored while still
warm carries a large quantity of heat
with it into the storage room, and
when the boxes are stacked consider-
able time is required to reduce them
to the tem])erature that they would
reach if simply left in the orchard
over night. After all of the fruit has
been received it is a rather simjjle mat-
ter to reduce and hold the temperature
at the point desired. Thirty-five de
grees is about as low a temperature as
most of the conmion storage houses
maintain, but in some cases thirty-two
degrees is reached and held. In either
case, the length of time in the fall
during which the fruit is held at a high
temperature shows itself in tlie short-
ened life of the fruit. .\s mentioned be-
fore, early in its storage life an apple
will show as little decay in conunon as
in cold storage, but toward the middle
of its storage life the difl'erence be-
comes quite marked. In short, common
storage may be as satisfactory as cold
storage for fruit that is only to be kepi
until about the middle of the winter.
Fruit to be held for longer periods
should be placed in cold storage.

It seems entirely feasible to divide
a conuuon storage house into various
compartments, each of which could be
filled with fruit as rapidly as possible,
and then held at a uniform tempera-
ture. This would render the conunon
storage more nearly as efficient as the
cold storage, but until some such i)Ian
has been woi-ked out the preceding
statements must hold.

In conclusion, let me say that al-
though the experiments conducted b\-
the Department of Agriculture along
the lines indicated are by no means
complete, and in fact in some direc-
tions, such as the investigations into
common storage, can only be said to
have begun, I have given only such I'e-
sults as are conlirmed by the evidence
of several years' work. In brief these
are: 1. Most varieties of apples for
storage should be i)icked at maturity.
2. Apples should have the least i)os-
sible delay from the free to the storage.
?>. For cold storage a temperature of
32 degrees is usually the most satis-
factory. 4. In the case of those varie-

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THE RIVERSIDE PUBLISHING COMPANY. ll-ir.

Better Fruit Bureau. Hood River, Oregon,

I'hast" ship fur my exannnatioii and approval one set of the
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barks uitli lurckrani sides binding. If books are satisfactory I
uill send ynn ifl.iiO within five days and $2.00 monthly there-
alh-r for twelve ukimiIis. until your special price of ?2!J.0O i3
piiiil. If set docs not, meet my approval after five days' exam-
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shipping instructions, as offered "Better Fnilt" readers.

Name „

Enclose business cftnl. letter-head or references.

WHEN' WRITING .\DVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRt'IT

Page 26

BETTER FRUIT

November

I!L.,T.^.T.T.T.j.T.rJ.r.T.lTT

ORCHARD BRAND SPRAY MATERIALS

are manufactured by one company. They are made in one way — the right way-
mixed in the proper proportions, where the physical

and chemical properties form to give elTcctive ..■■ ^t'^r:-*'.'^

results for tlie longest time. ..^"^ij

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DORMANT SOLUBLE OIL met with general success throughout the North-
west last winter, as a general clean-up spray, during the dormant season. It is
especially prepared for the control of scale insects — and to kill aphis eggs.

ORCHARD BRAND Bordeaux Mixture— Lime-Sulphur Solution— Arsenate
of Lead paste and other ORCHARD BRAND products are kept in stock for
distribution at the proper seasons.

Our information Bureau is at your disposal, free of charge. When writing
state quantity and kind of material desired; or the age, number and kind of trees,
and the pest you wish to control.

Visit the ORCHARD BRAND products booth at the Spokane Fair.

The General Chemical Company

201 Sansome Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

Spend a Nickle and Save a Dime

Use Peerless
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(2) You will prevent damage in
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No. 3 Duplex Strapping is made of higli grade Cold Rolled
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the nail from slipping while being driven.

Discounts and Information from
Pacific Coast Representatives

A. C. RULOFSON CO.

No. 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California

No. 3 Peerless Duplex Strapping in
coils of 6,500 feet each — $14.63 per
coil with liberal discount.

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515-521 Greenwich Street, New York, N. Y.

lies for which :i short storage i.s de-
.sirc'd, coinnion storage may be made as
.sati.sf'actor,\' as cold stoiage.

The tables used are from "Cold
Storage of Ap])les, with Special Refer-
ence to Conditions in the Pacilic North-
west," V. S. Department of Agiiculture
Bulletin, to be published at Washing-
ton in the near future, and for a more
full account of the results of the apple
storage experiments, I would recom-
mend this bulletin to your attention.

Trained Dairymen Employed
Every mendx-r of the classes gradu-
ating in dairying at the Oregon Agricul-
tnial College in the years 1914 and 1915,
twenty-five in all, has taken employ-
ment in industries directly related to
the work of his special training in
college. The eighteen members of the
class of 'If) have employment in their
specialties, lai-gely as a result of the
policy of the dairy department in plac-
ing its graduates in positions advan-
tageous to themselves and to their
employers. Six of the eighteen are
employed as official testers in cow-
testing associations. Three have found
positions as superintendents of public
institutions interested in dairying. Two
are managing co-operative creamerie.s.
One is milk inspector in a metropolitan
bureau of health. Two are butter
makers in commercial creameries, and
two are taking advanced work in col-
lege. Of these the manager of a large
dairy ranch receives the highest salary,
•SI, 200 per year, with residence accom-
modations. Three others receive $1,200
without accessoiies. Two receive SI, 000
each, and several receive $750 each in
mone>' and their board and rooms,
approximating as much more. The
seven graduates of the 1914 class also
receive satisfactory salaries in jierform-
ing the work that the college trained
them to do. By thus following the
careers of its graduates and noting the
degree of eiliciency of their work, the
college is able to determine the eili-
ciency of its own work so far as those
students are concerned. This situation
rarely prevails in educational work,
wherein the relation between the train-
ing and the later life work is a ballling
problem. Those who sui)port public
education as well as those who make
use of its opportunities are beginning to
insist on an answer to this problem,
which to a considerable ilegree is found
in the data collected.

The British Columbia fruit crop, —
peach and apricot, — show a consider-
able increase over last year, although
in some districts leaf-curl has been
quite extensive. The pear crop is
about 25 per cent larger than in 1914;
the plum crop about 90 per cent of last
year; the cherry crop was larger than
the 1914 crop and the apple crop is re-
ported about 70 per cent of last year.

Southern Idaho expects to ship 1,500
carloads of apples this season (prob-
ably an overestimate. The greater pro-
I)ortion of these will be shipped from
I'ayette, which will jirobably ship
somewhere around 500 cars.

WHEN WRITING ADVEBTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2/

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the. Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

Apple Marketing — Conditions Show Marked Improvement

[Furnished by OfTice of

THE marketing of the 1915 apple
crop open.s witli more encourage-
ment to growers and dealers tlian
they found in the prospects for the 1911
crop. Accor(Hng to investigations con-
ducted by the Bureau of Crop Estimates
last reports show the condition of the
crop to be ajiproximately 80 per cent of
the yield last year. The merchantable
supply or connnercial crop, as distin-
guished from total production, there-
fore, would appear to be approximately
40,000,000 barrels at the highest, where-
as the connnercial crop of 1914 is var-
iously estimated as having been from

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Catalog will be mailed
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Markets and Rural Organization

50,000,000 to 60,000,000 barrels. It is
reported that, in the large areas where
barreled apples are produced, the crop
of early fall varieties is relatively
larger than the crop of winter varieties.
This would seem to indicate that within
a very short time a considerable cpian-
tity of apples included in the bureau's
estimates will be eliminated from con-
sideration. Furthermore, it is said that
the crop in some sections is seriously
alTected with fungus and blotch. To
the extent that these defects prevail will
the merchantable supply be reduced.
Under these conditions, therefore, it
would appear that the commercial crop
of winter varieties may be considerably
smaller than the total production the
report would seem to show.

Business conditions show a marked
improvement over last season, accord-
ing to trade reports received by the
Olhce of Markets and Rural Organiza-
tion. The South, particularly, is in
easier condition, and it is said that the
United Kingdom and countries in the
north of Europe will take liberal quan-
tities. However, with reference to
Europe, it is to be remembered that
steamer space is in great demand. It is
reported that all cold chambers are
under contract with meat packers until
the first of the year, and ordinary space
is said to be more limited than in 1914.
In shipping circles it is maintained that
Europe may not be expected to take the
same quantities as last year. According
to trade reports the abundance and
cheapness of apples during the past
year will be reflected in a satisfactory
consumijtion this year. In other words,
it is thought that the habit of eating
apples may be expected to hold over
from last season. However, one or two
correspondents maintain that the condi-
tions of one season do not alfcct the
next insofar as consumption is con-
cerned.

It is generally reported that abundant
storage space will be available and that
comparatively there will be no greal
difficulty in financing the movement of
the crop. Conditions for liberal con-
sumption are said to be good in most
markets, and altogether there is a de-

United States Department of Agriculture]

cided feeling of optimism on the part of
those concerned, as compared with ab-
solute gloom this time last year. It is
to be remembered, however, that 40,-
000,000 barrels of merchantable apples,
which is thought to be the maximum
estimate for ffiis year, is a goodly sup-
ply, and that to assure a steady normal
movement throughout to the conclusion
of the season next spring, large quan-
tities must pass into consumption be-
tween now and tfie first of the year.
Unreasonably high prices at this time
will mean a curtailment of consump-
tion and the storing by the growers of

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WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 28

BETTER FRUIT

November

Vertical Farming

PROVED

BY

Effects of
Orchard
Blasting

with

IN DUG HOLE

RED CROSS ^^'^^

FARM POWDER '^

These njts are made from photos
showing comparative growth of pear
trees from Spring of 1913 ,

10 Aug. 1. 1914. Bellemonl , AVv,*
.Orchards, Inc., Norfolk, Va." -~^*\-i

IN BLASTED

A LL progressive farmers and orchardists know tliat trees planted
-^~^ in blasted ground grow much faster than those planted in the
old way and bear fruit earlier.

This proves the truth of the principles of Vertical Farming, which
aims to cultivate downward as well as to till the top soil.

Three years ago tree planting in blasted holes was experimental —
now millions of trees are set out by the Vertical Farming method
every spring and fall.

In like manner, blasting the subsoil to increase general crop yields,
now regarded as experimental, will in a few years, be common.

To learn how and why Vertical Farming may double the yields
of your farm, get the Free Heading Course in Vertical Farming, by
Dr. G. E. Bailey, one of the best works on soils and soil culture
ever published. Sent free with every request for our Farmer's
Handbook N.F-338. \\'rite now.

Established 1802 E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS CO., Wilmington, Del.

WW

Profit from Fruit

is increased if the fniit is borne on trees
l)lanted in soiltliat contains tlie right amount
and tlie right Iviud of plant food. For such
trees will yield fruit in maximum quantity
and of improved quality.

Beaver Brand Animal Fertilizers

"A fertilizer for every soil."

Gives to the soil tlie proper atoouat of nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash that are so necessary it' you
want your trees to have a steady healthy growth and
hear plentifully.

Not an experiment but a proven fertilizer of reputation. A trial
offers convincing proof. Folder free. Address Box lOl

Union Meat Company

North Portland, Oregon

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

larger quantities than the conditions
might justify, with the result that later
on they might receive net prices below
the level of opening values. By this it
is not meant that growers ought to sell
now for less than market value, nor is
it meant that buyers are to be encour-
aged in depressing opening values. The
outlook is normally encouraging for
satisfactory profits to all concerned if
good judgment is used, and it is meant
to urge upon growers and dealers alike
the advisability of breaking deadlocks
with reasonable concessions on the
part of all. Arbitrary ideas of values
should be avoided, so that the movement
of the crop may proceed in a healthy
way. Unfortunately, when the demand
for apples is good, many growers and
packers seem to feel that poor grading
is justified, and is such years there is a
tendency to lower standards. Attention
is called to the fact that no condition
can justify an> thing but an honest pack.
For a poor grade and shoddy pack the
producer ultimately must pay, although
temporarily tlie packer may receive an
advantage. Apples should be sold for
just what they are, according to the
recognized grades. Whether or not the
price may be high, growers and dealers
alike should adheie strictly to that
policy.

Under all conditions there are certain
fundamental processes that ou.ght to be
observed in preparing the crop for
market if success is to be assured. The
fruit should be picked and packed in
such condition as to insure it against
abnormal deterioration. With perish-
able varieties having a long ripening
season it is suggested that growers
should not attempt to harvest the crop
at one picking, but rather should glean
the trees for only such fruit as is ready
to come off, repeating the process until
the crop has been picked in uniform
condition. The advantage is that the

WalnutsAre
Dollars

Plant a Walnut Grove that will
grow into dollars while you
sleep. The \'rooman Franquette
bears at three years and sells for
25 cents per pound — is smaller
than an apple and sells for more
money, t iet in with the tide and
Ljet ricli. At forty feet a part it only
takes 28 trees to the acre. Is
cheaper than an apple orcliartl
to plant and makes your land
more valuable.

True Vrooman Franquette

Walnut Trees at Bargain Prices

at

Mira-Monte Nursery

SAN JOSE, CAL.

10 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2Q

An Optimist

A man who
owns a

Fish Brand

Reflex

Slicker

$3.00

when Old Prob
says rain.

Waterproof,
absolutely

^ Protector Hal, 75 cents

Satisfaction Guaranteed v^^ *^

Send for catalog ^'^BHii^^^

A. J. TOWER CO. °r»^ ,„"
BOSTON 'JSHm^

A NEW OPPORTUNITY

IN THE WEST OKANOGAN
IRRIGATION DISTRICT

9,400 acres bordering the Okanogan
River will be irrigated with the com-
pletion of this project. This section
combines the soil and climate of the
most favored fruit growing districts of
the state, with unusual opportunities
for dairying and stock growing. A
farm unit of 40 acres has been estab-
lished and a price fixed on the excess
acreage of land by the Board of Direc-
tors, which enables the homeseeker to
purchase high class irrigated land at
prices lower than prevailed twelve years
ago in irrigated sections of Washington.

Send for out FREE piihlication -with
map and full description of country.

F.W. GRAHAM

Western Immigralion

Agent

Great Northern Ry.

Seattle, Wash

r.F.

Ask for Catalogue No. 5

Reasons Why You Shbuld

Investigate the SANDOW

, Kerosene Stationary EK8INE

It rana on kerosene (onal oi1)f gnsollDef

diitillitle and ulcobot nilhiiut rhoofce ID

eijui^ment — HtartH without enitikiii^ —

runs in ellher dlreell.m— Ihrottle got-

erned — hopper and tank-eooled — .peed

oonlrnlled while ranninff— no earns — no

Tolfes — no ftei^<*s — no sproekets — only

e muTinK parts — ti^ht weight — easllr

tahle — c^eut power — starts easily at

forty df£repH beiow lero- o. inplsie r.sdj to

ruO'-ct Uilreti ■jfwrato them--low fsot'iry

prices li^Bi'd on enormous out put-80 dny

m.ineT- bsok tri»l-10 jrSrs Irondsd gust

an'es. Biros, I 1-2 to 18 horsepower.

tend a po"'sl today for free csislogirbloh

"I bo. Sendow trill be useful to you

K'-ietweens. Poolret agents' ami

diUeuieo's oommlsBlocs by dealing

rrot .1th faotorj. (tiO'.')

Delroit Motor Car Supply Co.
.t^ CaDtoQ Are.r Detroit, MiiJi.

shipping period may begin earlier and
last longer, thereby securing greater
time for efTecting distribution. Further-
more, if all the fruit is harvested at the
same time, it is to be remembered that
shipments represent extreme stages of
maturity, ranging from ripe to green in
the same package, and that freciuently
toward the end of the season overripe
condition of a portion of the crop may
result from failure to pick first only
what is in condition for marketing.
Careful handling from tree to car is
necessary to prevent deterioration. It
is not dillicult to understantl why a lot
of fruit does not arrive in the market
in prime condition if it is picketl and
piled on the gound in the hot sun,
placed in packages in a heated condi-
tion, and finally hauled in wagons with-
out covers or springs over rough roads.
With proper facilities, apples picked on
hot days should not be packed until the
following day. For this purpose shelter
should be provided in order that the
fruit may be packed in a cool, dry con-
dition. Growers who have no packing
sheds should either build them or ar-
range to use their barn floors. Wagons
should be equipped with springs and
covers provided for the protection of
the fruit from the weather. Culls and
cider stock should be eliminated from
the better grades and as far as possible
diverted to cider mills, canneries and
evaporators. While in short-crop years
there is a fair demand for low-class
apples, still by filling the autunm mar-
kets with poor stocks it is possible to
obstruct seriously the disposition of the
standard giades, and force into cold
storage larger (luantities than the con-
ditions may justify. In general, only
long keeping, standard pack apples
should be placed in the coolers, though
it is freciuently profitable to store for
relatively short periods such sorts as
Grimes, Wealthy and Jonathan, for
withdrawal during autumn and early
winter as the demand justifies. In pack-
ing fruit for storage special care should
be exercised to pick the fruit in sound
condition, pack it carefully, and rush it
into storage without delay. Such meth-
ods add materially to the life of the
product.

Owing to geographic location, some
important apple-producing states have
the natural advantage of an early sea-
son. It would be folly for such states
not to profit by that advantage. It is
jjossible for growers so situated to leave
their crop on the trees until the [jcriod
of greatest movement, and freciuently
in years past they have sulTered great
loss by doing so. The Southern states
of the apple belt should begin early ami
market the greatest portion possible
prior to the period of greatest move-
ment, and thereby avoid competition
with the producing areas of the north-
ern belt. On the other hand, stales that
go to market latest should be in no
hurry to rush the markets during the
I)eriod of greatest movement. In brief,
the croj) should be dislribuled through-
out the longest lime possible, cold and
dry storages being judiciously utilized
for conservatitm. Small towns outside

This WlrrB Eiigtnc,aftesl1yenra.Ktill gnhtg
good service to S. .4. Stone, t'hiUicothe, Mo.

JWITTE ENGINES

4^ Kerosene, Gasolin

^^^ You can now own a good En ;

less than you can

e& Cas

pine for
lo without one.

LOOK A T THESE RRICES!

2 HP, $34.95; 4 H-P. $69.75; 6 HP, $97.75;
8 HP, $139.65; 12 H-P, $197.00; PricosF.o.e.
16 H-P, $279.70; 22 H-P, $359.80. F.ctonr.

Stationary . Portable, Skidded and Sawrig styles.
Standard for 28 years. Why pay two prices for any
good engine or take chances on a poor, or doubtful
engine for any kind of a price, when the WITTE
costs solittte and saves you all the risk.

LIBERAL 5-YEAR GUARANTY.

Easij terms of payment, at regular prices,
if you don't wish topayallcaih. '

llAnk FpPP Getmy Book before
uvvn 11 c^ arrangingtotryany
engine, Costg nothing to be su
of your select ion, evenif you don',
pick a WITTE. Learn the inside
of the engine business and how
to judge engines for yourself.
Write us today.

ED. H. WITTE ENGINE WORKS,

ii<> OaKland Ave.,
Kansas City, Missouri.

It''' Emiilte BIdg., Pittsburgh, Pa.

HONEST TREES ATI
HONEST PRICES

Order your Ireca direct from loneest
established, most rehable nursery in the
West. Save money - avoid disappoint-
ment. 300 acres — 50 years thoroughly
reliable dealm^. Get our list and prices
before you buy a tree

THE

WOODBURN NURSERIES

Woodburn, Ore.

Protect Yimr

Dtake chances ^^ 9 ■^■^■^^^
with your young ire«s. ^K J^ .^^ ^B^^^^I^^F
' '^- -BbbH will tm many ^*
ingle niKhi. Mice and 1
'orms will damage and
deitroy (hem if you doni protect them.
Gel dollan' worth of protection ai a frac- ri
tion of a cent cost by using f5+Vi!Ml IXM"^

Tree PfotectoET^lp

Absolute protection against gnawers CWa^
and borers, " Prevent trees from \V,
becoming skinned and bruised by cul-
tivator or lawn mower Made of elm
veneer, chemically treated. Easily put
on and will last until tree is beyond

needing protection, £>on't wait until some

of your trees ore lulled — order Hawlieye

Proieclors now. Regubr sue 10 inches

wMe. 10 inches high Price in lots of 100 —

I cent apiece, in lots of tOOO — .'4 cent

apiece. Special sizes made lo order.

Write for circular and samples.

iVe ma^e Fruit Basl{eii — get out prka.

Burlington Basket Company

I 122 Main Su Burlington, Iowa

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Pa.i

BETTER FRUIT

Made irom ihe right crude

The Jury of Awards at both San Francisco
and San Diego Expositions found an oil
made from California asphalt-base crude,
highest in lubricating efficiency. That oil Wiis
Zerolene. The fact, too, that such unbiased author-
ities as a U. S. Naval Engineer, engineers of the
Packard and Ford Motor Companies, and others,
have also gone on record in favor of oils made
from asphalt-base crude — in accord with the de-
cision of the Exposition juries — proves that Zero-
lene is made of the rig/it crude, and made rig/it.

STANDARD OIL COMPANY

(California)

ZEROLENE

ike Standard Oil for Moior Cars

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.
Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

E
A
R

S

o

rrklSinMY" i° ^^'n^S Ib getting the best
V^Ui^V/J.TlX value for the money, not

always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON

prices are right.

DHESIVENESS rh'r'?i"/srnTo?

PEARSOX nails. For twenty years they have
been mak ing boxes strong. Now, more than ever .

T7T T A T3TT TTV behind the goods is
lliljli\.ISll-ill 1 added value. Tou can

rely on our record o£ fulflllment of every con.

tract and fair adjustment of every claim.

ATISFACTION i^pTien^ceTrnT
iug oails to suit our customers' needs. We know
what you want; we guarantee satisfaction.

RIGINALITY

pins experience always
excels imitation. Imi-
tation's lii^jhest hope is, to Bomelime (not now)
equal Pearson— meantime yoxt play safe.

A
I
L

NAILS

Novcuihcr

of the apple belt are often poorly .sup-
plied, even in large crop years. Grow-
ers of the Middle West have taken ad-
vantage of this condition by going to
such towns with cars of apples and
selling on the track. In order to suc-
ceed with this method the shippers
should know conditions of supply and
demand in the town selected, ascertain
the railway and township regulations
controlling track sales, and precede de-
livery of the car by judicious advertis-
ing. The mayor can give information
as to whether a license is required, and
the railway agent as to whether track
sales are allowed. Insofar as the apple
grower is concerned, co-operation in
distribution and marketing is highly
commended as an economic system for
securing judicious handling. Of course
it would be impracticable for growers
to organize upon the eve of crop move-
ment, because disaster would likely re-
sult as the consequence of too little
time for perfecting business arrange-
ments. However, in communities where
co-operative packing and selling agen-
cies are operated, the growers should
do all possible to strengthen such ex-
changes with their patronage and coun-
sel. The disloyalty of members is the
chief element of failure in co-operative
circles, and apple growers are strongly
urged to stand by their associations as
the best way to solve the problems that
are common to all.

Write to the Men Who Know

There is a great difference in spray pnmps and
' sprayins apparatus. One kind is made by practical
orchardists and h.is been improved through over 20 years of orchard
success. Write a letter orpost card to Morrill & Morley Mfg. Co. Find out about

Eclipse Spray Pumps

In use in more successful orchar.ls than all otlicr makes. Used by

U. S. Department ofAsrriculture. Hind out what Eclipse offers in

more prolits fur orchards, vineyards or potato fields. Address £s,>^ ,^-^

Morrill & Morley IMfg. Co., Box 12 , Benton Harbor, Mich.%^''
Send for Free Catalogue W

We Have a Story for You

Apple Anthracnose or Black
Spot Canker

This disease is known to occur on the
Pacific Coast west of the Cascade Moun-
tains in Oregon, Washington and Brit-
ish Columbia, and has more recently
been reported in the south central part
of Washington in the Columbia River
Valley. F"requently it is the matter of
inquiry by orchardists in the eastern
and central jjnrts of Washington. In

THE COST

is given on page 4.

There are also other points of interest

to orchardists.

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.
Proprietors

HOOD KH ER. OREGON Dl'FCR. OREGON

Growers of high grade nursery Block, guar-
anteed true to-nanie. Breeders and iniportera
of purebred liig Type Poland China Hogs. Ser-
vice boars, bred gilts and vreauiug pigs for sale.
For catalog of nursery stock and prices
on swine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD KIVEH, OltEGON

BIG BARGAINS

Engines. Sprfiapers Separators. H
^t quality. I'rJcos ali.-Ul l-3l..l-i:i.

tlian youuaiiallv pay. 200,0ini custfinif
ttntify to faultloss dcsi -n ami boat m -
t#ri.-il. CataloK free. Wm, Gali^Wav Co,

Box 1(r7 WATEBLOa. low ■

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 31

order to acquaint the grower with the
nature of thie disease, its efTects, and
methods of control, the following state-
ment is issued by Mr. D. C. George,
assistant plant pathologist of the Ex-
periment Station at Pullman:

Apple anthracnose, or black spot
canker, manifests itself as a twig and
branch canker on the apple and pear,
and as a storage rot on the fruits of the
apple and quince. The twig and branch
form appears as dark colored, sunken
areas or cankers in the bark of the
younger growth. It is especially inju-
rious on branches under two or three
inches in diameter, only occasionally
being found on the thick bark of the
larger branches. Frequently several of
these cankers coalesce and completely
girdle the branch. Young trees are
sometimes killed by this girdling. The
young cankers begin their development
in the fall, usually about the first of
November. They appear on the bark as
small circular spots, reddish brown to
black in color. Beneath these spots a
water soaked appearance is noticed,
which extends to the cambium layer.
During the winter months development
is retarded, but becomes vigorous with
the renewed activity of the host in early
.spring. As the spots enlarge they be-
come elliptical in shape, more or less
depressed and smooth, and the bark
dries and slightly cracks at the advanc-
ing edge. The cankers are mature in
size by the last of June or a little later
and vary from one-quarter of an inch
to six inches in length by one-quarter
of an inch to live inches in width.
About this time small elevations or pus-
tules, more or less conical in shape,
appear in the cankered area. Later,
about midsunnner, these pustules crack
open and expose the spore-bearing mass
of fungous tissue. In the late autunm
the cankered area is separated from the
healthy tissue by a slight ridge due to
the formation of callus. When the

I

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

At

SAN FR/INCISCP
EXPOSITION

Mogul 8-16 Oil Tractor
$675.00 Cash f. 0. b. Chicago

THE small-farm tractor is here to stay.
Farms even smaller than 100 acres are
rapidly being equipped with Mogul 8-16 oil

tractors. Since thtir introduction, the great plant at
Chicago has been turning out these machines by the
thousands and is still behind orders.

There is only one reason for this unprecedented demand.
Tractor farming pays. Horse boarders are cut down to the
small number required for cultivating and the few other jobs for
which tractors cannot be used. The plowing, disking, seeding
and harvesting are finished without relation to the effect of
weather on horses. Costs are reduced all 'round. Net farm
profits are higher. Tractor farming jiays well on small farms
when the work is done with a Mogul 8-16. The longer you put
off buying one, the more money you lose.

The Mogul and Titan lines include larger tractors to 30-60
H. P., all operating on low grade oil fuel, and a fullline of general
purpose oil engines, from 1 to 50-H. P. in size. See the local
dealer who handles these machines or write us for full information.

International Harvester Company of America

(incorporated)

Crawford, Neb. Denver. Col. Helena, Mont. Portland, Ore,
San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash, Salt Lake City, Utah

Ridley,Houlding&Co.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON

Points to rememher when consigning
apples to the Loudon Market

1.— We Specialize in Apples

2.— All Consignments Receive our
Personal Attention

3.-The Fruit is Sold by
Private Treaty

CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page

3-'

BETTER FRUIT

Noi'ciubcr

One man with a "K" Stump
Puller exerts more power
than 16 horses. Can pull,
single-handed, from 50 to 150
stumps per day. Rips out
any stump that can be pulled by
any horse-power machine, and at
about ]i the cost; M the cost of
dynamite.

/^Bp^^ HAND POWER.

I ^^ Stump
'4^ Puller

works by levera^re — same prin-
ciple as a jack— power multiplied
many times. "Works easy as row-
ing a boat. Made of Krupp steel.
Guaranteed against breakage.

Send for my special offer and
free book on Land Clearing.

Walter J. Fitzpatrick

Box S . 182 FUth Street
SAN FRANCISCO. CALIF.

The Paris Fair

Hood River's Largest and Best Store
RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES

HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES

MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

Only 12c.

(Including Postage and Packing)
FOR THIS

Filet
Crochet Book

O N

Yokes and Towels

I have just published this book of new^
creations — -over one hundred of the new-
est, most beautiful and practical designs
for working Cross Stitch or Filet Crochet.
My Book Contains Complete Instruc-
tions "With Handsome Illustrations.
Send me 12c. in postage stamps or 10c. in silver
and one 2c. stamp and I will send a copy prepaid.
Pearl LeMoode, 5"1 Publicity Bldg. St. Loai«, Mo.

YOU CAN EARN $50.00 P^^iS*^^

^a^tt|E3B6strl«tt Improved Standard
^^^' Wall Driliino Machine.

Drilla throuoh U17 focmabon.

Five yc*n .Led of ..v other.

Hu recoid of dnUmB 1 30 leeC

and dnTiDfl eaina >a 9 boun.
Asodiei record wlien70leel wudrilled.D littmiiUuiiUitt,
al9cpcr8aL On. Buo cooperate. EJectncaihr eauipp«d foi
HBnioa oisfato. Fithmaiob. Enaioe ignitiao. CatalocueWf.
REIERSON MACHINERY CO., Mtntrs.. Portlind. Ort.

canker becomes old, u.sually the second
year, the bark cracks away from the
edges, becomes loose and drops out,
leaving unsightly scars. As stated pre-
viously, the disease is known to cause
a storage rot of the fruit. It first ap-
pears on the surface as small, light
brown, circular spots of rotting tissue.
These spots generally enlarge and later
change to very dark or black, even-
tually becoming dry, depressed and
rather tough. Pustules similar to those
formed in the cankers soon develop,
quite commonly making their appear-
ance in concentric circles.

Anthracnose is caused by a parasitic
fungus known as "Xeofabrrea malicor-
ticis." It produces two kinds of spores
or reproductive bodies. The summer
spores, or conidia, are formed during
the first year of the development of the
canker. They are mature by late sum-
mer or fall and are ejected in a gela-
tinous mass from each of the small
pustules found on the cankers. These
spores are readily separated by water,
rain, dew, or certain summer sprays
serving as agents in this respect. On
being liberated they are scattered by
various agencies and each one is capa-
ble of producing a new infection. The
winter spores, or ascospores, are devel-
oped the second year, within small club
shaped structures borne in disk-like
bodies that occupy the position of the
pustules of the previous season. Fol-
lowing the fall rains these spores are
discharged with force and are carried
away by the wind. Like the conidia,
upon germination they are capable of
producing new infections. It has been
found that conidiospores are also de-
veloped from old layers around the
edges of the pustules producing the
ascospore stage and also in the bark of
cankers three years old. If the bark
drops to the ground at the end of the
first year, the winter spores may be
developed in such bark on the ground.

Thorough spraying and jjiuning are
essential in order to control the disease.
The spraying should be done inune-
diately after the fruit is picked, as at
this time the spores are most abundant
and new infections most likely to take
place. The 0-6-50 bordeaux is recom-
mended. If the fall rains begin early
and the trees are harboring old cankers
an additional spraying about three
weeks later is advisable. Too much
emidiasis cannot be placed on thorough
pruning. It is advisable, where possi-
ijle, to do this before the first spraying.
All small twigs and branches showing
any signs of the disease should be re-
moved. Old cankers on the larger
branches should be cut out without
fail, as they are very serious sources
of spore production, and the wounds
should be i)rotected in order to keep
out wood-rotting fungi and insect pests.
The cut edges of the bark and the
caiiibium should be painted with shel-
lac, and as soon as this dries the entire
wound may be covered with coal tar or
any good paint. The prunings and all
bark removed from the cankers should
be burned. — Washington State Experi-
ment Station Bulletin.

Save the Culls and
Olf-GradeApples

In your community by converting them
into cider, apple butter, vinegar, etc. There
is big money in this business, besides it gives
vou the satisfaction of running a good prof-
itable business of your own. Our presses are
assisting thousands of men to a comfortable
income and with
only averysmall
investment. Let
us start you.

4[^W^r^k:

Wt mamilaclure Kvaporators, Apple Butter Cookers,
Vinegar Generators, Cider and Vinegar Fillers, etc. Let
us tell you all about "Mount Gilead*' outfits and how
you can'put good profits in your pocket by their use.

THE HYDRAULIC PRESS MFG. CO.

60 Lincoln Ave.. Mt. Gilead, Ohio.

Pacific Coast Representatives

THE BERGER & CARTER CO.

17th and Mississippi Sts. San Francisco, California

Grand Prize and Gold Medal at

Panama-Pacific Exposition.

TRAPPERS

Furs Have Advaacea

ShiptoRoprers. Wefriveliberalgrades.
_ fullvalueincashandquickreturns. We
have best market in America for Furs. Hides, etc.
No commission. Write today for free price list.

Trappers' Supplies at Factory Prices
ROGERS FUR COMPANY, Dcpt. 290 St. Louis, Mo.

In

j^armers^Friend

CELEBRATED

CSS

l^'HlTTIER.COBUBNCa,'

San rRANcisco,e*i-

AsK yovir Dealer

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WRITI.NG ADVERTI'^KRS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Pa^c

00

Keep Cider Sweet.
Cider may be kept either perfectly
sweet or witli wliatever "bead" tlic
taste of the user suggests, according to
Miss Carrie Pancoast, of the Missouri
College of Agriculture. It may be
canned immediately or allowed to stand
for a few days, but in cither case the
method used includes filling fruit jars
with the cider and adding a tablcspoon-
ful of sugar to each c[uart, if desired.
Place the rubber and top in position
and tighten partially, in case of glass
jars; or if tin is used, cap and tip the
cans. An ordinary washtub or similar
vessel may be used in sterilizing. Laths
or thin boards should be laid across
the bottom to avoid heating the glass
to rapidly and cracking it. Put in water
enough to fill the vessel an inch or two
above the jars, heat to boiling, put the
jars in, and let the boiling continue for
ten minutes. Then remove, tighten the
covers, and invert in order to test the
lids while cooling. Other processes
that may be used involve sterilizing
for eight minutes with a water seal
outfit, for four miiudes under five
pounds' pressure with a steam pressure
outfit, or for two minutes with an
aluminum pressure cooker.

Winter Injury to Fruit Trees.
A great many inquiries have come to
the horticultural division of the Exper-
iment Station asking for information
about tieatment of winter injured trees.
There are two forms of winter injury
more conmion than others. In the first
the bark is killed directly, and it often
splits on the trunk and larger limbs
and turns dark brown on the smaller
branches. The surface bark on the
small limbs is often raised, as if blis-
tered. This may occur in small circular
or irregular areas, or the entii-e limb
may be atrected. The small limbs

Established 1881

Page & Son

120 and 122 Front Street
PORTLAND

Oldest Established

Wholesale Fruit and Produce
Commission Merchants

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It Kives yon a hi^h praile quick selliiij; i»r<Miuct a( a
minimum coat. It makes acleaii ami natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetablPH have been
approved by the U. S. Government, while desiccated
dried and evaporated pnniiicts have been rejected'
There ig but one Iifhydrainr mannfuctnrcd in the
West and it is the Iie^t l(y-l*nnluct mnclilne ever de-
vised. It is adaptpti to tiie individual grower, us it can
be conslructed to meet any and all requirements. It ia
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therelore, you are
protected in its uae.

The manufacturers of (his Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved auromatic labor-saving
prepnrntory machinery which will further reduce the
present low cost tor the production of this i)rodiict.

For new descriptive bonk let address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

YAKIMA FRUIT SELLERS

North Yakima, Washington

A Central Selling Agency for Yakima

EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS FOR

Yakima County Horticultural Union
Yakima Fruit Growers' Exchange
^ Richey & Gilbert Company

Our organizations handled 2,500 carloads of Yakima Fruit last ssason. Hundreds of growers
have joined our movement and we already have under contract a much larger proportion
of Yakima tonnage than ever before. Additional tonnage is coming to us daily. We have
a large proportion of the fruit in the early districts — therefore we can load the early
assorted cars— money-makers for the trade and the growers.

WRITE OR WIRE US IN SEASON

H. M. GILBERT, General Manager. FRED EBERLE, Asst. Manager

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station, Belmont Road
We will be pleased to show you trees, apple trees that have a heritage, a guaUty that should be considered by everyone
who plants a tree. Our trees are grown In clean hillside virgin red shot soil with clay subsoil, produdne the most Tigorous
root system. Our buds are selected from tlie best bearini; healthy Hood Elver trees that make the Hood River apple
famous tlirouEliout tlie world. Our trees will give you satisfactory results in vigor, fruit and quality Ask for catalog
We guarantee our products. Apples, pears, peaclies, apricots, almonds and walnuts. A complete line of the best varieties
of all kinds of fruits.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD, President

W. J. ENSCHEDE, IVlanager

Our Special Clubbing Offer

splendid clubbing list. Tliese rates do not apply

"lifttcr Kruit" olTers lo ils readers
111 Ciinada, owing lo extra postage.

Through lack of space we are unable lo give a more extended clubbing lisl. If this
clubbing list does not meet your rcquiremenis, please make up a clubbing list that
send it to us and we will advise you what the list will cost you.

desire.

you

Everybody's $1.50

Delineator 1.50

Betler Fruil 1.00

Total S4.00

AH for 2.75

Outlook $3.00

Scribner's 3. 00

World's Work 3.00

Beller Fruit i.oo

Total $10.00

All for 6.45

Scribner's J3.00

Delineator 1.50

Everybody's 1.50

BcUcr Fruit 1.00

Total $7.00

All for 4.50

American Magazine $1.50

Woman's Home Companion 1.50

Belter Fruit i.oo

Total $4.00

All for 2.15

Woman's Homo Companion $1.50

.Vnicrican 1.50

Bcllcr Fruit 1.00

Total $4.00

All for 2.80

Hoard's Dairyman $1.00

Review of Reviews 3. 00

Farm Journal (5 years) 1.00

Better Fruit 1.00

Total $6.00

All for 3.70

Ladies' World .'Sl.on

IModcrn Priscilla 't.oii

Pictorial Review 1.00

Better Fruit 1 .00

Total $4.00

All for 2.75

American Swineherd $ .50

Evei-ybody's 1*50

Oregon Agricullurist iso

Better Fruit 1.00

Total ^a

All for 2.00

Fruil Grower and Farmer.

(lood Housekeeping

Beller Fruit

Aeronautics

(lood Housekeeping ,
r.clirr I'ruil

$3.00
1.50
1.00

Total $5.50

All for 4.30

Motion Piclure Magazine

American Boy

Beller Fruit.'

$1.50

1.00

1.00

Total $3.50

All for 2.80

.\lllomobiIe .lournal $1.50

Scicnlific ,\nicrican 3.00

Better Fruit 1.00

Total $5.50

All for 1.7(1

$1.00

1.50

1.00

Total $3.50

All for 2.(i0

Northwest Poultry .Imnnal $ .50

Gleanings in Bee'Cullure 1.00

Bcview of Reviews 3.00

Beller Fruit lioo

Total $5.50

All for 3.40

Pacific Homestead $1.00

Delineator 1.50

Better Fruit l.oo

Total .$3.50

AH for 2.GO

Western Farmer $1.00

Haiper's Bazaar 1.50

lOvcrybody's 1.50

Belter Fruil I.OO

Tohil $5,00

.Ml for 3.75

WHEN WRITING .\nVERTISERS ME.NTION UETTER FRUIT

Page 34

BETTER FRUIT

November

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA F-AIMCV)

"RED RIBBON"

(F-AIMCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples

When ordering apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market affords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATION
AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

Paste for Labeling — "Palo Alto" Paste Powder

added to cold water, instantly
makes a beautiful, smooth,
white paste. Ready for imme-
diate use at a cost of 10 cents
a gallon. No labor. No muss.
No spoiled paste.

PASTE SPECIALISTS

Robinson Chemical Works

349-351 Eighth Street
San Francisco, California

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres ; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres ; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

should he cut away and the split bark
covered with grafting wax or bound
down with strips of burlap or cloth.
This should be done as soon as the
injury is noticed. The second form of
injury is usually not noticeable until
growth starts, unless the inner bark is
examined. This is usually yellow or
light brown. The growth of the tree is
late in starting and then the side buds
develop only small, slender leaves. The
side buds on the previous summer's
growth of wood often fail to start
growth, or after starting die before the
first leaves unfold. The bark often re-
mains green through the sunmicr and
dies the following winter. All branches
that fail to start, and those that make a
very poor growth, should be cut away
early in the season. The best cultiva-
tion and care possible should be given
to enable the tree to recover normal
vigor. Excessive pruning often does
more harm than good. I'lant some crop
in the orchard in midsummer, or cease
cultivation and irrigation early enough
to cause the trees to thoroughly ripen
their wood before cold weather occurs.
— Washington State Experiment Station
Bulletin.

Coming Events

Arizona State Fair, Phoenix, Arizona, No-
vember 8 to 13.

Cascade International Stock Show, North
Yaltima, Washington, November 22 to 27.

Lewis\\ton Livestock Show, Lewiston, Idaho,
November 29 to December 4.

Pacific International Livestock Exposition,
North Portland, Oregon, December 6 to 11.

SEE CALIFORNIA

AND HER TWO
GREAT EXPOSITIONS

NOW

Calif oi'nia is this year holding two great
universal Expositions, one at San Franciaco
and the other at San Diego, in celebration of
the completion of the Panama Canal and the
joining of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
These two Expositions represent an expendi-
ture exceeding one hundred million dollars.
To supply the demand for reliable and
authentic information on these Expositions
and California, we have published two beau-
tiful books; one on San Francisco, the Eixpo-
sltlon and Northern California; the other on
Los Angeles. San Diego, the Exposition and
Southern California; also a lithographed view
of San Francisco in colors (size 30x45 inches).
a picture of the rebuilt city, including the
Ehtposition. Each book is 6x9 inches, con-
tains nearly 200 pages and many beautiful
illustrations.

These two books and large bird's-eye view
give a comprehensive, honest history and de-
scription of the state, her principal cities,
resources and her two great Expositions.
Sent prepaid for 35 cents each or all three for
a one dollar bill, money order, draft or check.
Order now, addressing

North American Press Association,

Publishers,
1420 Hearst Building, San Francisco.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

SHIP YOUR APPLES AND PEARS TO THE PURELY COMMISSION
AND ABSOLUTELY RELIABLE HOUSE

W. DENNIS & SONS, Ltd.

LONDON AND LIVERPOOL

REPRESENTED IN NEW YORK BY

DENNIS, KIMBALL & POPE, Inc.

202 FRANKLIN STREET

From whom all information as to shipping can be obtained

Jt-

To Headers of
''Better Fruit"

If you are at all interested
in newspapers and maga-
zines or farm publications,
you should have a copy of

NelsonChesman(§^Co.'s
Newspaper Rate Book

for the issue of 1915-16
JUST OFF THE PRESS.

IT GIVES YOU an opportu-
nity to study newspapers
and magazines, learn their
rates, their history, their politics,
their circulation and various
other data. Over 500 pages list-
ing and describing all of the
principal newspapers, maga-
zines, weeklies, religious lists,
farm papers, mail-order lists,
etc., of the United States, Can-
ada, and the United States' pos-
sessions beyond the seas.

Special Rate tvill be made to

'"better Fruit" readers

Write at once

NELSON CHESMAN & CO.
1127-29 Pine St., St. Louis, Mo.

-»

-n

The War is Over

Who Won, England or Germany?
Neither

BUT THE ENGLISH WALNUT— IN THE

Vrooman Strain Franquette

— Won as to its Adaptability to the Soil and Climate
of the NorthAvest.

We carry a full line of both Second Genera-
tion and Grafted Trees.

Also a full line of fruit trees, ornamental trees
and shrubbery, and have added many new special-
ties. We are in a position to supply the fruit grower
with his needs.

Always room for one more good salesman.

Capital City Nursery Company

SALEM, OREGON

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAJN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Established 1900

Butler Banking Company

. HOOD HIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you Kood real estate security, or if

yoii want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we

make no charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Store Your Apples
in Spokane

The Natural Storage Center

Take advantage of storage in
transit rate and the better mar-
ket later. Write us for our dry
and cold storage rate and infor-
mation.

Ryan & Newton
Company

SPOKANE. WASHINGTON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

The World — Our Orchard

ON ALL FIELDS OF ENDEAVOR no work is
more worthy of recognition than that of the
salesman. To be successful these pioneers ot
commerce must possess attributes which would bring
world wide recognition to men in other walks of life.

The salesmen of our country are largely responsi-
ble for the development of the great industries which
are the bulwark of the nation. Most leaders of business
were at one time salesmen; nearly every self-made man
has served on the firing line of salesmanship. No house
in the trade had humbler beginnings than the firm of

Steinhardt & Kelly

Built upon the fundamental principles ot

Honor, Honesty, Strength and Service

which are the foundations of all successful business
enterprises, the house of

Steinhardt & Kelly

stands today preeminent at the very top of the fruit
industry of the United States.

Our Market — The World

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

FEB 13 1917

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

DECEMBER, 1915

Number 6

Coniieftr/ of
Pearson-Ryan Compatvj

Grapes Grown in the Northwest incks-rhatum i^jiyraving

ing Co.

'Health's best way ^S 7^ \ — 7, — i T "An apple a day

_, , -^ 1 7, Duv them by the box i^ \i j 1 '

Eat apples every day i i 1 i Keeps the doctor away

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Subscnption .fl.OO per Year in the United States: Canada and Foreign. Ineludin^ Poslauo. $1.50.

Single Copy 10 Cents

The Bean Line for 1916

BEAN GIANT DUPLEX— This and our Triplex are the finest power sprayers
on the market. They are made for the grower who is satisfied with nothing

short of the best.

BEAN EUREKA— Our ••One-Man Power Sprayer." One man runs it. One
horse hauls it. A wonderful little rig for a small orchard.

Includes Several New Outfits and
Many Valuable Improvements

We have just completed the largest, finest, and
rrost complete catalo? of hand and power sprayere
ever oftert'd to fruit growers. It illustrates and de-
scribes the entire Bean line from the smallest hand
pump to the largest power rig, and is a book that
ought to be in the hands of every man who is
interested in sprayei-s and spraying. This catalog
rejiiescnts

The Achievement of 30 Years

A line of spraving outfits like the Bean line can't
be established in a day. Stai'ting with a single
small pump, the Bean line has grown to its present
completeness. Each new outfit has been built to
meet a particular need, and the high standard estab-
lished at the beginning has been steadily maintained
throughout the entire line. Years of experience,
study, experimentation, and practical work in the
field'are back of the Bean line for 1316.

The "Bean"
The 10-Point Sprayer

Bean power sprayers have many important advan-
tages—but there are 10 big distinctive outstanding
features— 10 absolute superiorities supporting our
statement that "The Bean is the Best." Briefly—

1 Bean Patent Pressure Regulator, which ends
relief valve troubles, saves fuel, and eliminates over
half the wear and tear on engine and pump.

:;. Threadless Ball Valves, which cannot rust,
stick or Vioiher.

3. Porcelain-lined Cylinders, which wear for years.

4. No Stuffing Box to give trouble.

5. Underneath Suction, which never requires
priming.

6. Eccentrics instead of crank.«.

7. One-piece Steel Beam Frame.

8. Rocking Bolster and Special Low Down Truck.

9. Novo Engine— a marvel of economy, simplicity
and saiisiaction.

10. Bean Re-filler, which fills the tank in five
minutes.

Bean Power Spravers are high pressure sprayers.
Thev not only break the liquid up into a fine mist.
hut "drive it -on at tremendous pressure, so that it
does the work thoroughly. You can't get the right
results without heavy pressure.

Send for New 1916 Catalog

Fill in the coupon below — paste it to a post card —
and mail at once for your copy of this valuable new
sprayer book. Xo matter whether you are thinking
s.Tiouslv of buving a sprayer or not— if you spray
trees vou are welcome to a copy of this catalog.

Bean Magic Hand Pump Bean Spray Pump Co.

The Bean Magic is the leader of our
hand pump line. In fact, there is no
other hand pump on the market to com-
pare with it. It is the only hand pump
that can be maintained at high press-
ure without exhaustive effort on the
part of the operator.

THE PATENTED SPRING saves
one-third the work. As you pull the
handle toward you the .spring is com-
pressed and liquid admitted to the
cylinder. As you push the handle
away the spring expands and helps to
force the liquid into the air cliamber
against full gauge pressure. The handle
works as easily one way as the other.

This pump, together with all our
other hand and barrel pumps, are in-
cluded in our complete catalog.

Sign and Send
This Coupon

230 West Julian Street, San Jose, California
Also Lansing, Michigan

Bean High Pressure Spray Hose is made especially for

spray use. Twice the wear of ordinary hose used for th^s

purpose.

Bean Spray Pump Co.,

230 W. Julian St., San Jose, Cal,
Please send me a copy of your new catalog of Hand and

Power Spravers. 1 have acres of

trees. I am interested especially in

Hand Pumps Power Sprayers Accessories

Name

.\ddre.ss

WHbN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCIT

1915

BETTER FRUIT

Page 3

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTKR

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Sirnons_^Shuttleworth & French Co. _ Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.

204 Franklin Street, New York

Toronto and Montreal

46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

4'^4'4'4'^4'4'4'4'»4'4'4'4'»»»4'4'4'»4'»4'4'4-4'4-^»4-»»4'4'*»4'4'4'4'4'4'4'4'4'»4'»4'4'»4'4'4'^'^'4'»4'4'»4-»»4'4'4'4-^4'4'»»4'»4'»4'»»»4'4-'{'4>4'

4>

SGOBEL
-&-
DAY

FOR QUALITY SALE

See our "Ad" in the PACKER. AVe are selling to the trade all over the United States under this
heading. AVould you like some of your fruit placed on the same basis?

BOX APPLES

AUCTION, PRIVATE OR F. O. B.

■We want to hear from every grovirer in your section vyho has fruit of quality

SGOBEL 8c DAY, New York

Ship Direct
One Commission

**4'4'4"4'4'***<'4'4'*+****4'4'4'4'**4'+*4'4^++4"++4'***+*********4''f'"i'+4'4'"i*"i'4''i'4'**4'4'4'4'*4'*4'4'4'*++4'+4'"l'4'4'4'4'4>*4'4'

The Old Reliable

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

Orchardist
Supply House

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

W. H. DRYER W. W. ROT .T .AM

DRYER, ROT JAM & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

PHONES: MAIN 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

\/HOLESALB

FRUITS AND PRODUCE
Commission Merchants

SOLICIT YOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns
PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture
to us to be stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. Gilbert, President and Manager
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VAT.T.EY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer C. W. Stose

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

December

SHIP YOUR APPLES AND PEARS TO THE PURELY COMMISSION
AND ABSOLUTELY RELIABLE HOUSE

W. DENNIS & SONS, Ltd.

LONDON AND LIVERPOOL

REPRESENTED IN NEW YORK BY

DENNIS, KIMBALL & POPE, Inc.

202 FRANKLIN STREET

From whom all information as to shipping can be obtained

K=

To Readers of
"Better Fruit"

If you are at all interested
in newspapers and mag'a-
zines or farm publications,
you should have a copy of

NelsonChesman (g^ Co. 's
(Newspaper Rate Book

for the issue of 1915-16
JUST OFF THE PRESS.

IT GIVES YOU an opportu-
nity to study newspapers
and magazines, learn their
rates, their history, their politics,
their circulation and various
other data. Over 500 pages list-
ing and describing all of the
principal newspapers, maga-
zines, weeklies, religious lists,
farm papers, mail-order lists,
etc., of the United States, Can-
ada, and the United States' pos-
sessions beyond the seas.

Special Rate 'will be made to

'"Setter Fruit" readers

Write at once

NELSON CHESMAN & CO.
1127-29 Pine St. , St. Louis, Mo.

Pacific Coast Agents ^^-^^-^^ J.C.PearsonCo.Jiic

Lnited Mates Meel ^^HlV l-ClSSfV^ ^°'^ Manufacturers

Products Co. /^j^Q^^J^\ Old s

San Francisco E^^S^^^K^^xY /-^SS^^^^V
Los Angeles /Tl //rCS^ilrhXi^^^ \
Portland /^>Z-^^^^NAlaMK^^\

Duth Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

"■"^PnATOMV '° 'guying is getting the beet

■ j ' V/Vfl^ VflTi ± vahie for the money, not

■ ^ M always in getting the lowest prices. PEAKSON

M m prices are right. j^

\ DHESIVENESS r^rsrY'r A

/ ^ PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have
^ .&. beenmakingboxesstrong. Now,iuore than ever.

"■""^ T?T T A TJTT TTV behind the goods la "W"

■ ■riljliiOlljll 1 added value. Tou can ■

■ '^ rely on onr record of fiiltillnient of every con- H
-M. ^/ tract and fair adjustment of every claim. .A.

C ATISFACTION 'i:^:^T^.

^^^^ ing nails to suit our ciiHtomers' needs. We know ^^_
W>».^ what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. ■

I^RIGINALITY ^^reirfSfr'Tn^^ ^

M W tation's highest hope is, to aoiuelinie (not now)
^-^^ equal Pearson— meantime you play safe.

N A I T. S

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Established 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if

you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we

nialte no charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Store Your Apples
in Spokane

The Natural Storage Center

Take advantage of storage in
transit rate and the better mar-
ket later. Write us for our dry
and cold storage rate and infor-
mation.

Ryan & Newton
Company

SPOKANE, WASHINGTON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 5

Ridley,Houlding&Co.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON

Points to remember when cousiguiug
apples to the London Market

1.— We Specialize in Apples

2.— All Consignments Receive our
Personal Attention

3.-The Fruit is Sold by
Private Treaty

CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON

Our Special Clubbing Offer

"Better Fiuit" olTers to its readers a splendid clubbing list. These rates do not apply
to Canada, owing to extra postage. , ^^. ,. ,»»,.■

Tlirough lack of space we are unable to give a more extended clubbing list. If this
clubbing list does not meet your requirements, please make up a clubbing list that you
desire, send it to us and we will advise you what the list will cost you.

Everybody's $1..^0

Delineator 1.50

Belter Fruit 1.00

Total $4.00

All for 2.75

Outlook ?3.0fl

Scribner's .3.00

World's Work 3.00

Better Fruit 1-00

Hoard's Dairyman $1.00

Review of Reviews 3.00

Farm Journal t5 years) 1.0(1

Better Fruit 1.00

Total $6.00

All for 3.70

Ladies' World . , .
Modern Priscilla.
Pictorial Review .
Better Fruit

.?i.no
i.iiii

I.IIO
1.110

Total ?10.0fl

All for 6.45

Scribner's $3.00

Delineator 1.50

Everybody's 1.50

Better Fruit 1-00

Total $7.00

All for 4.50

Woman's Home Companion $1.50

American Magazine $1.50

Better Fruit 1-00

Total $4.00

All for 2.80

Aeronautics $3.00

Good Housekeeping 1.50

Better Fruit 1.00

Total $5.50

All for 4.30

Motion Picture Magazine $1.5(1

American Boy 1.00

Better Fruit 1.00

Total $3.50

All for 2.80

Automobile .Journal $1.50

Scientific American 3.00

Better Fruit 1-00

Total $5.50

All for 4.70

Total $4.00

All for 2.75

American Swineherd $ .50

Everybody's 1.50

Oregon Agriculturist 50

Better Fruit 1-00

Total $3.50

All for 2.60

Fruit Grower and Farmer $1.00

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Review of Reviews 3.00

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WHEN WklllNt; ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRfIT

Pa^e 6

BETTER FRUIT

December

The Commanding Position of

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Reliability is characteristic of all Hardie Power Sprayers. It explains not only why
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WHEN WRITING Ain'IiliT ISEKS MENTION BETTEK FRUIT

% ^yX^ ^^'

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

Application of the Principles of Pruning to Young Trees

A

By Professor C. I. Lewis, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon
(Continued from last issue.) strength, cuttiiis the strongest branches

T the time the tree is given its first tlie most and tlie wealcest ones the least,
pruning we sliould definitely set- One will then have five main branches

tie the question of height of head.
Most growers, after they have headed
the tree, pay no more attention to it
until the following spring, when they
are ready for the second pruning. We
believe, however, in many cases this is
a mistake. It will be found very ad-
visable in May and June to go through
the orchard and look over the young
trees carefully. At this time certain
very small shoots or buds should be
rubbed off. If one branch is growing
at the expense of all the others, it can
be suppressed, and one can do very
much the first year to start the tree in
the proper way and to put it in better
condition for the second year's growth.
It is only in rare cases that it will be
advisable to give the trees a systematic
summer pruning the first year, because
it will be only occasionally that the
trees will make a sufTiciently rank
growth to warrant such pruning. Many
young trees do not make much top the
first year; they are building roots and
getting firmly established. In cases,
however, where they have made a
strong growth, it is suggested that the
trees be summer pruned, and just as
soon as they have made sullicient
growth so that new laterals can be
formed to advantage, you should pinch
back these shoots, provided this prun-
ing can be done not later than the
middle of July, and preferably in June.
These laterals should be cut back to
stubs from 8 to 1,1 inches in length,
depending, of course, upon the vigor
of the branch. One can make the mis-
take, however, of pinching them back
so hard as to force the new laterals too
near the main crotch, and thus make a
very close, heavy crotch which will
pile up in years to come.

Since few trees can be summer
pruned the first season, we shall con-
sider the tree the second spring, as one
which had received no such pruning.
One should choose definitely the type
of tree to be grown, either the open,
the leader or the modified leader tree.
If the tree was summer pruned, that
question should have been settled at
the time of pruning. If you grow the
leader or modified leader you will
choose one branch to maintain the
lead, and will prune this in such a way
that it can maintain such a lead. If
you decide to grow the open tree, you
should choose the four or five branches
and space them as far apart as possible
and cut these back according to their

with a few laterals on each one. It is
customary to remove all these laterals.
By the middle of June the young tree
should have made a sullicient growth to
allow for summer pruning. Each
branch should be pinched back so as
to leave it from 8 to 15 inches long,
cutting according to vigor, always sup-
pressing the stronger.

By the following spring each of the
original five main scafi"i)ld limbs will

have from one to a dozen lateral or
additional branches. It is customary
to remove all but one from each main
branch so that when the tree is pruned
there will be ten branches on the tree
where there were five before. A great
deal of care should be used in selecting
these new branches. The two branches
on each scaffold limb should be spaced
as far apart as possible. Of course,
avoid the choosing of laterals which
will tend to grow in toward the center
of the tree. Then in cutting these two
laterals avoid cutting them equally.

I-'iGVRi-; 32 — Five-year-old Winter Nelis pear tree begun as an open center,

but ty[)ical of the leader type. The lower branches are not keeping pace

Willi the upper and are becoming weak in comparison. To save or restore

balance the ujjper Ijranches must be suppressed.

Page 8

BETTER FRUIT

December

I u.i hi, ;J3 — At left. Tj-pirat five-year-
tree after pruning. Note tliat tlie center
indication of l)eari!is a crop, antl it" i
back next

111 Winlei ^eli^. At rifiht : Same
s Ijeing suppressed. This tree gives

t simuld will stanii heavier cutting

season.

Chon,se one which will giow as a
leader for the branch and do not cut
this back as heavily as you do the sec-
ond branch, which you will suppress
more heavih' in order to make it grow
as a side branch and not as a main
branch. In this way you will get rid
of the weak crotch, which is one of the
fundamental jjrinciplcs to remember in
pruning trees. This second summer
these trees should be so well estab-
lished that by .lune you can give them
a second pruning. Each one of these
branches that you left on the tree has
grown 15 or 18, or in some cases as
much as 30 inches or even more in
length. We would advise, instead of
letting them go the entire summer, that
whenever they have made sullicient
growth they be cut back in order to
force out a new set of laterals. The
following spring in all probability
about all the pruning you will have to
do will be a little thinning out here and
there, and in case the laterals which
come nut as a result of the pruning in
June have made a very vigorous
growth and are getting too rangy, you
will have to cut them back somewliat,
although it will only be in extreme
cases that you will have to practice
much cutting on these branches. Mod-
erate clipping back is often advisable
to prevent the terminal bud from con-
tinuing growlh and producing long
willowy growth. So you continue this
pruning right along for two or three
years, never leaving as a rule more
than about two branches where you
had one before.

At the beginning of the fourth \ear
I would suggest a modilication of the
pruning. It is coming time now to let
down on the heavy pruning. If you
practice as severe pruning as you did

the first four years, you are constantly
going to force the tree into wood.
Many growers thin out the laterals ex-
cessively, force an enormous terminal

growth and cut back this lerminal
growth vigorously, thus forcing out
new laterals. We believe that loo
many growers make a mistake by
pruning too vigorously at this time. It
would be to advantage to leave more
lateral wood than most growers leave.
Just how much is advisable to leave in
all cases is very hard to say, because
we have not worked out dellnilely just
what is the relalioii of shade to the
formation of fruil spurs or fruit buds.
I'ntil that can dclinitely be worked out
it won't be possible to give very ex-
jjlicit directions, but we would rather
let the tree grow a little brushy, be-
cause after it comes into bearing this
excess wood can very easily be thinned
out. The summer pruning now changes
from the former early summer piuning
and should now be done at the time
the terminal buds form, rather than
early in June as already described
under summer pruning. The rule, then,
with trees from four to seven years of
age, is simply to cut back the terminals
sutTiciently so they will not run away
with the tree, and just thin out so that
the tree does not become too dense.
More pruning than this we would not
recommend. We feel that if this is fol-
lowed there will be a tendency for
young trees to come into bearing
earlier than they otherwise would.

The amount of pruning that trees
which have just come into bearing will
stand will, of course, vary tremen-
dously according to their vigor. The

I-"ir,iiRi; .3 I — .\I left; l-'ive-year-old Winter- N<'lis showing oth- branch growing

al the e\| ense of the r<'si of the tiec. .\l right: Same tree pruned. Note

thai the stioiigcst blanches liave been cut the hardest.

IQIS

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

soil they arc on, the climate and the
variety should all be taken into con-
sideration. As shown in the chapter
on "The Study of Fruit-Buds." theie is
a great diirerence in the bearing hal)its
of trees. The amount of pruning
which regular bearers like Jonathan,
Wagener, Winesap, (Irimes, etc., will
stand will vary considerably as com-
pared to the pruning that Yellow New-
town, Northern Spy, Baldwin, Tomjj-
kins King or varieties which have their
habit of growth will stand. As a gen-
eral rule, the growers of Yellow New-
town on the heavier soils of the state
are making a mistake with their young
trees. In almost all cases they are
over-pruning, and are cutting their
trees so hard tiiat whatever tendency
the trees miglit naturally have to bear
are directed into other channels.

The directions given so far have iieen
written chiefly from the point of view
of apple pruning. Nevertheless the
recommendations apjjly ec|ually well to
all of our deciduous fruits and nuts,
such as prunes, pears, cherries and
walnuts. There are a few soecial rec-
ommendations, however, that we wish
to give for fruits other than apples.

Special Recommendations for Pears

We never reconuiiend pruning the
pear to the leader type. Growers gen-
erally feel that it is harder to fight the
blight with the leader than with llie
open type of tree, so we generally rec-
ommend tliat either the open type or
the modifled leader be chosen. ^Ve
would caution growers, however, that
many of the open trees are very easily

damaged from blight and are often
ruined because the crotches are poorly
formed. An etTort should be made to
have the branches spaced as far aiKUi
as possible, so that if a branch is lost
from blight the remainder of the tree
can easily be saved. It should always
be borne in mind that hre blight works
in succulent growth, and that in han-
dling pear trees one should avoid ex-
cessive wood gi-owth. Pears begin their
growth earlier in the spring and cease
it earlier in the summei- than is the
case with apples. This should be spe-
cially borne in mind with young trees
if summer pruning is to be practiced.
Some varieties of pears, especially the
Bartlett, have a tendency to form fruit
buds and to bear fruit on the ends of
the terminals. They will do this (juite
often while the trees are still very
' oung, and they should be discoura.ged
from bearing in this way. The tend-
ency to bear on such terminals should
be overcome by summer pruning. The
crooked growth of the Winter Nelis
and Hose is very troublesome to the
beginner in pear growing. Our advice
would be not to worry too nnich about
the crooked growth, for as the trees
become older they will take care of
themselves very largely, and this
crooked growth will cease to be
troublesome. Prune the trees in prac-
tically the same way as those that
grow straight.

leais can carry more lateral wood
Mian apples. They relatively spread
farther when they produce a heavy
crop, so that one should avoid thin-
ning the young trees excessively. Keep

I'n.LHi-. :!.') — Al Ufl: l'ivc-yi;n-i)iil liailUll |)car tree l)efoi-e pruning. At
right: Same tree after pruning. Tliis is a splendid type of niodiHcd leader.

riGlHi: .ill — Typical cherry tree iif extremely
poor type, all of the main hranches issuing at
one pciint. Note how leggy the tree is, due to
the fact that there was insuiricient heading-in
the first two years. Heading this tree back
twice a year might have been helpful.

all spurs or fruits from the main trunks
and low down on the scaffold branches,
as these are a source of infection from
the blight. It is also wise in pruning
in any district where fire blight is
troublesome to see that the pruning
tools are carefully sterilized before the
cuts are made.

Special Recommendations for Cherries
Formerly the cherry was headed
about 3.5 inches. There arc luany grow-
ers in the state now that practice head-
ing from 20 to 25 inches, who are
building very nice trees. There seems
to be a i)rejudice against pruning a
cherry tree. Our advice would be to
prune it the first six years just about
the same as has been directed for
ai)i)les. We would urge, however, the
summer pruning, as we have felt that
splendid results could be obtained with
cherries by summer i)runing. The
cherry has a tendency lo shoo! u]) in
the air very rapidly, making an enor-
mous growth the first two years. The
resull is that the average grower has
not the nerve in the winter to cut this
back severely, and he leaves his trees
too leggy. One way to overcome this
legg\, high type of growth is to cut
back the terminals in the summer. A
very .good type of tree to get would be
the Mazzard body, making the trunk
and main scall'old branches of the Maz-
zard, later budding these over. This
will give a stronger crotch and there
will be less gumming and loss from
trees of this type. Should your cherry
trees need heavy cutting, do not hesi-

Page 10

BETTER FRUIT

December

Figure 37 — Three-year-old English walnut tree properly staked. The prun-
ing of these trees should consist, first, of the removal of two lower laterals,
and second, the cutting back strongly of last year's growth. This tree was
headed at thirty inches. It would have been better to head five inches
higher. The alternate trees are three-year-old cherries, which were summer
pruned the previous season. Note how much stronger and better spread the
trees are than the cherry tree shown in Figure 30.

tate to take out large branches. How-
ever, you sliould take care to protect
the wounds carefully, as cherry wood
is softer than that of most of the
poniaceous fruits.

Special Recommendations for Prunes
There is very little additional that
can be said which will be helpful in
the handling of young prune trees.
The recommendations for the apple
trees apply very closely. The trees are
generally headed higher than any of
our other fruits, 30 to 3.5 inches. Some
growers, however, are heading about
20 to 25 inches, and we have seen some
very pretty trees headed at this hei.ght.
The tree never becomes extremely high
headed, and since most of the fruit,
which is to be evaporated, is allowed
to drop on the ground before harvest-
ing, the height of head from the har-
vesting point of view does not need any
consideration. However, we believe
that the growers will get better results
by constantly suijpressing terminal
growth and thinning out the centers
where they become too dense, so as to
allow development of strong wood.
Do not overdo this, however, by re-
moving all small laterals, spurs and
secondary branches. We would urge,
also, that not too much wood be taken
from the outside of the tree, and that it
be kept fairly open. Many growers of
young trees practice cutting off con-
siderable wood on the outside of the
tree and leave the centers a little dense.
We would recommend just the reverse
of this policy. Try to keep the trees
low headed, broad and spreading, so
as to build a large framework for fruit-
ing wood in succeeding years.

Special Recommendations for English
Walnuts

W^e would recommend that the trees
be headed at about 35 inches, and at the
time they are headed that a good heavy
stake, 7 or 8 feet in length, be driven

down close to the body of the tree. The
first summer choose the four or five
laterals that will give a good scaflfold
framework and tie these to the stake.
If you do not do this they will tend to
droop to the ground too much, but by
careful tying you can keep them well
in shape. The following spring cut
back the trees exactly as though they
were apples. We find in many walnut
trees that one branch may grow up six
or eight feeet. It may grow three or
four feet higher than any of the other
branches. Cut this one back hard so
as to bring on the other branches. We
generally recommend the pruning to be
done just before the starting of the sap
flow. Formerly the trees were allowed

to grow three or four years and all
laterals were taken off and the trees
grown to poles. We find that when
they are handled as though they were
apples we get a more spreading tree,
one with larger fruiting area and one
which will be much more easy to
handle from the orchard management
point of view.

Special Recommendations for Peaches

The peach has an entirely different
fruiting habit from any of the other
trees we have mentioned. The fruit is
all borne on the one-year-old wood.
However, the aim in pruning such trees
the first few years is very much the
same as that for other types of fruit,
namely, the building up of a good,
strong framework for future years of
fruiting. The peach when it is secured
from the nursery is generally too large
and has a large number of branches.
An ideal tree would be a straight whip,
but it is almost impossible to buy such
trees, and under our soil and climate
conditions they tend to grow very vig-
orously in the nursery. We would rec-
ommend a general beading to about IS
to 20 inches. If whips can be secured
they should be pruned as is customary
with other trees. If there are a few
weak laterals we would recommend
their removal, but if the trees have
strong laterals, instead of removing all
the lateral growth, which is practiced
by some growers, we would advise
choosing half a dozen well-spaced
branches and cutting them back to one
or two buds. This will give a larger
leaf surface the first year, will remove
the danger of having a tree stand with
only one or two branches, and also will
remove much of the danger of the trees
dying. We have found that under our
climatic conditions a great many peach
trees, when they are pruned back to
whips after they have once formed
strong laterals, never start to grow at

FiGVRE 38— This illustrates two methods of pruning the English walnut
tree. The trees pruned to "fishpoles" at AA arc exactly the same .ige as
tree B. the nnlv dilTerence being that on trees AA all lateral growth has
been kept olT for several years, the trees being given sumnuT as we I as
winter pruning to remove laterals, while with tree /( all laterals have
been allowed to remain.

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page II

all. Some trees will force out new
buds and shoots, but on the other hand
there are others which will not. If
after the buds start on the short lat-
erals there are found to be too many,
it will be a simi)le matter to thin out
undesirable growth. It is customary
to try to head the peaches as low as
possible; to have the first branch come
out very close to the ground and to get
the crotches as well spaced as is con-
sistent with the amount of area one
can work with. At the end of the first
year choose four or five of the best-
spaced branches and cut them back on
an average of 8 to 12 inches in length.
Not much summer pruning is practiced
for peaches. By the end of the second
year the tree should be cut back again
so that it will vary in height from
about 3% to 4% feet. Constantly train
the tree to spread by cutting to outside
buds, constantly forcing the tree to
make a broad-spreading top rather
than to allow it to shoot up in the air.
It takes more nerve than the average
grower has to cut the trees as hard as
indicated, but it is necessary if one is
to keep the tree near the ground and
have a profitable fruiting tree. It will
be necessary to cut off about two-
thirds of the last year's wood from the
inside of the tree. Practice this con-
stantly with the peach. The aim will
be to keep the center completely open
so as to give light and develop strong
wood. Cut out all weak wood and
limit the amount of annual wood so
that what is left can grow strong. It
will be only on the strong wood that
large peaches will grow. We would
caution the growers, however, that
they can go to extremes in growing

£•;>. ;

"^'-100,

Figure 40 — Same tree as shown in Figure 39, after pruning, showing
desirable heavy pruning.

vigorous wood. If the wood becomes
too vigoi-ous, the first few crops will
be borne entirely on the ends of the
shoots, and it will be almost impossible
to prune the trees and still have any
fruit. The medium-sized wood will be

more desirable. If you find the wood
is getting too vigorous lie sparing in
the pruning and it will tend to check
the trees. A little sunnner pruning
might be used to advantage where the
wood tends to become excessive. Not
nnich fruit should be taken olT peaches
until about the fourth year.

California, according to the Califor-
nia Fruit Distributors, shipped the fol-
lowing tonnage in the >ear Ifll."). The
figures also show the tonnage for 1914,
showing the shipments this year were
somewhat less than last year. The fig-
ures given are in carloads:

1914 1915

Cherries 166% 205%

Apricots 382 392%

Peaches 2,144 1,688%

Plums 1,9061/2 2,224y2

Pears 2,685 ¥2 2,608

Grapes 7,116% 7,20iy2

Miscellaneous 43% 42%

14,444% 14,363

The National Conference on Market-
ing and Farm Credits will hold a meet-
ing in Chicago at the Hotel Sherman
November 29 to December 2, inclusive.
The first meeting was held two years
ago. An immense amount of good has
been accomplished through this confer-
ence. Every fruit grower, every farmer
and every one engaged in marketing
farm products should not fail to attend
this conference if it is possii)le to do so.

The first returns from Walsonville
Newtowns exported arc not very flat-
tering in net results to the grower.

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

December

THE YUBA BALL TREAD TRACTOR is built for all
classes of work, but is especially adaptable for orchard
cultivation — because in its construction are embodied
the features so necessary for a successful orchard tractor.

Low and compact, it will not disturb the fruit-burdened branches,
yet with ample power to cultivate in any soil.

Reliable and efficient, it is built to withstand the severest Strains
and the operative cost is low.

Rapid and useful, quick at hauling your crop to town, good for
every job on the farm.

Economical, because with its unique transmission it requires only
one man to operate it, turning from one row to the other without
lifting the plow — and getting close to the trees.

Dependable, because it works under any weather condition — and
in any kind of soil — sand, adobe, peat.

Send for the catalogue. It explains why.

lactorI

I BALL TREAD TRACTOR |

THE YUBA CONSTRUCTION CO.

433 California Street,

Department C-4

San Francisco. California

Gentlemen ;

Kindly send me a copy of your book-
let "The Yuba Ball Tread Tractor."

Name

P. O. Box

Town

State

Size of Farm acres.

CHECK MAIN CROP RAISED

Fruit Rice

Grapes Alfalfa

Grain Hops

Hay '."

Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture

"JUST WHAT WE HAVE WANTED"
A SCIENTIFICfwork written in plain language and devoted to practical ends.

The only work of the kind now complete and up to d.ite. A thorough manu.il
of fruit and'vegetable growing, covering every practical feature. Piaut troubles,
the fullest ever listed in one work with every remedy. Planting, pruning,
spraying, harvesting, packing, marketing— all the methods so successfully prac-
ticed in the Northwest. Statistics of the fruit and vegetable business. All care-
fully indexed. Four volumes, 2,0G4 pages, 750 splendid halftones, drawings and
colored plates. 200 contributors.

"Every grower should have it, for between its covers may be found the answer
to practically every horticultural problem with which he will sooner or later be
confronted."— E. K. CAENES, formerly Entomologist for the California State
Commission of Horticulture, and now Superintendent Natonies Consolidated,
Sacramento, California.

Write for circulars and prices lo "Better Fruit," Hood River, Ore.

WHKN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page IS

BLOWERS
Big' BlacKberries

XH« Quality— Its sprightly, yet moderate acid taste, is indicative of the
presence of tliose valuable medicinal properties without which the blackberry is
worthless. A lartre, clean, bright berry. The fruit is exceedingly sweet, with no
perceptible core, when fully developed. The flavor is pleasant without being
peculiar. In fact it is a blackberry from root to tip. It is a first-class shipper, stand-
ing up well for several days.

Hardiness Plant Blowers Blackberries anywhere. Does well on all soils.
Has wonderful constitution, withstanding severest winters as well as severe drought.
Vigorous grower with luxuriant foliage.

Distan.ce A.i>art to Plai\t— Rows 8 ft. apart. 3 ft. in row. This takes
about 1.800 plants to the acre.

Traiixii*^ — Some people are successful with no trellis, but for convenience
and to insure against damage by high winds, this support is preferable. Posts about
5 ft. long, cross-arms 15 to jo inches. Grape wire stapled at each end of this cross-
arm and running both sides of the row. No tying is necessary- This gives a chance
to cultivate thoroughly and often.

Seasot\ of F«mitii:\^— The season of ripening is from July .:5th until
frost; the bulk of the crop matures in the month of August. The yield in Septem-
ber and October depends upon the season; very few in October. We have had
blossoms and ripe fruit in Xovemlier.

BIGGEST AND BEST MONEY-MAKER OF ALL BLACKBERRIES

RECORD— 14 ft. and 1 in. extreme height of bush. 2694 berries on one bush. 2720 quarts from one-third acre.
ON SEVEN ACRES— .■!0,20f) quarts; 45,307 pounds; 943 ilS bushels; 22^3 tons.
$2,121.75 NET F. O, B. HERE— S303. 10 per acre. 153 bushels netted $344.25 from best acre.
tW Shipping Season for Pacific Coast from November 1 st to end of Rainy Season.

Our 1915 Cai^loQ and TUniing Guide— Includes Nut Culture—
Fruits. 9?05es, Shrubs, Evergreens, etc.. mailed FREE on request.

GLEN BROTHERS, Glenwood Nursery ('^''•,t.^T'"') lfi29 Main Street, Rochester, New York

Economies in Apple Harvesting

E. H. Shep.nrd, Editor and Publisher of "Bettor Fruit"

and Fruit Grower, before the Washington State Horticultural Society and the Oregon State
Horticultural Society.

A FEW years ago apples commanded
such a high price, with a ready
sale, that economy in the orchard
industry was very little thought of. As
a matter of fact, the fruitgrower could
make money no matter how great his
expense. "Necessity is the mother of
invention." Therefore in these last
few years when low prices have pre-
vailed, with no immediate prospect of
higher prices, fruitgrowers have real-
ized that in order to make money it
would be necessary to reduce the cost
of production both in growing and
harvesting. Originally it was my in-
tention to include in this address some-
thing on economy in growing and cul-
tural methods, but inasmuch as Pro-
fessor C. I. Lewis, horticulturist at the
Oregon Agricultural College Experi-
ment Station, has just recently issued
a bulletin on "Economics of Ai)plc Or-
charding" in which cultural methods
are discussed so thoroughly I hardly
think it necessary to take up that phase
of the business, as lime is limited. But
I do want to say that Professor Lewis
has contributetl to the orchard in-
dustry in his bulletin, the most valu-
able, complete anil thorough, — in fact,
the only thorough treatise on the sub-
ject of orchard economics that it has
ever been my pleasure to read. ."Vs
your program is unusually long I shall
endeavor to be brief and therefore pro-
ceed without further discussion upon
the subject assigned to me — "Economics
in Harvesting the Apple Crop."

Thirteen vears ago I became a fruit-
grower in Ilood Hiver Valley. When 1
produced 12(10 boxes the harvesting
season lasted from the middle of Octo-

ber until Christmas time. This year I
harvested over nine carloads in thirty-
four days. A few years ago the cost of
harvesting a box of apples approxi-
mated 50 cents per box in most cases.
Wiping and grading cost anywhere
from 10 to 20 cents per box, and every
other expense connected with harvest-
ing was proportionately high, but grad-
ually the expense has been reduced. A
few years ago 1 published an itemized
cost on the harvesting expense which
set the ball rolling, and since then we
have been furnished with many figures
on the cost of harvesting, each year
showing a reduction in this cost. Four
or five years ago I asked one of our
prominent growers what it cost him to
pick, bow much it cost him to grade, to
pack, etc., and was surprised at his
reply: "I do not keep costs on these
different items; I cannot answer your
questions, but I know it costs over 75
cents to grow and market a box of
apples."

It is a well-known fact that many
large manufacturing concerns have
been restricted in the price thev can
sell at by competition. With no
pros|)ect for increasing the sale price,
their only opportunity of making
money on the investment was through
efhciency and economy in production.
The fruitgrower today is facing the
same problem — economy and elliciency
in the growing and harvesting costs.
No man in a manufacturing business or
any i)roducing business, — be it either
growing ai)i>les or producing anything
else, — is in a position to reduce the cost
of production ludess be knows the cost
of every item of production; he can-

not reduce the costs if the costs are
classed under one general head of costs.
Therefore, several years ago, with the
aim in mind of reducing the cost of
production, and more particularly the
harvesting cost which I am discussing
today, I divided the harvesting costs
into twelve separate items which, in
my o])inion, is a suflicient itemization
of the costs to enable the grower to
ascertain where the expense can be re-
duced. This classification of harvest-
ing costs is as follows: Packing, pick-
ing, grading, making boxes, orchard
hauling, hauling to the depot, help in
the packing house, hauling empty boxes
to the packing house, nailing up, boxes,
paijcr and superintending.

First, I desire to make one general
statement and then I will proceed to
explain in detail. Last year I saved
4% cents per box over the previous
year, and this year I saved 4 cents per
box over last year. Two years ago I
thought I had nearly approached the
minimum; last year I felt quite sure I
had, i)ut by careful work, as already
slated, I succeeded in reducing the cost
of harvesting 4 cents this year, com-
pared with last year. My saving this
year is more largely through efnciency
than in lower costs. This will be evi-
dent to you when I tell you that I
marketed two carloads more this year

Up one row and down the

other without lifting

the plow.

See why on page 12.

WIIKN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

December

Selling rot.r Salvation

You must sell
at a profit
or
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Portland

than hist year, in three days less time,
with one man less in the harvesting
crew. With my present facilities,
which are limited. I have no hesitancy
in making the statement that I could
harvest at least double the quantity or
more, in the same length of time as I
harvested the crop this year, at a less
cost. My packing cost was 4 cents per
box. A few years ago we paid 7 cents
per box for packing. A packer is en-
titled to as fair wages as any other first-
class worker. What he earns depends
upon the number of boxes he is able to
pack. This quantity can be decreased
or increased by the facilities afforded
him. Therefore, it is economy to pro-
vide the packers with convenient room,
good light and all necessary facilities
for efTicient and speedy work.

On account of low prices last year,
not feeling able to spare the money to

build a packing house, I went down to
Portland and had the Portland Tent and
Awning Company make me a tent 30x40,
the top made of 12-ounce duck and the
sides of 8 ounce. The top and sides
were sewed together in one piece, and
the ends were made separately of 8-
ouncc duck. The sides and ends were
8 ounce instead of 12 ounce, reducing
the cost of the tent. Instead of having
the tent made as tents are usually
made, with the ends, sides and tops all
in one piece, I had the top and sides
made in one piece, the top and sides
being nothing more or less than one
big sheet, and the ends separate, which
makes the tent very easy to put up. I
would also call your attention to the
fact that by having the tent made this
way, it can be hung up after the pack-
ing season is over in such a way as
to prevent the tent becoming rotten

when it is stored away if damp or wet.
I built a framework which 1 will leave
standing, and put in a floor of one-inch
boards because they were cheaper and
took the floor up at the end of the sea-
son to prevent it becoming warped if
it remained out all winter. The cost
of this tent was $80, the lumber $25,
work of putting up the farme and tent
$20, making the total cost of $125. And
I want to say that I believe I had the
best packing house in Hood River, for
the reason that a tent gives you a much
better light than you can possibly se-
cure in any packing house where you
depend for your light through win-
dows, no matter how many windows
you put in. In addition to this, I want
to call your particular attention to the
fact that a tent which affords ample
facilities for packing 10,000 boxes, or
more for that matter, only costs $125.
You could not erect a decent looking
building which you would want to
leave permanently on the place, of the
same size, for less than $1500 or more.

I used a grading machine which made
two grades, sorting into nine sizes, set-
ting back the V, grades and cooking
apples and running these through the
machine at the next run, which reduced
the amount of rehan<lling to almost a
mininnim, because the percentage of
C grades and cookers in any well-regu-
lated orchard sliould not exceed ap-
proximately about 15 per cent of the
crop. Benches were arranged along-
side of the packers, alTording a place
for the packer to set off his box with-
out loss of time. Packing paper was
placed on these benches in close prox-
imity to the packers, and also the layer
paper, the lining paper being hung on
the posts supporting the ridge pole, so
there was no loss of time on the part
of the packer in securing either his
box, wrapping paper, lining paper or
layer paper, or in setting off the box.
With such facilities, and even mine
could be improved upon, a good packer
can pack from 100 to 125 boxes per day.
100 boxes a day at 3^4 cents per box
would make $3.50 per day of ten hours,
which is pretty good wages during
these hard times. I think any packer
would be willing to work where facili-
ties were such that he could pack out
100 boxes a day and at 3% cents per
box, which would enable him to make
$3.50 per day or more, according to the
number of boxes packed. Therefore, I
believe the cost of packing in the near
future can be reduced one-half cent
or more.

Picking is one item in connection
with harvesting a crop of apples which
is the most diilicult to do efficiently
and at the same time economically. T
find iiicking costs vary all the way from
3 to 8 cents per box. Last year my
picking cost was 8 cents per box. This
year it was .0540 per box. It is difficult
to make a comparison of one orchard
with another on the cost of picking,
because the cost of picking will vary
greatly on account of the age of the
trees, the size of the crop on the trees
and the size of the apples. There is
one thing I do not believe in, and that

I9I5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 13

is too much speed in picking. Too
mucii speed means too many apples
that are bruised and consequently a
heavy loss. Too much speed also
means too many spurs pulled ofT and
too many stems pulled out. When a
stem is pulled out, if the skin is broken,
the apple is unfit for any of the mar-
keting grades except the cooking grade.
If the spurs arc pulled off your crop is
not only shortened for next year, but
for many years afterward, as apple
spurs continue producing for many
years. Therefore, I never hurry my
pickers, but aim to find out by watch-
ing some average picker closely, how
many loose boxes he can pick a day
and then trying to maintain this aver-
age on the part of the other pickers.
In order that you may understand my
cost of picking being higher than I
think it sliould be, I want to explain
to you that four acres of my orchard
were old trees with a medium crop,
therefore requiring nnich ladder work,
necessarily making the expense greater
in picking. In addition to this, 32 acres
were in young orchard which arc just
beginning to bear, which also in-
creased the picking cost per box. The
size of the apples all the way through
was good, as I had 76% 4 tier, 17% 41/2
tier and only 7% o tier. Practically all
of the 5-tier crop came from old New-
town trees, which was my own fault,
because, although I thinned them to one
in a cluster, I did not thin them suffi-
cienlly, as the crop on these Newtown
trees in the old orchard was unusually
heavy.

The total number of days in picking
was 156 for all the men engaged, mak-
ing an average per picker of 50 loose
boxes per man per day, which in my
case was equivalent to 35 packed boxes.
My pickers were paid $1.75 per day,
with the exception of my regular men
who helped out in this work part of
the time, and who received more. The
cost of picking can be reduced in sev-
eral ways under the same conditions.
The kind of ladder used is a big factor
in the cost of picking. The ladder
should be light, of convenient shape, so
that it can be quickly and easily
handled.

If cost me one cent per box to make
my boxes, including the nails. Some
saving can be made on box making by
either training one of your own men
esiiccially in this line of work or se-
curing the services of an expert box
maker who can make them at three-
quarters of a cent per box and make
good wages.

My grading cost me .0321. This, how-
ever, included the wiping of the entire
crop, which was necessary because I
had ajiplied bordeaux spray on the 20th
of ,lune and again on the fust of Au-
gust. It is my opinion thai grading,
even including a normal wiping, can be
done at a sum which will not exceed
to any great extent 2V2 cents.

Hauling empty boxes to and the filled

boxes from the orchard to the packing

house cost me .0087. A saving could be

accomplished in this line by using a

Continued on page 25

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WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 1 6

BETTER FRUIT

December

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Official Organ of Ths Northwest Fruit Growers' Association
A Monthly Illustrated Magajune Published In the
Interest of Modem Fruit Gro\ring and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publisbino; Company

E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. Lewifl, Horticulturist Corvallis

H. S. Jackson. Pathologist Coiraliii

H. P. Wilson, Entomologist Cortallii

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. I,. Melander. Entomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris, Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort CollinB

E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wicks. Horticulturist Moscow

W. S. Thomber. Horticulturist Lewlston

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley

W. H. Volcb. Entomologist Watsonville

Leon D. Batcheior. Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

In the United States, Jl.OO per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including poetage, $1.50

ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-cla.sa matter December 27, 1906, at the

Postofflce at Hood River, Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3, 1879.

National Publicity for the Northwest-
ern Box Apples. — As a result of the con-
ference held between tbe Executive
Committee of the Fruit Growers' Coun-
cil and the Shippers" league, a plan
was suggested at an informal confer-
ence of those connected with the fruit
industry at the Eighth National .\]ji)le
Show at Spokane, advising the appro-
priation of one cent per box to be s])ent
in an advertising publicity campaign
for the purpose of market extension,
greater distribution anil increased con-
sumption. The sub.ject was presented
purely in a tentative form at a confer-
ence in Spokane without any definite
plan, in oi-der that the fruitgiowers, the
sellin.ff concerns and others connected
with tbe fruit industry might have an
opportunity to give tbe matter serious
thought antl be prepared to discuss any
plan that may be presented at a meet-
ing of tbe Fruit (irowers' Council and
sellin.g concerns to be called in ,lanu-
ary, 191 fi. WTiile there were many
strong advocates at Spokane there was
some opposition, one district in par-
ticular feeling that each section and
each selling concern can best spend its
own money in its own way in creating
the demand and a market for its own
particular brands. It is not tbe inten-
tion in tliis article to take any ])articu-
lar stand in either recommending the
appropriation or opijosing it. However,
it seems desirable that the matter
should be presented and given to the
fruitgrowers and allied interests in as
public a way as possible, in order thai
they may give the matter due consider-
ation and be in a position to decide
and decide wisely at the meeting to be
held in .January. Such a fund, in ac-
cordance with the crop, the numlier of
districts and growei's conjribiiting, will
amount lo anywhere from .*,50,(I00 to

^lOI^OOO. The plan is worthy of serious
thought. If by the expenditure of one
cent per box new markets can be cre-
ated or consumption in any of the large
markets increased to a sullicient extent
so as to consume 2,000 or ,3,000 carloads,
there is no question that the pressure
in many other marketing and distribut-
ing centers would be relieved and con-
sequently better prices obtainable. If
this can be accomplished it docs not
seem that any one district will be justi-
fied in declining to contribute even
though they do not succeed in selling
one box of their own apples as a direct
result of tbe campaign, because if the
market was relieved in other sections
where they are operating, their extra
profit would easily be more than
enough to justify the expenditure. Be-
fore such a campaign can be endorsed
by tbe growers and their consent given
to such a contribution, it seems reason-
able to assume that some definite plan
for this expenditure must be presented,
although it will not be necessary to go
into the entire details of the plan. The
contributors also must be convinced
that tbe money will be wisely spent;
that the camiiaign shall be conducted
wilh reasonable expense in putting it
into oijcralion. It is a well-known fact
that many fruitgrowers did not make
the cost of production last year, and
therefore they will not look with fa-
vor upon any plan that will create
positions which will enable a few to
draw dtiwn some big salaries. Those
best informed have no anxiety or fear
in this respect, inasmuch as this cam-
paign and the fund is to be placed in
the hands of three of the ablest men
who can be selecteil, one bv the Cham-
ber of Commerce of the City of Spo-
kane, one to be selected by the Cham-
ber of Commerce in Seattle and one by
tbe Commercial Club in Portland, and
the clearing houses in these respective
cifies. It seems reasonable to assume
that the growers need have no fear of
such a committee either wasting the
money or creating an institution that
will make a lot of positions at high
salaries. Therefore it is to be hoped
that a plan will be devised and pre-
sented that on tbe face of it will look
siillicientlv well to justify the growers
in contributing their one cent per box,
because tbe aople industry of the
Northwest certainly must avail itself of
every opportunity to extend its mar-
kets, create a wider distribution and an
inci'eased consumiifion. Every district
and every selling concern in tbe North-
west must expect to stand on its own
bottom and create a business for its
own particular varielies or its own in-
dividual brands. However, it may be
true that all the districts and selling
concerns can co-operate together for a
."eneral increased consumption and ex-
tension of markets and a better dis-
tiibulion.

c-'^L

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ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOLWORKS
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The Grower.'^' Council and Its Ac-
complishment.— .\s a result of a confer-
ence in Sjiokane in 1014 and the work
of tbe By-Pi'oilucts Committee, it was
decided to hold a marketing conference

in Seattle. Consequently a call was
issued for the dilTerent districts to send
delegates to a meeting which was held
in Seattle early in .lanuary, 191.5, for
the purpose of discussing marketing
problems. A second meeting was held
at Tacoma in February, 191,5, which
resulted in the organization of what
has been known as the Fruit Growers'
Council with a Board of Control of ten
and an Executive Committee of three.
Many claim that tbe Growers' Council
has obtained no definite results. Many
growers expected the Growers' Council
would be able to fix anil dictate prices —
an unjustified expectation. Tiie Execu-
tive Committe has accomplished a great
deal more than thev have received
credit for. It is a well-known fact that
during the season of 1914 there was no
barmonv prevailing between shipping
associations. Much feeling of bitterness
existed, and competition was very keen
both in the campaign for tonnage and
in the selling camijaign. .lust how and
in what manner it is diflicult to say,
but nevertheless it is generally con-
ceded bv many who were well in-
formed that tbe Executive Committee
has been a prominent factor in creat-
ing a more harmonious condition and a
belter relationship with all of the in-
terests identified with the fruit in-
dustry. As a result, harmony has pre-
vailed and reasonably good prices are
being obtained, due noticeable factor
in conneclion with the marketing or-
ganizalioii this year has been tlie lack
of unwarranleil personalities which
were indulgeil in freely in iirevious
years. The difl'ereni officials connected
wilh the selling concerns api);irently
are on a friendly anil harmonious basis.
In fact, this is indicated by the fact
ffiat the markeling concerns have
forired a comniitlee known as the

1915

BETTER FRUIT

Page ly

Shippei's' League, which has met with
the Executive Coinmiltee of the (iidw-
ers' Council in the most friendly sort
of an altitude. As a result competition
and compaign for tonnage have been
free fiom personalities and the sales
more or less free from the harmful
com])etition that existed last year.
Each one of the marketing concerns
has recognized the right of the others
to exist and continue.

The Wenatchee Fruit Grower s'

League. — One of the marvelous crea-
tions during the present readjustment
of the apple business was the splendid
organization known as the Wenatchee
Fruit Growers' League. Through the
co-operation of the state, this league
succeeded in making effective in the
AVenatchee district (a very large area)
a plan for state inspection of all apples,
which has resulted in every grower, no
matter how he shipped, whether inde-
pendent or through any of the selling
organizations, being compelled to sub-
mit to a state inspection. After this in-
spection was made the official stamp
was placed on the shipment. When a
carload was shipped, an otTicial certifi-
cate of inspection was issued by the
official inspectors. The force of in-
spectors consisted of 51 men working
under the supervision of O. T. Clawson
as chief inspector, in connection with
Mr. Adams, president of the Wenatchee
Eruit Growers' League. The result of
this being that every grower in Wenat-
chee has put out a consistently uniform
grade, establishing a standard valua-
tion on every car of apples, according
to the variety, grade and ma'-kct con-
ditions. It is therefore our ])leasure to
commend Wenatchee for the excellent
work it has done alonff this line and to
suggest this plan to other districts for
their consideration. The Wenatchee
Eruit Growers' League are showina a
spirit of co-oi)eration with other dis-
tricts along lines whereby all districts
can work together with harmonv to the
betterment of the industry throughout
the Northwest, the president, Mr.
Adams, having offered to visit anv of
the jirincijjal fruit-growing sections to
ex|)lain this ijlan — its operatiims. how it
is carried out — provided any district is
willini.' to nav the expenses of such a
trip, Mr. ,\(lams voluntarily ofl'ering to
contiihute his own services and knowl-
edge without reimbursement.

Economy. — The Oreeon Leeislature,

owing to financial conditions, felt com-
I)elled to adojjt a rit-'id system of econo-
my in all departments. It is sincerely
regretted that it seemed necessary to
extend this to the Oregon Agricultural
College on account of the excellent
work it has been doing and is doing.
However, the new law provides for an
experimental fund to be contributed by
each Legislature, effective for two
years, at the end of which time a new
appropriation must be made. It seems
regretable that such a law seemed nec-
essary, for the reason that the T'xperi-
ment Station men say that manv prob-
lems re(|uire many years' investigation

THE MYERS WILL PLEASE YOU

3
Sizes

Low
Prices

The Myers Power Sprayer as assembled by us
aud mounted on our low down steel wheel truck
is superior to all power sprayers.

It will last longer.
It is more dependable.
It has large
capacity.

No other Sprayer CAN give you
equal satisfaction.

In addition to fnndimental M% ers advantages we add
a full nioaaure by equipping the Myers Sprayer with
a special Stover Engine. An engine we have bad built
for us by tlie ntakera of the famous Stover Engine and
it is the most satisfactory engine for this purpose tliat
it is possible to design.

Drop us a line for our new circular descriptive of
the ilyers outfits.

The largest stock of Spray Pumps
carried in the Northwest

Portland, Ore. — Spokane, Wash.

before they can be expected to be
solved. Consequently at the present
the Experiment Station of the State of
Oregon is somewhat hampered bv the
limitation, lieing unable to engage in
experimental work which cannot be
expected to be reasonably worked out
during the life of the fund, which is
limited to two vears.

the fruitgrowers may prefer in their
different localities, instead of endeav-
oring to create new oi'ganizations. Up
to the present writing, according to all
information obtainable, the general im-
pression seems to prevail that all or-
ganizations are obtaining reasonably
good prices for the dilVerenl varieties
and grades in the respective districts.

Selling Organizations. — In America

where every man is free to engage in
any line of business he sees fit, with
com])aralively few restrictions, it seems
only fair and just to concede that every
selling organization in the Northwest
has the right to exist and continue, pro-
vided it can make satisfactory returns
to the growers that will compare favor-
ably with other marketing concerns
doing business in the same territory.
The opinion generally prevails that at
the present lime the Northwest is ami)ly
s'i[)plicd with selling organizations.
There is apparently no desire evident
on the pari of any organization to put
any other organization out of business.
On the other hand, it seems to be more
or less the universal opinion, not only
among the selling organizations them-
selves but among the fruitgrowers, that
at the present time the rniinher of sell-
ing concerns and associations are suffi-
ciently ami)le to handle the business
of the Northwest witboul increasing
the present number. Therefore it is to
he hojied that effort will he direelcci
toward increasing the sirenglh of Ihe
present organization, whichever ones

H. F. Wilson, entomologist for the

ExperinuMit Station of the Oregon Agri-
cultural ("ollege, has accepted a posi-
tion with the University of Wisconsin,
at Madison. Mr. Wilson was highly ap-
preciated for his ability throughout the
State of Oregon and Oregon feels that
it has lost an able man. However, it is
our pleasure to wish Mr. Wilson suc-
cess in his new position.

No one man will be able to formulate

a plan of ijublicity that will meet with
the approval of all districts. Such a
plan and campaign can only be worked
out in detail to Ihe satisfaction of all
sections by giving the matter serious
thought .and revising and adapting any
plan so thai all districts and all con-
tribulors will he benefited.

It gets close to
the trees.

See why on pa^^e 12.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

December

Only a Car
of Apples

(Continued from November issue.)

(By C. C. P.)

"Foiled!!!"

A sickeuiDg shudder shook
the luiddled frame of B. S.,
the Proud Produce Pirate, as,
in a hoarse whisper he ut-
tered this single word from
between his ashen lips —
"Foiled." He had just re-
ceived the following tele-
gram:

"Have your bank wire
my bank to pay my draft,
Bill of Lading attached,
for one car apples at
Dollar Box, or ring off.
(Signed) Euggles, of
Eed Gap."

B. S., the Proud Produce
Pirate, was utterly dejected.
Listlessly he lit a cigarette
as he gloomily hissed —

"That sage-brush rab-
bit, Ruggles, must have
the Blue Book! O, very
well, I guess I am done."

Gradually as he smoked
his courage returned. B. tS.
was thinking — thinking rap-
idly. "Am 1 done? No— I
have it — ah, yes — 'can' the
B. S. 'con'— I am a DISTRI-
BUTOE ! Better— 1 am TH E
CONTINENTAL MAEKBT
DISTEIBUTOES BU-
EEAU." And B. S. lit an-
other cigarette.

This thrilling narrative will be

continued in our next.
DON'T MISS A SYLLABLE.

Produce Reporter
Company

CHICAGO

P.S — Xoiv in the lime to .si/isfrifcc for the
BLUE HOOK SEliriCE'.

Low Grade or Cull Apples. — The re-
Uiriis on cjiiioiKls of jipplcs up to thitc
on slock helow the three estahlished
grades, — I-^xtra Fancy, Fancy and C
grade, — have been so low that fre-
quently they have not paid the cost of
freii^ht, rrealing a loss which the
grower nuisl sland. In addition to this,
the loss has been increased by culls
preventing the sale of the established
grades at prolitable prices. Until this
stud is cleaned up, activity in the better
grades probably will not be as active as
the moderate crop justifies. As stated
previously in an editorial in the No-
vember edition, it seemed regrctable
that such fruit was being marketed. It
now seems evident from the loss, as re-
ported on cars shipped, that it was a
mistake to have shipped any of this
low-grade fruit.

H. S. Jackson, for many years path-
ologist at the Fxperiment Station of the
Oregon Agricultural College, through
elTicicnt work and accomplishments,
achieved a reputation extending far
beyond the confines of the state in
which he was working, which is evi-
denced by the fact that he was offered
a position with Purdue University, In-
diana, which, to our regret, was so
attractive that Professor .lackson felt
compelled 1o accept it. The good
wishes of the fruitgrowers of Oregon
and the Northwest in general who have
the pleasure of knowing Professor
.Jackson are universal for his success
and prosperity.

Every extra ten cents per box ob-
tained on apples means .*1.000,0()0 more
money to the Northwest. The responsi-
bility of the future success of the apple
industry does not depend entirely upon
any one section, upon any set of indi-
viduals or even upon the growers
themselves. This responsibility rests
on all of us, — every one who is con-
nected with the fruit business either
directly as a grower or seller, every
one who is connected indirectly, every
banker in the Northwest and every
business man in the Northwest.

1914 and 1915 have given the growers
some experience and knowledge that
they never before have possessed
which should be of inestimable value in
evolving a campaign for 1916 that will
mean profitable returns to the orchard
industry. Never before in the history
of the apple industry of the Northwest
have growers, selling organizations,
bankers and business men given the
fruit industry as s rious thought and
consideration as they have during the
past two years.

We have received no data regarding
the short course of the Washington
.State College. Full information can be
received by those desiring the same by
writing the Washington State (college,
Pullman, Washington.

AVater A-Plenty

for stock, home, fire protection,
etc.— fully diBCUSBed in our book.
Water Supply for the Conotry Home" j

It describes our 300 puaranteed.

durable pumps —hand and pow

;r — $3 to $300 — which our

Service Dept. will htlp you

select — free. Send for

your free copy today

TheGoolds Mfr. Co.
'^ --^^ Seneca Falls, N.Y.

■-* ^k AU -

H£LIA.BLB.

O ^ 13.0

lllMlllilllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

FARMERS' AND HOME=MAKERS' WEEK

and RURAL LIFE CONFERENCES

January 3 to 8, 1916

Live Information, Practical Help for the Home
the Farm, the Community.

Conventions of Oregon's Greatest Industries
Conferences on Oregon's Most Vital Problems

LECTURES— DEMONSTRATIONS—

EXHIBITIONS— ENTERTAINMENTS

Two thousand people attended last year. It is a

great place to make friends— with live

thinkers and live thoughts, good

workers, and good work.

WINTER SHORT COURSE
January lo to February 4, 1916

A Practical Agricultural Course in a Nut Shell.

Applied Science in Actual Work of

the Farm and Household.

Courses in FRUIT RAISING, FARM CROPS,
SOILS, STOCK RAISING, DAIRY WORK,
POULTRY RAISING, GARDE.NING, COOK-
ING, SEWING, HOUSKHOLD ARTS, HOME
N0RSING, BUSINESS METHODS, ROAD
BUILDING.FARM ENGINEERING, RURAL
ORGANIZATIONS, MARKETING.

Correspondence Courses Without Tuition.

Expert Instruction in Music.

Reduced railroad rates.

For program write to The College Exchange, Oregon
Agricultural College. Corvaliis. (lw-I2-l to i-l)

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING .APVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

191 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 19

Winter Injury of Fruit Trees More Common in Northwest

By Profe

WINTER injury of fruit trees has
been more common in the
Northwest than we are some-
times willing to nilmit. The orchards
as a whole have not suffered seriously,
but certain sections of fruit-growing
districts have been bothered with this
trouble in one form or another. This
trouble is not confined to any one dis-
trict or any one kind of climate. Win-
ter injury is very common on the west
side of the Cascades in Washington and
Oregon. It seems strange that locali-
ties with such mild winter climates
should have their trees seriously in-
jured by winter temperatures, but such
is the case.

When we look about for a cause for
this winter injury, we should not forget
that our apple trees in particular come
from climates and sections that are al-
together different from the climate and
soil conditions existing in most of the
fruit-growing sections of the North-
west. Our apples are the direct
descendants of a fruit that has its
native habitat in central Europe and
west-central Asia. The climate there is
seldom severe, and while we may not
be able to point out particular charac-
teristics, in which it differs widely
from our climate, yet we know that it
is different, and that when the apples
were brought to the United States, the
first settlers placed them on the East-
ern coast witli a climate very different
from that of the Western coast regions,
and only a few of the varieties that
were brought from Europe direct are
still in cultivation. Most of them have
passed out of existence; not because
varieties that were larger or finer qual-
ities were discovered, but because
varieties were discovered that were in
many respects more satisfactory front
a cultural point of view. The list of
apples grown in Washington and Ore-
gon are practically all direct imiiorta-
tions from the extreme eastern part of
the United States. The Wealthy, De-
licious, Gano, Stayman Winesap are
varieties that have originated in the
central nart of the I'nited States, but
practically all of the others came from
the Eastern States. There is not, at
the present time, a varietv that has
found acceptance as a commercial fruit
that had its origin in the Northwest.
The native seedlings replaced the im-
ported varieties in Eastern States, and
it is not too much to expect that the
native seedlings will in lime supplant
in this district the imjjorted varieties.
The adaptation of any set of varieties
to local conditions is not measured so
much by their ability to grow and pro-
duce fruit under the most favorable
circumstnces that can be placed about
them, but to grow and produce a satis-
factory crop of fruit, and at the same
time withstand the attacks of pests and
unfavorable weather conditions. These
unfavorable conditions and extremes
are the limiting factors that cause us to

ssor O. M. Morris, Washington Agricultui-al College,

select carefully the variety that we
want to grow in any particular district.
Winter injury results from two ipiite
different sets of conditions. The first
is that of a continuous dry cold, result-
ing in the drying out of the branches
and body of the tree, and at the same
time exposing it to a temperature so
low that the vitality of the wood is
lessened or entirely destroyed. This
form of winter injury is not common in
the Northwest, although it has done
considerable injury one or two sea-
sons. There seems to be no method of
counteracting the efTects of this form
of injury, and all that can be done is
to select varieties that are resistant.
This is the form of injury that is very
common in some parts of Iowa, Ne-
braska, Minnesota and the Dakotas.
The other form of winter injury results
from one or two conditions; that of
sudden fluctuation of temperature
while the jilant is well filled with sap,
or sudden drops to an extremely low
temperature while the plant is well

Pullman.

filled with sap. The extreme low tem-
perature results in the death direct of
the parts of the tree exposed. This
form of winter injury is common in the
Northwest.

Probably the most common form in
which the injury is manifest is in the
freezing and injury of small twigs of
last summer's growth. The twigs in-
jured are usually the stronger and
more thrifty ones, and the shorter,
more slender and less vigorous branches
are the last to be injured. Sometimes
twigs injured in this fashion are killed
direct, and the following spring show
no signs of life. The bark may even dry
and wither before the time for growth
arrives. It very frequently assumes a
dark greenish or brownish color, and
remains plump, but more soft than the
normal tissue, and shows no signs of
withering until past midsummer. Ere-
quently buds will develop into short
branches or twigs and live until mid-
summer or a little later, and then die
without apparent cause. This form of

YOUR PURPOSE IN

buying- spray materials is to obtain an effective orchard spray.
ORCHARD BRAND Spray Materials are effective because they are
prepared by experienced men, who devote their time ,...?.--.,

to the study of orchard pests and who use the best^^^..^-^>/«^^-*''
obtainable chemicals for their work.

MAIER^VLS

'■*~i.v

Universal Dormant Soluble Oil is especially manufactured for
use in the Pacific Northwest apple orchards, during the dormant season,
where its effectiveness has been proven as a general clean-up spray to
kill all species of scale insects, aphis eggs, etc.

ORCHARD BRAND Bordeaux Mixture— Lime Sulphur Solu-
tion—Arsenate of Lead Paste and other ORCHARD BRAND Prod-
ucts are kept in stock for distribution at the proper seasons.

Wlien writing our Free Information Bureau, give the age, number

and kind of trees and describe fully the pest you wish to control.

State quantity and kind of material when ordering.

The General Chemical Company

201 Sansome Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

CHERRY TREES FOR SALE

We offer extra fine trees with biff roots and heavy bodies at bed-rock prices.

Write today for samples of grades and prices. They are going fast.

Other first-class nursery stock for sale at low prices.

BENEDICT NURSERY CO., 185 E. 87th Street N., Portland. Oregon

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

December

FORKNER

Cultivator

Does more -work with less draft
and leaves a better dirt mulch
than any other cultivator. It

WORKS RIGHT UP
TO YOUR TREES

Stirs the entire surface beneath
low branches without disturbing
boughs or fruit. Write for cat-
alogue and free book "Modern
Soil Tillage." A

LIGHT DRAFT HARROW CO.
DcpU 601 HARSUALLTOWN. IOWA i

10 Cents

worth of
common
ordinary

KEROSENE

or Coal Oil will keep this
lamp in operation for 60
HOURS and will produce

,. I|| 300 Candle Power

'""'" of the linesl, whitest and most
efficient light ever known. Nothing to
wr;ir out or p'-t out of ordtT. Abso-
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AGENTS MAKE $25

per week in tbeir spare time. You

^ can do the same. Send for our

oITiTwhilfVour territory is open,

KNIGHT UGHT CO.

422 KmglitBIdg., CHICAGO

For the Next Thirty Days

we will deliver to you anywhere in r.8
One Dozen Choice, Assorted Rose Bushes

For Sl.OO

PORTLAND ROSE NURSERY

Lents, Oregon

Things We Are Agents For

Knox Hats
Alfred Benjamin & Co.'s Clothings

Dr. Jaeger Underwear

Dr. Deimel Linen Mesh Underwear

Dent's and Fownes' Glovea

Buflfum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

activity is common for the larger
branches of last season's growth, and
there is no distinct line of deniarka-
tion between this and tlie injiu'v reacli-
ing down the branches to the large
limbs, even to the trunk of the tree.

Caieful examination of this wood
will often reveal the injury within
twenty-four hours after it has occurred.
The cambium layer of tissue and the
sap wood just beneath will be slightly
darker in color. When this is found it
is a good plan to [)rune the trees mod-
erately severely. I)o not attempt to cut
out all injured parts. If the injury is
so severe as to cause the discoloration
of the entire layer of last year's sap
and out into the green bark, then all
such wood so injured should be re-
moved. But in many cases, especially
with peach trees, it is advisable to do
only moderately heavy pruning. Ex-
cessive pruning will cut away the
younger wood, carrying the larger part
of stored food supply away, and the
old wood so injured does not have the
capacity of producing advantageous
buds, and it may result in the death of
the plant. When peach trees are in-
jured to the extent of having their
small wood killed and larger branches
severely injured, it will often result in
destroying their entire usefulness, and
it is a wise plan to remove them rather
than to waste time and energy expect-
ing them to revive.

Another form of winter injury very
common with apple trees is tirsf mani-
fest by the bark on the trunk and large
limbs splitting open. Ordinarily this
does not take place until two or three
weeks after the real injury has been
done. A good illustration of this hap-
pened last winter in the Spokane Val-
ley, when in March hundreds of tree
trunks were found to have tlie bark
splitting in a perpendicular line twelve
to eighteen inches long. A careful ex-
amination of the district and the
weather records showed that the in-
jury had been done about the latter
part of .lanuary, but that swelling of
the wood did not take place to a suffi-
cient extent to cause the bark to split
until March, when the injury became
noticeable. This seems to be the re-
sult usually of sudden fluctuations of
temperature; usually a sudden dro]) in
temperature following a few slightly
warm days. .\pi)arently the lower part
of the trees have had time to fill well
with sap when the sudden drop of tem-
perature freezes a large amount of
water contained in the trunk and bark
and in part breaks the tissue. It is
found that the cambium layer is broken
and nearly all of the cells ruptured.
The bark peels very easily and if split
with a knife will curl back from the
edge of the sjilit. This does not seem to
be influenced to any appreciable ex-
tent by processes of tillage or cover
crop existing in the orchard.

.Still another form of injury is the
collar injury or winter injury, which
is probably the result of alternate freez-
ing and thawing of the surface of the
ground around the base of the tree
trunks. This is usually not noticed

Siiccessful 's t'^e '■esuit

-. of successful

Orcfiarding tillage, cui-

tivate your
trees as you would your corn— use an

"Acme" Orchard Harrovir

It gets in close under the branches. Cuts,
slices, turns the soil twice, levels and
compacts— all at one operation. Many
sizes— extension and regular. Killssmall
weeds, cultivates deep, mulches thor-
oughly. Send for new free booklet —now,

Daane H. Nasb Inc.

Portland
Oregon

a 1-2 ft. Wide

BIG BARGAINS

Engtnes, Spreadehs Separators. High
est quality. I'nces about 1-6 to 1-2 les^
than yoQ tisoally pay. 200.000 ciiatomers
testify to faoltless deai -n and best m-
terial. Catalog free. Wm. Galloway Co,
Box inc7 WATfciRLOu. low

The Ideal Fertilizer
for Flowers, Lawn
and Vegetables

SHEEP GUANO

Any quantity. Superior
qualit}'. Free from sur-
plus vegetable growth.
Ground to a fine pow-
der, ready for use.

A complete odorless,
concentrated fertilizer,
containing nitrogen,
potash and phosphoric
acid.

Write for Prices and
Booklet No. 204.

PORTLAND SEED
COMPANY^^

PORTLAND, OREGON ■-^?^''iP*'!i

WIIFN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

IO!=i

BETTER FRUIT

Pasie 21

until some tiim- iiftcr the injury has
been done, and at times it is found that
the hark around the base of the trees
is injured, and soTuetimes a few inches
beneath the surface is dead and rot-
ten. A year later it will be found usu-
ally that many roots of the trees are in
an advanced stage of decay. This form
of winter injury is often very dilTicult
to distinguish with certainty. The
presence of the earth and continuous
moisture is practically sure to give
serious forms of rot and fungus dis-
eases opportunity to gain a foothold on
the tissue of the root and trunk sys-
tem of the tree, and when established
even as a saprophyte many forms of
toadstools and mushrooms will in part
assume the action of a parasite and re-
suli in the death of the tree.

The last form of winter injury that
I wish to mention is the killing back
around the wounds made in i)runing.
This seldom results from pruning done
in the latter part of the winter or early
spring. In some few districts it is a
common injury that follows fall or
early winter pruning. I have not had
many reports come to me of this form
of injury being at all common in
Central or Eastern Washington. I had
an opportunity to visit a large pear
orchard near Olympia where this form
of injury was very apparent and had
resulted in great harm to the orchard.
It is more common in districts having
a great deal of wet weather during the
winter than where dry and even more
severe temperature is common.

There is a great deal of difference in
the ability of varieties to resist winter
injury. Some little work has been done
along the line of determining the char-
acteristics of varieties that have strong
abilities to resist winter injury, but up
to date very little satisfactory data has
been accumulated. It is well known
that the Russian varieties of apples are
very hardy in this respect. As a gen-
eral thing the varieties that form their
terminal buds early in the sunmier and
become dormant in early autumn are
quite resistant to extremes of tempera-
ture during the winter; also to sudden
fluctuations. In this state indications
are that the Stayman Winesap is one
variety that will fail to reach the de-
gree of popularity that its fruit
deserves because the trees are not en-
tirely winter hardy in many sections.
The Rome Beauty, as a mature tree, is
quite hardy, but it is often found that
young trees are not satisfactorilv re-
sistant where too sudden fluctuations
or too extremes of cold are existing.

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.

Proprietors

HOOD KIVER. OREGON DUFFR, ORKOON

Growern of high gradp nursery stock, gnar-
anteed true to-name. Breedern and inn)orter9
of purebred Big Type Poland China Hogs. Ser-
vice boarH. bred gilts and weaning pigs for sale.

For catalojf of niirHtry ntock and priced
on Hwine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD RIVBK, OREGON

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■,;r't<',

BATH TUBS

and Bath Room Fixtures
Cleaned , ^
^in Half

^^r^'if*^

Chases
Dirt

;^!5«i»nMiNsiipicK':::i<^

Paste for Labeling — "Palo Alto" Paste Powder

added to cold water, instantly
makes a beautiful, smooth,
white paste. Ready for imme-
diate use at a cost of 10 cents
a gallon. No labor. No muss.
No spoiled paste.

PASTE SPECIALISTS

Robinson Chemical Works

349-351 Eighth Street
San Francisco, California

The Spitzenherg is another variel\ that
in some few localities shows a tendency
to he easily injured by extremes and
by sudden fluctuations of temperature.
The King apple has a peculiar fault of
being easily injured at the crown or
base of the trunk. The other parts of
the tree ordinarily are capable of with-
standing great variations in tempera-
lure. The Mcintosh Red is very hardy
when compared to other varieties, in
their capacity to resist extrenu's of tem-
pernlure. The .lonnfhan seems to suffer
more from the splitting of the bark on
the trunk than any other variety com-
monlv g]-o\vn in the Northwest.

(Aillure anil irrigation are influential
factors in preparing trees for winter
quarters, and in that way modifying
their resistance to winter injury. Ex-
tremely late tillage or irrigation often
causes trees to continue growth until
late in the snnuner, and thereby are
unable to ripen their wood and become
(lornianl before the extreme cold
weather sets in. This is not a neces-
sary fault of irrigation or of orchard
lill.'ige, but is probably a result that not
iufre(|uentl\- follows attempts to force
an extra large growth in trees or an

extra large size of fruit. Some districts
will find it i)Ossible to irrigate nuich
later than otheis. But where the sea-
son is short enough so that the varie-
ties connnonly grown ripen in cool,
frosty weather, late irrigation should
be ijracticed with extreme caution.

Winter injury does not give an op-
portunity for the development of fun-
gus diseases flirect, but there are
saprophytic fungi widely distributed
and |)ractically always starting imme-
diately upon winter-injured wood.
One form of this is very common in
the Northwest, and has caused a great
deal of anxiety among orchard men.
They have noticed the ])resence of this
fungus and called it canker. There
are not many forms of caid<er existing
in the Northwest, but the term has car-
ried with it something of dread because
it does not explain anxlhing, but simply
expresses the thought of a disease of
rather unknown characteristics work-
ing upon the wood of the tree. All
that is necessary when Ibis fungus is
found growing on winter-injured wood
is lo cut away the winter-injured parts
of the trees and the fungus will jjracti-
callj always be stopped.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

December

Sleep well

^''^ Jfeywood
m Mattress

When you

buy a mattress, ztsk
r a Heywood Mattress. Thctt
you know you will have comfort
^and satisfaction.

Heywood Mattresses are

guaranteed by us to give perfect
' satisfaction for years— or we give you a new;
^mattress.

Red Label /)r«:c $12
Blue Label price $15
Gold Label price $18

SEND FOR FREE BOOKLET

Heywood Brothers and
Wakefield Company

Portland, Oregon
Seattle, Wash.

IF YOUR DEALER CAN-
NOT SUPPLY YOU, WE
WILL SHIP DIRECT

National Apple Show Notes

Prizes at the Spokane Apple Show,
November 15 to 20, 1915, in addition to
the lOO-box contest, were on 5-box lots,
which consisted of many beautiful and
attractive displays. The following is a
list of the winners:

Sjiitzenberg — First prize, \V. .J. Hess, North
Yakima, Washington; score 92.2. Second prize,
H. C. Mellor, Summerland, B. C. ; score 8.5.3.
Third prize, Fred A. Benson, North Yakima;
score 84.2.

Winesap — First prize, John Kern, Nortli
Yakima; score 95.5. Second prize, S. W. Rair,
North Yakima; score 90.9. Third prize, W. H.
Porter, Greenacres, Washington; score 89.3.

Missom-i Pippin — First prize, Robert McCor-
mick, Zillah, Wasliington; score 91.9.

WMiite Winter Pearmain — First prize, J. J.
Griggs, Brewster, W'asliington ; score 93. Sec-
ond prize, C. E. Chase, Brewster; score 91.8.
Third prize, C. K. Huntington, Fruitland,
Washington; score 82.8.

Yellow Newtown — First prize, H. Van Mar-
ter. Opportunity, Washington; score 91.2. Sec-
ond prize, H. E. Fairbanks, Seiah, Washing-
ton; score 89.0). Third prize, Harry E. Nelson,
Opportunity: scoi-e 89.2.

Stayman Winesap — First prize, \V. J. Hess,
North Yakima; score 97.7. Second prize, H. C.
Mellor. Summerland; score 90.3. Third prize,
C. C. Shiver, Otis Orchards, Washington; score
88.1.

Grimes Golden — First prize, W'. .T. Enright,
Chester, Washington; score 90.1. Second jirize,
George Cook, Naramaba, B. C. ; score 80.1.
Third prize, A. Davidheiscr, Opportiniity ;
score 80.1.

Wagener — First prize. W. .1. Enright, Ches-
ter; score 94.2. Second prize, H. C. Mellor,
Sxnnmerland; score 90.8. Thii'd jirize, Di-.
W. A. McDowell, Otis Orchards; score 85.8.

Baldwin — First prize, George F. Blood, Spo-
kane Bridge, Washington; score 87.2. Second
prize. H. C. Mellor. Summerland; score 85.5.
Third prize, Ed Walters, Spokane Bridge;
score 8.1.0.

Mammoth Black Twig — First prize, H. S.
Budgell. North Yakima; score 94.7. Second
prize, .T. F. Forrest. Otis Orchards; score 86.9.
Thiid prize, H. n. Reeve, Otis Orchards; score
86.7.

.\rkansas Black — I'irst prize, Fred A. Brown,
North Yakima; scoi-c 92. .1. Second prize, H.
Van Marter, Opportunity; score 89.8. Third
prize, D. L. Ingard, Fruitland, Idaho; score
85.4.

Rainier — Second prize, Robert .Tohnson,
North Yakima; score 63.6. Third prize, W. W.
Scott, North Yakima; score 55.3.

Rhode Island Greening — Third prize, C. M.
Lockw ood, 0])portunity ; score 60.2.

Ben Davis — First prize, C. W^. Young, Fruit-
land. Idalio; score 85.(1. Third prize, D. J.
Coilin, Wenatchee, Washington; score 61.8.

Black Hen — Second p^ize. Dr. S. M. McBride,
Fruitland, Idaho; score 76.4. Third prize, Ed
Mitllin. Cashmere, Washington; score 60.6.

Macintosh Red — Second prize, W. .1. Enright,
Chester; score 77.7.

.lonatlian — I'irst prize, H. C. Mellor, Sum-
merland; score 91.6. .Second prize, J. B. Felts,
Oi>portimity ; score 87.4. Third prize, C. S.
Howatt, Otis Orchards; score 86.6.

Deliciiius — First prize, Wellington Dutch.
Wcnalchee; score 92.3. Second prize, L. E.
Ludwig, Winesap, Washington; score 81.3.
Third prize, A. Davidheiser, Opportunity;
score 59.6.

The Washington State Horticultural
meeting was held at Spokane, in the
Chamber of Commerce Building, No-
vember 15, 16 and 17. The attendance
was nol as large as in previous years
when the meetings were held in the
large fruit-growing districts, but the
program was very interesting and in-
structive. .T, Howard Wright of North
Yakima was elected president; ,T. F.
Segruc, Cashmere, vice-president; F. E.
Williams, Spokane, second vice-presi-
dent; .1. A. Harader, North Yakima, sec-
retary: A. G. Craig, Spokane, treasurer.
The next annual meeting will be held
at North Yakima. The last time the
meeting was held in North Yakima the
attendance was between 700 and 800,
so it is to be expected that next year
the meeting will have an immense

attendance.

* * *

The Utility IManufacturing Co., which
is now manufacturing the Wood's
grading machine of Ogden, Utah, gave
a practical exhibition of their fruit-
grading machine, which will be placed
on the market throughout the North-
west in inifi, demonstrating the ma-
chine's actual operation and command-
ing a great deal of attention. The ex-
hibit was in charge of Mr. M. L. de
Julien, who not only intelligently but
very ably .showed the advantages and
economy in fruit grading machines, at
the same time pointing to the practi-
cability and simi)licity of his own

machine.

* * *

The Washington Horticultural Soci-
ety are advocating a plan for life mem-
bershii) with a view to creating a fund,
the interest on which will be a big help
in financing the annual meetings. It is
planned that the life niembcrshin shall
cost fifteen dollars. This plan is cer-
tainly a move in the right direction, it
having been tried out bv the Oregon
State Horticultural Society, proving
very successful, as the Oregon sncietv
already has a large list of life members.

* * •

Mr. H. C. Mellor, of Summerland,
B, C, won the Grand Swccostakes in
the five-box contest, this prize being
put up for the exhibitor winning the
largest number of prizes in the five-box
contests.

Cashmere made a very interesting
booth exhibit, featuring the Skookum
Brand in a very attractive manner, the
display being a beautiful one indeed.

For More Milk /

SHADY BROOK

DAIRY FEED

Made of the finest

alfalfa from the famous
Cardcna Oistnci and fron
cane molasses guaranieed
S0% sugar

HERE IS THE AJWALVSIS

Crade Protelo 14,75',

Crude Fat 1. 10',

Carbobydrates 63.96"'

That's why it gives more
' milk for less money Try
Find your answer i
f the milk pail.

Write (ot booklet No.70

' Shady Brook Milling Co.
Walla WaUa. Wash.

$60.00 an Acre

Best Bargain in tlie Valley

for the Price. lOO acres, mostly
bottom land; about 00 acres in cultivated
fields and pasture, balance timber of com-
mercial size; rich loam soil; plenty of
water; good building's; one-balf mile to
school; one mile to railroad station. Fall
seeding finished; grain for spring seeding
and feed; lots of hay; 20 head of stock,
tools and machinery. $6850 cash, balance
on time.

HAZELROOK FARM
Box 1, BLODGETT, OREGON

Western Pine Box Sales Go.

HIGH GRADE FRUIT BOXES

APPLE, PEAR AND-PEACH BOXES

Fruit and Veeetable Crates

GOOD SERVICE— Write us

SPOKANE, WASH.

One exhibit commanding an immense
amount of attention was that made by
Yakima Valley, under the direction of
Mr, DeVise, which consisted of films
showing the various phases of the
apple industry. One particular feature
which commanded a great deal of at-
tention and interested the public was
the production of a big "Y" of apples.
Mr. DeVise is one of the prominent men
of Yakima associated with the industry,
never failing to be present when any-
thing is being done for the improve-
ment or betterment of the industry.
Mr. DeVise is very popular among the
fruitgrowers, with a ver\- extensive ac-
quaintance, his efforts being voluntary
and most of them without reimburse-
ment, but they are much appreciated,
as he has worked earnestly in his en-
deavor to help the fruitgrower better
his condition.

The Bean .Spray Puni]) Co. made a
jiractical exhibit of one of their well-
known ))ower sprayers which is so
jjopular in the Northwest, practical
demonstrations being given by the man
in charge.

The Spokane fruitgrowers had one
of the most novel and interesting ex-
hibits as well as attractive in the wh(de
show, featuring the "Redskin Brand".
This whole display was rendered addi-
tionally attractive by the exhibition of
Indian relics, — beads, baskets and other
paraphernalia, — all being in perfect
harmony and accord with the name of
the brand. The exhibit of Indian relics
was valued at over .f2,000. During the
entire show an Indian, dressed in his
native costume, was always on the job,
commanding a great deal of attention.

Perhaps one of the most instructive
features of the exhibit was that en-
gaged in by six different fruitgrowers'
organizations with an exhibition of
ditferent varieties of apples, consisting
of fifteen boxes of each variety, five
boxes of each being packed in the regu-
lar pack, — Extra Fancy, Fancy and C
grade. The importance of this exhibit
was its educational value in showing
not only how the diflerent grades are
put up but how they should be put up.

The Schmidt Lithograph Co. had a
very attractive exhibit showing the im-
portance of making fruit attractive in
packages by the use of labels. They
made two displays, one group contain-
ing a number of labels which they
had made for the different associations
and fruit concerns throughout the
Northwest, and the other booth being
exceedingly attractive, showing a box
of big apples with the "Skookum" label
at the end of the box.

The Practical Box Marker Co., Otis
Orchards, Washington, commanded a
great deal of attention because they
were exhibiting their roller stamps
which are designed to stamp on the
end of the box, in one movement, the
variety, grade, number of apples con-
tained in the box and the grower's
name. The growers took much interest
in this exhibit because every fruit-
grower is out these days for something
to save money in the cost of production.

* • *

One of the most attractive exhibits of
the whole show was that made by the
Yakima Valley Fruit District Growers'
Association, consisting of Winesaps, 100
boxes being arranged in the form of a
large letter "Y". The apples were all
of magnificent color, beautifully packed
and the whole exhibit exceedingly
attractive.

Mr. Henry Tweed of Pullman, who
prepared the exhibit from Brewster
which won the Sweepstakes at the
Panama Exposition, was much com-
mended by the many fruitgrowers who
were present over his success in pre-
paring the exhibit which won the prize.

* * •

Mrs. S. .\. ^Vright of Opportunity,
Washington, exhibited a new variety
of apple known as "The Oregon Red
Winter," which \\t\n the jirize for the
best new variety on exhibition at the
show.

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

TheAlphaAutomaticPowerSprayOutfit

(PATENTEDi

Fitted with 2-in. or 2^ -in. AUTOMATIC DUPLEX or TRIPLEX PUMP

The Automatic Pressure Governor Insures Safety. Secures Uniform Pressure
and Eliminates Unnecessary Wear. Relief Valve Not Required.

Insures
Safety

Secures

Uniform

Pressure

and

Eliminates

Unnecessary

Wear

Top Guard

Rails Fold

Up or

Can Be

Quickly

Removed

Gear or

Belt
Driven

No Relief

or

Diaphragm

Valve

Required

Brass Fitted
Throughout

Equipped with the New Mechanical Pressure Control.
, "^^.^ ywo ESSENTIALS in a power sprajer are a tliorouglily dependable engine of ample horsepower and a positive
ana rciiauio pressure reculatcr that will Insure uniform pressure nnd eliminate unnecessary wear.

.. T^^ AVERAGE SPRAY RIG is equipped with a cheap engine and a nialte-shift pressure relief Talve or diaphragm
Which IS exposed to tlio corrosive action of tlie spray material, which soon puts it out of commission.

THE ALPHA AUTOMATIC PRESSURE GOVERNOR with which the Alplia Spray OutHt is equipped Is a simple
arrangeinent uf two levers and a spring on eatli plunger connecting rod, which, when the pressure reaches a prc-deter-
ninied limit, automatically discontinues the operation of the pump without intemipting the driving power, again permit-
ting It to resume operation when the pressure tails below the point at which it has been set.

THIS INSURES SAFETY, secures uniform pressure, and eliminates unnecessarj' wear (no liquid pumped except It
passes through the nozzles), ihe pressure relief is not dependent on the operation of a sluggish or defective relief valve,
but is positive and mechanical, thus malting it impossible to run the pressure up to the danger point.

THE POWER PLANT, depending on the size rig, is either a 2^-H.r. or a 3^-H.P. .4Jpha Engine, equipped vvith a
"built-in," gear-driven, positively-timed magneto, requiring no batteries or coil, and is easily started on the magneto
without cranking.

CAN YOU AFFORD to own a spray outfit that will balk? When you get ready to spray you have no time to tinker
with a defective engine, pump or relief valve, but want an outfit that is capable of a continued high pressure maintenance
and ono that is thoroughly dependable in every particular,

THE ALPHA AUTOMATIC SPRAY OUTFIT will meet your most exacting demands. The entire framework is mhde
of channel and angle iron, fitted with a wToueht steel bedplate on which the engine and pump are mounted, direct con-
nected with machine-cut steel gears.

BUILT IN ALL SIZES from a 2-inch pump and
either duplex or triplex.

IT WILL PA^ YOU to investigate thoroughly the merits
of the Alpha Combination Power Sprayer before buying. Send
coupon for Catalog c-2 and prices.

100-gaIlon tank to a 2%x3-inch pump and a 2nn-g!illon tank.

De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

SEATTLE SAN FRANCISCO
Everything for the Dairy.

DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO.,

1016 Western Avenue, Seattle, Wash.
Please mall your Catalog C-2 describing your Alpha
Sprayer Outfit to—

..Name

The O.-W. R. e<: N. made a very at-
tractive, interesting and instructive dis-
play, which commanded a great deal of
attention. Experts lectured and demon-
strated, showing the uses of dilYercnt
varieties of apples, the best season for
consumption and also the best varie-
ties foi' cooking.

* * *

The Hardie Manufacturing Co. had
one of their latest model sprayers on
exhibition, which was ably demon-
strated nnd explained to all iii(|iiiriiig
orchardists by one of their competent

salesmen.

« * *

Zillah district had a strong feature
exhibit presided over by Mr. H. Fur-
man.

A boys' band, composed entirely of
boys from (i to I.t years of age, not only
rendered excellent music hut was
quite a feature in the show.

The Wa.shington .Agricultural College
of Pullman was prominent as usual
with one of their educational displays
for the benefit of the fruitgrower.

Mrs. nianche \Vylic of Spokane daily
distributed a number of apple favors
to all visitors by giving away ajiples
and tickets for apple cider.

In Ihe cookery contest, one exhibitor
disi)la.\ed .')2 kintls of apple .jelly la-
beled "One kind for every week in the
vear."

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

December

Sprayers Go Up

Not in price but numbers

Since August first more than four times
as many

"FRIEND"
Power Sprayers

have been sold than last year for same

period. See last issue of "Better Fruit'"

and learn why.

Don't Delay, But Do It "Now"

Join the "Frienil" Club by Hie purchase of a Pnw-
er Sprayer. Hand Sprayer, Uniiiue Pressure Reg-
ulator for vour old power sprayer. Variable Spray
Nozzle or the new 50c Nozzle Get the "rriend"
Spirit. Catalog free.

"Friend" Mfg. Co., Gasport, N. Y.

The Powerful One Man

W//' Strong, simple, speedy

^ — (his one man way of tuming^'
^^istump land into cash income is
/O^he way for you. Many fine, at-
y'l^ractivc features, such as the

/^ TRIPLE SPEED

This splendid feature lets you '
lie the speed after the stump 0M
t'has broken loose. That means '. "
^something to the man who owns
a Kirstin. ^

GET FREE CATALOG NOW t

KIRSTIN SALES COMPANY

'.V) E. Morrison St. Portland, Oregon

The Idaho Agricultural College ex-
hibited .some very interesting informa-
tion, portrayed on charts, showing the
results obtained in a comparative way
between .summer and winter pruning.
* « *

One of the most educational and in-
structive features of the Apple Show
was the by-product exhibit, a number
of prizes being given for all kinds of
by-products made from ai)ples.

The Oregon Agricultural College ex-
hibited a very interesting chart show-
ing what varieties of apples are best
adaptefl for sauces, jelly and various
other desserts.

The Oregon Horticultural Society
held its annual meetina in Corvallis
November 16, 17 and 18, which was
attended by a very large and enthusi-
astic audience. Every one present re-
ported the program the most instructive
of any for a number of years. In addi-
tion to this, which probably was the
most important part of the program,
was the featuring of exhibits and the
instruction given in connection there-

with by the professors and their assist-
ants in the ditferent departments of
hoi-ticulture. Apples were exhibited
from nearly every fruit-growing state
in the Union. These exhibits proved
very interesting and instructive. The
following ollicers were elected: H. C.
Washburn, president; B. W. .lohnson,
vice-president; C. D. Minton, secretary-
treasurer. The next annual meeting
will be held in Hood River.

Protect Young Apple Trees.

It is time to protect newly planted
apple trees against winter girdling by
mice and rabbits. A tree thoroughly or
even partly girdled has little or no
chance to live without expert bridge
grafting, which is not especially easy,
at least for the man who is unaccus-
tomed to it. Perhaps the best protec-
tion is obtained by using a thin wooden
veneer wrapper which has been soaked
to keep it from breaking, then bent
around the tree, and held in place by a
single wire about the middle. The wire
stays in i)lace better if passed through
a hole near the outer edge of the veneer
wrapijer. The wrapper should be pushed
down into the earth so that mice can-
not burrow under it, or they may be
shut out by heaping soil up around the
bottom of the case and tramping it firm,
(foiled screen wire may be used in
nuich the same way, but it is more
expensive. The veneer wrappers do
not usually cost more than half or
three-ciuarters of a cent apiece, and
can be secured from any orchard sup-
ply house.

Bunches of long grass or split corn
stalks may give good protection against
rabbits, but fail to keep mice from
doing harm. Newsjiapers or tar paper
wrapped around the tree trunk have
been used with some degree of success
by many oi-chardists.

Paint and washes do not give good
results, as the rabbits sometimes seem
to attack the washed trees more than
the untreated ones.

Damage from mice shouhl be avoided
by the removal of all loose, trashy
material from the neighborhood of the
base of the tree trunk. If the ground
has been fall plowed, the under furrow
slice furnishes a good nesting place for
mice and the nearbv trees are likely to

What are
your dairy
problems?

To get started profitably in dairy-
ing as a side-line, the fruit grower
needs helpful advice and sugges-
tions.

Our service department will de-
light in doing this very thing.with-
out any charge or obligation.

We are sole Oregon distributors
for "Simplex" Separators, B-L-K
Milkers, Papec Ensilage Cutters,
Simplex Silos and all kinds of
dairy, butter-making and cheese-
making supolies.

Your name on a postal will
bring Free Catalogs

Monroe & Crisell

126 Front St. Portland, Oregon

It does not disturb the
fruit burdened branches.

See why on page 12.

suffer, but if the ground near the tree
is clean and well compacted, little dam-
age will be done by these rodents. —
C. C. Wiggans, College of Agriculture.
Universitv of Missouri.

Exports of green apples to Europe
for the week ending November 13, for
the first time this year, exceeded the
exports of the corresponding week of
1914. During the week !)3,82.S barrels
were exported, as against 89,383 for the
previous year. The total exports of the
season are 530,921 barrels, compared
with 998,0-14 barrels last year.

Pear Trees for Sale

I have a larg^e lot to offer of the following- sorts: Bartlett, Anjou,
Bosc, Winter Nelis. B.CIairgeau, Howell, Cornice and other varieties.

All budded trees, one and two years old.

T also have Plum and Prune Trees budded on plum, and huilded

berry-bearing and seedling Holly Trees from 2 to 5 feet. .A^lso Mazzard
Cherry and Marianna Plum stocks for nursery planting.

Good stock at very low prices to Nurserymen, Dealers and I'lanters.

JAMES W. STEPHENS

Kelso, AVasKington

Wlir.N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

lOI^

BETTER FRUIT

Page 25

Economies in Apple Harvesting

Continued from page 15
wider wagon than the one I nsed, or a
double-decker. My wagon held only 24
boxes, when a wider wagon could be
made to hold 3(1 boxes or more, or a
double-decker 48 or more. This, of
course, would make quite a reduction
in the expense, saving time lost with
the small wagon, hauling from the or-
chard, but of course would not save
any time in loading or unloading in
either case, as this expense would be
the same on the larger or smaller
wagon.

Help in the packing house cost me
.0086. This consisted of having a man
put the apples on the sorting table.
Considerable saving could be made in
this department with the riaht kind of
a storage house and a good floor, which
will enable the helper in the packing
house to load the apples on a truck
which would hold 24 boxes instead of
carrying them one bv one, leaving him
part of his time, with this arrangement,
to assist in grading, also hclDinc to re-
duce the number of men reciuired on
the grading. The floor in my packing
house, not being on a level with the
storage equipment, necessitated my
having the aoples carried by the box
instead of being wheeled in on a truck.

Hauling knocked-down boxes to the
packins house cost me .002.^. This cost
could also be reduced by having a larger
wagon which would hold a greater
quantitv, retpiiring no mo'-e time than
a wagon containing a smaller quantitv
of boxes. My wapon was onlv large
enough to haul 2ri0 boxes, knocked
down, at a time, whereas the pronei-
sized wagon should be one which
would hold 100 to 110 boxes packed,
which would hold 400 knocked down
boxes, which would reduce this cost
about 331,11^.

It cost to nail up and stamp the boxes
.0006. The man doing this work had
some snare time. althoni?h it was all
charged against the nailing cost. This
time he spent in removing any apples
which got into any one of the grades
through carelessness or any other
cause on the part of the sorters and
graders. The stamping was done with
rubber stamps. An additional saving
could be made by using the latest pat-
ented devices for stamping the boxes
with the number of api)les. the grade,
and the variety all at one time instead
of having to use separate rubber stamps
for each of these marks. Just how
much this nailing-up cost could re-
duced it is dillicult to say, but I am
inclined to think it could be done at
one-quarter to one-half a cent less.

The boxes cost me 9 cents each. This
price seems to be as low as any price T
have heard of. A lower price could
only be secured in accordance with the
piice of lumber and by ordering the
boxes of your association, which could
place an order with some mill for an
extra large quantity early in the sea-
son, thereby securing a lower price.

The paper cost me .0331. No saving
could be made in this item excepi

PICTORIALREVIEW

d^iS^:^^-

PiCtOriSl R6Vi6W women folks want

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$100,000 has been paid for fiction which will appear in
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Adaress ''BETTER FRUIT," Hooa River, Oregon

Prune and Grafted Walnut Trees

Also Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Apricots, Cherries, Small Fruit Plants, Etc.

Can be bought now at Greatly Reduced Prices

Write today submitting 3'our want list tor quotations.

LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., LAFAYETTE, OREGON

IWeII Water Under PrEssuri;

Your stock need water direct from

the well at even temperature,

winter and summer

You know that your cows will give more and

^ better milk if they have plenty of fresh, cold water to

drink. With my Milwaukee Air Power Water System

Send for mv descriptive *he water is always at well temperature, and won-

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puuKit:i jj^^^ i^gg ^^^^ stored in tanks.

Simply turn the faucet and you get water un-
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THOS. J. ROSS

279 G. MoTTisoD Street
Portland, Oreiion

Go Home

for

Christmas

The holidays will .soon be here. The time of happiness and cheer.
Your friends will be expecting you to come home So will mother,
father, sister or brother.

LOW HOLIDAY FARES

will be available for the holidays. On sale between all Southern
Pacific stations in Oregon and California.

Ask the local afrt-nt for fares, limits of tickets
aiul other information or write

SOUTHERN PACIFIC

Jolin M. Si'ott, CiciUTal I'asscnjjer Afjent.
Portland, Oregon

WHEN WRITING APVEKTISERS MENTIUN BETTER FRUIT

Pase 26

BETTER FRUIT

December

PORTLAND

TWO DAILY LIMITED TRAINS EAST

THE INLAND EMPIRE EXPRESS

NORTH BANK LIMITED

PORTLAND TO SPOKANE, ST. PAUL, DES MOINES,
CHICAGO, DENVER, KANSAS CITY, ST. LOUIS

Fastest Route Between the Northwest and California

"The North Bank Rail" and Twenty -sis Hours' Ocean Sail on the Mammoth Steel
Liner, SS. "Northern Pacific" (licensed for 800 passengers), sailing every four days,
approximately, between Portland and San Francisco, via Flavel-Astoria.

December Sailings from Portland — December 7, 11, 16, 21, 2t, 30.

Best of the Trip in Daylight. Same Time and Rate as All Rail.

Call or write for details about the 15-day de luxe cruises to Hilo and Honolulu of
SS. "Great Northern," December 16, January 5, 25, February 14.

TICKET OFFICES

Fifth and Stark Streets and North Bank Station. Tenth and Hoyt, PORTLAND

SPOKANE. Davenport Hotel. SEATTLE, 107 Yesler Way. Corner Second Avenue and Columbia

SAN FRANCISCO. 665 Market Street

R. H. CROZIER, A. G. P. A.

SPOKANE, PORTLAND & SEATTLE RAILWAY
PORTLAND, OREGON

15,000 PEAR TREES

Mostly Anjou and Bartlett

Also Other Varieties

Extra fine trees, clean and well grown. Can make you very attractive prices.
We have also a general line of nursery stocli.

CHRISTOPHER NURSERIES, Christopher, Washington

through the abihty of your association
manager to secure supplies in this line
at a less price by placino a very lar^e
order early with some paper mill
anxious to secure the business.

Superintending cost me .01 per box.
I charged up my own time at only S2.0fl
per day while engaged in this line of
work. Considerable saving could be
made in this expense in accordance
with the quantity of apples harvested,
as I could have rendered the same serv-
ice on twice the amount of apples,
which would have reduced this cost
to one-half cent per box.

I desire to call your attention to the
way these costs should be ascertained.
A perfect record should be kept of each
man's time and every item of expense
in every one of these twelve items con-
nected with harvesting the crop. Most
growers figure their picking expense
per box on the actual number of boxes
packed out, which is incorrect and a
way that will never show you anything
comparatively. This cost should be
placed on the entire number of boxes
picked, whether they are packed out
or sent to the vinegar factory. The
grading cost per box also should be
placed on the entire crop, whether
packed out or sent to the vinegar fac-
tory. Making up the boxes should be
figured on the actual number of boxes
packed; ijacking on the actual number
of boxes packed; orchard hauling on
the total number of boxes harvested;
association hauling in the same way.

because it makes no great dilTerencc in
the cost whether the apples go to the
warehouse or to the vinegar factory.
Hel]) in the packing house should be
figured on the total number of boxes
harvested. Knocked-down-box hauling
should be figured on the total number
of boxes packed out; nailing up on the
total cost of the boxes packed out, and
the cost of boxes on the total number
packed out. Paper should be figured
also on the total number of boxes
jjacked out, while superintending
should be figured on the total number
of boxes harvested, whether packed
or not. Permit me to say that these
costs are determined on a crop of 5.^20
boxes packed out and 530 boxes to the
vinegar factory; total crop 0050 boxes.
The 530 boxes .going to the vinegar
factory made SSKl'^e of the total crop;
300 boxes, or .OJO'o being windfalls and
the other 230 boxes, or .038% being
culls due to all other causes such as
bruises, scab, stings, worms, etc. I had
7G7p 4 tier, 17% 4% tier, 7% 5 tier
and 89% extra fancy and fancy com-
bined, and 10.2% C grade.

Allow me to state the costs of each
department connected with harvesting,
with the hope that this information
will help some of you to do the work
more efficiently and more economically
than I have done it, because I believe
it can be done for much less and con-
siderably better. Cost of harvesting
per box in my orchard was as follow:
Packing, $.04; picking, .1!.054(); grading.

$.0321; making boxes and nails, $.01;
orchard hauling, .*.0087; association
hauling, ■$.0205; hel]) in packing house,
.?. 008(1; knocked-down-box hauling,
.$.0025; nailing up and stamping, $.0096;
box, $.09; paper, $.0331; superintemfing,
$.01; total, $.3197.

The cost of harvesting a crop of
apples can be reduced in proportion to
facilities afi'orded, through economy in
material and the wages paid the work-
men. I also desire to call your atten-
tion to the fact that a saving can be
made by maintaining a well-balanced
crew in each department of harvesting
so that no one department will be held
up by a lack of efiiciency or help in
any other department. It goes almost
without saying that the larger the crop
the more economically the work can
be done. My crop was a moderate
sized one, and I want to be frank and
state that I know many growers har-
vested at a less cost than I did this
year. My aim has been to outline a
plan showing the costs, which would
afford every grower a comparison and
thereby be of value to him, enabling
him to determine where he could re-
duce his cost in any department,
whether his crop be large, of moderate
size, or even a small crop.

In conclusion permit me to state that
I think the following savings could be
made in each one of the departments in
my classification. A saving could be
made in: Packing, $.005; picking, $.015;
grading, S.0075; orchard hauling, $.0037;
help in jmcking house, .*.0044; hauling
knocked-down boxes, $.001; nailing up,
$.0034; superintending, .$.005; total,
$.045. Or, in other words, I believe a
crop of api)les can be harvested, with
proper facilities and business-like
methods, at a cost of $.2757, which is
just about one-half of what harvesting
cost us four or five years ago.

ONE MAN

is all that is needed.

See why on page 12.

FEIJOA SELLOWIANA

A wonderfully delicious fruit of delightful
aroma. About size of hen's egg. Remark-
able keeper and .shipper. Pre-eminently
adapted to Paeitie Coast. 'Will stand tem-
perature of 10 degrees above zero Be
tirst to plant and reap greatest profits.
Illustrated circular free.
GIANT WINTER RHUBARB

From \ of an acre first season after plant-
ing I sold over 20,000 pounds of rhubarb, re-
ceiving for same fti7:i.T0 Reduced prices on
plants. Booklet free.

W.A.LEE, Covina, California

Hood River Pruning & Grafting Wax

READY FOR USE

Without Heating

l-lb. Can. postpaid, I'lOc
Made by

A. NIEHANS, Hood River, Oregon, R 2

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Page 21

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the, Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

Pruning for Increased Color and Yield

PRUNING orchard trees is one
phase of orchard management that
has been discussed by practical
orchardists and experiment station
men at various horticultural meetings
for a numbei' of years, hence much has
been said and written upon il. But

(^

48 ions
i^y hand

One man, alone, can pull any stump
that can be pulled by any horse
rower machine. Merely v/ork a
lever andeasily pull 4S tons weight
— all an inch-steel cable will hold,
A mechanical wonder.

HAND POWER.

Stump
Puller

Madeof Krupp steel— weighs only
1711bs. twospeeds-endorsed by
U.S. Government experts. AA^orks
on hillsides and marshes w/here
horses cannot operate. One man
and a K can clear sinijle-handed
from 50 to 100 stumps per day.
Send for my special offer and
free book on Land Clearing.

Walter J. Fitzpatrick

Box S, 182 Fifth Street
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

Ask for Catalogua No. S

By Professor C. C. Vincent, Moscow, Idaho.

notwithstanding this fact, it is very im-
perfectly understood by the masses of
people and often wholly disregarded.
While it is true we possess climatic
conditions very favorable to the growth
and perfect development of our fruit
trees, which renders unnecessary much
of the labor and expense attached to
fruit growing in the Eastern States;
pruning to an ideal through the various
succes.sive stages will be absolutely
necessary in order to obtain best re-
sults. Intelligent pruning is ever pro-
ductive of the most satisfactory results,
but when it is done indifferently with-
out any regard to the ob.ject to be ac-
complished, an entirely different effect
is produced.

The tree is pruned, at various sea-
sons of the year to accomplish very
different results, ^\'hile no fixed rules
can be given regarding pruning that
will apply to every tree everywhere,
there are, however, a few principles
which, if kept in mind by the oper-
ators, will facilitate matters consider-
ably. Each variety offers problems pe-
culiar to itself, that can be solved only
by the good .judgment of the man with
the pruning shears, but the following
points should be observed in every
case: (1) All crossing limbs .should be
removed for spraying is quite an item
in the expense of the orchard, and with
all superfluous limbs removed before
the apidication, less material will be
needed. f2) Prune to encourage the
production of fruit rather than wood.
(3) Prune to prevent the lower limbs
from hindering cultivation; the upper
ones fiiim growing out of easy reach
for spra>ing and picking. (1) Prune to
prevent the "off-year hal)it" in trees.
(5) Prune to correct too compact or
too spreading growth of top.

Since there is no other ph:ise of or-
chard management that reiiuires as
much knowledge and experience ns lliat
of prunin.g, the grower's success will
be based largely upon the obscivance
of the above-mentioned rules. ,\s
|)riuiing is such a vital factor in the
development of a commercial orchard,
the time of performing the oi)eralii)n is
important. The season for pruning

orchards is generaly winter or early
spring. In the minds of many orchard-
ists, no other reason is known aside
from that of convenience. The grow-
ers should know the principles in-
volved and where winter pruning may,
with profit, be exchanged for summer

A Rainy Day Need
Not Be Dull

Cheer up ! Get to work
'\ in a Fish Brand

Reflex
vx Slicker

$3.00

Strong, easy fitting,
light, and water-
proof, absolutely.
Reflex Edges stop
water from run-
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Black, Yellow or Olive-khaki.

Protector Hat. 75 cents

Satisfaction Guaranteed

A.J.TOWERCO.

8,5 BOSTON

^CJWERS

flSHYIti^

Protect Ymr

' with I'Qur young trees, ^^k.^^ ^^L ^■^^■^1^^^
One rabbit wiU LiU many ^^
n a tingle night. Mice and *
:ui wormi will damB^e and
deitroy them if you don t protect them.
Gel doHan' worth of protection at a frac-
tion of a cent cost by using ^^

liafijKej/G ^

TreePfotectorj'

Absolute protection against gnawers
and borers. ' Prevent trees from
becoming skinned and bruised by cul-
tivator or lawn mower Made of elm
veneer, chemically treated. Easily put
on and will last until tree is beyond

needing protection Don t wait until »ome
of your trees are tilled — order Hawkeye
Proiectora now. Rcf;utar sire 10 inches
wMc 10 inches high Price in lot* of 100 —

I cent apiece, in Iota of 1000 - ', cent

apiece. Special sixes made lo order.

Write for circular and samples.

iVe mal(t Fniii Bailidi — ^ef our pricei.

Rurling:toa Basket Company

li'i Main SL, Burlington, lows /;

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BITTER FRUIT

Page

2S

BETTER FRUIT

December

Most Powerful Farm Telephone

Loudest Ringer— Clearest Talker

GARtOI I> 1 tleplione— the one you've been waiting: for—
ally tn f i amJ built by the largest iniiopendi'nt h'aetory in the

Un I d St tes for continuous hard service over heavily loaded rural
In Tl t, guaranteed perfect "UAKFORD" has proved its efficiency

as tl e mobt powerful farm telephone in existence.

A Truly Wonderful Success!

The GARFORD" completely meets every demand for the
p rfett t phone service — either local or lon^; distance. It rings loud.
el ar and true and carries your voice- full toned— plainly and dis-
tinctly—free from "blur," "buzz" or contusion to any dista.ice
desired. Our low. direct-frum-factory bargain price is only

.-nw;;$>fl ^^ A-i FOR THIS S-BAR

10:^

160O OHM BRIDGING
Without Batteries

It ia simple in construction, easily installed, reliable
in operation— a handsomely linished nistriinient tlirouv;h(iut—
tl most di;rabie and truly economical Rural Telephone in the world!

Order Direct From This- NOW!

Send your order— NOW— to our nearest address. You are
p ift.ctiy safe in sending the price-$10.43 -direct from this an-
nouncement, as we guarantee satisfaction or money back.
Look us up in Dun's or Bradstreet's. If you need telephone
supplies of any kind or a switchboard, don't fail to get our
direct-to-you money saving prices before buying.

Write for finely illustrated descriptive
literature, the most complete on Rural
Telephones everwritten. Thisliteraturecon-
tanis valuable information, facts, figures, advice, etc., that you can get
nowhere else. Be sure to send for it today, %vhether you order a 'phone or not.

FREE

The Dean Electric Co., Dept. 306 Seattle, Wash.

NORTHWESTERN DISTRIBUTORS FOR

^he Garford Manufacturing Company. Elyrla, Ohlo^

^I/rs. of Vie Highest Grade Telephone Equipment in the World^

itali^ fifsi

Zerolene was awarded highest
competitive honors — gold
medals — San Francisco and
San Diego Expositions.

Send for Lubrication Instruction
Chart, specifying make and model
of your car. Free.

ZEROLENE

{he Standard Oil £rNohr Cars

STANDARD OIL
COMPANY

(California)

Portland

YAKIMA FRUIT SELLERS

North Yakima, Washington

A Central Selling Agency for Yakima

EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS FOR

Yakima County Horticultural Union

Yakima Fruit Growers' Exchange

Richey & Gilbert Company

Our organizations handled 2,500 carloads of Yakima Frultlast season. Hundreds oJ growers
have joined our movement and we already have under contract a much larger proportion
of Yakima tonnage than ever before. Additional tonnage is coming to ua daily. We have
a large proportion of the fruit In the early districts — therefore we can load the early
assorted cars— money-makers for the trade and the growers.

WRITE OR WIRE USIIN SEASON

H. M. GILBERT, General Manager FRED EBERLE, Asst. Manager

IJi'iuiiiii,'. Gent-rally .speaking, an aiiple
tree may be pi'uned in any month dur-
ing the winter without any serious in-
jury, but experiments have proved that
there is a detinite lime during the win-
ter months when it may he done more
advantageously — in late winter or early
spring. At cither of these times the
flow of sap is not far distant and the
wood heals tpiicker, thus preventing
excessive drying. It is not good policy
to prune in midwinter, as the wounds
remain too long exposed to the action
of the rains, winds, etc., before healing
takes place. Early winter pruning, or
soon after the leaves fall is preferable
to that of midwinter, since there is
usually enough sa]) to start the callous-
ing-over process before severe winter
comes on.

The efl'ect of annual winter ijruning
of the tree is to produce wood rather
than fruit. The reason for that can be
exi)lained as follows: In a thrifty,
healtliy, unpruned tree, there appears
to a iialance between the roots and the
top of the tree, or in other words, a
sufficient number of rootlets to furnish
every bud or growing part of the tree
with tlie necessary elements for plant
gi'owth. If too many of the large limbs
are removed, there is a lack of etiuilib-
riuni, and when spring comes the roots
still send up more food material, thus
causing more sap pressure on each hud.
As the amount of pressure on the bud
determines its rate of growth, a longer
shoot is the result. Thus we can readily
see why discretion should be used in
pruning orchards, especially neglected
orchards. Neglected trees may he
brought into a good state of hearing by
removing only a part of the wood the
first year. If badly neglected, two or
three years should be used in bringing
the tree back to its natural self. A too
severe cutting back will result in a
thicket of watersprouts.

Summer pruning heretofore has not
been generally practiced in the United
States. One reason for this tardy
adoption has been that growers did not
know of the method. Besides, there is
real inconvenience to it. Usually dur-
in.s the summer the grower is busy,
cultivating, spraying or irrigating, and
does not care to take the time for the
necessary pinching or cutting back re-

fiLETCRocncT «

Only 12c.

(Including Postage and Packing)
FOR THIS

Filet
Crochet Book

O N

Yokes and Towels

I have just published this book of new
creations — over one hundred of the new-
est, most beautiful and practical designs
for working Cross Stitch or filet Crochet.
My Book Contains Complete Instruc-
tions With Hundsome Illustrations.
Send me 12f. In pn<;t;iee stamps or 10c. in silver
and oni! 2c. stamp aiiJ 1 will send a copy prepaid.

Pearl LeMonde, 6.31 Publicity Bldg. St. Louii. Mo.

W1II£N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 5

BETTER FRUIT

Pin

t|uirc(l. However, suninier pruning
should be more widely practiced by or-
chardists, for it not only has a tendency
to bring the tree into earlier bearing,
bnt actually increases the yield and
admits sunlight, which colors the fruit
more highly, as indicated in the tables
presented below. If summer pruning
is followed, the best time to perform
the operation is the latter part of July
or early August, or about ten days after
the terminal buds have set. At this
time the tree has practically finished
growing for the year. Success will de-
pend largely upon when the work is
performed for the following reasons:
If the pruning is done before the tree
has ceased growing, it will have a
tendency to force out the adventitious
buds and buds below the cuts, which
results in a growth of shoots. On the
other hand, if done too late in the sea-
son, no opportunity is given the buds
to swell into fruit buds, which is the
object sought by summer pruning.
Where summer pruning is practiced,
the tendency is to produce fruit rather
than wood. The principle involved is
as follows: During the early suuuner,
nnich of the food is used by the tree in
throwing out leaves and making new
growth. By removing part of the
growth at just the proper time, some of
this reserve food material will be de-
posited in and behind the buds, causing
them to increase in size considerablv,
and thus producing fruit buds.

During the past few years the Hor-
ticultural Department of the University
of Idaho has been conducting experi-
ments to determine whether summer
pruning presented any advantage over
that of winter pinning and vice versa.
The trees under observation, repre-
senting the Wagener, Rome, Grimes and
Jonathan varieties, were planted in
100.1, and the pruning began that year.
The trees in the block set aside for
winter pruning have received a mod-
erate annual cutting back since the
time of planting, while those in another
block have been sunnner pruned. The
pruning in both cases consisted in
shaping the tree and cutting back from
one-fourth to one-third of the terminal
growth. The trees were all grown un-
der like conditions as regards soil and
climate without irrigation.

FREE

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To Try In Your Own Home

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wick. No chimney. Absolutely SAFE.

COSTS 1 CENT A NIGHT

We want one person i n each locality to whom
we can refer new customers. Take advan-
tage of ourSPECIAL FREFTRIALOFFER.
Write today. AGENTS WANTED.

SUNSHINE SAFETY LAMP CO.
£39 Factory Bldg., Kansas City, Mo.

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7, 122' 3 Grand Ave., Portland. Oregon

Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees. Shrubs, Vines. Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast Growrn Seedlinps

Oregou Champion Gooseberries and

"Write Now Perfection Currants Write Now

^e Drink that keep's

STRONG MEN STRONG

Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate is an inimitable
blend of finest cocoa and pure sugar.

Scientists who have made exhaustive analyse? of all sorts
of food products say that cocoa products are self-sufficient
as a nutriment, possessing all properties needed not only for
sustaining life but also to repair bodily waste. Cocoa contains
a larger percentage of nutriment than even the egg.

Drink a cup of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate daily. It's easily and
quickly made. It's delicious. It makes the strong stronger.

Order from Your Grocer Today

Gkiraiaellis

Ground Chocolate

In 32-lb-. 1 lb. and 3-lb. hermetically sealed cans.
There's a double economy in buying the 3-lb. can.

D. GHIRARDELLI CO.

Since 1852

San Francisco

You art invUer? to visit the GhirardeUi Pavilion at the Panama-Pacific
International Exposition and see a model chocolate factory in operation

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station. Belmont Road
We will be pleased to show you trees, apple trees that have a heritage, a quality that should be considered by everyone
who plants a tree. Our treee are grown in clean hillside virgin red shot soil with clay aubsoil. producing the most vigorous
root system. Our buds are selected from the best bearing healthy Hood River trees that make the Hood River apple
famous throughout the world. Our trees will give you satisfactory results in vigor, fi^it and quality Ash for c-i'-alOB-
We guarantee our products. Apples, pears, peacJies, apricots, almonds and walnuts. A complete line of the besi varieties
of all kinds of fniits,

H. S. BUTTERFIELD, President W. J. ENSCHEDE. Manager

J UHODES DOUBLE CUT
PRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFG. CO.,

•«0 d. DIVISION AVB . ORAND RAPID5, niCH.

•yHE only
pruner
made mat cutt
from both sides of
the Umb and does not
bruise the bark. Made in
all ityles and sizes. We
pay Ejcpress charges
on ail orders.

Write for
circular and
prices.

WRITING AnVF.RTISP:RS MENTION HFTTER FRUIT

Page 30

BETTER FRUIT

December

Greater Quantity —
Better Quality

L^ 43 /^'ill'TVl applit^d to tlie soil iu connection with any suitable fer-
-*-*'**''-*■'■ ^^■'■•'■•'- tilizer increases the number and activities of beneficial
soil bacteria. The radio-activity heathfully stimulates the vital processes of
all plant life — absorption and assimilation of plant food — resulting in vigorous
growth and production.

Costs .$10 per acre; easy to apply — any soil, and lasts for many succes-
sive seasons.

Write today for particulars and detailed information.

California Radium Products Co.

633 Van Nuys Building LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA

W. van Diem

Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49, 61. 61

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Frulti

Eldest and First-Class
House In this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandlem
ABC Code used; Bth Edition

Our Specialties are

Apples, Pears, Navel Oranges

HOOD RIVER APPLE VINEGAR CO.

HOOD RIVER

YELLOW NEWTON VINEGAR

AND SWEET CIDER

EVAPORATED APPLES

Made from Choice Hood River Apples

If your jobber cannot supply you
send your order to

Hood River Apple Vinegar Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Lime Sulphur
Lead Arsenate
Bordeaux Paste
Spra-Sulphur

The most serious pests and diseases doiug the most dam-
age to trees in the Northwest are San Jose Scale and Authrac-
nose. The ones doing the most damage to crops and causing
a loss of millions annually to fruit growers, are Codling Moth
and Scab.

Growers Must Have Sprays that are Efficient

We make the above sprays of the highest degree of effi-
ciency and sell at reasonable prices.

Clean crops are necessary if you expect to sell your apples
at good prices.

Use Our Sprays and Grow Clean Fruit

Factory at Clackamas. Oregon.
New factory being built at Hood River, Oregon.

For the present direct all correspondence to

Oregon Arsenical Spray Co.

CLACKAMAS, OREGON

Pruning for Increased Yield — Result of

Summer vs. Winter-Pruning

Experiments.

TABLE I

When

Av. Yield

Percent

\ arietq

Year

Pruned

per Tree

Increase

Wagener. .

1910

Winter

29 lbs.

Summer

54 lbs.

86.2

Wagener. .

1911

Winter

18 lbs.

Summer

,59 lbs.

227.S

Wagener . .

1912

Winter

67 lbs.

Summer

12.3 lbs.

83.6

Wagener . .

191.-)

Winter

22 lbs.

Summer

51 lbs.

131.9

Increase

•1-5'car

period, 111%, or LIB to 287

pounds.

During the four-year period there
was an increase in favor of the sum-
nier-pruncfl Wagener of 111%, varying
Ihroughout the four years from 83.6%
increase to 227.8% increase.

TAHLE II

When

.4ii.yie/rf

Percent

Variety

Year

Pruned

per Tree

Increase

Grimes. . .

1910

Winter

14 lbs.

Summer

20 lbs.

42.8

Grimes. . .

1911

Winter

fil lbs.

Summer

73 lbs.

19.7

Grimes. . .

1912

Winter

74 lbs.

Summer

101 lbs.

36.5

Grimes. . .

1913

Winter

99 lbs.

Summer

185 lbs.

86.8

Increase

1-year

period, 52

8%, or 248 to 379

pounds.

The Grimes showed, during a four-
year period an increase of .52.8% in
favor of the summer-pruned trees.
The per cent of increase varied from
19.7% in 1911 to 86.8% in 1913.

TABLE III

When

A V. Yield

Percent

Varietii Year

Pruned

per Tree

Increase

lonalhaii. . 1910

Winter

29 lbs.

Summer

33 lbs.

13.8

Tnnalhan. . 1911

Winter

35 lbs.

Siunmer

21 lbs.

•66.7

lonathan. . 1912

Winter

95 lbs.

Summer

95 lbs.

00.0

Tnnatban. . 1913

Winter

128 lbs.

Siniimer

145 lbs.

13.3

*Decrease.

Increase 4-vear

period, 2.

in, '»■ 2f

7 to 294

pounds.

Paddoclv ..^ Whipple, in their book
entitled, "Fruit Growing in Arid Re-
gions," say that summer pruning is
supposed to incite fruitfulness, but
does not always give uniform and sat-
isfactory results. While our .lonathans
show an increase of 2.4% during the
four-year period in favor of the sum-
mer-pruned trees, the per cent during
the period varies from 13.8% increase
to 66.7% decrease.

T.\BLE IV

When

A V. Yield

Percent

Variety

Veor

Pruned

per Tree

Increase

Rome

1910

Winter

14 lbs.

.Summer

14 lbs.

00.0

Rome

1911

Winter

65 lbs.

Summer

.30 lbs.

•116.6

Bome

1912

Wintci-

53 lbs.

Summer

58 lbs.

9.4

Rome

1913

Winter

52 lbs.

Summer

85 lbs.

63.4

•Decrease.

Increase

4-year

period. 1.6%, or 184 to 187

pounds.

There has been but very little differ-
ence between summer and winter prun-
ing of the Rome during the four-year
period. An increase of 1.6% is noticed
in favor of the summer-pruned trees.

TABLE V.

Winter Summer

Jonathan. .9 trees Pruned Pruned

Number of Extra Fancy 992 5447

Number of Fancy 4175 2795

Number of C Grade 4138 335

Number of culls .322 0

.\yeragc yield per tree.... 1069 953
Home. 9 trees

Number of Extra Fancy 350 1186

Number of Fancy 473 422

Number of C Grade 587 89

Number of culls 0 0

Average yield per tree. . . . 156 188

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

jp^i

BETTER FRUIT

Page SI

Table V presents some interesting re-
sults. It shows the number of extra
fancy, fancy and C grade apples picked
from the winter and summer-pruned
trees. Where sununer pruning was
practiced on Jonathans, 53% of the
apples were extra fancy and 32% fancy,
while from the winter-pruned trees
only 137fi of the apples were extra
fancy and 43% fancy. Not only did we
secure a large percentage of highly-
colored fruits, but we were able to pick
the apples in the summer-pruned
blocks at least two weeks earlier than
we could have done otherwise. Then
again, as the .Jonathan water-cores so
badly and breaks down in transit when
left on the trees too long in the fall,
this objectionable feature was elimi-
nated when summer pruning was prac-
ticed. To secure a high percentage of
highly-colored aijples, summer pruning
is recommended.

Comparative Value of Different Grades

TABLE VI.

Jonathan — NixE Trees.
Extra Fanctf (boxes at .$1)

Winter pruned, 6% boxes $ 6.60

Summer pruned, SGV^ boxes 36.33

Gain for summer pruned. . . . $29.73

Fancy I boxes at 7.5c)

Winter pruned, 27% boxes 20.87

Summer pruned, I8-3 boxes 14.00

Loss for summer pruned.... 6.87

Choice (boxes at 50c)

Winter pruned, 27% boxes 13.80

Summer pruned, 2Vk boxes 1.10

Loss for summer pruned.... 12.70

Culls (boxes at ircl

Winter primetL 2',; lioxes 22

Summer pruneiL none 00

Loss for summer nruned.... .22

Net gain for summer pruned 9.94

Average gain for nine trees. . 1.10

Rome — Nine Trees.
Extra Fancy (boxes at $1)

Winter pruned, 4 boxes $ 4.00

Summer pruned, 13% boxes 13.50

Gain for summer pruned. . . . -¥9.50

Fancy (boxes at 75c)

Winter pruned, ^Vi boxes 4.00

Sumnrer pruned, 4"^ boxes 3.65

Loss for summer nruned. . . . .35

Choice (boxes at 50c)

\Vinter nruned. 6'V; boxes 3.35

Summer pruned. 1 box 50

Loss for summer nruned .... 2.80

Net gain for sununer nruned 6.35

Average gain for nine trees. . .70

To show the comparative value of the
different grades. I wish to call your at-
tention to Table VI. Estimating the
value of extra fancy apples at .$1.00 per
box; fancy at 7.t cents; choice at ^0
cents and culls at .*,5.00 per ton, there
is a gain of -^LIO per tree in favor of
the summer-pruned .Jonathan trees.
Trees set thirty feet apart each way
give approxiinntelv fifty trees to the
acre. A gain of .$1.10 per tree would
give a total gain of $55.00 per acre.
It is evident from the above data that
summer pruning does pay and pays
well: First, by increasing the yield
materially; second, by securing fruit
of maximum size and color; but we
must not forget that in order to secure
these results, |)rni)er attention must be
given to the various other phases of
orchard management such as irrigation,
cultivation, spraying, thinning and fer-
tilization.

Mr. Fred Graham, industrial agent of
the Great Northern Railway, who was
in Portland last week, figures that the
excellent jjrices and good crops this
year will put the apple grower on a
good sound footing.

What Fruit-
Growers Say

"'Xo see ourselves as otners sec us. ~~'
We had such an opportunity the other day in a
letter the manager of the Santiam Fruit Colony
■wrote a prospective purchaser in answer to ni9
inquiry regarding the Caterpillar "30. Here
are a few characteristic paragraphs:

*' Regarding track item: — Of course, there is
an expected amount of wear, but the splendidly
arranged adjustment takes care of this quite
satisfactorily."

"Engine speed: — There is little chance for im-
provement in the relative -working of the motor
and the traction, as it seems to 'be splendid.

*' Cosl per acre : — \Ve have averaged about 18
acres per day discing and about 8 to 10 acres
plowing.

"If you are going to buy a tractor, our opinion
is that you will make no mistake in selecting a
Caterpillar. '

Let us give you the name of a Caterpillar
owner near you, and then see for yourself ^vhat
he 11 write you.

Tke Holt Manufacturing Company

\

]

mm. J

Spokane, Wash.
S.m Fnmcisco

(Incorporated)
Stockton

Portland, Ore.
Los Angeles

Reg US Pot Off

Don 't say Caterpillar
unless you mean Holt!

Both Expositions — San Francisco and San DiegO

Spend a Nickle and Save a Dime

Use Peerless
Duplex Strapping

ON YOUR

Shipping Boxes

and

(1) You will prevent pilfering.

(2) You Avill prevent damage in
handling.

No. 3 Duplex Strapping is made of higli grade Cold EoUed
Steel of considerable tensile strength and pliability. The turned
edge protects the packer's hands; the knurled center prevents
the nail from slipping while being driven.

Discounts and Information from
Pacific Coast Representatives

A. C. RULOFSON CO.

No. 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California

No. 3 Peerless Duplex Strapping in
coils of 6,500 feet each — $14.63 per
coil with liberal discount.

TWISTED WIRE AND STEEL CO.
515-521 Greenwich Street, New York, N. Y.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 32

BETTER FRUIT

Deccuibc

TRAPPERS

WE BUY
FOR CASH

And pay hiphest prices; for Fine
Fox. Mink, Martens, Rat, Lynx,
Wolves and all other Furs, Hides

and Ginseng. Be.^t facilities in
America. Send for Free Price List
and Shipping Tags. No commission
charg-ed.

ROGERS FUR COMPANY,
Dept 390 St. X.oms, Ma

Bolster Springs

The standard ipnnp of Amenca lince 1889 Mil,
iny wiROQ I [pfing wigon. Prevent damBRc to eggi
on roid 10 initleL Soon uvp cost^produce bnngs
wore — wagon lists longer — eiiier for drivei — ejsitr for horscj.

Made Like Finest Auto Springs

Highnl Kride Meel. Very r«ilienl and durable. All sizes-
fit anv wjgon up to 5 (on5 capacity, [t not at dealer's, wnie
lor circular showing how Harvey Springs save miiney

HARVEY SPRING CO, 784 ntk Sl, Racine, Wu.

GUARANTEED

^'Hr $50.00 SI?

Willi TlH'

Gearless Improved Standard
Well Drilling Machine

lirills tlir.Miirli any Inrmn-
tiiiii. Five years alit-ad nf any
otlitr. Has record of drilliriK 1:^0 feet and drivinsi-asinn
in 9 hours. Another ret-nrd where 70 feet was drilled on
"2 1-2 u'altons distillntP at ?c I'pr t,'alloii. One man can
operate Kle.'tTirjillv >-ipiippf(l for ninninK niu-hts.

Fiwhiriu- Kiik'iiif iL'intii.n ('at a loinio W-S,

REIERSON MACHINERY CO-, Mfgs.. 1295-97 Hood St..Portl3nd.0re.

The Paris Fair

Hood River's Largest and Best Store
RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES

HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES

MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

Destroy the Woolly Aphis Now

"The woolly nphis is one of the most
serious jjcsts of the apple tree, for the
reason that it lives not only above the
ground on the leaves and bark, but it
also infests and seriously injures the
roots," said H. A. Surface, state zoolo-
gist of the Department of Agriculture,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

"Its injury to the trees is done by
piercing the living tissue with the sharp
beak or proboscis, and injecting a poi-
sonous saliva and sucking out the modi-
fied sap. Its presence prevents the
healing of wounds where it prefers to
live, or causes knots which are abnor-
malities that prevent the flow of sap
and the normal growth of the tree.

"A tree that is attacked by woolh
aphis at the roots remains stunted, it
does not bloom early in the spring nor
do its leaves and fruit become large.
The knots on the roots caused by this
pest are nearly as bad as the knots
caused by crown gall. They check the
flow of sap and cause the springing up
of numerous shoots or root suckers,
which appropriate the food taken from
the soil by the roots, and continue fur-
ther to stunt the growth of the tree and
imijair its fruitfulness and reduce the
size of the fruit.

"In the fall of the year the woolly
aphids can be seen in clusters around
wounds in trees, or even around twigs
that are not damaged, and at the bases
of leaf stalks and other places where
they can get a start. The females de-
posit their eggs beneath the edges of
bark or in cracks, and then proceed to
go to the roots of the trees. It is for-
tunate that the horticulturist can see
the pests before they reach the roots,
and can thus tell when the trees are
liable to become seriously infested.

"It is very important for every apple
grower to look over his orchard in the
fall of the year and see if the woolly
aphids are present. If so, he will be
ai)le to observe small tufts, like cotton,
which upon crushing are found to yield
a brown litpiid. By carefully exam-
ining without crushing he will find the
dark-colored bodies of the woolly
aphids beneath the cottony protection.

"This cottony substance is a very
effective protection against rain and
against most aqueous spray solutions,
or spray solutions made in water only.

"There are two or three ways of com-
bating such pests while yet on the
blanches. One is to rub the clusters
where they occur and crush them. If
the operator is careful to do this thor-
oughly he may kill most of them. With
this he can combine cutting off the
worst infested branches and burning
them. They .should not be drojjped on
the ground, because of the danger of
the pests reaching the branches or
roots. A second method is to iiaini the
attacked spots with brushes dip])ed in
very strong solution of soap or nico-
tine extract, or a combination of both.
The best preparation is made by using
one ounce of strong commercial nico-
tine extract in about four gallons of
water, containing at least one pound of

TWO HEARTS THAT BEAT-

The best loved farm
family paper on
earth is sold always
on approval

Nearly a million steadfast friends, who
could get their money back any time,
but prefer to keep on getting the Farm
Journal, prove that it is indeed "unlike
any other paper. " You're missing the
one farm family paper if you're not one
of Our Folks. |l for 5 years. If you're
anxious to be happier, send today for
free sample of Farm Journal and free
copy of Poor Richard Almanac for 1916.

The Farm Journal

263 Washington Square, Philadelphia

Caught 51 Rats One Week

Trap resets Itself; 22 Inches high : will last
for years; can't get out of order; weighs
7 pounds. Cheese is used, doing away with
poisons. This trap does its work, never
falls and is always ready for the next rat.
When rats and mice pass device they die.
Rats are disease carriers, also cause fires.
Rat catcher sent prepaid on receipt of $3.00;
Mouse catcher, 10 Inches high, $1.00. Money
back if not satisfied. One of these ratcatchers
Bhould be in every school building.

H. D. SWiRTS, INVENTOR AND MANUFACTURER

Universal Rat and Mouse Trap
Box 566 SCRANTON. PA.

Healthy

Trees

Perfect Apples

«

when you spray witb

SCALECIDE

»>

-the spray thal's endorsed the country over
s "The one great dormant spray." Mixed 1
to 15, it kills every scale it reaches or you get
your money back. Guarantee wiih every pack-
age. It's easily prepared, non-corrosive and j
non-clogging. Ibbl. equals 3bbls. lime sul-
phur. Destroys eggs, larvae and fungi in
dormant s'ate. Simple, safe, economical.
Send for free b^oL let. "Scalectde, ib*- '
Saver. " Write today, to Dept, I>

B. G. PRATT CO.

50 Church St.. New York City

HONEST TREES ATI
HONEST PRICES

Order your trees direct from longest
establuhed, mo«( reliable nursery in the
West. Save money -avoid disappoint-
ment. 500 acres— 50 yeare thoroughly
reliable dealings. Get our list and prices
before you buy a tree

THE
WOODBURN NURSERIES

Woodbum, Ore.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

19 1 3

BETTER FRUIT

P^^g<-- 33

brown soap shaved line and dissolved
in water, or soft soap, or nai)htlia soa]),
or lish-oil soap dissolved therein. The
third method is to spray with at least
ten per cent kerosene emulsion, or one
pound of fish-oil soap in five gallons of
water, or one pound of ordinary soap
in three gallons of water, or, perhaps
best of all, with the combined nicotine
extract and soap solution mentioned
above.

"The spray li(iuid should also be
directed to the base of the trunk of the
tree, so it will reach the collar of the
tree where the pests are liable to crawl
down the trunk to get into the ground.
Mound the tree with earth and spra>-
the top of the mound, or pour some
lime-sulphur solution or other spray
liquid around the tiunk or to]j of the
ea:-th.

"Remove the earth over the roots and
see if the woolly aphis is at work on
them. If so, cover the expose<l roots
with fine tobacco dust or pour over
them one of the spray liquids men-
tioned above and replace the earth.""

The Baldwin crop of New York state
has all been harvested. However, the
crop of Baldwins is very light this
year. Greenings were sold at .'?2.75 to
•$3.00 per box, A grade; Kings at the
same price. Macintosh Reds sold as
high as *J.OO per barrel where the color
was good. It is reijorted that a great
many growers who are anticipating
better prices in the winter and sjiring,
have taken space in cold storage plants.
In the state of New York practically
all of the apples arc sold F". O. B.
alongside the railroad track. Very few
shipments are sent out on consignment
or sold through auctions.

In the Northwestern apple exhibit at
the San Diego Exposition, is a splendid
display of ap])les from the ^Venatchee
district. A whole carload of apples
will be shipped to this exposition on
November Gth from ^Venatchee.

Omak, \Vashington, in the ^Venatchee
district, reports it will ship 200 cars of
apides this week.

A NEW OPPORTUNITY

IN THE WEST OKANOGAN
IRRIGATION DISTRICT

9,400 acres bordering the Okanogan
River will be irrigated with the com-
pletion of this project. This section
combines the soil and climate of the
most favored fruit growing districts of
the state, with unusual opportunities
for dairying and stock growing. A
farm unit of 40 acres has been estab-
lished and a price fixed on the excess
acreage of land by the Board of Direc-
tors, which enables the homeseeker to
purchase high class irrigated land at
prices lower than prevailed twelve years
ago in irrigated sections of Washington.

Send for our FREE publication ivith
map and full description of country.

F. W. GRAHAM

Western Immtgrali'-i

Agent

Great Northern Ry

Seattle, Wash

I.F.

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXT-RA RAIMCV)

"RED RIBBON"

(F-AIMCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples

When ordering: apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market affords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATION
AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

Write to the Men Who Know

There is a great difference in spray pumps and
sprayinar apparatus. One kind is made by practical
orchardists and has been improved throuj^h over 20 years of orchard
success. Write a letter orpost card to Morrill &MorIeyMfg:. Co. Find out about

Eclipse Spray Pumps

In use in more successful orchards than all other makes. Used by
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Find out what Eclipse offers in
more profits for orchards, vineyards or potato fields. Address

Morrill & Morley Mfg. Co., Box 12 , Benton Harbor, Mich.
Send for Free Catalogue

We Have a Story for You

Printing^

For the Fruit Grower

Manufacturer
and Merchant

Labels Booklets

Stationery Catalogs

Blank Books
Posters

"^rite for Prices and Specincations. IVe can supply
your ^vaimts c|uicKl>^» accurately and economically

IVe print "Better Fruit"

F. W. Baltes and Company

Portland, Oreg(on

UllhV WRITlNr. ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FKUIT

Page 34

BETTER FRUIT

Decemhet

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres ; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

=3-^5^1

THere is One Test

that, applied to a bank, determines to no little extent that banks stability and stand-
ing in the community. It is the test of time. The bank that has passed through
more than half a century has well withstood this test. Such is the recordof this
strong state bank, a pioneer in the financial field of the West. It is not difficult to
appreciate the prestige that such an institution and its patrons enjoy.
Your commercial and savings accounts invited.

Oldest in the LADD & TILT ON BANK capital and surplus

Northwest PORTLAND. OREGON '^'"° '^'"'°" ■'°"^"

^^iaiMMgS!iSiMg!aiaLgS52iog2£fliaSm iSliQi miioi tAiIrm miJiAi tai t ai iahai mi int im tml

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying.

PORTLAND. OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Brcadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan — $1.00 per day and upward

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

GEO. C. OBER, Manager

The Hood River Apple Growers Asso-
ciation reports a steady sale of apples
of all varieties and all grades. How-
ever, the movement of low grades is
the most rapid. There is a steady sale
in a good way for extra fancies, espe-
cially of the winter varieties like Spitz-
cnbergs. The very long keeping varie-
ties like Newtowns have not yet been
moved very extensively. Shipments
are running about ten carloads a day
since the beginning of the season,
which started about the first of Octo-
ber. At this rate, the association will
probably be sold out by the first of
the year.

The Oregon Agricultural College has
a very educational exhibit at the Manu-
facturers' and Land Products .Show,
showing the value and effectiveness of
proper spraying for scab. The exhibit
shows a display of apples which have
been properly sprayed, with 91 per cent
free from scab.

Hood River estimates the present
apple crop at about 900 carloads, al-
though there are some who think it
may reach 1000 carloads. Last year the
total shipment was a little over 1-100
carloads, including what was shipped
to Portland by boat.

The University Horticultural Society
of the Ohio State University will hold
the fifth annual show of fruit and veg-
etables during the first two weeks of
December. As usual this meeting will
be very instructive to the fruit and
vegetable growers of that state.

National Apple Day was celebrated
extensively in Chicago. Much credit is
due to the efforts of Mr. Coyne, one of
the most prominent fruit dealers and
handlers of apples in that city.

Watsonville, California, reports a
good crop of apples in the Pajaro Val-
ley— somewhere in the neighborhood
of" 4000 cars.

Mosier, Oregon, reports about 30 car-
loads of apples this year.

Wenatchee reports it is shipping
about 100 carloads every day.

Coming Events

Lewis\vton Livestock Show, Lewiston, Idaho,
November 29 to December 4.

PaciDc International Livestock Exposition,
North Portland, Oregon, December 6 to 11.

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives you a hi^h grade quick eelling product at a
miuiinum coat. It makes acleaTi and natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetables have been
approved by the U. S. Oovernment, while desiccated,
dried and evaporated products have been rejected.
There is but one Dehydrator manufactured in the
West and it is the best Bv-Product mnchiDe ever de-
viled. It is adapted to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therefore, you are
protected in its use.

The manufacturers of thia Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved automatic labor-saving
prepnrnrorv machinery which will further reduce the
present low cost for the productinn of this product.

Fur new descriptive boiiklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

|>RiNCE Albert

the national Joy smoke

CopyrlRht 1915 by
R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.

has brought back to the
firing Une thousands of
old, friendly jimmy pipes !

Prince Albert puts pipes in the
mouths of men — and keeps them
there — men who believed they never
would, never could, again be
tempted ! To them Prince Albert has
been as much of a revelation as it will
be to you! The patented process
fixes that— and cuts out bite and parch !

You don't have to sit and ponder over
whether you can chum-it with a pipe
or makin's cigarette ; you'll get that
information for a nickel or a dime!
For Prince Albert costs you only
those little sums for liberal supplies
that will put you straight on the
tobacco question.

You take a lot of stock in what we
say on P. A.— just like you believe in
ten-dollar-bills ! For we know what
we tell you about Prince Albert is
right; we know how this tobacco
will sit on your smokeappetite !

Just the right thing for you to do quick as you read this is
to make tracks for that old pipe or land on the makin's
papers, some P. A. and start action, for there's more joy
due you instantly than you can shake a stick at !

Prince Albert is sold everywhere in toppy red
bags, 5c; tidy red tins, 10c; handsome pound
and half-pound tin humidors — and — that fine,
dandy crystal-glass humidor with sponge-moistener
top that keeps the tobacco in such perfect condition.

R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY. Winston-Salem, N. C

W UKN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

THE WORLD OUR ORCHARD

KEliV

One Million Dollars
in Box Apples

It is something' to be proud of to have the first call from almost all of the best growers of the West and North-
west, who know what we require and that we can use the largest quantities of the very finest fruit they raise.

They come to us year after year to give us preference in prices for these good reasons:

FIRST — We can dispose of larger quantities of their fruit than any other housi- in the country.

SECOND — We have been their best patron for many years and have always met our obligations punctually.

THIRD — We have more actual consumers of fruit, who keep on coming to us year after j'ear because we
take the best care to satisfy their wants and requirements.

FOURTH — Taking our entire holdings we handle more high-class stock than any house in the country.

FIFTH— We personally select our fi-uit in the growing centers, not so much with the sureness of profit
as for the certainties of excellence and the belief that we know what our trade deserves.

SIXTH — The growers from whom we purchase get ideas from us as to what the very finest trade want
and they know that we have helped raise the standard of excellence of the fruit industry.

But as to being proud — we ai-e most proud, not only of our customers, but also of the growers, without whose
help our efforts would be practically in vain.

We believe we have succeeded in assembling under our direction the very best packs of box apples from the
premier districts of the Northwest.

AVe desire to herewith mention the names of a few concerns whose output we handle on this market:

NORTH PACIFIC FRUIT DISTRIBUTORS and Allied Associations
NORTHWESTERN FRUIT EXCHANGE and Allied Connections
CASHMERE FRUIT GROWERS' UNION
PESHASTIN FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
WENATCHEE GROWERS' EXCHANGE
HOOD RIVER FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE
SEBASTAPOL APPLE GROWERS' UNION
MOSIER FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
WENATCHEE VALLEY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
YAKIMA FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE
YAKIMA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL UNION
RICHEY & GILBERT, North Yakima
E. E. SAMSON CO., North Yakima
SPOKANE FRUIT GROWERS' CO.
Etc., Etc.

Steinhardt & Kelly

NEW YORK

OUR MARKET THE WORLD

V/IIEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

,/ ^

v^^

BETTER FRUIT

A'OLUME X

•lAXUAKY. li»10

XUMBER 7

SPRAYING ANNUAL

With Special Features on Other Vital Problems
of the Fruit Grower

Kiigraved by

Hu-ks-Challen Co.
Ponland. Oregnn.

SPITZENBVRGS

Grown extensively only in the Northwest, rated 10 by the American Poniological

Society, indicating perfection lor excellency of flavor, quality and other respects.

The Spitzcnburg is at its best for consumption from October to January, but

preserves its excellent qualities much longer on cold storage.

'Health's best way ^

Eat apples every day" i^

Buy them bv the box

"Y "An apple a day

4, Keeps the doctor away'

BETTER FEUIT PUBLISHIXG COMPAXY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD EIVER, OEEGOX

Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreia-n. Including; Postage, $1.50.

Single Copy 10 Cents

SPOfflTS

1 EASY TO HANDLE

a COSTS LESS

., ALWAYS THE SAME

SOLUBLE
SULPfflJR

COMPOUND

m How to Spray for Scale Y^tiHj%vtf^Sralf^*

^^ "For ^urh insects as San Jose Scale, which is a formidable JL \^ \A> JL M. Ca ▼ ^^ V-T V/ liA A Vi^ •

"For such insects as San Jose Scale, which is a formidable
pest because of the rapidity of its breeding, EVERY PIN-
HEAD of SURFACE ON EVERY TWIG and branch must be
covered by the spray. If even a few insects are missed, the
pests may quickly develop as numerous as before. Many
scales live in cracks in the bark or under buds. Such places
are difficult to reach. Therefore PRESSURE spraying with
Bordeaux nozzles is better than the low pressure mist obtained
with Vermorel nozzles. Results are much better if the noz-
zle be set at an angle to the rod by an angle-joint, and the
spraying be done from a height. Wetting BEHIND the BUDS
is essential. SPRAY EACH BRANCH FROM THE TIP TO-
WARDS THE BASE. DO NOT MISS THE ENDS OF THE
BRANCHES. Spray for the hardest places to reach. Uo not be
afraid to drench the trees, but trim and prune before spraying
for economy of material. SPRAYING IN A HALF-HEARTED
MANNER is GENERALLY NO BETTER THAN NO SPRAY-
NG AT ALL."

READ PARAGRAPH FROM
PULLMAN BULLETIN OF 1910.

Don't Blame the Spray. Did You Spray this Way?

Exact scientific tests show
Soluble Sulpher 980 to99'< effective.

I-lb. can
lO-Ib. can
lOO-lb. drum

$0.20
1.25
7.50

== Send for 1916 SOLUBLE SULPHUR BULLETIN.

^= It tells more about HOW to SPRAY.

^B LILLY'S, Seattle and Portland

Z^

SOLUBLE
SULPHUR

COMPOUND

WEIGHT

lOJJBS

THtcHAs'Huuyco

WHLN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page

Note the solid, substantial, symmetrical, finished appearance of this
sprayer. The Bean looks right because it is right. Built in five sizes,
from the Eureka («ur i-mao i-hon, ,utft) upto the powerful Double Giant

Thirty Years of Experience are Back of This Rig !

The Bean Line is not the creation of a day. It is the result of many years of sprayer-building. First
came the Porcelain-lined Cylinders— then the Threadless Ball Valves— then the elimination of the Stuffing
Box— then the adoption of eccentrics instead of cranks— one improvement after another— until today the Bean
is everywhere known for its Ten Big Outstanding Features, as well as scores of lesser advantages, that are the
result of our 30 years of constant betterment. Nothing has been overlooked or slighted that might add to the
efficiency and reliability of

Bean Fovrer Sprayers

Of all the many improvements that have been made in the Bean Line, perhaps none
has created so much interest or worked such a distinct revolution in the building and
operation of power sprayers as

The Bean Patented Pressure Regulator

THIS FEATURE eliminates safety valve
troubles, besides saving a large part of the fuel
and much wear and tear on engine and pump.

NOTICE THE ILLUSTRATION. The spring
(ID) is adjusted to the pressure desired. Now,
if a nozzle is shut off, the increasing pressure
on the diaphram (IE) over-balances the spring
and lifts the lower valve (1) off its seat, per-
mitting the liquid to return direct to the tank.

THE ENGINE IS THEN ALMOST IDLE,
simpl.v lifting the liquid from its level in the
tank and pouring it back again. Immediately
upon the opening of the nozzles, the diaphram
drops back again, permitting the lower valve to
close, so that the liquid is forced out through the
upper valve (IC) to the air chamber and nozzles.

HAVE TOUR DEALER demonstrate this
feature. He will be glad to do it. If there's no
Bean dealer in your town our salesman will call.

The Bean Magic Mail This Coupon Now
Hand Pump For Our Complete

1916 Catalog

It describes the Bean Line for 1916, and / ./ .

Here is the most wonderful hand pump on
the market — the only hand pump, in fact, that
can be continuously operated at high pressure
without eshaustins the operator.

THE PATENT SPRING DOES HALF THE
WORK. As you pull the handle toward yon
the spring Is compressed and the llnuid is
admitted to the cj'Under. As jou push the
handle away, the spring expands and helps to
force the liquid Into the air cliamber against
full pressure. The handle works as easily one
way as the other.

explains the new improvements offered
this season. The hirgest, most pro-
fusely ilhistrated, and finest catalog
we have ever oll'ered. A postcard /

will brine: it. /

/

.<>C#'V

^

BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO.

213 \Vest Julian Street, San Jose, Cal.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

January

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL, AND MANCHESTER

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.

204 Franklin Street, New York

Toronto and Montreal

46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

The Old Reliable

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGO^

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

W. H. DRYER

W. W. BOLLAM

DRYER, BOLLAM & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

PHONES: MAIN 2348
A 2348

PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

■\/HOLESALB

FRUITS AND PRODUCE
Commission Merchants

SOLICIT YOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns
PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture
to us to be stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. Gilbert, President and Manager
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Orchardist
Supply House

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER. OREGON

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer

C. W. Stose

W. van Diem

Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49, 51, «1

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruit*

Eldest and First-Class
House In this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandlem
ABC Code used; Bth Edition

Our Specialties are

Apples, Pears, Navel Oranges

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 5

SHIP YOUR APPLES AND PEARS TO THE PURELY COMMISSION
AND ABSOLUTELY RELIABLE HOUSE

W. DENNIS & SONS, Ltd.

LONDON AND LIVERPOOL

REPRESENTED IN NEW YORK BY

DENNIS, KIMBALL & POPE, Inc.

202 FRANKLIN STREET

From whom all information as to shipping can be obtained

The

First

National

Bank

Hood River, Oregon

Capital and Surplus
$135,000

4% Interest Paid on Savings
and Term Deposits

F. S. STANLEY, President
E. 0. BLANCHAR, Cashier

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

E
A
R

S

o

i^i^T^/^lWrV in buying is getting the best
^"-^^"-^" ■*■ valne for the money, not

always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON

prices are right.

DHESIVENESS Th'^e-'fi-aTnTJ?

PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have
been mak ing boxes strong. Now, more than ever .

ELIABILITY

behind the goods is
added value. You can
rely on onr record of fulfillment of every con-
tract and fair adjustment of every claim.

ATmPArTTON J8 assured by our long
-^*- -■-■■■*--'■■- ■^*-^-' -*- ■■■^-'-^" experience in mak-
ing nails to suit our customers needs. We know
what you want; we guarantee satisfaction.

"OTi^l"^ AT TTV P^'^'' experience always
lVl.VIl.ll.rt.UAX 1 excels imitation. Imi-
tation's highest hope is, to sometime (not now)
equal Pearson— meantime yoxi play safe.

A
I
L

NAILS

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Establislied 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD lUVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if

you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we

make no charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Things We Are Agents For

Knox Hats
Alfred Benjamin & Co. 's Clothing

Dr. Jaeger Underwear

Dr. Deimel Linen Mesh Underwear

Dent's and Fownes' Glovea

Bujffum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

f 100%

January

MAIL THIS COUPON
Hayes Pump & Planter Company, Galva, Illinois

Please send me Free Book 32 on High-Pressure Spraying
and complete catalog of Hayes Sprayers.

I am interested in: D Small Hand Sprayer

D Large Hand Sprayer IJ Small PowerSprayer

D Large Power Sprayer C Nozzles and Fittings

Name

Post Office

R. F. D. No

Street and No..

State .

HIGH-PRESSURE Spraying is plus spraying— it is 100 '/r efficient.
The keynote of successful spraying is thoroughness, and
thoroughness means 100 '/f clean fruit. Every cider apple, blight-eaten
pear or scaly peach increases the cost of production and lessens the
quantity of salable fruit. High- Pressure completely atomizes the solu-
tion into a penetrating, fog-like mist that seeks out and adheres to every
particle of foliage. It reaches protected pests that lurk in the inner-
most crevices of the bark, under bud scales and beneath the fleshy
stamens of the apple blossoms, and easily controls those on the out-
sidei'surface.QMere "sprinkling" at low pressure will not give prac-
tical .'control.

Not only does High-Pressure spraying insure a better quality of fruit but requires less
solution, less time to apply, hence lessened cost. A High-Pressure Power Sprayer will
pay you bigger dividends than any other orchard investment you can make.

HAYES Power Sprayers are tested to 500 lbs. and are guaranteed to maintain 300 lbs.
working pressure. They are built for constant operation at high-pressure and enduring
service. This not only requires the most thorough mechanical construction but the
highest grade materials, hose and fittings.

HAYES Hand Sprayers are built to give maximum pressure and capacity with minimum
power to operate. It is economy to buy a good sprayer, capable of developing high
pressure, easy-working, long-lasting and exempt from breakage and expensive delays.

HAYES Sprayers meet all the requirements of the modern orchardist, from small hand
outfits to the largest high-pressure power sprayers built.

50 Styles. We manufacture 50 styles of large and small Hand and Power Sprayers for
orchards, field crops, shade trees, hops, poultr>', disinfecting, painting, farm, home and
garden use. Complete outfits or separate spray pumps, hose, nozzles, fittings, bamboo
rods, etc. Complete stock carried at Eastern, Central
and Western distributing points.

Write: Send for Free Book 32 on High-Pressure Spray-
ing and complete catalog. While investigating sprayers,
you can't afford to overlook this modem and scientific
line, fl'rite today, then you won't forget.

Hayes Pump & Planter

Company, Calva, Illmois

special spray Engine

^♦^ ^

Qiiuli Throw Off
Relief \ 'alve

inO/^ Xozzles and Fittings

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

Some Horticultural Field Notes for the Season of 1915

By T. O. Morrison, Assistant State Com

CODLING MOTH SURVEY. — On
September 2(lth, I began a codling
moth survey of the districts of
Wenatchee, Yakima, Kenne\vicl<, Walla
Walla, Kettle Falls, Spokane, Clarkston
and White Salmon to get in writing, as
near as possible, the detailed opera-
tions of a large number of farmers as
to their methods for codling moth con-
trol. It has taken a great deal of work
and diplomacy on the part of the field
inspectors to get these records, and a
good many days and evenings, too,
have been spent in the office studying
and compiling this information. This
season has been an almost unprece-
dented one for codling-moth injury.
A great many farmers insist that the
poor results in their arsenate spray-
ings this season are due to inferior
lead arsenates. Personally 1 am of the
opinion that the methods of api)lication
and the time of doing it have been
more important factors than the chance
of poor leads.

In making these suimnaries figures
have been taken from surveys from all
parts of the districts and it seems
should represent fair averages. Not
all of the orchards surveyed have been
used in the general compilation, some
being discarded on account of their
location being between uncared-for or-
chards, or in isolated districts where
infestation is not iiad when no sprays
are ajsplied, or the orchard is young.
The object was to get a fair summary
whicli would show the average condi-
tions where codling moth exists. The
compilation of these surveys has been
made usually by localities as the blanks
were received, and in the case of the
Yakima Valley three summaries have
been made, one for the valley in gen-
eral, one for the lower valley and one
for the upper valley. In most locali-
ties our inspectors have placed codling
moth breeding cages in order to ob-
serve the condition of the moths and
determine spray dates. In this survey
these spray dates are accepted as
correct.

Fourteen orchards in the Grandview
and Zillah districts having 4.5,5 acres of
apples in bearing were tabulated. Of
this number eleven were sprayed with,
power outfits and pressure ranging
from 180 to 2,50 pounds before tlie cnh x
closed. Three were late in applying
the calyx spray. Thirteen used the
Bordeaux type of nozzle for the calvx
spray. One used the Vermorel llirougli-
out the season. That the calyx si)ray was
quite effective is shown iiy tlie calyx
infestation at picking time, wliich aver-
aged less than 1.34 per cent. There

missioner of Agricullure, in charge of Division

were but three growers who repeated
the calyx spray within ten days.

In spraying for the first brood of
worms, seven were late in making the
application, four were right, one
early and two did not spray. For the
second brood, eight were wrong, four
were right and two did not spray.
Three sprayed in August. The amount
of lead averaged about two pounds jjer
fifty gallons of water, anil ranged from
one to three pounds. At picking time

of Horticulture. Olynipia, Wasliington.

the average per cent for these four-
teen orchards was 1.34% calyx wormy,
and 27.6% side worms. Of these four-
teen orchards five were clean culti-
vated, nine had cover crops of either
alfalfa or clover. In eight of these
orchards the spray for the first brood
of worms was delayed until the crop
of alfalfa could be cut and taken out
of the way. One of the nine farmers
did not allow the cover crop to delay
spraying for the first brood. This

\xl,| /j

FlHlHi; 11 — A five-vear-old Yellow Newtown Irce. It was pruned rather
heavily each year unlil a vear ago. w lien no winter pruning was alTorded.
When eonipared with I'igurc .!.■!, a tree of the same variety and same age, it
shows how light as opposed to heavy pruning tends to throw a tree into
bearing. Note the many fruit-s|ims on llie two-year-old wooil. During the
preceding season a large pari of llie energies of the tree were devoted to
fruit-sinir formation

Pa 're S

BETTER FRUIT

Jaiiiiarx

Figure •12 — A closer view of ;i porti.)n of the top of the tree sliown in Figure
41. It shovs the tendency of iinli<';i'le<l shoots to develop laiKe iuiiid>eis of
fruit spuis. Noliee llial ;i ^pUi- h:is developed from ucarlv cveiv node ini the
tvo-year-old wood, -.wmX this in Ihi- top of a youuR tree ol"a vallely noTinally
sloi\ in eonunj; into beai'ing

aviTiigc per ci'iit of infestation of side
worms is IG.8%, iind tlie iiveragc for
the eight who delayed this spray is
31.1%. The number of moth sprays
ikning the season averaged 3..") appli-
calions. Six and seven-tenths ((>./) gal-
lons pel- tree was the average for the
foinieen orchards at each application.

At Wenatchee the inspector made a
survey of 33 orchards with an acreage
of 437^2 acres. Of this number thirtx
sprayed before the calyx closed, using
power outfits with pressure ranging
from 175 to 250 pounds. There were
three growers who repeatetl the calyx
spray in ten days. For the 33 orchards
the percentage of calyx worms at har-
vesting time was 2.2%. Three of these
growers did not spray for the first
brood of worms, twenty were right ami
ten wrong in the date of aijplicalion.

For the second brood ten did not
spray, seventeen were right and six
wrong in the date of ajiplication. Seven
sprayed during the first half of August.
Mildew sprays were (|uite generally
used during the season in combiiialion
with lead arsenate. Two farmers used
atomic sulphui-, one used Black Letif
Id. seventeen iiseil iron s-.tljihi le and

nine used no materials in combiiialiDii
with lead. Of these orchards twent.N-
nine were spra>ed throughout the sea-
son with Bordeaux type nozzles, eight
were calyx spra\ed with Bordeaux
nozzles, and cone nozzles were used in
later sprays. Four used A'ermorel
nozzles for all sprays. Six brands of
lead were used at the average strength
of 2.1 ijounds per 50 gallons of water.

At ]3icking lime the average percent-
age for these thirty-three orchards was:
calyx wormy 2.2% ami 22.8% side
worms. Of these orchards seventeen
were clean cultivated and sixteen had
cover crops. In seven of these or-
chards the spraying for first brood of
worms was delayed until the crop of
alfalfa could be cut and taken out of
Ihc way. Nine of these farmers did not
allow the cover crop to interfere with
Ihc time of spraying i'or the first brood
of worms. The mmiber of moth sprays
dining the season averaged 2.!) apjilica-
lions pel- orchard. Five and four-
Icnths (5.11 gidlons per tree per appli-
cation was the average for the 33
orchards.

In making the following summaries,
ligurcs were laken I'l-om 7!) orchards in

all pai-ts of Yakima Countx', from the
Selah and Xaches to (Irandview. Some
orchards on which records had been
taken were not used in the summaries
for obvious reasons. One or two were
discarded because, on account of their
location, surrounded as they were by
uncarcd-foi- orch;n-ds, they could witji
Ihc uliiiost dillicullv be kejit clean, even
with the mosi ellicient spraxings. Some
of the orchards in the upper Selah Val-
lc\ and on Tieton Ridge were dis-
carded because they were young or-
(liards, surrounded either by other
Noung orchards or isolated so that even
with no spra.xing they could not be as
bad as some other orchards in less
ftivorable locations would be with sev-
eral sprays. The object was to get a
fair summarv which would show the
average conditions where codling moth
exists. I'rom my own obsei-vations as
well as from Ihe figures obtained, I am
positive that the chief reason for the
unsuccessful work of tlie growers of
Ihe Yakima A'alle\- is, first, lack of thor-
oughness in spraying, the second fail-
ure to spra>' at the right time:

CALYX S1>«AY.

Ised at Ihe right time 7")

Vsed too late 2

LATER SPRAYS.

Ised al Ihe right time .-ifl

Ised at the \\ rong time 48

Pel- cent of calyx worms \\iiere calyx spT-a\-

was used at right time ' ". o.f,

l'<r cent of calyx worms where calyx spray

was not used at light time " .3.0

Per cent of side worms where later sprays

were used al right lime ". . 5.1

Per cent of side worms where later sprays

were used at w rong lime * .20..-?

I*er cent calyx worms where ju'essure was

up lo standard in calyx si>ray 0.7

Per cent cal> x worms where pressure was

loo \ii\\ in calyx spray 1. |

In lliese records the percentage of
calyx worms is very low, but doubtless
would have been consitlertibly hirger if
there had been any wa>- of computing
the number of calyx worms in the
apples which dropped and those that
were taken olf in the course of thin-
ning.

Twenty-live orchards were survexed
in the Caslimere district, comprising
321.5 acres. Of this number twenty-
one sprayed before the calyx cups
closed, and four were late in applxing
this spray. Power outfits in each case
were used and pressure ranged from
150 to 300 pounds. Two orchards were
sprayed again within len da\s nf Ihe
calyx spraying. Six were right in
spraying for the first brood of worms,
eleven were wrong and eight did not
spray. For the second-brood spiay,
four were right, seven were wrong and
fourteen did not spray. Ten used iron
sulphide and one Black Leaf 40 in com-
bination with lead arsenate. Seven
spra>ed f'lr moth during August. The
average number of gallons per tree was
4.7. Twent>-foui- of these orchards
-vx-ere sprayed with Bordeaux type of
nozzles and one used \'ermorel for all
sprays. Four used cone Ivpe of nozzles
for later sprays. Four brands of lead
were used at the average rtite of 2.1
pounds per 50 gallons. .\t picking time
this fall llie :iverage iiei-centage of in-
fection for the 25 orchards was: 2.02%
of cal>x worm\ for liftcen orchards

1QI6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

willi the rumnining ten reported ":il-
iiiDst none," and 21.2't, the average
per cent of side infestation. Tliir-
teen had cover crops and twelve were
clean cultivated. Seven of the nine
in cover crops were delax ed in spra\-
ing for the lirst brood of worms on
account of the crop.

In the lower part of the Yakima Val-
ley survey was made of twenty or-
chartls, comprising (iS8 acres. Three
of these wei e sprayed too late for a
good calyx spraying, the other seven-
teen spraying with gootl pressure while
the calyx cups were open. But four
repeated the calyx spra.\ in ten days
after lirst api.dication. In spraying for
Ihe first brood of worms nine made the
application at the proper time, accord-
ing to the inspector's spray dates, eight
were wrong and three did not spray.
For the second brood of worms, six
were right, nine were wrong and five
did not spray. Six grow-ers out of the
twenty used sprays in combination
with arsenate of lead. Six of the or-
chards were sprayed for moth in
August. The amount of spray solution
used at each application averaged .^.(i
gallons ])er tree, of arsenate of lead
solution of 1.9 pounds average strength
per 50 gallons. The number of spra\ -
ings averaged three and one-fourth
times during the season. At picking
time an estimate of the amount (jf
codling moth infestation averaged for
the twent\ orchards 1..34% cahx and
15.59f side-worm infestation. Cover
crops of alfalfa, clovei- and vetch were
grown in fourteen or<'hards and was
the cause of some delav in spraying
eight of these foi- the lii-st brood of
worms.

Codling-Moth Summary

To read over carefull,\ the survex
reports of the ISl orchards surveyed is
sullicient to convince one of the great
variety of conditions thai ap|)arentl\
had some bearing on the general un-
satisfact(n-,\ results obtained this sea-
son from codling-moth sjjrays. It is
doubtful if theie is any one important
point that would explain the cause,
except |)Ossibly for a few orchards.
.\fter studving over these records I am
all Ihe more convinced that lack of
uniformil.\- in doing the work through-
out the districts is the first general sug-
gestion that I have to make as one of
the causative factors. Practically all
of these orchards were sprayed uni-
foiinly with high pressuie befoi-e the
calyx cups closed, and the average low
percentage of calyx wormy ai)|3les is
proof that Ihe calyx spray certainly was
efTective. The very large percentage
of infestation at the side of the a])ple
and Ihe lack of unifornuly in applxing
the later sprays certainlv leaves room
for improvement. The harvesting of
the cover crop, which is nsuallv alfalfa,
comes Just at the time when the spray
foi- the lirst brood of worins should
be applied, and many farmers havi>
allowed this to postpone spraying.

In many orchards Ihe ci'op was rela-
livel.\ light and the spraying of such
orchards was not always done as thor-
oughly as it possibly should have been

I'i(;cRF. 43 — A fivc-year-oId Yellow Newtown 1ree. It li.ns been piuneil rather
heavily each year. Last year it received a lisht thinning out and a conipara-
lively heavy heading hack. When cnTniKiicd \\i:h l''if;ure II, a tree of the
same variety and same a}-'e, it shows liuw hea^y piiiiiinu tends to stinnilate
vegetative growth as opposed to liuil inodnctio']]. Nole that there are com-
paratively few fruit spurs on the t\\ o-year-old wood. It has heen made to
devote ils energies mainly to shoot foi-nialion

done. Duiing Ihe year 11)14, Ihe Wenat-
chee N'alle\ growers used 323,.3,33
pounds of lead, and only 242,277 pounds
this season, which was hardly in pro-
portion to the increase of bearing acre-
age and size of trees. The 1!)14 crop
was heavy, and man.\ wormy apples
were allowed to rot in the oi'chards
and around liie ijacking houses, thus
carrying over an unusually large num-
ber of moths. I'sually a winter of
alternate freezes and thaws is fairh'
disastrous to insect life unless well
protected. I.ast winter was pretty colil,
but was not a winler of allernalc
freezing and thawing. Observations
made on Ihe Shei'inaii ranch in Fruit-
vale, near North Yakima, on March
.'ilst, showed live codling-molh larvae
under Ihe tree bands. On April 2nd
the inspector found live larvae under
the bark of ap|)le trees in the Euclid
ilistrict. This would indicate that Ihe
extreme cohl of last winler did nol
destroy niiuiy, if an\, codling-molh
larvae or ])upae. During Ihe first week
of August of this \car codling-moth
egg.s were in evidence throughoid Ihe

Yakima Volley, and were no doubt the
cause of a large percentage of stung
apples. The cause for this season's
heavy infeslaiion would seem to be Ihe
lesull of a series of conditions, begin-
ning with Ihe left-over wormy apples
of the 1!)14 crop and continuing up to
the lOl.i picking season. Although it
will not stand the lest in ever\- case,
Ihe glower who has carefully watched
spr;i\ data, sprayed thoroughly and
kept his apples proletled with Ihe
poisonous film Ihroughoul the growing
season has secui-ed best residts.

Fear Blight (Bacillus Amyllovorus)
The dreaded pear-blighl disease has
been doing ils work in certain dislricis
of Ihe stale since 11)1(1. The excitement
and realization of ils seriousness prob-
ably reached its zeiiilh during Ihe glow-
ing season of 11)14. The feeliug among
Ihe mass of Ihe growers will natiually
decline now, but Ihe disease is Ihe same
serious malady and all ell'orls possible
should be made to encoiu'age uniform
control melhods throughout the or-
(hiid dislii( Is. The notes on blight
during the past glowing season arc

Page 10

given in part here in order that we
may become better acquainted willi
the progress of tlie disease from early
spring to the end of the growing season.

First Flow of Blight Exudate

On March 19th, a Spitzenberg tree
at Grandview showed signs of fresh
oozing of blight exudate. On March
23rd, fresh exudate was found on
Winter Nelis and Bartlett pear trees
in the Broadway district near North
Yakima. On March 27th more exudate
was observed on other pear trees in
the Broadway locality, and on the same
date the first exudate for the season
at Sunnyside was observed on one
Jonathan and one Bartlett tree, and
four days later was found on a Spitzen-
berg tree. It was expected that new
exudate would become noticeable in
the lower valley first, where the season
is one to three weeks in advance of the
upper valley, but the temperature rec-
ords for March for Yakima give a mean
maximum of 61. 8 degrees, and a mean
minimum of 36.4 degrees, and for Sun-
nyside a mean maximum of 62.4 de-
grees and a mean minimum of 35.1
degrees, which no doubt had much to
do with the regularity of appearance
of first new ooze in those localities.
On April Isl, first new exudate was
seen in the Sclah disti'ict on one pear
tree and new case was found April 7th
on the Selah Extension. On Ai)ril .'jth,
the first new exudate found in the
Clarkston district was noted, and on
April 6th exudate was found on Bart-
letts in the Euclid district, near Grand-
view. As early as April 10th a small
percentage of hold-over cankers found
in the vicinity of North Yakima showed
signs of exudations, and by the 24th of
April a good percentage of hold-overs
found showed exudate.

New Infection

The first new infection of the season
was observed on Winter Nelis blos-
soms in the vicinity of North Yakima
April 24th. and at Prosser on April 20th.
At that date this variety had been in
bloom only a few days, but where hold-
overs were found it was not a dilTicult
task as a rule to find new infection of
blossoms on nearby trees. Whenever
blight shows up in a district it seems
that tliere are always certain varieties
that show heavy percentages of blos-
som infection, while other trees of dif-
ferent varieties growing among them
may show no blight, or at least blight
in small proportion to their neighbors.
Although there are many factors enter-
ing into the probable cause, my obser-
vations during a number of seasons
lead me to think that the limitation of
the blossoming period and its relation
to the abundance of blight exudate nt
that time is an important factor in
causing infection to take place in some
varieties to a greater extent than in
nearby trees of different varieties.
Bartlett pears at North Yakima were
coming into bloom April flth, and on
the same date were practically in full
bloom throughout the Grandview dis-
trict. The amount of exudate exposed
to the visitation of insects at that date

BETTER FRUIT

January

Figure 41 — A branch of a young Yellow Newtown tree. The lower (left
liand) fork was headed back rather heavily, the upper iright hand) fork only
moderately. From the upper one have developed three shoots and nine
fruit spurs; from the lower one four shoots and Ihiee fruit spurs. The
photograph shows that heading back, whether heavy or light, tends to
inci-case ihe amount of shoot growth in the tree. However, heavy heading
back is seen to afford a greater slinmlus to shoot foi-malion and less of a
stimulus to spur formation than a more moderate heading back.

was very small as compared to the
amount exposed ten days to two weeks
later, when most varieties of apples
were in bloom. It is a well-known fact
that the amount of infection in the reg-
ular blooming season is much greater
in Jonathan and Spitzenbergs than in
Bartlett pears, and the above dates
would partially seem to explain this
point. Bartlett trees that throw out
later i)loom are very susceptible to
blight, which is probably due, first, to
the greater abundance of exudate, and,
second, to ternpeiature conditions.

Early in May new blight became
easily noticeable to anyone looking
carefully for signs of it. On May 8th,
new blight was beginning to show up
at North Yakima on Spitzenberg, Jon-
athan, Bome Beauty and some Wine-
saps. On May 12th, new blight was
showing up quite generally on Spitzen-
bergs and Jonathans. In spite of the
fact that pears had bloomed heavily
they were less seriously affected, no
doubt due to the blooming season (if

the pears being a little ahead of any
general activity in hold-over cankers.
A warm rain on May 15th, which was
quite general throughout the Yakima
Valley, apparently accelerated and pro-
moted the spreading of blight infection.
This humidity continued for several
days and a week later it was reported
that some blight had shown up in prac-
tically all districts in Yakima County.
As early as the 22nd of May the in-
spector assigned to the Selah district
reported the finding of serious infection
in Winesaps and Delicious. New blight
was showing up plentifully in the
vicinity of Walla Walla May 13th, and
some new infection was observed by
the middle of May in the vicinity of
Dayton and Clarkston. Up to May 2i)th
Ihe new infection of Spitzenbergs and
Jonathans was almost entirely fruit-
spur infection, but Bome Beauties were
beginning to show some tip infection.
One interesting point was reported on
May 20th to the effect that infection
that Iiad reached the base of fruit spurs

iQid

BETTER FRUIT

Page II

was apparently traveling faster across
the limb than up and down the limb
from the fruit spur.

The first new blight in the Wenatchee
district was reported to have been
found May 22nd and 29th in the Naha-
ham and Brender Canyons on Jon-
athans and Bartletts. Just why the
amount of blight exudate was so small
in the Wenatchee district and had the
relatively small percentage of blossom
infection 1 am unable to say, unless the
difTerencc in temperature conditions,
as shown by the Weather Bureau's rec-
ords, was a factor.

June and July were months of un-
usual blight activity in the districts

afTected by blight. On June 16th, it was
observed near North Yakima that
blight was apparently making entrance
at the base of leaf petioles, and on
July 9th Dr. Hotson observed and later
determined the presence of blight in-
fection on the outer margins of pear
leaves. On September 18th, the in-
spector reported observations of many
invasions of the leaves in the Spokane
district. The specimens were sent to
Dr. Heald, plant pathologist at the
State College, where it was reported
for a certainty that the blight had made
its entrance through tlie leaf apparently
without the aid of insects or mechan-
ical injury. In the Selah district blight

infection was observed on pear fruit
on May 12th, which apparently became
infected from the <lripping of blight
ooze. That drupaceous fruits may
sometimes become infected with pear
blight has been proven. On June 19th,
the inspector found four young prune
trees at College Place, near Walla
Walla, infected with tii) blight. Speci-
mens were sent to Dr. Heald of the
State College and he determined the
infection to be that of ordinary pear
blight. During June Dr. Hotson, at
North Yakima, proved that cherry fruit
could be inoculated with the pear
blight organism and has cross-inocu-
lated several times with Royal Ann tips.

Pruning the Bearing Apple and Pear Tree

By Professor V. R. Gardner, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon.

IN presenting this subject it is as-
sumed that the trees have been
brought to bearing age. They have
been trained as open-center, closed-
center or niodilied-leader trees, as the
case may be. They have been given
their general shape and consecpiently
little attention will need to be devoted
to the question of training them. The
little training that will be recpiired will
be incidental to the main jjrobleni of
pruning to influence fruit production.
After trees have been brought to bear-
ing age there is little argument as to
what the niain objects of pruning
should be. They are, first, to obtain
large quantities of fruit, full yields for
the size of the trees in question: sec-
ond, to obtain better fruit, the best that
can be grown under the conditions in
question; third, to obtain these large
yields and high grade at the lowest
possible cost.

The Ideal Fruit-Spur System
As has already been pointed out in
a previous article, the fruitgrower
obtains the most of his fruit through
the medium of fruit-spurs. In other
words, fruit-spurs are the main fruiting
mechanism, or main fruit-producing
machinery of the trees. The questions,
then, to consider are: What constitutes
an ideal fruit-sijur system and when
is that fruit-spur system in an ideal
producing condition. In the first in-
stance we want manv spurs. This does
not mean, necessarily, the largest pos-
sible number of fruit-siiurs for any
given space, but we must have a great
many or else we cannot obtain a large
number of fruits, for ordinarily a
single spur does not produce more than
one high-grade fruit in one season.
Frequently several fruits set on a single
spur, but in the better-managed or-
chards these aie thinned to one, which
is allowed to mature. We want not
only many spurs, but it is desiiable
that each spur be strong and vigorous.
It seems reasonable that a strong, vig-
orous s|)ur not only will ])ro<Iuce better
fruit than one which is weak, but it
will also be more regular in its hcu'-
ing: and regularity of bearing of indi-
vidual fruit-spurs is as important from
the viewijoint of annual yields as the

number of fruit-spurs present. A regu-
larly bearing fruit-spur in the case of
apples and pears is one that bears once
in every two years. It cannot be ex-
pected to bear every year, for normally
a fruit is produced from a terminal bud
one season and the next season is re-
quired to prolong the spur from a lat-
eral leaf bud so another terminal
flower bud can be formed the follow-

ing year. The spur which bears in
1915 can reasonably be expected to bear
again in 1917. However, the trouble
with a large percentage of fruit-spurs,
especially in older trees, is that they
do not bear every other year. Instead
they bear but once in three, four, five
or, in some cases, eight or ten years.
This irregularity of bearing generally
is due to a lack of vigor on the part of

I //

#%M

I-'i«i;re 45 — A young apple Ircc shnwing the cfTecl of very heavy heading back.
In this case the pnniei- eiil hack into two-year and three-year-old wood.
I'rnit spurs that hail slarled lo form were finci'd out into shoots. The entire
eiu'rgies of the tree have been temporarily turned into shoot fornialion. Age
of hearing lias probably been delayed two years by the treatment

I\l"C /J

BETTER FRUIT

.litiiiniry

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fungus diseases. ORCHARD BRAND LIME SULPHUR SOLUTION, a combined insec
ticide and fungicide. ORCHARD BRAND BORDEAUX MIXTURE, a general fungicide
uniform in composition, ready for use, and UNIVERSAL SOLUBLE OIL for dormant
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Light Heading Back vs. Heavy Heading
Back

I'l'tinin.i,' of Ijciirin.^ trees almost nec-
e.s.sarily con.sisl.s in one or ;ini)ther of
two pniclice.s, heading back or thin-
ning out, or in a combination of the
two. In regard to hea(Mng hack, two
tiiK'.stion.s arise at once: First, what
is its inlluence iiijon the nimiber of
friiit-s|nns that will develop, and, sec-
ond, what it its inlluence upon the
length of life and regularity of bear-
ing of ah'eady formed fruit-spurs? As
heading back may be either ligiit or
lieavy, and as we would natiually ex-
pect dillerent residts from a heavy than
from a light pruning, let us first con-
sider the probajjle effect of a light
heading back. \i\ light heading back
we will assume that there is meant a
thirty per cent cutting back of the
shoot growth of the past season. This
would mean that a shoot liaving ten
e(|iially-spaced lateral buds would have
the upper three removed under ordi-
nary circumstances. The probable
effect of this light heading back would
be that one to three, proliably two, of
the uppermost bu<ls remaining would
be forced out into shoots the follow-
ing summer. Some of the lower buds,
let us assume three, would be forced
out into fruit-spuis; and still others,
two, in the case that has been assumed
as typical, would remain dormant.
That these probable residts of a light
heading back nia.\ be more easily com-
pared with the ijrobable results of
olhei- types of pruning, let us multiply

the inilividual spin-, though perhaijs the
tree as a whole would be regarded as
vigorous. The case is one of trees
possessing fruit-producing machinery,
but the machinery is in poor condition,
unable to turn out its full quota of
work.

Furthermoie, we desire not only
many anil regularly bearing fruit-sinus,
but they must be long-lived. Hven if
there are some spurs formed each year,
and if these were to bear regularly for
three or four seasons, the large bearing
tree might soon come to have too little
fruit-producing machinery for large
yields if the spurs died when four or
five \ears old. Furthermore, the rapid
dying ofl' of spui's in the older parts of
trees would soon result, first, in a large
amount of bairen wood, and, second,
in the clustering of the live spurs near
the end.s of the smaller branches,
where the load of fruit can least easih
he su|)ported. Ordinarily the fruit-si)in'
that lives for twenty years and pro-
duces ten fruits is twice as valuable as
one that lives half as long anil pro-
duces five fruits.

Influence of I'runing Practices Upon
the Fruit-Spur System of the Tree
With the ideal fruit-spur svstem in
mind, we are ready to ask these (|ues-
tions: How do priming nractices, as
conimonh emploved upon bearing trees
affect this mechanism for fruit jiro-
duction? What is their inlluence u|)on
the formation, regularity of beaiing
and length of life of the individual
fruit-spuisV

I'lGUBE 40 — Th lop of an old Tompkins Kins Ircc. MiKlcr;ilc ihuiiiii;; I«.) iiiiil
three years ago stinuihilcd Ihc rormntion of a ralhcr hir^;c nuTiihiT ol rucdinni

Ions shoots. Tlicsc shools havi' not ]>c™ headed liaek
developed larf^e luinilx'i-s of liuil spurs. .V iiuiidiei-
beariiif^ biuiuhes slionld now l)e icinoved in oitle'- to :
an abundant suppl>' of light llu-nugliout their leti^tli.
needed tlian hea<lii)-^ l)aeli in ttiis tree t<ii». th<nl^li

Iieading I'aek will tend to keep the tree fifuit ;j;rowiiig

id llavc eonse(luentl,\

of tllese small spur-

llnrd those remaiinng

'I'hiuDing out is more

liniited amount of

I(JIC)

BETTER FRUIT

PilgC I^

the liguri's l).\ one huiiilieil. i«iving us
the growtli reeoid I'roin one hunih'eil
shoots, e;ich with ten hiteiiil buils. (It
is of course not imagined that any
bearing tree would present exaetlv the
conditions here assumed. 'I'he slioots
of' trees are not of uniform lengtli; all
do not respond in the same way, even
though jMuned hack relatively the same
amount. Many factoi\s enter to cause
individual variation and the pruner
will, to a certain extent, take these
factors into considerati(m, pruning one
shoot heavily to check or subordinate
it, another lightl.\- to encourage it, etc.
Nevertheless there seems to be no gootl
reason for believing that our theoret-
ical example of a tree with one hun-
dred .shoots, each shoot having ten
e(|ually-spaced lateral buds, would be-
have in a manner materially difTerent
from trees as we find them. Indeed, it
is believed that on the average they
would behave alike. It is only by tak-
ing theoretical cases of this sort that a
simple comparison of results between
different methods of pruning iiia\ be
readily made.)

From the one hunderd old shoots we
would obtain two hundred new shoots,
three bundled new fruit-spurs, and
have left two hundred dormant buds.
It would seem that the net result of a
light heading back is practically to
double the original number of shoots,
and also to develop i|uite a large num-
ber of new fruit-spurs.

Next, let us see what results we may
expect from a heavy heading back. By
heavy heading back we will assume
that there is meant the removal of the
terminal sixty per cent of the shoot
grow'th of the season. Again assuming
a tree with one hundred .shoots, each
possessing ten etiually-spaced lateral
buds, heavy heading back would leave
four hundred latei'al buds on the shoot
growth of the past season. The com-
paratively heavy heading that these
shoots would receive would have a
tendency to force out a large number
of the buds left into shoot growth, thus
leaving a smaller number for the de-
velonment of the spui's antl a still
smallei- numbei- to remain dormant
than in the case of light heading back.
Probably a >enr's growth on the one
hundred heavily pruned shoots would
result in approximately two hundred
and fifty new .shoots, one hundred
and fifty spurs — fifty buds remaining
dormant.

Comparing the results from light
with those of heavy heading back, it
will be seen that both practices result
in a great increase in the number of
shoots and also a moderate increase in
the total numbei- of fruit-sinirs. Of the
two practices, heavv heading back af-
fords the greater stimulus to vegetative
growth, hut less of a stimulus to s])ui'
formation.

Light Thinning Out vs. Heavy Thinning
Out

.\ light thinning out of the theoretical
tree (we are assuming a thinning out
that is e(|ual in the amount of growth
removed to the light heading back)
would leave sevent> of the one hundred

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shoots, and these seventy .shoots would
not be pruned in any way. E!ach of
these seventy shoots possesses not only
ten equally-spaced lateral buds, as was

assumed before, but a terminal bud as
well. When growth begins in the
spring the terminal buds are usually
the first to start, and it is a matter of

■■■ 1 X$A

OreBi-fSra. ^ ^

FinuBH 17 — An old BailliMt pear tree tlial lias bec'inie IMIed with niiich-
branched fruit spurs. Many of Uiose spurs are very weak and laekinj; in
\ i^or ami produce flowers and fruit very irregularly, only onee in li\f

and leii years

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

J an liar \

TABLK II.— SHOWINT. PROBABLE RESULTS
I-ROM DIII-ERENT METHODS OF PRUN-
ING ONE HUNDRED SHOOTS, EACH
HAVING TEN EQUALLY SPACED
LATE1\AL BUDS.

Light Heavy Light Heavy
(30%) (60%) (30%) 160%)
heading heading thinning thinning
baclv out out

Number lei-niinal

buds left

Number lateral

buds left

Nuudjer new

shoots formed.
Number new

spurs formed . .
Number buds re-

main'g dormant

Figure 48 — An old Bartlett pear tree that several years ago was in the con-
dition of (hat shown in Figure 47. An atlemnt was made to reinvigorate its
old weak spuis bv "dehorning," a very heavy heading back of the top part
of the tree. The I'esull has been the formation of a large number of strong,
vigorous shoots that in turn have developed many vigorous fruit spurs.
Howevei-, the old spurs in the lower part of the tree have remained much as
they were. They have not been invigorated to any marked extent. Thinning
out' instead of "heavy heading back would probably have alTorded very
(Hlftrent results.

common oljservation thiit the m;un
.shoot growth of the .season, in trees
with non-lieailed shoots, develops from
these teiniinal Ijiids. In I'act compara-
tively few of the lateral buds develop
into shoots, most of them starting but
only growing out into spurs. Were we
to assume that from seven hundred
and seventy buds, seven hundred lat-
eral and seventy terminal, on the
seventy shoots remaining after a light
thinning, we obtain one hundred and
forty shoots and four hundred and
ninety spurs, leaving one hundred antl
forty dormant buds, we would prob-
ably not come fa'- from what would be
actually obtained.

.\ heavy thinning out of this same
theoretical tree we arc considerine, a
thinning out that would remove sixty
per cent of the shoot growth of the sea-
son, would leave forty untouched
shoots. Each of these would have a
terminal bud and ten etiually-spaccd
lateral buds, and would probably be-
have the following season in much the
same manner as the unijiuncd shoots

of the lightly-thinned tree. Were this
the case the result would be eighty
new shoots (forty froiu the terminal
buds and forty from as many lateral
buds), about three hundred and twenty
snu's and forty dormant buds. The in-
dividual shoots might be longer and
strongei', and the individual spurs
thicker and more vigorous in appear-
ance, but probably the proportion of
buds to develop into fruit-spurs would
remain about the same.

When the results to be expected from
a light thinning out are compared with
those to he expected from a heavy thin-
ning out, it is seen that the light thin-
ning alTords a larger number of both
spurs and shoots, though it is reason-
able to assmue that the .shoots will be
shorter and the spurs somewhat less
vi,ffor(nis than those of the heavily
thinned trees.

That the probable efTects of these
diPferent pruning practices may ~Bc
more readily compared, they are pre-
sented in tabular form:

bacli
0

7(11)

■3on

200

0

KID

2.")0

150

.50

out
70
7(10
1 10
400
1 10

40

too

80

.■!20

40

Heading Back vs. Thinning Out

If the results from heading back are
compared with those from thinning
out, it becomes evident that both
processes tend to stiiuulate the forma-
tion of both new shoots and new fruit-
spurs. However, heading back affords
the greater stimulus to fruit-s])m- for-
mation. This is true whether it is light
heading back and light thinning out or
heavy heading back and heavy thin-
ning out that are being compared.

What has just been said regarding
the influence of difTerent pruning prac-
tices upon the formation of new fruit-
spurs applies with almost equal force
to their influence upon the longevity
and regularity of bearing of already-
formed fruit-spurs. It might be rep-
soned that heading back in general.
and especially heavy heading back, be-
cause of its limiting the formation of
new fruit-spius, would tend to divert
food material into those already formed
and cause theiu to be more vigorous,
more long-lived, more regular in bear-
ing. On the other hand, heading back
seems to show a tendency to divert
food material into new shoots rather
than the old spurs. These new shoots
develop mainly in the outer and upper
parts of the tree, leaving the spurs in
the lower and inner portion in a weak-
ened condition. The result is that they
will probably bear less regularly and
die earlier than spurs which have an
abundant food supply. Furthermore,
very heavy beading back will even
force into shoot growth soiue of the
already-formed spurs.

Thinning out, on the other hand, will
not only divert an extra amount of food
material into the older fruit-spurs on
account of its reduction of shoot
growth, but it also lets light into the
center of the trees, so that the leaves
of each spur arc better able to manu-
facture the food materials needed to
keep these spurs vigorous and thrifty.
This should enable them to live longer
and bear more regularly. Light thin-
ning out probably affords the larger
number of fruit-spurs, and heavy thin-
ning out the stronger, more vigorous
and long-lived ones.

Continued in next issue

SIMPSON,?

RCO

BANKBLDO.
PORTLAND. OREGON.

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Great Crops of

STRAWBERRIES

and How to .^JdtHl Grow Them

Page 15

A KELLOGG SUPERB EVERBEARING PLANT

PhotoEranhed September isth, lower leaves removed to show berries, u.ooo hills may be grown to the acre. Each hill will produce about

two quarts of big' fancy berries. 20 to 30 berries fill a quart box. The price ranges from 30 cents to 45 cents per quart.

Fruits continually from June until November. Our free book tells the rest.

Let Strawberries Buy Your Home

THE best asset on earth is a share of the earth. Grow strawberries the Kellog:g: way and get your share.
Strawberries give quicker returns and bigger profits than any other crop. The profit from a single acre
of strawberries in a single season will pay for two acres of high-priced land. Many men and women are now
paying taxes instead of rent from the profits of strawberries.

$4,390.50. AndnowMr.Chandlerispayingtaxesinsteadof rent.

Only a few years ago Mr. E. D. Andrews, of Lansing, Mich-
igan, was witl'iont a dollar. He now owns a fine lionie all paid
for, valued at $4,000.00. Just two acres of Kellogg pedigree
plants— the Kellogg way— that's all. He says so.

At LaGrande,Ore.,Mr. Z. Chandler started with less than one
acre of Kellogg plants. Infiveyearsthatshortacremade him just

He sent for our free book, made the try for a hotne, and won.
These are only two of the many reports that come to us.
These men are just common everyday fellows. What they have
done you can do if you will make the try. Send for our free
book and let us help you earn a productive home.

Kellogg's Everbearers

KelIot:g's everbearing varieties fruit continually
through June, July. August, September and Oct-
ober. Heavy frost does not check their fruiting.
Three months after plants are set you will be
picking big, red berries. These plants produce
large, fancy berries in great quantities. Many
growers are making at the rate of $1,000 tO
$1,200 per acre the same season plants are set.
These everbearers will produce more dollars per
square rod and do it in less time than anything
you can grow. Our FREE book pictures and
describes seven of these varieties and tells you
how to grow tlicm.

Strawberries on the Farm

We want every farmer to get our FREE book
and learn how to grow strawberries and how to
add beauty, pleasure and profit to his home. It
requires less work and less experience to grow
strawberries than common garden vegetables.
Strawberries yield more dollars per acre and give
quicker returns than any other crop. Strawber-
ries help the housewife to prepare her three daily
meals and to earn her own spentling money.
Grow strawberries and get the boys interested in
a profitable business that will keep them on the
farm. Hoys like to grow money-making crops.
Let them join our Hoys' Strawberry Club and win
a prize. One acre of strawberries will yield a
greater profit than 20 acres of common farm crops.
Get our FREE book.

Kellogg's Free Service

\\ hen you buy Kellogg Peditrrec plants you also
get Kellogg's Service. Whether you mow straw-
berries for home use. pleasure or profit you get
full benefit of our thirty-three yearsof strawberry
experience. We never are too busy to answer
questions. Our Service Department i.s on the
job six days in the week and 52 weeks in the year.
We make big money growing strawberries and
we enjoy helping others make money. Straw-
berry growing offers a grand opportunity. The
world is hungry for delicious strawberries. Let
us help you satisfy the world's strawberry appe-
tite. Get our FREE book and read the letters
from both beginners and old-timers, who will tell
about the benefits derived through our Free Ser-
vice Department.

Strawberry Garden

A Kellogg strawberry garden will supply a
large family with all the delicious strawberries
they can eat summer and winter without cost.
You can have strawberries picked fresh from the
vines from June until November and canned
berries, preserves and jam througliout the win-
ter. Why should you pay a high price for com-
mon strawberries when you can grow the Kel-
logg kind right in your own garden or back yard?
Our free book describes garden selections
adapted to all soils and climatic conditions and
shows beautiful pictures of the Kellogg gardens
growing on tlie home grounds of customers. Get
this book and learn how to supply your family
free with the most delicious fruit that grows.

Great Crops of Strawberries and How to Grow Them

This is the best book on strawberry growing ever written. Worth its weieht in gold. L'sed 111
agricultural colleges. Fully explains the Kellogg Way of picknig two big crops from each acre each
year- a big profit in the spring and a bigger one in the fall. Tells how to makerain when the sun
shines and how the wonderful Kellogg Pedigree plants are developed on the great Kellogg plant f.irms
in Michigan and Idaho. Step hv step every detail of the work is explained in a plain and practical
manner Beautifully illustrated and easy to understand. ^ ou must read this book to appreciate its
real worth You will be delightc.l with the lieautiful engravings of strawberries, strawberry fields
and strawberry garden scenes made from actual photographs. This book gives you 64 pages of straw-
berry facts and n years of strawberry experience. A pleasant surprise and something you should
know on every page. Het this book and learn the Kellogg Way. Make $500 to $i.2oo per acre. J lie
book tells you how. It is FREE.

R. M. KELLOGG COMPANY, Box 355, Three Rivers, Mich.

WHEN WKiriNG AnVERTISF.RS MENTION BETTl-R FIUIT

Pas'c i6

BETTER FRUIT

January

The Famous Quality Line

The result of 28 years' practical experience in build-
ing sprayers. Hurst Sprayers have stood the test of
time and stand today head and shoulders above all competition. The big
success of the Hurst line can be summed up in one Tvord "Simplicity."'
Every Hurst Sprayer is a marvel of simplicity. No unnecessary parts to
cause trouble and annoyance. Combined with simplicity they have the
greatest convenience and utility. This Book

32 Different Styles

Special Low Prices

A quality sprayer for every known need. Man, horse and
gasoline engine power. Various sizes and styles of power
sprayers, with and vv ithout engines. The Acme, shown below, is
an exceedingly popular machine with the Western grower.

Get Our Big FREE Book

This book should be in the hands of every fruit grower and farmer. Used as a
class book in many of the Agricultural Schools. Contains 74 illustrations and des-
criptions of insect and fungus pests and gives the remedy for each. Shows our
complete line of sprayers.

Write us for a copy of this free book and name of nearest
dealer at once. Get our jnices hefore buijing a sprayer.
Deliveries from Portland and other Western points.
V"^r^( — ^'IffifSKi*^ Live dealers wanted everywhere.

8230 North Street
Canton, Ohio

TheH.L.HurstMfg.Co.

Herewith we show a view of the
exhibit made at the Panama-Pacific
Exposition by the Bean Spray Pump
Company, of San Jose, California, and
Lansing, Michigan.

The grand prize, the highest award
in tlic Iiands of the international .iury,
was given to the Bean power sprayers.
In addition to the grand prize the con-
cern received a number of gold medals
and other awards.

The Bean Spray Pump Company is
well and favorably known throughout
the Northwest as manufacturers of
spraying outfits, and this recognition of

superiority by the exposition judges
will not be a surprise to those who are
familiar with the high-grade outfits
that are put out by the Bean factory.

The central feature of the display
was a beautiful waterfall, the water
being carried to the top of the falls by
a Bean pump, and rushing down over
the rocks in foaming cascades, it was
returned to the reservoir, from which
it was again pumped to the falls. Three
different outfds were rigged up for
pumping the water: a 10-h.p. Bean en-
gine direct connected to a 4-inch Bean
pump; a 5-h.p. motor direct connected

to a Bean 3-inch pump, and a 2.5-h.p.
Bean engine belt connected to a (i-inch
Bean pump. These various outfits
could be switched on or ofT at will, thus
permitting the visitors to see the differ-
ent combinations in operation.

The company's exhibit embraced a
full line of their hand and power
sprayers, including the Bean Magic, the
wonderful little high pressure hand
puni|); the Bean Nursery Sprayer, a
recent addition to the Bean line; the
Bean Double Giant, a new outfit more
powerful than anything in the way of
a power sprayer hitherto made, and
other outfits included in the new Bean
line for 1916.

The exhibit was always a center of
interest for visiting fruit growers, and
representatives of the company were
kept constantly busy explaining the
various Bean features and demonstrat-
ing the different outfits.

A feature that never failed to com-
mand attention was the Bean pressure
regulator, a vast improvement over the
old style safety valve, and one which
the manufacturers have clearly proven
reduces the wear and fear on the engine
and pump by nearly half, at the same
time saving a large percentage of the
fuel.

The Bean Spray Pump Company has
just issued a complete new catalog, the
largest and finest book of its kind ever
issued by this firm. It is profusely
illustrated and embraces the complete
Bean line, from the smallest hand pump
up to the new Double Giant. The cata-
log will certainly be of interest to every
fruit grower, and a copy will be mailed
to all who address the Bean Spray
Pump Company at San Jose, California.

This article would not be complete
without mention of the new, finely
ecpiipped offices and stockroom that
have replaced that portion of the Bean
plant at San Jose which was destroyed
by fire several months ago. Before the
ashes were cold plans were under way
for reconstruction, and the burned
structure has been replaced with one
considerably larger and better. It is a
notable fact that the fire, though of con-
siderable extent, did not seriously delay
deliveries of the company's products;
that part of the factory unharmed
having been put into operation within
twelve hours after the fire. The plant
is now protected by a modern sprinkling
system, and a repetition of the disaster
is practically imijossible. The rebuilt
plant is one of the most convenient and
efTiciently equipped of its kind to be
found an\where.

The Washington .State Penitentiary has just
placed with the Shady Brook Milling Company
of Walia Walla an order for Shady Brook
Dairy I'eed enough for the next six months.
They have a fine herd of Holstein cattle.

FREE

Our handsome 1916 Seed Cata-
logue. Fully illustrated in colors.
RelKiliU- seeds at bargain prices. A
full iiiif of uarden and flower seeds.
Cherry's Famous Dependable Seeds, fresh and re-
liable, are used by successful gard-
eners everywhere. Send your name
and address on a postal for a copy
of our bargain catalogue.

CHAS. J. CHERRY <Sl CO.

149 VINE STREET ROCKFORO. ILLINOIS

Seeds

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page I J

The Apple of His Eye

The favored fruit of America. The apple to which
the people of state after state annually award the
Blue Ribbon. The apple for which the commission
men, the retailers and consumers eagerly pay
prices that apples never before brought--prices
two and three times higher than they will pay
for other apples.

"Stark Delicious"

-declared to be "The Finest Apple in All the World"
by Luther Burbank, "The Wizard of Horticulture."
"Stark Delicious" is an apple in a class alone. A
great big, flashing red apple of exquisite flavor — with
spiciness unknown in any other variety. Crisp,
fine-grained, juice-laden flesh. "Simply Delicious" in
fact as well as name.
And it is as profitable as it is good. The sturdy, gt-nuine
"Stark Delicious" trees, propagated in our century-old
nurseries, produce enormous crops fur owners of both
home and commercial orchards everywhere.
Get a copy of our Centennial Fruit Book — our looth
Birthday Gift to you — and learn why this great appU
and eenuine "Stark Delicious" trees are prized by nun
~- , ■ like Col. G.B.Brackett, U.S. Pomologist; Prof 11.
L.VanDeman, Ex-U.S. Pomologist; Col. R. II.
V Dalton (who made ?20,ooo from his 191,
\ apple crop), Benj. Douglass, one of Indiana's
\ leading apple growers, Thomas F. Kigg,
^ owner of Iowa Experiment Grounds,
\ and hundreds and hundreds more.
^ CJct this book to pt-t the benefit of the ex-
^. perience of these and scores more of ^
\ America's successful fruit gtow-
ers. It will be sent as — --

This Big

lOOth-Year
Book pictures
and describes
the Best Fruits
of All Varieties
■ — Apples^ Peaches,
Pears, Plums , Cher-
ries, Apricots, Quinces,
/ Grapes, Berries, Currants,
Asparagus, Rhubarb, Nuts,
Roses, and Ornamental Vines,
Trees, Hedges and Shrubs,

Sent
FREE

ALSO FREE — New Landscaping Book

"Secrets of Ornamental Planting"

3 NV:o Books In one bln.lmc: ''LANDSCAPING SIMPLIFIED," "HARDY ORNAMEN-
TAL SHRUBS AND TREES," jn<l "THE ROSE GARDEN/'

A book that will delight the heart of everyone
who loves Nature's most beautiful things—stately
trees, graceful shrubbery and hedges, glorious
roses. A book that will interest — inform — inspire
you — and show you how easily and i:coiiomically

Landscape Plans for Your Home — Drawn by Our Landscape Architects

This service and these plans will not obligate you to buy p'l^p'p'

you can make your home grounds charming to
every eye, A book that will be of positive help
to owners of modest houses as well as those who
own large estates. Get this book — and learn
how \o\i can have

Rhubarb and Nuts also. And a big section of the book di
Ornamental Vines, Trees, Hedges and Shrubs, too.

iriatinilicent specimen of printing art, anil a birJ's-eye vieiv of fruit developnienLs for the past
hundred years. Filled from cover to cover witii life-size, natural color photographs of leading

fruits-

\

X- Ills I
Pea

X J" ^^ •'•'.. <v ^ - -■■ ---^ y-

X\~% r/ f"- ''^ A ^. '""^' liints ,111(1 pointers in;

C > 0' ■ "*-//. Vfc* ^ either a little ur a big or
\/ %, cj 0> ^ Writeforthissuiietbt

^ ji V "*^ > ^ '° ^^'y t''^^^* S'ai''^ "■^' ^ "'"^ -^

A. *^ <Vv ■<■", ^ ^^ specialists of .Vmerica, want y<

"•:», % ,^ % ^^^ <^' ^^ Your name and addi

nything from us. Get the book — and learn full details.

Get the Big lOOth Birthday Fruit Book, Too

Read this NKW. Hit;, HKAUTIFUL. 12 by ., inch, a-COLOR BOOK:— ;».ff off ih<r press.
fv> " ^ This big [ooth ^ ear liuok pictures and describes :lie Best Fruits of all Varieties — Apples,
^yf* ^^ Peaches, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, (Juinces, drapes. Berries and Currants, Aspar
\. -(ftjiX «eus

itii life

hototrraiihs of orcli.irds and frnit trees that have yielded and are yielding their
fortunes. Every page bristling ivith profit-making facts
t will help you and every owner of
hard,
book iiinvwhetherornot you are ready
to buy trees. Staik Hro s and each of their men. the fruit ^^-^^ ^ 1 T^H^nlliv
oil tohavea rreeco[>y. ^t^^LM<''"fl^Vpnlil T

ress on this coupon HH^DAm ^WP^^'I
post card brings you either or
both of these valuable books -FREE.

\

'<v

"<-

\

K

Afv LrOUISIANA.,MO

WHEN WHITING AHVERTISERS MKNt

IN nKTTKR FRUIT

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

January

Mfli

New Myers Automatic

ELIMINATES PRESSURE TROUBLE

You must spray to have perfect fruit. You must
spray to save your trees. To wage war success-
fully on fruit tree pests modern fighting equipment
is required. Myers Spray Pumps are the 42-centimeter
guns that produce havoc in the ranks of the insect hosts.
Last summer's continued rains where especially favorable

for the development of fungus diseases, making it doubly imperative for
for you to spray, if the healthy condition of the
trees is to be preserved.

Myers Power Spray Outfits are made in various sizes,
with pumps for belt, gear or pitman drive. All will operate
successfully under any conditions and give entire
satisfaction. You can bank on that. Myers Buck-
et and Barrel Sprayers and Hand Outfits are un-
usually well constructed. Built with the Myers
Patented Cog Gear Head, they are so easily op-
erated that they can be used where other styles ^
could not even be considered. In fact
they possess that something in superior
quality and construction that can-
not be found elsewhere.

Our Spl5 Catalog will tell you
all about modern spraying machin-
ery and also how and when to
spray. Write for a copy „^

today.

IT WILL SOON
jBE TIME
TO SPRAY

*.

R E.MYERS a BRa

r ASHLAND,OHIO.

P_i<^-^r*^?'*'ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOLWORKS i
'Vnj'^n /''"^ I 20 PRANCE STREET

\ r

J-1

How Spray Kills

By Dr. A. L.Melander, Entomologist, Head of Department of Zoology. Washington State College.

SPRAYS that are used to control in-
sect.s do not all work alike. Tho.se
containing arsenicals must be
calcn by the insect in order to destroy.
Others, like oil emulsions, tobacco and
sulphur-lime, kill when in contact with
the insect's body, by a process of sutTo-
cation. Some sprays have a disagree-
able taste and prove effective as a re-
pellant, rather than as a poison, the
insects going hungry rather than to
eat the had-tasting spray. It is the
repellant action of sprays that is little
understood, much neglected, but never-
theless most important. Bordeaux
spray, sulphur-lime, tobacco, oil emul-
sions, soaps and lime, our commonest
spray materials, are all repellants to
chewing insects. This should he borne
in mind when compounding mixtures
of several sprays. It is not alone the
chemical I'caction that nuist be heeded
in combining sprays, nor also the pos-
sibility of foliage injury, but the
physiological reaction on the insect
must be considered as well. A newly-
hatched codling worm is a delicate

little creature. It has a selective appe-
tite and does prefer to feed within the
pulpy calyx end instead of on the tough
skin of tlie apple. If its first meal is
distasteful, the young codling worm
has been seen to reject it, working the
nibblings out of its mouth by a secre-
tion of silk. This is jirobably always
the case where the apple is heavily
coated with arsenate of lead, or wliere
lime, bordeaux spray or sulphur-lime
have been added to the |H)ison. Thus
it is that late siJiayings lack effective-
ness, even when the fruit is whitened
by the spray. Most of the entering
worms mana.ge to swallow some of the
poison, however, enough to kill them
after a few days, but in the meantime
the apple is "slung," the worm pene-
trates a short distance and the fruit
becomes as valueless as if it were badly
wormy. Apples "stung" at the calyx
end are rare when plain, weak arsenate
of lead alone is used. It is easily con-
ceivable that a calyx spray, much
stronger than one or two pounds to
the fifty gallons, would prove increas-

ingly less elfeclive, and evitlence seems
actually to point this way. Calyx
worniiness is customary where the dust
spray, a lime spray or a combination
with fungicide is used.

An insect's sense organs are very
ditferent from our own. Its tasting is
done by little linger-like appendages,
which vary in structure with the
species. Things distasteful to us are
not necesssarily shunned by insects.
For instance, ants will eat (juinine but
will reject glycerine, and flies will
drink formaldehyde until they drop
dead. Bordeaux spray is highly dis-
tasteful to most grasshopi)ers, leaf-
eating beetles and cutworms, but there
are some cutworms on which it seems
to have no elTect. An insect is not a
feeding machine that must scrape off
and swallow whatever is on its food.
It is a living organism gifted with
powers of diso'imination keener than
any we possess. We have but to recall
how certain insects are restricted to
certain ff)od plants, displaying a knowl-
edge of plant species more astute than
that of a professional botanist. The
least we can ask, therefore, of a stom-
ach ])oison is that it shall be tasteless
and tine grained, so that the insect

("ontiiuird nn page 28

Harness is like a
leather boot — if you
don't keep it oiled, it
rots. Moisture that
works into the pores
of your harness robs
tugs, straps and
breechings of the
strength they need
to give you good
long service.

EUREKA
HARNESS OIL

keeps the pores of the
leather filled with high-
ly waterproof oils —
keeps your harness soft,
pliable, strong. Have
your harness man dip
your harness occasion-
ally, or apply it your-
self by hand. Harness
costs mone.y. It doesn't
pay to neglect it.

Standard

Oil
Company

(CalifotDii)

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

PcWC 10

Copyriifht 1916 by
R.J. Reynolds Tob. Co.

Prince Albert
paves the way

for men to get a new and cheerful understanding of how-
good a pipe or rolled cigarette can be. If you think you
can't smoke a pipe or a makin's cigarette; if you are taste-
tired, we tell you Prince Albert will bring you back
without any fuss or feathers — quick ! The patented
process fixes that — and cuts out bite and parch!

Fringe Albert

the national joy smoke

has everything any man ever yearned for in a
pipe or rolled cigarette. Its flavor is as refresh-
ing as it is delightful; and its aroma,
coolness and non-biting qualities will
certainly make you realize you have
lost a lot of good old smoking time !

Don't think about this tobacco question
any longer. Decide now^ you v^ill try
Prince Albert ! Just you see for your-
self that all the good things we say

about P. A. will
more than prove
out to your tongue
and taste!

Buy Prince Albert every-
where tobacco is sold in
toppy red bags, 5c ; tidy
red tins, 10c; pound and
half-pound tin humidors
and in that classy pound
crystal- glass humidor
with sponge-moistener
top that keeps the to-
bacco in such fine trim.

R. J. REYNOLDS
TOBACCO CO.

Winston-Salem, N. C.

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

Januar\

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

official Organ of Tlie Northwest Fruit Growers' Association
A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the
Interest of Modem Fniit Growing and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publishino; Company

E. H. SHEPARD, Editor and Publisher

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist Corrallis

H. S. Jadtson. Pathologist Corvallis

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman

W. S. Thoniber, Honiailturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Iringation

Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wiclfs. Horticulturist Moscow

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley

W. H. Volck. Entomologist Wat.sonrille

Leon D- Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R. M. Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:
In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance
Canada and foreign, including postage. $1.50

ad\t;btising rates on application

Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906. at the

Poslofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3. 1879.

A National Advertising Campaign for
the Northwest. — During the National
Apple Show an idea was presented to
the Northwest, consisting of the States
of Washington, Idaho, Oregon and Mon-
tana, of engaging in a general advertis-
ing campaign, for the purpose of adver-
tising the Northwestern box apples.
The suggestion was made that it would
be advisable for the growers to con-
sider such a proposition, and it was
also stated that if such a proposition
was undertaken that one cent per box
would be required in order to raise a
fund sufTicient for anything in the way
of a national campaign. It was stated
at the Conference in Spokane that this
suggestion would give the apple grow-
ers throughout the Northwest an oppor-
tunity for studying and discussing the
plan among themselves, it being the
intention later to present something
definite in the way of a plan at a meet-
ing of the Fruit Growers' Council,
which will probably take place in the
month of January. Various opinions
and ideas exist in different districts and
even among fruit growers in the indi-
vidual districts. It is the view of some
that each district .should spend its own
money to advertise its own particular
brands, while it is the view of others
that if a large percentage of the grow-
ers would contribute one cent a box an
increased sale for Northwestern box
apples could be created, the distribu-
tion widened and the markets extended.
There are a great many districts in the
Northwest which so far have failed to
get together and all agree on any one
plan. Many ideas have been advanced,
a great many of which have cost money
without realizing any better prices for
the grower. Such are some of the ex-
pressions of opinion of the dilTcrent
growers in different districts. The plan

Selling rot.r Salvation

You must sell
at a profit
or
quit the game

m\dW

IITHOGRAPH/

Well dressed

packeges

attract

attention

Induce sales

OUR ATTRACTIVE LABELS
ARE YOUR SILENT SALESMEN

SCHMIDT LITHOGRAPH CO.

SAN FRANCISCO.

Los Angeles, Fresno, Portland, Seattle, Salt Lake City

as suggested calls for a committee to be
composed of one representative chosen
by the Chamber of Commerce of Spo-
kane, one representative to be chosen
by the Chamber of Commerce of Seat-
tle, and one representative to be chosen
by the Commercial Club of Portland, it
being intended that this committee
should go into the matter in detail and
work out a definite plan of advertising
and superintend all expenditure of the
advertising appropriation. At the pres-
ent time, from the various opinions
expressed and the various attitudes of
the different growers and marketing

(gtJcrj ^u66crt6ct
anb

^ J^cippg anb (J)ro6f>erou0
(nct»<^car for 1916

purpose. And even so, it must be ad-
mitted that some individuals and a large
percentage of some districts will even
then be unwilling, feeling that they can
spend their own money best in their
own way. The Sellers' League, com-
posed of representatives of the different
selling concerns, met in conference in
North Yakima to consider this and
other important matters, the third week
in December, without arriving at any
definite conclusion, finally agreeing be-
fore making any tlefinite recommenda-
tion to await the result of the survey of
the apple industry that is being made in
the Northwest by government olficials.
This is simply a general statement of
the attitude, opinions, problems and ac-
complishments up to the present time
in reference to the contribution of one
cent per box for the national advertis-
ing campaign.

concerns, the conservative individual,
the one who has not taken any definite
stand, generally feels and expresses
himself that such a campaign, calling
for a contribution of one cent per box,
must be definite in all of the main par-
ticulars and the growers assured that
all money will be conservatively and
wisely handled, with every assurance
of creating an additional sale for North-
western box apples, widening the dis-
tribution and extending the markets,
before any large percentage of the
growers will be induced to agree to
contribute one cent per box for this

The National League of Commission
Merchants will hold its twenty-fourth
annual convention at Indianapolis Jan-
uary 12 to 14 inclusive, headquarters
having been arranged for at the Hotel
Claypool. The scope of the league's
operations and representation extends
to foil\-two of tbe largest and most
important fruit distributing centers in
the United Stales. A cordial invitation
is extended to all kindred organizations,
fruit growers, shippers, representatives
of the press and anyone that directly
or indirectly is interested in the fruit
industry. While the Editor of "Retfer
Fi-uil" has attended and addressed the
Western Fruit Jultbers" .\ssociation and
the Inleinational .\pple Shipiiers' Asso-
ciation, he regrets he has never had the
Iilcasiire of attending one of the con-
ventions of Ihe National League of
(Commission l\Ien. which are said to be
very insfruclive and interesting and of
such nature as to .justify every fruit
grower attending who can possibly

ic)i6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 21

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spare the time. The program this year
is especially instructive. The social
feature promises entertninment that
will be very delightful, not only for the
men, but also for their wives. One of
the main features of the program will
be Organization and Co-operation. It
will be of special interest to the fruit
growers of the Northwest to know thai
Mr. Wilmer Sieg, sales manager of the
Apple Growers' Association of Hood
River, six or seven years ago was pres-
ident of the National League of Com-
mission Merchants for two terms in
succession, and was recently elected an
honorary member, being the only hon-
orary member of the National I^eague
of Commission Merchants.

some line of diversity, therefore is not
entirely dependent upon his orchard
for his living and other expenses, and
there is no question about the advisa-
bility of the fruit grower divei-sifying
to a reasonable extent.

Orchard Units. — During the past few
years many purchasers were told that
a splendid living could be made on a
very small unit — of five or even two
and one-half acres. Now that fruit
growers have had time to reflect and
have had an opportunity by experience
to judge of the possibilities on small
tracts, there is a reaction in the oppo-
site direction and an earnest endeavor
to get at the logical economy unit. The
Editor has never favored anything
smaller than a ten-acre tract, which if
properly handled will probably pay a
good profit on the amount invested.
There are strong arguments held out in
favor of even larger imits, of from
twenty to forty acres, for which the
following reason is given. With a large
imit the grower is enabled to engage in

Dissatisfaction. — There is no den\ ing
the fact that considerable dissatisfac-
tion in the fruit industry has existed
among the growers of the Northwest
during the last few years. There is
nothing strange about this, except that
the fruit grower sometimes thinks that
he is the only one that is suffering and
either forgets or is not aware of the
fact that all lines of business have been
suffering under the very strenuous
depression during the past few years.
Usually the fruit grower's lot is really
not so very much different, in the fact
that he has not been making very much
money because other lines of endeavor
in the business world are in the same
boat. Then loo, again, fruit growers
must remember that every product of
the soil some time during the past few
years has gone through a period where
it did not pay the cost of production.

will be suited and know more about
some other line of farming. One piece
of soil may be suited to one diversity
crop, and another piece of soil may be
adapted to another diversity crop.
Therefore it is up to the fruit growers
to determine what kind of a side line
or diversity the soil is adapted to and
what he himseif is suited for. If this is
intelligently determined, then diversity
lines will be a success and a great help
to all fruit grov^'ers.

Among the different diversities that
may be mentioned for the fruit grower
are dairying, bogs, cattle, truck garden-
ing, etc., all of which can be com-
bined by different individuals with the
orchard industry. One man may be
suited to one line of business and have
an opijorlnnity to engage in that line
and make a success, while another man

Stabilizing the Orchard Industry.—

Previous to 1912 there was an extensive
setting of apple trees. This was largely
brought about by the fact that the
Northwest produced very fine fruit and
the growers who were in the business
had been making good money. A large
part of the extra setting is undoubtedly
due to the fact that much unreasonable
boosting was done, i)articularly by
those engaged in selling orchard lands,
and on account of the fact that unrea-
sonable representations were made to
growers about the profits that could be
made. It is true that considerable
orchard land was bought on specula-
ficm, and it is also true that many
.\merican people rapidly change from
one business to another, going from
what fhcy arc engaged in to what looks
more appealing or encouraging. All of
these causes have been factors in stim-
ulating the selling previous to 1912. But
the orchard industry of the Northwest
is rapidly slal)ilizing itself. Already
nmch of Ihe acreage planted in unde-

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

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Scalecide The Best Miscible Oil Spray for San Jose

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who altenil to business, who have good
orchards of the right varieties and well
located, will succeed. The invariable
rule, '"Ihe survival of the fittest." ap-
plies in all lines of business.

sirable locations has been eliminated.
There has been no great (lutintity of
setting since 1912, and as the trees come
into bearing at about eight years of age
the maximum of production will prob-
ably be reached in li)2(l. In all prob-
ability, on account of elimination of
acreage for various reasons, the maxi-
mum may be reached before that time.
It looks very much as if the orchard
induslrx will be stabilized much sooner
than many people anticipate.

The Orchard Unit.— The minimum or
maximum of the orchard unit will de-
pend very much upon the aliility of the
fruit grower as to how intensely he can
cultivate his land and how capable he
is. We fretiuently see truck growers

The Western Fruit Jobbers' Associa-
tion of America will hold its twelfth
annual convention in Memijhis, Tennes-
see, January 10 to 20. A very interest-
ing program, both along business lines
and in a social way, has already been
prejjared, assuring everyone who at-
tends an opportunity to secure a lot of
information about the marketing end of
the fruit industry, as well as a splendid
good time. The Editor attended and
addressed the convention held in Sacra-
mento, and feels .justified in advising
every fruit dealer and every grower
who can possibly attend the convention
at Memphis that it is an opportunity he
cannot afford to miss, if he can spare
the time and the money to attend.

making more out of two or five acres
of land, or even berry growers or fruit
growers, than the general farmer makes
oil" of three hundred acres.

At a meeting of the Shippers' Council

attended by a number of prominent
representatives of fruit-shipping inter-
ests, which was held in North Yakima
December 18, it was decided to post-
Ijone a reorganization of the Northwest
Fruit Shippers' Council, and the con-
vention also decided to postpone the
proposed advertising campaign of the
Northwestern box apples until after a
survey of the situation by representa-
tives of the United States Department
of .\griculture was completed. The four
representatives of the government meet-
ing with the Shippers' Council were
.1. C. (lilbert, C. E. Bassett, \V. H. Kerr
anil ('.. \\. Moomaw.

Losses in Orchard Investment. — There
is no ([uestion but what there have been
some losses in orchard investment, but
these have really been due in a large
measure either to poor judgment in
making the investment or to a desire to
si)eculate on the part of the purchaser.
These losses are not difTercnt from the
losses that are taking place in all other
kinds of investments throughout the
United States. The desire to speculate,
even to gamblin.g, has never been con-
lr(jllable. Millions of dollars are lost
in mining i)i-oi)erty without ever a
whimper, but if a man loses a few dol-
lars in an orchard investment there is
a kick.

Future Production. — There is no ciucs-
tion about the fact that a great many
orchards have suffered from neglect
during the past two or three years.
This is more particularly true in some
districts where opportunities have not
been favorable than in others. It is
very evident to those who have inves-
ti.gated the matter that there will be a
coMsideiable leduction in acreage due
lo the fact that more or less has been
neglected during the last few years.
It is the same in the orchard industry
as in all other lines of business— those

Mercantile agencies put down among
the reasons for failure, as one of the
largest causes, the lack of knowledge
about the business engaged in. This
applies to the fruit-growing industry,
because many people have gone into
the business without knowing anything
about it. After gelling in it they have not
devoted the time and study necessary to
learn the business to be successful.

Attending to Business.— After some
thirty years' experience in business the
Editor has finally arrived at the con-
clusion that success in a very large
measure depends upon attention lo
business. In fact, the man of ordinary
ability who attends to business will
succeed, while the smart man who does
not attend to business will fail.

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

Friend Sprayers

you knock off the crate, put

Friend King

Friend Queen

For extensive work where it is necessary to carry a
Urge amount of spray material into the orchard. I>arge
wheels. Hide tires, two-horse draught, cypress tank of
200-250 gallons capacity, propeller agitator which will
keep arsenate of lead in suspension, directly connected
with pump shaft. Motor pump unit saves space. Keeps
bearinps and gears in alignment over rough ground. Is
ri§1d and secure, as it sets on common base bolted to
wagon bed with four bolts. Everj' part accessible.
Pressure held and relievetl by remarkable regulator.
Step platform: steel trucli; narrow bed for sliort turning.
Westeni tre:id. enabling use in potato fields. Motor
pump supplied with suction hose, so hose can be removed
and pump cleaned. Recommended for use in orchards of
ten acres or more. Delivered complete with whiEQetrees,
neckjoke. tower and two hose lines.

■'I have been busy spraying with two 'triend Kings
for over a week in our orchards — and the more they run

the better they work. Our neighbor's old sprayer

gave out on him and I am sending him over a 'Friend
to finish the job. The calyx nozzle is a wonder, and I
am usins onlv two to an outfit where I have been using
four angle nozzles before. They put it through a tree
' "■' 'to 300 pounds pressure."

The most remarkable line ever offered by a company whose out-
fits have always deserved the highest respect of the fruit
growers. Every machine is both tested in the testing room and

given a working tryout before shipping. So when it is received

on the wheels and drive into the orchard. Complete directions accompany each outfit.

Friend Lightest King

LIGHTEST KING is the SAL\LLEST. L.\RGE capa-
city. LIGHT weight. HIGH pressure power sprayer ever
produced. Very popular for combination field and
orchard work. Tlie tank holds lOti or \T}i\ gallons: the
motor pump has two hose line capacity at high pressure.
The truck is LIGHT, all steel. DURABLE, flexible fifth
wheel. The machine is equipped for one or two horses,
equipped with one or two hose lines. A tower is also
furnished where desiied: also field attachment for spray-
ing potatoes and all field crops. The agitator is pro-
peller type, direct connected, no gears or chains. Every-
thing is the verv latest and BEST, even the pressure
regulator. The tank is CYPRESS. LIGHTEST KING
has a verj- low center of gravity and cannot overturn.
The equipment is complete — everj-thing ready for service.
"The Lightest King works fine and does the work well:
we have enough power to use four lines of liose if neces-
sary." So write Fay Brothers, of Cooperstown. N. Y..
on JuLv 14, 1915. and again on August IS say; "I
could not convince any more of the hop growers that
they ought to spray their hops for lice and so many of
them will have poor hops and some not any. Our yard
that you saw is looking fine, and we give all the credit
to our "Friend" and Black Leaf 4o."'

Queen is th? low-dovra. cut-under model — underslung.
so called. It has all the capacity that KING has in
every way. Owing to its UNIQUE construction, its close
coupling, the large wheels and wide tires, it is very easy
drawing. The fifth wheel is flexible, permitting the
machine to go over uneven ground without any probable
misalignment of tlie bed or working parts. The machine
was designed many years ago. Ever>thing abovil il is
thoroughb' tried— nothing experimental whatever. Tlie
tank is CYPRESS. The propeller agitator direct con-
nected. The latest WESTERN, our LARGEST capacity.
HIGH PRESSURE unit motor pump is used on both
King and Queen. With the Queen outfit it is possible to
turn square around, there being no under brace to con-
flict. The center of gravity of this machine is so low
that it is impossible to overturn it on the steepest hill-
side. Both King and Queen are furnished when specified
with towers for tall trees, although in most orchards a
man standing on the top of the tank c-an reach vrith the
spray all right. The motor pump on QUEEN is verj-
accessible— the horses can be turned to one side, giving
the operator perfect freedom. QUEEN is very easy to
work aroutid: it is so low for filling.

""I know my Queen has pumped more 'stuff' than any
other sprayer on earth and it still runs fine."

F. E. Tourtillotte. Haverhill. Mass.

with from 200 pounds ._ . ^- .^ , .

H. C. GcMxiwin. Avon, \ a.

Send for the Friend Catalog. Tell us what work you want a sprayer to do and let our expert help you by the most economical

model for you to use. There's a Friend for every man who sprays at a price he can afford to pay. Get m touch with us today.

Get the catalog. Give us enough information so we can advise you how to buy economically.

Friend Mfg. Co., 31 East Ave.,Gasport,N.Y.

Getting Together in Marketing or Reciprocal Marketing

Mr. H. M. Gilbert, before Horticultural Association Meeting, Spokane,

HOW can \vi" get the marketing
men of the Northwest to forget
their {lilVeiences and join hands
to win success for our Northwest fruit
industry- ^h-. Shepard, in this montli's
issue of "Better Fruit," in an editorial
entitled ■'Harmony Among Shipping
Concerns," suggests what has been a
big trouble, and noted the apparent
change from bitterness to harmony in
the following words: "During a few
years previous to 1915 a great deal of
bitterness existed between the diirer-
ent shipping organizations, resulling in
a great deal of criticism, one associa-
tion or shipping concern blaming the
other for demoralizing coinijelition. In
their endeavor for tonnage, unneces-
sary campaign methods were used,
which reflected, more or less, in many
instances unnecessarily on other shij)-
ping concerns. It is with some satis-
faction, therefore, that it is to be noted
so far this year there is far greater
harmony prevailing among shii)ping
concerns than has existed for several
years in tlie past. In fact, if there is
any severe criticism on the part of one
concern in reference to another so far
it has not been made public."

I wish this apparent harmony and
confidence among shippers were real
and general, for we cannot solve the
fruit-marketing problem of the North-
west until the marketing men have

more conlidence in each other and are
willing to play the game on the stpiare.
There is no hope until we forget our
selfishness and recognize that the other
fellow has the same rights we have.
There is no hope until we are willing
to join hands and pull together. It is
expecting too much that under the lead
of Mr. Paulhamus and the Growers'
and Shippers' Councils we should, in
one season, forget the bitterness and
hatred that have been systematically
preached for five years. All will admit
with Mr. Shepard that if the bitter feel-
ing has not been banished, it has at
least been kept under restraint, and
today we are at least able to meet and
reason together. Some say the grow-
ers are to blame, that they are the ones
who must solve the marketing prob-
lem. 1 admit the growers have a neces-
sary part, but I believe it is up to the
experienced marketing men to work
out a feasible marketing plan and cpiit
their lighting, get together and work
together. I believe the growers will
fail in line and help work out any com-
prehensive, practical working plan.

I note at a recent meeting in Seattle
the plan was suggested by the Shippers'
Council and approved by the Executive
Commillee of the Growers' Council, to
tax the growers one cent per box for
an advertising fund for market exten-
sion. I don't believe the .shipping or-

Washington, November 17, 1915.

ganizations and shippers have any right
to ask the growers to tax themselves
one cent per box until the shippers
themselves quit their fighting, price
cutting and underhanded methods.
Many times more damage is done by
our present unfair competition than
could be oflset by the hundred thou-
sand dollars advertising fund as pro-
posed. The shippers themselves must

is put up

in a smaU

package (lib.)

because it

loesn't take

luch to do the

work well.

Try it— most dealers

^WHrrriER-COBURN COMP.VNY
San FranciACO

WllEX WRITINC. ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

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LAST SEASON

A Fight on Your Hands

THIS SEASON

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WITH EXTREME CARE

HOLD TO WHAT YOU KNOW IS GOOD

The Grasselli Brand

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THE. STANDARD

Grasselli Arsenate of L-ead Paste
Grasselli Arsenate of I^ead Po-wder
Grasselli Sulphate of Nicotine 40'a

The Grasselli Chemical Co.

Established 1839 CLEVELAND, OHIO

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New York, St. Paul, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis

Detroit, New Orleans, Boston, Philadelphia

put their houses in order first. Let me
ilhistrate. Early in the fall an old cus-
tomer bought nine thousand dollars'
worth of apples to be placed in cold
storage at North Yakima. The pur-
chaser engaged the cold storage and
signed a contract therefor with the
storage company. One of our biggest
competitors ascertained the facts. Their
representative went to our purchaser,
offered him the same varieties and
grades of apples at ten cents per box
less and five cents per box less for
storage, a saving of nearly a thousand
dollars on the transaction. Of course,
our purchaser canceled his order.

Here is another: Early in the sea-
son a considerable number of sales of
Yakima prunes were made in Canada

January

celed, as they bought C grade delivered
at dollar five from grower." A dollar
five, less thirty-two and one-half cents
freight, made seventy-two and one-half
cents to the grower, not counting any
expenses for his trij) and expenses of
sale. Our sale was at ninety-seven
cents f.o.b. shipping point. All dealers
here at that time were paying growers
cash from eighty to ninety cents. I
might mention a hundred instances
during this season where grower-
shippers, curbstone brokers and inex-
perienced salesiuen cut prices and hurt
the markets. The damage to the apple
market was not serious, for owing to
the short supply this season the weak
factors could not get enough apples to
do lasting injury. But what will be the
situation when we have a full crop and
need stable markets.

In his recent Seattle statement, Mr.
Paulhamus says: "If all the apple busi-
ness of the Northwest could be brought
under one ownership or all the grow-
ers could be united into one selling
agency, we would have no trouble in
working o\it our problem of developing
markets. Such complete control is im-
possible as long as we have many dis-
tricts and thousands of growers with
individual opinions and prejudices.
Therefore, the solution of our problem
is to have the men that we must depend
upon to sell the crop work together, as
nearly as possible, with the ediciency
of one organization." Every practical
man now admits with Mr. Paulhamus,
that it is entirely impossible to get all
the growers, or a large per cent of
them, into one marketing organization.
All practical men also admit that we
have too many marketing organizations
and too many other fellows cutting

at forty-five cents per box, or "suit-
case." A competitor, desiring to break
in and spoil the marketing plans that
had been arranged, contracted the crop
of a large Y'akima grower on a thirty-
cent advance and quoted these Italian
prunes all over Canada at thirty-five
cents a box. Of course, all forty-five-
cent orders were canceled and the
prune growers of Yakima lost ten cents
a box. In that instance, unfair methods
of one shipper cost the growers ten
cents a box. I'ntil the shippers correct
such methods they can't well ask the
growers to put ui) another cent per box
for advertising.

Here is another: Wire from our
salesman in Montana: "My sale to
will not stick. Dealers can-

What are
your dairy
problems?

To get started profitably in dairy-
ing as a side-line, the fruit grower
needs helpful advice and sugges-
tions.

Our service department will de-
light in doing this very thing, with-
out any charge or obligation.

We are sole Oregon distributors
for "Simplex" Separators, B-I^K
Milkers, Papec Ensilage Cutters,
Simplex Silos and all kinds of
dairy, butter-making and cheese-
making supplies.

Your name on a posted \AnU
bring Free Catalogs

Monroe & Crisell

126 Front St. Portland, Oregon

WHKN WRITING AD\ EKT ISF.RS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 25

prices; too much overhead charges; too
many growers selling direct, cutting
under the mai-ket; too many curhstone
brokers showing the buyers how to get
prices down; too many "independents"
issuing frequent circulars, always quot-
ing lower prices "subject to confirma-
tion," not selling nuich but ruining the
market, creating distrust, alarming the
buyers and jobbers till they won't buy
at all, and the consumer goes without
the fruit, which falls to the ground
and rots.

I don't see how the marketing men
can look at the wonderful fruit of the
Northwest going to waste while mil-
lions of people are wanting it and not
be ashamed to keep on fighting each
other. But what is the remedy? Is
there any practical way? Mr. Paul-
hamus says, and I think he is right, that
"the solution of our problem is to have
the men that we must depend upon to
sell the crop work together as nearly
as possible with the eiriciency of one
organization." Is this possible, and
how? In my opinion we must retain
all the outlets we now have and utilize
them efficiently. We must group and
unite the work of the farmer-shipper
who has an outlet among his friends in
the East for a few cars, the broker who
brings in buying orders for cash, the
cash buyer with regular customers, the
association or union or growers' agent
or exchange, each with its extensive
marketing machine and regular cus-
tomers. We should keep all our brands
and lose none of our loyalty for our
various organizations. Do not the Eng-
lish and French and Italians and Rus-
sians fight together as earnestly as pos-
sible for a common cause, but each
nation under its own flag? So the mar-
keting concerns should unite. Hut we
must change the sentiment — "My or-
ganization, right or wrong, it must
succeed, no matter if the Northwest
fruit industry is ruined." ^^^^at need of
fruit-marketing organizations after the
fruit industry is ruined. Our sentiment
should be, "My organization must be
right, must play the game square, must
be willing to give and take, must treat
the other shipper as we would have
him treat us."

There are four classes of growers, the
grower who sells for cash, the grower
who ships to distant markets on con-
signment, the grower who believes in
and belongs to a co-operative organi-
zation, and the grower who employs
the best selling agent he can find to sell
his fruit for him. No matter what we
may do we will always have these four
classes. How can we harmonize these
four classes and get them to work to-
gether. Let me illustrate. Under a
reciprocal arrangement in each district
the marketing organizations could em-
ploy one man to represent us all in the
Philippine Islands. Such a man could
create a new market for several hun-
dred cars of a])ples. No one shipjjing
concern has yet thought it could afford
to do this. We could all unite and send
a salesman to South America, with like
results. When the war is over we
should have at least one man in Rolter-

Awarded
Grand Prize

San FranriNoo
<& San DieKii
K.vposition.s

iliais
sei»vice

Ask any owner who attended our 191S
Caterpillar School. He'll tell you how the
school increased his profits, taught him to
get maximum results from his tractor. .\nd

our aninull Caterpillar School in Stockton, Calif., and Spo-
kane, Wash. — free to owners — is just one branch of our
complete service.

Reg. us. Pot Oa
Don't Say Caterpillar Unless You Mean Holt !

The /j(^.9f service we give is tiie service we build into the
Caterpillar iisclf — the kind of service of which owners write:
"Have used my Caterpillar five years. The original track
chains are still in use."

"Repair bill for season less than $10.00."
"$10,000 worth of work this year — renair bill $1.65."
A postal will bring you Bulletin BE 334 which describes
the Caterpillar fully. Or if you're niterested in the Cater-
pillar School, opening January 31st, write for particulars — -
a low tuition fee admits you if you're not a Caterpillar owner.

THE HOLT MFG. CO., Inc.

Portland, Ore. Spokane, Wash. Stockton, Cal.

Cons. Wagon .S: Mchy. Co., Sales Agts., Salt Lake City, Utah,
F. B. Connelly Co., Sales Agts., Billings, Great Falls. Mont.

w

Southern California

"THE MAGIC LAND OF PALMS AND FLOWERS"

Southern California has much to offer you this winter. City or country, mountains
or beach resorts all are inviting. The Panama-California Exposition at San Diego
will remain open another year — bigger and better than ever. But Southern California
offers something even greater than this. It is the ever-present and delightful

Sunshine and Flowers

Roses in bloom. Oranges and Lemons ripening on the trees, Poppies and Geraniums
everywhere. This is the real California. The expense of a trip to Southern California
is not great,

I -.^ji, PminrI Trii\ six-month tickets are on sale daily from Pacific Northwest
'^*'" IvOUna 1 rip points, stopovers are allowed at pleasure. Through car
service on the limited trains, through dining car and obseri'ation cars make the all-
rail route the delightful way to go.

Ask your local agctit or writf
Joint M. Scot/, Ociii-ral Passenger Agent, I'ortUuid, Oregon

SOUTHERN PACIFIC

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page

36

BETTER FRUIT

January

S.O.S.

From the good ship
"Long Bow."

"A periscope has
just been obsei-ved to port — we are al-
tering our course, hoping to zig-zag
away from the enemy— send help quick

The message suddenly stops. It is
believed that the Long Bow has gone
down with all hands. Prominent among
the passengers was Mr. Bunco Skinner,
whose spectacular success as promotor
of the Continental Market Distributor's
Bureau attracted wide attention. It is
reported that Mr. Skinner was urged
to devote his talents to INTERNATION-
AL PIRACY and he is said to have been
on his way to accept such a post with a
prominant European belligerent when
the Long Bow was submarined.

(C. C. P.)

Good Bye, B. S.,
Proud Produce
Pirate!

Your B. S. schemes have served their
purpose if their lessons have been
learned by Better Fruit readers who
have watched your trail.

Northwestern Apple Producers will
never prosper till they quit being gulled
by clever prestidigitators who profess
to pluck dollars out of the thin air.
The latest form of this emotional in-
sanity is to be found in the NATIONAL
DISTRIBUTOR IDEA. This idea insures
a rake-off to evei-ybody except the pro-
ducer— he gets what is left.

There is no magic in mere size and
volume. The formidable combinations
of so-called National Distributors are
everywhere breaking down, and the
trade is settling back to the time tested
and normal condition of INDIVIDUAL
effort. The victims of the National
Distributors are tired of holding the
bag. The number of independent local
shipping organizations is increasing.
The F.O.B. sales are heavier, and we
are beginning to hear of F.O.B. auction
sales.

The producer's problem finds its true
solution in a UNION OF INDIVIDUAL
EFFORT AND LOCAL CO-OPERATION.

Carry your eggs in one basket and then
watch the basket. The small producer
cannot watch a National Distributor,
but he can watch and guard his inter-
ests in a local union of neighbors.

The Produce Reporter Company
stands for the individual producer and
for co-operation. The story of how to
market your produce safely and get the
maximum returns will be sent to any-
one interested. It is free on request.

Produce Reporter Company

CHICAGO

(lam, one in London, another in Ham-
burg, po.s.sibly anollier in Copenhagen
and north — when we can ship direct
through the Panama Canal.

But the great big work of getting
new iiiarkeLs and muUiplying our out-
lets is in the small cities and towns of
our own country. It is easy in a year
of moderate prices to put a carload or
two of apples in a town or village that
only gels a hundred or two boxes per
year now. For ten years I have con-
sistently worked on this plan, opening
up these new small markets. This
year, according to railroad records, the
Yaki)Tia Valley shipped 1,000 cars of
mixed fruit into these small markets.
The sales organization I represent
shipped 42.3 carloads, leaving less than
(iOO cars for Ihe other one hundred and
thirteen Yakima shippers. If only two
or three other shijipcrs had duplicated
our work in this line the soft-fruit
marketing problem would be solved. I
agree with you this can be done only
as we get together in each valley or
district on joint-selling boards or by
reciprocal arrangments with each other
and with the other districts. If the
main shippers in each valley will get
together on a joint-selling board, send
out one set of prices and one set of
traveling salesmen, working together
and not fighting each other, the market-
ing problem will be solved. I admit
this will take a lot of patience, organ-
izing ability and real up-to-date sales-
manship. But tell me, why shouldn't
we do if? Isn't our orchard indus-
try worth the effort'? ^^^ly should we
have one hundred and fourteen sets
of prices go out of the Yakima Valley?
Why should the Northwest have four-
teen apple salesmen in Bozeman at one
time and not one salesman in fourteen
hundred other towns"? Why should we
maintain eight salesmen in Butte when
two could do the work better?

You ask what we accomplished this
summer at Yakima, with the assistance
of Mr. Paulhamus' committee, Mr.
Davidson and the Growers' and Ship-
pers' Councils. First, remember, all
the machinery was new; most of it had
to be made or remade without any
money when the season was full on
and the marketing machinery in mo-
tion. One big thing we acconipli.shed
by united effort was getting I'nclc Saiu
to send out two young men from the
Bureau of Markets. Daily meetings
with these men, receiving telegraphic
reports from Washington City, giving
prices at all Eastern markets, distribu-
tion of our own shii)ment and our com-
petitors', and getting this information
at one p. m. each day were helps that
can scarcely be overestimated. It was
a great drawback that the farmer-.ship-
pers and some other busy shippers
would not meet regularly, so did not
get all the benefit.

Anollier big thing we foimd — that it
is absolutely necessary to have the as-
sistance of strong cash buyers, or have
a considerable guarantee fund to draw
on to protect the market at critical
times, or perhaps both. Our situation
was that three cash buyers were openly

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PORTLAND -SPOKANE

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HIGH GRADE FRUIT BOXES
APPLE, PEAR AND PEACH BOXES

Fruit and Vegetable Crates

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WHEN WRITIN-n .\nVERT ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2y

and unitedly fighting the proposition.
Another tiling we ascertained; whether
price agreements are unlawful or not,
they arc not feasible, and are unde-
sirable. Not feasible because the scores
of grower-shippers do not come in to
make them, an(l those who did come to
the meetings apparently came to ascer-
tain the prices being (|uoted and then
proceeded to (piote at live or ten cents
less. Some of the brokers attended the
meetings, played the game scpiare, but
they didn't get any business, because
no buying orders will be sent unless at
a lower price than the principals can
buy on regular terms. My own feeling
is that there is a legitimate field for
brokers as business getters, and that
the discount they should have for get-
ting the customer and getting the money
wouid pay them well. Hut they should
not issue general circulars at cut prices
on regular shipping terms and dejjend
on the growers to fill the order and
hold the sack. The buyer in Philadel-
phia or anywhere else can well afford
to pay a good live broker five to ten
cents a box to buy, inspect and pay for
a car of apples. The ,joint-ship])ing
board can well afford to allow this live
or ten cents for the sale, cash payment
and inspection at this end. Let's not
light the broker, but get him to come
in with us and be a benefit instead of a
hindrance. With the correct recogni-
tion of the services the broker per-
forms, I believe the legitimate fruit
broker can be made a considerable
benefit.

You ask how to handle the "grower-
shipper." The grower-shipper who
ships to his frineds back East in mar-
kets which the regular shippers don't
reach and gets ten cents per box more
for his peaches is doing the fruit in-
dustry a distinct service. He is not a
price cutter or a market destroyer. He
is a genius, a benefactor to the in-
dusti->'. I wish the growers could all
do this kind of marketing. Hut the
growers who do this kind of marketing
are few. It is the grower who loads
his fruit, rolls it to the commission
merchant on consignment, rolls it
"wild" to Montana or Dakota, takes
a train and ofl'ers his fruit to retailers
at any old price — he is anything but
a benefactor. When Mr. Davidson and
the shippers got the f.o.b. price of
IJeaches up to thirty cents at one time

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—the orchardist's "right-hand man'

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trees. Light draft. All steels specially
hardened. Works deep or shallow, and /
cuts 4 to &% feet wide. ^,

Fully ciinranteed. New low prices. Made " J ■
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Write for New 72-page Catalog, free
Describes over 70 tools, including 13 entirel
new ones, and improvements to whole line.

rM

S L Allen & Co Box iioeu Philadelphia

We carry stuck in San T->ancisro and Los Anircles.
Aiicucics iu all tirincjtjal I'acilk Coait ctliei.

U

1

■^ '\

last August, a big Zillah grower was
back in the Bismarck and Fargo terri-
tory offering his Elbcrtas at twenty-five
cents to retailers and wholesalers alike,
and shed tears because he couldn't sell
them. He couldn't sell them because
he had ruined the market. At the same
time Sioux City wholesalers bought
four cars direct from growers, two at
20 cents and two at 20.4 cents, when all
the regular dealers were trying to get
and were getting 27% and 30 cents.

In my opinion, the "grower-shipper"
is a product of the marketing men's
own folly. Because some organizations
have for five years conducted a crusade
and i)reached the doctrine of hate
against the old ship])ers that had grown
up with the business, and because some
of the old shippers have answered in
much the same colored fumes, the
"grower-shipper" has been produced.
Ciround to powder, while, and because,
the market men were fighting, getting
less than cost of production for his
products, the grower has been driven
to despair. He has lost faith in the
men and organizations who have sold
his fruit. The "grower-shipper" is the
natural product of our marketing follies
and fighting. When we quit fighting,
wlien we consult our common sense,
when we marketing men get together
in the ditferent districts, the grower-
shipper will no longer be a menace,
because it will ])ay him better to mar-
ket through eflicient marketing agents.
I think I have foreshadowed my itiea of

the present remedy. Get together in
the ditferent fruit districts on joint-
selling boards, or get together by
reciprocal marketing arrangements, and
then let the different districts recipro-
cate. In my opinion, this can be tlone
under the general supervision of your
growers' councils and leagues and
units, which should have a closer or-
ganization. But the marketing plans,
the reciprocal arrangements, must be
worked out by the marketing men.
Continued in next issue

The winter short course of the Ore-
gon Agricultural College will be held
.lanuary 10 to February 4, 1916. These
meetings are largely attended by farm-
ers and fruit growers from dilferent
parts of the Northwest, because they
have found them to be of much value
in assisting them in their work. The
course this year will consist of fruit
raising, stock raising, dairy work, poul-
try, gardening, sewing, cooking, house-
hold arts, farm engineering, marketing,
etc. Every fruit grower and farmer
who can possibly arrange matters to
take one of these courses will be well
repaid for so doing.

"Mushroom Growing." by H. M. Duggar, is a
new treatise on this subject, piiblisiieii by tlie
Orange .Tudd Company, 31.') I'ourtli .\vcnue.
New York.

Mr. Ramie de Ruew of Sininioiis, Washing-
ton, bas ordered 85 tons of Sbaily Brooli Sheep
Feed for use during the lambing season.

The Wallii Walla Meat & Cold .Storage Com-
liany has ordered 100 tons of Shariv firook
Sheep Keed to be used for ftitlening.

Dow Arsenate of Lead

For the past eight years this material has successfully lead all others. Quality is our watchword,
and you can use Dow Arsenate of Lead with the feeling that you have the best that money
can purchase. When the codling moth is as numerous as it has been the past season, it affords
a good opportunity to demonstrate the real value of Dow Arsenate of Lead, and the record
it has made in the Northwest the past season should cause you to insist upon this brand for the
coming season's work. Address us for names of distributors in the Northwest, and we will be
glad to refer you to one in your community or close by.

U/ye Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan

VVIILN WKITING ADVEHTISEKS MENTION UlITTKR FRUIT

Page 28

BETTER FRUIT

The Drink
th&i ^i\^es

WOMEN

Strength

Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate is a sustaining
beverage. Women whose strength is taxed for
any unusual cause will find a daily cup of
Ghirardelli's just the thing to meet the drain on
their bodily vigor.

Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate in hermetically sealed cans is a blend
of finest cocoa and pure sugar — delicious, strength-bestowing — an
economical palate-stirring food-beverage.

Ghirardelli's is used in more homes in the West than all other
brands of chocolate combined. For your protection be sure you get

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In J<-lb., 1-lb. and 3-lb. hermetically sealed cans.
There's a double economy in buying the 3-lb. can.

D. GHIRARDELLI CO.

Since 18S2

San Franciico

January

under the usual Washington condi-
tions. The compounds of arsenic and
lead, zinc or lime have varying de-
grees of stability. Basic arsenate of
lead is extremely permanent; it can be
nscd with safety in climates where
other arsenicals scorch. But for the
same reason it is slow to kill, for an
arsenical must be digested and ab-
sorbed by the insect before it can cause
destruction, and in the meanwhile the
wormhole is becoming larger. Zinc
arsenite is a quick-acting insecticide.
It is easily absorbed in the insect's
body and it is therefore valuable for
the larger species wiiich recpiire a
stronger dosage than weak, newly-
hatched insects do. But this quickness
of effect implies relative instability,
and in fact zinc arsenite has caused
serious scorching in damp weather.
Arsenites of lime and of barium are
coarse grained and have been ruled
out as insecticides because their par-
ticles loom up too large to deceive the
microscopic worm.

Arsenicals are dangerous poisons
when taken in the proper amount.
Very weak dosages act as a stimulant,
to whet the appetite and add to one's
endurance. It is well known that cer-
tain people eat arsenic in increasing
amounts, beginning with the maximum
safe dose of one-twelfth of a grain and

How Spray Kills

Continued from page 18

eating it shall be indifferent to its
presence. Doubtless it is true that
combination sprays have often proved
effective and that success has often fol-
lowed the addition of lime to a poison
spray, but in such cases success is rela-
tive, and better results would have
probably been secured if the poison
had been left tasteless.

The use of an alluring bait is directly
opposite to that of the repellants.
Traps and sprays have been prepared
with molasses, syrup, glucose, sugar,
salt, manure, milk, lemons, oranges,
cider, vinegar, ai'omatic oils or beer
added to entice the various insects.
Here, again, one sort of bait will not
answer for all kinds of insects. Kven

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closely related species vary in their
choice of flavors.

Arsenicals have long been considered
the best of stomach poisons. With
these sprays the object is to coat the
food plant and the insect nnist then
unconsciously partake of the poison
when feeding. If the dose swallowed
is weak, the insect ceases feeding, is
attacked with a diarrhoea and finally
relaxes in death. If the dose is strong
a sort of inflammation of the bowels
immediately sets up and death follows
in a few hours. An arsenic compound
must be insoluble, since the presence
of free, soluble arsenicals scorches the
foliage. For this reason the extremely
poisonous white arsenic cannot be used
in spraying, but the insoluble arsenates
of lead, or arsenites of lime, zinc or
copper can be safely apiilied, at least

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Comparison

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A circulation of 1,000,000 a month,
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For 38 years Farm Journal has been the origi-
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265 Washington Square, Philadelphia

WHEN WKITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 29

adding to this iinlil they finally are
able to take more than six grains at a
time, or several times the amount that
would normally produce death. If a
tree is poorly sprayed, a leaf-eating in-
sect might get here and there a particle
of arsenic to act as a tonic, and a
spraying might therefore conceivably
do more harm than good. To test this
hypothesis Professor C. T. Brucs of
Harvard University and I last year se-
cured eggs of the Gypsy Moth from
sprayed and fi'om unsprayed wood-
lands. The caterpillars developing
from these eggs were fed varying but
weak dosages of arsenic and showed a
measurable resistance to the poison in
favor of the caterpillars reared from
the sprayed trees. While this experi-
ment shows that there is a hereditary
ditference in insects in their suscepti-
bility to poison, its explanation is per-
haps merely this: Where spraying is
not thorough, so that not all insects
are killed, the ones that escape are
most apt to be the hardier, more re-
sistant individuals, and such vigor is
apt to be transmitted to coming gen-
erations.

Contact insecticides are, generally
speaking, of two kinds — those that
sutTocate the insect by clogging or poi-
soning the brcalhing system, such as
soaps, oils, tobacco or fumigants; and
those like sulphur-lime or sulphur-
soda, that produce a chemical reduction
of the insect's body. Insects breathe
not through a mouth or nose, but
through a series of pores arranged
along the sides of the body. These
pores open into a system of tubes of
microscopic fineness, which permeate
every part of the body. Plugging of the
pores by oils or soaps results in death.
Here the spray must actually wet and
adhere to the greasy body of the insect,
which explains why nicotine in water
solution is much less effective than
when combined with soap.

Sulphur-lime is a very unstable solu-
tion. Principally it consists of a chem-
ical called calcium polysulphide (CaS4).
As soon as exposed to the air this sub-
stance absorbs oxygen and is converted
into a series of compounds known, in
the order of their formation, as calcium
thiosulphate (CaSjO:.), calcium sulphite
(CaSd.;) and calcium sulphate (CaSO^).
This reaction calls for a progressive ab-
sorption of oxygen and a simultaneous
deijosition of the finest of sulphur. The
combined action of the withdrawal of
oxygen from the insect sprayed and the
effect of the deposited sulphur are sup-
posed to account for the insecticidal
action of sulphur-lime.

Sulphur-soda has i)roportionally much
more of the thiosulphate compound,
which in this case, as sodium thiosul-
phate, is the familiar "hypo" used by
photographers, and has no insecticidal
value, as it is not oxidized further.
Theoretically, therefore, a sulphur-
soda spray should be less cflicient than
sulphur-lime, instead of being much
better as claimed by the manufacturers.
The decomposition reaction of sprayed
sulphur-lime is rapid at first, but con-

Every milk can will
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if you always use

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WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRl'IT

Page j(

BETTER FRUIT

Jaitiiarv

The Alpha Automatic
Power Spray Outfit

(PATENTED)

Fitted with 2-inch or 2i''2-inch Automatic Duplex or Triplex
Pump. — Equipped with the New Mechanical

Automatic Pressure Governor

Which Insures Safety, Secures Uniform Pressure and Elimi-
nates Unnecessary Wear.— No Relief or Diaphragm Valve
Required. — Top Guard Rails Fold Up or Can Bs Quickly
Removed. — Gear or Belt Driven. — Brass Fitted Throughout.
THE TWO ESSENTIALS in a iniwer spraypr are a thoroughly
dependable eiiyiiie ui aniijle horsepower and a positive and
reliable pressure i emulator that will insure uniform pressure
and eliminate unnecessary wear.

THE AVERAGE SPRAY RIG i.s equipped with a cheap engina
and a maUeshift pressure relief valve or diaphragm, which i.s
exposed to the corrosive action of the spray matei-ial. which
soon iiuls it out of eomniission.
THE ALPHA AUTOMATIC PRESSURE GOVERNOR with
Which the Alj.ha Spray ijuttit is e. pupped is a simple arrange-
ment of a combined lever and spring on each plunger connecting rod
which when the presstire reaches a pre-determined limit, automati-
callv discontinues the operation of the pump without interrupting
the 'driving power, again permitting it to resume operation when the
pressure tails below the point at which it has been set.
THIS INSURES SAFETY, seeuies uniform pressure, and eliminates
unnecessary wear (no liquid pumped except it passes through the
nozzles), tlie pressure relief is not dependent on the operation of a
sluK=-ish or .lefective relief valve, but is positive and mechanical,
thus making it impossible to run the pressure up to the danger
point.

THE POWER PLANT, depending on the size rig. is either a2%-h.p.
,,!■ I :'.'/„-h p Alpha Engine, equipped with a "built-in," gear-driven
positively-limed magneto, requiring no batteries or
easily started on the magneto without cranking.

coil, and

CAN YOU AFFORD to own a spray outfit that will balk? "When
you get ready to spray you have no time to tinker with a defective
engine, pump or relief valve, but want an outfit that is capable of a
continued high pressure raaintenanee and one that is thoroughly
dependaVile in eveiT particular.

THE ALPHA AUTOMATIC SPRAY OUTFIT will meet your most
exacting demands. The entire framework is made of channel and
angle iron, fitted with a wrought steel bedplate on which the engine
and pump are mounted, direct connected with machine-cut steel
gears.

BUILT IN ALL SIZES from a 2-inch pump and a 100-gallon tank to
a 2V2X.3-inch pump and a 200-galIon tank. (Either duplex or triplex.)
IT WILL PAY YOU to investigate thoroughly the merits of the
Al|>ha Automatic Power Sprayer before buying. Send for catalog
and prices.

De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

SAN FRANCISCO

SEATTLE

Everything for the Dairy

DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO.,

1016 Western Avenue, Seattle, Wash.
Ple.^se mail yonr Cat.ilog C-2 describing your Alpha
Sprayer Outfit to —

..Name

linues for a month or more in a weakt-r
and weaker degree. Not all scale in-
sects succumb to the first shock fol-
lowing the application of spray, but
many individuals maintain a tenacious
hold on life that carries them past the
danger period, and later these few indi-
viduals grow and reproduce. Sulphur-
lime undoubtedly induces a selective
mortality in the case of the San Jose
scale and of the eggs of red spider and
aphid.s. In these cases the actual
strength of the solution appears to have
little effect on the degree of resistance
of the insects.

SHADY BROOK

DAIRY FEED

What One

User Says

"It speaks wen for Shady Brook when three

cows ted upon it make over 105 pounds

butter In seven days and each breaks a

world's record for age"

Am a nodrm bu.loeM dalrym»o «e ««k yon to try <mf

,ll>lli Md blsb tnit •■■.« moU-... 50» .o«.>.
WrtU loF nam* o( nearby d«»l«r »nd b<KikI«t No. yo.

Shady Brook MUling Company

WAIXA WALIA. WASHINGTON

Farmers' Week at O. A. C.

The Farmers' and Home-makers'
Week and Rural Life Conferences to
be held during the week of January 3,
just in advance of the regular short
course, will give the fruit grower and
farmer a splendid opportunity to hear
lectures on valuable subjects of vital
importance to them. There will also
be brief, pointed, instructional lectures
by leaders in our state and from other
states on subjects of importance to
home-makers, engineers and all indus-
trial workers. There will be demon-
strations in the laboratories, dairy,
domestic science kitchens, stock barns,
gardens, orchards, greenhouses and
fields. There will be opportunities
afforded for examining and testing the
merits of many dilferent types of farm
machinery; opportunities for judging,
according to accepted standards, the
dilferent breeds and types of livestock;
conventions and conferences of some
of the state's greatest industrial and
professional associations.

The Oregon Agricultural College is
going to make this week a profitable
one (^or all those interested in the de-
velopment of the stale, community and
of the individual. As the regular col-
lege will not be in session that week,
the students' (juarlers will be available
for visitors, thus assuring ample ac-
commodations at moderate prices. The
college faculty will devote their entire
time to personal interviews and to the
regular exercises of this week. The
railroads will give reduced rates and

there will be no charges or fees for the
lectures or conferences. For further
information write H. I). Hetzel, director
Extension Service, Corvillas, Oregon.

lircirster. \VashinglfUi . won the sweepstakes
award for the wnrUl's best apples, which went
to Mr. Fred Conklin. This exhibit was pre-
pared by Henry E. Tweed, a student of the
Washington Atjricultural College, Pullman.
Much credit has been giycn Mr. Tweed for the
careful pains in preparing the exhibit. Con-
siderable aniusciiient is being obtained at the
expense of Hood River, for the reason tlie
exhibil of Hood Hiver was seven points ahead
in the scoring until the judges happened to
discover a tiny worm in the Hooil River ex-
hibit, which lost the prize for the State of
Oregon, giving the honor to Mr. Tred Conklin
of Brewster, Washington.

Feijoa Sellowiana is the name of a new
fruit that is being introduced by W. A. Lee,
Covina. California. The fruit is about the
size of a hen's egg and is said to be of very
delicious flavor. The Teijoa Sellowiana is a
native of Southern Rrazil and Uruguay, having
been introduced into the moderate climates
of France and Southern California very suc-
cessfully.

HONEST TREES ATI
HONEST PRICES

Order your trees direct from loncest
established, most reliable nursery in the
West. Save money - avoid disappoint-
ment. 500 acres— 50 yeare thoroughly
rehable dealings. Gel our list and prices
before you buy a tree

THE
WOODBURN NURSERIES

Woodburn, Ore.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 31

Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture

•JUST WHAT WE HAVE WANTED"
A SCIENTIFIC work written in plain language and devoted to practical ends.

The only work of the kind now complete anil up-to-date. A thorough manual
of fruit and vegetahle growing, covering every practical feature. Plant troubles,
the fullest ever listed in one work with every remedy. Planting, pruuiug,
spraying, harvesting, packing, marketing— all the methods so successfully prac-
ticed in the Northwest. Statistics of the fruit and vegetable business. All care-
fully indexed. Four volumes, 2,0G4 pages, 750 splendid halftones, drawings and
coloreil plates. 200 contributors.

"Every grower should have it, for between its covers may be found the answer
to practically every horticultural problem with which he will sooner or later be
confronted.'''— E. K. CARNES, formerly Entomologist for the California State
Commission of Horticulture, and now Superintendent Katomes Consolidated,
Sacramento, California.

Write for circulars and prices to ' 'Better Fruit, ' ' Hood River, Ore.

Advertising the Northwest Box Apple

By Orris Dorman, PrcsicUnt Spokane Fruit Growers Company.

I MIGHT .sny first that no definite
plan of operation wa.s presented,
and it was advised that the foniuilation
of the plan he left to the hoard it was
proposed to create to manage the under-
taking after funds were provided. The
principal argument presented hy its
advocates was that we should agree
that something should be done; which
we believe has been agreed on the part
of the growers for some years. While
there was no plan of operation pre-
sented, Mr. N. C. Richards, general
counsel for the North Pacific Fruit Dis-
tributors, stated that the plan was to
go into a market and create a demand
for Northwestern box apples, letting
all sell who wished to do so. That, to
our minds, would greately intensify the
competition in such markets between
those contriljuting the funds, to say
nothing of the (piantities of apples that
would be attracted to it belonging to
outside ship])ers. Manifestly the only
beneficial results of such an under-
taking to those financing it would be
the benefits accruing to box apples gen-
erally by developing markets that took

care of additional tonnage, and we
doubt that our growers would support
such an undertaking for any length of
time.

It is our belief that our growers have
been asked so often to join different
organizations looking toward the bet-
terment of the marketing conditions
for their fruit that a large percentage
of them will refuse to give favorable
consideration to this matter for the
reason, if no other, that they have con-
tributed liberally of their funds on
many occasions and are now deter-
mined to wait until some organization
makes good in its merchandising meth-
ods and sells to better advantage the
fruit entrusted to it. In view of this
fact, it occurs to us that the safe plan
to follow at this time is for each dis-
trict, or each shipping organization, to
proceed on its own market-developing
plans or to pick up and perfect the
market-extension plan partially tested
by Hood River and Spokane, until
something definite is proposed that
promises better results.

The Famous Aetna Brand

of guaranteed absolutely pure Lime and Sulphur Solution. Manufac-
tured by an Orchardist of over 25 years' practical orchard study. The
spray that spells perfection. Recommended by leading growers to be
the best on the market.

FOR PRICES, ETC., WRITE B. LEIS

B. LEIS, The Aetna Orchards

(Phones, Beaverton Central)

BEAVERTON, OREGON

Dependable Brand
Lime Sulphur Solution

The Standard Solution for the Fruit Growers of the Northwest.
Highest percentage of Sulphur in Solution in proportion to Baume
test of any brand offered on the market.

M,\Nl!F.\CTl'RKn HY

GIDEON STOLZ CO., Salem, Oregon

Experience has proven that the de-
tails of this plan of operation can be
carried out by the salesman of average
ability. It is not so exorbitantly
expensive and the increased prices
received appear to go a long way
toward meeting the expense. It has
a certain amount of prestige, which at
this juncture seems necessary. The
plan is one by which many other in-
dustries have developed markets and
held them and increased them to take
care of a constantly-growing product.
Fully developed and undertaken on a
scale large enough to move the bulk of
the tonnage of some of our large dis-
tricts, it should be attractive to the am-
bition of any of those who wish to suc-
ceed in a large way at this sort of thing.
True, it does not present the dazzling
allurement of the suggested plan of gen-
eral advertising and market extension,
with a fund running into six figures.
It appeals to the grower, however, as
he can be made to see where his money
is being spent in the very simple and
effective undertaking through specialty
salesmen and advertising to intensively
work certain fields in the sale of his
varieties and his brands. The benefits
accruing to box apples generally, of
Colorado, California or even of the
neighboring Northwestern States, is
merely incidental. There is nothing
new or spectacular about it. It is
simply beginning at the beginning, or
at the bottom, and working up with the
means at our command, without at-
tempting to create new means or new
agencies, which miglit prove impos-
sible and which (piile likely when cre-
ated woulfl prove imiiractical.

If anything approaching reasonable
division of territory in which each
separate organization can work in the
upbuilding of new markets, .spending
its own money in its own way, free
from the competition of other like or-
ganizations, we believe that each can
serve its growers more acceptably than
a combination can serve all the factors
coiniKising it. In ndililion, it can spend
as much moiu'\- :ui(l elfort as it pleases
in markets that cannot be divided, that
will always remain common fighting
ground. In this way only can the com-
I)etition l)etween varieties and between
brands, that we have always hereto-
fore felt, be eliminated. In this way
the jealousies and suspicions between
districts can be eliminated that have
heretofore, and always will, render in-
elfeclual any combination on a large
scale of conllicting Interests and Ideas.

WHEN H'RITINT. .\DVERT1SERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page

BETTER FRUIT

S P RAY

with Sherwin-Williams Dry Powdered

Insecticides and Fungicides

No water— all poison^ easy to ship and handle— no danger
of freezing, drying out or spoiling— the late^ improved scien-
tific mixtures that give maximum killing power without mjury
to foliage :

Arsenate of Lead
Fungi-Bordo
Tuber-Tonic
Lime-Sulfur

All in

Dry Powdered

Form

Send for oar Spraying Literature

The Sherwin-Williams Ca

Insecticide and Fungicide Makers
707 Canal Road, Cleveland, O.

-tke Gasoline
or Qttaliiy

Highest award at
San Francisco and
San Diego Expo-
sitions. The gold
medal gas — first in
carbureting quali-
ties, in purity, in
uniformity.

Red Crown

the stra'(;ht
refinery gasoline

Standard Oil Company

tCalifoniia )

Portland

PICTORIALKEVIEW

MAGAZINE ALL
WANT

CHRISTMAS
1-315

rTFTTH* <B"s A enrt

Pictorial Review Jv"o"me^n\^o\^S

I'or a limited time onl\' w e arc atile to otter our ^iibscril^-
ers a very liberal bargain. We can think of no magazine
which is so popular with the women folks of America as
PICTORIAL REX'IEW. The poDularity and attrac-
tiveness of PICTORIAL REVIEW has been the talk
of the magazine world - It is the home and Fashion Guide
for 1,250,000 women.

Fashions and Household Helps

For almost ten years I'RTORIAl. R lA' I E\V haf -tood
supreme in the world of fashion. Ilesidcs there are gen-
eral household helps and hints in every issue of the maga-
zine ■ the sort of information which every practical house-
keeper delights in,

Biggest and Best Offer
"Better Fruit" 1 year $1.00 Both for ffl (LC

Pictorial Review 1 year 1.50-$2. 50 only >*>-i-.v>J

$100,000 for Fiction
$100,000 has been paid for notion which will appear in
PICTORI.\L RE\'IE\V this next year. Four great
serial stories by world-famous authors. From four to
eight short stories by the best short story writers in the
world will also appear in each issue. licsides there will
be fact and feature articles that will interest all.

This offer is for a very limited time only, therefore send
your order soon and you save 85 cents on your subscrip-
tion investment.

Address "BETTER FRUIT," Hood River, Oregon

Jtiiiiuiry

V/Ach di.strict or c-uch .shipper, tr.\iiij> to
outdo every other in their nu'thods
of nierchandisin.s> I'luit promises the
simijlest, le;ist expensive iind most
ell'eclive plan for market development.
It has in it elements of strength that
woulil make for continuity of elTort.
Operations that can he financed year
after year must get results that are
easih- pointed out to the grower. Our
growers and husiness men could under-
stand Ihe plan of oju'ration, know how
and where and by whom their money
was being spent, could accurately
measure the results obtained and could
fix the responsibility for success or
failure upon men employed by them
and answerable to them.

The new ])lan proposed does not even
follow the idea always heretofore ad-
vanced that in some way the tonnage
should be brought under control, and
an eliort made to orderly distribute it
in the different markets, according to
their size. While I believe that no
effort will ever succeed in properly
controlling and distributing the ton-
nage, it seems to me that through oiu'
plan is promised greater control of the
tonnage than anything yet suggested.
I can see no way of etpiitably distribut-
ing it, and marketing it orderly, until
markets for all of it are found and
methods followed that natuially direct
the tonnage of the various districts to
such markets. It seems illogical to me
to try to prepare the markets generally
for the tonnage generally of all our
Northwestern growers. Some have
proposed an all-Northwestern brand to
be used in the general extension of our
markets, and if such an arrangement
could be effected and the fruit of tliis
brand used without an\- apparent dis-
crimination detrimental to any of our
districts, or to the various varieties of
fruit grown in the dilTerent districts,
and the plan looked promising enough
to insure its continuation from year to
\iar, it might result in a great deal of
gootl to the industiA. However, it
seems to me that it would be impossil)le
to effect an arrangement of that kind
that could continue permanently. I
believe the elfort would shorth degen-
erate to a point where we would have
one more competing brand of fruit
offered in the markets.

We are not expressing our opinion at
this length because we believe that any-
one is trying to take any advantage of
any body of oiu- growers. We concede
that the advocates of this new theory
of market development are just as sin-
cere as we are in their efTorts to pro-
mole better conditions generally. We
have formed these ideas through our
study and experience and submit tliem
for what they are worth. We will in-
sist that any plan submitted to the
growers asking for the expenditure of
their funds shall be carefully thou.ght
out and presented in a way that will
give them an opportunity to consider
its merit befi>re voting uiion it. This
was si)ecifically asked for in the reso-
lution passed at the drowers" C.oiincil,
and nothing with great indeiiniteness
alimil it will appeal to them.

WHEN \\P.ITINO ,\n\ERTISEKS MENTION

BETTER FRUIT

I0i6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 33

ONCE IS ENOUGH
ISN'T IT?

If the codling moth got
:i(l of your crop last year,
how much will it get this
year unless you

Use Crown

Mass-o-Spray

Nozzles

The only soUd-cone-npray
nozzles made.

Often imitated but
never equalled

A GOOD NOZZLE

IS KNOWN BY ITS FRUIT

MOST NOZZLES MAKE A i
BIG SHOW AND A LOT OF ^
NOISE ABOUT IT BUT DO
NOTHITTHERIGHTSPOTi

THE CROWN i
MASS-O-SPRAY

HAS DOUBLE THEi
PENETRATIVE /
POWER OFOrHERSJ'
HITSTHECENTERi

READTHE LETTE

ANDTHINKiT,

OVER ^

A

..JZZLE

..HICHWILL

SPRAY AGAINST

■ THEWINDISWHAT

^ YOUWANT. THIS ONE

WILL DO IT. IT THROWS A

' SOLID CONE SHAPED

MASS OF SPRAY.

-■ NOTAHOLLOWCONEASOTHERSOO
ITCOVERSINHALFTHETIME
THE PRICE IS ONLY *m FOR TWO
SENT BY MAIL ANDGUARANTEIO

CROWN SPECIALTY CO.

629 WASHINGTON BLVD. CHICAGO, ILL.

WEMAKETHE

MOST PERFECT

5RRAYING ACCESSORIES

ON THE MARKET-IT IS AN

' EXACT SCIENCE WITH U5

INSISTON HAVING THEM

A CROWN RELIEF VALVE

ON YOUR SPRAY PiiljlP WI-LL SAVE A
LOTOF TROUBLE
THERE ISNO 'JUST AS GOOD"
PRICE $4 go BY PARCELS POST.

Dear Sirs:

herewith hand vou money order for Or
pay for the iwo iviass-o-spray nozzi
I sent me for tria' some time ago. I <var\t to
say that yuu make lo mistake in selling these
goods on the plan you do for they surely talk
for themselves. I bought a new sprayer of the
largest capacity this spring, and I think these
nozzles have increased its efficiency at least 25
per cent. They set a pace that is hard lo lol

You will hear from me again as I need
supplies. Thanking you, I am, Youi
Payette, Idaho. Apr. 2?.' 12. L.E.KEELEI

For One Dollar

we will mail ymi

Two Nozzles

Semi money order, Cliitagn

Jiaft, or currpiity.

It personal eliei-k is sent, add

m centfi fnr cxrlinnge.

Alcn' Mo^t high grade out-

■^»-*^'-'" fits are iinwefiuijipt'd

Willi the

Crown Relief Valve

If V'lur (nittit Iiii>-irt one,
>'.iid'$4.00 for oni- prepaid.

Crown Specialty Co.

1629 WashinKton Blvd.
CHICAGO

liv

Codling Moth Control in the Northwest

S. \V. I'osliT, Entomologist and Maiuigfr Insecticide Department General Clieniical C.omiiany, San iManeisco, California.

SO imich hits been written about
codling moth during the last dec-
ade and so many speeches made
on this subject one would seem ,ju.sti-
lied in concluding control methods
should be so well-known and so thoi-
oiighly practiced that further dis-
cussion of the sub.ject was unnecessary.
This year's expeiience, however, woulil
indicate that the codling-moth lamily
is a very large and exceedingly live
one, and a foe well worth our best

Hood River Pruning & Grafting Wax

KKADV l''OH USE

Without Heating

l-lb. Can, postpaid, 00c
Made by

A. NIEHANS, Hood River, Oregon, R 2

WalnutsAre
Dollars

Plant a Walnut Grove that will
grow into dollars while you
sleep. The N'rooman Franquette
bears at three years and sells for
25 cents per pound — is smaller
than an apple and sells for more
money. Get in with the tide and
g-et rich. At forty feet apart it only
takes 28 trees to the acre. Is
cheaper than an apple orchard
to plant and makes your land
more valuable.

True Vrooman Franquette

Walnuts Trees at Bargain Prices

at

Mira-Monte Nursery

SAN JOSE, CAL.

efTorts to combat. Many fruitgrowers
of the Northwest have been sorely dis-
appointed this year. It has not been
pleasant to see such a high percentage
of apples go to the cull pile, especially
when the crop was short and prices,
for marketable fruit, better than any
time for three years past. This dis-
appointment is by no means confined
to the fruitgrower, but affects every
person who has the welfare of this
country at heart and either directly
or indirectly alfects every industry of
this large section. Manufacturers of
any commodity, whether it be spray
materials, farm machinery, shoes, au-
loiuobiles or what not, want the fruit-
grower and farmer to obtain adeciuate
returns for his produce. These returns
judiciously ajiplied toward producing
more and better fruit and other farm
crops mean greater prosperilx- lo cvci\
section. If this loss results in more
careful work in the future, and belter
Ijractice in every detail of control op-
erations, Ihi.s year's experience will be
of value, for it is seldom that the wise
and successful man makes the same
mistake twice.

Ahmy jjcojile are studying Ihe aijple
problem from dilferent angles. You
have marketing experts, eflicicnl sales-
nu'it, good graders, many of \(iu know
\()ur soil and climate and are adei)t in
cultivation and pruning; then why
such woeful failure in some cases lo
proi)erh' control the worms'.' .\n ex-
tensive trip Ihrou.iiliout the apple sec-
lions of the I'acilic Northwest this fall
convinced me llial the one main cause
above cvcrvthiiig else was the faihu'c,
l)> the fruitgrower, from whatever
may have been Ihe cause; to properly
meet conditions as these conditions
;ictiiall.\ existed in each localilN'.
l^vei'N orchard I saw that showed a
hi.gh percentage of wormy fruit showed
ver\ little, if any, arsenate of lead on
tile fiiiit or foliage in late .Vugiist to
earh Se|jtember. It seems to be lui-
luan nature among all of us that after
considerable experience with some
speiial line, if we meet with any
degree of success, we begin to think

that (juestion solved for all time to
come, and therefore begin to neglect
the moi'c important, necessary opera-
tions.

.\11 forms of insect life are fighting
continually for existence and the per-
petuation of the species. Abundance
of suitable food, favorable surround-
ings and climatic conditions, the ab-
sence of natural enemies and scarcity
of or laxness in artificial methods of
control all tend to allow a great in-
crease in the numbers of any ])est.

Wanted

Position as managerof
Orchard or Farming
Proposition. Have
liacl experience in Apple, Cherry. Prune
and Bmall fruit growing in both irrigated
Hiol noil irriualed SfOtioiis. Kxperienceil in u'ener-
ul fiirmiiig and understand prune dryiiiK (.irad-
uate of Oregon Agricultural College. Can give
satisfactory recommendations upon reipiest. Ad-
dress R.E.S.,care"Better Kruit,'*Hood River, Or

The SprayThat Sticks

.#.

Adheso

Insecticide—Tonic— Fungicide

WHEN other spray materials tail to do
their" work, because rain waslies
them off. "ADHESO" STICKS, killing
the Codling Moth and PREVENTING
the SCAB, because it stays where it is
needed and does not wash off into the

"ADHESO" GAVE 99 CLEAN FRUIT
I Ills YEAR, the worst in fifteen years
fcir Codling Moth and Scab.

Write for details and means for mak-
ing the STANDARD TEST FOR ADHE-
SION.

"Triangle" Brand Arsenate of Lead

Tile reason our .Arsenate of Lead
costs more than others, was shown this
year. Ask anv grower who used it. He
DID NOT LOSE 50 to 75 bv WORMY
APPLES.

It is not the COST PER POUND but
the COST PER SPRAY TANK and RE-
SULTS OBTAINED that count.

Ansbacher A, Insecticide Co.,„<

527 Fifth Ave., NEW YORK CITY

Wnr.V WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRl'l

WHfc-N WRITING .\nVEUTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 34

BETTER FRUIT

January

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & 1. Co.'
Cement Coated Nails.

In some sections last year (1914) the
apple crop was heavy, prices low and
far less than the u.sual care given
the orchards, especially insect-control
measures. Apples were not picked as
closely as usual, some were left on the
trees, more on the ground, wormy
apples were thrown away with little
thought of loss. The season was more
open, fair and reasonably warm till
late fall, many worms hatching from
eggs deposited even as late as harvest
time found sullicient food for maturity,
all of which resulted in a heavy carry-

over of worms and a more general in-
festation of fruit this past spring than
had occurred for some time previous.
Weather conditions then interfered
with the routine spray operation, in
some cases the application was greatly
delayed or omitted and sometimes
heavy rains followed soon after the
spray was applied. Only very few
growers took the precaution to repeat
the application under these conditions.
Those who did so have been repaid
many times over. Also there was no
regularity in bioods of worms. In

Earn Big Pay as a Tree Expert

From a farm hand at $25 a month to a tree expert
at $3,000 a year — from monotonous grind to a fas-
cinating, healthful, respected profession — that is
the rise of the man pictured here, P. E. Hudson.
Jamaica, L.I., N.Y. Througli tendent. Fruit Growing. Tree

the Davey course of training
by mail hundreds of young
men. like Hudson, have im-
proved their condition in life.
You have an equal chance. A
few months study, at home,
in your spare time, will fit
you for any of the following
positions — Tree Surgery,
City Forestry, Park Superin-

Surgery and Fruit Growing,
City Tree Expert. Forestry.
These fields are uncrowded;
you will have more demands
for your services than you
can fill. Write today for
book. "Adventures in Suc-
cess," and tell us which of
the professions listed above
especially appeals to you.;. -

TheDavey Institute of Tree Surgery,435 Oak st.,Kent,o.

Prune and Grafted Walnut Trees

Also Apples. Pears, Peaches. Plums, Apricots, Cherries, Small Fruit Plants, Etc.

Can be bought now at Greatly Reduced Prices

Write today submitting your want list for quotations.

LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., LAFAYETTE, OREGON

Pear Trees for Sale

Bartlett, Anjou,

other varieties.

I have a large lot to offer of the followingf sorts:

Bosc, Winter Nelis. B.Clairgeau, Howell, Cornice aiu

All budded trees, one and two years old.

I also have Plum and Prune Trees budded on plum, and budded
berry-bearing and seedling Holly Trees from 2 to 5 feet. Also Mazzard
Cherry and Marianna Plum stocks for nursery planting.

Good stock at very low prices to Nurserymen, Dealers and Planters.

jAMi:s w. sti:phens

Kelso, AVasKington

fact there was little distinction or
division between the broods this past
summer; worms hatched almost every
(lay from the beginning of the first
brood imtil the end of the last and
entered the fruit unless killed. Fewer
worms entered the fruit through the
calyx and more through the side than
is apparently the case during normal
years. It was therefore important that
the fruit and foliage be covered with
poison all the time. Fruitgrowers
should fully appreciate by this time
the value of the first or calyx spray,
for we know that most of the first-
brood worms and a considerable per-
centage of the later broods enter
through the calyx.

It is very natural for the grower to
attribute the failure or lack of success
to the material used and often to claim
it was faulty. He is often encouraged
from one source or another to do this.
Those people, however, should remem-
ber that maiuifacturers of insecticides
for interstate shipment must make them
so they will meet the reiiuirements of
the federal insecticide and fungicide
law. This law governs the standard
so far as the contents or anahsis of
the spray material is concerned. .\Iso
some states are now undei'taking to
make all local manufacturers meet
these same or similar requirements.

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives you a hieh grafle quick selling product at a
minimum cost. It makes a clean and natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetables have been
approved by the U. S. Government, while desiccated,
dried and evaporated products have been rejected.
There is but one Dehydrator manufactured in the
West and it is the bent By-Product machiDe ever de-
vised. It is adapted to the imiividual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therefore, you are
protected in its use.

The manufacturers of this Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved automatic labor-saving
preparatory machinery which will fiirther reduce the
present low coBt for the production of this product.

Fur new descriptive booklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7, 122 'a Grand Ave., Portland. Oregon

"Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery SuppliCB

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines. Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast Grown Seedlings

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

Write Now Perfection Currants W^rite Nowr

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

^"^'' 35

■f Fruit
' Book
FREE!

l60Pages,lllusirafed

Write for it Today!

Tp!!.-; bnst varieties, season of ripening, Rowing
habi's, most saualactory kinds for your section,
which are be?t m .ney-makers— choicest apple, p^ar,
peach, plum, cherry, grape. t.ush-fruits. strawberries,
roses, ornamentals, etc. Over 200 photo-
grapt's. B..<.k is worth 11.00. but SENT
FREfcl by return mail if youwritetoiiay.

$1,420 From 1 Acre
, of J. H.Hale Peaches

K'ail all about this wonderful
p<;ich— how it sold at $2.50
ptr bushel this year when
ElbcrLas brought 90c to
Jl 25. Immense size. beau-
1 1 1 111 Color. quality. flavor;
lirtn enoi:eh to ship in
III lis.; fine forcanmntr;
rpens ahead of El-
bcrtas — grea test
money-maU er in
P'j.-trhos. Al o about
early Rosepea< h.ofFired
1 li iiit-i_-:-MU-i.TS tiy II-; tir-;t
iii'tl. ss Li, ..n. Mlphcst
Quality and best shipping early peach,

Delicious — The National Desert Apple

A flavor unsurpnssed — succ'^s every-
where—Nlw Y.jik, Ohio. Ma?:r;ichu-
Eeiu.to Pacific Coast. Brinpri k rowers
on the average $1.00 more t er box
th in other applet", i^'l-mt at leust half
your orchard to Delicious— eet genu-
ine Wm- P, Stark trees. Other good
apples in catalog.

Hardy, Big Rooted Trees

Our Ozark Mountain, ?larlc City Foil produces un-
usually heavy, stiong, wnli'-spteading mots. These
roots give the trees a qui-'ker stmt, healthy, thrifty
prowth and brinjr them inli> benrintj a yt-ar and some-
times two years sooner than orJinary-rooted trees.

No Agents! Save 30% to 50%

Our catalog is our only salesman. You save ail
agents' commissions and expi'iises. Get your trees
direct from nursery-no rehandling. Our "3 000
Mile Package" ensures safe arrival anywhere.
Every tree or plant doubly guaranteed true to
name. We have customers in every state — some in
your neiebborhond. Get ready for early planting-
write f-tr the bunk today.

C/se COUPON^ Post Card or LeMer

: WILLIAM P. STARK NURSERIES 1

I Box 74P STARK CITY, MO. |

I Please send me Free 160 Page Fruit and ■

Tree Book. I

I Name ■

Post Office _

I

li F.D State.

A Winning Combination
Bees and Fruit

Latest methods of beekeeping simply told in
our "Bee Primer. ■■ Highly instructive. Send
25 cents today for the book and six months
trial subscription to

American Bee Journal, Box x, Hamilton, 111.

DQD SEEDS

GOOD AS CAN BE GROWN
Prices Below All Others

1 will pfive a lot of new
sorts free with every order
I fill. Buy and test. Return
i£ not O. K.— money refunded.

Big Catalog FREE

Over 700 illustrations of vegra-
tabtes and flowers. Send vnura
and your neiirlibors' addresses.
R. H. SHUMWAY, Rockford. III.

The real rea.son for lack of proper re-
sults can usually be found in the failure
to properly nieel Ihe local conditions.
The increasing amount of fruit grown
in any section; the older, the taller, the
larger and thicker the trees become
the more worms and other pests will
appear, unless extra efforts and pre-
cautions are intelligently applied to
olTset this natural increase. It is by
no means as easy to fill every calyx
cup or cover every apple with spray
on a large, thick tree as it is to
effectively do so on a small, easily
accessible tree. Furthermore, the
worms find more and better hiding
Ijlaces on the larger old trees, and a
greater percentage of worms find pro-
tection during the pupation or trans-
formation peri(jd. Too many growers
were inclined to consider the codling-
moth problem solved and did not give
it sullicient attention.

My purpose in calling attention to
these possible omissions is to point out
the necessity of more and better care
and more thorough work to meet any
changed condition that may arise.
Make more applications if necessary,
but in any case protect your investment
to give the greatest possible return. If
an unexpected rain destroys the value
of an application of spray reijcat the
spraying at once, and if long-continued
rain or other conditions arise to favor
the pests and to work against the crop,
do an extra amount of work along the
proper line to overcome this. Some are
inclined to balk at the expense of the
operation, but when we know that an
orchard can be sprayed six times a
year, once in the dormant state and
five times during the growing season,
allowing a combination of fungicide
and insecticide for at least three spray-
ings at a total cost for the entire opera-
tion of five cents per box when you
have 400 boxes i)er acre, of ten cents
per box when you have only 200 boxes
per acre, we cannot give nearly the
sympathy to the man who yells ex-
pense as we do give admiration and
encouragement to the man who says he
has invested five cents per box or ten
cents per box, as the case may be, to
insure all of his fruit to be clean, mar-
ketable and is a credit to himself and
to his community.

There is no economic reason why
(he Northwest, if properly handled,
should not get an average of .^l.OO jier
box for most varieties of apples f.o.b.
shipping station. By omitting one
spray during the season, with a crop
of -100 boxes per acre you may save
one and one-half cents per box, or
■ffi.OO per acre, and lose 10 per cent of
your crop, or .$10.00 per acre on your
investment. Add to this your extra
grading and packing expenses and you
will have even a greater dillerence,
which shows all the more proof that
the greatest of care should be inlclli-
genlly exercised to i^rotect yoiu' invesl-
ment against such loss and not con-
sider money so i)ai(l as a tax, but as
premium paid to protect the capital in-
vested. In the last analysis that is the
only way to consider any money put

SIMPSON a DOELLER CO.

1423 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDG.

PORTLAND. OREGON.

E.SHELLEY /nOROAN MOR.

For the Next Thirty Days

we will deliver to you anywhere in U. S
One Dozen Choice, Assorted Rose Bushes

For Sl.OO

PORTLAND ROSE NURSERY

Lents, Oregon

Donald Nursery Company

DONALD, OREGON

Growers of a general line of nursery
stock. A good clean stock of Italian
Prunes and 2-year Bartlett Pears at spec-
ial prices. Also a good line of Evergreens
and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs.

Write for our Illustrated Descriptive

Cntnlupue; mailed free on reijuest.

Donald Nursery Company

RHUBARB

Now is the Best Time to Plant

WAGNER'S IMPROVED WINTER RHUBARB

If planted NOW vou should derive good
results. Also BERRIES and small fruit.
Write for prices. J. B. WAGNER, Rhubarb,
Berry and Cactus Specialist, Pasadena, Cal.

Walnuts— Grafted Walnuts

Mayette

Franquette

Concord

T>__,J- T^ti-Mork ti'i^J out and found

r>e»l J. Ill ee practically blight-
proof. All of best and largest strain.
Bear after first year.

Big monev in >Valnut growing.
Write quick for our LOW PRICES.

TABLE GROVE NURSERIES

Healdsburg, California

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.
Proprietors

HOOD RIVER. OREGON DUFCR, OREGON

Growers of high grade nursery stock, gnar-
anteed true-to-name. Breeders and iniportera
of purebred Big Tvpe Poland China Hogs. Ser-
vice boars, bred gilts and weaning pige for sale.
; For catalog of nursery stock and prices
on swine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD KIVER, OKKOON

.^You CAN ccn nn pe"

^£ARN OUUiUU DAY

11 ^te^Hl

fM^H^^HI Gearless Improved Standard

y^^^^^^A Well Drilline Machine

^^^B; ^^^^^W l>rills throujfh iiiiv fornia-
'"' tlon. Five veiirsalifad of any

ottif r. Hns record or.lriiliiiK 130 feet iuul driving casing
in y lii>ur.s. Anollifr ri-rord wlicre 7(1 IVet wan drilled i)n
2 l-li krallnn-s di>-t1llii(p at !)<■ i>er k'nl'i'ii. One man can
operate. Klertricallv eitnippeii t'nr rnnning nights.
Fistiini.' .inl. KriL'ln.' ik'riiti..n. Catiiloirin- W-«i,

REIERSON MACHIKERV CO.. MIgs.. 1295-97 Hood St.,Portland,are.

Page 36

BETTER FRUIT

nnitiry

L

Mulconroy Sic Spray Hose

LIGHT

Weighs 6 oz. to foot.

STRONG

Tested to 2,000 lbs.

FLEXIBLE

Will coil in 3 in. circle.

Can't Kink, Twist,

Burst, Collapse

or Chafe

Protected against kinking, hard knocks, sharp turns, dragging over rough surfaces
and other outside abuse. Tube especially compounded to resist the action of the oily
and corrosive liquids and powders used in spraying.

Full capacity always, because HOSE CANNOT KINK.

When equipped with Mulconroy High Pressure Couplings, it makes THE STRONG-
EST HOSE MADE. Ask for No. 47 Folder.

J. W. GOEBEL, Factory Representative, Route No. 3, Salem, Oregon

Ridley,Houlding&Co.

COYENT GARDEN, LONDON

Points to remember wlieu cousigning
apples to the London Market

1.— We Specialize in Apples

2.— All Consignments Receive our
Personal Attention

3.-The Fruit is Sold by
Private Treaty

CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station, Belmont Road

We \n]l be pleased to Bhow you trees, apple trees that have a heritage, a quality that should be considered by everyonf
who plants a tree. Our trees are grown In clean hillside virtnn red shot soil with clay subsoil, producing the most vigorous
root system. Our buds are selected from the best bearing healthy Hood River trees that make the Hood River apple
famous throughout the world. Our trees will give you satisfactory results In vigor, fruit and quality. Ask for caulog
We griiaranlee our products. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, almonds and walnuts. A complete line of the best varietle*
of all kinds of fruits.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD, President

W. J. ENSCHEDE. Manager

PORTLAND. OREGON

Portland Hotel

Tlie hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Sliopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan — $1.00 per day and upward

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

GEO. C. OBER, Manager

into :iii oLcluii'd vi'iituri'. Look upon it
:is ;m invivstiiiunl or else to protect the
inveslmenl \ on ;ilre;i(ly h;ive. We must
look inrttier Mheiui and iJ[ive full con-
sideration to what the results will be
at harvest, or selling time; that is, what
return.s the investment will yield,
rather than take into account only the
cost of the material you use and the
labor to apijlx it. 11 is rare that the
omission of one oi' two applications of
spra\. in oi'dei' lo save a small expense
eai 1\ in Ihe year, does not result in a
far greater loss at the end of the sea-
son. It would be folly to spend •'i'l.i.OO
per acre on orchard si)raving lo give
85 per cent clean fruit and stop there
when S.i.dO i)er acre added to this
would give you !)8 per cent clean fruit.
There has been much complaint this
year as to the enormous number of
side worms. Many groweis report
very few api)les lost from calyx worms,
but in some cases one-third of the crop
was rendered unmarketable by injury
from side worm.s. \o single explana-
tion coidd cover all the conditions in
all sections which might tend to pro-
duce this stale of afl'airs. It is gener-
alh conceded that in any section where
conditions will ijcrmit three broods of
woiiiis per year that each worm ma-
luring from the lirsl brood will mean,
in the absence of control measures, at
least (iOfl worms before the season is
over. .Also most of the apjjles injured
by calyx worms early in the season will
fall fi-om the trees before maturing.
Furthermore, if the calvx cup is well
filled with arsenate of lead it will
usualh remain etfeclive Ihroughoul the
season, killing all worms that attempt
to enter the fruit at this place. It is
rare that side worms are found early
in the season, largely because so few
worms are jjiesent at thai time as com-
Ijared with the enormous increase later
in the year. While undei- noinial con-
ditions 80 lo 8,') ])er cent of the first-
brood worms may enter through the
calyx cup only some 10 to 20 per cent
of Ihe later broods of worms on un-
spra\ed trees enter the fruit at that
point, while Ihe other 80 lo 90 i)er cent
go through Ihe side. The principal
reason, therefore, during normal sea-
sons, for Ihe great number of side
worms late in the season is very largely
because of the ntmiber of worms |)res-
enl to infesi Ihe fiuit. In 1!)!,') it seems
evident that fewer of the fii-st-brood
woi-nis enteied the fruil throiruh Ihe
calyx and more throuab the side than
is nornially the case. Due to cold, wet
weather the first brood (the worms
hatching from eggs deposited b\ moths
emerging from over-winlcring larvae)
was delayed and stiiing out over a
longer period of time; the ai)|)les were
larger and smoother by Ihe time the
later ai)i)earing first-brood worms had
emerged, and these worms found easy
access through Ihe side of the apples,
'file remedy is more careful and nioie
persisleni, Ihorough spraying, kejit up
continuallx through good >ears and
had, to keep Ihe number of worms
snllicienlly reduced to prevent the ap-
pcaiance in gical numbers at an\ time.

riN WkrilNC, ADVKItTISKRS MlNTldN BKITKK FHUIT

1Q16

BETTER FRUIT

^"i;'' .-7

Do not i^i'l :i inisliikcn idea ol' econoniy
l),v saving niati'iial early in the season
at so heavy a cost at harvest time. Use
enough poison, properly mixed and
thorou.ghlx api)lied to every part of
the trees at the right time to catch all
worms, both early and late appearing,
lenienibering that the eoilling-nioth
e.ggs are deposited both on the Irnit
and foliage; therefore at each applica-
tion thoroughly cover with a thin lilni
of spra\ ever.N leaf and every apple on
the tiee. Watch the trees and fruit
more closely early in the season, and
if any worms or wormy apples can be
found, or if weather conditions are
such as to favor the development of
worms or cause irregularit>' of broods
and at the same time work against the
elfecliveness of or interfere with the
timing of the spray application, make
an exti-a effort and do extra work to
meet the unusual conditions that ma\
arise at an\ time or in any locality and
which do arise at some time in every
section.

Standard aisenate of lead |)aste will
positively control the codling moth on
any variety of apples in any section, if
Ijro|)erly applied, to meet the actual
conditions that exist. Work that is
successful one year may not necessarily
be so next year if followed out in the
same way, but under different condi-
tions. We cannot lay the fault for lack
of success to arsenate of lead, for it
is the best-suited poison, all things
considered, that can be safely used on
apple trees to control codling moth.
Xoiinallx three thorough applications,
properlx timed, are suliicient to con-
Irol codling moth, but it may happen
Ihat bi'causc of peculiar conditions
four or even five applications will be a
better investment than three.

Final .Suggestions. — Spray the trees
before the calyx cups close and fill
every calyx with poison. This calyx
spra>- may retpiire two ap])Iications on
some varieties of trees, but in any case
it must be thoroughly done; a drench-
ing is really necessary and the nozzles
should be held in such position that
the sprav will be directed straight into
the open end of the calyx. Subsecpient
applications are for the purpose of
covering the surface of the fruit and
(he foliage also; for many eggs are
de])osiled on the leaves and many of
the worms hatching from these eggs
can be killed before they get to the
fruit. When you have a light cro]) do
not make the nustake of merely pick-
ing out the fruit and spraxing the few
apples that ma>' be there, hut if \ ou
do any spraxing dui-ing such >eais
cover the foliage as well as the fruit.
Do not make these sunnner applications
loo light, neither should they be
di-encliiiig spra>s, but every apple
shoulil be completely covered. I'oi-
these ai)i)lications use only nozzles that
will make a fine mist and have sulii-
cient pressure for good woi-k. Spray
Ihe fruit and foliage on the inside of
I he tree first, holding the nozzle near
Ihe ceiilei of the tree, diiecting the
spray outward in such way as to cover
Ihat side of the fruit toward the center

$675
Cash,
f . o. b. '
Chicago

AT the price, the Mogul 8-16 tractor deserves
the careful attention of all progressive farmers.
It won a Grand Prize at both San Francisco and San

Diego Expositions. That proves its class.

It can be used with profit on small farms, doing all the hardest
work of the horses, and much that horses cannot do. That
proves its usefulness.

It betters the plowing and other work of seed bed preparation,
while reducing its cost, and —

It burns kerosene under all conditions. Tliis one reason is
enough to sell a Mogul 8-16, because, outlie average, gasoline costs
about 65 per cent more than kerosene. That proves its economy.

It costs about half its equivalent in horse flesh.

The price is $675 cash, f. o. b. Chicago.

A tractor so good, so useful on farms of all sizes, so economical,
and at such a price, deserves a thorough investigation. Vour local
dealer should be able to show you a Mogul 8-16. If he can't,
write to us. We'll see that you get a look at it, and we will also
send you our new book, "Tractor Power vs. Horse Power."

International Harvester Company of America

(incorporated)
Crawford, Neb. Denver, Col. Helena, Mont. Portland, Ore.
San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City, Utah

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres ; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

WIltN WRITING AHVERTISBRS MFNTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 38

BETTER FRUIT

Jaiiuarv

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA RAIMCY)

"RED RIBBON"

(F-AIMCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples

When ordering apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market affords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATJON
AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

CHERRY TREES FOR SALE

We offer extra fine trees with big roots and heavy bodies at bed-rock prices.

Write today for samples of grades and prices. They are going fast.

Otlier first-class nursery stock for sale at low prices.

BENEDICT NURSERY CO., 185 E. 87th Street N., Portland, Oregon

Lime Sulphur
Lead Arsenate
Bordeaux Paste
Spra-Sulphur

The most serious pests and diseases doing the most dam-
age to trees in the Northwest are San Jose Scale and Anthrac-
nose. The ones doing the most damage to crops and causing
a loss of millions annually to fruit growers, are Codling Moth
and Seal).

Growers Must Have Sprays that are Efficient

We make the above sprays of the highest degree of effi-
ciency and sell at reasonable jirices.

Clean crops are necessary if you expect to sell your apples
at good prices.

Use Our Sprays and Grow Clean Fruit

Factory at Clackamas. Oregon.
New factory being built at Hood River, Oregon.

For the present direct all correspondence to

Oregon Arsenical Spray Co.

CLACKAMAS, OREGON

of the tree, then finish by spraying
from the outside of the tree and go all
the way arountl the tree. Do not at-
lempl to spray large trees from only
I wo sides, bul make a complete circle
and exercise special care wherever an
ai)ple touches another apple or a leaf
or limb. When worms are plentiful or
indications are they likely will be so,
spray the trees often enough to keep
the surface of the fruit covered with
poison to within a few weeks of har-
vest time. In all spraying for codling-
moth control, use arsenate of lead
Ijaste containing 15 per cent arsenic
oxide at the rate of 4 pounds or its
equivalent, if powder is used, to each
100 gallons of spray.

Future of the Fruit Industry
of the Northwest

By W. S. Thornber, Director of Extension Depart-
ment. Washington State College.

IT seems like a great deal of presmnp-
tion on my part today to undertake
to talk to a group of fruitmen like
yourselves upon the future of our in-
dustry after listening, as we have, to
the many fine addresses by practical
men as well as college men upon the
life cycles of bugs and bees and rust
and disease, but nevertheless I feel that
at .just this time it is wise to stop and
consider rather carefully just what the
future is going to mean for many of we
fruit producers, lest we now make a
more seiious mistake in pulling up our
apple orchards than we made eight or
ten years ago in the planting of them.
It is a remarkable fact, nevertheless it
is emphatically true, that almost every-
thing works in cycles or waves. During
a certain jieriod farmers everywhere
run almost exclusively to stock, while
during another it is grain and so on;
first one fad and then another imtil we
go bankrui)t buying machinery or
equipment to fit the numerous changes
that inojcct themselves upon us.

The Present Condition. — For the sake
of hettei- understanding our problem
let us critically analyze our real condi-
tions as fruitgiowers, and I wonder if
the conditions of one of our most suc-
cessful valleys would not represent the
universal conditions of fruitdom in the
Northwest? If so, here they are:
Seventy-five per cent of the growers
are dissatisfied because they have made
no money tluring the last three years.
But what class of people has made any-
thing beyond a good living during the
past four or even five years. Ninety-
five per cent of the growers would
gladly sell their holdings now for con-
siderably less than they paid for them
and willingly lose their time and in-
terest in the bargain. Again, this is not
remarkable when we come to realize
that it is an almost universal rule to
man,\- people that something else always
looks better than what they are doing.
Hence the desire to change. -Sixty-live
per cent of the orchard area of the val-
ley during the past two years has been
so seriously neglected that it is a (pies-
tion in mv mind now whether or not it

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 39

can ever be brought back to profitable
I'mit production again. If this, then, is
tlic condition of one of the best valleys
of the Northwest, what must we expect
of some of the less favorable areas'?

Let us stop for just a moment and
learn the conditions of one of the less
favored fruit areas of the West. I be-
lieve I betray no one's confidence when
I say that less than a week ago one of
the largest orchard operators on non-
irrigated land said to me: "Tlie last
three years has conclusively taught us
that it is folly for us to continue to en-
deavor to compete with the favored
districts of the West. It is a losing
game, for when we do produce fruit
less than six per cent of it will pass as
extra fancy, as compared with from
fifty to as high even as seventy per
cent in the favored areas, and while
our land is cheaper our returns are so
much lower that our losses are even
greater." This party has alread>' iiulled
300 acres and will pull another 160
acres this year. Converting, as he is,
all of his orchards into wheat and
alfalfa land. I am of the opinion that
when a new census of the orchard
areas of the Pacific Northwest shall be
made that instead of it representing a
half-million acres that less than a
quarter of a million will more than
cover it, and even this will be mate-
rially reduced if owners do not use
reasonably sane judgment in their haste
to get from one crop to another.

The Causes for These Conditions. —
A person needs only to visit one of the
overdeveloped districts of the West to
learn fairly accurately why thousands
of acres of land was planted to or-
chards that should never have been
planted. The story is a repetition of
the "Razor Seller's' Story." They were
never expected to bear fruit. No one
ever intended that they should, nor was
there ever any provisions made for the
fruit should there ever be any. The
problem resolves itself into over-
zealous real estate boosting without
sufiicient knowledge or honest judg-
ment of what constitutes good orchard
lands and climates. Very briefiy, we
may easily sum up the factors that
brought the fruit industry of the West
to the conditions that now prevail, and
in doing so we likewise portray the
conditions of the East, that materially
assisted in doing for the East what we
have done in the West: (1) Unreason-
able boosting of orchard and orchard
lands. (2) Misrepresentation of the
possible returns of orchard lands. (,S)
The keen American desire to make a
change. (4) The inborn desire to
speculate. (.">) The cutting up of or-
chard properties into such small units
that it is almost impossible for the
average family to make a living upon
the given area.

Were I considering the most serious
factor entering into the problem as it
now stands, I would certainly name the
size of unit as the factor because of
the intense hardships it is bringing to
many because they cannot suflicienlly
diversify to make orcharding success-
ful. If ten acres had been used as the

Forkner Alfalfa Cultivator

aerates the soil — uproots grass and weeds — destroys
clover root weevil — leaves dirt mulch and
conserves moisture without cutting or injuring
ttie alfalfa. It will

Put New Life and Vigor

into old meadows, pastures and tiide-
bound wheat fields. W rile for catalog
and free book "Modern SoilTillage."
LIGHT DRAFT HARROW CO.
Dept. 601 n Marshalltown, Iowa

i
J

I

Well Known

is a tree by its fruit; equally well known is a bank by its

dealings. Good fruit means good revenue and the place

to keep the revenue is in this strong state bank, well

known for its security and fair dealings.

Ladd & Tilton Bank

Oldest in the Northwest

PORTLAND, OREGON

FWBALTESAND
COMPANY

Printers • Binders

Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book-
lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us
for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed
promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT.

CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS
PORTLAND, OREGON

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive g^rowers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flovveringf .Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recogfnized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying'.

WHEN WRiriNG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 40

BETTER FRUIT

January

■yOP DRESS all your

Crops with Nitrate
of Soda alone, no matter
what other fertilizers you
may have used. 100
pounds to the acre for
seeded, and 200 pounds
to the acre for cultivated
crops will do the work.
The increase will yield
large profits over the cost.

Write on post card for our
money making book*

WILLIAM S. MYERS, Director

25 Madison Avenue. New York

"Fine Work!"

— that's what you'll say when you see
the soil, manure and stubble mixed over
and over with the

"Acme" Pulverizing Harrow

*'The coulters do the work." They cut
and crush clods, turn the soil twice,
pulverize and mulch at one operation.
There's an "Acme" for every purpose— -sizes
3 to 17 1-2 feet in width. Send for free book—
»ioH'— and learn more about these most de-
pendable of all seedbed builders.

Duane H. Nash Inc.

345 East
Morrison St,

33iiS5^

The Paris Fair

Hood River's Largest and Best Store
RETAILERS OF

EVERYTfflNG TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES

HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES

MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

siiKilIest possible unit and even twenty
and forty acres been planted, lialf to
Iruil and tbe balance to alfalfa or other
crops, the conditions of the fruitgrow-
ers of the West today would be far
dilVerent to what tlie>' are now. This
would hayc given theui an op|)ortunity
to diversify and at least make a com-
fortable, indeijendent livins from their
tracts. Closely associated with this
factor has been the lack of knowledge
that would have given the grower an
advantage in doing something ijractical,
sonielhing that would have brought in
a money return rather than an expe-
rience without money value.

We hear from many sources of the
losses of bard-working people who in-
vested their small savings in Western
orchards, and all true Westerners hon-
estly deplore this, but we rarely hear
of the losses of Eastern people who in-
vested their savings in mining proper-
ties, and yet from one of the largest
financial centers of the Middle West
ten dollars went out for poor mining
stock for every dollar that went out for
Western orchards. We hear no com-
Ijlaint from these losers because no-
body sympathizes with a person who
loses in mining stock. Just why there
should be a diflerence I do not know,
unless one is looked upon as a form of
gandjling and the other is not. And,
of course, a gambler naturally expects
to lose a part of the lime at any rate.

Fruit Growing Compared With Other
Agricultural Industries. — Ever since
man became engaged in agricultural
pursuits there have been fluctuations
from year to year in the prices of the
various commodities, and so long as
natural conditions make it impossible
for the farmer folk to produce uni-
formly the same quantity each year
these fluctuations will continue to
occur. Anyone familiar at all with the
prices of farm connnodities cannot help
but see this same condition in hogs,
cattle, horses, corn, wheat and barley
this year, and the producers of these
crops have lost as much this year as
the apple producers lost last year; and
\et we hear very little complaint from
them. They take their losses philo-
soijhically and know that they cannot
win every year, but that their day is
surely coming again. Just recently I
saw a combination fruitgrower and hog
Ijroducei- sell his extra fancy Mcintosh
Reds at f'2.(IU per box net to him at his
orchard gale, and his extra fancy
Dui-oc Reds at $4.25 per hundred, de-
livered at the stock yards eight nnles
from his orchard. Now, if you growers
know an>thing about hogs at all you
know that he did not make an\thinu on
his Duroc Reds if he had to feed them
any grain at all, and I can assure you
he did. My purpose in making these
few comparisons is a concrete one. I
simi)ly desire to show you that all lines
of MmicuUure have advantages as well
as disadvantages, and the men who are
sure to lose the most are the ones who
are so burdened with debt or are
linancially unable to take the strain of
small profits or even losses for aiix
period of time.

rAlk

Pim

MOVING
PARTS

ENGINES

Over 20.000 in use for gen-
eral farm work, irrigation
operating binders, railroad track cars,
portable outfit, etc. Particularly
adapted for electric lighting, ^^^ t5
which requires absolutely .^^r onker
uniform power. .^T osene,

distillate,

F™ . ^^^- gasoline, etc

^^^ No cranking.
10 Yea r^^^ Run in either di-l
Guar- ^^^ rcction. Reversible I
ajitee ^^\vhile running. Water I
il< d Lightin weight. Simplel
mn eliminates enginel
iMe Child can operate.!
low. Hanrlsome new I
me book tells you whyf
i should have a Sandow|
Write for it today.
Detroit Motor Car Supply Co.

Delroit, Mich.

Canton
Avenue

Your own right arm

on the lever of a "K"
Stump Puller easily rips
out any stump that can
be pulled by any horse
power machine. Develops a
48 ton pull— all an inch-steel
cable will hold.

HAND POWER.

Stump
Puller

Works by leverage — easy as
rowing a boat. One man
alone can pull from 50 to 100
stumps per day. Works
equally well on hillsides or
marsh land. Made of Krupp
steel - weighs only l7l lbs.
Guar an teed

FREE

A YEAR'S

ihc l.C-.iiHifi;llvilluslr.iU>l r

"1 HI-: SOLTHFRN li( ) MESKtKl K' ' --
issued quartely -if y^u will send us tlie
name tif two friends vhum ^ou think
wouJd be iniere-;ied in Virginia. Tells
about opportunities in Virginia.
• -faiin lands $15 au acre and up.
Write today.

f.H '^BAlMf.AQSIn.AQt..NSW.Rv.
228 >.&W.lJMii. RtlAMlkE.VA.

Ask for Catalogu* No. 5

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRIUl

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 41

Fruit growing is so closely allied to
the other lines of agriculture that the
same genei-al principles of success and
failure prevail, and prohahly the most
important one of these principles or
factors is the consideration of the
prolits of the industr\ for a period of
years. There is no known agricultural
industry of any kind that permits its
operators to make a fortune in a year,
or for that matter every year. How-
ever, any one of the numerous lines
carefully and religiously followed uj)
for a period of ten years shows net
l)rolits and good returns, and I believe
that this is all we can expect of the
fruit industry. Do not misunderstand
me, for there are thousands of acres of
land planted to fruit that can never
under any circumstances pay interest
on the investment, taxes, etc., and at
the same time give a return to the
owner. Such lands were never in-
tended for fruit purposes and the
sooner the owner or operator realizes
this and removes the trees the better
financially will it be for the owners.
Nor is the land at fault alone in all
cases, for there are other factors that
must be taken into consideration, and
these are some of them: (1) Proper
profitable varieties adapted to the local
conditions. (2) A system of planting
followed out in such a manner as to
make fruit production under those con-
ditions profitable. (3) An orchard man-
agement that shall get the best from
the frees annually. I refer here espe-
cially to pruning and irrigation, and
personally believe that more is lost
annually through lack of this knowl-
edge than because of any other single
factor in fruit production.

A factor that many people seemed to
have lost sight of is that the great
luu'opean struggle now in progress has
practically destroyed the best orchards
of Europe. Thousands of acres of or-
chards and vineyards are completely
obliterated, and after the struggle has
ceased it will require twenty years to
replace these lands and make them as
productive of fruit as they were before
the war. .\s a fruitgrower, I have come
to realize that the industry here in the
Pacific Northwest is subject to the same
influences that affect any other branch
of agriculture, and that we must expect
and be prepared for just such condi-
tions as we have had to contend with
during the past four or five years, and
and the best way to prepare for these
conditions is to diversify in such a
manner thai our orchards can be main-
tained at their best, and be made to pay
all o])erating expenses of the orchard
and living ex|)enses of the home annu-
ally from the soil. This is not the time
for big exploitations and non-producing
improvements, but it is the time for
sound jucigmcnf and safe, sane manage-
ment that will give returns. Just as in
other lines, the man who can best use
his head will best succeed, and those
who fail will fail because of lack of
knowledge and management.

The Field of Diversification. — .lust
what is best for an orchardist to com-

Engine Power

Costs Less Now^ I

LET me send you an engine to earn its own cost while yoii pay for it.
Easy to start; no cranking; easy to understand and manaere;
and easy to pay for on any suitable, reasonable terms of payment.
durintr a year. I have helped many thousands to own engines in this
y, durinj: my 29 years of engine building.

WITTE Engines

Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas

SEE THESE LOW PRICES: 2 H-P, $34.95: 3 H-P S52.4n;

Th p'"9.7.5: 6 H-P, S97.7.5: S H-P, J139.65; 12 H-P. $197 00:

16 H-P, $279.70: 22 H-P, $359.80. (K O. B. Factory) Portable

Eneine'sandSaw-Rigoutfitsproportionallylow. GuE

high quality — 33 durable as superior design, best materials

and workmanship can make.

r':_.n. Tt^^tr ITnAA Mv book, "How to Judste Engines."

ff inC BOOK W rCe win show you how to select the en-

fine most suitable to your needs, and how easy it is to run a WITTE at

any kind of work. Get my engine facts before you decide on any engine.

CD. H. WITTE, WITTE ENGINE WORKS
1886 Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo.
1886 Empire Bldg., - Pittsburgh, Pa.

Guaranteed

orij) Portable m ■V£>««..«i
Guaranteed O » K.€Ll a

GiYeYourtlorses a Chance

1 can't expect them to do a full day's work wl

ir necks and shoulders are galled, bruised or

sore. Every day you try to make them do it

'' you're losing money. Use Tapatco Pads and

Get a Bigger Day*s Work.

\ These pads fit any collar. Prevent ealls. bruises, chafes

and sores. Our own specially prepared composite

stuffing is ioft and springy. Absorbent and porous.

Ask the dealer for TapatcO book of emergency

horse remedies free.

We also make a com-^^

plete line of riding

saddle pads.

I RHODES DOUBLE CUT
PRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFQ. CO.
DIVISION AVB , GRAND RAPIDS. HICH.

YHE onl,
pruner
madetnat cuU
from both sides of
tKe limb and does not
bruise the bark. Made in
all ityles and sizes. W«
pay Ejcpress charges
on ail orders.

Write for
circular and
prices.

Write to the Men Who Know

There is a great difference in spray pumps and
-• spraying apparatus. One kinj is made by practical
orchardlsts and has been improved through over 20 years of orchard
success. Write aletter orpost card to Morrill & Jlorley Mfg. Co. Find out about

Eclipse Spray Pumps

In use in more successful orchards than all other makes. Used by
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Find out what Eclipse offers in
more profits for orchards, vineyards or potato fields. Address
Morrill & Morley Mfg. Co., Boxl2 , Benton Harbor, Mich-i

Send for Free Catalogue

We Have a Story for You

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 42

BETTER FRUIT

January

Made {rom iKe ri^M crude

The Jury of Awards at both San Francisco
and San Diego Expositions found an oil
made from California asphalt-base crude,

highest in lubricating efficiency. That oil was
Zerolene.Thefact, too, thatsnch unbiased author-
ities as a U. S. Naval Engineer, engineers of the
Packard and Ford Motor Companies, and others,
have also gone on record in favor of oiU made
from a«(>halt-base crude — in accord vrith the de-
ci-iion of the Exposition juries — proves that Zero-
lene is made of the ri;'ht crudf, and made ri'jhi.

STANDARD OIL COMPANY

(California)

ZEROLENE

ihe Standard Oil for Motor Cars

^<0d<'

So en if
you do not 'Play Golf

the round of pleasure in

CALIFORNIA

holds every known sport
and amusement.

For real rest and recreation go via the
Oregon - Washington Railroad & Navigation Co.

UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM

bine with his fruit work as a sifie line
will rlepcnd upon certain factors:
fl) The orchiirdist himself, his likes
and dislikes. (2) The local conditions,
soil, climate, market, etc. (.3) The labor
problem, home help, city help. (4) The
size of his orchard and age of the trees.

Some people can do more on two
acres than others can do on ten; for
example, the man who Krows fancy
heafi lettuce may succeed better with
half an acre than he could with ten
acres, while the man who ^rows corn
needs more land, but even he had
better grow one hundred bushels per
acre on five acres than sixty bushels
per acre on ten acres; and thus we
could continue the possibilities, but
the keynote must be intensification
even to the extreme, because our land
is so valuable and so full of possi-
bilities that it does not pay to half
farm any of it. In the selection of
inter-crops it is well to produce only
such crops as have two or more possi-
bilities. A concrete example may here
be shown in the production of seed
corn. The best select ears of the field
may be saved for seed, the poorer ears
used for hoK feed and the stalks fed to
the cows or horses; and instead of pro-
ducing just hoKs it usually pays to pro-
duce hoRs suitable for breeding pur-
poses, which usually costs no more to
produce than common or grade stock.
A few well-chosen lines, closely united,
are better than a lot of poorly-selected,
ill-fitling combinations.

The following combinations have
been found to work out very well :
(1) 1-Yuit, alfalfa and dairy cows. (2)
Fruit, alfalfa and hogs. (.3) Fruit, car-
rots and dairy cows or hogs. (-1) Fruit,
corn, dairy cows or hogs. (.5) Fruit,
poultry and alfalfa. (6) Fruit, and
sunflowers, or head lettuce, or potatoes,
or tomatoes. The livestock combina-
tions with the orchard have a fertilizer
value rarely taken into consideration
by the laymen, nevertheless it is a real
value that should always be taken into
account in permanent agriculture.

What, then, is the future of the fruit
industry? .Nothing for the man who
quits. There is only one thing for us
to tlo and that is to stay with the game.
Ff our factors arc not right, either make
them right or change the policy. Some
of the eliminating factors of the aver-
age fruitgrowers are: (a) Unsuitable-
ncss of the owner anjl operator, (b)
Undesirable varieties. (c) Orchards
on unsuitable lands, fd) Orcharding in
unsuitable climates. fe) In isolated
districts, (f) Poor planting plan, mak-
ing economic management impossible,
fg) Orchard area loo much limited for
diversification.

In conclusion will say that just as
soon as every orchard farm is com-
pelled to support its hogs, dairy cows,
horses and finally its owner, the fruit
problem will be solved. I am more
optimistic today over the fruit industry
than I have been for years, because I
know that there arc thousands of acres
of land planted to trees now in the
Pacific Northwest whose fruit will
never compete with the orchards thai
are now receiving good care.

wnrx waiTixc akvektiseu hextiom urm niuiT

THE HARDIE

Manufacturing Co.

Our many models

e'nal)lo the

orchardist to

equip his

orchard with tiii'

machine meeting

his individual

rec|uirements

in size,

construction

and price.

The Western Tripli>x
is the all-around

sprayer.

The delaehable

t luck can be used

lor general farm

I)urposes as

well as on llu'

si)rayer.

Its ample power

and capacity meets

the re(|uiremenls

ol till' largest

growers.

the: western triplex

All Hardie Sprayers are made up by specialists who have devoted years to tliis one line.

To any grower who seeks not only spraying results but economy of operation and upkee))
as well, our machines will prove of the greatest interest.

Our line is broad enough to fill every spraying need and specialized enough to fit every
individual orchard requirement.

,K™i:.SKS»!ffJKS!>»™>>«!=*!?r 1

Smaller than our

Triplex,

it is strongly

built and

carries the

same hi^h

jg^^r

(|uality

1 J

of design and

materials.

All Ilardie Pumps

have our
Peerless Pressure

NeKulalor.

All Ivn.uines have

built-in, ^ji'ar-driven

magnetos.

All are built lor

hardest

continuous

service.

THE HARDIE DUPLEX

(Jii prtjper spraying much of your profits depend. Now is the time to plan lor a better cioj)
for 1916 by writing today for our new catalog which tells the complete story of the

Hardie Power Sprayers, Hand Pumps and Accessories

The Hardie Manufacturing Co.

49 N. Front Street

PORTLAND, OREGON

WIIKK WRirlKO AIIVKKTIIKIII MKNTION lirTTKII r»UIT

THE WORLD OUR ORCHARD

KEllY

One Million Dollars
in Box Apples

It is something to be proud of to have the first call from almost all of the best growers of the West and North-
west, who know whal we require and that we can use the largest quantities of the very finest fruit they raise.

They come to us year after year to give us preference in prices for these good reasons:

FIRST— We can dispose of larger quantities of their fruit than any other house in the country.
SECOND— We have been their best patron for many years and have always met our obligations punetually.
THIRD— We have more actual consumers of fi-uit, who keep on coming to us year after year because we

take the best care to satisfy their wants and requirements.
FOURTH— Taking our entire holdings we handle more high-class stock than any house in the country.
FIFTH— We personally select our fruit in the growing centers, not so much with the soreness of profit

as for the certainties of excellence and the belief that we know what our trade deserves.

SIXTH— The growers from whom we purchase get ideas from us as to what the verj- finest trade want
and they know that we have helped raise the standard of excellence of the fruit industry.

But as to being proud- we are most proud, not only of our customers, but also of the growers, without whose
help our efforts would be practically in vain.

We believe we have succeeded in assembling under our direction the very best packs of box apples from the
premier districts of the Northwest.

We desire to herewith mention the names of a few concerns whose output we handle on this market:

NORTH PACIFIC FRUIT DISTRIBUTORS and Allied Associations
NORTHWESTERN FRUIT EXCHANGE and Allied Connections
CASHMERE FRUIT GROWERS' UNION
PESHASTIN FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
WENATCHEE GROWERS' EXCHANGE
HOOD RIVER FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE
SEBASTAPOL APPLE GROWERS' UNION
MOSIER FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
WENATCHEE VALLEY FRUnT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
YAKIMA FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE
YAKIMA COUNTY HORTICLT^TURAL UNION
RICHEY & GILBEIRT. North Yakima
E. E. SAMSON CO., North Yakima
SPOKANE FRUIT GROWERS' CO.
Etc., Etc.

Steinhardt & Kelly

NEW YORK

OUR MARKET THE WORLD

a ICES WRITING Am-EBTISEBS JIESTION BETTEB FBUIT

r

^£fi

"'-P

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

FEBRUAEY, 19 IC

Number 8

Till- Wincsap apple has always been recognized as llie best very late winter apnle r<n-
eallnK of all the red varieties. Its excellence of flavor, its jnicincss and beantiful c<ilor
ari' all factors wllicli have conlriliuled to its innnense ])0|nllarity. It is one of the most
loriininent of commercial varii-lies urow n in the Northwest, In-liVA produced extensively in
Yakima, Wenatchee and Sonlliern Idaho. The acreage in Ihi- Northwest set to Winesaps
exci'i'ds that of an>' other \arict\.

'Health's best way Y

Eat apples every day" f^

Buy them by the box

'An apple a day
Keeps the doctor aAvay'

1U':TTJ]R FIM it ITHLISIIIXC company. PII'.LISIIEKS. IIOODIUVEH.OKEOOX

Siiliscnpli.m .+ 1.00 pcf Vc;ir in tlic Uniti'<l StiiU-s: CiitiiKla nn<\ KdVcio-n. Iiiclii.liii- P«M:vj:v. -tl-'H).

Sing;le Copy 10 Cctils

Specifications: ToiTiorrow's Car Today

WHEEL BASE; 120 inch.

MOTOR: Four cylinder, bore 3?» inch,
stroke 6 inch, cylinders cast en bloc in-
tegral with crank case, L Head, 40-45
B. H. P.

Westinghouse ignition, starting, light-
ing.

Lubrication -Force feed to crank shaft
and cam shaft beaiings; splash to pis-
ton pins and cylinder walls.

Carburetor of special design, with feed
by gravity from cowl tank, dash ad-
justment.

Radiator- Cellular type, with thernio-
syphon circulating system.

CLUTCH: Cone.

TRANSMISSION: Selective, three speeds
forward and one reverse; three point
suspension, in unit with power plant,
left hand drive, center control, Timken
bearings, Spicer universal joint.

AXLES; Rear-Weston-Mott: ^-floating,
with spiral bevel gears; torque and
drive thrust taken by torque tube to
rear end of transmission through a ball
and socket joint; pinion shaft pro-
vided with two Bock, roller type, bear-
ings. Front — I-beam, designed and
built by Case; Timken bearings; I-
beam section, steering arms, steering
knuckles and king pins all of special
chrome nickel steel — forged, heat
treated and machined in our shops.

FRAME; Designed with exceptionally
deep section, greatest depth at center
where front hanger of cantilever spi ing
is suspended.

SPRINGS: Rear - Cantilever, 50 inches
long, IVi inches wide; attached to rear
axle by means of universal joints,
which take all side play, allowing
springs to do full spring duty- an ex-
clusive feature in construction.

WHEELS: 34x4 inch. Artillery type, with
Goodyear detachable, demountable
rims,

BODY: All steel, with removable uphol-
stery of genuine grain leather. Front
seats divided, and are adjustable for-
ward and backward, as are the clutch
and brake-pedals. Fir ish — Brewster
green, with ivory stripe.

EQUIPMENT: One-man top, with dust
hood and quickly adjustable side cur-
tains. Stewart-Warner Speedometer.
Windshield -Rain vision, ventilating.
Tires - Goodyear 34x4 inch, non-skid on
rear. Motor-driven horn. Regular
tools, tire repair kit, etc.. etc.

PRICE: $1090. f.o.b. Racine.

Now comes the new Case 40. Born and bred in the midst
of Case ideals, it looms forth as a car that is bound to carry
the Case Standard even higher and higher.

While quite different- while lower in price— the new Case 40 is
designed for the substantial sort of man who is not swayed by
passing innovations the man who is cautious and wants a tried,
riskless car. For 74 years Case executives and workmen have been
building according to Case standard— never leaving that straighta-
way path called Quality which has brought such world-wide repu-
tation. The Case Cars are built entirely by Case trained workmen
in the Case plants.

«

Friends of the Forty"

Everywhere are men who know the former Case 40— men who
found it well worth $2300. These men particularly will welcome
this announcement— for now they can recommend the new Case 40,
with its obvious improvements, to their friends. Owners will tell of
its serviceability of its modest upkeep and how it resists depre-
ciation. The splendid service of the former Case 40 can be expected
of our new 40.

The reiinements of this car are individual. 'Its combination of
excellencies is bound to be appreciated and wanted by the motor-
wise and discriminating. We predict a well-deserved sensation for
this car.

An Ovation is Certain

At $1090 — over a thousand dollars less than our
other 40— we offer this new Case 40— knowing that
men who compare values closely and who look for long-
lived cars will say, "Here is a car I must know." And
we say -"The more you know of this hundred thous-
and mile car the better."

We invite minute examination of this car. Then
you can go over it point by point. You will find it well
worth while, we believe. Preliminary data we shall
sencl at your request.

J. I. CASE T. M. COMPANY, INC.

548 Liberty St.

(Founded 18421

Racine, Wis.

(359)

WHEN WRITING .\nVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page •?

You just breathe in
fragrant, cool puffs
of Prince Albert!

It's so easy to smoke; so
easy to get acquainted with
and call by its first name;
so gentle and friendly to
your tongue and throat ! P.
A. will absolutely delight
you in a jimmypipe or rolled
into a cigarette; it will
revolutionize any tobacco
notions you ever had! The
patented process fixes that
— and cuts out bite and
parch !

>RINCE

Albert

the national joy smoke

satisfies every desire in
your cigarette makin's or
jimmypipe department.

Roll some makin's cigarettes. It's easy, because
Prince Albert is crimp cut, and stays put! Or
jam a jimmypipe brimful and get the delights of

P. A. via the briar, corncob or
meerschaum! It's all one and the
same w^hen it comes dov^n to the
amount of tip-top-joy per puff!

R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO., Winston-Salem, N. C.

Buy Prince Albert everywhere
tobacco is sold in toppy red
bags, 5c; tidy red tins, 10c;
handsome pound and half-
pound tin humidors -and —
that corking fine crystal-glass
humidor with sponge-moist-
ener top that keeps the to-
bacco in such clever trim —
always !

LONG BURNING PIPE AND
JCIGARETTE TOBACCO

On the reverse side of this tidy
red tin you will read: "Process
Patented July30th, 1907," which
has made three men smoke pipes
where one smoked before!

WHtN WRITING AnVERTISERS MENTION BITTIR FRl'IT

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbruarv

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

The

First

National

Bank

Hood River, Oregon

Capital and Surplus
$135,000

4% Interest Paid on Savings
and Term Deposits

P. S. STANLEY, President
E. 0. BLANCHAR, Cashier

WesternCementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the, Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales. Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J.C.PearsonCo.Jnc

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

E
A
R

S

o

^/^XTr^TV/rV' iu baying is getting the beet
V-vv/i^wiT-1- X value for the money, not

always in getting the lowest pricee. PEARSON

prices are right.

DHESIVENESS rhrriTaVoTTJr

PEARSON oails. For twenty years they have
been making boiea strone. Now, more than ever

fT ¥ A DTT TT'V behind the goods is
tllLllADlLll 1. I added vajoe. You can
rely on onr record of fulfillment of every con-
tract and fair adjustment of every claim.

is assured by our long
experience in mak-

ATISFACTION

ing nails to suit our customers^ needs. We know
what you want; we guarantee satisfaction.

■DTi^TT^ A T fPY* plus experience always
AVUjfXil Jt^I-jX A X excels imitation. Imi-
tation's highest hope is, to sometime (not now)
equal Pearson— meantime you play safe.

A
I
L

NAILS

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Established 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if

you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we

make no charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Things We Are Agents For

Knox Hats
Alfred Benjamin & Co.'s Clothing

Dr. Jaeger Underwear

Dr. Deimel Linen Mesh Underwear

Dent's and Fownes' Qlovef

Buffum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

WnEM WBITINC ADVERTISERS MIHTION BITTBK FBUIT

ipid

BETTER FRUIT

Page 5

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.
204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

The Old Reliable

W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

DRYER, BOLLAM & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

PHONES: MAIN 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
aOO WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

^/HOLBSAT.T^

FRUITS AND PRODUCE
Commission Merchants

SOLICIT YOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns
PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture
to us to be stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oreg-on

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. GiLBEBT, President and Manager
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer C. W. Stose

Orchardist

W. van Diem

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

Supply House

I-ange Franken Straat 45. 47. 49. 61, tl

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receiver* of American Frulti

Eldest and Flrat-Clase
House In this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandlem
ABC Code used; Bth Edition

Our Specialtie* are

Apples, Pears, Navel Oranges

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Petite 6

BETTER FRUIT

February

^»*«4*'

,<fe-^.

■^

JC .^

^'^1

1

m

i

HK WK!

m

y^. . . . ^

^w

44

J1

Spraying Oranges in the Transvaal. South Africa.

Spraying Lemons Near Santa Paula, California.

!l^

■

S

u

iP'^- '-ffl^^ '"^s^HS

?•

m^KBt^^' "''^

*'

Spraying

Grapes in

New

York State.

j.» .*-,&i.^,.

■^

■^ t-^- — -

«. »•

-;,- ^
»>

IP^

ii

a*^_^_ -J

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.*«•■•

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Mllfl

Spraying Grapefruit In the Atwood Groves, Florida.

BEAN

POWER SPRAYERS

"Used Round the World"

In the orange-growing sections of the TTansvaal, South Africa
— in the lemon groves of Southern California — in the vineyards and
fruit-growing sections of old New York State — in the grapefruit
groves of Florida — in the orchards of Australia — wherever fruit is
grown and spraying is required there you will find the Bean at
work. Bean outfits are

Noted for Downright Dependability

There are 30 years of experience back of the Bean line — 30 years
of steady improvement and constant betterment. They have many
distinctive, important advantages — many of them found on no
other outfits. We call your attention especially to the following:

BEAN PATENTED AUTOIVIATIC PRESSURE REGULATOR

-which ends all safety-valv.- troulile;!. ,\l:i3(plutely safe and cer-
tain. When nozzles ai'e shut off. the liquid is simply pumped back
into the tank, without being out under pressure. Saves fuel and
nuich \\par anil tear on engine and jiamp.

BEAN PATENTED THREADLESS BALL VALVES WITH
REVERSIBLE SEATS— Simply I'cU rnetal balls which carniot
stick, corrode, or give trouble. Reached in two minutes witliout
stopping engine and withdrawing liquid.

PORCELAIN-LINED CYLINDERS— cannot be Injured by any

li ( I Ll i < 1 .

NO STUFFING BOX — hence the source of much sprayer trou-

?)Ie is entirely elimin.-ited.

UNDERNEATH SUCTION — which greatly increases capacity;
never reiiuiies priming: ami makes it jjossible to empty tank in a

few sei.'unds.

BEAN REFILLER — Kills 2nO-gall(in tank in five minutes.

ECCENTRICS INSTEAD OF CRANKS— Jloie durable than
cranks and \\"e.ir can be t-a^ilv taken up.

BEAN ROCKING BOLSTER— Wheel on either axle can be in

rot witliiait tipping tank or spi'inging frame.

DIRECT CONNECTED ENGINE AND PUMP— Saves power.

I'ump anil piiginc ain Imlted direct to steel frame, giving perfect
rigidity. Frame is bolted direct to axle, saving (j inches in height
and 1.50 i ounds in weight.

INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS— All parts can be iiuickly and
economically sulistituted fur thuse that become worn.

NOVO ENGINE — The simplest, sturdiest, most efficient little
f ngine on the niai-ket. and unsurpassed for sprayer use.

Bean Sprayers Made in All Sizes

We make a complete line of Power Sprayers at from $100.00 up
— as well as Hand and Barrel Pumps, Nozzles, Hose and all Pump
.Vccessories.

Our new catalog describes the entire line and explains fully tlu-
new 1916 improvements. Send the coupon.

Bean Spray Pump Co.

213 Hosmer Street 230 W. Julian Street

Lansing, Mich. Jan Jose, Cal.

Immediate Deliveries from Stocks at Many Northwest Points

Send this Coupon for New Catalog

Bean Spray Pump Co.,

213 West Julian St., San Jose, California.
12 Hosmer St., Lansing, Michigan,
Gentlemen: Please send me your li)16 Catalog of Hand and

Power Sprayers. I have acres of trees, and am

interested in Hand Pumps Power Sprayers Acces.sories

Name

A Bean at H,..kc.bury Agricultural College, Australia

Address

\\ a I- .\ \v K '.

,\n\rKTlSERS ME.NTIUN HI.iTER FkUn

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

The Influence of Supply on Prices

r.hancv, CuiKriil MniiaRer American ('.ranlii

Mi^

t'xpcMicnce has been confined
largely to the niarketins and dis-
tribution of fresh fruits, and to
these 1 shall apply my subject. The
price of foods that are considered
prime necessities, such as grain, pota-
toes, meat, eggs, butter, etc., I believe
to be less easih influenced by the
supply, and much less by the weather,
than of fresh fruits that are considered
luxuries, such as strawberries, peaches,
pineapples, cranberries, apples, grape-
fruit, oranges, etc. We must concede
that the market price of any article is
determined b,\ the law of supply and
demand. The demand, I believe, affects
the price on fresh fruits more (luickly
than the supply. Then let us first dis-
cuss what influences the demand.

The demand for fresh fruits is in-
fluenced by weather conditions, (piality
and appearance, packing, container,
advertising, stability of market and the
price. The weather is often a greater
factor than the pi-ice in creating or
retarding the demand to an abnormal
degree. For example, lemons, can-
taloupes, strawberries, etc., are in
greater demand when the weather is
hot; whereas ai)ples, cranberries, sweet
potatoes, cabbage, etc., enjoy the
greatest demand in cool weather. Ask
almost any market expert to hazard an
opinion as to the probable market price
of fresh fruits even ;is much as one
week ahead, and he usually prefaces
his answer by providing for weather
conditions. The L'nited .States Weather
Bureau is of invaluable assistance to
marketing men by the issuing of de-
pendable weather predictions a few
days in advance. I am sure it is the
wish of all fruitmen that the time is
not far distant when the Weather
Hureau will be able to give us reliable
l)redictions two weeks in advance. In
determining the projjcr price for future
deliveries normal weather conditions
only should be considered.

The (lualily and appearance of fresh
fruit more easil\- influences the desire
of the consumer than the price. Tlie
desire seenis Ir) be more easih crealeil
by sight than by taste. Quality and
Ijacking of fi'esh fruit is of such \m-
Ijortance thai proper standards of
(lualify or grading of all vaiieties of
fruit and jjroduce should be established,
either by the goveiiiment or b\ grow-
ers' or trade (uganizations. I'loducers
everywhere should be educated to the
supreme iniporlance of (|uality and
appearance. I'"ruit should be picked in
prime condition, and it should be
stored and packed so that it will reach
the consumer while it is attractive and
sound.

rry F-xchange, Ni'W Ynrk. In-fnie TweUtli .\nmial

Good packing influences the demand
decidedly. The highest ciualitv of fruit
often has a lai-ge per cent of its value
wasted by careless, improper packing,
even though packed in proper ijack-
ages. Much of the trouble is caused
by lack of knowledge of how to pack
properly. i:specially is tliis true
among the small grow-ers. Much of it
is caused by growers' inability to
secui'e experienced, trained packers.
This is especially true in new pro-
ducing districts. Some of the poor
packing is caused by the lack of appre-
ciation of the i)roducer as to its im-
portance, and couiiled with this is his
desiie to pack cheaply, and such an
ofl"ender usually disregards advice until
he has tried out all markets and various
sales agents in an effort to get full
price for cheaper packing. To some
degree every shipment of poorh-
packed fruit reduces the value of all
receipts of similar fruit in the market
that it reaches.

The container should be such as will
best insure the safe transportation of
ils contents, be of convenient size, and
be neat and clean in apjiearance, anil
when opened it should so display its
contents as to attract the consumer's
attention. The necessity of national
standardization of containers is con-
stantly growing in importance. Stand-
ards of measure greatly vary in dilfer-
ent states and conununities. Ship-
ments of the same conunodify max
reach a market like New York City on
the same day from many different
states, packed in almost as many differ-
ent styles or sizes of containers, accord-
ing to the custom or state law. Under
such chaotic conditions proper prices
can hardly be detei'mined and unneces-
sary annoyance and waste of values is
the natural result. The last t'. .S.
Congress, influenced 1)\ the urgent
solicitation of the l'nited Slates Bureau
of Weights and Measures and various
growers' and trade associations, en-
acted a national mandatory barrel law,
giving us a standard barrel of all fruits
and vegetables. 1 trust this is the fore-
runner of a national standard container
for all fresh frnils.

The advertising feature allVcling de-
mand is of more importance Ihan many
producers and dealers ai)preciate. The
seasons for some of our ver\ besi fruils
are short and often they are half over
before a large pait of the consuming
public knows or I'ealizes what fruits
are "in season." .\ great man\- relail
dealers fail to buy or disjjlay a variet\-
of fruit until they begin to have call
for if from the consumer. Oflen this
is the sole cause of slack demand and

Meeting ol' \\'estern I'l-uil .I<)I>l)ei-s' Association.

abnormally low prices during the first
part of the season. By advertising at
the proper time in ways that will
attract the notice of retailers and
consumers, the demand is greatly in-
creased.

The stability of market, when pos-
sible to secure it, I believe, goes farther
toward encouraging the jobber and
retailer t<i ]nish sales and take special
interest in a fresh product than any-
thing efse. It is my observation that
the consumption of fresh fruit, per-
haps more than anything else, in-
creases according to the degree the
sale is pushed. The rapidly-increasing
crops of fruits make it imperative that
a demand be created that is far beyond
the natural call. There is a vast differ-
ence between the sale of fruit which
the dealer simply has for sale for those
who come to intiuire for it than there
is for the fruit which the jobbers must
dispose of by sending out salesmen to
solicit orders from retailers, because,
in addition, the salesman should inform
the retailer as to what is in the market
and what is due to arrive soon, and
enthuse the retailer, in turn, to solicit
the consumers' consideration.

The jobber and retailer are the nat-
ural acting salesmen for the producer,
and on these salesmen's efforts the
growers' interest depends. They are
the necessary connecting links between
the producer and consmner. The in-
terest they take in ijushing the sale of
fresh fruits is naturally influenced by
the certainty of their reimmeiation.
The smallest liability to loss and the
greatest certainty of a moderate profit
interest them more (piickh and cer-
tainly than the possibilit> of large
profits, coupled with the danger of
serious losses. The>' are .somewhat
like a certain United States congress-
man who bad been a leailing attorney
in bis home district. .\ friend asked
him how he could afford to give up his
law practice for a congressman's salary,
fie answered: "The salarx is almighty
regular." Dealers are often severely
criticised for charging seemingly ex-
orl)it;int prolils on fresh fruits. The
fri'(|uency of violenllv fluctuating val-
ues and heavy shrinkages causing such
a large pel' ceni of loss, make margins
which appear inu'easonable necessar,\.
Large corp<iiations or organizations
an(t close co-operation among both
growers and jobbers in order to regu-
late the siippl\ and distiibution so that
all fresh fruit an(f produce mav reach
the consumer while in prime, jjalatable
and attraclive condition (giving the
consunier Irtie value instead of wasty,
(leca\e(l and unsatisfactory food)

Pase 8

BETTER FRUIT

February

Exhiljit winning llie fn^st iiiizc, madi' by the Yakima Valley Fr\iit (Irowers' Association at

the Eighth National Apple Show, held in Spokane November l.'i to 20, in the apple shippers'

100-box contest for the most striking advertising display of the brand of Extra Eancy

apples it is offering on the market.

Exhibit of the Spokane Valley firowers' Union in the apple .shippers' lOfl-box contest for

the most sulking advertisinf! display of llie brand of I'^xlia l''ancy apples that it is ofl'erinn

on llie inai kcl. 'I'liis evhiliil won second prize at the I'^ighlh Nalii>nar A|iple Show, held in

S])okane Novendier 1.') to 20, IDl.').

would tend lo establish this markcl
slahility, l)r(iailcn (lislrihiilion, increase
llie iiilcresi ol' ilealers, fiically increase
consiiMiplion and n '•!(■(• the presenl
necessary niarjiin of prolil or cos!
helween producer and consunicr more
llian any other s.\stein. One salesniini
1(11 a lar^e .johhiiiK house dislrihiitiiiH
a I'lill line of Irilit and prodtlce could
easily visit thirty city I'ctaii dealers in
a siiiMlc day aii<l riilly iiil'orni each of
the thirty concerning all I'rnits and
produce in the niarkct and due to
ariive. Moreover, he could take orders
rroni each of the thirls foi' deliver\
on the following (la.\'. One to three
trucks coidd make deliveries lu the
whole lhirl> on a single trip.

'I'oda.v ill our lai'Hc market ci'iders
each of these thirty retailers nuist yo
to market and send or take his truck
and secure and haul his own supplies
for the day. This sNstem hikes the
valuable lime of the thirt\ retailers
from their stores iind thirty Irucks lo
do the work tliat one salesman and
Irom one lo three trucks cotild do bet-
ter. Mr. Hetailer can, if he wishes, and
often does, hn.\ his supply fi'om second-
haiui deiders, from what is known as
a wafj<in peddler who has houuhl a
load of Iriick on the market and
peddles it out to retail dealers t'oi' such
prolil as he can coiiunand. .Such re-
tailers must be content lo have "on
sale" the limited assortment which he
can secure from the peddler wa^on. 'I'o

economize lime. Mr. Hetailer, who goes
lo the market, often makes two trips
a week and plans to buy a sullicient
supplx to last until the next regular
trip, thus causing what is known as
the "big days" on a market. Naturally,
such a system docs not insure a full
daily supply of strictly fresh stocks in
the retail places.

Much of the fruit is shipped from the
producing point to what are known as
"receivers" in our large centers, and
then sold by the receivers through inde-
pendent auctions to jobbers, and then
by the jobber it is sold to either the
retailer who comes to the market and
buys and takes away his supplies, or
to the wagon peddlers, who, in turn,
sell to the retailers, who, in turn, sell
to the consumers. How much more
simple and economical in time, expense,
profits, and how much less deteriora-
tion would take place if the fruit or
produce could be shipped to large job-
bing houses in the first instance and
by them sold and delivered direct to
retail dealers. Right here is where I
believe the present system of market-
ing in great centers is out of date and
economically v^Tong. I believe the
auction system is our greatest disturber
of market staliility. and does little to
encourage trade or consumption. In-
deed, more modern methods should be
fostered. The fruit-growing industry
has increased in a few years to enor-
mous proportions, but marketing and
distributing facilities have not kept
I)ace with this growth, so the industry
is sulVering great waste and loss for
lack of proper marketing equipment.
Because of the perishable nature of
Iriiil and because the industry has been
considered a peddler's job, the large
capitalists have not been attracted to
it as they have to meat, grain, etc.
This, 1 believe, is what the country is
in great need of, and should be en-
couraged.

The price is perhaps the last, but
not the least, item to consider in in-
Ihiencing demand. The desire for our
fruits must first exist in the mind of
the ((insumer and then the i)rice must
he widiin his means to insure his pur-
chase, and it must be in propel' rela-
tion to values of competitive foods. The
(|iiestion of the high or low prices of
food is a psxchological one. and the
haphazard, random statements fre-
(lucnllx- appearing in the newspapers
and mat'azines that. ;d best, deal onl.\'
in generalities and seldom touch the
fads as applied lo fruits, is one of the
factors in dcslro,\ing demand, because
the consumer assumes through repealed
reading that a commodity is high when
in realit\ it is low. There is, however,
alwa\s a high point in values, where,
if it is reached, the consuming masses
will turn to substitutes and a later
ri'duclion in price will stddoin bring
hack the consumers' favor during that
season. Marketing men generally un-
derstanil the serious danger of a high
piice diverting consumption a\\a\ from
their product.

I'.xampic: l>iiriiig the cranberry sea-
son of 11112 I addressed Ihe following

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

query to two hundred reliiil dealer-.s
throughout the I'nited Slides: "Sup-
posing the retail price of cranberries
is S'i cents per quart, or three quarts
for 25 cents, please state vvliat reduc-
tion in your sales would result from
advancing the price to 10 cents per
quart, 12 'i cents per quart, 15 cents
and 20 cents." I received ninety-two
replies and from twenty different mar-
kefs locatetl in sixteen dilferent states.
The average of these rei)lies showed
that the estimated percentage of de-
crease of sales as price advanced was
as follows: Advance from 8V:i cents to
10 cents per cpiart. reduced sales 12%;
from 10 cents to 121/2 cents, 23%; from
12% cents to 15 cents, 37%; from 15
cents to 20 cents, 67%. This same in-
quiry was made by the Hon. J. A.
Gaynor of (irand Rapids, Wisconsin, a
prominent cranberry grower, to one
hundred retailers in the State of Wis-
consin in loot), with the following
result: Advance from 10 cents to 12 V2
cents per quart, reduced sales 49% ;
from 121,4 cents to 15 cents, 74%. The
diflference between Mr. Gaynor's figures
of 1906 and my own of 1912 may be
because of increased regular cranberry
consumers in the later year, or by the
difference in the purchasing power of
the dollar.

The supply is not appreciably affected
by price, excejjt as prices reach abnor-
mally high levels and draw supplies
from remote sections, or by abnormally
low prices diverting away from a given
market supi)lies intended for it, re-
tarding shi])nienls or preventing ship-
ments altogether by the price being
below the cost of packing, transporta-
tion and marketing ex])enses. A de-
creased supiily is less likely to cause
an advance than an increased supply
will cause a decline. The price may
be so adversely affected by the supply
of fresh fruit and vegetables being
thrown on the market in excess of the
demand that, in order to secure and
insure any stability of price, the con-
trol, or ])artial control, of the supply
seems absolutely necessary, and so
necessary that I believe the govern-
ment should recognize its necessity and
extend to agencies marketing for the
growers the same latitude extended to
the growers themselves in the way of
permitting and encouraging their or-
ganization for exchange of informa-
tion and control and regulation of dis-
tribution. Most of our fruits and
produce cannot be held long in prime
condition, even in the best of cold
storages. They must be s(dil while the\-
are sound and attractive and cannot
be held for ransom. Thus monopolies
on fruits are an impossibililx because
of the very nature of the goods. More-
over, policies of conservation are nec-
essary if the ijroducer is to reap any
reward for his labor and if the con-
sumer is to have a fresh, line article
at a stable, reasonable value without
fluctuations which destroy or adversely
inlluence the demand. The control of
the sui)i)l,\ should be legilimale and
only sullicienl to maintain the demand
relativeh' to (he crop produced. The
business of trading in fresh fruits and

Exhibit made by Uie Wenatchec North Central Distributors at the Eighth National Apple

Show, Spokane, in the apple shippers' 100-box contest for the most striking advertisin"

display of the brand of Extra Fancy ajiples that it is offering on the market.

The Idaho-Oregon Fruit Growers' .\ssociation exhibit at the Eighth National Apple Show
Sjiokane, November l.i to 20, in the apple shippers' 100-box contest for the most striking
ailvertisin^ dis])lay of the brand of Extra Fancy apples thai it is offering on the market.

vegetables is probably the only one in
which supply and demand entirelx
control values.

There is always a low jjoint reacheii,
in case of an oversupplieii market,
where no lower price will increase the
sale. The consuming masses under
any marketing system now in vogue in
large centers cannot be made to re-
spond with sullicient demand to relieve
a glutted market before tlie fruit or
jiroduee has so deteriorated as to be
unattractive to most of the consumers,
if not unfit for food. This fact explains
the reports of carloads of fruit or
produce which are being dumped while
I'.riee in uptown retail stores is but
slightly changed. The commission mer-
chants or receivers must bear the bur-
den of luijust criticism. Price of fresh
fruit can he so low, caused by excessive
stipph , that there is no room for prolil-
al)le margins to connnission merchants.

jobbers or ilealers; hence the trade will
not use much effort to sell them and
will bend all their energy to sell other
things in which tliere is a profit. From
this cause often rises the statement
that when prices are high more fruits
sell than when they are low. Last
summer potatoes were very cheap and
netted a price to many growers below
the cost of production. I heard more
than one grower and dealer remark
that people did not seem to eat many
potatoes when they were so cheap.

Marketing men. I am sure, will agree
that a large supply under proper con-
trol can be distributed to the markets
of the country at nnich better prices
to the producers and at perhaps as low
cost to the consumer, and to greater
satisfaction and more certain profit to
the dealers, than a smaller supply un-
controlled or unguided. .\ very great
deal of waste and heav\ losses con-

Paec 10

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbniarv

slantly occur by shi|)iiu'nts being sent
at random, totally without regard to
the demands of such market for that
variety or grade. Markets greatly vary
in their deman<ls for character, variety
and color of fruits, according to the
customs of the people and tastes pre-
viously acquired, and this knowledge is
of vital importance in supplying their
re([uirements.

Supplies are often forced on the mar-
kets unduly by the necessity of getting
money for the producers to pay pick-
ing and other expenses. The dilliculty
growers have in borrowing money
from their home banks has much to do
with this. Some kind of government
aid in this direction might be of good
service.

The Season's Opening Price. — The
season for many of our fruits begins
with light shipments and the supply
for the first few days, which is unequal
to the demand for the first arrivals,
causes abnormally high prices being
paid for the first deliveries, and this

act establishes the price at retail at
too high a level. The retail dealer,
because of his custom to have a uni-
form average price, instead of changing
his price from day to day as the whole-
sale market lluctuates, is slow to reduce
his opening price, and thus the high
price lixed by the first small shipments
retards the free consunqjtion that the
heavy supply in the midst of the sea-
son greatly needs. When a commodity
is under at least partial control all
ellorts should be made by competent
authority to determine the right price
in proportion to the season's total pro-
duction and maximum consumption,
which will distribute the entire crop
over the whole marketing season, and
which will insure, so far as is possible,
stability in market conditions, making
it safe for dealers to operate freely on
reasonable margins of profit, and fur-
nish consumers with prime fruit at
reasonable prices. The wrong price
results in Ihictuations in supply and
demand which cause the consumer to

pay excessive prices for good fiuit in
times of scarcity, or frequently to
receive stale, unpalatable fruit at prices
out of prf)i)ortion to the ruinously low
prices obtaining in wholesale markets
in times of glut. The right ojjening
l)rice woulil yield maxinuim retiuns to
the producers as a whole, so any price
above or below that right price lessens
the money received and injures the
grower, the legitimate dealer and the
consumer. The loss caused by a too
low or too high price is in wasted
elfort and by wasted or deteriorated
material. The government and pro-
ducers' and dealers' associations should
more and more foster such a control
as will restrain early shipments of fruit
until it is of sullicient maturity to be
good food and then render all aid pos-
sible in determining proper values
being established. It is safer and more
benericial to all, in the end, to start
the price too low, rather than to endan-
ger an ami)le demand by placing the
I)ricc too high at the start.

The inllucnce of supply on prices is
dependent upon the natural and arti-
ficially-created demand upon the con-
trol, or lack of control, of the supply
and the facilities for and manner of
dislribulion. The natural demand is
mostly intlucnced by weather condi-
tions anil the cjuality and appearance
of the fiuit, and the artificial demand
is created mainly by the efforts, good
will and encrgv of the middlemen or
salesmen, by advertising, and by the
price. The facilities and equi])ment for
distribution should be such as will
deliver the fruit from the producer to
the consumer with the least delay and
least handling and rehandling that can
be made practical. The present aver-
age yearly production of fruits is so
near the present maximum consump-
tion under existing marketing methods
as to seriously endanger the jiossibility
of marketing the whole output at prices
profitable to the producers, and seri-
ous consideration should be given to
all possible improved and economical
methods of marketing. .lobbers having
a very large capital are needed to facili-
tate most economical distribution in
our large. cities. National standardiza-
tion of weights and containers shoultl
be established. Close co-operative con-
trol of sui)ply and regulation of dis-
tribution should be permitted and fos-
tered by the government to lessen the
risks of dealing in fresh fruits and
vegetables and to aid in establishing
stabilitv of values.

Figure 49— A small limb from the top of an Italian prune tree, showing how-
spurs develop from the shoots of the preceding season. Irom a to 0 is
three-vear-old wood. Two years ago three shoots, (> to c. and two fruit spurs
were formed. Last year three shoots, c to d. developed from the terminat
buds of the preceding season's growth and a number of Iruit spurs Irom ils

lateral biiils. The lateral buds on these fruit spurs "- '"

terminal buds are leaf buds.

fruit buds; lli^

Pruning theBearingApple and
Pear Trees

Continued from last issue

The Application of Pruning Principles

to Particular Problems

The ai)i)lication of these principles
to the particular i)runing problems pre-
sented by individual trees is a matter
reciuiring good judgment. However, if
some of the principles underlying
pruning practices are understood seri-
ous mistakes are much less apt to be
made. From the discussion of these

ipi6

principles, it would seem that one of
the first things to observe before prun-
ing a tree is whether or not it already
possesses a fairly good balance be-
tween vegetative growth and fruit pro-
duction. If it possesses this balance it
should be maintained. This would
probably mean a moderate heading
back of some of the new shoots, espe-
cially the more wayward ones, with
the idea of maintaining and developing
the shape of the tree and mildly stim-
ulating vegetative growth. It would
also mean a moderate thinning out to
encourage the develoi)ment of a rea-
sonable number of fruit-spurs, and to
afl'ord conditions favorable to the long
life and regular bearing of those al-
ready formed. If the tree has been
growing too vigorously; if it possesses
a large number of strong shoots; if it
has been producing many watersprouts;
if its fruit-spurs are few in number and
irregular in bearing, the practice in
pruning should be such as will develop
new fruit-producing machinery — fruit-
spurs — and invigorate and strengthen
that already in its possession. This
probably means very little heading
back and only a light thinning out the
first season. This treatment would
stimulate the development of a large
number of new spurs and could be fol-
lowed one or two years later with a
somewhat heavier thinning of branches,
to strengthen and invigorate the older
spurs. Many would object to this
method of treating over-vigorous trees,
fearing that if they were not to head
back the shoots generally it would re-
sult in their growing "beyond bounds,"
or becoming "rangy." It is believed,
nevertheless, that it is the most certain
method of correcting the over-vigorous
condition of many fruit trees. A year
or two later, when the tree has become
fruitful, its top can be gradually
brought "within bounds." The willowy
or pole-like character of some of its
branches can be corrected by heading
some of them back severely, cutting
into two or even three-year-old wood.
It would probably be a mistake to cut
back a large proportion of the branches
in any one year thus severely, but if
the practice is extended over several
years it is reasonable to believe that
little injury would follow.

On tlie other hand, if the tree shows
evidence of continued neglect, if it jios-
sesses large numbers of old hut irregu-
lar-bearing fruit-spurs; if it has been
making ver\- little shoot giowth, prun-
ing should be such as to stinndate vege-
tative processes. Thinning out in this
case will take the form of removing
old branches with their fruit-spurs so
as to divert a larger amount of food
material into those remaining, and also
into new shoot growth. It will also
be desirable to head back the remain-
ing limbs and shoots more or less
severely so as to stinnilate still further
vegetative activities of the tree. That
heading back alone will not prove a
corrective for trees of the type ,jusl
described is well illustrated by l-"igure
48, showing a tree upon which the ex-
pei-iment was tried. The spurs that
iiave since formed upon the new

BETTER FRUIT

growth are strong and vigorous, but
apparently the new growth drew so
heavily upon the energies of the tree
and shaded so completely the old spurs
lower down in it that the latter have
profited very little by the treatment.

Page

II

The fact is, it is dillicidt to conceive
of trees of l)earing age in which it
would be desirable to stimulate fruit
production alone and absolutely check
vegetative growth, or, conversely, to
stimulate vegetative growth alone and

KiGURn 50 — An old, rauch-branclied fruit spur in an Kalian prune tree. Note
tiiat some of its branches are dead; the living ones are slender and lacking
in vigor. There are present only a few fruit buds and these arc near the
ends of the branches. It is probably only a matter of a short time before
the whole spur will die. Its present condition is the result of too much
shading by the branches above it

ruuBK 51 — .\n old Italian prune tree whose top has been kept thinned out

fairly well. Note llie presence of small fruiting branches well down on llu-

scaffold limbs as a result. Note also that a large ixulion of the fruil spuis

and small fruiting limbs in this tree arc stocky and vigorous

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

February

completely slop Ihe work ol' tliu fruit-
ing machinery. We desire a proper
balance between the two kinds of
growth. To maintain it, or even to
restore it when it is lacking, usually
requires a certain amount of liotli kinds
of pruning, heading back and thinning
out. The tlesiraljility of the results
obtained from mainly lieading back or
mainly thinning out in restoring the
balance in an unfruitful tree of bearing
age depends upon how correctly its
present ovei'-vigorous or under-vigor-
ous condition is estimated, as well as
upon a knowledge of the probable
effect of the difTerent pruning practices.

Cheer for Fruitgrowers

"When Fruit Men Get Scared" is the
title of an article written by James H.
Collins, who spent several weeks here
last sunmier, appearing in The Coun-
try Gentleman of January 1. But the
article iiears a message that should be
gratifying to all fruit men, of tried
districts, and especially cheering to the
faithful among the growers of the Hood
River Valley.

Mr. Collins visited the most of the
apple districts as well as the citrus
belts last year. His opening paragraph
shows that he observed conditions
pretty closely. He says:

"The big crop last year in famous
winter-fruit sections seemed to be not
apples or oranges l)ut meetings. Long
before blossoming time the clans l)egan
gathering. From the citrus groves of
California to those of Porto Rico the
growers came together for debate and
organization, as well as for ructions
and disorganization, and the apple
world was in a ferment from the Rogue
River Valley of Oregon to tlie Shenan-
doah Valley of Virginia."

In another paragraph he says:

"So the growers everywhere began
holding meetings, criticising odlceis,
managers and market methods, with-
drawing from old organizations and
forming new ones, listening to explana-
tions, plans, dreams. One kind of
grower, with a clear head, understood
that it was the time to hantf on to his
interests, even though mortgages and
loans made it desperately hard, and
with the aid of the banker he hung
accordingly. Another type of grower,
yielding to gloom and discouragement,
talked of letting go, of getting out of
fruit into some profitable line, of chop-
ping down his trees and raising grain
or hay — on five-hundred-dollar land!"

Then comes the message to growers
and shippers and the cheer for the
faithful. Fxtracts from the body of
Mr. Collins' article are as follows:

"These are mighty inteiesling times
in the fruit industry. On the sui-face,
with all the clamor and pessimism, it
often looks as though everything were
going to pieces. Rut down underneath,
the real meaning is reconstruction on a
sounder business basis. Old evils in
production are being eliminated and
broader ideas of marketing are coming
in everywhere. The need for organisa-
tion at home, where fruit is produced,

I-"ic.i'RE 52 — A linilj in (he upper j)art of an Italian prune tree. The indi-
vidual spurs have had an aliluldanl supply of lisht. Note that not only the
individual spurs l)ut .llso the small fruiting limbs are short, stocky* and
vigorous. However, it would be desirable to remove a few of the smaller
branches to prevent too heavy shading of those lower in the tree

is clearly seen b\ most growers, be-
cause shortcomings are close at hand.
The need for organization in the big
markets is not so clearly seen, because
those markets are far ofl", little under-
stood by growers, and the factors that
make for success or failure, good prices
or bad, are not in evidence to them.

"Rig crops were a factor in the ruin-
ous prices of a year ago; so was war.

"But it is fairly certain that with bet-
ter Lmdeistanding of market conditions
by growers and better organization of
shipments, there would have been nnich
better ijrices.

"Nine growers in ten believe that low
prices are due to glutting of markets.
Real market gluts of fruit like winter
aiiples, which can be stored and held
f(n- months, are much rarer than is
commonly supposed, and while citrus
fruit cannot be held so long, once it is
oil' the tree, it still has a margin of
stability that makes it entirely differ-
ent from berries and soft fruits, which
must be haiiilled (|uickl.\-.

"Sevent.\ -live i)er cent of all the so-
called market gluts of winter fruit.

with falling prices, are probably price
scares instead. They can he prevented
by better organization of growers and
produce men, and that will come as
soon as the operation of price panics is
more widel.\ understood.

"Under normal circumstances, by
skilU'ul organization, storage and sales-
manship the Xorthwest would probably
have made some profit on box apples.
But individual growers, under ))ressure
of fright or debt, began consigning
their fruit to I'^astern markets in coni-
])etition with growers" associations, and
in a little while whatever confidence
existed was destroyed and prices had
dropped to less than freight charges.

"One of the big Northwestern grow-
ers' organizations sent a representative
through the Middle West selling apples.
He found many towns where box fruit
had never been handled and sold lots
of three to fen cars in such places.
Fruit dealers jKiid association prices
and began selling the consumers at
moderate margins of profit, to assure
sleadx trade all winter.

("ontinued on page 40

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page IS

Spot Diseases of the Apple Causing Much General Confusion

liv (;iiarles l!rooks and D. F. Fisher, U. S. Department of ARricuItiiro. Read liy Mr. I'ishcr before the Wasliington State Horticultural Association.

THERE is so much general con-
fusion in regard to the nature,
cause and niettiod.s of treatment of
the various spot (hseases of the apple
that it has seemed desirable to present
a progress report of our studies of tliese
diseases. While we still have very
much to learn about these various
troubles, it is hoped that what we have
already found out may prove of value
to the liorticidturist and help him to
distinguish between the different dis-
eases, that he may shape his control
measures accordingly. The disease
known as bitter pit is referred to under
various names. The Germans were the
first to describe the disease and called
it "stippin." This name is now in quite
geneial use in New York State. In the
United Stafes the disease was first re-
ferred to as Baldwin Sijot, since the
Baldwin was found particularly suscep-
tible to it in New En.nland. This name
was first used in Vermont and is in
quite general use throughout the
country. The disease has been re-
ferred to in New Hampshire and Ore-
gon puljlicalions as "fruit pit." In
England, South .Africa and Australia
the disease is known as "bitter pit."
This term has also been quite gener-
ally used in the correspondence of the
U. S. Department of Agriculture. The
term "pit" seems much better suited to
describe the (hsease than that of "spot,"
since it is set off from a number of
fruit spots by a definite ijitling or
depression of the apple surface. It
also seems desirable to eliminate the
word "Baldwin." since to use it con-
veys the im])ression that the disease
might be confined to the Baldwin vari-
ety, whereas [he (Irimes, Northern Spy,
Yellow BelHlower and other varieties
are just as susceptible as the Bnlilwin.
This disease has received more atten-
tion in recent years than formerly,
partly because the other diseases have
been brought largely under control by
spraying, partly because there is a
greater demand for high-grade fruit of
good keeping quality, and partly be-
cause the methods that have been
adopted for producing extra fancy
apples tend to increase rather than
decrease this jiarficular trouble. It has
been extremely (Hdicult to find out the
cause of tiie disease. In the first place,
it is of ])liysiologi( ;d nature, and its
occurrence is determined by the .gen-
eral condition of the tree and fruit, and
such general factors as these are hard
to control in a way to get definite data.
Secondly, there has been a great deal
of confusion in regard to the disease
because there are a number of very
similar spots that have l)een referred
to under the ai)ove names, but which
differ from one another in nature,
cause and means of control. This
makes any general statement in regard
to the disease of questionable value
unless there is a careful description
given of the trouide under discussion.
Among these similar spots are the

"Fruit Spot," ".lonathan Si)ot," "Stig-
monose," true bitter pit, and the corky
pit, or so-called "droutli spot." The
fruit spot is characterized by hard,
sunken, green or red s))ots with inimer-
ous black specks scattered over the
sunken area. It is a fungous disease
and is readily controlled by spraying
with fungicides. It has never been
reported west of the Rocky Mountains,
and so far as Washington State is con-
cerned, the disease can be left out of
consideration. In spite of this fact, in
some cases orchardists in the W'est
have carried on extensive spraying
work for the control of bitter pit, fol-
lowing up the Eastern directions for
fruit spot, and thinking they were
fighting the same disease.

Jonathan Spot is the name applied to
very shallow black or brown spots in
the skin of the apple. In late stages
the spots may become sunken and part
of the adjacent flesli inv(dved. Various
fungi may gain entrance and hasten the
enlargement of the s]K)ts. In the West
this disease is not generalh confused
with bitter pit. In some (|uarteis it has
been attributed to arsenical spray in-
jury, but this theory of tlie cause of the
trouble has been definitely (fisproved
by the extensive spraying experiments
which the Department of Agriculture
conducted in the State of Delaware in
1910 and 1911. Blocks of .lonathans
were sprayed with different amounts of

lead arsenate to see if the prevalence
of the disease could be correlated with
the amount of leard arsenate used in
the spray. Data was secured on the
disease both at the time of picking and
after several weeks in storage. No cor-
relation whatever could be found be-
tween the arsenate of lead and the
disease. In many cases there was more
disease on fruit whicli had not been
sprayed at all than upon that which
had received the heaviest application of
lead arsenate. The disease is of a
physiological nature, and is essentially
a storage trouble, and therefore is not
controllable by spraying. It is greatly
reduced by hastening the fruit to cold
storage. Our experiments with this
disease seem to indicate that factors
similar to those involved in the cause
and control of bitter pit are closely
paralleled in the case of Jonathan spot.
These will be taken up in more detail
in the consideration of bitter pit. Jon-
athan spot does not seem to be a de-
sirable name for this trouble, since it
implies that llie disease is largely con-
fined to the Jonathan variety, whereas
Spitzeiiberg, Yellow Newtown and
other varieties are often as badly
affected. In the interest of clearness
it would be desirable to eliminate, if
we could, the name of any particular
variety of fruit from the names of
diseases. The term "freckles" has been
applied to Jonathan sjiof, but it has not

Heavily
irrigated
all season.

Moderate
irrigation.

Moderate
irrigation uulil
.-Vugust 1, then
lieavy until
September 10.

Light
irrigation.

Y/////////////////

Soil moisUu'P.

liillir pil.

Chart showing corrclalion hclwccn soil moisture and billcr pil in l!>l.'i

at Wcuatchcc, Wasliiiigl.in,

i-nts on Grimes

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbniarv

THE control of Orchard Pests is no longer an experiment, but a
scientific problem. ORCHARD BRAND SPRAY MATERIALS

are prepared with a thorough knowledge of the
existing conditions and what is necessary _ .*-;^>/S^'

to overcome them. --"'^

MAIER^VL5

?^<.«:r'^~.

risffe*;

—■^if'-^j.,-

Orchard Brand Arsenate of Lead only is the standard poison for the control of
codling moth and similar insects. Now manufactured by an improved process which :
combines the ingredients so as to produce a soft, creamy paste which mixes readily
with water.

Orchard Brand Atomic Sulphur, the best known remedy for the control of the
mildew.

Orchard Brand Lime Sulphur Solution — a highly concentrated clear liquid free
from sediment for late winter and early spring spraying on fruit trees.

Orchard Brand Bordeaux Mixture, properly balanced fungicide in paste form
ready for immediate dilution in water.

Universal Dormant Soluble Oil is especially manufactured for use in the Pacific
Northwest apple orchards, during the dormant season, where its effectiveness has
been proven as a general clean-up spray to kill all species of scaleinsects, aphis eggs, etc.

Write us, giving age, variety and kind of trees, together with a description of the pest you wish to
control, and we will give you definite information regarding its control.
When ordering, state quantity and kind of material, or age and number of trees.

GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY

201 Sansome Street, SAN FRANCISCO

come into general ii.se, so it will per-
hap.s be best to ailhere to the coni-
nionly-acrepted name of the disease.

A sreat deal more confusion has
arisen in regard to the other diseases
mentioned above: the true bitter pit,
the corky pit or drouth spot, and the
stigmonose. These troubles resemble
one another very closely in some cases.
The true bitter nit appears on mature,
or nearly mature fruit, either on the
tree or in storage. When found on the
surface it causes hemispheiical de-
pressions, usually rather circular and
unif<'itn in shaiie. Beneath the skin
brown dry spots arc found, and this
brown tissue may extend down through
the flesh of the apple along the con-
ducting vessels, giving the flesh a
streaked appearance. Pits may also be
found at a depth in the flesh when
there is no outward indication of their
presence. The pitting is generally con-
fined to the lower or calyx end of the
apple.

The corky \n[ or drouth spot usually
has a fairly large area of dead brown
tissue. These spots may be near the
surface or at a considerable depth.
They may appear at any staae in the
growth of the apple, but usually become
more evident later in the season. At
-first they are large, irregular shaped,
water-soaked spots, often stained a red-
dish color and usually covered wi'h
drops of a yellowish, sticky ooze which
is sweeti.sh to the taste. In late stages
of the disease the fruit is much mis-
shapen, the spots become very hard and

sunken, while the llesh is brown and
corky like an oil bruise. In 1913 this
disease was first produced experi-
mentally at Wcnatchee by subjecting
Winesaps to a sudden and severe
drouth. In every case since observed
it has been found that this condition
prevailed before the appearance of the
trouble. It was at first thought that
these spots might possibly be due to
water being turneil on suddenly after
the drouth, but later observations have
shown that they developcil before irri-
gation was again resuineil. There is no
question but that a sudden shortage of
water is the direct cause of the spots.
It is probable that the character of the
soil may have a modifying influence.
The disease is most common on Wine-
saps, although Staymans and Ben Davis
are often afl'ccted. Varieties other than
these have been subjected to the same
circumstances and the fruit reduced to
a decidedly shriveled condition with-
out these corky spots ap]H'aring. In the
East the Ben Davis seems to liave suf-
fered more than other varieties from
this trouble. The best remedy that can
be offered with our present knowledge
is thai of uniform watering. There is
another form of corky pit that occurs
on shallow soils in some sections of
the East and West. It is common where
there is a hardpan at a .slight depth,
and also where there arc peculiar soils
outcropping. This disease is t|uite .gen-
eialh associated with rosette. The
lemedies that have been suggested are

such as tile drainage, blasting and turn-
ing under cover crops.

Stigmonose is a term used to refer
to insect injuries to plants. It is used
here to lefer particularly to the effects
produced on ajiples by sucking insects.
The gross characteristics of stigmonose
are very similar to those of true bitter
pit. The spots, however, are more
irregular in size and outline than those
of bitter pit. and instead of having
a rather smooth, hemispherical de-
pression of the skin the stigmonose is
usually a roughened and irregular
])itting. It appeals earlier in the
season than bitter pit and is usually
found particularlx' abundant on those
branches where aphids are of most
common occurrence. It is not confined
to the middle or calyx end of the apple,
as is usually the case with true bitter
pit. It also (lifTers from bitter pit in
that it is seldom found deep in the
flesh and that there is no streaking
beneath the spots. Our first year's
work in Washington State was practi-
cally wasted, so far as results on bitter
pit were concerned, because experi-
ments were outlined for this disease
and carried out in orchards which it
had been reported to us were badly
afTected with bitter pit, but which we
later found were affected with stig-
monose and not true bitter pit. Within
the last year in certain orchard sec-
tions of the Kast large blocks of Yorks
and other varieties have been so badly
afl'ccted with stigmonose that the own-
ers, thinking they had some physio-
logical tiouljle, were planning to either
top work their trees or cut them out,
as they des])aired of ever controlling
the flisease. Upon examination it was
found that the disease was not bitter
pit but a bad case of stigmonose. While
the bitter pit and the stigmonose are
so much alike in appearance, the man-
ner of control is entirely difi'erent.
Stigmonose is due to sucking insects.
Its occurrence runs parallel with that
of the aphids, particularly the rosy-
api)le aphis. It is sometimes found on
the small gnarled apples on the inside
limbs of the tree, which have been
damaged by the early attacks of the
ros\- aphis, but it also occurs on other
apples that are near these, as well as
those in other parts of the tree, and
to which tile aphids spread later in the
season. It has to be controlled by con-
trolling the sucking insects. In order
to carr\' out bitter-pit experiments with
stigmonose eliminated we have found
it necessary to spray our experimental
trees for the control of aphids. This
control was accomi)lished this past
year through the co-o])eration of Mr.
E. ,1. Newcomer of the Bureau of En-
tomology, who has been associated with
us in the stigmonose experiments. We
found in one of our experimental
orchards, where ros\ ajjliis was i)ar-
ticularl> al)undant, that si)raying with
Black-Leaf M), diluted 1-1000 plus lime-
sulphur testing four degrees Beaume,
and ai)i)lied just as tlie terminal buds
were becoming green, reduced the
amount of stigmonose from Ki to less
than 1 per cent. True bitter pit does

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 15

not usually apiK'ni' until tin- fruit is
nearly mature, anil often develops in
storage, particularly where improper
methods arc used. It is worse on large
apples and on fruit from young trees.
Irrigation is a very important factor
in its control. In our experiments
on this disease it has been found
that heavily-watered trees, particularly
those watered heavily late in the sea-
son, have a much greater percentage
of diseased fruit than those receiving
medium or light watering.

The following data, showing the per-
centage of bitter pit present, has been
obtained in experiments of the pasi
year on Grimes variety, counts being
made twelve days after picking:

Heavily watcrrd throughout the season. .. .43%

Medium supply of water throughout sea-
son 17%

Medium supply of water until August 1,
then heavily watered 49%

Lightly watered throughout season 14%

After six weeks in cellar storage the
amount of disease (bitter pit) had in-
cerased to the following percentages:

Heavily watered throughout season 73%

Medium supply of water throughout sea-
son 54%

Medium sujiply of water until August 1,
then heavily wiitered 81%

Lightly watered throughout season 40%

These results are graphically pre-
sented on the accompanying chart,
where the soil moisture is expressed
in per cent of soil saturation as deter-
mined by frequent tests throughout the
season. It might be noted in a con-
sideration of the above figures that the
results were obtained froiu five-year-
old trees of a very suscpetible variety.
Practically the same contrasts were
obtained in another similar experiment
using Jonathans instead of Grimes. Our
results in this case differed from the
above only in the relative smaller
amount of disease occasioned by the
dilfering susceptibilities of the varie-
ties. The production of Jonathan spot,
so far as it has thus far been deter-
mined, closely parallels that of bitter
pit in these experiments. It is evident
that bitter pit can be largely reduced
in irrigated sections by the proper

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handling of the irrigation water. There
are other factors concerneil, however,
but our experiments do not Justify a
report on these at tlie present time. In
storage the disease is partitilly pre-
vented, or at least delayed in apjiear-
ance, by prompt cooling. This report
on these diseases is not given as a final
statement on the subject, as there is
yet nnich to be found out, but there
are a few things of practical impor-
tance that can be definitely stated. The
fungous fruit spot of the Kast does not
occur ill Washington, and sprayings
with fungicides for spot and pit
troubles are unnecessary. Jonathan

spot is a skin disease of a physiological
nature. It appears most often after the
fruit goes into storage and is not con-
trolled by spraying. Stigmonose is of
common occurrence, has been much
confused with true bitter pit. and can
be controlled by controlling the suck-
ing insects. The control of corky pit
or drouth spotting should be attempted
ahnig lines of soil improvement and
maintaining a uniform water supply.
True bitter pit can be greatly reduced
by proper handling of irrigation water,
that is, by avoiding excessive irriga-
tion, especially late in the season, and
b,\ hastening the fruit into cold storage.

Alfalfa in the Orchard, or Better Orchard Farming

By P. S. Darlinslon, Horticulturist, Wcimlilui'

UP until the last two or three years three years
I)rices for our Northweslern ai)ples
have been good. So good in fact that
our fruit farmers of Washington have
made good big profits and have done
well in a business way, regardless of
whelher they have conducted their
farms upon good, sound business jiiin-
ciples or not. We are inclined to lay
most of our (roubles in the last two or

Wiisliinulou.

Ill niarkeling conditions.
.\s a matter of fad ade(|uale marketing
facilities have not kept pace with the
rapidly - increasing lonnage of the
.Xortbwesl. However, in the last year
or Iwo a great deal has been said and
done along the line of improving our
liack, grade, and marketing conditions
in the future. But none of us can
foresee what prices we are likely to

Paoc 1 6

BETTER FRUIT

February

Selling your Salvation

You must sell
at a profit
or
quit the game

mdw

4ITH0GIIAPH>

Well dressed

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Induce sales

OUR ATTRACTIVE LABELS
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SCHMIDT LITHOGRAPH CO.

SAN FRANCISCO.

Los Angeles, Fresno, Portland, Seattle, Salt Lake City

get for our fruit in the next few years.
We must liope for llie tjest but be pre-
jjarecl for ttie worst. On our orctiard
iarm.s we must start t)uil(ling up a bet-
ter and more permanent agriculture, an
agriculture based upon more economic
principles. I mean by this that we can
no longer afford to take crop after crop
from our orchards without doing some-
thing toward improving or at least
maintaining proper soil conditions. We
can no longer afford to go to town and
buy our meat, butter, eggs and garden
produce, as has been largely the prac-
tice in the past. By building a better
agriculture, then, I mean maintaining
and improving soil conditions, main-
taining and improving crop production,
both as to (piantity and quality, and
living better and more economically
on our orchard farms.

If one will take a ride through the
older orchard sections during the sum-
mer time he can see here and there
orchards in which the trees show
small, yellowish and sparse foliage, a
red or yellowish bark, and probably a
light crop of small apples. These are
symptoms of improper nourishment or
partial starvation. This condition may
be brought about by any one of a num-
ber of different causes, but whatever
the cause the effect is partial starva-
tion. In some cases it may be due to
lack of water, but since all plant food
must be taken up in the form of solu-
tion lack of water is starvation. In a
light sandy soil il may be due to too
much w-afer, in which case the soluble
elements of plant food are leached
away before they can be utilized by
the tree roots. II may be due to an
impoverished soil, but there are com-
paratively few of our orchard soils but
what contain sudieient i)lanl food to
properly nourisli the trees if the ele-
ments of plant food that are in the

soil are made available to the trees.
This starved appearance is most fre-
quently due to the fact that the ele-
ments of plant food which are in the
soil in abundance are, on account of
the improper physical condition of the
soil, not made available to the tree or
plant.

An ideal apple soil is a heavy rich
loam. But this type of soil as well as
other types, if clean cultivated for a
period of years, becomes void of humus
or organic matter. The soil iiarticlcs
then readily run together. In this con-
dition the soil breaks up cloddy. II
puddles easily when wet. It does not
take water readilx'. In fact a strata
just beneath the surface cultivation
will develop which is almost imper-
vious to water and which is almost as
hard as hardpan. A soil in this physical
condition, though it may be ever so
rich in the elements of plant food, will
not release or make available to the
tree plant food in sufTicient quantities
to properly nourish the tree. This con-
dition of soil has been brou.ght about
by the continuous burning up and
almost continuous exhaustion of the
humus or organic matter in the soil.
This is the result of continued clean
cultivation without the addition of
organic mailer to the soil. The point
that I want to bring out most forcibly
here is that oin- soil troubles are mostly
physical rather than chemical, and that
the addition of chemicals in the form
of chemical or cotnmercial fertilizers
can do little toward the permanent
upbuilding of our soil conditions. Fur-
thermore, without an adequate supply
of humus we do not get full benefit
of whatever chemical fertilizers we
may use.

We may temporarily benefit a cro|)
or oui' trees by deep plowing or by
dynamiting. By such means the soil

is temporarily put in heller shape to
absorb water. But such results can he
only temporary, for without organic
matter in the soil to hold the soil par-
ticles apart the soil will soon run to-
gether and become as compact and as
impervious to water as before. To
build up and maintain a constant
supply of available |)lant food with the
least possible waste we must have a
goodly supply of humus in the soil.
Hunnis is decaying vegetation or
organic matter. Humus acts as a
sponge to not only hold moisture but
to hold available elements of plant
food. In the decomposition of organic
matter various weak acids known as
humic acitls are formed. These weak
acids have a dissolving effect upon the
soil particles and change the otherwise
unavailable elements of plant food into
available form. Humus holds the soil
particles apart and prevents the soil
from becoming hard and compact.

Now we come to a discussion of cor-
recting the physical conditions of the
soil, a discussion of supplying humus
in the best and most economical way.
We all know something of the benefits
of barnyard manure. Barnyard manure

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Catalog will be mailed tree iipnn reciufst.
AGENTS ALWAYS WANTED

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page I 'J

is not very rich in the elements of
plant food. For instance, tit) pounds of
nitrate of soda furnishes as much nitro-
gen as a ton of ordinary horse manure;
20 pounds of muriate of potash fur-
nishes as much potash as a ton of ordi-
nary horse manure, and 2a pounds of
ground bone furnishes as much phos-
phoric acid as a ton of ordinary horse
manure. I can readily point to a number
of orchards which have shown very
plainly the beneficial results from barn-
yard manure, due probably more to
the beneficial physical effect upon the
soil than to the comparatively small
addition of plant food. However, barn-
yard manure is expensive, especially
if we have to haul it from town, and
we cannot all get it in sutFicient quan-
tities. Therefore we must turn to other
sources of organic matter. This brings
us to a consideration of cover crops.
By a proper system of cover or manure
crops we can undoubtedly furnish the
required humus more cheaply than in
any other way. In fact the negligent
grower, as we used to call him, who
allowed the weeds to grow in his
orchard every fall and worked them
into the soil in the spring and contin-
ued this practice year after year has
today very much better soil conditions
than the grower who has scrupulously
clean cultivated over the same period.
The weeds have not added any fertility
to the soil, but they have kept the soil
in better physical condition. Wheat
and rye arc sometimes used with bene-
ficial results, especially on light or
sandy soils which are likely to shift
with the spring winds. But these, like
the weeds, add no fertility, simply put

T* 11 rv Vou can go

lill Deep de.p wth

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SOLUBLE SULPHUR

(COMPOUND)

You Sprayed For Scale Last Season.
And Yet You Failed. Why?

nnu'T BLAME THE SPRAY. You can't buy any spray loriay
unrlpr U S laws unless It is good for what is claimed for il.
fS? Ave consecutive years SOLUBLE SULPHUR has shown 98%
to 99" o effective by experiment station tests. What a spray
will do once it will do again. Three times over in one series nl
tests, say nothing of five years of success the country over with
thousands of tons used, should convince any intelligent man
that the spray is right.

IT IS RIGHT. IT DOES THE WORK.
SEND FOR OUR 1916 SPRAY BULLETIN. It
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LILLY'S
Seattle and Portland

SOLUBLE
SULPHUR

COMPOUND

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back -what they have taken from the
.soil. It i.s no-w a matter of common
agricultural knowledge that there i.s a
family of plants known as the legumes
that (Ic) have the power of adding fer-
tility in the form of nitrogen to the
soil. Since nitrogen is the element of
fertility that is most likely to be lack-
ing in most of our soils and is the ele-
ment that is the most expensive to buy,
and since \vc find among the legumes
|)lants that are suitable in many other
respects for cover or manure crops, it
is natural to expect that we should find
our most suitaljle cover-crop plants in
this family.

Red clover has long been used as a
green manure crop and is highly recom-
mended in general farming districts for
such purposes. It has been (luite gen-
erally recommended for an orchard
cover crop and has been quite ex-
tensively used in the fruit districts for
that purpose. However, results from
its use as an orchard cover crop, at
least in the Wenatchee district, have
not proven generally satisfactory, espe-
cially where the clover has been
allowed to remain in the orchard for
two years or more. This same appear-
ance of starvation as described above
usually becomes very apparent after
clover has been in the orchard for two
years or more. I could cite numerous
instances of Ibis condition. Red clover
is a shallow-rooted plant. II lakes its
supply of water and food from the
first two or three feet of soil ri.ght in
competition with the feeding roots of

the tree. While I have no exact meas-
urements of water used it is conceded
by practically all that have had clover
in the orchard that it requires an
excessive amount of water. I believe
that the generally poor results from
the use of clover are due to the diffi-
culty of keeping a proper degree of
soil moisture.

Hairy vetch has a good deal in its
favor as a cover crop. It is one of the
best nitrogen gatherers, it produces a
great mass of vegetative matter and
reseeds itself year after year. Orchards
that have continued the proper use of
vetch year after year show excellent
results from its use. I understand that
the price of vetch seed at the present
time is proliibitive.

I consider alfalfa far superior to any
other crop that we now use for cover
crop or green manure purposes in our
orciiards. Alfalfa produces an im-
mense mass of vegetative matter, not
only above ground but also below. I
believe that it is unexcelled in this
respect by any other crop that we can
grow in our orchards and, as explained
above, it is vegetative matter in the
soil that we need more than anything
else. Alfalfa is a soil renovator. It is
a more successful soil renovator than
plow or harrow, or even dynamite. No
plow sole forms in an alfalfa field nor
in an orchard sowed to alfalfa. Alfalfa
roots penetrate the soil to the depth of
20, 3n or 10 feet and have been known
to go down to a depth of 127 feet. The
decaying roots and side laterals of the

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

Fchniarv

What will it costYou
Not to sprai]
For Aphis?

■'M

|#

■'■=^1

APHIS INJURED

iMi

PERFECT

K

M[M

laCCniNE SULPHATE

^k THIS IS THE TIME TO SPRAY

fur Apple Aphis— just as the leal
Itiuis show green. Don't dehiy
till the foliage gives the Aphis
proti-t-tion. Use "BLACK LEAF
40" when buds are like the one
shown in this pieiure. Write us
for Apple Aphis Bulletin.

2PouiiDsPritt$Z4^

^\ The U. S. Dep't of Agric. Says $30,000,000

isthe annual damage done to the American fruit crop by insects.
Aphis causes a considerable part of this loss and the standard in-
secticide recommended by experiment stations and spraying ex-
perts ior this and many other orchard pests is

"BLACK LEAF 40''

Guaranteed to contain 40^ Nicotine

*'BLACK LEAF 40" is not recom-
mended for all insects; but for
Aphis, Pear Psyla, Hop Louse,
and many othersoft-bodied suck-
ing insects it has proven to be a
highly effective and a very eco-
nomical insecticide. V-, -^ -, ■ — ^^

LET US HELP YOU PROTECT YOUR ORCHARD

If your dealer will not supply you with "IJlack Leaf 40", send us P. O. Money Order for
$2.iy0and we will send you, express prepaid, a 2 pound can that will make 200 gallons of
effective sprayint; solution. If you are in doubt ahout the insecticide you need, write us,
send specimens, or give descriptions of your insect enemies and we will help you to find
the proper insecticide.

KENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO. Dept. B Louisville, Ky.

INCORPORATED

MAKES 200 &flLS.
EFFECTIVE SPBAV.]

alfalfa keep the soil open and porous
for the penetration of air and water.
Alfalfa is a legume and therefore a
nitrogen gatherer. It is probably not
excelled as a nitrogen gatherer. But
is docs more than gather nitrogen from
the air — it penetrates the soil far below
the reach of ordinary plants and brings
up other elements of ])lant food and
makes them available at the surface.
It has been estimated at the New Jersey
Experiment Station that the amounts
of plant food gathered by a test acre
of alfalfa in two years were, nitrogen
equivalent to that contained in 3,500
pounds of nitrate of soda, phosphoric
acid equivalent to that contained in
600 pounds of bone, black super-
phosphate and potash equivalent to
that contained in 1,200 pounds of
muriate of potash. This amount of
fertilizer purchased at the ordinary
cost of commercial fertilizer would
cost about $124, the nitrogen alone
being worth about $10.5. and this was
taken almost entirely from the air.
Alfalfa permits of cultivation in the
spring when the surface soil should be
stirred and allowed to warm up. The
soil may thus be put in better shape to
conserve the winter moisture. Culti-
vation does not injure but heljjs the
alfalfa itself. I have no accurate data
on the amount of water refpiired for
alfalfa in the orchard, although I have
made a good deal of oljservation and
inquiry along this line. I am satisfied
that if three crops of alfalfa are cut
and taken olf the land that it will

require more water than clean culti-
vated land, although I believe that land
that is clean cultivated year after year
will eventually get in such physical
condtion that it will be necessary to
run more water over the surface of the
soil to get it properly soaked in than
it requires to produce the alfalfa. I
am very thoroughly convinced that
alfalfa requires considerably less water
than red clover.

I have mentioned all of these as
reasons why alfalfa should give good
results as a cover crop. Now let us see
what it actually does. Some of the
most vigorous as well as some of the
most productive orchards in the We-
natchee district today are those that
have had alfalfa in the longest. I could
point out a number of such instances.
But for the sake of conqiarison I have
gotten the bearing record of the oldest
alfalfa orchard that I know of in the
Wenatchee district. This bearing rec-
ord covers a period of six years. I
have also gotten the bearing record of
another orchard of the same age and
largely the same varieties. The Barney
iS: Williams archard is now about 18
years old. It was originally an alfalfa
field plowed up and set to orchard. So
far as I can learn an effort was made
for the first few years to keep it clean
cultivated, but the alfalfa was eventu-
ally allowed to take it, so that this
orchard has probably now been in solid
alfalfa for 14 or 15 years. This orchard
consists of about an acre and a half
and contains about 150 trees, most of

which arc Ben Davis. The Z. A. Lan-
ham orchard is, as near as I can learn,
the same age. And as near as I can
learn, it had been continuously clean
cultivated uj) until the summer of 1909,
when it was sowed down to red clover,
and remained in red clover for three
years. This orchard contains 833 trees,
about two-thirds of which are Ben
Davis. This orchard has had good care
and apparently better natural soil con-
tlitions and location than the Barney
& Williams orchard. Below is a com-
parison of the two bearing records,
both of which are exceptional records:

BARNEY Jt WILLIAMS (ALFALFA)

Year Boxes

1907 2,300

1908 2,500

1909 3,031

1910 3,300

1911 2,894

1912 3,036

Total for six years 17.061

Annual average (150 trees) . . . 2,343
Xo. boxes per tree per year. . 19

Z. A. LANHAM (CLEAN)
Year finri^i

1907 5,500

1908 10,000

1909 5,500

1910 11,500

1911 5,500

1912 13,000

Total for six years 51,000

.\nnual average (833 trees).. 8,500
Xo. boxes per tree per year. . 10.2

While these two bearing records may
not be conclusive evidence of the effect
of alfalfa upon production, they would
seem to indicate that at least alfalfa is
not harmful to production. I could cite
the case of the Bailey orchard just
across the road from the Barney &
Williams orchard. This orchard pro-
duced two or three good big crops,
then began to fail. The foliage became
pale and sickly looking and small and
s]5arse. For two or three years follov^--
ing this orchard produced small crops
of small apples. It was then sown
down to alfalfa. The second year after
the alfalfa was sowed this orchard pro-
duced broad dark-green foliage and a
good crop of large apples, and con-
tinues to produce good crops. From
such observations as these and many
others I am forced to believe that
alfalfa is beneficial in the orchard.
But alfalfa has another advantage. It
ranks high in feeding value. In fact
we are told that a ton of alfalfa hay
has almost as much feeding value as
a ton of wheat bran. Where if is pos-
sible we might just as well get the
feeding value out of it as well as the
fertilizing value. Now does all of this
mean anything? Yes, this is what it
means: Every orchard farm should
have at least one family cow, a hog or
two, some chickens, etc. We would
then have our own milk and cream,
butter and e.ggs and meat, which with
what vegetables we can raise in a small
corner would constitute a large por-
tion of our living. We would live much
better and a good deal cheaper and
would at the same time be building up
our orchard soils. This is what I call
building up a better and more perma-
ent agriculture on our small orchanl
farms.

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Page ig

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Diversity of Fruit Growing

Professor C. I. Le\vis, Chief Division of Horticulture, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, before the Oregon State Horticultural Society.

WE have recently completed a
study of the cost of production
of apples in a thousand orchards
in the Pacific Northwest. In making
this study, we gave special attention to
the subject of the possibilities of diver-
sifying the fruitgrower's interest. We
realize that the production problem
simmers itself down quite largely to
the proper utilization of labor and
teams and the maintenance of an acre-
age which guarantees cheap produc-
tion. The amount of diversification
that a man can undertake depends very
largely upon the acreage of fruit which
he maintains and the amount of capital,
time and general facilities at his dis-
posal for other lines of endeavor. Pos-
sibly, the best form of diversification
for the fruitgrower is to diversify more
in his own line. Namely, instead of
devoting his entire attention to the pro-
duction of one type of fruit, such as
apples, or walnuts, it would be better
that he grow a number of types, thus
distributing his labor and bringing in
cash incomes at various seasons, and
eliminating to a certain degree the pos-
sibilily of lean years. For example, in
the Willamette S'alley, if he has a prune
evaporator, blackcaj) raspberries or
loganberries, prunes and English wal-
nuts could all be dried in the same
building and would not interfere with
each other. For the slack time which
would come in August, he could have
Bartlett pears raised for the cannery,
or he could take such a combination as
berries, prunes, apples or walnids. In
a section like Hood River one could
grow such crops as strawberries, cane
fruits, cherries, pears and apples. For
The Dalles, early berries, cherries,
peaches, apricots, green iirunes, grapes
and some truck-garden crops. For the
Frcewater-Milton district, dewberries,
strawberries, early garden-truck crops,
peaches, green prunes and apples.
These are merely some of the crops to
raise. Others could be raised, and we
could work them out for different sec-
tions of the Northwest.

To the fruit grower who contem-
plates taking up general agriciillure in
connection with fruit growing, I would

warn him against overdoing this propo-
sition, for, unless he makes a careful
study of the proposition and is a good
business man, he will only lose money,
rather than add to his receipts. The
great danger to a man who goes into
general farming and at the same time
attempts the production of fruit, is that
his fruit will be of very poor quality.
Often Western people point to the
diversity of certain Eastern fruitgrow-
ers, but they fail to remember thai
these same Eastern fruitgrowers pro-
duce very ordinary fruit — fruit that
would not pay a Western fruitgrower
to pay the freight on. It is very
doubtful if, on high-priced land, there
is a single agricultural production
that will pay belter than fruit prop-
erly grown, and the man contem-
plating diversification needs to give
a little attention to the question of
cheap production and efTicient busi-
ness management. On the other hand,
the general farmer should go into fruit
growing cautiously. There are some
exceptions, however. The prune, for
example, can be grown very nicely by
the every-day fariuer and is today the
best cash crop on a large percentage
of the farms in the Willamette and
Umpqua Valleys. The longanberry is
another crop which the dairyman or
general farmer can grow in conneclion
with other crops, and the English wal-
nut oilers a fair field. Occasionally we
find a man handling peaches and can-
nin.g jjears successfully, but there are
very few general farmers who make a
success of apples, iicars and sweet
berries. F>ery orchardist should at-
tempt to produce as large a percentage
as possible of food consumed on his
ranch. This means he should keep a
good family cow, at least one iiig, a
small (lock of chickens, and should
mainlain a good garden in which will
be found abundant suppiles of aspara-
gus, iluibarb, small fruits, potatoes and
seasonable vegetables. From such a
combination he ought to be able lo sell
a considerable excess to advanlagc.

We will now consider the various
opportunities for diversification, and
Ihe lirst we will consinder is that of

forage crops in irrigated sections. For
example, clover and alfalfa and sim-
ilar crops can be easily grown in the
mature orchards. Our survey, how-
ever, points out that when these crops
are produced as hay, very little money
can be made, and that the most money
from these crops is realized when they
can be pastured by such animals as
hogs or sheep. Sections fortunately
situated near good markets can engage
to a limited extent in the production of
high-grade truck-garden crops. How-
ever, the market is limited and it is
only occasionally where one can realize
money under conditions where it is
necessary lo employ jjraclically all the
hand labor. F^or irrigated districts, the
strawberry has shown itself to be the
best money producer. We must admit
that sometimes it is a little hard on
the trees, but there are many fruit-
growing sections that would be better
off if they always reserved a portion
of their land for the production of such
fruits as the strawberry. The potato
on the whole has not been very profit-
able. Occasionally an orchardist makes
money, but more of them lose. In only
a small proportion of the orchards do
we have the right combination of soil
and climate for good i)otato produc-
tion. A few growers producing seed
]3otatoes have made money. Some of
the men in the Grand Ronde Valley
have done well in this way. It is very
rarely that gi'ain or grain hay can be
grown profilably among fruit trees.

WANTED

Position as Horticulturist by practical
expert with years of experience. College
graduate. Can give very good recommed-
ations. Address S. N. L., care of "Better
Fruit."

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Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

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The greatest value of the grain woiikl
be to check over-vigorous trees that
are not bearing, but which should be
producing commercial croi)s.

\Mien marketing conditions are right,
the hog represents one of the best
propositions for the fruitgrower to
consider. This is especially true in
M'estern Oregon, where abundant crops
of turnips, vetch, rape, etc., can be
grown as winter pasturage and where
the soil will stand such pasturing. The
hogs are turned ofT in the spring.
Where cheap grain, such as wheat
screenings can be procured, hogs have
been pi-oduced very satisfactorily by
some of our orchardists. Where sum-
mer pasturage must be resorted to, the
question is a little more complicated
and the grower is often forced to un-
load his pork on a very poor market.
However, in some of our experiments
we have secured very satisfactory re-
sults. In a test which we tried at the
Umatilla Experiment Farm, at Hermis-
ton, the following results were secured:

For the purpose of determining the
comparative value of alfalfa hay and
pasture produced by ecpial areas of land
planted to orchard, one-half acre of
four-year-old alfalfa was taken. The
soil and stand of plants were uniform
and no grading was done preparatory
to seeding. The tract was equally
divided into one-fourth-acre fields, one-
half being set aside for the production
of hay and the other fenced for pastur-
ing. The pasture plat was divided into
two parts of one-eighth acre each. A

small shelter and water barrel were
placed at one end of the dividing fence
in such manner that by changing the
free end of one panel from one end
to the other of the shelter they could
be thrown into either of the plats.
Owing to the flume leading to this land
being small, water could not be applied
to the entire experiment at one time,
but it was irrigated regularly at inter-
vals averaging about twelve days in
length. New furrows were made in the
hay ground after each crop was re-
moved, and in the pasture jjlats before
each irrigation. Four crops of hay
were cut from one-fourth acre, which
yielded as follows: First crop. May
22, 848 pounds; second crop, July 6,
838 pounds; third crop, August 3, 534
pounds; fourth crop, .September 28, 430
pounds. Total 2,6.50 pounds, or 5.3 tons
to the acre. A yield of 5.3 tons is con-
sidered huge for coarse sandy soil not
influenced by ground water.

The first lot of hogs purchased for
use in this experiment were farrowed
September 15, 1913, making them 104
days old. They were from the first
litter of a young Duroc sow. The sire
was of the large type Poland China
and both parents were of good breed-
ing. Hogs of the second lot were very
similar in ever respect to those of the
first. Although not large for their age,
they were thrifty and in good flesh
when put on the pasture. Total num-
ber of days alfalfa was pastured, 190;
number of hog days for one acre of
alfalfa, 3,040; total pounds pork pro-

duced by one-quarter acre of alfalfa
with addition of grain equals 573,
which is e(|uivalent to 2,292 pounds to
the acre. At seven cents this amounts
to $1G0.44. After deducting .$28.25, the
cost of 1,883 pounds of grain (rolled
barley) fed at .f.30 a ton leaves .$11.86
to the credit of one-quarter acre of
alfalfa. This equals a rate of $47.44
an acre for the alfalfa by pasturing
under the above conditions which were
no more favorable than are found on
several farms on the project at the
present time. At $7 a ton, which is
the sale price of loose hay, an acre
income of $37.10 was received. The
value of each ton of hay in terms of
alfalfa used as pasture, in view of the
above results, would amount to $8.95.
At $7 a ton for hay, and $8.95 a ton for
hay when used for pasture, gives an
increase in value of $1.95 a ton, or
$7.80 an acre for pasture over that of
hay. During one week in April small
amounts of alfalfa were cut from an
adjacent field and fed to the hogs on
account of cool weather checking the
growth of forage on the pasture plat.
No record was kept of the quantity
used, but as it was very small it would
make only a slight dilference in results
of the experiment.

In the above figures no estimate or
consideration is made of the compara-
tive labor requirements in producing
hay or pasturing. From the farmer's
Ijoint of view the pasturing gives a
better distribution of labor and, if
some what more expensive in amount
required, being more evenly dis-
tributed, would, on many farms, be
cheaper than the irregularity and in-
convenience of gathering haying crews
for short ijcriods of service. The value
of retaining the organic matter result-
ing from grain fed and forage pro-
duced upon this land and having it
well distributed over the surface in
the form of manure is an item of con-
siderable impoitance in this district.

All that can be gained in buying
grain in quantity is clear profit. In
order that the greatest profit can be
had from pasturing, grain (which is
necessary for maxinnim returns) should
be bought directly from the producer
and in large quantities. ^Vllere a re-
turn of $47.44 an acre was got for
alfalfa pastured by feeding grain at
$30 a ton, a saving of $37.68 would
have been made by feeding grain at
$20 a ton, and an acre return of $85.10
realized. l<"iom 1.5 to 2.5 pounds of
grain should be fed daily for every
100 jiounds of live weight. One and
one-half jxiunds, or 1.5 per cent was fed
in this experiment. For the comfort,
protection and health of the animals
substantial shelter should be afforded
and the quarters kept clean and well
disinfected. Fresh water and some
form of mineral matter should be kept
available at all times. A combination
of soft coal, or charcoal, salt and a
small amount of sulphur, kept in a
small trough in the lot, is valuable to
keep the animals in .good thrifty con-
dition. The grain should be fed twice
a day and the animals fre<iuenlly

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 21

changed from one plat of alfalfa to the
other to keep them on succulent feed
and get a maximum growth of forage.
If not fed down closely, the alfalfa
stubble should be clipped as soon each
time as hogs are removed.

In a Hood River experiment this
past summer, thirteen hogs, Duroc,
averaging 7,3..'> pounds, made a total
gain of 241 i)ounds in 32 days. This
amounts lo individual gain of 18.5
pounds and an average daily gain of
.57 pounds per hog. This gain was
made on clover pasture alone. For a
thirty-day period on clover with .5
pound grain (rolled barley) per hog
per day they gained 13.8 pounds per
hog, or .44 pounds per day. During a
58-day period on the same clover and
field peas which were mature, the same
hogs made a total gain of 44.8 pounds,
which amounted to a daily gain of .77
pounds. For a the period of 120 days
these animals made a daily gain of
.64 pounds, amounting to an individual
gain of 77.2 pounds and a total gain for
the period of 1,004 pounds. As the
hogs were of excellent stufl' for such
an experiment they no doubt did well
under the conditions, however they did
not have sulTicient grain to make maxi-
mum gains. Witli about 2 per cent of
grain they should have made 1 pound
gain a day. As they ran over three
acres of clover and fed off four acres
of peas in company with twenty head
of smaller animals, it is impossible to
determine what income they yielded
per acre of clover, or of peas.

The question is sometimes asked,
will not the hogs damage the trees?
Yes, quite fretpiently they will injure
young trees, and there are certain indi-
viduals that need watching or remov-
ing from the orchard. However, if
there is an abunrlance of feed and good
varieties, there is less danger. If the
apples get heavy enough so as to bring
the branches near the ground, hogs
will often shake off large quantities of
fruit. One should not try to over-
class the orchard. The cull fruit is of
questionable value. It is, however,
worth something, but is poor for
fattening.

It is exceedingly hard for an orchard-
ist to engage in dairying on a large
scale. There are a few exceptions,
however. For example, a man who
has abundant pasture and can raise
plenty of feed, sell his milk at retail
prices, and provide proper barns and
pasture for his stock, will often make
money. His herd, however, must be
superior and he cannot afford to buy
much of the food the cattle consumes.
An orchardist can often make very
good money on from one to three
cows, and begin to lose money when
he attempts more. The average cow
which the dairyman offers the orchard-
ist is of very (luestionable value. Very
few men are temiieramentally suited to
handle both fruit and cows success-
fully.

A small Hock of chickens should be
fotmd on every orchardist's ranch. It
is only in exceptional cases, however,
where large flocks of chickens will
pay. If large numbers are kept, it

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requires much attention, and most
orchardists feel that the element of
grain is a factor which keeps them
from going into the industry ex-
tensively.

I have felt that possibly it would
pay some of our orchardists who have
good crops of clover and alfalfa to
attempt sheep fattening. There are
sections of the Northwest where sheep
can be secured in the spring of the
year quite easily. There are other sec-
tions where people would be glad to
lease pasturage. We have tried an
experiment with sheep this past year
at Hood Hiver, but hope to try it more
extensively in the future. The report
of this year's experiment is as follows:
Eight head of ewes with lambs can be
handled on three acres of good clover
in orchards. The ewes made practi-
cally no gains, as they suckled the
lambs throughout the determination.
Our figuies show that eight head

suckling lambs that averaged 20 pounds
when put on clover with mothers
(single lambs) made an average daily
gain of 1.2 pounds each for a period
of 52 days. No correction has here
been made to cover gaunt condition
of animals at first weighing, and full
condition at final weight.

Where the fruitgrower has some
pasturage, raising abundant hay and
grain, it will generally pay him lo raise
his own colts, and sell oil" his work
horses at the time they will l)ring the
most money, and always break in new
colls for his work. It is doubtful,
however, if it will pay if one has not
tile feed and pasture.

The Province of British Columbia is Iioliling
piickint; schools throuRhout the various fiuit
(lislrifts (iiniiiR this wiiilci- for llic purpose
of inslrllctiiiK people who want to learn how
to park apples, so they will have an ample
supply of packers fur the year 1916, when
they espect to proihiee a considerably larger
crop than in any previous year.

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers' Association
A Monthlj' lUustrateti Magazine Published in the
Interest of Modem Fniit Growing and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publishing Company

E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallis

H. S. Jackson, Patholoeist Coryallis

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist Pullman

O M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman

W. S. Tliomber. Horticulturist Pullnian

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wicks. Horticulturist SIoscow

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C W. Woodworth, Entomologist Berkeley

W H. Volck, Entomologist Watsonville

Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50

AD\'ERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906. at tlie

Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3. 1879.

1916 Apple-Crop Estimates. — Every

year there i.s agitation in the fruit
world in the Northwest. In the winter
of 1914 the agitation was all ahoiit the
low prices obtained by the mnrketing
concerns. The lOl.i crop has brought
the fruitgrowers good money, so they
have now turned their attention to the
lOlfi apple crop. Many of them are
busy in figuring what the crop may be.
Mr. Corbalay of Spokane, Washington,
sent out a number of letters to all the
principal districts of the Northwest for
the purpose of ascertaining the amount
of bearing acreage and estimates on
the yield for 1916. As a result of his
investigation he gives two sets of fig-
ures for the tonnage on the apple crop
in the year 1916 — one minimum and
the other maximum. Both were so
large that many fruitgrowers have
already been scared over the possible
crop of 1916. The editor says "pos-
sible" advisedly. For many years the
editor of "Better Fruit" has sent to the
most reliable and conservative peo])le
in the Northwest, beginning early in
the year, for the purpose of securing
estimates for the coming season: at
various times, beginning early in the
winter, again at blossoming time and
again after the fruit had set. The re-
sult of his observations are all worthy
of consideration in connection with
the estimates that are being given now
for the 1916 crop. One district at this
time of year has frequently reported
as high as 7,000 or 8,000 cars on a con-
servative basis, but actually only ship-
ping about .'5,000 cars. Another district
has estimated as high as 8,000 cars and
in the same year shipped less than .'i.OOO
cars. Another district has estimated
1,500 cars and not shipped over 200
cars. In 1912 one of the oldest selling
agencies of the Northwest stated during

BETTER FRUIT

the blooming time that the crop of
Hood River Valley would be 2,000 cars,
adding "if the fruit set well." The edi-
tor of "Better Fruit" estimated the crop
at about 1,200 cars, which was about
correct for that year. In fact nearly
every district in the Northwest has
annually estimated the crop early in
the season far in excess of the actual
yield. The editor of "Better Fruit" has
contended that no estimate should be
given out at this time of year, or at
blossom time. In fact estimates should
not be given out until after the June
drop is over. The editor has seen many
orchards ihat in blossom looked like
a snowbank that did not produce half
a crop. The editor has seen many
orchards with a splendid set of fruit
before the .lune drop produce only .50
per cent of a crop. These bumper
yields that everybody talks about have
onlv come twice in the last twenty
years— in the years 1896 and 1914. It
is impossible to estimate a crop of
apples with any degree of accuracy at
this time of year. In fact it is impos-
sible to estimate a crop with any degree
of correctness until after the June
drop. Even then it is impossible to
estimate the crop of commercial apples
that will be shipped, due to the fact
that heavy losses may occur after that
time from scab and from codling moth,
which occurred last year, damaging 30
per cent of the crop of the Northwest,
making it unfit for commercial pur-
poses. There is no reason why fruit-
growers of the Northwest should cross
a bridge before they get to it. There
is no reason why they should be scared
before they are hurt. On the other
hand, there is every reason why every
marketing organization should prepare
for handling a probable or possible
crop to the best of their ability in ad-
vance. The value of preparedness is
thoroughly illustrated more forcefully
by the war in Europe than by any
other thing that has ever happened in
the world. \ man today can no more
.guess the apple crop of the United
States, or of the Northwest, for 1916
than he can guess correctly when the
present war will end. At the begin-
ning of this war financiers of Wall
Street, who are the ablest of the
United Slates, closed the Stock Ex-
change on the ground that if it was
kept open that Europe would unload
United Stales securities on this country
so rapidlv Ihat it would shake all values
and drain the United States of gold.
When llie Stock Exchange opened,
values remained at par, and instead of
Euro])e draining the United Slates of
gold, gold has continued to pour in
from Europe, so that at the present
time the United States has more gold
than any other nation in the world.
If the financiers of Wall Street are
unable to predict any more correctly
than this it does not look wise to give
out estimates of so uncertain a thing
as the apple crop this time of year,
because we all know that when once
big estimates are given out these im-
pressions cannot be eradicated from
the trade, and we all know Ihat if the

Febniarv

impression exists that the crop will be
heavy that it is the most demoralizing
opinion that can exist in affecting
values. So the editor of "Better Fruit"
says go slow on giving out estimates
of the crop of the Northwest until the
apples are half grown and you know
what you will have instead of guessing
at it. No exception can be taken to
figuring on probabilities and preparing
ourselves to handle any possible crop
that may be harvested in 1916, but
mighty good .judgment should be used
about giving any figures on estimates
at Ibis time of year wide publicity.

Selling Organizations. — The North-
west has been passing through a great
evolution in determining a marketing
system adequate to handle the crops
of the Northwest. After three years'
experience it appears that no single
organization has been able to control
over 50 per cent of the tonnage. In
nearly all of the different fruit dis-
tricts there has existed for a number
of years a number of selling concerns
which, apparently, have established
themselves so firmly that they have
continued to hold about the same per-
centage of tonnage during the last few
years as they held before any plan for
one general marketing organization
was undertaken. Inasmuch as the situ-
ation at the present time does not indi-
cate that any of these marketing con-
cerns will go out of existence, and for
the further reason sufiicient progress
has not been made to indicate that in
the near future any one marketing con-
cern will control the entire Northwest,
which is claimed by many would be
ideal, but we will not argue this point.
It seems that at the present time our
policy should be, first, to prevent any
increase in the number of marketing
concerns. There is already enough
competition. Second, we should sup-
port and maintain the present market-
ing organizations, particularly those
wiiich are giving the growers satisfac-
tion. Third, that every fruitgrower
should use his influence to persuade
all fruitgrowers to go into one of the
good existing marketing institutions,
strengthening them in every way pos-
sible. It is the universal opinion of
all men connected with existing mar-
keting concerns that prices have been
affected more seriously by irregular
shipments, lack of orderly control anil
independent consignments of individ-
uals who possess little or no knowl-
edge of the markets to which they
shipped, and in many cases who were
entirely unacquainted with the house
to whom Ihev consigned.

"Influence of Supply on Prices" is

the title of an arlicle by Mr. A. U.
Chancy, appearing elsewhere in this
edition, which should be read by not
only every man connected with the
marketing and selling of fruits in the
Norlliwest, but by every grower, for
the reason it contains much important
information and gives many valuable
suggestions. Mr. Chancy is one of the
big men engaged in marketing, having

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

PagL

GOOD BYE -RELIEF VALVE!

100, 150,

200-Gal.

Tanks

114, 2 and

21/2-H.P.

Engines

The New Myers Automatic Pressure Governor Pump

not only eliminates the Relief Valve but prolongs the life of
the Pump. Plungers and Valves not in action unless spray
is going through nozzles.

The Myers Power Sprayer

with the Stover Engine for Power is pos-

itively the best Spraying Rig possible

%\ /\ to build.

Light Draft

and Cutaway Harrows

Myers Spray Pumps

Mail us the Coupon
so we can send you

FREE BOOKLET.

PORTLAND or SPOKANE

Here is my name for your FREE Sprayer Booklet

Name

P.O

had many years' experience as a fruit
broker and fruit dealer, and also in
connection with the Cranberry Associ-
ation, which business he has handled
in a way tliat has commanded the ad-
miration of all, having stabilized the
cranberr\ industry and getting results
for the glower that met with general
approval and satisfaction. His com-
ment upon the present system of dis-
tribution is well worthy of consider-
ation. He calls attention to the fact
that most retail dealers either visit the
auction market or jobbers as fre-
quently as they consider necessary in
purchasing their supplies. In his opin-
ion this system is inadequate, as it only
takes care of the wants without accom-
plishing anythhig in the way of creat-
ing additional demand and consump-
tion. Such a system is similar to the
old system of a jobbing concern in
mercantile lines many years ago when
the retail dealers occasionally visited
the jobber or inanufacturei- for the
purpose of jiurchasing his supi)lies.
This system of doing business has been
replaced in the mercantile lines by
sah'smen who call on the trade at regu-
lar intervals. Mr. Chancy is of the
opinion that every fruit jobber should
have a sullicient number of salesmen
to visit all of the retailers and dealers
for the i)iui)ose of taking their orders,
and at Ihe same time telling the re-
tailer what he has that is new in the
way of fruits and what he has on the
way. It seems that such a system
would certainly be eirective in increas-

ing sales and developing consumption
in the fruit business, for the reason
this system has been successful in all
other mercantile lines. Mr. Chancy
even goes further than this, believing
that every retailer should have a sufli-
cient number of salesmen to call on the
consumer regularly, believing that by
such combined elTort the consumption
of fruit could be immcnseh' increased.
It is impossible in a short editorial to
bring out the valuable points and in-
formation, and it hardly seems neces-
sary to treat the matter further edi-
torially than to advise everyone con-
nected with the fruit industry to read
Mr. Chanve's able article.

([uestion Ihe present holdings will go
into consumption regularly, and it is
believed and hoped that everyone will
be able to sell at a price paying a fair
profit, which is mucli better than hold-
ing the price so high that consumption
will be arrested and a large quantity
remain on cold storage late in the sea-
son, which always results in a heavy
loss.

December First Holdings. — The hold-
ings for apples created some litlle sur-
prise, but no great disturbance. While
the amount on cold storage the lirst of
December exceeded Ihe amount on
storage on the first of December, 1914,
the information was taken cpiite [jhilo-
soi)hically, because everyone connected
with Ihe apple business realized trade
this year is about IflO per cent better
than it was last year. The general
consensus of opinion on the part of
handlers and consumers being thai it
is important to keep the ajiples going
into consumi)tion regularly every day,
every week and every monlh imlil the
present supply is exhausted before Ihe
season is over. This, of course, can
only be done by making the prices
sulficiently satisfactory to attract buy-
ers and creale consumption. Without

The Northwest Fruit Growers' Coun-
cil.— Mr. W. H. Paulhanuis, chairman,
has just issued a very interesting cir-
cular informing the fruitgrowers that
further action on the part of Ihe Grow-
ers' Council has been deferred until
the government oHicials, Messrs. Bas-
sett, Moomaw and Kerr, render a state-
ment giving the result of their investi-
gation which they have been carrying
on in reference to the fruit industry
of Ihe Xorlhwest, which probably will
be made public in the near future.
Inasmuch as these gcnilemen have
already formulated a plan for the bene-
fit of the fruitgrowers of the North-
west, which Ihey will submit to the
Federal (Commission and Ihe Ollice of
Markets for approval. If it meets with
approval, then these gcnilemen will
come back to the Pacific Northwest and
acquaint all of us fruitgrowers fully
with the plan and endeavor to help us
in every way possible. The editor of
"Belter iMuit" had a long conference
with Mr. Moomaw, Iherefore he feels
justified in sa> ing llial he believes these
ContinueJ 011 page 26

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

February

^^mmmmmm^mmmmm.

J:\ HUDSON
/ ^ UPER

'KJmmmmmMm.M<mti!ammmm

We Now Present a
Marvel Motor in the

Patented by Hudson
December 28, 1915
Patent No. 1165861

Officially Breaking Jill Stock Car Records up to WO Miles. JUso Jill
Stock Car Records for Quick Acceleration — Under A.A.Jt.Supervision

\ too miles in SO minutes, 21.4 seconds, averaging

i 74.67 mites per hour, with driver and passenger.

I The previous best record of 72. 4g was made by a car with

: more cylinders, more cylinder capacity and driver only.

i 75.69 miles in one hour with driver and passenger.

\ During this trial speed laps were made at 76. 75 miles per hour.

I 70.74 miles in one hoar, carryings passengers, with

I top and windshield up

\ The previous best record for stock car similarly equipped

I was made by a car with more cylinders, more cylinder

: capacity, and with only two passengers.

Mark what these achievements mean.

No other stock car, in all the world's
records, has done what this car has done.

This is not a mere new model with minor
refinements, but an epoch-making car.

Even the rumor has for months kept
Motordom on edge. But the wildest rumor
was tame compared with truth. The Super-
Six begins a revolution.

Note first that this change comes at the
zenith of our success.

Only last fall a new-model Hudson won
a new empire for us. It doubled our sales,
and made a new record for fine cars.

We stopped that model in the height of
demand, losing thousands of sales. We spent
$1,500,000 to again double production. We
committed ourselves, on materials, etc., for
$42,000,000 worth of new-type cars. All
because of what we now announce.

Jl GREATEIl HUDSON

On June 28, 191 5, we applied for patent on
the Super-Six. It was issued on December 28.

The claims we made were startling. They
meant an almost twice-better Hudson. They
meant reduced vibration in seemingly impos-
sible degree.

They meant an increase of 50 per cent in
possible motor speed. They meant an addi-
tion of 80 per cent to our power, without
added size or cylinders.

From standing start to SO miles an hour In 16.2 sec- \

onds. This 7-passenger stock touring car was driven \

rsso miles at speed exceeding 70 miles an hour |

without discoverable wear on any part. =

All the above Hudson records were made with the same |

stock car, using the same motor, at Sheepshead Bay =

Speedway in November, under American Automobile =

Association supervision. =

The most powerful motor per cubic inch displace- =
ment which the world has known. =

They would give a new meaning to flexi-
bility, silence and ease of control. It was
clear that such a motor was bound to super-
sede the best types in existence.

CLAIMS PROVED TRUE

Those claims were based on shop tests. Now,
after months of road tests, we pronounce them
true.

We compared the Super-Six with our old Six,
with results told on next page.

We built and bought Eights to compare with it.
Then we built and bought V-type Twelves. We
were, by the way, among the first to test out these
types in cars.

We convinced ourselves in a hundred ways that
this new motor would dominate the field. Then
we abandoned forever the old-type Six, and all
idea of an Eight or Twelve.

ALSO A SUPER-CAR

In the months between every detail of the car
has been raised to this motor standard.

We designed a new body with larger room and
with perfect flowing lines. We built it -with the
double cowl — in two compartments, each with a
rounded dash. The finest grain leather is em-
ployed in the upholstery. The new windshield
is slanted. There are disappearing seats in the
tonneau.

We called in famous coach builders, experts
and artists. And we gave them free hand to reach
luxury's limit in the bodies for the Super-Six.

You will see that they did it. There's no need
to argue that. A single glance at this new car will
impress its superb distinction.

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 25

To 76 Horsepower— Without Jidded Size or Cylinders

Three years ago, when Hudson engineers
brought out the Light Six, it was welcomed
as the ideal car.

A smaller bore and longer stroke lightened
engine parts immensely. That lightness re-
duced vibration. The engine was a marvel for
high speed, economy, flexibility and power.

That motor very quickly drove heavy sixes
out. It became the pattern type. In two years
it multiplied Hudson prestige and quadrupled
Hudson production.

BETTERED 80 PER CENT

Let us compare that Hudson Six-40 with
the present Super-Six.

That motor speed capacity is now increased
50 per cent.

The Six-40, at high speed, delivered 42
horsepower. The Super-Six delivers 76
horsepower.

Yet both engines are Sixes. The cylinder
size is identical. No extra cylinders, size or
complications. That increase in horsepower
of 80 per cent shows the saving in vibration.

The Six-40 has made 55 miles per hour. The
Super-Six covered 100 miles at an average
speed of 74.67 miles per hour — a 7-passenger
stock car, under American Automobile Asso-
ciation supervision. That breaks every record
on stock cars, with engines of any type. It
also has broken all official records in quick
acceleration.

The Hudson SupenSix
$1375

Mark those comparisons. And remember
that the Hudson Six-40 was the leading
high-grade Six.

THE MEANING OF SPEED

A motor car engine is measured by its possible
high speed. That signifies lack of vibration. And
swift revolution is the only way to high power
combined with Ughtness and flexibility.

High speed in a motor means vast reserve power.
It means ability to creep on high gear, to pick up
quickly, to mount hills without effort, to avoid
changing gears, to pull readily out of difiicult spots.

All that pertains to luxury of motion depends
on a high-speed vibrationless motor. That is what
is accomplished in the Super-Six in a degree here-
tofore unknown.

A block's ride in this car will prove it. Severe
tests will lead you to marvel. Comparison with
any car of any type will wipe out any question of
this new car's supremacy. It is too vast to dispute.

MORE FINE CARS NOW

This Super-Six will appeal to fine-car buyers.
We believe, too, it will multiply their numbers.

The price, despite this luxury, is but $1375.
That's because we shall build this season 42 million
dollars' worth.

Many a man who thinks of $1000 will pay the
difference for the Super-Six. And he will save it
in engine wear and fuel.

The Super-Six is resistless. Its distinction, its
beauty, its feel, its power, speed and flexibility
will delight every motor car lover. The man who
gets it will have all that any man can get.

Hudson Dealers Have It Now on Show
Ask for the Super-Six Catalog — Just Out

HUDSON MOTOR CAR COMPANY
Detroit, Mich.

Hudson Super-Six with 7-Passenger Phaeton Body — $1375 f.o.b. Detroit. Also
Built as a Roadster, a Cabriolet, a Touring Sedan, a Limousine and a Town Car.

W/1

J

%

lUDBON /
SUPER .'

Page 26

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbruarv

Planet Jr.cJe»

A giant for strci
" This No. 41
profit producer you
frame carries teeth.

New 72-pagre
Catalog, free

70 seeding
andcultivat
ing tools,
including
1^ entirely
lew lines.
Write
for "
it!

grower's greatest

ulh! A steam-engine fur work! A miser for econo-
Planet Jr Orchard Cultivator is the biggest crop and
can use in orchard, vineyard, or hopyard. The strong
sweeps, discs, furrowers, irrigating steels, plows,
alfalfa teeth, and special weeders. Low
heels, steel tongue, tree shield, side-
hitch for low trees, fore-carriage if
wanted; also spring trip standards.
Light draft. All steels ^specially
hardened. Works deep or shallow,
and cuts 4 to Syi feet wide.

I'sed with great success by thou-
sands of fruit growers in California
and other sections. }'ou need one to
lighten work and help increase your

profits. Fully guaranteed.

New low prices- Made in 5

different styles at various

prices.

S L Allen & Co

Box 1106U Philadelphia

We carry stock in San Francisi
ami I-os Aneelcs. Agencies
principal Pacitic Coast cilii

Continued from page 23

.gentlt'iiion have accoiiipli.slied a groat
work for the fruitgrowers of the Xorlh-
we.st, and it is his firm opinion tliey
will subniil a iilan that will be exceed-
ingly helpffil, not only to all fruitgrow-
ers but to all the marketing concerns,
in handling the coming fruit crops of
the Northwest.

Codling Moth. — The very instructive

research work done by Professor T. O.
Morrison, horticulturist for the State
of Washington, showing the loss from
codling moth to be about 30 per cent
for the year 1915, which appeared in
the January edition of "Better Fruit,"
.should be read by every fruitgrower,
because it is certainly very convincing
evidence that freedom from worms can
only be secured by proper syra\ing
material and proper spraying methods.
The loss from codling moth last year
was so extensive that it ou.aht to be
evident to the fruitgrowers that thor-
ough spraying and good materials fi'om
reliable manufacturers arc absolutely
necessary. While it is true the fruit-
grower can occasionally omit some
spray without serious loss, he cannot
afford to take chance; therefore a good
thing for the fruitgrower to do who
wants a clean crop is to get recom-
mendation of the Experiment .Station
or follow his own methods if they have
been tried out and proved successful
over a number of years, and follow
the program throughout the season.

Tying Fruit Trees. — Most fruitgrow-
ers postpone the tying of fruit trees
until late in the summer when the crop
i.s set and the limbs bent down with
the weight of fruit, when the operation
is very difficult. It is very difTicult to
tie the lintbs late in the year without
knocking off fiiore or less fruit, there-
fore it is the opinion of the editor,
founded on experience, that the inte-
rior framework of the tree should be
tied during the latter part of the win-
ter and spring, before the blossoming
period, for the reason that the work
can then be done without knocking
off the fruit and much more easily than
it can be done later in the year when
the tree is dense with foliage. Such an
initial tying of the framework seettis
advisable this time of year. Later in
the year the fruitgrower could tie up
the smaller branches and exterior
branches in such a way as may be
necessary on account of the crop being
heavv.

Lack of Spray Materials. — Many han-
dlers of sprays, associations, selling
concerns and mercantile houses, owing
to the business depression and light-
ness of money, bought too conserva-
tively last year, not laying in a suffi-
cient quantity of many of the neces-
sary spray materials for the ditYerent
diseases and pests, consequently a
great many fruitgrowers were unable
to obtain just what they wanted in the
way of spray material and either were
compelled to go without si)raying or
use a substitute.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2j

The Alpha Automatic
Power Spray Outfit

(PATENTED)

Fitted with 2-inch or 2'2-'nch Automatic Duplex or Triplex
Pump. — Equipped with the New Mechanical

Automatic Pressure Governor

Which Insures Safety. Secures Uniform Pressure and Elimi-
nates Unnecessary Wear. — No Relief or Diaphragm Valve
Required. — Top Guard Rails Fold Up or Can Be Quickly
Removed. — Gear or Beit Driven. — Brass Fitted Throughout.
THE TWO ESSENTIALS in a power sprayer are a thoroughly
dependable engine of ample horsepower and a positive and
reliable pressure reg-ulator that will insure uniform pressure
and eliminate unnecessary wear.

THE AVERAGE SPRAY RIG is equipped with a cheap engine
and a makeshift pressure relief valve or diaphi-agm. which is
exposed to the corrosive action of the spray material, which
soon puts it out of commission.

THE ALPHA AUTOMATIC PRESSURE GOVERNOR with
which the Alpha Spray Outfit is equipped is a simple arrange-
ment of a combined lever and spring on eacli plunger connecting rod
which, wlien the pressure reaches a pre-determined limit, automati-
cally discontinues the operation of the pump without interrupting
the driving power, again permitting it to resume operation when the
pressure falls below the point at which it has been set.
THIS INSURES SAFETY, secures uniform pressure, and eliminates
unnecessary* wear uio liquid pumped except it passes through the
nozzles), the pressure relief is not dependent on the operation of a
sluggish or defective relief valve, but is positive and mechanical,
thus making it impossible to run the pressure up to the danger
point.

THE POWER PLANT, depending on the size rig. is either a 2^-h.p.
or a 31,^-h.p. Alpha Engine, equipped with, a "built-in," gear-driven,
positively-timed magneto, requiring no batteries or coil, and is
easily started on the magneto without cranking.

De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

SAN FANCISCO SEATTLE

Everything for the Dairy

CAN YOU AFFORD to own a spray outfit that will balk? Wlien
you get ready to spray you have no time to tinker with a defective
engine, pump or relief valve, but want an outfit that is capable of a
continued high pressure maintenance and one that is thoroughly
dependalile in eveo' particular.

THE ALPHA AUTOMATIC SPRAY OUTFIT will meet vour most
exacting demands. The entire framework is made of channel and
angle iron, fitted with a wrought steel bedplate on which the engine
and pump are mounted, direct connected with machine-cut steel
gears.

BUILT IN ALL SIZES from a 2-inch pump and a 100-gallon tank to
a iVixS-inch pump and a 200-gallon tank. (Either duplex or triplex.)
IT WILL PAY YOU to investigate thoroughly the merits of the
Alpha Automatic Power Sprayer before buying. Send for catalog
and prices.

DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO.,

1016 Western Avenue, Seattle, Wash.
Please mail your Catalog C-2 describing your Alpha
Sprayer Outfit to —

Name

.-.Addreef

"Fruit Marketing of the Pacific North-
west" is the titk' of an article by Mr.
H. F. Davidson, which is well worthy
of the attention of everyone connected
with tile fruit industry, for the reason
Mr. Davidson has been engaged as a
fruit.grower and as a marketer of fruits
in the iXorthwest for about thirty
years, probably having had a larger
and more general experience in the
marketing of fruits than any other man
in the Northwestern territory. In this
article Mr. Davidson brings out very
effectively the value of co-operation
and orderly control as essential in the
marketing if the fruit of the North-
west is to be marketed to the best ad-
vantage. Mr. Davidson recognizes the
fact that there are many marketing
concerns in the Northwest in the dilTer-
ent districts that have been engaged
in Ihe business for years which for
various reasons, as shown in his
article, have controlled a large tonnage
in their respective districts, and fur-
ther expresses the opinion that these
same concerns will continue to control
a large volume of tonnage in the differ-
ent districts of the Northwest. There-
fore, if the fruit of the NorthwesI is to
be marketed at a figure that will pay
the grower a satisfactory profit on the
investment, it is Mr. Davidson's con-
clusion tiiat these marketing concerns
must get together an<l work out a prac-
tical plan not only for the mutual pro-
tection of Ihcmselvcs, but a plan that
will pay the fruitgrower at the same
time a satisfactory profit. Without a

satisfactory profit the fruitgrowers of
the NorthwesI cannot continue to exist,
and if they go out of business there
will be no business for the marketing
concerns. Mr. Davidson believes it can
be done. He also believes that every
business man and every bank of the
Northwest whose business in any
way depends upon the fruit industry
should assist in this work in every way
possible.

Fire Blight. — It will not be long be-
fore fire blight will begin its work,
therefore it seems timely to suggest to
the fruitgrowers, at least to those who
are not posted, that they take advantage
of the present time when they are not
busy to learn and ascertain the proper
nielhods for control in order to fight
fire blight when it begins to show up,
because only by drastic work can fire
blight either be controlled or elimi-
nated.

The Soiitliern I'liriflc liailwiiy is doing some
very valuable work in a way that certainly
will be very cfTcrtivc in inducing travel to
the Northwest with a view to assisting in
upbuilding the Northwest. The Southern
Pacific Railway is sending to passenger agents
of the various roads throughout the United
States very interesting and instruelive letters
about the scenery along the Overland Routes
from Chicago to the Pacific Nnrthwrst. and
also along the line of the Southern Pacific
from Pfu'tland to ,San Francisc<t. Such infoi-
malion will enaljle the ticket agent to intelli-
gently sot forth tlie attractions of the North-
west in such ni.'inner as to induce nian>' jjeople
to visit the N<n'thw est. In connection with
this work Mr. .Tolin M. Scott, (ieneral Passen-
ger Agent of the Southern Pacific Railwaj-.
states that the Southern Pacific has issued

some very attractive folders describing the
cities, towns and points of interest on the
Southern Pacific line from Portland to New
Orleans and from San Francisco to Ogden.
They are called the "\yayside Notes Shasta
Route," the "Wayside Notes Sunset Route,*'
and "Waysitie Notes Ogden Route." These
I>ooklets can Ije obtained by retiuest from one
of the passenger agents of this road. They
are beautifully illustrated and will no doubt
be good features in showing tip the scenery
along the Overland Routes, particularly the
Pacific Coast.

(y)l(t ^ycalhor Freezes Apples. — The very
coUl spell covei-ing the entire NorthwesI when
nearly every fruit section went to zero, and
some sections considerably lower, caught a
large quantity of apples on common storage,
causing a very heavy loss.

Frost Damage Prevented

BOLTON

ORCHARD

HEATERS

29c each

Two-Gallon Capacity
Send for booklet

The Frost Prevention Co.

Merchants National Bank BIdg.
San Francisco, Gal.

WHF-N WUITINCi ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 28

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbruarv

lldmsmmm

HIGH-PRESSURE Spniymg is plus
spraying — it is J00% efficient. High
Pressure completely atomizes the solution
into a penetrating, fog-like mist that seeks
out and adheres to every particle of foli-
age. It reaches protected pests that lurk
in the innermost crevices of the bark,
under bud scales and beneath the sta-
mens of apple blossoms, and easily controls
those on the outside surface. Mere "sprink-
ling" at low pressure will not give practical
control.

Not only does High-Pressure Spraying insure
a better quality of fruit but requires less solu-
tion, less time to apply, hence lessened cost.
A High-Pressure Power Sprayer will pay you
bigger dividends than any other orchard
investment you can make.

HAYES Power Sprayers are tested to 500
lbs. and are guaranteed to develop 300 lbs.
working pressure. They are built for con-

Small Power Sprayer

in n. P.
Jill Gallon
Tank

stant operation at high pressure and enduring
service. This not only requires the most
thorough mechanical construction but the
highest grade materials, hose and fittings.

50 STYLES

Large and small
Hand and Power
Sprayers for orchards, field cro|is, shade trees,
hops, poultry, disinfecting, painting, farm,
home and garden use. Complete outfits or
separate spray pumps, hose, nozzles, fittings,
bamboo rods, etc.

WRITE! Sendpostalfor FREE BOOK 32 on

High-Pressure Spraying and 64-page Catalog.

HAYES PUMP & PLANTER CO., GALVA, ILLINOIS

so STYLES
Hand or Power
Sprayers for
Small or Large
Or chat d\

Larqe

iiuiij Sprayed'

Pressure Guaranteed

Fruit Marketing of the Pacific Northwest

By H. I". Davidson,

MARKETING the 1915 Northwestern
boxed apple crop is largely a
matter of history. Prices have not
been good, and growers will have
been good and growers will have
money of their own as profits to put
in the banks to tlieir credit. The crop
has been sold down to practically two
varieties, Newtown Pippins and Wine-
saps, both late-keeping spring ai)ples,
and at least fifty per cent of these two
varieties have been disposed of. When
the Northwestern growers receive a
fair price for their apples, on a fair
yield, they make money, and the 1915
crop is bringing fhein a nice profit for
the Extra Fancy and Fancy grades.

In each of the large fruit-growing
districts of the four Northwestern
States — Oregon, Washington, Idaho and
Montana — many substantial local mar-
keting firms have grown up with the
orchards and have interwoven their
affairs with those of the comnuinities
in which they operate by establishing
personal friend.ships and confidence,
and by using their financial credit to
assist growers who are not financially
able to grow and harvest their crops
unaided; which in some cases is more
or less of a continuous proposition
from year to year, and in this way
these packing and shipping concerns
have established themselves and kept
themselves established in their re-

Hood River, Oregon.

spective localities to the extent of con-
trolling the marketing of a large per-
centage of the fruit crop of these four
states.

Theoretically, the big marketing or-
ganizations which have been formed
to handle the large tonnage are about
ideal, but to a large extent these big
organizations have been handled and
managed by men who did not have the
confidence and support of the local
shippers, with the result that no
organization up to the i)resenf time has
been able to control a sutTicient per-
centage of the tonnage to maintain
suflicient control over the distribution
whereby it could obtain what appeared
to the growers to be maximum results.
The men who are managing these big
maketing organizations are men of the
very highest type; have the confidence
of the growers and bankers generally,
but they have the competition of the
local shippers whose personal acquain-
tance and knowledge of local condi-
tions, added to their ability to extend
credit to local growers, has divided the
control of the tonnage to the extent
that the large organizations have not
enjoyed the opportunity to test the
theory of centralized distribution and
selling with proper control of the
tonnage.

It was demonstrated in 1913 that on a
short crop year, when the demand ex-

ceeded the suppl.N- at highl.\ remuner-
ative prices to the grower, that a large
organization with only a fifty per cent
control could distribute and market
that part of the tonnage in a manner
that materially strengthened the mar-
keting situation, and for the first time
in the history of the Northwestern fruit
industry, since it assumed any con-
siderable volume, prices actually ad-
vanced and the advances were main-
tained during the heavy part of the
marketing season.

It was just as clearly demonstrated
in 1914, with considerably larger crops
and with markets curtailed by de-
pressed financial conditions and the
European war, and when there was
really a surplus above the actual
demand at profitable prices to the
growers, that the organizations could
not maintain any substantial influence
in the markets with but fifty per cent
of the tonnage under control.

It is freely admitted in the North-
west that there are orchards enough
now growing to produce a big surplus
of fruit above what can be marketed at
a profit to the growers. Under the hap-
hazard hit-and-miss conditions which
must of necessity exist when a number
of small shippers are working inde-
fjcndently of each other in each of the
producing districts and it nmst be
determined within a short time whether
the future crops will be marketed in
a systematic way or whether the deal
will be along the "starve-out" route and
the survival of the fittest result in the
elimination of too big a percentage of
orchardists and jiresent fruit acreage.
At the moment, Hood River is the only
district which has practically no com-
petition within its own district. This
district has an organization which is
marketing a very large percentage of
its product, and the result of this sea-
son's operations will enable the grow-
ers of that district to determine whether
or not this plan is successful. The
Hood River crop this season happens
to be largely of ex])ort varieties, which
is a serious handicaij under the strenu-
ous European war conditions, but good
headway is being made by personal
representation in Europe and that por-
tion of the crop suitable for domestic
markets is well nigh marketed, with
extremely satisfactory results.

The fruitgrowers of the Northwest
find it dillicult to get together on any
practical and etficient lines, ^^^len a
grower located in Hood River he did
so because he knew it was the best
fruit district in the world, and was
soon taught that all the other districts
might be forced out of business while
the nalui'al advantages of his district
in producing big yields of fruit of so
much finer ipiality that any of the
other districts could produce would
enable him to make a profit when the
growers in the other districts were
forced to make losses and disc(mtinue
the business. This same line of ar.iju-
ment has applied to the growers who
located in each of the big districts and
has not left the growers of Southern
Oregon, for instance, in a frame of

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2p

mind to feel the necessity or propriety
of co-operating seriously with the
growers of M'enatchee or Southern
Idaho, and this same thought applies to
many growers in all of the prominent
sections.

Experience shows that there is an-
other class of gentlemen, who are
fewer in nuniher, most of whom see
the handwriting on the wall, and it
appears to be up to these gentlemen,
the shippers, to work out a practical
plan for Ihe nmtual protection of them-
selves and the growers that will pre-
serve the fruit industry of the North-
west on a basis that will be profitable
to the growers as well as themselves.
To the shippers must be added the in-
fluence and advice of another class of
gentlemen in the Northwest who are
becoming vitally interested in the
proposition, and who will become more
interested if the unpaid notes become
musty, and they are the bankers, the
gentlemen who must finance the grow-
ing and harvesting of the crops if
enough revenue is to be produced to
enable the note makers — the growers —
to pay up.

The question before the house is,
\\'ill enough men out of the large num-
ber of practical shipiiers and practical
bankers get together and give this mat-
ter sufficient attention to work out the
proper solution. The proposition is not
seriously complicated from this angle,
but it will retiuire an honest, energetic,
intelligent efl'ort on the part of a num-
ber of loyal gentlemen to solve the
problem. The intelligence is easily
available. Enough experimenting has
been done and enough experience has
been gained to reduce the task largely
to that of energy and effort to bring
Ihe fruit industry of the Northwest
from a condition of chaotic disappoint-
ment to one of satisfaction and profit
to growers, shippers and bankers and
merchants. The industry is estimated
to represent an investment of over
.*2fl0.rin0,0n0, and while a very large
percentage of this investment has not
reached the full-bearing age, yet it
should produce an income of from
.?15,0fln,000 to .'?2(),nfin,()00 in 1916 and
should show a gradual increase from
vear to year.

.4 Good Word for Apph- l)iel. — Mrs. .1. H.
Kline wrote a short article, \\hich aj)pearec!
in the San Francisco Chroncile, stating that
slie is the matron of a I)oys' honie and has
found l)y experience and ohservation that the
kinds of ftind that tlie l)nys eat are serious
factors in llieii" dispositions. Tlie most in-
teresting ol)Sei-vation to tlie fruitgrower in
connection with !ier sludies is that slle notices
that a Iil)eral supply of apples mixed with
their diet acts wonderfully fr>r their better-
ment, observing also that chemists h.ave never
been able to produce anything that acts so well
on the liver as apple juice, not the pressed-
out juice or cider, but the juice chewed out
of an apple by Ihe leeth; and what is etjually
important in the way of increasing consump-
lion is licT- statement "that no boy evei' refuses
an apple."

Brilish Colninhin Apples for San Diego Expo-
fiition. — Tin S;in Diego Exposition is to be
continued for another year. It is interesting
in connection \\ilh this statement to know that
the Dei)artment of .Agrieultm-e of the Dominion
(iovernment, Ottawa, in a))preciaIion of the
value of this splendid oppoT-tunity for i>ub-
licity. have instructed the Province of Hi-itish
rolnnibia to prepai-e and ship 1,000 boxes for
exhibition.

Pints of Spray Save
Bushels of Harvest

Timely spraying is an investment, not an expense.
Sherwin-Williams Dry-Pou'dered Insecticides and
Fungicides pay big dividends at harvest time. Sure
death to pests. Can't injure foliage. Easy to ship, store
and handle without danger of freezing or drying out.

Arsenate of Lead | All in

Fungi-Bordo V Dry Powdered
Tuber-Tonic j Form

Lime Sulfur Solution

Seod for our Spraying Literature

The Sherwin-Williams Co:

Insecticide and Fungicide Makers
707 Canal Road, Cleveland, O.

Earn Big Pay as a Tree Expert

From a farm hand at $25 a month to a tree expert
at $3,000 a year — from monotonous grind to a fas-
cinating, healthful, respected profession — that is
the rise of the man pictured here. P. E. Hudson,
Jamaica, L. I.. N.Y. Through tendent. Fruit Growing, Tree

the Davey course of training
by mail hundreds of young
men. like Hudson, have im-
proved their condition in life.
Touhavean equal chance. A
few months study, at home,
in your spare time, will tit
you for any of the following
positions — Tree Surgery.
City Forestry, Park Superin-

Surgery and Fruit Growing,
City Tree Expert, Forestry.
These fields are uncrowded;
you will have more demands
for your services than you
can fill. Write today for
book. "Adventures in Suc-
cess." and tell us which of
the professions listed above
especially appeals to you.

TheDavey Institute of Tree Surgery,44S OakSt..Kent,oT

To Improve Your Home Grounds

To Plant Profitable Orchards

Mention this Magazine and write for Free Booklet

J. B. PILKINGTON, Nurseryman, Portland, Ore.

Apple Exports. — Up to alxmt Ihe first <)f
.January the apple exports have been light
compared with last year, the fpiantity already
exported only being about one-half of what
was exported up to the same time in the year
1911. The falling off of the export trade is
due principally to the fact that it is dilTicult
to obtain space on freight steamers, and also
to the fact that the rates are so exceedingly
high.

the OfTice of Markets and Rural Organization.
United States Department of Agriculture, on
*'Cold Storage," there was on cold storage De-
cember 1, 1915. 4.206,825 barrels of apples,
showing an increase over last year. Figures
for December 1, 1914, were 3,2.^4.829 barrels.
The situation is reversed in the box business,
1915 showing .T.;i75,997 boxes, against 4,147,5(Hi
boxes December 1, 191 i, a reduction of 771,509
boxes.

Oregon Ilcns. — The final reports of the oHi-
cial records made by the Oregon Agricultural
("lub hens at the Panama I-'xposition show
that while Ihe White Leghorns won by a hand-
son U' margin over all Cfunpetitors. the olher
two college pens, the Oregon and Barred

Rocks, lied for second place over all other
competitors. The pen of Leghorns laid 1.(>1(»
eggs during Ihe year; the other Iwo pens
referred to 1.407 eggs each.

Tilt' Consolidating of Two Fruit Districts. —
Under wood and White Salmon districts are
working to cond)ine the two existing organi-
zations under one head, which seems a step in
the right direction, as the kind and quality of
fruit produced in both districts arc the same.

^Vhitc Salmon .Apples Win First I'rizvs in
Sew York. — The Stale College of Agriculture,
according to the White Salmon KiUerprise.
White Salmon w :is aw aided first prizes on
the following varieties: Hydcs King, Ortlcy,
Winter Banana and Gravenslein.

Death of Mr. \V. It. f,lafke.—.\U fruitgrow-
ers will learn with nuich regret of Ihe death
of W. H. r.lafke. who has long been identified
with Ihe fruit industry as one of the leading
commission merchants f)f Portland, where he
was in l)usiness for the nasi thirty years. Mr.
Glafke was one of Ihe best-liked men on Ihe
street, and know n f(^r his kind hearted ness
and geneii>us way of dealing.

Page so

BETTER FRUIT

February

Lime Sulphur
Lead Arsenate
Bordeaux Paste
Spra-Sulphur

The most serious pests and diseases doing the most dam-
age to trees in the Northwest are San Jose Scale and Anthrac-
nose. The ones doing the most damage to crops and causing
a loss of millions annually to fruit growers, are Codling Moth
and Scab.

Growers Must Have Sprays that are Efficient

We make the above sprays of the highest degree of effi-
ciency and sell at reasonable prices.

Clean crops are necessary if you expect to sell your apples
at good prices.

Use Our Sprays and Grow Clean Fruit

Factory at Clackamas, Oregon.
New factory being built at Hood River, Oregon.

For the present direct all correspondence to

Oregon Arsenical Spray Co.

CLACKAMAS, OREGON

NITRATE OF SODA

WRITE FOR PRICES
BUTZER SEED STORE, 180-190 Front St., Portland, Oregon

Every present-day device of proven
worth that adds to the comfort, pleas-
ure or safety of travelers is employed by

Union Pacific System

Automatic Electric "Safety" Signals — Steel cars — Double

Tracks on Much Traveled Sections — Through Trains — these

are good reasons why your tickets should read

Union Pacific System

STANDARD ROAD OF THE WEST.
Joins the West and East with a Boulevard of Steel.

Information, tickets and expert travel service upon
application to any agent, or the

General Passenger Agent, Portland

The History of Axle Grease

While luhricants have been used on
axles ever since the first pair of wheels
was carved out of wood, the axle
grease of the present day is of com-
paratively recent manufacture. Prob-
ably the first lubricant of any kind to
be used on axles was pure animal fat —
([uite similar in every respect to the
grease the housewife of today uses in
greasing her pans. This met the re-
quirements of that (lav and genera-
tion— and indeed, it is still used in some
parts of the world. We need go no
further than Cuba, or Central America,
W'here the big clumsy wooden-wheeled,
ox-drawn carts are still in vogue. Fach
carreta (as they are called) carries a
bottle of grease tied to the axle, so it
will be handy when needed. Owing
to the poor lubricating (jualities of this
tallow, the axles must be greased fre-
(juently. What a contrast between this
and our present-day methods!

Various kinds of oils have been used
for axle lubrication, but for the reasons
that they were too expensive, not heavy
enough, etc., they have been discarded,
notably castor oil, which is now pro-
hibitive in price. The ideal axle grease
must embody these point.s — a good
lubricant — must not contain acids that
will injure the axle — must be durable —
of sufiicienl consistency to withstand
the summer heat — and in wet and
stormy weather during the winter, axle
grease nuist be sulliciently adhesive
(without being gumnn) so that the
water will not wash it from the axles.
Flake graphite added in the manufac-
ture to Regular Amber-Colored Axle
Crease makes a combination which is
particularly fitted to overcome mois-
ture, and that is why a graphite axle
grease is recommended during the win-
ter months. The labor-saving Ameri-
can public is willing to pay for any-
thing that will, in the end, save them
time or money. Although there are
many cheap grades of axle grease on
the market, the best brands, which cost
a trifle more, are the onlv kind that
have given satisfaction. Sensible pur-
chasers throughout the world realize
that qualitv means more than price,
and that cheap greases cost more in
the end. F'or that reason, sales of high-
grade axle greases are increasing every
vear.

Winter Injury of Fruit Frees

The extremely cold weather of the
early part of this month (,lanuarv,
Ifllfi) will probal)ly do harm to manv
tender fruil trees and shrubs. The most
severe cases will result in killing back
the young wood and si)litting the
trunks and large branches of the trees:
the young branches turn brown or
black throughout and usually wither
slightly. In the larger branches and
trunk the inner bark, or the cambium
layer, and part of the sap wood may
turn brown, the bark often si)lits in a
perpendicidar line and ciu'Is back. The
wood of llie trunk ma\ split in extreme
cases. The bark is sometimes killed

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION Bl.lTER FKUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page ?7

164
PaG£S

OUR 1916 Catalog and Planter's
Guide is a valuable reference every
grower should have. It lists depend-
able Farm, Garden and Flower seed and the
best equipment for Poultrymen, Beekeepers
and OrcIIarduts.Ask For Catalog No. 200

111 HI III III III III ni m Ill III III III III II III III in iii i ii iii iinrmnn

ORTLAND

PORTLAND, ORCOON

Walnuts— Grafted Walnuts

Mayette

Franquette

Concord

Tiacf T'lif/io tried out and found

UC&l X nice practically blight-
proof. All of best and largest strain.
Bear after first year.

Biff mone.v in Walnut growing.
Write quick for our LOW PRICES.

TABLE GROVE NURSERIES

Healdsburg, California

entirely aioiind the trunk ;it or Just
above the surface of tlie soil or snow.
In handlin.i,' such injuries. Professor
O. M. Morris, horticulturist of the
Washington As,'riculfuial Kxperinient
Station at Pullman, advises that the
winter-killed twigs should be cut back
lo sound or live wood. .Sonietiuies the
sa|) wood is injui'ed and turns brown,
but is not killed. If cutting away .ill
such injured wood necessitates ex-
tremely severe pruning it should not
be (lone. However, all wood on which
the bark is killed should be pruned
away. The sidit hark on the trunk and
laiger limljs should be iirevented from
curling back by banding or by the use
of lacks and small nails. If the bark
is killed back from the edge of the split
an inch or more on each side this
should be covered by bridge grafting.

The winter injury that is most liable
to kill the tree is that form in which
the trunk is girdled. This can be bridge
grafted and the tree saved with onl\
slightly checking its growth. The
pruning away of injured parts should
be done as soon as possible after the
harm has been done. The bridge graft-
ing should be done just before rapid
growth starts in the spring. This
process is described in Popular Bulletin
No. 67 of the Experiment Station. —
Washington State Experiment Station
Bulletin.

Good Hoads. — It is stated that l.dlMI miles
of perfect roadway have been constructed by
the prisoners of the penitentiai-y of Colorado.
This \\ork was first done under armed giutrds,
but later the honor system \vas introduced and
is still in voj^uc. Colorado's plan was suc-
cessful in securing gootl roads at a vei-y low
cost of production. Good roads are essential
to the upbuildins of every comnumity and arc
a necessity for economy in trans[)orfation for
every farmer. The automobiles have done
more to bring al)out good roads than any
other industry of the United States. Automo-
biles have made good roads popular, and good
roads in turn are making the automobile
popular. Originally autonioi)iles w ei-e princi-
pally used for pleasure, but now they arc
becoming a Ijusiness necessity. With good
roads and automobiles there will be nnich
more traveling, and the combination presents
an cpportunity for sight-seeing, pleasure,
health and increased business. Nothing wouUi
be more succes.sful in bringing settlers to the
Pacific Coast than a good overland automobile
road Iietwecn the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Iowa has long been celebrated for good rt>ads,
the result being a passenger automobile to
every fifteen people. In Kansas many of the
blacksmith sliops are being converted into
garages. There are over 73,000 auti>mobilcs
in Kansas. New .Jersey is another state wliere
good roads has increased prosperity. Although
only a small slate it contains 7fl,.')00 passen-
ger cars and 11,0(M) motor trucks, paying an-
nual license fees of .ft .1 ,■,.3,000. California, the
state noted for good roads and delightful
weather for traveling the year rouiul, has
l(;it.n(H) automobiles. The good-road movement
ill ()rri;nii and ^^■ashlngton has resulted in
iuiprovenieut on all roads. The completion
of ttie Colundjia Highway between Poi-tland
and Hood River is the most wonderful achieve-
ment of roail building in the I'nited States
in every particular. The scenery along the
Columbia River, which the CoUmdjia Highway
parallels, is uiu>qualed in any similar mileage
in the United States. Those who have traveled
all over the world are frank to admit that
this piece of roadway has the most wonderful
scenery of any roadway of similar length any-
where in the world.

The Shippers' League Defer Completinu Or-
gan izalioit. — The movement on foot to incor-
porate a Shippers' League has been deferred
until a rciKU-t shall be rendered by the gov-
ernment oflicials who have been engaged in
studying marketing conditions in the North-
west. The last session was held in North
Yakima in the middle of December. The fol-
lowing resolutions were adopted, which will
be of interest to the fruitgrowers, indicating
a strong desire on the part of all selling con-
cerns to co-operate with any ])lan for the bet-
terment of marketing conditions that may be
suggested by the governnu'nt oflicials now en-
gaged in formulating a iilan for the improve-
nient of the fruit industry of the Northwest:
"Whereas, the pri'seni fruit marketing silna-
tion can be met only hy gi-o\\ ei-s and shipijers
wdrking irilelligenlly together lo bring all [be
Idimage inidci- niderly control that will ]U'e-
venl demni ali/ali'in of mai-kets and will niake
possil>Ie tlu' e\|)ausion of markets lo provide
an outlet for the increasing (piantity of fruit;
and whereas, there exists an oppoT-timlty to
secure co-operation of the I'ederal Trade Com-
nn'ssi<m and the U. S. OITice of Markets In
making a eomiilete sur\i'y and recommenda-
tion on this situation; and whereas, iniited
action <,f the strong shipping factors of the
Xorthwest Is ne<'essary to secure this federal
co-oi)eralion ; ami whereas, we believe that
generally conceiMcd action of these same ship-
pers can greatl.N' incr-case the outlet and dis-
tribidion of our Northwestern fruits; tlierc-
fore be it resolved I>y thet members of the
Noi'thwest Fi'uil Shipper's' C<iuTU'iI: That wc

When It's Nitrate
Time for Apples

Use 200 pounds of
Nitrate of Soda
broadcast per acre
in late February
or early March,
or use at Blossom
Time.

Send Post Card Today for
Fruit Books — Free

WM. S. MYERS, Director

2S Madison Avenue

New Vorfc

Let Us Help You
Into Dairying

To get started profitably
in dairying as a side-line,
the fruit grower needs
helpful advice and sugges-
tions.

Our service department
will delight in doing this
very thing, without any
charge or obligation.

We are sole Oregon dis-
tributors for "Simplex"
Separators, B-L-K Milk-
ers, Papec Ensilage Cut-
ters, Simplex Silos and all
kinds of dairy, butter-
making and cheese-mak-
ing supplies.

Your name on a
postal will bring
Free Catalogs

Monroe & Crisell

126 Front St. Portland, Oregon

plcdtii' oursch cs to unilcd :u'tinn niui to yiN e
iHir iinilcii assislani'o in helping; I he \\ (iik of
the rc'picscii til lives of tlu* ^"Vi'iiiiiu'iil ; and
that we express our eaiiiest d el ernii nation
to work to^^etlipi- and to ineorporatc a pcr-nia-
nenl ncni-prodl-sharinu corporation to (ieveioj)
methods and ways and means o(" meeting the
cxistinti siliiatinn by \\<)rkint^ <inl a plan of
niarkelinfi and ol" maiket extension that will
('nal)le us lo sell llie box-apple crop of 1916
and sneocedin;; yea is at pi'iees that will be
profitable to the grower." The following in-
terests were represented at the meeting: J. H.
Hctbbins of Spokane. 1'. V.. Siekels of the
North Paeide I'rnil Dislributtirs ; \V. V. C.win
and Worrall Wilson of Seattle, the North-
western I'"riiit Ivxehange; L. .1. Ulol of Spokane,
the Spokam* l*'rnit (Jrowers' Association; Wil-
mer Seig of Ilnnd Hiver. the II<hu1 River Apple

Page 32

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbnuirv

ALiveTiptoi
Horse Owners

Prevention is better than
Cure. Get more -work out of
your horses by using Tapatco pads. They
prevent the galls, bruises and sore shoulders
that come from loose, ill fitting collars.
Your horse does poor work and suffers need-
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Fit Any Collar

Withoutadjustment. They are made of a good I
quality drilling and are filled with our own spec- I
ially prepared composite stuffing. It is soft and
epringy. Porous and very absorbent. Quickly

dries out after being used. These pads fit the I

neck and shoulders of your horse and prevent |

all chafes, galls and sores.

We also make a complete line o f riding

saddle pads. Ask the Dealer for Tapatco book |
01 emergency horse remedies FREE.

The American Pad & Textile Co., I
Greenfield, . - - - Ohio |

RICHES,PIVER&CO.

MAKERS OF THE FINEST QUALITIES OF

ARSEUVJATE OF" LEAD

PASTE AND POWDERED

BORDEAUX IVIIXXURE

PASTE AND POWDERED

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CALCIUM ARSENATE

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RICHES, PIVER & CO., 30 Church Street, NEW YORK

WORKS AND LABORATORY. HOBOKEN, N. J.

Growers' Union; Conrad Rose of Wena tehee,
the Wenalchee Produt-e Company; H. M. Gil-
bert, the Richey-Gilbert Company; Fred
Eberle, the Horticultural Union, and Clyde
MeKee the Thompson Fruit Company. The
government oflicials are C E. Bassett, W. H.
Kerr, C. \V. Moomaw and J. C. Gilbert, all
from Washington, 1). C., and representing the
ofTiee of Markets and Rural Organization. The
apple growers of the Northwest were repre-
sented at the meeting by W. H. Paulhamus,
chairman of the board of trustees of the
Growers' Council, and Gordon C. Corbalay of
Spokane.

past, who again desires to call attention to the
fact that in Spokane a few years ago the crop
for 1915 was estimated by one of the railway
officials at 50,000 cars for the Northwest,
whereas the 191') crop when harvested was
approximately 10,000 cars, maybe less.

Big Eslimates, — -In these days of big esti-
mates and scares over the immense big apple
crop that the Northwest may have in 1910.
it is interesting to note the ol)servations of
the Daily World, published in Wenatchee,
w hich appear in an Eastern trade paper,
briefly as follows: "When everybody in
Wenatchee district was mad five or six years
ago. Wenatchee was credited for the year 1915
with 12,000 ears of apples. The actual pro-
duction for 1915 was 4.000 cars." The World
calls attention to the fact that estimators over-
looked the fact in calculating that there are
many adverse conditions that interfere with
the tonnage calculations on paper, mentioning
a few like blight, worms, lack of water, winter
kill and various other pests, and wisely com-
ments in conclusion that the stories of enor-
mous production always hurt the market.
While it is a good thing to have the market-
ing agencies organized so they can take care
of the maxinumi production, yel such stories
as went the rounds of the public press have an
unfavoi'alile influence on the market. This is
very much in line with the idea as expressed
by the editor through the columns of "Better
I'ruit" frequently during many years in the

Warning to Fruitgrowers. — Mr. Luke Powell,
District Horticultural Inspector, Prosser, Wash-
ington, has issued a letter of warning to the
fruitgrowers. Lack of space in this issue,
much to our regret, prevents publication in
full, but briefly the main features of the warn-
ing are covered in the following condensed
statement: "Be\\'are of any mysterious, mar-
velous and secret remedies that are offered for
sale for the control of any pests, diseases or
troubles of the orchardist. It is quite com-
mon on the part of such manufacturers to
state that the secret compounds are the result
of many years of study, but that perfection
has been achieved." In Mr. Powell's letter
of warning to the fruitgrowers, an extract is
made from Circular No. 141 of the Agricul-
tural Experiment Station of California, which
gives some very intei'esting information in
reference to the Experiment Station examina-
tions of various remedies that are ottered for
sale. Mr. Powell advises fruitgrowers not to
try any unknown remedies and he presents
very valuable suggestions in advising fruit-
growers, where they have troubles, diseases
or pests. \\ hich they do not know how to
control, to consult the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, the l-lxperiment Stations
in their respective states and the various hor-
ticultural <lei>artments. The government man
and the Experiment Station man receives his
pay from the slate or government. He is com-
petent, and therefore his recommendations are
always valuable and are also free from com-
mercialism.

The SIiifi/)ers' League makes the following
annoiniecnjcnt of cnmmittees:

Export Markets— W. F. Gwin of the North-
western Fruit Exchange, J. H. Bobbins of the
North Pacilic Fruit Distributors, Wilmer Seig
of the Hood Biver Apple Growers' Union, Con-
rad Rose of the Wenatchee Produce Co. and
H. M. Gilbert of the Bichey & Gilbert Co.
Eastern Markets — G. C. Corbalay of Spokane,
W. F. Gwin, Waller Kimball of Hood Biver,
Orris Dorman of the Spokane Fruit Growers'
Association, Fred Eberle of the Yakima County
Horticultural Union and George Coburn of the
Wenatchee I'liiit Growers' Association. North-
western Markets — H. M. Gilbert, B. A. Perham
of the North Pacific Fruit Distrii)utors, H. G.
Fletcher of the North\\ estern I'ruit Exchange,
Conrad Bose and L. .1. Blot of the Spokane
Fruit Growers' Association. Home Markets,
including those on the Sound and West Coast —
Wilmer Seig, C. R. McKee of the Thompson
I'ruit Co., B. A. Perham, G. W. Coburn and
W. M. Nelson of the Yakima ('ounty Horticul-
tuial Union.

lV//'e Fei>ciiig for the Farm and Orchard. —
The Department of Agriculture in its Weekly
News Letter, says in reference to farm fencing
that it should combine two qualities — service
and economy. To give service it must turn
all kinds of stock w ithout injury. To be
economical it must be built as cheaply as is
consistent \\ilh durability. In selecting a wire
fence it is preferable to economize by elimi-
nating imnecessary wire rather than by using
a lighter wire. The factor which determines
the jjrice of woven-wire fencing is its weight,
so that in fences of the same height a wide-
spaced fence, with comiiaratively fewer wires,
costs less than the narrow space with more
wires. An impoitant factor in selecting wire
is that a man should not use any smaller
mesh than is necessary to turn the kind of
stock for which the fence is built.

Mr. ./. H. Bobbins, manager of the North
Pacific Fruit Distributors, tendered his resig-
nation to take effect immediately, \\ hich was
very much of a surt>rise to all of his friends
throughout the Northwest. Mr. Bobbins came
to North Yakima and was one of the original
organizers of [he Yakima Valley Fruit Grow-
ers' District Association, which afterward en-
tered the North Pacific I'l'uit Distributors, Mr.
Bobbins l)ecoming general manager of the
North Pacific Fruit Distributors. During his
administration he has made many warm
friends, w ho will regret his leaving (he fruit
industry. It is Vv. Bobbins' intention to go
into private business for himself. The reasons
given for bis resignation are on account of
poor health and a desire to engage in private
business.

A Standard Bn.v for Apples.— The bill for
standardizing a box for Northwest apples,
which was introduced into the last session of
Congress and pigeonholed, will again be pre-
sented to Congi'ess this year by Mr. .Tohn E.
Baker of California. This bill will have the
endorsement nf all fruitgrowers in the North-
west, and therfore will have the support of
all Senators and Congressmen of the North-
west— in fact the entire Pacific Coast. The
standardizing of all kinds of packages is
highly desirable and is being demanded by the
consuming public. There is no question in
the minds of the fruitgrowers that we ought to
have a standard box for apples, and the quicker
we have a law the better it will be for the
whole box-apple industry.

Permanent Tariff C.(nnmission. — -The Cham-
ber of Connnerce of the I'nited States, National
Headquarters, Riggs Building. Washington.
D. C, has just issued a very interesting cir-
cular which is well worthy of the attention of
every citizen of the United Stales, on the
taritr problem. These can probably be
secured by request to the above address. On
the cover page is a statement as follows:
"Beferenduni of Commercial Organizations.
71."» Votes for 9 Voles Against." It looks very
much as if chambers of commerce, who under-
stand trade conditions, will show a unani-
mous opinion in favor of permanent tariff
conmiission.

The Pacific Fruit and Produce Company.
North Y'akima, Washington, according to the
Exchange, have issued a circular stating they
handlcii 1.210 cars of fruit and vegetables
during the vear 1915. paying the producers
8.302.28 l.:ifi. " The Pacific Fruit and Produce
Company shinped 181 cars of apples, l.*!! cars
of peaches. '.W cars pears, 1,1 cars cherries. 4
cars prunes and 1 car of grapes. Their state-
ment sho\\s that in 1911 they shipped 14.4vSO
boxes of apples at an average price of 61 cents
per box. In 1915 thev •^hipped 10, .141 boxes at
an average ]>rice of Sl.H.

10 16

BETTER FRUIT

Page S3

Slark Bro's A'lirseri/ and Orchard Compuny
C.enlenniiil. — One luindied years ago Judge
James Hail Slark mcived fnim Kentucky to
Missouri, wheie he eslalilished llic present
nursery, the site of wliieh was only a small
part of the present plant. In Europe, where
firms continue from one generation to another,
such an announcement would not command
nnich attention, but in America, where changes
are made so frequently, it is something so
unusual fin- one firm to continue one hundred
years in business and be passed on from
father to son for four generations that it
seems worthy of some notice in the columns
of "Better Fruit." and for the reason it indi-
cates to the fruitgrower that when business
is properly attended to there is a stability in
the orchard business and the nursery busi-
ness that most people do not realize. Stark
Bro's Nursery is credited as being the oldest
nursery in tile I'nited States, and so far as
we know this statement is correct. The nur-
sery is under the administration of the fourth
generation. Edgar W. Stark being president ;
Lloyd C. Stark, his son, is vice-president.
Otier members of thi' Stark family connected
with the nursery are: Thomas \V. Stark,
secretary; Paul C. Stark, chief landscape de-
partment; Clay H. Slark and Lawrence E.
Stark, sales departments.

From a very small beginning the Stark
Ninsery. which illustrates the growth of the
fruit industry, has grown to a very extensive
proposition, with plants located at Dansville.
New York; North (lirard. Pennsylvania;
Fayetteville. Arkansas; Marionville. Alissouri;
Hu'ntsville. Alabama. At the present time the
Stark Bro's Nursery is recognized as one of
the largest in the United States. Stark Bro's
Nursery has been very progressive and has
introduced a number of new varieties of
fruits, which have met with much favor, some
of them having achieved a wonderful degree
of success commercially by being recognized
as stantlard commercial varieties. Among the
varieties of apples introduced by Stark Bro's
Nursery arc King David. Black Ben, Senator
and Champion. But perhaps no apple int)<!-
dueed in recent years has commanded (plile
the attention or achieved the degree of popu-
larity as the Delicious, which is considered
one of the most delicious eating apples grown,
and selling at top-notch prices. Slark Bro's
Nursery believe in advertising and publicity
antl spare no expense in introducing new
varieties when they consider them worthy of
introduction. It has been stated they spent
one-quarter of a milli(m dollars in introducing
the Delicious and one hundred thousand in
introducing Black Ben. Stark Bro's Nursery,
in celebrating their centennial, one hundred
years in the business, have just issued a new-
catalog which is called their "Centennial Fruit
Hook," consisting of 72 pages.

Fruit Shipments Ea.il and West Up to De-
cember 1. — According to figures compiled by
A. A. Piper, local agent of the Cireat Northern.
281.') cars of fruit were billed from the Wenal-
chee station during the Irtl.'i shipping season
to December 1. This inclu<ies all fruit, cher-
ries, peaches, cots, jicars and apples of all
grades. Of this number 2.1 8il were loaded at
Wenatchec. the rest loaded at nearby stations
and billed from here. The following table,
giving Eastern and Western routings, is inter-
esting in that it shows the percentage of the
crop that moves east and west. Approxi-
mately 2ri per cent of the tonnage is routed
west, either for storage or for consimiiition tin
the Coast market, including Seattle, Vancouver
and San FraiK'isco, and for the Australian
market. The carlot shipments are:

East West Total

Wenatchee 1701 IS.') 2198

Malaga 124 1.1 i:i7

Monitor 37 4 41

Appledale 7 1 S

Palisades 20 37 .")/

Ohio Colony Spur 10 3 11

Malott 2 . . 2

Wincsap 13 1 II

Zcna 3 . . 3

Wagnersburg 43 10 r,3

Olds 286 42 328

Total 2249 .')9B 281.1

The foregoing does not represent total ship-
ments from .Monitor, as during Oclober and
November all cars were billed from that
station. — Wenatchee World.

The Yufyn finllctin is the name of a ipiar-
tel'ly publication issued by the Yuba Con-
struction Comjiany of Marysville. Californi;i.
and contains much interesting infor-matiou
in reference to the cniciency and ccononiN of
tractors in connection with cultivation in tin'
orchard and farm.

/A

Sprnyers Useldenl

Power for Greatier Sosalts

7000 Sprayers Use ^^Ideal" Power^

Spiayinji requires a steady power .iiid ciutiiunni

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Tlierefore "Ideal*' en^iiiies as producers of con

stanl service were nalurally adopted by tlie

up-to-date sprayer.

- especially fitted for the seveic usage yiven
sprayer engines.

—working or traveling over ' .'jumpy
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.Aside from spraying work you
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uses.

Let us tell you more about
"Ideal" Power hy sending
(or booklet S-100.

THE IDEAL ENGINE CO

R. E. OLDS. Chairman

formerly

THE OR1GINAI. GAS ENGINE CO

California

1916

Panama-California Exposition at San Diego

Open all the year

Beach and Mountain Resorts

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They are fully described in our booklet ■'California."
Write for your copy.

LOW ROUND TRIP

tickets are on sale daily the year round from Pacific Northwest points to

Southern California. Si.\ months return limit. Stopovers at your pleasure.

Choice of many daily trains, Valley or Coast line in California.

Ask your local agent or write
John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent. Portland. Oregon

Southern Pacific

WniN WRITTNC, APVKKTTSF-RS MKNTTUN HKfTliK hULlI

Page ^^4

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbniarv

For your separator you

want a Cleaner that cleans
hygienically without leav-
ing a greasy film — use

Old Dutch

Old DutcA

Cleanser

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres ; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres ; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

Apple-Scab Control in Oregon

I>y H. P. Barss, Professor of Hotaiiy and Plant

RHI'OHTS from difTerent parts of
Oregon (luiini; the i)asl season
indicate that Apple Scab has been
unusually severe in many sections.
Tlie loss due to this disease alone will
probably amount this year in rough
eslimate to over .*3(l(),(l(l() in this state.
In many an unsprayed orchard there
could not be found a single scab-free
fruil this year, and even in orchards
where the owners did spray, Ihere was

Pathology, Oregon Agricultnral College, Coryallis.

often a seriously high percentage of
scab, sudicient in some cases to re-
move all trace of jirofit from the ledger.
The question arises as to whether these
conditions must continue to exist. Is
it really necessary for every particu-
larly bad year to take this terrific toll
from the Oregon orchardisl? 1 am
conndcnt that there is no need of it.
For sevci'al years the College has been
conducting invesligalions on the con-

trol of apple scab and at the same time
has been watching the work done by
practical growers in this direction.
From the results of these investiga-
tions and observations, the conclusion
is forced upon us that, no matter how
bad the year may be for this disease,
the intelligent application of our
present knowledge will result in satis-
factory control.

So much has been written and said
on the subject of Apple Scab that there
is no need of describing the disease in
detail. You understand that the para-
sitic fungus which causes it lives
through the winter in the dead tissues
of the fallen apple leaves, and that in
the early spring a crop of siiores is
matured which are shot forcibly out
of these old leaves and then, caught
by the lightest air currents, are carried
to the newly-developing foliage and
fruit, causing on them the first scab
infections of the season. It was for a
long time thought that this crop of
spores did not mature until about the
time the blossoms open and that in-
fections could not occur earlier. In
Oregon, however, we have found that
at least in some seasons these spores
may be mature aijjjroximately a month
before the blossoms open. Under such
circumstances, if the weather condi-
tions are favorable, infections may
occur before the cluster buds are fully
opened, often a considerable time pre-
vious to blossoming. These first in-

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639 Factory BIdg., Kansas City. Mo.

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sunshine— why not you?

$1 for 5 years; or send today for free
Srttnple of Farm Joiirn:il and free '•opy
of Poor Richard Almanac for 1916.

The Farm Journal

263 Washiagton Square. Philadelphia

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 35

I't'itions will develop into typic;il scab
spots on the young leaves and flower
parts and in a week or two there will
l)e a new crop of spores produced in
these spots which, as you are aware,
usually result in an exceedingly rapid
spread of the disease in the orchard,
attacking fruit and foliage alike.

There is now no longer any doubt
regarding the natural conditions which
make possible the spread of the disease.
Moisture is absolutely necessary for the
germination of the spores and those
climatic conditions which enable the
dew, rain or fog to remain upon the
leaves or fruit foi' a considerable num-
ber of hours in succession, make it
I)ossible, where spores are present, for
those spores to sprout and send their
delicate germ tubes through the cuticle,
after which the infections will take
care of themselves. Anything that pro-
motes rapid drying of foliage tends to
Ijrevent infection. Wind and sunshin(>,
even though interspersed with showers,
are unfavorable to the disease, while
cloudy or misty weather with little
wind, even though there be practically
no rain, makes possible abundant spore
germination.

Years ago, before the nature of this
disease was yet fully understood, an
effort was made to find some means by
which it might be prevented. Bor-
deaux mixture had been found of such
value in connection with certain other
plant diseases that it was naturally one
of the first materials tried out as a
spray for the control of this malady.
As long as twentv or twentv-fivc years
ago in the eastern i)art of this country
bordeaux was shown to be decidcdlv
beneficial, and the large number of
tests carried out since that time all
over the I'nitcd States leave no doubt
as to its ellicacy for scab control in the
nund of any one familiar with the
results. There was, however, one
drawback in connection with bordeaux
mixture wherever used, namely, the
tendency under certain conditions to
cause russeting of the apple fruit. It
was thought at first that the mixture
was being used too strong, but experi-
ments demonstrated the fact that injury
would occur when weak dilutions were
used, and it was found that this couM
not be prevented by any change in the
proportions of the ingredients. It was
found that this injurious effect was
l)resent only on fruit sprayed when
young, and it is now further undci-
stood that moist weather following the
application of bordeaux mixture pro-
vides the most favorable conditions for
the appearance of russeting.

With the introduction of lime-sul-
phur as a fungicide, experiments were
l)egun throughout the country to test
its usefulness as compared with bor-
beaux mixture for the prevention of
apple scab. It was a great satisfaction
to find that this new sjirav material
was really effective for this ])urposc
and that it did not produce on the fruit
Ihe objectional russeting caused by
the other. Lime-sulphur has conse-
cpiently superseded bordeaux through-
out most of the apple-growing sections

GRAND
IPRIZF

The Grand Prize,
the highest award,
bestowed upon Ghirardelli's
Ground Chocolate by the
Panama-Pacific Exposition,
San Francisco 1915, is an
additional testimonial to its un-
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judges in this international competi-
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GWaraeQis

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the very qualities that have made it a house-
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early seventies. Not to know — and what
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Chocolate, is to be unmindful of health,
economyand the appeal of a vvholesome
appetite.

D. GHIRARDELLI CO.

Since 1852 San Francisco

^smM;!

CHERRY TREES FOR SALE

We offer extra fine trees with big roots and heavy bodies at bed-rock prices.

Write today for samples of grades and prices. The}' are going fast.

Other first-class nursery stock for sale at low prices.

BENEDICT NURSERY CO., 185 E. 87th Street N., Portland, Oregon

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Everg^reens,
Flowering: Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recog:nized as the best walnut. Our larg^e
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying:.

WHEN WRITINT, ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FK

Page 36

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbruarx

Agreed

Many leading gas-engine ex-
perts have recently declared
that lubricating oil made from
asphalt-base petroleum gives
best results.

Pacific Coast motorists made
the same discovery years ago.
For the majority have been
using Zerolene in preference
to all other oils. They agree
with the experts.

Zerolene is made from se-
lected California petroleum —
asphalt-base — under the un-
equalled refining facilities of
the Standard Oil Company.

Next time you empty the
crank case, refill with Zero-
lene.

Standard Oil
Company

(California)

ZEROLENE

^ SiattJafd Oilior Motor Cart

For the Next Thirty Days

we will deliver to you anywhere in U.8-
One Dozen Choice, Assorted Kose Bushes

For Sl.OO

PORTLAND ROSE NURSERY

Lents, Oregon

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives you a h'lah grade quick selling product at a
miuiiuum cost. It makes a clean aiul natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruita and vegetables have been
approved by the U. S. Government, while desiccated,
dried and evaporated products have been rejected.
There is but one Dehydrator manufactured In the
West and it is the best By-Prodiict machine ever de-
vised. It is adapted to the inriividual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therefore, you are
protected in Its use.

The manufacturers of this Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved automatic labor-sav ng
preparatory machinery which will further reduce the
present low cost lor the production of this product.

For new descriptive booklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

A Winning Combination
Bees and Fruit

Latest methods of beekeeping simply told in
our "Bee Primer." Highly instructive. Send
25 cents today for the book and six months
trial subscription to

American Bee Journal, Box x, Hamilton, 111.

WHEN WRTTtNG ADVICRTISERS MENTION HITTER FRUIT

of the country for scab control. Limc-
sulphur, liowever, is not perfect in all
respects, for in the higher strengths
it will cause burning of apple foliage,
and even in the lower dilutions, pai-
ticularly with drenching, it may result
in in.jin-y to foliage, although this is
not usually of great importance. Under
certain conditions, however, the injury
may !)e quite severe, and in addition to
scorch on the leaves there is also a
serious tendency to cause sunburn on
the fruit in hot weather. Complaints
of the trouble just referred to come, I
believe, largely from sections subject
to at least occasional spells of very
high temperature.

Other fungicides are now being tried
out experimentally over the country
and new combinations of fungicides as
well, in an attempt to find a suitable
spraying program which will give the
desired control of scab and avoid at
the same time the injuries which have
been mentioned. The Agricultural Col-
lege has been making tests for the past
two years under the direction of Mr.
Winston at the Hood River Branch
Experiment Station and some interest-
ing facts bearing upon the problems of
scab control have been brought to light.
Some additional investigations in which
the writer was assisted by the horti-
cultural inspectors of the state have
laid bare many of the reasons for lack
of success in scab control, and have
pointed out the way to remedy some
of the difliculties.

In connection with the work on
apple scab in the Hood River Valley
if was found that the period of most
abundant scab infection in lfll,S oc-
curred in the latter part of June. In
the following year, on the other hand,
the most serious infection occurred
previous to the time the flower buds
showed color. Furthermore, during
the season of lOl.'i, the most disastrous
infection occurred as a result of a long
rainy period, eonmiencing perhaps two
weeks after the petals began to fall.
Each year there were a great main-
growers whose apple crop sufl'cred
badly, but at the same time each year
there were some whose apples were
practically clean. Investigation showed
that Ihe men who had clean fruit were
those who had made an application of
fungicide not long before the critical
period. This is illustrated also in one
locality in Soulhern Ore.gon, where
during the past season there was a
spell of wet weather favorable to scab
four or five weeks after the bloom fell.
In an orchard where the owner gave
the usual four ai)plications there was
but .^ per cent of scabby fruit. An-
other fiTower in the same district gave
three sprayin.gs, with excellent control
as far as he went, but omitted Ihe
fourth application. After Ihe rainy
]K'riod referred to, 70 i)er cent of his
fruit developed scab sjiots.

It is evident, from these examples,
that in Ore.gon there is such variability
in weather conditions through the
spring, that in order to be certain of a
clean crop Ihe grower must protect
his trees bv a suilable fungicide

Growers

Shippers

Local Associations

Haven't you had enough of the mis-
called "Co-operative Marketing" (?).
which in fact was "Coercive Market-
ing"?

True co-operation in LOCAL ASSO-
CIATIONS is practical, and has been
effective and successful in marketing,
when equijiped with Produce Reporter
Service. AVe refer to the
Apple Growers' Association,

Hood River.
Valley Fruit and Produce Association,

Walla Walla.
Spokane Fruit Growers' Company,

Spokane.
Yakima County Horticultural Union,

North Yakima.

They will tell .vou that they have
used our Service for years, and while
some of them were temporarily hyp-
notized into joining the Big Noise that
was going to fix prices, regulate distri-
bution and net such wonderful results,
etc., etc. — that they have learned their
lesson — pulled out — and will from
henceforth do their own selling — build
up a demand for their own brands —
and deal with the reliable Buyers,
Commission Merchants and Brokers
in destination markets.

With Produce Reporter Service to
help, YOU can do the same — at the
minimum expense and maximum profit
— and all the time you will know what
is being done with your fruit — not be
kept in the dark — waiting for returns
— which too frequently were in red ink.

Write today for particulars. Don't
sign up your tonnage until you at least
investigate the System that for fifteen
years has proved its value to thou-
sands of Shippei's and Associations all
over the ITnited States.

Produce Reporter Co.

212 W.Washington St. Chicago

Buy a
Farm in

JflRGINlAI

. ' Many instances are known "ijk^

^ where land values increased 500 per ^
"■cent in three to live years. 45 inches

annual rainfall--No extremes summer ot ^
I winter. Write for Free Literature.
i f. h. laBADME. Aar'IAoent, Norfolk S Wfstern Ry.
I N. S W. Bids, Room 228 ROANOKE. V»- ^

cei-EBRRTe=

l^XLEQREftSe

I "UlTTlER COBURN CO-

SlNFRONCISCOCA'-Cf-

Farmers* Friend.
Wears well. Lasts
and lubricates. Made
of palest paraffine
oil and vegetable oiL

C.&S. Axle Grease

Wkrrtirr-Cobura CoBMin

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 27

lliroughout the entire season from the
thiie the buds begin to open until all
danger of scab-favoring weather is
past, or else he must aciiuire more skill
as a weather prophet than most of us
ever hope for. In addition to the poor
results which have come from failure
on the part of the growers to keep
their trees protected at all times during
the dangerous period, we must mention
the poor results that are attributable to
lack of thoroughness. There are abun-
dant instances in our apple-growing
sections where two neighbors using
practically the same spraying schedule
will have entirely dilferent results as
far as scab control is concerned sim|)ly
because one has alwa\s dcme the woik
thoroughly while the other has not.
'loo great emphasis cannot be laid on
thoroughness. Growers must under-
stand clearly that any portion of the
surface of a fruit or leaf not covered
with spray mixture naturally remains
LUiprotected against infection. A spore
can germinate and penetrate fruit or
foliage at any point where no fungicide
has been deposited.

I wish to call attention to the desira-
l)ility of destroying or plowing under
the fallen leaves. Wherever this has
been thoroughly done there seems to
liavc resulted a marked diminution in
the primary spring infections. I doubt
vvhetlier it is jjossible to do so thorough
a job, however, tliat spring spraying
could safely be abandoned; but present
evidence indicates that it is a desirable
practice which ought to be encouraged.
It may perhaps be possible to destroy
the fungus in the fallen leaves by some
spray applied to them after they have
fallen, but exi)eriments with the stanrl-
ard fungicides have given negative re-
sults. These, however, form a practi-
cally insoluble coating on the exterior
of the leaves and would not be likely
to have any effect on the fungus which
in this stage lies protected within the
leaf tissues. My attention, however,
has been called to an orchard in the
W'illamelte Valley badly affected with
scab last year where the owner
sprayed part of it this spring just as
the buds were swelling with pure blue-
stone (copper sulphate) at the rate of
2 poimds to .^0 gallons of water, while
])art was left unsprayed. No further
fungicidal application was given. It is
reporteil that on the sprayed section

The Paris Fair

Hood River's Largest and Best Store
RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES

HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES

MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

GREATER QUANTITY

BETTER QUALITY

Increase Your Profits

RADIUM-bearing-earth mixed with your fertilizer will give you
better quality. The effect of Radium is to stimulate the vital plant
processes, the result of which is seen in the fine and healthy color
or foliage and the quality of production. Gives you an increased
profit on the labor and money you spend.

Low cost— any soil— easy to apply — lasts.

FREE BOOKLET— Many interesting facts about the effects
of Radium application. Send for it today.

CALIFORNIA RADIUM PRODUCTS CO.

633 Van Nuys Building, LOS ANGELES, CAL.

Mulconroy Klc Spray Hose

LIGHT

Weighs 6 oz. to foot.

STRONG

Tested to 2,000 lbs.

FLEXIBLE

Will coil in 3 in. circle.

Can't Kink, Twist,

Burst, Collapse

or Chafe

Protected against kinking, liard knocks, sharp turns, dragging over roiigli surfaces
and other outside abuse. Tube especially compounded to resist the action of the oily
and corrosive li(|uids and powders used in spraying.

Full capacity always, because HOSE CANNOT KINK.

When ei|uipped with Mulconroy High Pressure Couplings, it makes THE STRONG-
EST HOSE MADE. Ask for No. 47 Folder.

J. W. GOEBEL, Factory Representative, Route No. 3, Salem, Oregon

E. A. FRANZ CO., Hood River, Oregon

Prune and Grafted Walnut Trees

Also Apples, Pears, Peaclies, Plums, Apricots, Cherries, Small Fruit Plants, Etc.

Can be bought now at Greatly Reduced Prices

Write today submitting your want list for quotations.

LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., LAFAYETTE, OREGON

15,000 PEAR TREES

Mostly Anjou and Bartlett

Also Other Varieties

Extra tinr trees, clean and well grown. Can make you very attractive prices.
We have also a general line of nur.sery ptock.

CHRISTOPHER NURSERIES, Christopher, Washington

The Famous Aetna Brand

of guaranteed absolutely pure Lime and Sulphur Solution. Manufac-
tured by an Orchardist of over 25 years' practical orchard study. The
spray that spells perfection. Recommended by leading growers to be
the best on the market.

FOR PRICES, ETC., WRITE B. LEIS

B. LEIS, The Aetna Orchards

(Phones, Beaverton Central) BEAVERTON, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 38

BETTER FRUIT

Millions of Worms

LAST SEASON

A Fight on Your Hands

THIS SEASON

Select Your Ammunition

WITH EXTREME CARE

HOLD TO WHAT YOU KNOW IS GOOD

The Grasselli Brand

ALWAYS UNIFORM- ALWAYS DEPENDABLE-NEVER FAILS

THE STANDARD

Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Paste
Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Pcwder
Grasselli Sulphate of Nicotine 40%

The Grasselli Chemical Co.

Established 1839 CLEVELAND. OHIO

BRANCHES

New York, St. Paul, Cincinnati, Cliicago, St. Louis

Detroit, New Orleans, Boston, Philadelpliia

3

g? i^f iU{isg5s iuiiiyj jLH iy{'E3?!gnn

Economy and Thrift

are like truth; old yet ever new. Common sense teaches that the
overthrow of thrift is the death blow of selfrespect. Find yourself
in this regard. Open a savings account in this well established state
bank; it will be a solid tribute to your selfrespect.

Oldest in the
Northwest

Ladd&TiltonBank

Portland
Oregon

?i7F^?f^g^;Tf^s^^sf^g^^'?fw^g^;;^?frijri<?7r.[i?^ ijf^;g^tfw^saiSEa^^^iM?fW^5iMiniiniil3

Fchniary

80 i)er cent of llie I'riiit was free from
-scab, while the unspraycd part yielileii
T.*) per cent of scabby fruit. The only
explanation I have to suggest is that
the application of copper sulphate
reached the ground covered with old
leaves anil, penetrating these, killed the
fungus, thus preventing spore produc-
tion from them and the consequent
early infections. I give this to you for
what it is worth, since the case did
not come under my direct observation
and the method has, as far as I know,
never been tried out experimentally.
1 believe it worth further investiga-
tion, however.

Regarding the use of difTercnt fungi-
cides, our ex])eriments in the Hood Hirer
N'alley have shown that various results
may he expected, according to time of
application and the conditions to which
the trees are subjected. We have found
that bordeaux and lime-suli)hur cannot
he surpassed as fungicides, but injury
may be expected under certain condi-
tions to which I have already referred.
Atomic sulphur is not likely to cause
much injury when its use is begim
while the foliage is young, but in cool
weather it seems to be much less efTi-
cient as a fungicide than the standard
materials, while if the first application
is made late in the spring, according to
some growers, a considerable leaf-
dropping may follow. A new prepara-
tion tried out for only one season,
Barium-Sulphur, seemed to give a fairly
satisfactory scab control with the least
injury of any substance tried. Further
tests, however, should be made before
any general adoption of this material
can be advised.

It is evident from the foregoing that
the intelligent grower must base his
.spraying methods upon a knowledge of
the disease, and the factors that in-
fluence it, together with an understand-
ing of the materials that may be
employed for fungicides and the condi-
tions under which they may be safelv
used. There is absolutely no question
but that apple scab can be successfullv
contr(dlefl anywhere in Oregon if the
fruit and foliage are properly pro-
tected. Spray injury may not always
be avoided, but much of it can be pre-
vented by a wise selection of the mate-
rial to be used at any particular stage.

Present Heconnnendations. — We have
found that in our scab control experi-
ments lime-sul|)hur gave better results
with less injury than any other fungi-
cide which has been used throughout

Wanted to Hear

from owner of good farm for sale.
Send description and cash price.

R. G. LIST,

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Western Pine Box Sales Co.

HlOn GHAUB FRUIT BOXES

APPLE, PEAR AND PEACH BOXES

Fruit and VeKetable Crates

GOOD SERVICE-Wrife us

SPOKANE, WASH.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

I0i6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 39

the season, ami we therefore reeom-
mend it to those who prefer sticking
to one Ivind of material throughout.
The first application for safety ought
to be given just after the cluster buds
unfold and before the leaves get to be
much larger than squirrels' ears. This
"semi-dormant" application gave an
increase of from 3(1 to CO per cent in
clean fruit over plots sprayed first in
the "pink" in one of our Hood River
orchards this year. We used lime-
sulphur, 1-20, and added a nicotine
sulphate preparation to take care of
the insects. Some burning was expe-
rienced and possibly a slight dwarfing
of the first leaves, but the injury was
insignificant in view of the benefit de-
rived. The second ai)plication should
be made in the "pink" stage, that is,
just before the blossoms open. Here
we used lime-sulphur, l-,35, with good
results. Bordeaux caused russeling in
our plots last season where used at this
time, contrary to the usual expecta-
tions. The third spray is the "calyx"
spray, applied when most of the petals
have fallen. Lime-sulphur, 1-35, with
arsenate of lead added for codling
moth, should be used. The fourth
spray should be given about "ten days"
later. Under average conditions lime-
sulphur, 1-35, seems to give the most
satisfactory results. A fifth spray ought
to be applied a month after blossoming
and where the down has disappeared
from the fruit, especially in the case
of varieties not extremely subject to
russcting, boredaux may be used in the
3-3-50 or 4-4-50 strength. I am con-
vinced that the omission of this appli-
cation is not safe in most Oregon apple
sections. Lime-sulphur, 1-35, may of
course be used where burning is iKit
feared.

The summer season is rarely favor-
able to scab, and where the orchard has
been well taken care of in the spiing
there will be little trouble from serious
new infections in the average fall. II
would be safer, of course, to protect
the fruit with an anplicalion of bor-
deaux or lime-sulphur sometime in
AuPust or early Sei)tember. I have a
feeling also that if the foliaae were
well covered in the fall from the stai't.
few leaves would receive the infections
which ordinarilv result in the develop-
ment of the winter stage. In other
words, the priinarv spring infection
michl be materially reduced. The
majority of previous experiments with
fall spraving have, I suspect, begun too
late to be effective. During the i)ast
season, bad as it has been, many grow-
ers from diO'erent sections of the stale
have secured a crop of 90 to 05 ])er
cent clean fruit when their neighbors
had only 5 to 25 per cent free from
apple scab, with only spraying to
account for the difference. Whenever
there was failure in spraying it is
attributable in iiracticallv all cases
either to failure to have the trees pro-
tected at some critical time or to lack
of thoroughness in doing the work.
Apple scab can be controlled in this
state or any other "when the riglil
materials arc used in the right w:iy
and at the right time."

merican Fence

AWARDED

£in

Steel Fence Posts

u?%'''"*'^^ Big, full gauge wires— full

KrGBAHD
PRIZE.

weight — full length rolls
¥^ wovenwith a mechanically

hinged joint, Superior quality gal-
vanizing— proof against hot sun,
sleet and snow.

merican Steel Fence Posts, cheaper than
■wood and more durable. Last a lifetime.
Hold fence secure against all conditions.

^ _ w^ Write for booklet on how to

^^MT Y* Y*f^^ S"^' posts and erect fence.
»»J\^AM.%. M. A VxVx Every farmer should haveit.

Dealers Everywhere

AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE COMPANY

Chicago New York Pittsburgh Cleveland Denver

Coast Representatives, U. S. Steel Products Company, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle

Italian Prune Trees for Sale

We have a choice lot of Italian in both 4/6 and 3/4-foot grades, well rooted and
absolutely free from borers or any disease, and at lowest prices. We also grow a
general line of nursery stock, including Apple, Pear, Cherry, Prune, Plum, Peach,
small fruit.w, ornamental trees and shrubs, evergreens, roses, etc. First-class stock
at lowest prices. Write for free illustrated descriptive catalog. Special prices on
large orders.

DONALD NURSERY CO., Donald, Oregon

The Success of a Fruit Grower

depends largely on the
way he cares for his
orchard. Unless it is
well cultivated he can
not hope for good;{re-
sults.

For this work there is nothing
that will equal

The Kimball
Cultivator

in keeping the ground in perfect condi-
tion at a small cost.

The price is in reach of the small grower and can be bought
from your local dealer or from

W. A. JOHNSTON, Manufacturer

THE DALLES, OREGON

\\'H!.N- WRITING APVLRT ISFKS MENTrON BFTTEK FKIIT

Page 40

BETTER FRUIT

Fcbruarv

on Shade and Urchard Trees against Gypsy,
Brown-tail and Tussock Caterpillars, Canker
Worms, Climbing Cut Worms and Ants.
It is equally effective against any crawling
insects.

Band Trees About Two Weeks Before
Insects Appear to Get Best Results

Easily applied with wooden paddle. One pound
makes about 10 lineal feet of band. One applica.
tion stays sticky 3 months and longer outlasting
10 to 20 times any other substance. Remains effec-
tive rain or shine. Won't soften— won't run or
melt, yet always elastic, expanding with growth of
tree. No mixing, simply open can and use. Will
not injure trees.

For Tree Surgery

Tree Tanglefoot is superior to anything on the
market — it is the best application after pruning or
trimming. It will water-proof the crotch of a tree,
or a cavity, or wound in a tree, when nothing else
will do it.

Sold by Ail First-Class Dealers

Mb. cans ,35c; 3-lb. cans $1.00; 10.|b. cans $3.00;
20-lb. cans $5.50, and 25-lb. wooden pails $6.75.

Write today for illustrated booklet on Leaf-
eating Insects. Mailed free. (55)

THE 0.& W.THUM COMPANY

135 Straight Ave., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Manufacturers of

Tanglefoot Fly Paper and Tree Tanglefoot

Dependable Brand
Lime SulpHur Solution

The Standard Solution for the Fruit Growers of the Northwest.
Highest percentage of Sulphur in Solution in proportion to Baume
test of any brand offered on the market.

MANUFACTURED BY

GIDEON STOLZ CO., Salem, Oregon

Ridley,Houlding&Co.

COVENT GARDEN, LONDON

Points to remember when cousiguiug
apples to the Loudon Market

1.— We Specialize in Apples

2.— All Consignments Receive our
Personal Attention

3.-The Fruit is Sold by
Private Treaty

CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON

Cheer for Fruitgrowers

Continued from page 12
"The ii.ssociation had plenty of fine
I'liiit ill it.s (iwn cold storage to ,sup])ly
(k'lnand through the.se new outlets
erealed hy real salesmanship. But as
soon as healthy distribution began in-
dividual growers in the Northwest
would ship in two or three cars that
represented their whole crop and sell
a little below association prices. In a
little while box apples were on the
toboggan slide, and the individual
growers often got less than freight
charges for their fruit.

"This price was scare, pure and
simple. There was no glut in those
markets. Dealers had been .shown how
to make money out of box fruit, but
the small individual shipments of a
few cars, coming in at a slightly lower
price, destroyed confidence. The fruit
dealer who had his money invested in
box apples did not know how cheaply
his competitors would be getting sim-
ilar fruit tomorrow. So he closed out
his hoklings and turned to barrel
apples, or oranges, or something with
greater stability.

"The unorganized grower brings price
panic into the market in this way again
and again, pulling prices down to a
ruinous level, causing loss to all grow-
ers and dealers. He sets out with the
idea, usually, that he can market his
stuff himself to better advantage than
anybody else can do it, and he winds
up by selling if at a price five to ten
cents below the market, because he
lacks the real selling ability and the
broad market information that would
enable him to dispose of his fruit at a
profit.

"In the produce trade there is also
the small, fly-by-night buyer who picks
up a few cars of stuff in growing dis-
tricts, ships them to a good market and
sells a nickel or dime below the true
value in the .same way.

"Together, these two pests cause
enormous losses every year to growers
who have organized for orderly mar-
keting of crops, and to produce firms
which would invest heavily in fruit
and truck if they could count ui)on
stability." — Hood River Glacier.

Apple Exports to Europe. — .\ccording to
ISfahlon Terhiinc, freight lirolier and forward-
ing agent of New York City, the followin-: are
the l>arrel-appie sliipnients of 191 I and 191.'>,
for tlie weelis ending as follows: ()ct(d>er
30, 1915, KI.'i.BlO; October 30, 1911, 107.898;
November 6, 1915, 51.207; November 6, 1911,
75,941; November 13, 1915, 87,451: November
13, 1914, 73,151; November 20, 1915. 85. .359;
November 20, 1914, 98,720; November 27, 1915,
75,030: November 27, 1911, 126,865: Peeember
4, 1915, 102,588; December 4, 1914, 111,121.
Apparently there is not such a great difference
in the volume expai'led as most people im-
agine. However, space on steamers at the
present time is vei"y dillicult to obtain for
export and arrangements \vv\ uncertain, for
the reason every now and then vessels ai-e
connnandeei-ed.

The Exhihil of lite Schmitll Lithograph
Cnmpnnij at the Xtttiintal Apple Shotv. lielil
in Spokane, contained two features in con-
nection with the box of apides packed under
the "Skookum" br:utd that are well woi-thy
of the fruitgrowers' atlcntion. These tw«t
features being tlie beautiful price card and
also the c<u-rugaled layer paper wliich was
used I'nv the nurpose of preventing bruising
bv the lid and bcillom of Ibe box.

. HKN WRTTINO AOXK RT ISHRS MKNTION BKTTER FRl'IT

IQlCl

BETTER FRUIT

Page 41

Dow Arsenate of Lead

For the past eight years this material has successfully lead all others. Quality is our watchword,
and you can use Dow Arsenate of Lead with the feeling that you have the best that money
can purchase. When the codling moth is as numerous as it has been the past season, it affords
a good opportunity to demonstrate the real value of Dow Arsenate of Lead, and the record
it has made in the Northwest the past season should cause you to insist upon this brand for the
coming season's work. Address us for names of distributors in the Northwest, and we will be
glad to refer you to one in your community or close by.

U/ye Dow CHemical Company, Midland, Michigan

The Commission Man as a Market Necessity

By E. S. Gill, Seattle, Washington

IT maj' well be said that the whole
care of Iruit from the beginning of
the growth of the trees to the linal mar-
keting is a most complex problem. This
convention, made up almost entirely of
growers, knows that the growing of
fruit in the Northwest is indeed a prob-
lem and it can only be made successful
by those who become experts in the
business. The same may be said of the
marketing end. The (hi.\ when anyone
could become a fruitgrower, that is, a
successful one, has long since passed
awav, and so it is with the selling.

The Yuba Bulletin
is published quarterly

for the benefit of pres-
ent and future Yuba
owners. It deals directly
with the tractor question.

New Uses,
New Ideas,
New Methods.

It will be sent free to those
requesting so of,

The Yuba Construction Co.

Dept.C-30,

433 California St.,

San Francisco, Cal.

CHUBBUCK 'S IDEAL

GOPHER TRAP

Larger than runway:
jaws pull rodent in:
catcties large or small gopher and holds it.
Farmers say it's worth dozen other makes.
Big sales. Price 50c. If not atyourdealer'swill semi
t to V'U postp.ii'1; :^ lor 9Sc : 6 for il 70 ; \2 f.-r <s in,
\tutl(-y 1m. k if\ .ir-.- nul ^itislk-.l, Frc- ,ir,i,l.rs.

E. J. CbubbuckCo., Depl. C SaDFranciaco.Cal.

Selling in these days requires trained
and skilled men.

For a number of years there has been
a great hue and cry about eliminating
the middleman. He has been called a
robber, a pirate, and about everything
else that could be suggested as refer-
ring to a dishonest person. But when
all is said and done the people of sober
sense realize that these epithets have
been bantheil about by the unthinking,
and thai tlie middleman is ver> much of
a right-minded human being just as are
those in other walks of life. He has
filled a place in the business of the
world that modern conditions have cre-
ated, and we could no more carry on
business without him than we could
pack apples without the boxes to pack
them in. Inventions of the last forty
years have changed the whole method
of doing business, both wholesale and
retail. The day when the grower could
drive into town and meet the consumer
has passed, never to return.

The consumer may talk occasionally
about wanting to be able to buy from
the producer, but it is only the ex-
pression of a dream thought, for when
it conies to actual practice the con-
sumer will not change from his present
convenience of going to the telephone
and calling his favorite grocer and
giving an order. So the grocer has
foiuid that in order to always be able
to fdl the wants of his customers he
must be able to secure goods when
wanted, and in order to do this he must
patronize the jobber, or what we desig-
nate in the fruit business, the commis-
sion man. The commission man, like
the retailer, is a necessary oidgiowth
of modern business conditions. Re-
tailers found that they could not depend
ui)on the growers. Shii)ments were
irregular and not always well prepared,
and as a consetiuence men slei)pe(l in
to superintend Ihe shipment and re-
ceipt of goods at the large centers so
as to always insure a supi)ly as needed.
These men handled goods sent into the
big markets on a commission basis,
acting as selling agents for the ship-
pers and as warehousemen, storing
goods when the market was ovei-
supplied, or repacking when the goods

were not in the right condition for the
market, endeavoring in this way to se-
cure the largest possible returns for
the consignee.

In recent years it has been quite the
fashion in nearly all walks of life to
abuse and denounce all those who were
apparently successful financially. We
have heard a great deal about "Big
Business," so much so that in recent
>eais every successful man has been
classified as a member of "Big Busi-
ness." In the hue and cry, the com-
mission men have been the object of
special attack, these attacks going so
far in this state as to include legisla-
tion seeking to not only place safe-

The Spraylhat Sticks

■hf^: \

Adheso

Insecticide— Tonic— Fungicide

WHEN other spray materials fail to do
their work, because rain washed
them off, "ADHESO" STICKS, killing
the Codling Moth and preventing the
Scab, Apple Blotch and Bitter Rot. be-
cause IT STAYS WHERE IT IS
NEEDED and does not wash off on the
ground.

"ADHESO" GAVE 99:, CLEAN FRUIT
THIS YEAR, the worst in fifteen years
for Codling Moth and Scab.

Write for details and rueans for mak-
ing the STANDARD TEST FOR ADHE-
SION.

"Triangle" Brand Arsenate of Lead

The reason why our Arsenate of Lead
costs more than others, was sliown this
year. Ask the growers who used it. Thev
DID NOT LOSE 50'. to 75 bv WORMY
APPLES. It isnottheCOST PER POUND
but RESULTS IN CLEAN FRUIT THAT
COUNT.

Ansbacher A. Insecticide Co.i„,.

527 Fifth Ave., NEW YORK CITY

vou CAN ccn nn pf

£ARN ODUiUU DAY

with llu-

Gearless ImDroved Standard

Well Drilling Machine

nils llirfu^rli iiiiy funiia.

in. I'Mvf vt'iirs aln*ad of any
othtr. Hasri'coni nf drfllintr l:tO feet Jind UrlvintfeasinK
In it liours, Anotlier recfird wiiere "M feet waa drilled on
■_' \-'l fcrallnna dlslillntp at ih- per jjidlon. One man can
operate Kle.tT i.nlly einitppe.l for runnlns: nl^tllts.
Fi^lilnk- j.ili I'lrik'iiie iK'nltlMii CatalOKne W.H.

REIERSON MACHINERY CO.,Mfgs„1295-97Hood Sl.Porlland.Ote.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 42

BETTER FRUIT

Fchruar\

All

Refinery
Gas— not
a mixture

Dealers every-
where and at

ServiceStations
of

Standard Oil
Company

(Calif •»]«)

Red
Cfowtt

ihe Gasoline
\dfQualiiy

Xand

Leari

Send
for this
free book on
land clear'nifr.
It tells how to get
ynur stumps out cheap-
ly and (|uickly — without
teams, digging, or blasting
— witli the

HAND POWER.

Stump
Puller

With its 264 to I leverage one
man can pull any stump that can
be pulled by any horse power
macliine. Owners report pulling
from 50 to 100 stumps per day.
Made of Krupp steel — weighs
only 171 lbs.
eod for Book and Special Offer.

WAITER J. FITZPATFICK

Box S 182 Fifth Street

SANFRANCIJCO.CAIIF.

guards ai'oiiixl llic hoiu'sl comiuission
man and .shippur, l)iit alti'mi)liiig to say
what ttu' foniniission man shoultl
cliargo lor his services.

Tliis is radicalism run matl. The
secrehiry of this honorable body is a
Consulting Horticulturist, probably the
(irst man in the I'nited .States to take
up that line of work as a profession.
He is an expert in his line and is en-
tilled to such fees as people will pay
lor his services. Yet that is .just what
the legislature of 1!)11 attempted to do
wilh the commission men. After pre-
scribing that Ihey should lile bonds —
something that everyone favored, as it
woulil lielp to keep out the irres-
pcnsibles — the law prescribed in so
many wonts Ihat the commission man
iloing business in the State of Wash-
ington could only charge ten per cent
foi' his services.

Ten years ago, and even up to two
yetirs ago, commission men were trying
to do business in this state on the basis
of ten i)cr cent. Ten years ago they
were making a reasonable profit at that
ligure, but tibout that time a period of
freak legislation began when loud-
mouthed agitators were going to rem-
edy all the ills of mankind by law. The
enactment of these laws have been a
most potent ftictor in increasing the
cost of doing business in this state.
Taxes, for instance, have been more
than doubled. Wages have increased
with the increasing cost of living, rents
have been on the upward trend and the
general overhead expense of doing
business has increased not fifty per
cent but from seventy-five to one hun-
dred per cent in the last ten yetu's, until
the commission men found they were
not making expenses on ;i ten-per-cent
btisis and raised the fee to fifteen jier
cent.

There is nol ;is much profit in fifteen
I)er cent commission in this state today
as there was in ten per cent ten years
ago, and I want to say to you now, that
unless the horticulturists join with
othei- lines of business to put a stop to
the freak legishition of recent years,
the commission in this stale will go up
to twenty i)er cent, the present basis
in our neighboring country of Canada.
■]'o decry all jobbers and commission
men as robbers and thieves is as unjust
and unthiPiking ;is to denounce all fruit-
growers as tricksters and robbers, be-
cause forsooth some few try to work
oir a large percentage of their fancy
anil V. grade fruit into the extra fancies.
Taken as ;i whole the fruit jobbers, or
commission men, if you please, are ;is
honorable a set of men as you can find
in any other line of business. Firms
like some of the older ones in Seattle,
that have been in business for 2,") to ,30
years, could not have gone on all these
years if the>- had been owned and
controlled by dishonest men. Old firms
like some of those in New York, (^hi-
ciigo, Pittsburg and other cities, that
have been in business from 311 to T)!)
,\ears could not have continuetl all these
years if they had not dealt honesth
with their patrons.

FORKN£R

Cultivator

Does more work with less tJraft
and leaves a better dirt mulch
than any other cultivator. It

WORKS RIGHT UP
TO YOUR TREES

Stirs the entire surface beneath
low branches without disturbing
boughs or fruit. Write for cat-
alogue and free book "Modern
Soil Tillage." a

LIGHT DRAFT HARROW CO.

Dept. 601 MARSHALLTOWN. IOWA I,

True -to -Name Nursery

GALUGAN BROS.
Proprietors

HOOD RIVER, OREOON DrFUB. OREGON

Growers of high grade nursery stock, gaar-
anteed true-to-name. Breeders and importers
of purebred Big Type Poland China Hogs. Ser-
vice boars, bred gilta and weaning pigs for sale.
For catalog of nursery stock and prices
on Bwine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD BIVEK, OREeON

Successful 's the result

-^ _ _, of successful

Orcnarumg tiiiage. cui-

tivate your
trees as you would your corn— use an

"Acme" Orchard Harrow-
It gets in close under the branches. Cuts,
slices, turns the soil twice. levels and
compacts— all at one operation. Many
sizes-e.xtension and regular. Kills small
weeds, cultivates deep, mulches thor-
oughly. Send for new free booklet —now.

Duane H. Nash Inc.

345 East
Morri&on St

No. 23

Portland
Oregon

131-2 ft. Wide

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRITIT

WTIF-N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BKTTER FRUIT

ioi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 7.?

Alter two yojirs" tri;il of "l-'roin tliu
Producer to the Consumer" iii;irl<eting
pliin, the DepMrlment of Agrieultui-e re-
cently issued liidletins Nos. 2(1() and 2()7,
in which it sa\s: "The development of
transportation facilities and the exten-
sion of our agricultural area have
widened the distance between producer
and consumer. This is as true com-
niercially as it is physically. The ex-
tensive conmierce in food products has
called into existence many special
agencies in that large class known as
'ndddlemen.' During recent years there
has been a great deal of agitation
against those engaged in food distri-
bution. 11 is probably not going too
far to say that, to the uninitiated, the
middleman is a rather hazil.\ defined
pel son, whose chief function is to levy,
arbitrarily, a heavy tribute on all food-
stuH's passing from the proilucer to the
consumer. 'I"he attention of the public
has been directed to increased costs
rather than to service rendered. Evi-
dently it has never occurred to many
who clamor for reform that economic
conditions would not permit the long-
continued existence of a marketing
agency which was simply a parasite.
Sooner or later business competition
must eliminate all intermediate agencies
which perform no definite useful
function."

The bulletins further discuss the re-
lations of producer to commission man.
pointing out the diflicull and trying po-
sition of the commission man in dealing
with the producer at long distance, and
in closing says: "In general, it may be
said that a large part of the stigma
which attaches to the business of the
commission merchant arises directly
from the dillicult position which this
middleman occupies in distributing
machinery." I wish every one here
would secure a copy of these two bul-
lelins. 1 believe they will help to clear
uj) some of the misunderstandings and
suspicion of Ihe past.

Let us gef logelher and work out our
mutual diflicullies as hard-headed, prac-
tical men. I can assure you on behalf
of the commission men of Seattle that
we are ready at all times to co-operate
with you in the enactment of legisla-
tion for our mutujil good. Heputable
commission 'iien favor bonding those
engaged in the business. They all use
a uniform s.\slem of accounting by

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7, 122' i Grand Ave., Portland. Oregon

Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fniit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast Groivn Seedlin(?8

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

Write Now Perfection Currants Write Now

Hood River Pruning & Grafting Wax

Without Heating

l-lb. Can, postpaid, ddc

Made by

A. NIEHANS, Hood River, Oregon, R 2

f~^ OOD spraying not only increases the market-
^^ able crop of fruit, but it protects the trees.
Good spraying gets into every cranny, destroys the
hiding disease and insects. Good spraying enables
you to get tlie maximum fruit crop value each season. When
you buy the high-grade International Harvester outfit required
to do good sprayiug, you really get it for nothing — for the extra
profit from your orchard soon returns your money.

International Harvester spraying outfits give the best and most
thorough service. The Titan engines are simple, easily run,
built with the care put into all I H C eugiues. The spray pumps
are durable and powerful.

International Harvester spraying outfits are adapted to small
and large orchards, vineyards and truck gardens, and are made
in several types — on skids, on portable hand trucks or complete
with tank, platform and wagon.

See the I H C dealer about an outfit. We have an interesting
Spray Book containing reliable information on how and when
to spray, and what to spray for. Write for it.

International Harvester Company of America

(incorporated)

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA F-AIMCY)

"RED RIBBON"

(RAIvaCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples

When ordering apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market afTords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATION
AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

wnKN WKiTiNi; apvektisius mk.niu'N lurriK

Page 44

BETTER FRUIT

Fchniary

s

TRAWBERRIES

give the Quickest, Biggest
and Surest Profits of
Anything You Can Grow

The work is so easy and simple
that even beginners make big profits
from the start. Our ftee booi teUsho-w .

Kellogg's Everbearers

produce big crops of bi^, fancy berries
frnra June until November. Light
freezing does nut affect their fruiting.

The berries are in grreat demand. Price ranees
from 30 to 45 cents per quart. Three months
after plants are set. your profits begin. Our
free book tells the rest.

A Kellogg Strawberry Garden

will add beauty, pleasure and profit to your
home. Get our i>ee book and learn how to
supply your entire family with delicious
strawberries the year round without cost.

Great Crops of Strawberries and How

• P-^-i- Tkam *'^'^' \i<ii^K. and most complete

to OrOW 1 nenij strawben-ybookeverwritten.

Fully explains the Kelloge Way. 64 pagea of

common sense, actual

experience, strawberry

facts, pictures galore.

Kellogq's free book,

Kellofiq's free service

and Kellogg Pedigree

Plants insure your

success. Our hi-nk is

worth its weight in

pokl — costs you nnth-

mtr. Send for copy

today. Apostalwilldo.

R. M. KELLOGG CO.

Box 355

Three Rivers, Michigan

RMIIBARB

'* Now Is the Best Time to Plant

WAGNER'S IMPROVED WINTER RHUBARB

If planted NOW you should derive good
results. Also BERRIES and small fruit.
Write for prices. J. B. WAGNER, Rhubarb,
Berry and Cactus Specialist, Pasadena, Cal.

CONDON'S NEW
LIGHTNING

RADISH

Finest Barly Radish In Existence. Raad]'
to sat In 14 daya. To introduce Our
Northern Grown_' •Sure Crop" Live Seeds
!kag»"Condon'a

" and our Mam-

FREE

Northern Grown "Sure Crop" Live Seeds
we will mail you Bis Package "Condon'a
Naw LIfhtnIng Radlah" and our Mam-
moth Illustrated 1916 <
Oarden and Farm Guide.
Send name and address
n postal toiiay sure.

CondOnBrOfi Saadtman RockRiverValteySeedFarm
wwnuan Druk.iaaaDiman.g^,, ^gg^ Rookford, in.

/'f^

"w^oJ

3 f, "^Z,

-"Ask
Pratt"

■^

mil

!>»tc,

Here's a book of (iaily nfc<;d9 you
should keep handy. It lists the
best of every thing for the or-
chardist and truck »rower.
Standard spray materials, har-
rows, cultivators, graders, pick-
ers, packing boxes, etc. If there's
anything needed, "ask Pratt."
You know him— he's the man
who makes "Salccide— the tree
saver.*' Everything else he sells is ju.-^t as good.

Our Service Department

is under his direct supervision and he is always
ready to advise, from his long experience, just
" lint implement, spray material, etc., you need.
Ask questions. But send for the book today.
B. G. PRATT COMPANY

Dept. D 50 Church St.. New Yoi*

Portland Seed Co.

PORTLAND. OREGON
NORTHWESTERN ACiEN'I'S

PRATT'S "SCALECIDE"

which itemized account sales can be
furnished on request, but they know
and you l<now that you cannot fix by
law a price at whicli a man must con-
duct his business, whether that price
meets his expenses or not. I believe I
can see this question from both sides
of the line, for my interests in the
growing of fruit are greater than those
in the marketing end. But fairness and
square dealing is necessary from both
sides, and to this end I assure you the
conunission men of the state are ready
and willing to work with you.

Getting Together in Marketing

Continued from last issue

Next to creating a disposition to get
together, the important move .just at
present is to get the jobbers and deal-
ers on the consuming end to help us
increase our outlets. It is a waste of
energy to think of building up a com-
petitive organization to our present
jobbers. Our best success depends on
getting their co-operation, getting their
liumlrcds of traveling fruit salesmen to
helj) us get the comnuinities they visit
ready for our fruits, at the proper time,
before the fruits are too ripe and mar-
kets glutted. In the past, the fruit sales-
man in the Middle West has been tell-
ing [he retailers to wait for the glut,
and they have waited. We want to get
our joint-selling boards and reciprocal
marketing arrangements so perfected
that the trade will not wait but will
order from the first. 1 believe an or-
ganized effort should be made through
the Western Fruit .lobbers' Association,
representing all the jobbers west of
Chicago. Live distributors at the other
end who are familiar with our problem
can be of great assistance to us in pre-
paring markets to take a much larger
supply than they now take. I think a
committee from the Northwest fruit
shippers should be sent to the .January
meeting of the Western I'ruit .lobbers'
Association to be held in Memphis and
secure their co-o])eration.

Another thing we need is more sym-
pathetic co-operation of railroad.s —
loading in transit and unloading in
transit, less heater charges and diver-
sion charges, and less freight rates,
especially apples to Chicago. It has
been suggested that 20,000 cars of
apples are likely to be grown in the
Northwest next year, and that we may
fall down marketing them. It is not
whether we have ten thousand or
twenty cars to market, we only have
from six to ten per cent of the apple
crop of the I'nited States in either
event. The big factors are, first,
whether we are organized proi)erly to
market any amount, and, second, fruit-
crop conditions elsewhere and world
conditions. If we cannot get our states-
men to provide a merchant marine; if
we cannot get the railroads Interested
ill oiu- industry except to see what new
taxes and hardships (luy can impose
ui)on us, w'e are indeed in hard sirails.
But 1 believe if we go after il in
e.-irnesl, if we get together and w<irl<
logelher, we can gi'l necessar\' con-

rSIMPSON a DOELLER CO.

1423 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDG.

PORTLAND, OREGON.

E.SHELLEY A\OROAN MOR.

OOD SEEDS

GOOD AS CAN BE GROWN
Prices Below All Others

I will give a lot o£ new
sorts free with every order
I fill. Buy and test. Return
if not O. K.— money refunded.

Big Catalog FREE

Over 700 illustrations of vegra-
tables and flowers. Send yours
and your neisrtibors' addresses,
R. H. SHUMWAY, Rockford, IIL

FREE

Our handsome 1916 Seed Cata-
logue. Fully illustrated in colors.
Reliable seeds at bargain prices. A
full line of garden and flower seeds.
Cherry's Famous Dependable Seeds, fresh and re-
1 iable, are used by successful gard-
eners everywhere. Send your name
and address on a postal for a copy
of our bargain catalogue.

CHAS. J. CHERRY <St Co.

149 Vine street rockford. Illinois

Seeds

^otect^ur
Jrees

n • ilncte nlghL Mice

I cut wrormi wlD dama(« and

deMroy them i/ you don'i prottci ihem.

Oet doHan' wonb of proieciion bi a frac-

iton of • cent coat by u

mg

Tree Protectors'^

AtnoluU protection against gnawers

and borerv. ' Prevent trees from

becoming skinned and bruised by cul-

bvator or lawn mower Made of elm

veneer, chemically treated. Easily put

on and will last until tree is beyond

nccdinc protection Don i wait until some

of your ireea are Icillcd — order Hawkeye

Proteaora now. Rcfxtlac size 10 Inches

wMe. 20 inches high Pnce in lots of 109 —

I cent apiace, m lots of 1000 — !« cent

■ ptecc Special sues made (o order.

Write for circular and samples.

Wt mak« Frvit Baikal! — gel out pricet.

Burlington Basket Company

I 188 Main Sl, Burlington. Iowa

Tells why chicks die

E. J. Reefer, the poultry expert, 3392 Reefer Bldff.,
Kansas City, Mo., is giving away free a valuable
book entitled, "White Diarrhoea and How to Cure it "
This book cont.-iins scietititic facts on white diarrhoea
and tetia liow to prepare a Bimple home Bolution that curi-a tliia
terrible disease over nJRht and aciiiallv riii^>'a SS yer cent of
every hatch. All iK'nItrv rainers Blioind certainly write Mr. Ktefer
tur oue of tbeijti valuable tKKK buuke.

IBlbRiliNCJONVlOV'M

A*k for Catalogu* No. 5

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRiTINr. APVERTISERS MENTION PKTTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTEF. FRUIT

P^^g^' 45

cessions fi'<uii the niilroads, we can get
co-operation Trom the wholesalers and
jobbers, and unitedh' we can get distri-
bution of our fruits.

We have had black days for all kinds
of business, we have had hard times
for wheat and grain farmers. I re-
member raising oats for eleven cents
a bushel and wool for ten cents, and
corn and hogs at a loss. The men who
stay with the fruit business will yet
see good profits in fruit. Our business
is not to be blue; look up. not down.
Look forward, but we ought to get to-
gether in a practical way and do things
like men with common sense, to retain
all our fruit outlets and multiply new
ones. We can and we will succeed if
we get all our forces together — take the
growers and shippers as they are, and
unite all the marketing forces in a prac-
tical, feasible way.

Horticultural Notes

From time to time in the past "Better Fruit"
has mentioned various exhibits made at the
Panama-Pacihe Exposition that wouk! be of
interest to the fruitgrowers, as information
was received from various sources relative to
these exhibits. It is with regret that these
notes have not been more complete. In the
way of explanation, it must be said that "Bet-
ter Fruit" had asked one of the men connected
with the fruit industry to write a page or two
of notes on all exhibits made at the Exposi-
tion that would be of interest to the fruit-
growers. However, this failed to materialize
on account of the pressure of other business.
The Friend Manufacturing Conipany of (ias-
port. New York, manufacturers of power out-
fits, lias a very interesting and attractive
exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Exposition.
They are to be commended for this for the
reason they are located so far from San Fran-
cisco, making a heavy extra expense on
account of the distance. The Friend exhibit
consisted of their spray outfits, spray nozzles
and othei* features connected with their out-
put. The Friend Manufacturing Company do
a very large business in New York State, and
an extensive business throughout the liiited
States. That their exliibit was woithy *>f
merit is evidenced by the fact that they
olilained the Medal of Honour, which is only
given to exhibits of very high merit. In addi-
tion, the I'licnd nozzle received honorable
nienlion.

Winter Rhubarb. — For tlu' past few years
"Better Fruit" has been advising several kinds
of diversity for the fruitgrower, which are
veiy much needed for the following reasons:
In the years when the production is heavy
prices are apt to be low, and in years when
the prices are high sometimes the quantity
is shy. In addition to this, fruitgrowers only
get returns once a year, and therefore if they
can add a few side lines, or even one good
side line, w hich will bring in some money
regularly \\ill be found to be a big help
Hnancially. "Helter Fruit" has reconnnended
dairying, hogs, bees, truck gardening. Quite
a number of fruitg?"owers have made a splen-
did success and good profits by growing
asparagus; others have engaged in a more
general line of truck gar<lening. The North-
west is dependent upon (California for its
early-spring vegetables, which of course are
very expensive on account of freight. There
is a variety <if \"egetable grown In ("alifornia.
\\ hich is being introduced l)y Mi-. Wagner,
called Winter Rhubarb, \\hich, we are advised,
thrives in a very rigorous climate, giows
(juickly and produces very bountifully. It has
generally been recommended that it should be
planted some time during the mnnths of
October. November and December, liiit if
])lanted early i" January ihcie would prob-
ably be sulTlcicnt time to prixluce a very early
spring crop, which would bring in some extra
income for the fruitgrower at a handy period.

"Su'eet'Corn (Uiltnre." is the title of a new
book edited by Mr. Wilkinson, which is an
excellent treatise on gi'ow Ing sweet corn, j>ul)-
lished by the Oranue .hidil (ompany. .'U .'>
I'onrth Avenue. New Y(nk,

Our Motto

HIGHEST QUALITY

OUR 1916 ANNUAL CATALOG

Written, compiled ;ind printed especuilly for the Western
Planters of Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Roses, Trees, etc., and
users of Sprays, Spray Pumps, Fertilizers, Incubators
Brooders and Garden Supplies.

A Reliable, Honest, Truthful Guide Free on Request

New Policy: "Direct from Grower to Planter." No Agents.
Charges Prepaid. Ask for 1916 Catalog, No. 27..

ROUTLEDGE SEED & FLORAL COMPANY

169-171 Second Street, Portland, Oregon

Bmpee's Seeds Grow

The Fortieth Anniversary Edition of Burpee's Annual, the Leading
American Seed Catalog for 1916, is brighter and better than ever before.
It offeis the greatest novelty in Sweet Peas, the unique "Fiery Cross", and
other novelties in Rare Flowers and Choice Vegetables, some of which cannot be
had elsewhere. This book of 182 pages tells all about proved and tested Seeds.
It is mailed free. A post card will do. Write toda\-, mention this publication.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia

Pear Trees for Sale

I have a large lot to offer of the following- sorts: Bartlett, AnjOU,

Bosc, Winter Nells. B.Clairgeau, Howell, Cornice and other varieties.
All budded trees, one and two years old.

I also have Plum and Prune Trees budded on plum, and budded
berry-bearing and seedling Holly Trees from 2 to 5 feet. Also Mazzard
Cherry and Marianna Plum stocks for nursery planting.

Good stock at very low prices to Nurserymen, Dealers and Planters.

JAMES W. STEPHENS

Kelso, '^Vashington

RHODES DOUBLE CUT

PRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFQ. CO.,
•■O S. DIVISION AVB , nRAND RAPIDS. niCH.

"THE only
pruner
made that cutf
from both sides of
the limb and docs not
bruise the bark. Made in
•II styles and sizes. W*
pay Express charges
on all orders.
Write for
circular and

Write to the Men Who Know

There is a pfreat difference in spray pumps and
* spraying apparatus. One kind is made by practical
orchardists and hns been improved through over 20 years of orchard
success.WritealetlerorpostcardtoMorrill&Morley Mfg. Co. Find out about

Eclipse Spray Pumps

In use In more successful orchards than all other makes. Used by
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Kind out what Eclipse offers in
more profits for orchards, vineyards or potato fields. Address

Morrill & Morley Mfg. Co.» Box 12 , Benton Harbor, Mich.

Send for Free Catalogue

We Have a Story for You

pp^n

WHEN WKITINr. APVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRflT

Page

46

BETTER FRUIT

Febniaryj

I Engine Power

Costs Less Now^I

LET me send you an eng^ine to earn its own cost while you pay for it.
Easy lo star!; no cranking ; easy to understand and nianagre;
and easy to pay for on any suitable, reasonable terms of payment,
during a year. I have helped many thousands to own engines in this
way, during my 29 years of engine building.

WITTE Engines

Gasoline, Kerosene and Gas

Guaranteed

SEE THESE LOW PRICES: 2 H-P. $34.95: 3 H-P, $52.45:

4 H-P, $69.75: 6 H-P, $97.75: 8 H-P. $139.65; 12 H-P, $197.00:
16 H-P, $279.70: 22 H-P, $359.80. iF. O. B. Factory) Portable
Engines and Saw-Rig outfits proportionally low. Guaranteed
highquality — as durable as superior design, best materials
and workmanship can make.

I7Sn A nnnlr C««0<» My book, "How to JuJuo Engines."
r ine DOOM r rCC win show you Imw to select the en-
Kine mn^t suitiihleto your needs, ami how e.isy it is to run a WITTKat
any kind of work. Get my engine facts before you decide on any engine,

ED. H. WITTE, WITTE ENGINE WORKS
1886 Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo.
1886 Empire Bldg., - Pittsburgh, Pa.

EWBALTESAND
COMPANY

Printers - Binders

Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book-
lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us
for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed
promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT.

CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS
PORTLAND, OREGON

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station. Belmont Road
We win be pleased to show you trees, apple trees that have a herltape. a quality that should be considered by eTeryone
who plants a tree. Our trees are grown In clean hillside virgin red shot soil wltii clay Bubaoll, producdng the most rtgorous
root eystem. Our buds are selected from the best bearing healthy Hood RWer trees that make the Hood River apple
famous throughout tlie world. Our trees will give you aatlsfactory results In vigor, fruit and quality. Ask for catalog.
We guarantee our products. Apples, peara, peaches, apricots, almonds and walnuts. A complete line at the best varieiles
of all kinds of fruita.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD. President W. J. ENSCHEDE, Manager

PORTLAND, OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan — $1.00 per day and upward;

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

GEO. C. OBER, Manager

The \oith Pacifiv Fruit Distributors. No-
vember 10th. issued a very interesting circular
showing a Twenty-eight Months Record, some
of the information being in reference to the
volume of business. In twenty-eight months
the North Pacific Fruit Distributors have tlis-
tril)uted .$826,701.71; the total number of cars
handled during this period \\ as 12,276. The
operating cost for the season of 1915 on the
date mentioned was .'^56. 96 less than the budget
prepared in advance. Quick returns are indi-
cated by the statement that the average time
eiajjsing between the dates of shipment and
remittance of proceeds from the central office
to the shipping associations has, for the
p]'esent season to date, been twenty days.
Carlot sales were made to 367 cities in 1914,
compared with 243 cities in 1913. Exports
through foreign ports in 1914 showed an in-
crease of 324 per cent. Statements are also
made that the North Pacific Fruit Distributors,
supported by seven branch olTices and one
liundred exclusive sales agents, enabled the
Distributors to make cash f.o.h. sales on 97V2
per cent of its fruit. On 12,276 cars sold, the
total loss through inability to collect is stated
as being $418.07.

Mr. J. B. Knapp. secretary of the Pacific
Coast Veneer Association, has advised "Better
Fruit" that the Pacific Coast Veneer Manu-
facturers are showing their interest in caring
for the fruit industry by endeavoring to
formulate some sort of plan whereby w are-
houses can be established in the different fruit
sections which will carry a supply of con-
tainers for all kinds of small fruits. Such a
move on their part will certainly be greatly
appreciated by the fruitgrowers in the differ-
ent districts. It is only by bringing contain-
ers for small fruit into different fruit districts
in carload lots that they can be obtained at
a minimum figure. Individual growers are
not able to ort'er in carload lots, so if some
source of supjily can be established in the
different fruit districts it will be a big factor
in enabling fruitgrowers to purchase the num-
ber of containers they require at minimum
cost, and in addition to this it will be a big
convenience, which will be highly appreciated
by all fruitgrowers.

Sew Fruit Creations. — The Pitless Prune
and the Plumcot are two comparatively recent
creations by Luther Burbank. Both fruits
have been sold in San Francisco by Levi Zent-
ner Company. It is stated the Pitless Prune
has a pit no larger than the size of a pea in
a very small cavity. Commission men say.
judging from its initial appearance, that it
will he a serious competitor of the Standard
I'rench Prune. The Plumcot was created sev-
eral years ago, a cut of this plum appearing
on the cover page of the January, 1908, edition
of "Better I''ruit." It is a red fruit, nearly
two inches in diameter, with a smooth skin
like the plum, with the apricot flavor pre-
dominating. Fruit men consider it a valuable
addition to the fruit nutrkets. Another crea-
tion by Luther Burbank is the Giant Cherry,
which has been grow n commercially to some
extent in Vacaville Valley, California.

The Indiana Apple Show was held at In-
dianapolis. Indiana, November fith to 13th.
showing a marked imjirovement in qualit>'
and the number of exhibits over previous
shows. Everyone whr) attended felt fully
repaid, because the apple show was a splendid
success in every feature. In addition to the
-how, there was a splendid program for the
fruitgrowers, consisting of a number of good
addresses by the ablest men connected w ith
the fruit industry. The Purdue University
exhihil was a notable feature of the show.
the principal feature exhibit being a hollow-
apple sixteen feet in diameter covered with
Ben Davis apples, it requiring 18.000 Ben
Davis apples to cover this immense structure.

Apple Exports to South .4 mericrt.— According
to Mahlon Terhune, freight broker and for-
warding agent of New York City, the follow-
ing arc the box-apple shipments to Soulh
America in 1915: October 30. 22.960 boxes;
November 13. 27.194 boxes; November 27.
17,1.58 boxes. In addition to this, quite a
large quantity of pears, grapes and other
frnits were also exported to South America.

(inindvivw. Washington, has completetl ar-
rangements for the erection of a cannery. The
building will be conunenced about February
1st. The cannery is intended to put up apples,
peaches, pears and other fruits, and later on
will take on the catining of vegetables.

WHEN WRTTTNG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

THE HARDIE

Manufacturing Co.

Our many models

enable the

orchardist to

equip his

orchard with the

machine meeting

his individual

requirements

in size,

construction

and price.

The Western Triplex
is the all-around

sprayer.

The detachable

truck can be used

for general farm

purposes as

well as on the

sprayer.

Its ample power

and capacity meets

the requirements

of the largest

growers.

the: western triplex

All Hardie Sprayers are made up by specialists who have devoted years to this one line.

To any grower who seeks not only spraying results but economy of operation and upkeep
as well, our machines will prove of the greatest interest.

Our line is broad enough to fill every spraying need and specialized enough to fit every
individual orchard requirement.

Smaller than our

Triplex,

it is strongly

built and

carries the

same high

quality

of design and

materials.

Qje

All Hardie Pumps

have our
Peerless Pressure

Regulator.

All Engines have

built-in, gear-driven

magnetos.

All are built for

hardest

continuous

service.

THE HARDIE DUPLEX

On proper spraying much of your profits depend. Now is the time to plan for a better crop
for 1916 by writing today for our new catalog which tells the complete story of the

Hardie Power Sprayers, Hand Pumps and Accessories

The Hardie Manufacturing Co.

49 N. Front Street

PORTLAND. OREGON

wnr.N wRiriNu acvkrv isi-us ml niu'n ukttkh fruit

THE WORLD OUR ORCHARD

llillllT& KEILY

One Million Dollars
in Box Apples

It is something to be proud of to have the first call from almost all of the best growers of the West and North-
west, who know what we require and that we can use the largest quantities of the very finest fruit they raise.

They come to us year after year to give us preference in prices for these good reasons:

FIRST— We can dispose of larger quantities of their fruit than any other house in the country.
SECOND— We have been their best patron for many years and have always met our obligations punctually.

THIRD— We have more actual consumers of fruit, who keep on coming to us year after year because we

take the best care to satisfy their wants and requirements.
FOURTH— Taking our entire holdings we handle more high-class stock than any house in the country.

FIFTH— We personally select our fruit in the growing centers, not so much with the sureness of profit
as for the certainties of excellence and the belief that we know what our trade deserves.

SIXTH— The growers from whom we purchase get ideas from us as to what the very finest trade want
and they know that we have helped raise the standard of excellence of the fruit industry.

But as to being proud— we are most proud, not only of our customers, but also of the growers, without w^hose
help our efforts would be practically in vain.

We believe we have succeeded in assembling under our direction the very best packs of box apples from the
premier districts of the Northwest.

'We desire to herewith mention the names of a few concerns whose output we handle on this market:

NORTH PACIFIC FRUIT DISTRIBUTORS and Allied Associations
NORTHWESTERN FRUIT EXCHANGE and Allied Connections
CASHMERE FRUIT GROWERS' UNION
PESHASTIN FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
WENATCHEE GROWERS' EXCHANGE
HOOD RIVER FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE
SEBASTAPOL APPLE GROWERS' UNION
MOSIEIt FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
WENATCHEE VALLEY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
YAKIMA FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE
YAKIMA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL UNION
RICHEY & GILBERT, North Yakima
E. E. SAMSON CO., North Yakima
SPOKANE FRUIT GROWERS' CO.
Etc., Etc.

Steinhardt & Kelly

NEW YORK

OUR MARKET THE WORLD

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

PPR ' 1 ii'l-^

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

MARCH, 1916

Number 9

A NEWTOWN PIPPIN.
The New town Pippin is the best yellow xvinler varioly of apple
for eatini! and cooking gi-own. Its merit is rccosnized by the
American Pomological Society, being given a rating of nine to
ten, only one other apple being rated higher, viz.. the Spitzen-
burg. 'i'he Newtown Pippin is the most popniar apple in Eng-
land and Germany. It is exported more Ihan any other variety
gl-ow n on the Pacific Coast.

;?:-yg->^ftSySs8S^

'Health's best way
Eat apples every day"

T- ; — -. "f "An apple a day

Buy them by the box ^ Keeps the doctor away

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHTXCt COMPANY, rUHLlSITERS. HOOD RIVER, OREGOX

Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Fnreiirn, Iiiclnding- Postage, $1.50. Sinj^le Copy 10 Cents

THE HARDIE

Manufacturing Co.

Our many models

enable the

orchardist to

equip his

orchard with the

machine meeting

his individual

requirements

in size,

construction

and price.

-lA

The Western Triplex
is the all-around

sprayer.

The detachable

truck can be used

for general farm

purposes as

well as on the

sprayer.

Its ample power

and capacity meets

the requirements

of the largest

growers.

the: western triplex

All Hardie Sprayers are made up by specialists who have devoted years to this one line.

To any grower who seeks not only spraying results but economy of operation and upkeep
as well, our machines will prove of the greatest interest.

Our line is broad enough to fill every spraying need and specialized enough to fit every
individual orchard requirement.

Smaller than our

Triplex,

it is strongly

built and

carries the

same high

quality

of design and

materials.

" '■ -"■'•^fff^S&jj^

All Hardie Pumps

have our
Peerless Pressure

Regulator.

All Engines have

built-in, gear-driven

magnetos.

All are built for

hardest

continuous

service.

THE HARDIE DUPLEX

On proper spraying much of your profits depend. Now is the time to plan for a better crop
for 1916 by writing today for our new catalog which tells the complete story of the

Hardie Power Sprayers, Hand Pumps and Accessories

The Hardie Manufacturing Co.

49 N. Front Street

PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRirlNG ,M>VKRTISKKS MENTION BF.TTKR FRUIT

rpid

BETTER FRUIT

Page ?

When Fruit
Crops Fail

or prices are too low
to yield a profit, there
is nothing that can be
so surely relied on to
"tide you over" as a
few good cows, espe-
cially if they are fed
economically by the
use of the

Sixty Thousand American Farm-
ers — successful ones — testify to
the service and durability of the
Indiana Silo. It has every feature
necessary to the success of its
work and convenience of its use.
Our New Silo Book is full of
"up-to-the-minute" Silo informa-
tion. Your copy will be mailed you
free on request. A postal will do.

The Chas. K. Spaulding
Logging Company

Sole ^fanufacturfrs of Indiana
Silos IVest of the Itockies

Salem, Oregon, U.'S. A.

Get the FREE"^(Wy|£^i'"Spray Book

Every reader of "Better Fruit" should have
this Free Book. It contains valuable informa-
tion on spraying of trees, vines and bushes,
with a complete description and illustrations of
the "Iron Age" line - the greatest line of spray-
ing machinery in America.

Send for the book today— it' t FREE.

For use in
the wagon

SPRAYERS

ALL
SIZES

No. 190— Horizontal
50-Gallon

FOR ALL PURPOSES

We can illustrate only two out of more than

70 designs in the great "Iron Age" line. There

are bucket, knapsack, barrel, power and traction

Sprayers. Hundreds now in use in the Northwest. Buy as much as

you need— "Iron Age" Sprayers are built in units and may be added

to when necessary. All
have best pumps, brass
lined, solutions touch
brass only.

Write today for the
FREE book.

PORTLAND. ORB.

Oldest and largest independent

wholesalers of farm machinery

in the Pacific Northwest.

THERE is no smoother ride
in the world than a trip on the
Union Pacitic. That is one of the reasons
why such a large proportion of regular
transcontinental travelers habitually use
their lines. They appreciate the comfort
of the road which

"Joins East and West with
a Boulevard of Steel."

/INTERNATION.'\L RAILWAY JOURNAL'!
\ Philadelphia - February. !91fi '

Worth
Remembering

Oregon -Washington Limited

Daily 10 A. M. from Portland Union Depot via

UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM

71 hours to Chicago the Peer of Western Trains

Follows the Majestic Columbia River
for Two Hundred Miles

Ask your local OW. R. R. & N. agent, or write the

General Passenger Agent, Portland,

for information, tickets, etc.

PARALLELS

The Famous Columbia River Highway

WHEN WRITING AIHERTISEkS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

IN LIEU OF POTASH

Under the present short-
age of Potash, we recom-
mend super phospate used
in conjunction with lime.
Apply 200 pounds of super
phosphate with a half ton
of lime per acre for assur-
ed success.

In super phosphate you
supply the tibre builder
without which seeds will
not form and mature.
Moderate in price. Easily
sown without special soil
preparation.

Apply immediately or
during the next 90 days.

Write for Prices.

Our Krcc Fcrtilizt-r Booklet gives an.ilyscs and prices and

tells you things you should know about fertilizer.

Ask for Cat. No. 104.

PORTLArMD, OREGON

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

March

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

The

First

National

Bank

Hood River, Oregon

Capital and Surplus
$135,000

4' , Interest Paid on Savings
and Term Deposits

F. S. STANLEY, President
E. 0. BLANCHAR, Cashier

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc.

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

CONOMY

E
A
R

S

o

NAILS

in buying is getting the
best value for the money.

Milt ;it\v;i\s in getting the lowe.st prices.

I'KAliSfiX [iricrs ar<' right.

DHESIVENESS II \fil:^%^;Zn

for PEARSON nails. For twenty years
th(\- have br-on maliing boxes strong.
Xi)\v. mnt'-- tbnn i.-ver.

1?T T A RTT TTV behind the goods is

MliLjl.±\~L>LlJl M. I added value. You can

rely on our record of fulfillment of every

contract and fair adjustment of everv

'■laim.

ATTSFATTTON *« assured by our

±\ X lOr .t\\j 1 IV/i"^ i,,„g experience in

making nails to suit our customers'

needs. We know what you want; we

guarantee satisfaction.

"RirJTNAT.TTV Pl"^ experience al-

j.vi.vixxi.fi..LJXX X ways excels imita-

lion. Imiiation's highest hope is, to

sometime (not now) equal Pearson —

meantime yon play safe.

A
I
L

MOSLTE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN. Casliier

Establisiied lOOn

Butler Banking Company

HOOD HIVHH, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

II' ynu liave money to loan we will find you good real estate .security, or if you
want to borrow we can place your application in good bands, and we make no
charge for this service.

THE OLDEST HANK IN HOOD VAXKU V.\l,I.i:V

Things We Are
Agents for

KNOX HATS

ALFRED BENJAMIN & CO.'S

CLOTHING

DR. JAEGER UNDERWEAR

DR, DEIMEL

LINEN MESH UNDERWEAR

DENT'S AND FOWNES'

GLOVES

Buifum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
I'ORTLAND. OREGON

WUEN WRITING ADVI- RTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 5

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL, AND MANCHESTER

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.

204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

The Old Reliable

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

W. H. DRYER

W. W. BOLLAM

DRYER, BOLLAM & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

PHONES: MAIN 2348
A 234S

PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

WHOLESALE f

FRUITS AND PRODUCE

Commission Merchants

SOLICIT YOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns

PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship yonr P'uriiiture
to us to be stoi'ed
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

Richey & Gilbert Co.

n JI. i-llUiEUT, I'lesident and Maij.iBti .

Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TiiPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Orchardist
Supply House

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer

C. W. Stose

W. van Diem

1.:iTm-r h-i;ink.]i SUaat 10. IT. I'.t. ."Jl. i;i

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruits

I'Mdo.st aiifi Firsl-Cl.iss
Mouse in tiiis Branch

I'iiblo Address: W. Vandleni
ABC Code used; Titll Edition

Our Specialties Are

Apples, Pears, Naval Oranges

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

March

Buy "Corona Dry"

One pound of "Corona Dry" will do the work of three pounds
of Paste Arsenate and do it better

Imitated but not duplicated

But econoniy is not everything. Efficiency is more important. What would it

Trade Mark. uican to vou to havc a spray mixture of standard strength and be absoleutly sure

that all of one spraying or of many sprayings was absolutely the same strength? Evaporation, difficulty of perfect

mixing, make this impossible with a paste arsenate. You can have a standard efficiency if you use Corona Dry.

Largest and most progressive grow-
ers have rendered the verdict

A hii-ge practical u.sage in every section of the
country has proved that "Corona Drj" is un-
equalled in efficiency or as "easy mixing." It _ -^^^ ^ . c f j

does not freeze, dry out or cake; always retains ^^^ ^^ ArSefiatG OF LCHU ^T^F" "^

its original strength. A perfect mixture, a perfect ^^^ Patented June 30, I9i3 "^

standard of unvarying strength is assured with ^f^^ Standard" for Convenience, Economy. Efficiency

Quickly and easdymi.xed. No working up— no straining needed— no sediment. Nolumps. Nowaste. Never clogs spray nozzle.
Highest per cent.of actual killing power. Absolutely safe.will not burn. Sold in net weight packages: 200 lbs. ,100 lbs., 50 lbs.,
25 lbs., 5 lbs., 1 lb. No shrinkage, seepage, evaporation. Every package contains actual net weight of "Corona Dry" paid for.
Remember, "Corona Dry" means no guesswork, but a standardized spray in which the mixture is always the same strength and efficiency

Write for Bnoklet. Ask (or Corona "Tree Insurance" Pulicy. Address

CORONA CHEMICAL CO., Dept. E, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

MANUFACTURERS OF
Insecticides and Fungicides, Arsenate of Lead, Lime and Sulphur, Bordeaux Mixture, Paris Green, Etc.

Distributing Agents

\ Boston. Mass. — Joseph Breck & Sons Corporation
I Philadelphia, Pa.— Pittsburg Plate Glass Co.

Memphis, Tenn.— Hess ig- Ellis Drug Co.
New Orleans, La.— Finlay-Dicks & Co.

Spokane, Wash. — Spokane Seed Co.
Portland, Ore. — Portland Seed Co.

■ftTorthwestern

Sales Agents

Portland Seed Co., Portland, Oregon

Catalogues and
prices on request

Get in
Close r

Use

an extension head
disk harrow and
Hven up every tree.

k^

, Orchard tillage pays as big as field tillage— es-
, pecially where it is carried close. Note the illustra-
, tions below — see how the cultivation extends beyond
the team and under the low limbs. Here you have
the orchard tool of unsurpassed efficiency — the

Extension Head
Orchard Harrows

Both Single and Double Action ^

They have rrTAWAV(Ci,ARK)cutIery
s'eel disks. /I'l-ffffi sharp. Cluse up
into a regular harrow for field work.
Light in draft. The single action
is reversible. If your dealer has
not the genuine Cutaway
write to us direct. Be sure
to write for our new free
book, "The Soil and Its
Tillage." Get voiir
copy now.

^^,.^'

P^

The Cutaway Harrow Company

Maker o/ihe original CLA RKi^isk harroivs and ploivs
4010 Main Street •• - Higganum, Conn.

Save time. Write us for catalogs

Mitchell, Lewis & Staver Co.

Portland, Ore. — Spokane, Wash.

The Paris Fair

HOOD RIVER'S LARGEST
AND BEST STORE

KETAILICRS (.)F

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR

HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES
HART. .SCHAFF'NER & MARX
CLOTHES
MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSI'^TS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

Macabee Gopher Trap

Small '

Simple f

Sure s

At all dealers. Il vour dealer does not handle it.
send 20 Cents in Stamps and mention your deal-
er's name and get sample by mail, postage paid.
Write for prices in larger quantities delivered
I'lee by parcel post.

Z. A. MACABEE

Box P Los Gatos, California

WntN WRIIING AMVERTISKKS MENTION BKTTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PLTBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

Combination Spraying for Insect Pests and Fungus

By Paul R. Jones, Manager and Entomologist Insecticide Department, Balfour, Guthrie & Co., San Francisco

THE busini'ss of modern fruit grow-
ing has become so competitive of
recent years tliat every jjrancli of
the industry is now very liighly
specialized. Probably no other part
of the fruit business has made such
great strides the last ten years as the
scientific treatment of the trees for the
control of insect pests and fungous
diseases. Not very long ago lliis phase
of fruit growing was very lillle under-
stood and most of the known insect
remedies were hand-picking, lime-
sulphur and kerosene emulsion. In
fact, some entomologists, who advised
the above remedies and no others, were
known as "Kerosene Entomologists."
With the greatly increased acreage of
fruits that has been set out recently,
and more discriminating selection by
buyers and consumers, it was imiiera-
tive that the growers themselves un-
derstand the contiol of the troubles
which destroy their crops. It is not
unusual now to find in any fruit section
numbers of fruitgrowers who are able
to tell intelligently how to control these
pests, and at the same time put their
methods in practice in the field. The
rise and increase of these difi'erent
insect pests and fungous diseases, due
to many causes, has led to the use of
a variety of sprays and it is of the
utmost importance that wherever pos-
sible the combination of two or more
materials, either for dilferent types of
insects or for insect pests and fungous
troubles, shall be made with the same
application, since a great part of the
cost of the spraying is due to the labor
in applying. This side of applied eco-
nomic entomology, as related to fruit
growing, is probably the most recent
of any, and I will now endeavor to
show some of the more recent, at the
same time older, combinations which
may be used in orchard - sjjraying
practice.

The insect which started combina-
tion spraying on an extensive scale on
the Pacific (^oast was the Pear Thrips
in California. While this insect is in-
jurious to a number of orchard fruits,
it confined most of its attacks to the
pear, prune and cherry. The prune
growers and cherry growers in Cali-
fornia never had done much spraying
until the Pear Thrips came aloTig, with
the possible excei)tion of some winter
treatment such as lime sulphur or
c ude-oil enndsion. The pear growers
had been used to spraying for Codling
Moth, Pear Scab, Scale and several
minor troubles. On account of the
.short period in which the Pear Thri|)s
was able to absolutely ruin ci'ops it
was necessary for the grower to bend

all his energy toward combating this
pest. At the same time it was desirable
to try and control other insect and
fungous troubles during this applica-
tion, otherwise more labor would be
required foi- any other spraying and a
heavier investment in s])raying eauij)-
ment, and it would not be possible to
put on the additional applications for
these other insect pests and fungous
diseases in time to control them i)rop-
erly. The early investigations for Pear
Thrips control were worked out on
separate lines of oil emulsions and
nicotine compounds, but it was found
that the nicotine comijounds did not
have the required penetration into the
fruit buds by themselves, and that the
oil emulsions when used at a sullicient
killing strength by themselves were
liable to cause injury. Hence, the com-
bination of the two was formeil. After
the petals had fallen it was necessary
to spray for the Codling Moth, and
arsenate of lead was added to this mix-
ture. One orchard in Santa Clara
County was also sprayed for Pear Scab
and had the addition of bordeaux mix-
ture to the above conibinal'on. A report
on this orchard showed later that no
injury to the foliage was acconii)lished,
practically no worms were jjresent,
the crop was saved from the attacks of
the Pear Thrips and no Pear Scab ap-
peared. This orchard was treated sev-
eral times with the above combination
of the four dilferent materials.

The last year or so fruitgrowers on
the Sacramento River, where the Pear
Thrips is (piite prevalent, have been
using on pears a coi'ibination of
miscible oil, Black Leaf -JO, arsenate of
lead and atomic sulnhur, all in the
same tank, and obtain perfect results
with each material for the ])urpose for
which it was intended. On i)runes and
plums the arsenate of lead is left out
unless the orchard is infested with
Canker Worms. It might be well to
add here that the miscible oil and
Black Leaf 40, or oil emulsions and
Black Leaf 40, have given very good
control of the Canker Worms in the
Santa Clara Valley and elsewhere just
after they have hatched from the eggs
and at the regidar time for the Pear
Thrips api)lication. In case this api)li-
cation is |)ul on rather late it is de-
sirable to aild arsenate of lea<l to the
above mixture to catch any straggling
Canker Worms that may show up. It
is often possible in this way to get
around using a large amount of arse-
nate of lead on plum and prune, the
foliage of which is ver\- susceptible to
iniui> by this poison. The al)ove com-
bination has also controlled the Prune

Aphis when applied just after the petals
have fallen, presumably killing the
stem mothers, while applications for
the adult thrips was of no avail against
this aphis. Still further, in comment-
ing on this combination in spraying
prunes, where no Canker Worms or
fungus was present, the arsenate of
lead and the atomic sulphur were omit-
ted, and it was noticed after the two
or three Pear Thrips a|)plicalions that
the Brown Apricot Scale was con-
trolled very well for the year, show-
ing here the accunudative benefit of
weak-oil emulsions. It might be well
to add here that in this (innbination of
oil emulsions Black Leaf -10 and arse-
nate of lead, usually no trouble is expe-
rienced out in the field, except where
very hard water is encountered. Cer-
tain sections of Califoinia have such
notoriously hard water that it is neces-
sary to clean out the si)ray tank after
each load and also use some water
softenei' or an excess of soa]) with the
oil emulsion. Repeated experiments
last year showed that where a stand-
ard oil enndsion was diluted to a cer-
tain strength and Black Leaf •!() added
at the regular thrips strength, and also
Xicofume 10 added at the same strength
in another test tube of diluted emul-
sion, that the Black Leaf 40 broke down
the oil emulsion quite rapidly (this is
to say, within a day or so), while the
Nicofume 40 in condiinalion with the
dilute enndsion remained in solution
indefinitely without the slightest bit of
separation. The Black Leaf 40 evi-
dently has more of an acid reaction
than the Xicofume 40, which is sup-
])osed to be free nicotine, hence in very
hard water the former will break down
oil enuilsions. especially if they do not
contain a little more emulsificr than is
absolutely necessary.

Other combinations that a'c used in
California are crude-oil enuilsions and
caustic soda, or distillate-oil emulsion
and the latter, for clean-up work in
the winter on Scale or Moss and
Lichens. The writer iiersonally does
not like to recommend a very high
amount of caustic soda for two rea-
sons: it is apt to break down the ennd-
sions and has a habit of h.ardening the
bai'k and killing the fruit buds. Even
stiiuig alkali-soap solutions ad<led to
oil enndsidus contain so nuich caustic
that Ihev will eitlier increase the pene-
tration (if Ihe oil emulsion to such an
extent that either one or both will
destroy a large jiercentage of fruit
buds. This was especiallx' noticed last
\ear in a pear orchard where a strong
laundry soap w-as used with home-
made dislillale-oil enndsion, in com-

Page 8

BETTEP. FRUIT

March

FiGURn 53- An old Ilaliiiij pruin- Itcl' lh;U llns not been pruned for a number
cf years. The scaffold limbs and lower branches have become barren
through the dying oJT of their fruit spurs. The top of the tree is very thick
and bushy and consists mainly in long, slender, weak fruit spurs and fi'uit-
ing branches, like those shown in Figure 50

parison with a block sprayed with
cresol soap and commcM-cial distillate-
oil emulsion. The former ruined be-
tween 90 and 9.5 per cent of the fruit
buds, whereas the latter did not cause
any damage and even stimulated the
trees. An excess of caustic in the
laundry soap and the amount used was
probably responsible for most of the
injury.

Bordeaux mixture in combination
with resin soap or liquid whale-oil
resin soap has been used sometimes on
raspberries for Anthracnosc, but has
not come into general use on fruit trees.
However, in certain sections of (",ali-
fornia, notably the San Joaquin Val-
ley, it was found desirable this year to
try liquid whale-oil resin soap with
the bordeaux for the control of the
shothole fungus, or California Peach
Blight, which was very severe on some
varieties of shipping plums. Ordinary
bordeaux treatments on these orchards,
which were irrigated many times dur-
ing the summer, did not sufficiently
control this trouble, and the condition
was growin,g worse every year. How-
ever, with the addition of licpiid whale-
oil resin soap, bordeaux had a much
better wetting and sticking power and
covered all of the small twigs. It is
interestin,g to note here that, contrary
to general opinion (both ]K)pular and
scientifif). it was found possible to
spray these plum trees in July with all

strengths of bordeaux ranging from
2ii-2'i.-.5n up to 8-8-,50. plus 1 gallon
of liquid whale-oil resin soap, per 2(10-
gallon tank, under climatic conditions
where the temperature lan as high as
110 degrees Fahrenheit, without a sign
of injury. This enabled one of the
large growers to get over his ranch
quite easily before the winter rains
began, and to get at the Shothole Fun-
gus early, before it had injin-ed the
fruit buds for the coming year.

Miscible oils in combination with
bordeaux mixture was also used this
summer, both on deciduous and citrus
trees, without the oils or boredaux
breaking down and without causing
any injury to the foliage, fruit or trees.
It must be stated here, however, that
this work was only of an experimental
and demonstrative nature and has not
been done in any connnercial way. To
make this mixtin-e a success it would
be necessary to have a good miscible
oil and also to be absolutely accurate
in making the bordeaux mixture. The
manner of using this combination was
as follows: Make ui) the bordeaux mix-
ture in the regular way and till ui) the
sprav tank with water, then add the
miscible oil which has previously been
thinned to a thin cream. 11' there is
any trouble with either mixture break-
ing down, a half gallon of liquid whale-
oil soap should set everything right,
and it is possible that this nuich soap

will have to be used in sections where
very hard water is present. Prepared
bordeaux paste did not work with
miscible oil successfully on account
of not having an excess of lime present,
and a copper soap was formed. It is
tpiite possible that this bordeaux mis-
cible-oil combination will be worked
out to be used in the Northwest soon
where it is desirable to control Shot-
hole Fungus and Scale insects with
one application. But the grower should
bear in mind that this should not be
attempted in a commercial way at
present, until more work has been done
by the investigators.

Mr. Yothers in his work in Florida
showed the practicability of using mis-
cible oils in combination with soda-
sulphur solutions for the Scale insects
and Red Spider, and the writer expects
to try these out fully the coming year
under Western conditions, both on
citrus trees and deciduous trees. It
should be noted here in using the bor-
deaux and miscible oils, and also
whale-oil soap, that while the hoine-
made bordeaux worked perfectly,
trouble was experienced with pre-
pared bordeaux paste in that no ex-
cess lime was present and a copper
soap was formed, which came to the
top of the tank and made it difticult to
force through the nozzles. Too much
lime would form a lime soap. This
dilliculty could probably be overcome
with the addition of a slight amount of
caustic soda placed in the diluted mis-
cible oils before adding it to the tank.

In the apple section of Pajaro Valley,
where Mildew is quite prevalent, the
combinations of arsenate of lead and
atomic sulphur are quite common, the
former for Codling Sloth and the lat-
ter for the Mildew.

It is in this section also where lime-
sulphur solution is combined with
nitrate of soda, the former for its reg-
ular use and the latter for stimulation.

On grape vines in California where
it is necessary to combat the Mildew
and at the same time the Grape-Leaf
Hopper, Black Leaf -10 is used with
atomic sulphur in the second applica-
tion. The first apjilication of atomic
sidphur is usually made when the
growth is about 9 to 18 inches long;
the second one in combination with
Black Leaf 40 after the berries have
set and are about the size of buckshot.

The past year or so the Cottony-
Cushion Scale which at one tiine
threatened to destroy the citrus fruit
industry of California, and which pre-
sented a unique case in insect para-
sitism in that it was practically ex-
terminated by the Xovius (Vedalia)
Cardinalis, has been developing to
([uite an extent as a pear pest. Strange
to say, this Scale only appears on the
Winter Xelis variety with maybe a few
scatterin.g individuals on the Buerrc
Hardy. The Vedalia does not seem to
contiol this scale at all on pears, al-
thoiigii many attempts have been made
to make it to work iiroperly. The con-
tinuous spraying with arsenicals prob-
ably forces enough of the poison into
the cottony mass to poison the lady

jpi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page p

bugs, or at least make it (listastel'iil for
them. At any event tlie Vednlia did
not control this insect and it was nec-
essary to devise some means of arti-
ficial control. .Spraying with oil emul-
sions and using crude oil as higli as
35 to 40 gallons per 20U-gallon tank
failed to control this insect, and the
pears were sticky and smutty by pick-
ing lime, due to the work. Experi-
ments last year showed that a miscible
oil, used about 12 gallons per 2(l(l-gallon
tank in combination with several gal-
lons of cresol soap (extra) to increase
the welting power and penetration,
controlled tliis insect admiiably and
succeeded in killing most all of the
eggs. In aildition to this the treatment
stimulated the trees very materially,
and they came out in bloom ten or
fourteen days ahead of unsprayed
trees, and set a much heavier crop.
Laundry soap applications in combi-
nation with home-made distillate-oil
emulsion killed the scale cjuile readily,
but the friiil buds also, and was al)an-
doned by the owner of the orchard in
favor of the miscible oil and cresol-
soap combination. This condjination.
or one such as miscible oil in combi-
nation with liciuid whale-oil soap,
could pr(il)al)ly lie adjusted and used
to advantage in the Northwest for fall
applications of the Woolly Aphis, and
also for Scale insects where great wet-
ting power and penetration is de-
sirable without increasing the oil con-
tent very malerially. In fact the oil
content can be cut down below normal
for these fall applications after the
extra soap is added.

Lime - sulphur solution and Black
Leaf 40 have been used to advantage
in the Northwest and elsewhere for
scale, fungus and aphis. Wilson, in
"Biennial Crop I'est and Horticulture
Report" for 1913, reconunends coml)i-
nation of lime sulphur 1-10, plus Hlack
Leaf 40, 1-000, just after the fruit
buds open to destroy the Aphis stem
mothers. This also has the advantage
of being a scalecide.

It is often necessary to know what
mixtures do not combine. Never mix

I'lf.l'RK '>i — The sjinie tree shown In l''i);urc S3 iUU'r pinnins. Pinning has

CDnsistfd mainly in llif removal of de.nil branches and dead fruit spurs and

a rall'ur severe thinning out of the reniiiining live ones

lime-sulphur solution with boi'detiux,
nor use lime-sulphur solution with any
oil emulsion. In the latter case oil
emulsion is broken down by the action
of the lime, which forms a ctdcium
soap and free oil results, which will
cause injury. Neither is it possible to
mix lime sulphur, oil emulsion and
arsenate of lead together. Never mix
home-made lime sulphur and stdt with
arsenate of lead, but the connneicial
lime-sulphur solution can be and is

used quite extensively with the lead.
.Sometimes, however, an improperly
bahinced lead containing free arsenic
will form a black precipitate (lead
sulphide) when mixeil with the lime-
sulphur solution. Tri-i)hmd(ic arsenate
of lead docs not cause this to so great
an extent as Ihe sttmdard lead. Black
Leaf 40 can be used with a good bor-
deaux mixture, but do not combine
free nicotine such as Nicofiime 40 with
bordeaux.

Pruning the Bearing Prune Tree

By Professor V. R. Gardner, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis
[Note— Illustrations 4a to i>2, inclusive, in connection with this article appeared in the February edititm of "Better Fruit.".

UNTIL the prune tree reaches bear-
ing age there seems to be very
little need for training oi- i)iim-
ing it in a way dillerent from thtit com-
monly employed with the apple or pear.
The aim in each case is to develop
{piickly a good, strong frtimework to
.support the fruiting wood and the fruit
crops of lider yeais. When the lime
comes, however, to bring Ihe tree into
bearing lis i)runing should be some-
what dillVrent from thai of Ihe
pomaceous fruits, foi- it has .a fiiiiling
habit that is (|iiile disliiut from theirs.

How the Fruit-Spurs of the Prune Are
Formed

In order to explain why certtiin
pruning iirticlices are desirtible with
the prune, il is ncccss;ir> Unit there

first be a correct understanding of its
fruiting habits. Accordingly at this
point it will be well to consider how
and where the fruit-spurs of the prune
tree are formed. A well-grown jjrune
tree four or live years old will have,
before lis winter pruning, from ten to
twenty-five or thirty strong, vigorous
shoots of the past season's growth.
These will vary in length from eight or
ten to fifty or sixty inches. Some
spring from three or four-year-old
wood, or even from the niain triuik.
Most of them, however, spring from
last year's branches. As a ride trees
of the iigc indicated i)ossess more
shoots than il seems desirtible to re-
tain, ;ind it is generally considered
good iiraclice to remove some of them.
We will assume that this is done ;iml

that, in accordance with Ihe common
praclicc, most of those that are to re-
mtiiii are headed back moderately.
When growth begins in the spring the
terminal buds of all the unheaded
shoots are almost certain to start to
vegcttite and from them are produced
new shoots, thus incretising Ihe sijread
;iml height of Ihe tree. In the case of
Ihe hetuled shoots, usiialh' several of
Ihe lateral buds netn- the end start to
develop new shoots that increase the
height iinil si)rc;i(l of Ihe tree in the
same way ;is shoots from terminal buds.
But il is not only termiiuil Iniiis and a
few lalertil buds near Ihe upper end of
last year's shoots thai start in the
spring. .\ great main of the lateral
buds slarl. Ihougli generally it is only a
few of the more favorahlx idaceil ones

Page 10

BETTER FRUIT

March

I'lGUKE 55 — An old Italian pruiu- tree tluit >>ntj ,\lmi a>;u w a^ in much the same
L-ondilion as Ihat shown in Figure 53. At lliat lime it was pi'uned in the
same manner as the tree siiown in Figure 54. Note the increased vigor and
stockiness of tlie old fruiting branches and fruit spurs, and the watersprouts
springing from the scalfold limbs. Good fruiting wood can l^e developed
easily from these watersprouts

near the cmls of last year's growtli, or
near the end of what is left of it after
the winter's pruning, that are able to
develop new shoots. From the other
buds are produced only short branches,
which, because of their position, the
shortness of their internodes (closeness
of their joints) and their subsequent
behavior, we call spurs. These spurs
may become several inches long the first
season, though as a rule they are much
shorter.

If these spurs are examined during
the growing season they will be found
to possess several leaves apiece, and in
the axil of each leaf is a bud. Their
leaves are of normal size, and the buds
in the axils of these leaves are of nor-
mal appearance. The only difference
between the spur and the ordinary leafy
shoot apparently is in length. However,
examination of one of these spurs dur-
ing the dormant period will show that
some of its buds are leaf-buds and some
are flower-buds. Invariably its ter-
minal bud is a leaf-bud. Some of its
lateral buds are likely to be leaf-buds,
but a large proportion of them are
flower-buds. Here, then, is the mech-
anism by means of which the prune
tree bears its fruit. It occurs as a short
branch, lateral to the main direction of
growth of the limb from which it
springs, and terminating in a leaf-bud.
The flower-buds themselves are lateral,
being borne singly in the axils of the

leaves. When the leaves are very close
together, the internodes being very
short, the flower-buds may seem to be
clustered, but an examination of the
spur during the summer shows that
each bud is subtended by a leaf. It will
thus be seen that the fruit of the prune
is borne laterally on spurs.

It should be explained here that this
is intended as a description of only the
ordinari, fruiting habit of the prune.
Some varieties fretpiently show some
variation from this method of fruit-
bearing. Especially is this true of young
trees growing vigorously and of water-
sprouts on older trees. With them there
is a tendency to produce lateral fruit-
buds near the base of the new shoots,
and at the sides of the regular axillary
leaf-buds, after the manner of the
peach. However, these are to be re-
garded as rather special, though not
abnormal, cases. The luajority of prunes
are borne on spurs.

How the Fruit-Spur Grows From
Year to Year

Since the fruit-spur of the prune ter-
minates in a leaf-bud that starts to
vegetate about the same time that its
lateral flower-buds open, the spur in-
creases in length at the same time that
it is producing fruit. By the end of the
second season it consists of an older
portion that has borne fruit, and of a
newer portion that possesses a terminal

leaf-bud and a number of lateral flower
and leaf-buds, these lateral buds having
been borne in the axils of the leaves of
the preceding season. The fruit-spur is
thus ready to bear fruit again the fol-
lowing year. Under normal conditions
it may be expected to fruit and elongate
during the third and fourth and during
succeeding years, in the same way it
fruited and increased in length during
the second season. A fruit-spur, once
foriued, tends to live a good many
years. So far as we know, there is no
factor connected with its manner of
growth to set a definite limit to its age.
It is possible that as it becomes older it
loses some of its vigor and finally be-
comes unable to jiroduce good fruit.
To prolong the life of the individual
fruit-spur, or more accurately, the per-
iod during which it is capable of pro-
ducing good fruit, should be one of the
main objects of pruning practice. The
prune orchard is maintained for the
prunes it will produce, and if a very
large percentage of its fruit is borne
upon fruit-spurs their number and pro-
ductiveness should be studied with ref-
erence to every orchard operation, and
particularly with reference to pruning,
for obviously the various pruning prac-
tices directly efTect them.

The Difference Between Good and Poor
Fruit-Spurs

In describing the luanner of growth
of the fruit-spur of the prune, one im-
portant characteristic was not noted.
It is that the portion of the spur that
bears fruit any one season produces
only very small leaves during that
season and no leaves at all during suc-
ceeding seasons. The only part of the
individual fruil-s]jur iiroducing leaves
during any summer is the new portion
developing from the bud that terminated
last season's growth. This is because
the flower-buds of the prune are practi-
cally flower-buds only, and not mixed
buds like those of the apple and ])ear.
As the spur elongates year after year,
it coiues to consist of a long barren
basal i)ortion and a short terminal pro-
ductive and growing portion. Exaiuina-
tion of the fruit-spur system in almost
any old prune tree will disclose many
fruit-spurs that have become very long,
slender and willowy. It is not uncom-
mon to find individual spurs eigliteen or
twenty inches long, only the terminal
one or two inches of which produce
leaves and fruit and jjossess fruit-buds
and leaf-buds for the following season.
In the same tree will be found short,
stocky spurs, sometimes not more than
one or two inches long. It hardly need
be pointed out that of the two kinds
the latter are greatl>- to be preferred.
They usually average more fruit to the
spur, hold their fruits from being blown
about so much by the wind, keep them
from becoming limb-rubbed, and are
themselves less subject to accident. In
fact, it is the long slender spurs that
are usualh- the first to become weak,
l)roduce smaller fruits, and finally die.
It may almost be said that a marked
lengthening of the spin' instead of its
remaining short and stocky is a sign of
weakened vitality, the first indication

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Page II

of approaching death. Though gener-
ally weaker, the long, slender spurs are
by no means always older than the
shorter ones. Stockiness or slenderness
of spurs in the prune tree is very largely
dependent upon the light received by
individual spurs. An abundant light
supply permits the elongated spur to
develop a good, well-lighted leaf system
with short internodes (joints close to-
gether). A poor light supply forces the
spurs to grow out long and slender in
order properly to expose their leaf sur-
face. This is probably the main reason
why the spurs in the very top of the
tree average much shorter and stockier
than those in the interior of the tree.

The Ideal Distribution of Fruit-Spurs
in the Prune Tree

We want not only a large number of
short, vigorous fruit-spurs in the ijrune
tree, but it is desirable that those spurs
be well distributed. A good distribution
of fruit-spurs means having a consider-
able amount of small fruiting branches
in the lower part of the tree and not
having them all crowded together in its
upper and outer portion. The trees of
many bearing iirune orchards consist
mainl> of barren scafl'old limbs, termi-
nating in large numbers of small spur-
bearing branches that occupy a com-
paratively narrow space around the
outside and that finite completely shade
the interior. In these trees the load of
fruit is borne at a considerable distance
from the main trunk, thereb\- placing
the greatest possible strain upon the
scafl'old limbs and crotches. Were this
load more evenly distributed over the
scafl'old limbs, as it would be if there
was fruiting wood in the lower and
interior portion of the tree, there would
be much less breaking of limbs and
splitting at the crotches than we now
find in our prune orchards.

The same factor, limited light supph',
that causes individual fruit-spurs to be-
come weak and finally die, acts in the
same way upon fi-uiting branches. It
first forces them to grow long and
slender in order to reach up to the
light. Finally finding themselves out-
distanced in the struggle for existence,
these branches die olT and the scaffold
limbs are left with longer and longer
barren stretches.

Pruninor That Keeps Individual Fruit-
Spurs .Stocky and Well Distributed
It will be inferred from the state-
ments that have been made that the
most important thing to do in pruning
the bearing jirune tree is to thin il suf-
ficiently to admit an abundant light
supply to the small fruiting branches
and to the individual fruit-spurs. There
is certainly good reason to believe that
this practice is one that most closely
harmonizes with and tends to improve
its natural fruiting habits. This is far
from stating that prune trees should
never be headed back. Without doubt,
the strong vegetative shoots that fre-
quently ap])ear even in old trees should
be judiciously headed back. Likewise,
individual fruit-spurs can often be
headed back to a lateral branch of tlic

Figure .50 — An old Itali.in prune tree that two years af;o was in niin-li the
same condition as thai sliown in KiRiirc .53. At that time it was pruned in
the same manner as Hie tree shown in Figure 51. Note that not only have
the old fruiting branches and their fruit spurs l)een invigorated and made
more stocky, but a considerable amount of new fruiting wood has been
developed. Fienovalion can hartUy lu- said to be complete, but considerable
progress has been made in that direction, and that witliout sacrificing a
single fruit crop

same spur and thus be made more
stocky, rather long, slender fruiting
limbs may be cut back to make them
more stocky. Neverthless, it wouki
seem that a large part of the pruning of
the bearing ijrunc tree should be a
judicious thinning out of the smaller
branches (brandies lialf an inch or less

in diameter). This necessarily involves
the removal of a certain amount of
bearing wood; but if the amount re-
moved is not too great, the loss will be
more than compensated by the increased
stockiness and vigor of tlie remaining
fruit-spurs, and by the increased size of
the fruits tlitit fhev bear.

Powdery Mildew of Apples

[ Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin ]

THE pow(ler>' mildew of a|)i)le is due
to the parasitic fungus, Podos-
phaera leucolricha, the vegetative body
or mycelium of which develops as a
coating of minute interlacing whitish
filaments on the parts of the plants
attacked. The fungus produces two
spoi-c stages in its life history: the
conidial or summer spores wliich are
produced throughout the growing sea-
son anil give to all'ecled parts a whitish
powdery ap])earance; the ascigerous
stage, whicli gives rise to the asco-
spores. The latter is iiroduced only
upon (he twigs, and the bodies bearing
the ascospores may be found buried in
111!' daik-felleil mycelial mass toward

the end of the growing season. The
conidia serve to spread the fungus
during the growing season. It is ap-
parent that the fungus is carried over
the winter by mycelium which hiber-
nates in the buds and also b\ the asco-
spores. The i)arl which the latter i)lay
in the life history of the fungus is
somewhat problematical. The mildew
confines its attacks in llie main to
\oiiiig shoots and blossom clusters.
Holh stem and leaves of shoots may be
alfected and either killed, deformed or
reduced in size and vigor. Blossom
clusters may be hlis-'hted and young
fruits may be nU'ected later than at the
blossoming pciioii. 'I he mildew is

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

March

Figure 57 — An old Italian prune tree that four years ago -was "dehorned"
for purposes of renovation. Since that "dehorning" little or no pi'uning has
been done. Last year the tree bore a small ei'op of prunes on spurs that
developed on the watersprouts stimulated hy the "dehorning." There is
promise of a medium crop this year, but the newly-formed spurs in the
lo\\er part of the tree are already showing signs of weakened vigor because
of too much shading. To keep them from becoming long and willowy and
finally dying, considerable thinning out is necessai-y. Heading back, which
would stimulate the formation of more watersprouts, would increase the
trouble. This tigui-e and its explanation should be comnared w ith Figures
53-5(i and the explanalicjns accoinpTnying them

known on the fruit.s of pear also. The
amount of blighting of blo.ssoms varies
in diflerent localitie.s. Secondary in-
fections may occur on mature leaves
to a limited extent.

The control of the disease calls for
the employment of two methods, (1)
pruning and (2) the apjjllcation of fun-
gicides. In li.shi attacks of mildew it
seems probable that pruning alone will
sulPice. while in orchards where the
disease has gained considerable head-
way spraying must be resorted to in
addition to the iiruning. (1) Pruning.
It is known that infested buds on badly-
mildewed .shoots produce seriously-
diseased shoots the following spring.
Spraying will not prevent these in-
fections, so the affected shoots should
be removed and destroyed by burning.
This may be done at any time consist-
ent with horticiiltiiral i)ractice, and if
not done earlier should be made a part
of the regular dormant i)runing opera-
tions. If mildew is serious it will be
advisable to prune out iiinie brush than

ordinary to stimulate the growth the
following season. In general, the prun-
ing practice should aim to eliminate
close interlacing of branches and vig-
orous shoots of the current year's
growth should be cut back one-third to
one-half. (2) Spraying. The time of
application of the spray may be given
lirst consideration. It has been demon-
strated that winter spraying is without
efl'ect on mildew in California. It has
not >et been determined whether this
holds for Washington conditions or not,
but it is probable that such will be the
ca.se. The times of spraying to be rec-
ommended are as follows: (a) .lust
after the petals fall, (b) In connection
with the second spraying for codling
molh or earlier if the mildew is serious,
(c) Three or four weeks after the sec-
ond si)raylng. It mav be necessary to
spray a fourth lime after a like interval
if mildew is serious and conditions con-
tinue favorable.

The seleclion of the fiuigicide is a
mailer of i-(insiileral)le impiirlance ami

should depend in part at least upon
what other diseases are present in an
orchard. In some sections of Wash-
ington powdery mildew is the only
fungous disease of apples that is pres-
ent, but in others the orchard must be
protected from scab also. In case scab
is present the regular lime-suljihur
treatiuent (1-.30) for this disease should
prove of value in the control of mil-
dew. .The number of sprayings for
scab will vary according to conditions
and the severity of the disease. Those
most generally recommended are as
follows: (1) Just as the blossom buds
separate and show pink. (2) Just after
the petals fall. (3) Ten days to two
weeks later. Experience will show
whether the first only or all of these
applications are necessary. If the mil-
dew is bad additional sprayings may be
necessary for this disease alone, and in
this case it may be advisable to employ
one of the sulphur sjjrays recom-
mended below.

If powdery mildew is the only dis-
ease for which protection is sought
one of the following fungicides may be
used: (1) Atomic sulphur or some
other finely divided form of sulphur.
.\tomic sulphur may be used at the rate
of 2-Ci pounds to each 50 gallons of
water. It seems probable that the
minimum strength reconnnended will
give as effective jirotection as the more
concentrated solutions. (2) The iron-
sulphide mixture, 'fhe rather laborious
method described in the reference
given below does not seem to be neces-
sary, at least for the drier sections of
Washington. The modified Ballard
fornuda is as follows. Iron sulphate
(copperas), 4 pounds; lime-sulphur, 33
degrees Beaume. 1 gallon; water. 200
gallons. .\ stock solution of the iron
sulphate should be made and one pound
to the gallon is a convenient strength.
Fill the sprayer tank, start the agitator,
add the lime-sulphur and slowly add
the requisite amount of iron-sulphate
solution. In order to insure complete
precipitation of the iron sulphide a
slight excess of lime-sulphur may be
used. The necessary insecticides like
Black Leaf -10 or lead arsenate may be
added to either the atomic sulphur or
the iron sulhpide mixture.

[Editor's note — Mooil Hiver growers
found modilied formula unsatisfactory;
now use i)reci))italiiig method.]

SIMPSON a DOELLER CO.

1423 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDG.
PORTLAND, OREGON.

E.SHELLEY /MORGAN MOR. ,

Tells why chicks die

E. J. Reefer, tlie pouUi y expert, SHtiS Reefer UUig.,
K:iiisiisCilv. Mo., is eiviiiff away free a valuahle
buok entitled. "White Diarrhoea and H.-w lo ( iire it
Thig boi'k contains ^cientiric facts on white diarrlioea
and tells how to prepare a BimiOe home Bolutmn that cuv.-b this
tprrible disease ovt-r niaht and actiiiitly rr.isea 98 per cent of

every hatch All ^ trv r:..ser« should certainly wnt« Ur. Reefer

iur oue of thes-c vuluatle !■ KEE booU).

WHEN WRITINO APVEKTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 13

The English Walnut Culture in the Pacific Northwest

THE English or Persian Walnut is
a thrifty, fine-growing tree with
clean light-gray body, synniietrical
head and dark-green foliage, and under
favoiable soil and climatic conditions
attains great size and long life. While
being decidedly- ornamental and tilling
the requirements for a first-class shade
tree, it is planted chiefly for its valu-
able nuts, and, where it succeeds well,
its culture should take a prominent
place among the industries of the coun-
try. English Walnuts are a nutritious
and wholsesome food, and while for-
merly used mainly for dessert and con-
fectionery purposes, they are now fast
coming in favor as a regular article
of diet and more used in many sub-
stantial table preimrations. They may
also be converted into a valuable oil
used both as a food and a medicine,
and innnature walnuts, when tender
and entirely free from woodiness, may
be used for pickles, catsups, etc. By
reason of the many uses of walnuts
their consumption in the I'nited States
has increased more rapidh than the
production, and with the present heavy
importations there is but little danger
of overproduction for some time to
come. We are just at the beginning of
successful walnut culture in the North-
west; some progress has been made,
but there is much yet to learn. How-
ever, enough has been done to prove
beyond a doubt that walnut growing
here ofl'ers great opportunities for the
future. With thousands of acres of
land with soil and climatic conditions
suitable for walnut growing, we cer-
tainly should produce not only all the
nuts consumed at home, but large cjuan-
tities to ship to other less-favored lo-
calities as well.

While experience has shown that
under jjroper conditions the walnut
will grow and bear in the Northwest
so as to justify its planting, it must be
remembered that walnuts cannot be set
out anywhere and of any variety with
assurance of success. Thousands of
dollars have undoubtely already been
wrongfulh expended in walnut plant-
ing on the northern Pacific Coast, re-
sulting in ni;niy failures and disai)-
pointmenls which could have been
avoided by careful and intelligent se-
lection of lands and varieties for plant-
ing. The first and most vital requisite
for success in walnut growing is land
with the proper soil and exi)osure;
then the selection of good blight-resist-
ant varieties well suited to the localitx',
and, lastlv, good care. Walnuts re(iuire
deej), rich soil, the decjier and richer
the better; in other words, they reciuirc
soils well supplied with plant food and
plenty depth to retain the necessary
moisture during the dry season, yet, at
the s;nne lime, well drained and free
from standing water. Walnut trees
cannot resist sour, seepy soils, nor can
the> he expecle<l to do much or resist
the blight successfully on coarse,
sandy, shallow and pooily-watered

By A. A. Quarnberg, Vancouver, Washington

lands without plenty of fertilizers and
irrigation. Furthermore, the success
of walnuts jjlanted in a frosty locality,
even with good soil, is very doubtfid.
Without good care of the trees the
planter is surely doomed to disap-
pointment.

There are mainly two distinct strains
of walnuts grown on the Pacific Coast,
the Santa Barbara Soft Shell types and
the Flench varieties. The Santa Bar-
bara types, while being vigorous and
strong growers, bud out early in the
spring, are liable to injury by spring
frosts and blight, and, generally speak-
ing, do not succeed well in the North-
west. But the F^rench varieties, which
begin their activities later in the sea-
son, have shown themselves well suited
to the country's condition, and have
practically demonstrated the possibili-
ties of commercial walnut growing in
the Pacific Northwest.

Grafted trees bearing high-grade nuts
are to be preferred for i)lanting on
account of the uniformity of the prod-
uct. While there are some fine and
valuable second - generation seedling
frees, these seedlings have not proven
entirely satisfactory, as they are some-
times found to vary in growth and pro-
ductiveness and their nuts often differ

in size, shape and fiavor. If seedlings
are planted they should be propagated
from nuts carefully selected in every
respect. Grafted trees should have
select stock, not only for the top but
for the root as well, for- upon the root
depends in a large measure the life and
value of a tree. Good results have been
obtamed from grafts on Northern Cali-
fornian black, and Eastern black-wal-
nut roots, as well as from strong roots
of the F'nglish varieties and certain
hybrids; but, while it cannot be ex-
|)ected that any one root will be the
best under all conditions, the Northern
California black is now cjuite generally
considered to be one of the best aver-
age root stock for English walnut trees
in the Northwest.

The connnercial value of a walnut
tree depends upon its growth and ])ro-
ductiveness and the size, shape, color,
smoothness, sealing and self-hulling
(piality of the nut and flavor, size,
plumpness and color of the kernel.
The old French varieties such as Fran-
quette, Parisienne, Ma>ette, Meylan and
others, possessing in a high degree the
qualities which make good commercial
nuts, at present are, and will probably
continue to be, the standard selection
for planting in the Northwest unless

Flr.URB .^8 — An old Italian prune tree thai loin- years aRii was pailially

••deliorni'd." Niilc tliai Itic treatnicnl apiiarciitly liaii titlii- inniu-ni-<- iiijoil

tile vigor of the smalt rTiiitinK Inanelies and iiid i\ iiliiat t'riiil spurs of tlie

limb not ent !)aeU

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

March

Are Your Salesmen Properly
Instructed and Dressed?

The personality and appearance of your sale-
men cut a Big Figure in their sales.

Have you ever thought of the fact that

Every Package or Can

of your products is your personal Representative
-each one a SALESMAN?

Does Your Package Have a
Personality?

Our specialty is making CAIiTOJ^S ANB

LJiBELS showing Personality — Individuality.

Making Salesmen that Sell Your Goods

Our Service Department is ABLE- WILLING-READY.

SCHMIDT LITHOGRAPH CO.

Los Angeles

SAN FRANCISCO

Fresno Portland Seattle Salt Lake City Honolulu

some new variety particularly adapted
to the existing conditions and rc(|uire-
ments sViould (ieveloj). At present, the
Franquette seems to be the most pop-
ular and probably is one of the best,
if not the best, varieties to plant.
While it appears that good crops may
generally be secured' fi'om the planting
of file Frantiuette entirely, I am sure
that they would be benefded by proper
cross-fertilization, and until the fer-
tilizing characteristics of our standard
walnuts are more delinitely known it
seems to me that some intermingling
of varieties which blossom at the same
time would be safer and at least tend
to better fertilization, and consequently
larger and better crops of nuts. In
California several new varieties of rea-
sonably well-established merits such
as the Concord, Wiltz-Mayette, Eurica
and others have of late been planted
quite extensively, and some of them
are also now being tried in the North-
west with promising results.

Under favorable conditions the Eng-
lish walnut trees attain great size, and
therefore should not be planted less
than fifty feet apart; on good land sixty
feet is not too nnich for perfect devel-
opment of the trees when nearing ma-
ture age. In urging a good <listance
between walnut trees and to show how
necessary it is to have plenty of space,
the great growth of three old Euro-
pean trees and one in Clarke County,
Washington, mav be cited. The Beach-
emwell tree in England had a height of
90 feet; spread, 120 feet; diameter of
trunk, nearly 10 feet, and a yield of
1000 pounds of nuts a season. A tree
in France lived to be at least .SOO years
old; had a spread of 125 feel; trunk 14
feet, and yielded l.VIO jxnmds a season.
The giant walnut tree in Crimea
reached the age of 1000 years and for
a long time yielded about a Ion of nuts

annually. The waliuil tree on the
Resell place, about three miles north
of Vancouver, Washington, now 32
years of age, has a trunk of eight feet
in circumference; height, 52 feet;
spread, 73 feel, and this season bore
350 pounds of nuts.

With walnut trees planted the proper
distance apart, many consider clean
cultivation a waste of land while trees
ai'e young, and others must gel some-
thing from the land for living until the
trees come into bearing, and therefore
it often becomes desirable to interplant
walnuts with other quick-maturing
fruit trees as fillers, or to grow hoed
or cultivated crops in the wide spaces
between the rows. Such interplanting
I do not consider especially objection-
able, provided the fillers are reinoved
when the walnut trees require the
land, and the hoed or cultivated crops
aie not iilanted close enough to rob the
walnut trees of their necessary moist-
ure and plant food.

For best results the utmost care
should be taken in the planting of wal-
nut trees, and the less exposure, mutila-
tion and injury to the roots in trans-
I)lanting the better it is for the tree.
When the land has been staked off,
large holes should be dug to give the
roots plenty of room and thereby
facilitate their rapid development. For
this purpose it is a very good plan to
blast the holes with d\ namite, espe-
cially when there is a layer of subsoil
too hard for the roots to penetrate, or
even check them in their downward
growth, which in most cases seems
essential to the best develoi)ment of the
walnut. This blasting should prefer-
ably be done in the autumn while the
soil is dry, and is undoubtedly inex-
liensive and effective, as one stick of
d.\ namite iilaced three or four feet deep
will crack U[) and loosen hard subsoils

for several feet around. One way to
make holes for the dynamite is to drive
a crowbar into the ground; but prob-
ably a better way is to use a soil auger,
wliich readily bores through even the
harder subsoils. In planting the trees
the ends of the roots should be trimmed
with a knife b\ smooth, slanting cuts,
and the best soil should be carefully
and firmly packed around the roots
and also used as much as possible in
filling the holes.

Young walnut trees require and re-
spond to good care by vigorous and
rapid growth, and unless the land is
very rich it will pay to stimulate them
with barnyard manure or other fer-
tilizers. Walnut trees are gross feed-
ers and will readily take up almost any
fertilizer, and can hardly be over-
fertilized. Most young rapid-growing
walnut trees require staking, and often
it is necessary to train and tie up some
branches to proper shape. They should
be headed about five or six feet from
the ground and for the first few years
require attention to give the head the
proper form, but after that need but
little in the way of actual pruning.

.Seedling walnut trees are somewhat
slow in coming into bearing, but the
generally accepted idea that the wal-
nut is normally very late in bearing is
not entirely true, as grafted trees usu-
ally have a few scattered nuts three
and four years from planting, and
sometimes even sooner, and increasing
annually thereafter with the age and
size of the tree. It is reasonable to
estimate that a good fifteen-year-old
tree will produce on an average from
forty to fifty pounds of cured nuts a
year; and, in favorable localities, crops,
though some may be heavier than
others, may be expected and reason-
ably depended upon every year. \Miile
the returns per acre from a walnut
grove may not be so large or so soon
realized as with some other fruits, it
is on the increase almost indefinitely,
and a staple price for walnuts is easier
to maintain than with more perishable
crops.

Walnut trees are comparatively free
from insect pests, and aside from the
walnut blight no serious disease has
yet attacked the walnut. No variety
can be said to be entirely free from
blight, but the disease varies greatly
with different varieties and dilVerent
seasons. As yet no specific remedy has
been discovered; the only solution to
the blight problem now seems to be to
keep the trees in good, healthy condi-
tion, and to grow the most blight-
resistant varieties, with which the
chances for loss will probably be no
more than with other varieties of fruit.

In the Willamette and the Columbia
River Valleys walnuts usually mature
and begin to drop about the last week
in September, and most of the crop is
generally harvested the first two weeks
in October, so that by the middle of
that month the walnut harvest is com-
pleted. .\s the nuts mature the hulls
crack open and the nuts usually roll
out clean and drop to the ground or
ai"e dislodged In shaking the trees.

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 15

They are then picked from the ground
at least once a week (Un-ing harvest
time, and three or four ])ickings are
generally necessary to gather the crop.
When gathered the nuts are thoroughly
washed in water and spread on trays
to be dried in the sun or in a fruit
dryer. In the sun, walnuts will cure
in about three or four days' time; if left
out over night the nuts should be pro-
tected from dews.

Walnuts are one of the few crops
which is rather benefited than dam-
aged by rain during harvest time, pro-
vided the nuts are not allowed to re-
main on the ground long enough to
mildew and discolor. In wet weather
walnuts must be dried in well-ven-
tilated dryers with heat from 80 to 90
degrees Fahrenheit; high heat will
start the oil and injure the meat and
flavor of the nuts. Good nuts may be
spoiled in drying, and proper curing
is an important part of walnut grow-
ing. Thus far Northwestern-grown
walnuts have been sold without any
kind of bleaching; most of the French
varieties do not really have to be
bleached to sell readily on the market.
After the nuts have been properly
cured, the test of which is a brittle
meat, they are assorted and graded
ready for packing and marketing. It is
a singular fact that the Northwestern-
grown walnuts are usually cured and
ready for the market about the same
time as the Santa Barbara .Soft Shells
are in Southern California.

In conclusion, it should be said that
the walnut should appeal not only to
the orchardist, but to the general
farmer and town-lot owner as well, and
all should have a few trees where they
will grow. The culture of English
walnuts is attractive in many respects;
they are a reasonably sure crop; they
do not recjuire an immediate market;
they are well known, and there is
always a demand for them at fair
prices. The trees are out of the ordi-
nai\ in that they combine the orna-
mental, the useful and the profitable in
the highest degree possible. Thrifty
English walnut trees with their hand-
some dark-green foliage and crop of
nuts certainly are beautiful, and give
us pleasure, profit and satisfaction;
and then, too, they are something per-
manent and will live and maintain their
beauty and productiveness almost in-
definitel.N'.

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives you a luEh grade quick selling product at a
minimum cost. It makes a clean an<l natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetables have been
approved by the U. S. Government, while desiccated,
dried and evaporated products have been rejected
• There is but one Dehydrator munufactured In the
West and it is the best Bv-Product machine ever de-
vUed. It is adapted to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therefore, you are
protected in Its use.

The manufacturers of this Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved automatic labor-sav ng
preparatory machinery which will further reduce the
present low cost for the production of this product.

Fur new descriptive booklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

"Jay-Eye-See"

Many years ago there was a famous race horse,
known from ocean to ocean. Its name was "Jay-
Eye-See" — w^hich were the initials of J. I. Case,
the founder of the J. I. Case T. M. Company,

The owner of this famous horse was know^n as a man
who loved thoroughbreds — a man who admired perfec-
tion. He was recognized as a master-builder of ma-
chinery. He established his factory in 1842, and around
it gathered a w^orld-known community of able w^orkmen.

A Thoroughbred

Like the noted "Jay-Eye-See"
— know^n to you surely by repu-
tation the new Case "40" is a
thing of rare beauty. Its long,
sweeping lines are distinctive. All
corners have disappeared. This
unmistakable beauty makes men
spot this car and admire it. You
will enjoy driving such a "dif-
ferent" car — one that stands out
from others.

Tomorrow's Car Today

Your first mile in this car w^ill
delight you with its unusual com-
fort. This is gained, not alone by
the use of the cantilever springs,
but by the Case way of suspend-

ingthese springs from the rear axle
so that they do only spring duty.

The divided front seats — the
upholstery in real grain leather,
w^hich, by the w^ay is removable
as a unit for cleaning —together
with the unusual room, both in
the front compartment and in the
tonneau, will excite further praise.

Tests of Value

Then w^hen you come to test those
parts beneath the hood, in a hard
pull or up a steep incline, or on
the car's 100.000th mile, you will
find the Case motor well deserv-
ing of the characterization — "the
motor that makes extra cylinders
unnecessary."

Here Are More Details

The fact that all weiring is housed in waterproof, rustless, flexible
conduits, illustrates the care in planning of details. The
junction box between the body and the chassis, also in-
dicate the attention v^^hich you w^ill find asyou go through
the car with a microscope. Study every part. These
are but a few^ of the many things w^hich make this car
a rare value. Of course Westinghouse ignition, lighting
and starting equipment needs no further comment.

New Car — New Price

We offer you this car at the price of $1090, f.o. b. Racine, with the
statement that it contains a!I of the merit of our earlier "40," which
sold for $2300. Vou know what Case means by value. Lei U3 send
you our fine new catalog, which shows you the car in colors and
pictures its many superiorities.

J. I. CASE T. M. COMPANY, Inc.

Founded 1842 548 Liberty St., Racine, Wis.

(366

WHEN WRITING APVKRT ISERS MKNTION BETTER FRl'IT

Pa PC 1 6

BETTER FRUIT

March

Peculiarities of the Destructive Plant Lice, or Aphids

By Dr. A. L. Melander, Professor of Entomology, Washingrton State College, Pullman

DESTRUCTIVI-: though they :iro,
the I^lant Lice, or Aphids, show
so many peculiarities in the
course of their lives that we cannot
help but marvel at their nature.
Throughout the sunmier generation
after generation is born alive from
virgin females. To the student of
heredity this phenomenon is more than
interesting, for the successive genera-
tions are often widely unlike. Some-
times winged individuals are born of
wingless mothers, and they in turn
produce wingless offspring. Sometimes
the color differs, sometimes the struc-
ture. From a practical standpoint the
aphids are further remarkable in that
some species change their diet during
this alternation of generations, the
summer broods ac(|uiring food habits
totally different from those for the re-
mainder of the \ear.

Aphids breed rapidly. In a few
weeks they are mature and then, except
for the sexed final generation of the
year, they reproduce living young with-
out the necessity of mating and fer-
tilization. This rapidity of develop-
ment explains why aphids frecpiently
become abundant to excess despite the
usual sprayings. Huxley, the English
scientist, once calculated that were a
single plant louse to repro(Uice her full
number of olTspring and were they
and all their descendents to live to old

WESTROBAC

(Soil Bacteria)

Awarded Gold Medal at the
Panama-Pacific Exposition

Will increase your crops and maintain
your soil fertility. Thru a cover crop will
produce more humus and nitrogen than
you can otherwise get, thus insuring
larger and better fruit at the small ex-
pense of $2.00 per can f.o.b. laboratory,
sufficient for one acre.

Garden Size Packages

To those who have small plantings — less
than one acre — we can now supply Bac-
teria in containers large enough for an
area of one-fourth acre.

These are put up for Lawns and Gar-
dens only in the following varieties;

Sweet Peas Garden Beans
Garden Peas Clover for Lawns

Price per tube, mailed to any part of the
IJnited States

Fifty Cents

Let us tell you — write for literature
(without cost)

Chas.LMastickCo.

74 Front St., Portland, Ore.

Northwestern Representatives

WESTERN SOIL BACTERIA CO.

age the amount of aphids resulting in
one season would weigh ten billion
pounds. This has been translated as
about eiiuivalcnf to the weight of the
entire population of the L'nited Slates.
That such staggering amounts of jdant
lice fail to appear is due to unnatural
death, conung not only through the
agency of tiny wasp parasites, of lady-
bird beetles or of Syrjihus fly maggots,
all of which greedily i)rey on plant
lice, but also through such causes as
wind and rain. However, it is sufTi-
cient to say that aphids are prolific.

The curious alternation of genera-
tions fliat occurs through the year can
be illustrated by the life cycle of the
(ireen Apple Aphis. The winter eggs,
which are commonly located on the ex-
posed bark of watersjjrouts and of the
new growth, hatch when the buds are
swelling. The tiny emerging lice are
rather dark green in color and soon
work into the opening buds. These in-
dividuals are all females, but arc
cajjable of reproducing the species by
themselves, a ])henomenon known as
parthenogenesis, which is a Greek word
meaning "virgin's birth." They are all
wingless when mature, never lay eggs,
but bring forth from three to twelve
living young a day. When about a
huntlred young have been born the
stem mother dies.

The lice of the second generation are
paler in coloi- than their parent. They,
too, are parthenogenctic, vivii)arous
females, and except for a rare indi-
vidual now and then are likewise
devoid of wings. Their offspring, the
thiril generation, usualh develop wings.

in which case they pass dining tlieir
growth through a sort of pupa stage
chai acterized by the possession of small
wing-pads. This generation, whether
winged oi' not, still comprises iiartbeno-
genetic, viviparous females. Winged
indivifluals appear in diminishing num-
bers after midsunnner. Their purpose
in life is ol)viously to spread the species
from tree to tree, and hence they are
called "ndgrants."

The Green Apple Aphis spends its
entire existence on apple trees, or more
rarely on pear, hawthorn, quince or
flowering crab. In the late fall some
small lice are born, of a more yellow-
ish color than the sunnner generations.
'Ihese are the wingless males and fe-
males, the only sexed individuals of the
year, .\ftcr mating the males perish,
while the females crawl out on the
twigs to deposit fheii- single egg and to
die. Thus are produced the only eggs
of the year whose dormancy exhibits
Nature's splendid adaptation to tide a
delicate insect through the rigors of
winter.

Closely related to the Green Apple
Aphis is the Rosy .\pple .\phis. Like
the other, this species also lives in the
leaves, causing them to curl by inject-
ing a poison into the growing leaf-
tissue, l3ut unlike the Green Aphis the
Rosy Aphis confines its attacks mainly
to the leaves around blossom clusters.
The poison injected is very subtile and
aifects the young fruit, inhibiting its
growth so that the tree develops a crop
of "gall-apples." This stunted fruit
varies in size according to the extent
Continued on page 41

STEM MOTHER

a GENERATION

J 7 A

THE GREEN APPLE APHIS

APHIS

POM)

ioi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page If

The Y^B

on th

Ten
Points

stands

Vibration at a Minimum — Reduces the

wear and tear throughout the machine.

Friction at a Minimum — Twenty-five O

Hyatt Roller Bearings in each machine. IJ

4 Compact and Sturdy— Small enough for the
orchard and powerful enough for the farm.

Simple in Operation— The continued atten- r\
tion of an expert mechanic is unnecessary. !x

I

5 Adaptable — Equipped with narrow or wide
tread — low speed or high speed gears.

Backed by Yuba Service and the Yuba 1 (\

Policy of Repairs at a Very Nominal Price. k\j

The Catalog:ue explains why - send for it.

THE YUBA CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

DEPARTMENT C-32

433 CALIFORNIA STREET factory at MARvsviLLE.f^ALiFORNiA SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

Fruit Growers' Agency Incorporated

PH.\(;TI(;.\IJ>Y all srowcrs" selling
iigencios in the Xorlhwcst huvc bi-cn
broiiglil totii'tlu'i' in ;i ilolinilf, h;irnio-
iiious i)l;iii of iiiiirkcling proceilure; ;ill
the pa.st hopes anil (.'(forts of the grow-
ers for an ideal marketing s>steni bid
fair to be successfully coiisuiniiiateil:
all the repeated suggestions and advices
(if the business men, bankers, the press
and others vitally interested in the wel-
fare of the fruit industry to "get to-
gether" have been heeded. Briefly, this
sums up the effect of the formation of
the Fruit (Irowers' Agency at Sjiokane
last Fri(hn , after more than a xear's

careful and incessant thought on the
part of the growers, the selling
agencies, and particularly the effective
investigations and work of the I'nited
Slates DeiKirtnient of ,\grieulture. To
place the fruit business upon a firm,
sound basis was the object.

The movement does not mean a new
selling organization. It does not mean
a new shipjiing organization; docs not
contemplate additional expense to the
grower. The iM'uit Growers' Agency,
as organized, is the gef-logether instru-
ment of the growei's and selling
agencies foi- the common purpose of

mutual protection, and through its
Si)okane head(|uarters will be handled
the details so essential, though inci-
dental, to the successful handling and
marketing of the crops. The .\gency.
as an organization, will |)ei'form no act
whatsoever of selling. It will displace
no existing shiiiping organization. The
present selling agencies will continue
to act indei)en'leiill.\ in their dealings
with the markets. Hut through the
nuitual organization thus formed by the
growers and shippers, the centering of
the best thoughts and nunds in the
industry, will be devoted to the adop-
iton and carrying out of advanced
practices in marketing, and such mat-
ters as the extension of trade develop-

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

March

mcnt in the world's markets. Substan-
tially, confidence is expected to take
the place of hostility in competitive
conditions, and through that confidence,
economy.

Up to date, the following organiza-
tions, which represent in the aggregate
a total of probably seventy-five per
cent of the soft fruit and apple tonnage
of the Northwest, constitute the ship-
pers' side of the F"ruit Growers' Agency,
and gives a fair idea of its great scope,
bringing as it does that extent of ton-
nage under the orderly control of the
associated growers:

Apple Growers Association, Hood River,
Oregon.

Idalio-Orcgon Fruit Growers' Association,
Payette, Idaho.

Montana Fruit Distributors, Hamilton, Mon-
tana.

Northwestern Fruit Exchange, Seattle, Wash-
ington.

North Pacific Fruit Distributors, Spokane,
Washington.

Hichey & Gilbert, Toppenish, Washington.

Sampson Fruit Company, North Yakima,
Washington.

Spokane Fruit Growers' Company, Spokane,
Washington.

Wenalchee North-Central Fruit Distributors,
Wenatchee, Washington.

Wenalchee Valley Fruit Growers' Associa-
tion, Wenatcliee, Washington.

Wenatchee Produce Company, Wenatchee,
Washington.

Western Oregon Fruit Distributors, Portland,
Oregon.

Yakima County Horticultural Union, North
Yakima, W^ashington.

Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' Association,
North Yakima, Washington.

It is made clear by the government
expert that the Fruit Growers' Agency
is formed for the specific purpose of
providing the basis and the facilities
whereby the selling agencies can carry
out the provisions of the uniform con-
tract between the growers and their
individual selling agencies. In order
to receive the benefits of the new plan
it is not essential that the growers gen-
erally become members of the .\gency.
It is necessary, however, that they
enter into the uniform contract with
selling agents who are members of the
Agency. The grower thereby becomes
eligible to membership and may become
an active or a passive member if he
cares to do so. The board of control
of the latter is equally divided between
the individual growers and shippers.
The respective needs of the growers in
marketing conditions, and those of the
shippers in production and assembling
conditions, are thereby brought into
common contact and discussion and the
utmost facility is offered for a mutual
handling of the problems arising from
time to time in both the growing and
marketing ends of the business. All
principal districts in the Northwest are
represented on the board of control of
not less than eleven members, either
by growers or selling-agency officials,
one trustee being elected from each
district, except that in the case of
Wenatchee and Yakima two trustees
will be active participants on the
board. Other designated districts are:
Southern Idaho, Spokane, Walla Walla,
Hood River, Western Oregon and Mon-
tana, together with contiguous terri-
tories thereto.

Membership is divided in two classes.
Active membership is open to all Norlh-

THE control of Orchard Pests is no longer an experiment, but a
scientific problem. ORCHARD BRAND SPRAY MATERIALS

are prepared with a thorough knowledge of the
existing conditions and what is necessary _ .v^^^l"

to overcome them. ^^1^.^^'

MAIER^VLS

'>-Vi

Orchard Brand Arsenate of Lead only is the standard poison for the control of
codling moth and similar insects. Now manufactured by an improved process which
combines the ingredients so as to produce a soft, creamy paste which mixes readily
with water.

Orchard Brand Atomic Sulphur, the best known remedy for the control of the
mildew.

Orchard Brand Lime Sulphur Solution — a highly concentrated clear liquid free
from sediment for late winter and early spring spraying on fruit trees.

Orchard Brand Bordeaux Mixture, properly balanced fungicide in paste form
ready for immediate dilution in water.

Universal Dormant Soluble Oil is especially manufactured for use in the Pacific
Northwest apple orchards, during the dormant season, where its effectiveness has
been proven as a general clean-up spray to kill all species of jscale insects, aphis eggs, etc_

Write us. giving age, variety and kind of trees, together with a description of the pest you wish to
control, and we will give you definite information regarding its control.
When ordering, state quantity and kind of material, or age and number of trees.

GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY

201 Sansome Street, SAN.FRANCISCO

PEAR TREES FOR SALE

We offer fine thrifty stock at bottom prices.

We also have a few cherry and other trees left at clean-up prices.

Order today as we are nearly sold out.

BENEDICT NURSERY CO., 185 E. 87th Street N., Portland, Oregon

MOVED!

We are now located at our new plant.
Address us here if you are needing

Lime Sulphur
Bordeaux
Lead Arsenate

Oregon Arsenical Spray Co.

Formerly at Clackamas

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WHllN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION liKTTER FRflT

I0i6

BETTER FRUIT

Page /p

western resilient selling agencies hav-
ing a tonnage of not less than an aver-
age of one hundred cars per season.
Individual growers producing one or
more carloat quantities may likewise
and under the same terms be active
members. Under a corresponding ton-
nage condition, a passive membership
is open to all local associations allili-
ated with selling agencies, as well as
individual growers. Maintenance of
the Fruit Growers' Agency will be
borne by the shippers upon a tonnage
pro-rata basis. Eligibility to member-
ship is confined to certain specific fea-
tures, namely, selling organizations
must be bona tide Northwest resident
bodies; they must be actual agents of
the grower and market their output in
his behalf; they must use the uniform
contract exclusively. All other active
and passive members must also be par-
ties to and use exclusively that same
contract. The uniform contract is the
instrumentality about which the entire
movement and organization is con-
structed.

The uniform contract illustrates the
general scope of the entire plan. Its
conditions, which are mandatory upon
the selling organizations, constitute the
principal great needs of the grower;
incidentally they represent the very
things the shipjjers have recognized as
vital to the progress of marketing
methods, — for example, the wider de-
velopment of markets, the great need
for a controllable and economical pio-

ri

m

m

j'fi

soid.Fdi^n

niWWIIImTWIWiWftnlllllHIII

GREATEST value I have ever
offered. All sizes pull from 3C
to 50 per cent over factory rating-
Sturdy and dependable; Built by ex-
perts; Lowest cost of operation.

QA T|«»-«^^ in which to try this eritine. All
«''' ^f*^J ^ sizes. Kerosene or Gasoline,

Easy Terms ^,\° |L"-y^our'sL"f

that WITTE eneinea are not "cheap" engines,
but are high quality enpines priced low.
Use one on your farm— try it out thoroughly—
and let me know yovir decision.
All sizes less than $17.r.(lper H-P.

tliu'enKineliusiiirsn. lullofi
turesting infomi.itinn.

ED.H.WinE.WIHE ENGINE WORKS

18S5 Oakfand A»e., Kansas Ci^y. P.'o.

1886 tmBite Bldg., Pillsburgh. Pa.

For Continuous, Dependable, Efficient Work

— get a Bean. It is the 42-centimeter gun in the fruit grower's fight against orchard
pests — and it is pounding down the obstacles that stand in the way of bigger crops, better
fruit and more profits. That's why the growers of the Northwest unite in their praise of

Bean Power Sprayers

The spraying season is on. There's no time for
delay. We have a coinplete stock at several cen-
trally located Northwest points and can make
immediate delivery. You will make no mistake in
choosing a Bean. It will do your work, do it right,
and still be doing it long after cheaply built rigs
would have been consigned to the scrap heap.
There are scores of reasons why "The Bean is the
Best" — let your dealer tell you or read them in
our new catalog.

Send For Our New Complete Catalog No. 30.

Bean Spray Pump Co.

213 West Julian Street

SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA

iieering of the many foreign markets
now unacquainted with Northwest
fruits, as well as a steady and greatly
enlarged distribution in drcat Britain,
(ierniany and other export countries.
These latter have been handled undei-
a series of almost insurmountable
obstacles in the past, due to irregular
aii<l uncertain offerings and uncon-
liolled competition, but which can only
be overcome thiough the employmeni
of Joint rei)resentatives direclly reinc-
senting the produce of the various dis-
liicts. The uniform contract is thus
I he power wheel of the gi-ower, his
direct control over the marketing and
distributing act; to the shii)per it is
the guide to actual practices as in-
structed by the growei-. .lointly, the
grower and marketer are thus in har-

mony in the aim to obtain the wisest
and widest distribution with the great-
est return at the least cost of operation.
The terms of the uniform contract
are as follows:

In eonsidci-alion oi" the nuiUuil advantages
In he derived hei'efroni. it is agreed between
the p.irlies l<t this conliaet as follo'ws:

I. The gi-i)\\ci- shall have the exclusive right
and aulhorily to tlx the price at which his
produels or any palt thereof may be sold by
the selling asenl. but in event the price so
llxe<l shall be higher than the best market
price obtainable after olTering the same, the
selling agent shall in no wise be held re-
sponbles for failure to negotiate sales at such
])rices.

II. It shall be the duty of the agent to co-
operale with all growers' resident selling
agents who ai'c mend)ers of the I'ruit Growers'
Agency, Incorporated, for the following pur-
poses :

(a) To secure information as to crop con-
ditions in order to delernn'ne the economic
valiiis of the varieties and grades.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

jMarch

The Modern Farmer

uses Sherwin-Williams Dry-Powdered Insecticides and Fungicides
because he finds them the best and cheapest form for all
kinds of spraying. Easy to handle. Can't freeze or dry out.
Sure death to pests without injury to foliage.

DID YOU know the U. S. Gov-
ernmcpt has shown that the
ground squirrels on your place
are collecting 34c from you every
year for each acre of your culti-
■vated land, in what they eat and
destroy?

Purthermore, did
you know that
these little destroy-
ers depreciate land
•values an average
of $2.74 per acre?
Can you afford to
paj the toll? Stop
It. Get rid of these
pests that eat your
crops, destroy your
trees and vines, and spoil your land.
Its easy and inexpensive to get
rid of them with Kilinol.

Kilmol is a liquid chemical that
both asphyxiates and poisons squir-
rels, gophers, etc.— Kilmol "will
Kill em all.

Waste balls are saturated with Kil-
mol. One is placed in each burrow,
then Ignited. The gas quickly pene-
trates to every part of the tunnel.

I SQUIRLGOPHENE |

Will Kill *Em All

It "gets" Mr. Squirrel or I^fr.
Gopher befoie he can escape. One
application, costing less than one
cent per burrow for Ki!mo!, in*
variably does the business — it's ico
per cent efficient. Results abso-
lutely guaranteed
or money refund-
ed. Kilmol can also
be used with U. S.
Destructor — a ma-
chine invented by
U. S. officials that
forces Kilmol gas-
into burrows — Kil-
mol is used by Gov-
ernment, State and
County officers.

Kilmol in the
United States
Destructor
Gives 100%
Efficiency. In-
vented by
S. officials.

'jBDIWILOOnitBI

u.

\in^f^y^lXii_

The waste^ balls you get from us are better and cheaper than home-
made. Write for full information about squirrel and gopher destruc-
tion, and also ask about improved United States Government formu-
la of poisoned barley.

Oregon Distributor

Washington Distributor

Portland Seed Co. James & Hanes

Dept. L

Portland

Dept. L

Spokane

()>) 'W) \\()ik in clDse harmony with f;ro\\(MS
with Ihc aim (if st-turing iinifoini methods in
haivislin;;, ^ladin-i. packinj^ and the physical
iinndl iifi of tlic iiuit tioni tree to car; and to
secure ;i slamhirdi/ation and enforcement of
th? giadiiis an<l inspection ruk's of the States
of Oret^on, Washington, Iiiaho and Montana.

(c) To agree upon a date after which no
contracts for tonnage shall he entered into.

(til To iMscuss in conference market condi-
tif^tns and experiences w ith various mediums
used in the markets for the purjxjse of ascer-
taining the most eilicienl agencies and market
oiillels for the economical performance of
their mutual contract.

(e) To secure improven;ent in transporta-
tion and storage ser\icc and conditions.

if) To work out ikTinitc plans for the de-
velopment id" various domestic and Canadian
markets, utilizing experienced men and the
conddned resources of the said agents.

igi To (h'velop foieign markets along the
following lines :

( 1 ) To conduct comprehensive foreign in-
vestigations for the purpose of knowing trade
den7ands and making leliable trade con-
necti<nis.

(2 1 To see that the fiuit is prepared for
market so that the grade and jjack may be in
acconhnice v. ith the best trade demands.

l^) To supervise the physical handling of
the shipments through to final destination and
to secure adequate insurance so that the
hazards may be reduced.

(4) To secure eapal>le foreign agents to con-
duct sales abroad.

(5> To expand old markets and develop new-
ones by direct contact and through the solici-
tation of special agents.

(6) To devise ways and means to safeguard
and secure prompt collections.

(7) To sccui'e adetjuate transportation facili-
ties by underwriting steamship charters and
promoting new fruit trade routes.

Ill) To pool proceeds of sales and share pro
rata any loss sustained in the development of
new niarkets, according to the varieties and
grades, over definite periods, so that profits
and losses therefrom may be equalized.

Ill To secure the standardization of agents'
accounting records, to the extent that all ac-
count sales issued by the said shii)ping
agencies will be figured on the sanu' basis and
in such manner that they will be uniform,
allowing true comparisons to be made by the
grower between the services rendered and
prices secured by the diffei-eut agencies.

(j ) To seciu'e an annual audit of the sales
records of the cin'rent si-a son's l)US!ness of
said agents by firms of certified nublic ac-
countants of recognized standing, the reports
of these autlits to be available to the growers
not later than one month prior to the closing
of the contract period for the next season.

(k) To make all possible legal and banking
ai-rtnigenients foi- the financing of the growers.

Ml Advancements sliall in no case be made
in such maiuu-r as to pass title of the fruit.

Tht' entire phin of oraanization and
details as ratified at tlie nieelin.i» of
February 18tli, was prepareti and sul)-
niitted by the Ollice of Markets, I)e-
l)artinent of Atn-ieultiire, in co-opera-
tion with the Oflice of Solicitor of that
Oeparfnient. It contemplates the most
feasil)le and cfTective j)Ian that can be
devised in the formation of an organi-
zation fif growers and shii)pcrs oi)erat-
ing together to obtain the results that
all marketing agencies and growers
have been trying to reach. The activi-
ties of the government in behalf of the
Northwest fruit indiistr> are the results
of their i)revioiis observations as well
as i)ressin-e brought by growers, mar-
keting agencies, bankers, chambers of
commerce, and other sources through-
out the Northwest for direct federal
aid in the solving of the growers' prob-
lems. They em])liasi/e the great |)rog-
ress made l)y the Department of Agri-
cidtiire in developing a comptdiMit and
conslantly growing system dealing with
mai-kefing comjilinns. so long the aim
of the ^Vashington ollicials. By those
thoroughly conversant with general
conditions in co-operative etTort anuing

WHEN WRITINO ADVliRriSERS MENTION BETTKR FRUIT

JQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Pa PC 21

the producers ol' the iKitiiui. Iliis is
stated to be the most extensive and
potential i)rograni that has been adopted
in any section of the L'nited States.

Articles of incorporation, constitu-
tion and by-laws were also ralilied at
the nieetinf.'. and the filing of the cor-
poration articles arranged for. The
Fruit (irowers' Agency is being incor-
porated under the laws of the State of
Washington as a non-profit, non-capital
body. Further nieetines are to he hel I
at the Spokane ollice regularly, and in
charge of an executive secretary, under
the direction of the executive commit-
tee, will shortly become. the prominent
factors in Northwest fruit conditions.
The government experts, C. K. Hassett,
Clarence W. Mooniaw, and W. H. Kerr
of the Office of Markets, Department
of Agriculture, under whose auspices
the meeting was held, will visit every
producing district in the Noithwest in
the interest of meeting and discussing
all vital ([ucstions directly with the
growers, and an extensive program of
research work along different lines will
be part of the additional investigations
of the Department of Agriculture.
Working committees of the Agency
were appointed at the meeting, but the
election of ollicers will not take place
until the next regular meeting. The
opening of the Spokane office will like-
wise he deferred until such time.

The I. H. C. .\liuaiiac for 191(i has jusL hiiii
Issued by the Intoi'iiational Harvester C.oin-
pany of Chicago, and can he obtained from
them free upon ro(iLiest. The almanac is a
Tiiagnificent Ixiok jirinted in colors, contain-
ing IK i»a}ies, tlisciissinfi in a very practical
^^■aJ■ many subjects of impoi'tance to the
farmer and fruitgrower, such as feeding,
silage, plans for home buildings, fuel for
terosene engines, weights and measures, in-
forn7ation about handling stable manure, sliort
treatises on proper Ullage, statistics on dairy-
ing, prevention and cm-e for hog cholera, etc.
In fact, the amoinit of information eontahied
in this almanac makes it a sort of an abbi-e-
viated encyclopedia for the farmer.

In Walla Walla they have an organization
calleil the Walla Walla Sprayers' Association,
the piM'pose of the association being to sj^ray
orchards for fruitgrowers who are not pre-
pared to do their own spraying. The scale of
prices for the coming season is a charge of
six cents pel- gallon foi- spraying where .^00
gallons or more are necessary at a spraying.
\\\ organization of this kind in other districts
would be very helpful to many friiitgrttwers
whosi- places are not sutTiciently lal'ge to
justify them 'u purchasing or owning the
prfiper kind of an ouUit. TUlt an oi-chard has
to be TM-etty small that does not justify the
owner in owning a good spray outfit.

Cashmere fruitgrowers apparently have suf-
fered from car shortage during the past year,
as they have put in an urgent re(|uest for
belter sei-vice in the future.

Valuable Book Free

F,ver>' farmer who (n\ ns an engine m- expects

bu\' one ought to know about engines — how

iudL'e Ihem. how to apply simple tests, how

figure exactly what an engine is worth. This

iteK'sting and \aUral)le infoiination is given

Ihe free ilhishalcd buck, which will be sent

illioMt am obligalioii to anv reader. Simnlv

■lid iiniiie' liulay In I". II. Witle, 1,S8 S. Oak-

nd .\\(lille. Kansas Cilw Mo. — .\dv.

■WAXTTimT AN ASSISTANT to
»T iiitX X rjJLf . Superintendent. Party
should have knowledge of General I-^arming.
Dairving and Horticulture. Special duties
■will be rare of live stock, overseeing; mark-
etinsr of fruit and clerical work. Applicants
should give aee and state if married or sin-
gle, names of former employers, length of
time with eaf-h and work lione while in their
employ. Address W. H. Weber, Mosier, Ore.

Scale— Scab— Mildew

These are the principal pests and diseases affeetiug
the appli' orchaid

iigS Soluble Sulphur

Is the best spray for scale, mildew and scab. It
has a proved record of five years. Eflective, Eco-
nomical, Convenient.

Note results obtained by —

Washington Station, using 20 lbs. to 100 gallons:
Yakima Valley iu 1913—99',/ scale killed.
Yakima Valley in 1914— 98'a scale killed.
Wenatchee Valley in 1915—98% scale killed.

Note results obtained by —

District Inspector at North Yakima in 1914 with

20 lbs. to 100 gallons, 99',; scale killed.

Again three tests at different strength in 1915:

15 lbs. to 100 gallons— 75'/f. scale killed.

20 lbs. to 100 gallons— 96'/r, scale killed.

25 lbs. to 100 gallons — 98'/o scale killed.

This is an indisputable scientific record.

100-ib. drum $7.50

10-lb, can 1.25

1-lb. can 20

LILLY'S— Seattle and Portland

SOLUBLE
SULPHUR

«>MPOUND

THECHMHUIIUYCO

J

If You Want to
Know How to
Control
SCAI.E,

MII.DEW

and SCAB

Send for our

1916 SPRAY

BUI.I.ETIN

It tells about the

Best Spray and

how Best to

Spray

^VANTED

position as manager of orchard. Exper-
ienced in growing apples and pears and
in general farming. Understand irri-
gation thoroughly. Will furnish refer-
ences upon request. Address "Horticul-
turist,'' care "Better Fruit. '■^": —

WANTED

Position as Horticulturist by practical
expert with years of experience. College
graduate. Can give very good recommed-
ations. Address S. N. L., care of "Better
Fruit."

Nitrate of Soda

We want the Grower to get
Nitrate at a reasonable cost
— learn of its general use —
and make more money.
Write us. Free Literature for any fruit or crop.

NITRATE AGENCIES CO., SEATTLE, WASHINGTON

IMPORTERS AND DISTRIBUTORS

Squirrels and Gophers. — During Ihe next lew
weeks these pests will hecunie exceedingly
active. Gophers freciucntly cause serious
losses, especially in yruing orchards. There
are many remedies, in addition to trans, in
the way of poisons which can he used vety
successfully in exterminating liolh these pests.
This is a subject fruitgroweis should investi-
gate and prepare themselves with either trajis
or poisons uhich can he useti in the rmiwajs
and holes. (Irow ers have lost as man>' as
ve\'eral lumdr<'d ti'ees in a year (rnm these
pests w hich are worth several <h)llais apiece,
accoiding to the age. If they would take the
pains to kill the gophers and sipiirrels they
CDuid save this loss.

Apple Estimates for /**/J. ^According lo Ihe
monthly Crop Report issued by the Secretary
of Agriculture, the apple cro)t for I'Jl.'i w as
Td.O/'CnOO barrels, and for 1!H I SI, 1(10.000 I)ar-
rels, which shows that the ciop of lin.'i was
only about 10 per cent less than Ihe crop of
1!)1I. Hut gee whiz I what a dilference in
prices! It must be very evident to the thinker
that the low prices for 1911 were not owing ti>
Ihe dilTerence in quantity or ovei prodnetion.
when theie was only 10 per ceul dilVerence in
(piantity and almost 100 per niil dilVerence in
Ihe prices in many districts.

Inoculation for Legumes. — A number of
fruitgrowers throughout the West have been
exix'rinu'nting with Ihe inoculation process
and meeting with splendid results. Inocula-
linii is now being exiensivel\- ncntuineuilrd by
the I'.xperinient Stalion at Pulltnan. Washing-
Ion, lor clov<*r, alfalta and v<-t(li and various
legumes. I'"re(|Uenlly where the fainier has
raile<l to get a good stand from lack of bacte-
ria in his soil, by inoculating his seed he has
be<'n very successful in getting a good stand.
(■.omai)aralive tests show that where seed is
iiioculaled the crop is much heavier.

WUKN WRITING ADVERTISES MENTION HHTTER FRUIT

.1/,

Rover
sl.u;i
\:vi 1
(ini'-l
w ilh
very
CT-np,
price
w ilh

pics fin C.nUl .S'(of'«(;('.--.\rfni (lius to
uuieul Ti'potts (!U Ijoxeii apples on
Ke. I'ebrunrv 1st. llll.'i. tlu're were :!.
"\es; fehrunly Isl, IIIIH. L'..')? I.'.IIWI. nil
liiril less in l'el)iii:ii'y. IIMII. ;is ccinip;
I-'elHu:iry l;ist year. 'riieifore il Ic
much as if the l)alaucc nf llic l)<)\-:i
if active nioveuieul is cnutiuued
N made reiisoiuibtc, should be cl<':nie<
comparative ease.

the
cold
Itl.-

Klnsl
il'ed
>iiks

pple
aud

I up

:\pi)lf Expnrlx. — Appareully Ihe exportiuu is
I'allius off very extensively this year, as re-
ixirts from many sources indicate that tlie
quantity exported this year was probably less
than oiu'-halr Ihe timuage exported last year.

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

March

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Official Organ of The Xorthwest Fruit Growers* Association
A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the
Interest of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publishing Company

E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallie

H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Corvallla

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris, Horticulttlrist Pullman

W. S. Thomber. Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering, State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wicks, Horticulturist iloscow

UTAH .

Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C. W. Woodworth, Entomologist Berkeley

W. H. Volck, Entomologist Watsonville

Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R, M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

In the United States. $1.00 per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage, 51.50

ADVERTISING BATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27, 1906, at the

Postoffice at Hood River, Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3, 1879.

Statement of Distribution of North-
western Box Apples. — No more impor-
tant communication has ever been
given the apple growers of the North-
west than is contained in the article
on this subject appearing elsewhere in
this edition. Your ])articular attention
is called to the fact that the govern-
ment sent representatives to gather in-
formation about the distribution of
Northwestern apjiles for 1915. They
asked the selling concerns, shii)pers
and growers to co-operate, giving the
distribution of all cars .shipped; fhe\
also asked for the same informalion
from the railroads. The railroads co-
operated, showing the destination of
9,407 cars. The fruitgrowers did not,
because their co-operation only re-
ported ■J„313 cars. But it must be stated
that all the reliable shipping concerns
of the Northwest co-operated by giving
the information requested. Those who
did not were independent shippers,
consigners and small operators, and
Eastern dealers. When the govern-
ment becomes interested sufliciently to
send representatives to help the apple
industry of the Northwest, the govern-
ment paying the expenses, it is very
strange that the growers cannot see the
wisdom of co-operating and furnishing
the information requested. But never-
theless it is a fact they did not do so
during the year 191."). As long as the
growers will not co-operate among
themselves or with the government
there is no reason why they should
blame anyone but themselves when
they fail to receive proper values for
their apples. The future is before us.
Our success deiiends on ourselves. If
we assist those who are trying to assist
us — more particularly is meant in this
case the Marketing Bureau connected
with the United States government and

Myers Automatic Power
Sprny Pump

Fitted with Pressure Controller
Does not require a Relief Valve

Are you raising apples equal

Sprayed Fruit shown in this Ijurrel? If not, it's iiigh

time to get busy with your fruit
trees, and help them produce nor-
mal crops by protection through
spraying. Get a MYERS SPRAY
PUMP — They cover the entire field,
and are used successfully by leading
fruitmen and gardeners e\erywhere.

To any fruitman who hag extensive or-
chards or vineyards, Myers Easy Operat-
ing, Large Capacity, Cog Gear Hand Out-
fits or Myers Automatic Power Rigs— late
patented "construction, offer a big saving
in time, labor and material, and insure
better results than ever before. To those
who raise fruit in any quantity — Myers
Spray Pumps afford a selection to fit your
needs — a complete line of Bucket, Barrel
and Power Outfits, Nozzlea and Accessor-
ies— Proven and reliable, and equipped
with the beat fittings, ready to spray.

Write for new eataloc— just off the press, and brimful of modern Outfits
and valuable spraying information. It's free— Drop U8 a postal today, ad-
dressing Department S, No. 120 Orange Street.

^^sHi^k!<ib;oHiG6

l^AslitAN DlPU M Pr^AN P - H A\yrO£pA/0RKS '

the associations and selling concerns
that are handling our apple crop — there
is every reason to assume that we apple
growers can not only better ourselves
but that in the near future we can dis-
pose of our product for its market
value, getting full market value b\
proper distribution and able salesman-
ship. But until the fruitgrowers are
willing to do this, in fact until they do
it, they cannot look for any increase in
prices or betterment of present condi-
tions except during occasional years
when the crop is light, and therefore
prices are good.

Fruit Growers' Agency Incorporated.

This agency is the result of the excel-
lent work done by the Bureau of Mar-
kets. It is to be noted that those who
have handled the largest quantity of
apples are the associations and selling
concerns that are old and tried out,
who are showing their approval by in-
corporating the agency and becoming
alliliated as members, agreeing to act
and follow the advise, instructions and
requirements as laid down by the gov-
ernment ollicials.

Paragraph 1, "That every grower
should have the exclusive right to fix

the prices," is the ri.ffht kind of recog-
nition of the apple grower ownership
and a necessary arrangement on ac-
count of the trust laws.

Paragraph 2: (a) Good wisdom is
shown by making it the duty of the
selling concerns to co-operate for the
purpose of securing crop conditions,
(b) Good sense is also shown in the
demand for closer harmony among the
growers and selling concerns for the
pur])ose of securing uniform methods
in harvesting, grading and packing,
which are absolutely necessary in order
to standardize our present brands, (c)
No better law was ever laid ilown than
the one requiring a final date for con-
tracts, (d) .Shows an appreciation of
contlitions by recognizing the impor-
tance of conferences by the selling con-
cerns on market conditions, experiences
and mediums necessary in the sale and
distribution of the crops, (e) Improve-
ment in transiiortation, storage, etc., is
another important matter that should
never be lost sight of, but should
always command continuous attention,
(f) Calling for definite plans for the
development of various domestic and
foreign markets, whereby all selling
concerns can pool for the develojjment

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

of new outlets, is a privilege granted
by the government that should be much
appreciated, (g) L'ntler the heads of
one to seven, calling for a compre-
hensive foreign investigation; proin-r
preparation of fruit in accordance with
trade demands: supervision of the
handling of shii)mcnts so they may
reach their destination in good condi-
tion; conducting capable and reliable
foreign sales agents; expanding old
markets and developing new ones; de-
vising wa>s and means and safeguard-
ing and insuring prompt collections:
securing adetiuatc transportation facili-
ties, are all subjects of vital importance
to the fruitgrower.

If proper attention is given to these
suggestions and co-operalion of the
selling conceins obtained there is no
question but that improvements and
betterments can be secured and better
net results obtained, which is what all
apple growers need. It is what they
are asking for and demanding, there-
fore there is no excuse or reason why
these suggestions given by the govern-
ment, as outlined in this brief editorial
and more com])letely expressed and
fully explained in the article appear-
ing elsewhere in this edition, .should
not be followed out carefully, con-
scientiously and satisfactorily in ac-
cordance with the advice given, by
every selling concern, every apple
grower of the entire Northwest. In
addition, this movement should be sup-
ported by every bank and every busi-
ness man of the Northwest whose busi-
ness in any way depends on the fruit
industry, either directly or indirectly.

Other particularly valuable features
in connection with the plans outlined
appear under the following sub-para-
graphs: (b) To i)ool proceeds of sale
and share pro rata any loss or profd
that may occur in the develoijment of
new markets. (i) Referring to the
standardizing of agents' accounting
records is particularly important, (j)
An annual audit of sales records is
something every fruitgrower has been
looking for and complaining because he
did not get it. (k) Paragraph h, cover-
ing the financing of the api)lc crop, is
a necessity which every apple grower
realizes fully from past experience.
(1) Refei'ring to advancements is a
needed reform, about protection to
fruitgi-owers, which they have not en-
joyed in the past, as it does away with
the evil of title passing where advance-
ments are made.

Yakima Valley
Nursery Stock

NONE BETTER

Complete line of Fruit Trees,
Small Fruits, Ornamentals, &c.
Write for catalog and prices.

YAKIMA & COLUMBIA RIVER NURSERY CO.

NORTH YAKIMA, WASH.
A few salesmen wanted.

PROOF OF OUR LEADERSHIP

Elsewhere in this paper you will find factory advertisements
of nationally known lines of orchard and farm implements —
handled in the Northwest by us and our agents.

Myers Spray Pumps and Power Sprayers

A line we have handled for years. Wejcarry the Largest Stock
of Spray Pumps and Fittings on the Coast.

Light Draft Harrows

We assisted in \ the development of this wonderful harrow.
Nothing Like It for Orchard Cultivation.

Cutaway Harrow

We do not handle imitations. When you want a Double or
Single Action Cutaway buy the Original Clark Harrow and you
inake a safe investment.

BIRDS OF A FEATHER
FLOCK TOGETHER

Our entire line is built upon a
quality basis. Get our prices on any-
thing you need in Farmlmplements
and Supplies.

Portland, Ore.

and
Spokane, Wn.

-/

; I

- 'v-r^-^-iyrsri^i.

m

:',!

l^lVl,'!''"'"' .■■

f •'■.rcori'''"

If You
Grow Fruit

and wish to attain quick and sturdy
growth for your trees; if you want
to increase the quantity and miprove
the quality of your fruit, you should
use

BEAVER BRAND ANIMAL FERTILIZER

"A Fertilizer for Every Soil"

Contains nitrogen, phosphoric acid and

potash in the proper amount to replenish

your soil with the plant food necessary to

-lake steady growth of your trees certain

and insure quality yields.

Place a trial order today.

Address

Box 101 for free folder

Union

Meat

Company

North Portland
Oregon.

.^Il'iiluiiiin;
IS^n/iv/'/iM/..

""i

t"Mr COMPANY

^

WHEN WRITING ADVtlRTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

March

"CROWN"

THE NAME THAT STANDS FOR SAFE, SIMPLE,
EFFICIENT PRESSURE REGULATION

"Crown" Relief Valves and "Crown" Pressure Regulators

THE CROWN PRESSURE REGULATOR (shown in cut) designed by the late J. D. Wallace, and

ToTuCTioN originally called the "Wallace Pressure Regulator" was practically the "pressure regulator" designed for spraying
machines. As indicated, it is placed in the suction line. Pressure acts against the bottom of the plunger which
moves upward against reaction of spring, tending to throttle the suction. In practice, tests show that the plunger
is constantly moving up and down, slightly closing or opening the suction in proportion to the amount of liquid used.
Tests also show that this in turn affects the load on the engine. Thus power used is at all times proportioned to the
liquid used. The "CROWN" is the simplest and most efficient regulator sold, and the only one based on this prin-
ciple. See our ad in last issue on "RELIEF VALVES." Write for descriptive pamphlet.

"Crown Relief Valve," postpaid, $4.00. "Crown Pressure Regulator," postpaid, $10.00

CROWN SPECIALTY COMPANY, 1629 Washington Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois

Attention of Fruit Growers

THE 1914 apple crop brought mighty
low prices. In the year 1915 apple
growers were discouraged, many of
them were short of money, and for
these and other reasons too numerous
to mention very poor work was done
in the orchard. The fruit growers
neglected their orchard work and de-
voted all their time to agitation meet-
ings on the subject of marketing. The
result was a heavy loss from scab, cod-
ling moth and various other pests and
diseases, all due to neglect. The first
step to making money in the orchard
business is the inotluction of a clean
crop. The next step to success is ob-
taining a reasonable price. We have
marketing concerns for that i)uri)ose.
It is up to us to see that they do their
work jnoperh. But we ourselves nuist
pro( hue the clean crop. 'Iliis cannot
bo done without proper equipment and
proper materials, and therefore the
editor desires to mnke a few comments
on this sul>.)ect, callinig your attention
to e((uipnicnt i\nd materials.

* * *

Spray Outfits. — You Ciinnot do a good job of
spraying unless you have a good power outfit
to do it Willi. If you try to spray with an
out-of-date outfit or worn-out outfit your re-
sults will be poor. If you depend on your
neighbor or hire soniel)ody else to do your
spraying you will never get it done at just the
right time. Therefore the editor advises every
fruit grower w ho has not a first-class pow er
outfit to purchase one.

* * *

Codlintf Moth. — Last year the damage fi<ini
codling moth was about ,10 per cent, due to a
lack of spraying, poor *^praying, omission of
sprays, lack of thoi-onghness and poor mate-
rial. Consequently the editor advises every
grower to spray foi- codling niolh in the most
thorough manner possible, using the best
materials obtainable.

Scab. — The l<;ss from scab, sometimes called
fungus, was excessive in all orchards last
year, due principally to not spraying at the
right time or using the right material at the
right time. The (-{litor advises every fruit
grower to consult the experiment station of liis
state and obtain the latest information and
advice on this subject. An instructive article
appears in the February edition by Professor
Ilarss of the Oregon Experiment Station, who
has had a wide experience in ciuUrolIing stab.
which the editor believes to be a splendid
program. It is not ihi- intention in this para-
graph to advise the fruit grower what to snray
with or when to spray, hut the editor desires
mostly to call the attention of the fruit grower
to the fact that there are several fungicides
used for scab, among which are liordcaux.
lime and sulphur, atomic sulpluu' and soluble

sulphur. Some fruit growers have used one
of these fungicides with good success, while
others have obtained splendid results with
another. However, it must he borne in mind
that at one time of the year some of these
fungicides are dangerous, inasmuch as they
are likely to cause a russeting, while others at
certain times of the year are not sutliciently
effective for scab. The editor believes that the
best kind of a program for scab would be to
use the right fungici<le at the right time; that
is, using the 1 ungicide w Iiicli \\ oukl be the
best control for scab at each particular season,
with the least danger of russeting.
* * *
Small Fr»i/.s-. —Every fruit grower in the
countiy realizes the necessity of m^it being de-
pendent upon a single crop. While there are
many lines of diversity which the fruit grower
can engage in along wilh orcharding, such as

dairying, hogs, truck gardening and bees. Pro-
fessor Lewis very intelligently advises the fruit
grower to diversify by growing more kinds of
fruit instead of being dependent on the apple
alone. Small fruits have always paid exceed-
ingly well and therefore the attention of the
fruit grower is called to some of the following
small fruits which have been exceedingly prof-
itable: Strawberries, blackberries, raspberries,
loganberries, gooseberries and currants.

* * *

lirown Aphi.s. — This pest causes an immense
loss every year in deformed apples, and, by
the way, the loss is far greater than most fruit
groweis are aware. The most generally used
epray for the control cf aphis, and one which
has given satisfactory results if applied at the
right time, in the riglit way, is tobacco extract.

* * *

Dairifing. — Since the growers have found
that orchards suffer from clean cultivation,
they have gone extensively into cover crops,
sowing alfalfa and clover in the orchard, from

Fire Blight Destroys
Thousands of Trees

FIRE BLIGHT OF THE APPLE

IS SPREAD BY APHIS

APHIS CHECKS GROWTH OF TREES

APHIS CAUSES LEAVES TO CURL

APHIS DEFORMS FRUIT

DESTROY APH!S WITH

"BLACK LEAF 40"

1^^

Guaranteed 40^ Nicotine

^ Your dealer wiil furnish you this j

^etFc'Ctive insecticide in concen^^ated j

^form — 200 gallons of spray f rom ^

^the 2-lb. can costs $2.50—1.000^

ppllons from the 10-lb. can j

i^ costs §10.75. If he will

^^not supply you we willj

j^send it to you, express J

^prepaid, upon receipt^

^of price. Write forj

Free Bulletins to

the address

below.

MhM

IWOTINE-SULPHATE

2PouiiD5Pritt$?-5!

MAKES Zoo GALS.
EFFECTIVE SPRAV.

VKci1u(h|Wiifb5ucbC(

u)u»niu,KtmgcKl.

BLACK LEAF 40

- 40% Nicotine -

ffAc KENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO.

iNcoRj*onA.Tc:o

LOUISVIULE, KENTUCKY.

WHKS WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

2<)l6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 25

>\liich a good crop of hay tan be produccti
each ycai-. This \\ill inahic the fruit fjidwor
not only to keep enou';h co^\ s to sup|)ly milk
and butlci- lor his own family use. but also
give some an opportunity to take care of a few
more and secure some extra inc(>me without
extra expense. Therefore we suggest that you
consult the experiment station in reference to
a selection of stock, e<iuipment, etc., that are
necessary to conduct the dairying business
successfully.

* * *

Spnni //o.se.— Every fruit grower who has
done much spraying has had the experience of
finding one length of hose perhaps would last
a season and even longer, while others would
burst before the season was over. Therefore
we advise the fruit growers to be particular in

25 Per Cent
Reduction

ON ALL Apple, Pear, Peach,
Prune, Plum, Cherry, Apricot,
Nut, Shade and Ornamental
Trees, Berry Bearing Plants,
Flowering Shrubs, Vines, Hedge
Plants, Roses, etc., etc.

We Need Room in Our
Nurseries for Spring
Planting

All Stock Clean, Healthy and

Thrifty. Grown on virgin soil,
tuo years from sage brush.

Most Complete Stock in the

Northwest from which to select.

All Stock True to Name

Send to Jay [or Special Price List
and Descriptive Catalog

0. & F. Nursery Co.

Box 217 K

Wapato, Wash.

Windfall Apples and Culls Cost as
Much to Grow as Sound Apples

' ' wholly unnt-cessary. because tht'y

nto GOOD

Then why

can be turned int.. Big Profits l>v makinK th
MARKETABLE CIDER <>n Mount
Gilead Hydraulic Cider Presses.

Any size ii]* in mn
We also maki' < '-.'l
Evaporators, Appk' iiutt<
ers. Vinegar Gener-
ators, Filters, etc.

Write
Today
for
Catalog

-flT^l^

THE HYDRAUI.H- PRESS MFC. CO.

60 Lincoln Avenue, MT. GILEAD, OHIO

I*acific Coast Represenfatives

THE BKRGER & CARTER CO.

17th and Mississippi Sts. San Francisco. California

HIGH-PRESSL'RE Spraying is plus
spraying — itisJOO'^ ejficient. High
Pressure completely atomize.sthe solution
into a penetrating, fog-like mist that seeks
out and adheres to ex'ery particle of foli-
age. It reaches protected pests that lurk
in the innermost crevices of the bark,
under bud scales and beneath the sta-
mens of apple blossoms, and easily controls
those on the outside surface. Mere "sprink-
ling" at low pressure will not give practical
control.

Not only does High-Pressure Spraying insure
a better quality of fruit hut requires less solu-
tion, less time to apply, hence lessened cost.
A High-Pressure Power Sprayer will pay you
bigger dividends than any other orchard
investment you can make.

HAYES Power Sprayers are tested to 500
lbs. and are giiaraiileed to develop 300 lbs.
working pressure. They are built for con-

SrnaU Power Cprayer

m n. P.
no Gallon
Tank

stant operation at high pressure and enduring
service. This not only requires the most
thorough mechanical construction but the
highest grade materials, hose and fittings.

50 STYLES

Large and small
Hand .and Power
Sprayers for orchards, field crops, shade trees,
hops, poultry, disinfecting, painting, farm,
home and garden use. Complete outfits or
separate spray pumps, hose, nozzles, fittings,
bamboo rods, etc.

WRITE! SendpostalforFREEBOOK32on

High-Pressure Spraying and 64-page Catalog.

HAYES PUMP & PLANTER CO., GALVA, ILLINOIS

SO STYLES
Hand or Power
Sprayers for
Small or Large
Orchards.

tiaiid Sprayer

SOO Lbs
Pressure Guaranteed

15,000 PEAR TREES

Mostly Anjou and Bartlett

Also Other Varieties

Extra fine trees, clean and well grown. Can make you very attractive prices.
We have al.so a general line of nursery stock.

CHRISTOPHER NURSERIES, Christopher, Washington

Iheir seleelion of spray liose. There are firms
which miilie :i s|>ccinlly cif inanufaeluring hose
for spi;i\inK "Utflls :inil whicli will stand
pressure without bursliuK and Rive a reason-
able nniouni of wear, lie sure In nrl a Rood
make of spray liose.

« * *
Kabcls. — Consumers are today nuieh more
exacting and piirtieularly more so than they

were ;i fuw > ears :iRi). Tliey arc demanding
their supplies in sanitai-y packages, in which
alhaeliveness is a big factor. Therefore we
advise every fruil glower never In ship a box
of apnles wilhiuit an allraetive label on the
end of tlie l>nx.

* * *
fiarden Seeds. — F.very fruil grower should
raise a siiflicieiit amount of garden stufT for

Pagc

BETTER FRUIT

March

The SprayThat Sticks

Adheso

Pjo U 3 Pai •

Insecticide— Tonic— Fungicide

WHEN other spray materials fail to do
their work, because rain washed
them off, "ADHESO" STICKS, kilhng
the CodHng Moth and preventing the
Scab, Apple Blotch and Bitter Rot, be-
cause IT STAYS WHERE IT IS
NEEDED and does not wash off on the
ground.

"ADHESO" GAVE 99". CLEAN FRUIT
THIS YEAR, the worst in fifteen years
for Codling Moth and Scab.

Write for details and means for mak-
ing the STANDARD TEST FOR ADHE-
SION.

"Triangle" Brand Arsenate of Lead

The reason why our Arsenate of Lead
costs more than others, was shown this
year. Askthegrowers whoused it. Thev
DID NOT LOSE 50;, to 75 , by WORMY
APPLES. It is not the COST PER POUND
but RESULTS IN CLEAN FRUIT THAT
COUNT.

Ansbacher .A. Insecticide Co.i...

^J

527 Fifth Ave.. NEW YORK CITY

We can quote you surprisingly
low prices on

NATIONAL

Wood Stave Pipe and Tanks

Now is the time to install irriga-
tion and water systems. Write us
today for our special service cov-
ering your particular problem.

Address Dept. J

National Tank & Pipe Co.

275 Oak Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Dust Spraying Successful

Prut(-;sor Ik.tiJilil lUMilii'li of c.jniell Uiiivi.'rsity. after
exttnsive tests, lias provcii lii.iL dusliiiu successfully
controls the fungous diseases and insect pests of the
apple orcliard. The machine used by Professor Red-
dick in all hi-s experimeiils and tests is the

IDEAL POWER DUSTING OUTFIT

Vk"nU it two iiifii and ;i ti-'aiii ran -sriray more trees
thorouglily in one day tiian three men and a team can
in five to ten days with liquid sprayers. A saving of
time and labor of at least 60% to To'Tc in either small
or large onwards.

Dtist spraying is cheaper— quicker — -easier. Anybody
can do it and it takes less labor and equipment than
any other known method.

FREE: — Write today for complete information re-
garding the tests and results obtained by Professor
Reddick and the booklet "The Turn in the Road."
Also desc-riptive catalog of dust sprayers. Leani more
about this cheaper, more etfecfive method of spraying.
All the information is free and yours for the asking.
Just send ns a postcard today.

DUST SPRAYER MFG. CO.
1415 SI. Louis Ave., Kansas City, Mo.

Alsii manufac-
turers of Dust
Sprayers for eveo'
purpose ^ both
hand and power.
Write for free
descriplivc oircu-
l;ir of Dusters
for liups, Vine-
yards, Polato&s,
Cotldn and Corn.

liis home use, at least, and in addition to this
there are many who are engaging in trnck
gardening to a moderate extent at least, and
bringing in considerable extra money. There-
Core "Belter I'ruit" advises I'ruit growers to
give this matter consideration.

* * *

Harness. — I'rom now on until spring time,
on account of bad weather conditions, fruit
growers will l)e unable to work in the orchard
lo any great extent. Therefore this spare time
should be devoted to putting every loot and
everj' article on the ranch in first-class condi-
tion, preparatory for sjiring work. Every
grower should wash and clean his harness, nil
it and put it in first-class condition.

S/jrnyi/i(/.^Spraying is worse than working
in the rain for getting wet, because all sprays
are more or less nasty and spoil a suit of
clothes very quickly. A good rubber overcoat
or slicker is a great protection, both in the wet
and to your clothes.

Orchard CnUivalion. — You cannot do a good
job of cultivating unless you have the right
kind of tools to do it with. There are a num-
ber of manufacturers making orchard imple-
ments. From these you can get circulars and
price lists if there is anything you need in
that line.

* * *

Walnuts. — Waliuits have drme exceedingly
well in Willamette Valley, and from the few-
trees planted on the home grounds throughout
Yakima and Wenatchee it is evident that they
will succeed well in these two districts. Wal-
nuts are paying the growers a splendid profit.
Fruit growers should set a few walnut trees
for home use at least, and there will be no
trouble in disposing of the surplus, at least
for some time to come, in your local towns
and cities.

Tractors.— A number of the larger orchard-
ists have found that a tractor is a big factor in
the orchard business, both in efTiciency and
econom>'. To all those w ho have good sized
orchards we suggest they look into the matter
of tractors.

* * *

Gasoline Engines.— 'Tht' gasoline engine has
become a necessity on every farm. They are
now used instead of horses and hand pow er
for many purposes, like pumping water, saw-
ing wood, feed cutting and spraying. There
are a number of makes of gasoline engines.
Be sure you purchase a good one that will
save you money. With the use of gasoline on
the farm, the quantity of gasoline used has
increased very rapidly and very extensively.
The editor knows that too many fruit growers
buy their gasoline in five-gallon cans. A big
saving may be mnde if you purchase gasoline
in fifty-gallon drums.

* * *

Stump Pullers. — A few years ago clearing
land was very expensive and the job was
poorly (Ir)ne. for the reason that it was Ixith
dilTicult to do and costly to get the stumps out
of the groimd with all of their roots. There
are a ntimbei- of gond stump pullers now on
the market, which not only enable the fruit
grower and farmer to clear land a great deal
quicker, but to do the job much better and at
much less expense.

* * 4:

Pruning .S'/tear.s. ^Pruning is one of the jobs
that every fruit grower should be very partic-
ular to do well. To do this it retjuires a good
pruning shears, one that will make clean cuts
and close to the collar. Therefore we advise
our fruit growers to obtain the best possible
shears for this purpose. There are many good
ones on the market.

* * *

From time to time "Better Fruit" will
continue it.s suf-'Mestion.s about etinip-
ment .'tnd methods itnd entlenvor to put
the fruit tirowcr.s in touch with the best
people in these respective lines. Prices
have been constantly advancing in
nearly all lines during the last few
months and there is every reason to
assume that prices will continue to ad-
vance for some time to come, and for
how long no one can tell at oresent.
Blue vitriol has gone from 7 to 20 cents
per pound; there will be an advmice in
arsenate of lead. An>lhing that you
may want lo use this year is likely to
go up in price, as nearly all prices are

Deep Seedbeds
Properly Prepared

— That's what you get when you use
the deep-cutting, double-turning, level-
ing and compacting

''"Acme" Pulverizing Harroiv

"The coulters do the work"— you should see
them mix the soil, cut clods, woeds and trash
and make the whole into a firm yet mellow seed-
btdseveral inchesdeep. The"Acme" issimple,
durable and easy to pull. Sizes 3 ft. to 17 1-2 ft.
■wide. Thousandsinuse. Stud forbouklet now,

Duane H. Nasb Inc.

345 East %^,-mj.^ Portland

Morrison St. jfT Oregon

No. 23 %si\ 6'2ft.wide

^^3J

«

L<2irC0 MAGGOTS

A wonderfully successful spray for
destroying: maggots, grubs and worms
which infest TURNIPS, RADISHES.
BEETS. RUTABAGAS. CAULIFLOWER.
CABBAGE. ONIONS, etc., and also rec-
ommended for combatting crown borers
in STRAWBERRIES.

This remedy has been tried out at
Experiment Stations by Horticultural
Inspectors and leading giowers. who are
highly pleased with results.

For Sale by All Leading Seed Houses
on Pacific Coast. Ask for It.

Manufactured ONLY by

Standard Chemical Company

TACOMA. WASHINGTON
( Send for Circular)

CONNECTING
FERBELTOB
12 FT PRUNEH

CONNECTING
F£RR£LFOR
9 FT PRUNER

Bastian
Sectional
Pruners

Compound Leverage. Superior to
all other Pruners for Speed and
Durability. Three Pruners in One.
Can use 6-foot for young trees;
two minutes to add 3-foot section
for a 9-foot pruner; if large trees
add last section; you have then a
12-foot Pruner. price $2.25.

If not in stock by your dealer.
mail us $2.25 and we'll deliver your
Pruner at your postoffice from
nearest stock.

We also have all lengths of One-
Piece Bastian Pruners. Shears and
Pickers, Orchard Ladders, etc.
Prices on application.

Northwest

Fence and Supply

Company

Exclusive Distributors tor H.istKin Pruning Tools
372-374 E.Oak St., Portland. Ore.

WHEN WRITING .\DVERT!SERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2'j

The Alpha Automatic
Power Sprayer

FITTED WITH

The Alpha Automatic
Pressure Governor

ELIMINATES unnecessary wear and tear on
botli the engine and the pump.

THE PUMP STOPS when nozzles are dosed.

No liquid being pumped except it is forced
through the nozzles.

NO RELIEF VALVE or diaphragm for the spray
material to corrode and get out of order.

THE AUTOMATIC PRESSURE GOVERNOR is

a simple arrangement of a combined lever and
spring on each plunger connecting rod, which,
when the pressure reaches a predetermined
limit, automatically discontinues the operation
of the pump without interrupting the driving
power, again permitting it to resume operation
when the pressure falls below the point at which
it has been set.

THIS INSURES SAFETY, secures uniform pres-
sure and eliminates unnecessary wear (no liquid
pumped except it passes through the nozzles).
The pressure relief is not dependent on the oper-
ation of a sluggish or defective relief valve, but
is positive and mechanical, thus making it im-
possible to run the pressure up to the danger
point.

BUILT IN ALL SIZES from a 2x3-inch pump
and a 150-gallon tank to a2''3x3-inch pump and
a •JDU-gallon tank. (Either Duplex or Triplex.)

Send for catalog and prices.

De Laval Dairy Supply Co.

SAN FRANCISCO SEATTLE

Everything for the Dairy

Walnuts

Are Dollars

Plant a Walnut Grove

that will grow into Dollars while you
sleep. The Vrooman Franquette bears
at 3 years and sells for 25 cents per
pound, is smaller than an apple and
sells for more money. Get in with the
tide and get rich. At 4U feet apart, it
takes only 28 trees to the acre. Is
cheaper than an apple orchard to plant,
and makes your land more valuable.

True Vrooman Franquette Walnut
Trees at Bargain Prices, at

M IRA- MONTE
NURSERY

SAN JOSP:, CALIFORNIA

sleailily increasing. Therefore the fruit
grower who is in need of anything, or
will l)c in neetl, will do well to pur-
chase Ihe quantity he feels suie he will
use early in the season, taking advan-
tage of the present prices, before any
further advance occui's.

Original Reflections by the Editor

The man who succeds in the world is the
one who p.Tys attention to business.

* * *

"The early bird catches the worm." In apple
growing (he early spray catches the worm.

* « 4:

Raising fruit is a business requiring busi-
ness nietliods, system, elllciency and economy.

* * *

".V dillar, a dollar, a ten o'clock scholar,"
will never succeed in apple growing.

* * *

The worm hole in your neighbor's apple
looks twice as large as yours.

* * *

If you know when you know anil know
when you don't know, you have learned a big
lesson.

* * *

Every one of the associations could get
splendid prices for apples if "the other fel-
lows" did not "cut prices."

* * *

Popularity, demand and continued demand
for a brand can only be obtaineil by making
it uniforndy good and continuing to do so.

* * *

Who is the boss? You or the grader? If
you are the boss, don't blame the grader if
your grade is not up to requirements.

* * *

Don't be a quitter — General Grant won the
Civil War because he did not know when he
was licked.

* * *

If more growers hauled more loads of
apples to the vinegar factory, we apple grow-
ers would make more money.

* * *

The apple grower cannot afford to stove-
pipe his box any more than he can afford to
wear a stove-pipe on his head.

* * *

"Did you ever see a purple cow? No, I
nevei' saw a purple cow, but I am sure I'd
rather see one than be one." Did you ever
see an apjilc grower who couldn't sell his
apples better than the other fellow? No, I
never saw one, but I am sure I'd rather see
one than be one.

* * * -

In the apple business, there is only one thing
which is certain; that is, Uncertainty.

* * *

"Here conies the bogey man; if yon don't
look oul he'll catch you." In the fruit busi-
ness, there are a lot of bogey men, — codling
moth, scale, scab, etc. Look out or they will
catch you in 1916.

* * *

"United we stand, divided we fall." The
language of the illustrious patriot, Patrick
Henry, is a lesson the fruitgrowers must learn.

* * #

Don't kick. Any darned fool can do that.
A mule is a kicker; don't be a mule. Kicking
is destructive, not cnnstriu-tive.

What the fruit industry needs is con-
sti'uctive, not destructive, work.

A Serious Error

Farniei-s make a very serious mistake
in failing to destroy Ihe squirrel, gopher
and i)i;iirie dog pests at the proper time.
In using treated grain as a destroyer of
rodent i)ests it should be borne in mind
that the creatures are not grain eaters
except and only at Ihe time they awaken
from their long winter's sleep. With
the first real breath of spring the\-
awaken, and, ravenou.s for food, will
quickly take the i)oisoned grain. At
this lime the poison is trebly elTective
by reason of their famisheil comlition.
.\,s .soon, however, as the succuleni
gi-ass roots apjjear Ihe elTecliveness of
Ibo dry food decreases, for Ihe pests
divide their attention, ;ind biter ignore
Ihe grain enlirelv.

"FRIEND" QUEEN

Queen of All Sprayers

Drive up and back the same row if you want to—
turns short. Low center of gravity- can't over-
turn. High pressure Motor-Pump -easy of access.

The great California and Northwest favorite.

The most practical and efficient power sprayer
on earth. Hundreds in use. Backed bv "FRIEND"
reputation.

"Have used my QUEEN three years. If I were
to buy fifty power sprayers all would be"FRIEND"
QUEEN." So says A. J. Service, of Youngstown.
N. Y., where last year $3,000 "FRIEND" Power
Sprayers were sold. Sales this year already far in
excess and will double.

"FRIEND" is the dealers favorite.

"FRIEND" MOTOR-PUMP.

A Money Maker

Don't waste another mmule in the orchard with
that heavy, cumbersome, troublesome engine
and pump, when you can

Equip YOUR Sprayer

with this HIGH PRE.SSl'RK pumping unit and

Spray as You Never Sprayed.

FEATURES: AUTO type motor in SOLID,
COMPACT unit with HIGH PRESSURE plunger
pump having QUICK detachable valve seats.
QUICK accessible and adjustable packing.
LINIQUE pressure regulator. Motor and Pump
now liave new simplified automatic oiling system.
SCHEBLER carburator. HIGH CLASS, built to a
scale throughout. DIRECT connected to
"FRIEND" propeller agitator in your own tank.
Motor-pumps made in three sizes. Thousands in
use on celebrated "FRIEND" outfits. We make
exchanges. Tell what vou have and want.

"FRIEND" UNIQUE

PRESSURE

REGULATOR

Stop That
Waste

Positive action with
anv desired pressure.
QUlCKchangeofSOIbs.
and B Y - P A S S by
HANDY LEVER.
Works on ANY POW-
ER SPRAYER, We
make exchanges. Sat-
isfaction guaranteed.

•.\NGLE" Nozzle.

Hundreds sold
this year in North-
west.

MimtifacturorH

TRUE "FRIEND"

hiind mill power sprjiy-

ei-a .-inil aooissiiriis.

Use "FRIEND"

guaranteed
SPRAY HOSE

Write tcicliiy.

"Friend" Mfg. Co., casport.N.Y.

WHEN' WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Pen

BETTER FRUIT

March

Moneymaking in
Fruitgrowing

The fundamental requirement for making it is a Thorough Knowledge of the Job.

Nineteen men, each an expert on his subject have each written a booklet,
and the nineteen bound together in one volume form THE MOST THOR-
OUGH AND HANDIEST REFERENCE on the market anywhere.

Published in the interest of BETTER TREES, BETTER MARKETS,
BETTER RETURNS FOR THE FRUITGROWER -not for profit.

SENT PREPAID ANYWHERE FOR $5.00

Address: Department B

ALBANY NURSERIES, Albany, Oregon

BOA VISTA RANCH

ofacetvlCfe.Ccsf.

FRiDEorMULTNOMAH

BIG VICTORY FOR OREGON
"Piide of MultiioiiKih" pokito won first prize
at the .San Kraiicisco Fair for the best aere of
potatoes grown in California. Anotlier evi-
denee of Oregon's agrienlluial supremaiv is a
lettei- and a photogiaph .just received bv the
Portland Seed Company of Portland froiii the
owners of the Boa Visia Ranch at Plaeerville,
California. The photograph shows a coiner
of the acre of potatoes which won first prize in
the slate conipelition for llie best acre of pota-
toes grown in California.

Mr. E. H. Phreaner, one of the owners of the
Boa VisIa Ranch, w rites : "We are very pleased
with the i-esults obtained from the seed l"Pride
of Multnomah" and ".Snow") and will be in
the market for several cars of seed potatoes.
Hav just received word that our exhibil of

GROW \ Sl,!;i) POTATOES

polatoes at the Panama-Paeifle International
Exposition won the grand prize."

Boa Vista Ranch also won the competition
for the best acre of potatoes — 7!)0 bushels of
clean, healthy stock: "Pride of Multnomah."
The "Pride of Mullnomali" is one of the stan-
tiard varieties of potatoes grown in Oregon. It
has been grown in Oiegon for seven years, and
many experts regard il as in every way the
best potato for Western Oregon. It has been
shipped to all parts of the United States for
seed purposes, and only excellent reports have
been received. Its signal honors von in Cali-
fornia now give it olheial recognition as the
very head of the list. This potato is well
known among most Oregon glowers, and is
popuhn- because of its heavy yielding qualitiis.

SELLING MADE EASY

The Labels Have Attracted His Attenton

RESLLT-MAIL ORDER

label Users Increase Sales
And Cut Down Expenses

SEND FOR SAMPLES

We Have labels
For Everything

United Litiio & Printing Cos.

^>edouI^u^;i Hldii.

ROCHESTER, N. \.

ItisTimetoQuit
Playing Politics

and Get to
Selling Apples

Tliu epidemic of co-operaUve marketing
and annual sales agencies and distribu-
tor.', .leenis to be dying out because of
the "Inherent defects" of their systems.

If you are considering independent
marketing or want to know any more
about bow you can do your own business
liirect with Eastern commission mer-
ihants and brokeis — provided you have
.■^ufflcienl l;uslness education and intelli-
.^'ence to use correctly the same facilities
that have been successfully used by
other shippers in your section — if you
are possessed of these ciualifications and
of an ambition to. get the best results
from j-our own and your neighbor's crop.
write us for full particulars and we will
srive you a long list of associations and
independent operators who will tell you
that the big Blue Book and the plans of
the service, of wliicli it is only a part, is
the most effective, up-to-date assistant
that you can get.

Our organization lias expended sixteen
long years of strenuous labor and a.i"ound
one million dollars in building up an
efiuipment. the benefits of which you can
s;et for a very trifling fee. whicli will
permit you to do your business your own
way — consisn. sell on track, f.o.b. or cus-
tomary terms of draft on B/L — do it any
way you want to. yet do it safely by
avoiding undesirable traders of all classes
who are to'ing to secure contracts for
your tonnage. Let them wait until fall.
They will be glad to contract with you
then. On the other hand, you may be able,
b\' that time, to do your own business.

Send for our handsome 14-page Photo-
Calendar, which contains extracts from
Trading rules, grades and law of com-
merce that appear in the big Blue Book.
It is valuable from an educational and
reference view-point and will cost you
nothing. Wh-en you send for it, please
tell us how you are situated, that we
may be able to tell you exactly what
special features of our different forms of
service will particularly apply to your
leiiuirements.

Produce
Reporter Company

212 W. Washington Street

Chicago, Illinois

its uniformity and its fine grain. It is an ideal
baking anil boiling potato. It is also famous
lor its keei)ing tpialilies.

Ihe Porllanil Sied Company, who are the
producers of Ibis sphudid variety, are cer-
tainly to be cougiatulated. The Slate of Ore-
gon won inaelically all Ihe agricullural honors
at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. This is
just another demonstration of Northwestern
superiority, which we at home are Ihi' last to
] calize.

Gri
Ira

No
the

dire
Ihrc
up :
ilid

he Board of Directors of the Millon Fruit
w ers' Co-Opel alive I'uion executed a con-
■I for haiKlling their lillC crop Ihrough Ihe
lliwestcrn I'ruil lixchange. This is one of
old associations of the NorlhwesI that has
keled in vai'ious ways before, selling
cl, selling to indixidual buyers and als<i
High the Distriliulors. The association puts
I pack of prunes which have won a splen-
reputalioii for their quality.

U'IH:n whiting .\DVERTISERS mention IILTTER TRIUT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2g

Dow Arsenate of Lead Paste

is the most economical and satisfactory brand of Arsenate of Lead offered on the market. Its high chemical
analysis, combined with exceptionally fine physical properties, makes it by far the most widely used Lead
in the United States. Our phenominal sales of Dow Arsenate of Lead are a result of the highest quality
combined with the right price. Let us quote you and send you literature or samples of the material if
desired. This season more than any other in the past you should place your orders early because of the
possible freight congestion and the fact that Lead Arsenate is scarce, consequently higher prices will pre-
vail. We are in better position than ever to make prompt shipment and quick deliveries. Let us serve you.

Ihe Dow Chemical Company,Midland,Michigan,U.S. A.

Nitrogen and Apples — Nitrogen A Stimulant

By Professor R. W. Allen, Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon

A SERIES of experiments were
started in February, 1914, in the
Hood River Valley to determine
the eompariitive vahie of diderent ele-
ments of soil fertility upon the vigor
of growth and productivity of fruit
trees that had been kept continuously
under clean culture since the lime of
planting. As the land was ])ractically
devoid of nitrogen and organic matter,
the medium in which most of the soil
nitrogen is to be found, a considerable
portion of Ihe work was devoted to
tests of the value of nitrogen. This
element was applied in various ways.
A type of soil known as Hood Silt,
which predominates upon the east side
of the valley, was chosen for the work.
The orchards had been continuouslv

clean cultivated since ijlanting. The
trees were of the Spitzenberg variety
about 16 years of age. The plats in-
cluded twenty trees each and were
selected under the most nearly uniform
conditions possible. The experiment in
one orchard was a duplicate of the
work conducted in the other except
that a small amount of caustic soda
was mixed in the nitrate solution
applied to one and an equal ([uantity of
caustic ijotash to the other.

The first season, lf)14, the applica-
tions were not all made at the same
time. As a result it was observed that
the earliest applications, which were
made March 17. exerted a marked in-
fluence uijon the vigor of the trees
throughout the season, while the later

TABLE 1 — Showing the set of fruit ami yielti of fruit, its size, the length and width of
terminal gr()A\ th. and size of Icav<s on dieck plat and plats fertilized with nitrate of soda.

Plat i

Plat 2

Nitrate

Soda Solution

Sprai/ed

Onto Trees.

tSxcess Fell

to (iround

6%

6%

1.08

2.16

70.

890

08.0
37., •}
lit.
10.09

.■> . 3
8.11
.17a

1 . S.')

21.01
11.87
?,:i . .52

7.8
1 1.8

Checl;

Plat. Clean

Cuttnre

Treatment of Plttl.t for IS Year.s

Nitrate applied 1911, gallons None

Nitrate applied 191.5, gallons None

.\niouut nili'ttgen applied eaeh year, lbs None

Total nitrogen applied per tree, lbs None

Total nitrogen api)lied per acre, lbs None

Number of blossom twigs counted 183

Per eeiit fruit set on counted twigs —

.lunc 4 3.-) . .^

September 30 16.1

* Average yield of note trees, loose boxes 3.7.")

Average yield per tree, loose boxes .9

Size of fruit —

17.")-1.tO per box, per cent 76.24

138-112 pir box, per cent 18.32

100 per box and larger, per cent .') . 13

Average length of terminal growth —

1913, inches " "

191 I, inches

191i>, inches

v Diameter of terminal growth

.Size of leaves —

Length, inches

Width, inches

* Trees with heavy set of blossoms weic seleiteil fnc Ihi
as nearly iniif<)rni as P'issilile.

■;■ Measuretl two illelKs abii\e 111;' Ijase.

i Pounds.

TAULK 2 — Showing eoiiipaialivi Unglli il liimiiKil KiciWlh and size of foliage of trees

sprayed with nitrate soUilioii o\('r canvas and til In-e liberally sjMayed with the same solution

on ground and tree.

Diam. Termi- Size of

nal Growth. Foliage.

l.entilli Terminal Growth, //ic/ic.v Inehci. fOt.i

Treatment t,f Tree 1911 1912 1913 1911 191.T

Check trees, no fertilizer — average of

two trees

Nitrate of soda, one pound to one gal-
lon, sprayed on tree and excess kept
off ground— two trees 11. 8. 7.") 6.0 3.8.') 3.

Very weak tree liberally sprayed with

nitrate solution on tree and soil.... 11.6 10.3 18 2.2 1.').

Average of nitrate plats (2, 3, 4) '>13 6.01 II.

2.8
1.65
determinali

Plat 3

S Urate
Soda Solu-
tion Put
on Ground
6%
6%
1.08
2.16
70.
.->12

68.0
30.7
21.. 5
9.97

22.61
29.13
18.23

1 . .")ll
16.20

2.2
!..■>

Plat

Xitrate Soda
Cryslal.'i
Spread
on Groumt
i6%
i6»i
1.08
2.16
70.
791

82 . 6
:! I . (i
17.
10.01

8 . 28
21.71

rs.lo

6 , 1 .")
.-).S0
1 1 . 00
.221

2 . 7;')
1 . 60

)n to render conditions

6.7

.■).3.-)
3 . 8.')

1.-)

Length

«•

,tlh

18

2.2.-)

1

3.-)

13

2 32

1

16

20
221

2.40
2.. 58

1
1

:)8

applications, some of which were made
May 7 and 19, did not appear to atTect
the trees until near the close of the
growing season. The work was re-

Jrees

DONT Uhe chances
wUh ywjr yoang trees.
One r«bt>H will kill many
n ■ itn^le night. Mice and
cut worma will damage and
deiiroy them ti you don t protect them.
Get doHara' worth of protec
lion of a cent coat by using

llaiiiKes/e 3|p

TreeProtectorj' Mv

Absolute protection sgainst gnawers
and borers. ' Prevent trees from
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tivator or lawn mower Made of elm
veneer, chemically treated. Easily put
on artd will last until tree is beyond

necdinf protection Don t wait until some
of yot/T treea arc billed— order Hawkeye
Prot«aors now. Regular sue 10 inches
wMe. 10 inches high Pnce m lots of 106 —
I cent apiece, in lots of 1000 — ?'« cent
apiece. Special sizes made to ofd«r.
Write for ctrcular and samples.

Wt mattt Fruit Batketi — gel our prica.

Burlington Basket Company

I 188 MaioSt^ Burbngton. lowTB .

Healthy

Trees

Perfect Apples

%vhen you spray with

"SCALECIDE

V9

-the sp-ay th-il's endorsed the country over
as "The one great dormant spray." Mixed 1
to 15, it kills every scale it reaches or you get
your money back. Guarantee with every pack-
age. It's easily prepared, non-corrosive and j
non-clogging. Ibbl. equals 3bbls. '.iine sul-
phur. Destroys eees, larvae and fungi in
dormant siate. Simple, safe, economical.
Send for free booklet, "Scalecide, th- l"
er. " \\'rite today, to Dept. D

B. G. PRATT CO.

so Church St.. New York City

Portland Seed Co.

PORTLAND, OREGON
NORTHWESTERN AGENTS

PRATT'S "SCALECIDE"

WHEN WRITING AUVEUT ISHKS .MENTION UlLTTLB FRUIT

Page ?o

BETTER FRUIT

March

Cleans churns, hygienically
— purifies every part and
leaves no greasy film

Old Dutch

Planet Jr. ltfi?fv'"a^S

plants and cultivates in half the time

It takes drudgery out of garden work, and gets bigger, bet-
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This No. 4 Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, Wheel-
Hoe, Cultivator and Plow pays for itself in a single s<;ason and
lasts a lifetime. Sows all garden seeds (in drills or hills) ,
plows, opens furrows and covers them, hoes and cidtivates
easily and thoroughly all through the season. 30 other ,
seeders and wheel hoes — various prices. k

New 72-page Catalog (1S4 illustrations) free!
Describes over 70 tools, including 12 entirely new ones,
and improvements to our Seeders, VVheel-Hoes, Har-
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postal for it today!

S L Allen & Co BoxIlOeU Philadelphia

We carry stock in San Francisco

and Los Angeles.

Agencies in all principal PacificCoast cities.

Mulconroy K!c Spray Hose

LIGHT

Weighs 6 oz. to foot.

STRONG

Tested to 2,000 lbs.

FLEXIBLE

Will coil in 3 in. circle.

Can't Kink, Twist,

Burst, Collapse

or Ciiafe

Protected against kinking, hard knocks, sharp turns, dragging over rough surfaces
and other outside abuse. Tube especially compounded to resist the action of the oily
and corrosive liquids and powders used in spraying.

Full capacity always, because HOSE CANNOT KINK.

When e(iuippcd with Mulconroy High Pressure Couplings, it makes THE STRONG-
EST HOSE MADE. Ask for No. 47 Folder.

J. W. GOEBEL,'Factory Representative, Route No. 3, Salem, Oregon

E. A. FRANZ CO., Hood River, Oregon

peated in 1915, all application.s being
made at tlie same time, March 13 and
1!) respectively, upon the two orchards.
An atlditional plat was adtled to the
experiment this season, designed to
strengthen the work in determining if
there is a perceptible invigorating in-
fluence upon the tree resulting from
api)l\ ing nitrate of soda to the branches
and i)reventing its reaching the roots
upon falling to the ground.

From the long-continued practice of
clean culture in the orchards in the
valley has resulteil a seriously depleted
supply of organic matter and nitrogen
in the soil. With the loss of organic
matter and increase in size and demand
of the trees, drouth as well as short-
age of nitrogen has contributed to the
serious weakening of many fruit trees.
This process had advanced to such an
extent in some of the older and more
persistently cultivated orchards that
the trees had for some time been very
yellow in appearance, weak and un-
productive. A heavy crop of blossoms,
that were weak in character and much
under normal size, usually appeared
each spring, but only a small number
were able to develop and iiroduce fruit.
.\lthough the trees were known to be
badly in need of nitrogen as a constit-
uent of the soil, it was decided, upon
taking up fertilizer work, to find if the
methods of spraying trees with nitro-
gen reported b\- Ballard and Volck as
having increased production were of
practical and economic value for the
conditions existing in the Hood River
\'alley. For this purpose it was neces-
sary to determine if the presence of
nitrate of soda ujjon the branches
exerted a beneficial influence, or if the
resull came entirely from the excess
of the spray which fell to the ground,
conveying its nitrogen to the roots of
the trees. It was for this purpose that
nitrate of soda was applied to the trees
and ground in the manner described
above.

As space will not permit all the im-
portant data being given for both
experiments, from which very similar
results were derived, only the one
giving the most striking results will be
discussed. The plats were treated as
follows: (1) Check plat, no fertilizer.
(2) Nitrate of soda, 1 pound per gallon
of water, applied to the tree in form of
spray, the excess being allowed to fall
to the ground. (3) Same solution as
applied to the trees in No. 2 applied to
the ground about the trees. (4) Nitrate
of soda cr\slals aiiplied to the ground
about the trees and worked in with the
spring cultivation.

The nitrate solution applied to plats
two and three was made up by dis-
solving 135 pounds nitrate of soda in
as many gallons of water. To this
solution was added 19 pounds of caustic
soda. This quantity of spray was
applied to each plat, giving 6% gallons
of the liquid and as many pounds of
nitrate of soda to each tree. To plat
four was applied 135 pounds nitrate of
soda, an equal quantity per tree. This
application gave to each of the trees
1.08 pounds of nitrogen, which is

WHF-N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

i"p7(5

equiviileni to 70 to 75 pounds per acre.
Results derived from the fiist year of
this worlv show plainly that all |)lats
receiving nitrogen, whether it were
applied to the tree in the form of a
spray, or to the ground in li(iuid or
crystaline form, were much benefited
by it. No appreciable dilference coultl
be noted in the vigor of the trees and
yield of fruit that could be attributed to
the manner in which the nitrogen was
applied. All the fertilized trees were
green and vigorous, yielded heavily and
presented a much more robust appear-
ance than the untreated check plat,
which was in as good condition as
the others before the experiment was
begun.

As the treatment of trees described
above is not such as will prove con-
clusively that the nitrogen lodging upon
the aerial part of the trees is of no
appreciable value as a fertilizer, or in-
vigorating agent, a fifth plat was added
in 1915. The purpose of this part of
the experiment was to find if the small
amount of nitrgoen that could be kept

BETTER FRUIT

Page ?/

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The Farm Journal

263 Washington Square, Philadelphia

4

'V

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on the surface of the tree did in any
way affect it.s growth. In order to
make this determination a large, heav>'
canvas was placed upon the ground to
prevent all the liipiid which fell during
the operation of spraying from getting
to the roots. Owing to there being
insudicient number of trees in the
orchard which have not been in-
Ihienced by the past year's work for a
full plat a smaller number had to be
taken for this determination. Five
trees were sprayed in this manner, and
as there was a quantity of the solution,
which was the same as applied to [dats
two and three remaining, a tree that
apijcared to be the weakest and most
devitalized in the vicinity was thor-
oughly si)i-aycd, and the ground about
it saturated. Approximately ten gal-
lons of the spra> were applied to the
tree in this manner.

The results derived from this experi-
ment in 191.'), its second year, are much
more marked than those obtained in
1!)14. A careful determination of the
number of twigs producing blossoms
that retained at least one fruit at thin-
ning time and at picking time (See
Table 1) shows a very marked in-
lUience to have resulted from the use
of nitrogen. The manner in which the
nitrogen was applied ap])ears to have
no relation to the amount of fruit
retained by blossom-bearing twigs.
.Vpproximately half as many twigs re-
tained fruit at full maturit.v as carried
it until the first of June, although at
the earlier date many twigs upon the
fertilized plals carried more than one
fruit, while only a small number car-
ried moi-e than one through the entire
season. The percentage of loss of fruit
from twigs on all plals lielween .hine

WHEN WRUING ADVERTISKRS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Pfl^c

?^

BETTER FRUIT

THE HURST

STEAM FRUIT EVAPORATOR

A Few Reasons

Why it is adapted to Your needs

1 The Hurst Evaporator is built in units of Vi ton capacity of green fruit
in 24 hours. You can add one or more units any time without stopping
the operation of the first unit.

2 Each unit is controlled by a separate automatic temperature regulator
with a range of 30 degrees from 150 to 180. Experience has taught
us that this range brings the best results in evaporating.

3 Any style boiler may be used having a pressure of from 50 to 100 pounds.

4 The Hurst Evaporator is shipped knocked-down— saving you freight.
Itcanbesetup very easily from the plans we furnish with each shipment.

5 The Hurst Evaporator is built like a cabinet— screws only are used.
Each unit requires floor space of 34" by lUO". It stands 86" high.

6 Glass doors on both ends permit you to see the condition of the fruit
at any time.

7 Italian Prunes can be evaporated in 14 hours - Apples in 2 hours
Loganberries in 12 hours.

8 Made in one size Only.

9 Made on order only.

10 Each evaporator is thoroughly tested before shipment is made

Write for prices and illustrated catalogue.

B.M. HURST

207 Clay Street

PORTLAND, OREGON

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA F-AIMCY)

"RED RIBBON"

(F-AINJCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples

When ordering: apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market affords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATION
AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

Marcli

and September, inclusive, was very
siniihir. The trees upon which these
determinations were made were not
thinned.

The average yield of fruit per tree
for plats 2, .3 and 4, which received
equal ([uantities of nitrofien during the
two vears, was aiiproximntely the same,
beinH 10.09, 9.97 and 10.01 boxes re-
spectively. The check plat yielded .9
of a box per tree. In size of fruit there
is not so close a relation between the
nitrate plats. The largest apples were
produced by the plat receiving the
crystals, next in size by the plat having
the nitrate solution api)lied to the
ground and the smallest apples of the
feitilized plats came from the sprayed
trees. From the table (No. 1) it will
be seen that a large portion of the
ajiples, an average of 50 per cent are
larger than are desirable for market-
ing, while 76 per cent of the apples
from the check plat are equally as un-
desirable on account of being too small.
The fruit from the check plat was
more uniformly colored than from
either of those receiving fertilizer, al-
though the highly-colored apples from
the latter were much brighter and
more easily polished than the ones pro-
duced upon the check plat. Two hun-
dred apples are being kept from the
nitrate plats and check plat to deter-
mine their relative keeping qualities in
coo) storage.

The terminal growth of branches
upon the nitrate plats have more than
doubled. It is also shown that an in-
crease has taken place in the terminal
growth of trees in the check plat dur-
ing 191."). This is doubtless due to the
inlluence of irrigation which was
api)lied to this orchard for the first
time, the result being more readily
apparent upon this than on the more
vigorous-growing plats. Table 1. The
size of the foliage on the fertilized plats
is greater than that on the check,
although the dilTerence in size is by no
means as pronounced as is the differ-
ence in color. Throughout the entire
season all the trees receiving nitrogen
were very dark green and vigorous in

Frost Damage Prevented

BOLTON

ORCHARD

HEATERS

29c each

Two-Gallon Capacity
Send for booklet

The Frost Prevention Co.

Merchants National Bank BIdg.
San Francisco, Cal.

Ulll-N WKIll.NG AintKTISLRS MENTION BETTER FKL'IT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page ??

appearance, while the others were yel-
lowish and sickly.

So great was the difTerence in the
color in this orchard that the fertilized
plats could he seen from a great dis-
tance. There was also a very marked
difference in the attitude of the trees.
The foliage and crop of the check-plat
trees was so light that the branches
stood up as in winter and were no
harrier to people and teams passing
beneath, while the branches of the fer-
tilized trees were so weighted down
with foliage and fruit that it was dilli-
cult to get through, and a team could
only be taken between the trees in a
very few places. Clean cultivation was
continued in this orchard in IfllJ, but
clover and alfalfa was planted in 191.^
and irrigation water applied for the
first time. The factor of irrigation has
had but little apijarent influence upon
the comparative results, as it was ap-
plied uniformh to all the plats except
No. o, which, by virtue of its shortei-
duration, does not enter into this
comparison.

Plat five was fertilized at the same
time as the others, March 13. Although
the weather was cloudy and threaten-
ing there was not sulhcient precipita-
tion to cause the nitrate to be washed
from the branches to the ground for a
number of days after it was applied.
The land about these trees was culti-
vated in the spiing, after which it was
left unstirred. It was irrigated once
very lightly, one furrow to the row,
and the watei' allowed to run but a
short time. The vitality of these trees
had been so far reduced by drouth and
starvation that blossoms were not pro-
duced in sulhcient (|uantity to permit
a determination of the set of fruit being
made. The comparative effects of the
nitrate spray ajjplicd to the tree alone
and to the tree and ground about it are
very pronounced. Table 2 shows the
comparative vigor of the check-plat
trees, those having the aerial pai-ts
treated with nitrate solution, the one
Id the top and soil of which the nitrate
was applied, and those fertilized for
two years with nitrate of soda, as indi-
cated by the length and thickness of
terminal growth and length and width
of foliage.

From this it can be seen that the
growth of the sprayed trees is much
shorter than that of the check trees
which received no fertilizer, but more
water. It is much less than that of
the tree heavil>- fertilized once, which
is similar in growth to those receiving
a smaller amount of nitrogen each year
for a two-year period, and more watei-
this year than the other. There is not

UP-TO-DATE-FARMERS INSTALL

WATER SYSTEMS

r lie re arc numerous kinds, some g:ood
others better, and one BEST.

Write THOS. J. ROSS. Portland, Ore.,
who will tell you free of charge, of the
ONE BEST

It is important to you. Make no mis-
take. Pos^ yourself and have no regrets.

IN your ceaseless war with orchard or truck
garden pests and diseases, j'ou could have no
better ally than an I H C spraying outfit. It throws
a spray as fine as mist, and it has the power to force
that spray into the smallest space, and completeh'
cover twig's, leaves, flowers, and fruit. There is noth-
ing halfwaj^ about the job of spraying done by an

I H C outfit.

Then, I H C outfits last. The engines, built in International

Harvester shops, require no other recommendation. Spraying
mixtures do no harm to tlie pumps. The dealer who sells you
an I H C spraying outfit can give you a repair part service un-
equalled for promptness. That is worth a good deal.

Are you going to get that spraying outfit this season? If 5'ou
are, drop us a line, and we'll do our best to see that you get
a spraying outfit that will do your work as it should be done,
and of the most economical size and style. A post card will
bring you full information.

International Harvester Company of America

(INCORPORATED)

Crawford. Neb. Denver, Col. Helena, Mont. Portland, Ore.

San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City, Utah

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Loorited 22 miles north of Spokane.
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres : $250.
first payment, seenros 10 acres: balnncp monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

WHEN WRITING ADVEPTISFRS MENTION HFTTER FRUIT

Page S4

BETTER FRUIT

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Hold fence secure against all conditions.

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Pacific Coast Representative: U. S. STEEL PRODUCTS CO.
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NITRATE OF SODA

WRITE FOR PRICES
BUTZER SEED STORE, 180-190 Front St., Portland, Oregon

Prune and Grafted Walnut Trees

Also Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Apricots, Cherries, Small Fruit Plants, Etc.

Can be bought now at Greatly Reduced Prices

Write today submitting your want list for quotations.

LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., LAFAYETTE, OREGON

MoreWork

Your

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The American Pad & Textile Co. Greenfield, O.

March

so striking a difference in the size of
the foliage, however, — that on the fer-
tilized trees is largest. The color and
general appearance of foliage on these
respective areas is quite pronounced.
The tree fertilized but one year pre-
sents as vigorous an appearance as
those that have been treated longer,
and those that received the nitrate on
the branches alone are not perceptibly
more vigorous than the check trees
that have received no treatment — in
fact they are less thrifty.

All the trees to which nitrate of soda
was applied in 1014, at the rate of 6%
pounds, appeared to have been re-
turned to full noriual vigor. The sec-
ond application, as is indicated by a
heavy wood growth in addition to the
production of a heavy crop of fruit in
191.1, shows that one pound of nitrogen
each year is too large an application
for each tree. Fully one pound of
nitrogen should be applied the first
year, but the subsequent applications
should be not over half as heavy. By
this carefidly conducted and thorough
test to find if nitrogen applied in liquid
form to the tops of fruit trees has a
stimulating effect upon the tree, not one
indication has so far been found that
it has. On the other hand, it is jdainly
shown that regardless of the manner in
which the element is applied to the soil,
whether in liquid or crystaline form, it
gives very strong and prompt invigorat-
ing intluence to the plant. This deter-
mination, although startling in its effect
upon the yield and vigor of fruit trees,
appears to be of no great sicentific im-
])ortance. However, it is of very great
economic significance owing to the
iiniJ(M-tant practical probleiris upon
which it throws a strong light. The
three most important results of the
work are: (1) It shows plainly the
extent to which the nitrogen store of
the soil has been depleted by the long-
continued system of culture that has
been practiced, and the great rapidity
with which the trees can be restored to
normal vigor by application of this ele-
ment. (2) As no beneficial influence of
sufficient importance to be observed
has resulted to the physical character
of the soil from the application of
nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda,
the use of nitrogen in this form should
be very liniitetl. It finds its greatest
value for the purpose of stimulating
very weak trees until such time as
leguiiunous crops can be grown and
turned into the soil. (.3) When nitrate
of soda, as a source of nitrogen for
devitalized and unfruitful fruit trees,
is to be applied it can be done more
cheaply and with equal results by dis-
tributing the crystals upon the ground
in cai-ly spring and working them in
instead of going to the expense of pre-
paring a solution and applying it in the
form of a spray.

The cost of nitrogen in nitrate of
soda applied at the above rale is ap-
proximately -Slfi.flO per acre. An aver-
age crop of vetch, which can be grown
for •'<10.0ll or less, accumulates about
71 poimds of nitrogen, approximately
as much as was applied to these trees.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRMIT

ipiO

BETTER FRUIT

P^^g<-' 35

In addition to the benefit derived from
incorporating tlie vegetatjle matter into
the soil the nitrogen can be aeciiiired
more cheaply by growing legumes than
by purchasing conunercial nitrogen.
By the proper use of live stock a large
portion (possibly 80 per cent) of the
fertilizer value of forage consumed
should be returned to the land and a
moderate piolit derived from feeding it.
Nitrogen in its various commercial
forms should not be generally used.
It is desirable for extreme cases only,
as similar and far more permanent
results can be gotten by the use of
leguminous crops. Not only does the
application of nitrogen-bearing organic
matter supply the nmch-needed nitro-
gen to the trees, but it exerts a very
beneficial and lasting elTect upon the
tilth and water-holding capacity of the
soil. A very striking example of the
influence of clover upon the condition
of the soil and the growth of trees upon
it exists in a Hood River orchard in
which a portion of the land was de-
voted to clover previous to planting of
the trees. Although the trees are about
18 years of age, the soil is in better
physical condition and the trees are
considerably larger than in the remain-
der of the orchard.

The system of cropping that should
be used depends largely upon the avail-
able supi)l\- of moisture. Where irri-
gation is not provided for the use of
winter cover crops of common vetch
(V. sativa) or hairy vetch (V. villosa)
should be used. This practice, followed
by systematic clean cultivation through-
out the summer, will maintain the fer-
tility- of the land and result in the
greatest possible economy of the lim-
ited supply of moisture, all of which
will be needed bv mature fruiting trees.
Upon irrigated land more or less per-
manent crops can be grown in the
orchards, as has been partially demon-
strated in all jjarts of the district. The
croi) that is of greatest value for use
in the orchard has not yet been fully
determined.

Red clover has many advantages over
alfalfa for use with fruit trees in the
orchard. Clover is jireferable to alfalfa
in a minor way on account of its
greater tolerance of shade and cool
weather and conseijuent longer period
of growth. The principal feature in
which clover is superior to alfalfa is
the influence it has upon cultivation of
the soil by its habit of dving out at the
end of the seond or third year.

Frequent thorough stirring of the
soil is very necessary for many rea-
sons, the principal of which are to
permit its being ijroperly aerated,
which process is vital to the life and
activity of myriads of bacteria whose
function in the soil is to bring about
the decay of organic matter with its
consecpient action upon the many ele-
ments of jdanl food within the soil.
Where alfalfa Is used the tendency is
to not cultivate the soil sufficientlv.
Once this crop is well established the
land can be thoroughly worked at fre-
([uent intervals with no appreciable in-
jury to Ihc plants, but it is seldom done.

Millions of Worms

LAST SEASON

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Pear Trees for Sale

I have a large lot to offer of the following sorts: Bartlett, AtljOU,

Bosc, Winter Neiis. B.CIairgeau, Howell, Cornice and other varieties.

All budded trees, one and two years old.

I also have Plum and Prune Trees budded on plum, and budded
berry-bearing and seedling Holly Trees from 2 to 5 feet. Also Mazzard
Cherry and Marianna Plum stocks for nursery planting.

Good stock at very low prices to Nurserymen, Dealers and Planters.

JAMBS W. STE.PHENS

Kelso, M^asHing'ton

V\ni:N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page s6

BETTER FRUIT

Mdirh

on Shade and Orchard Trees against Gypsy,
Brown-tail and Tussock Caterpillars. Canker
Worms, Climbing Cut Worms and Ants.
It is equally effective against any crawling
insects.

Band Trees About Two Weeks Before
Insects Appear to Get Best Results

Easily applied with wooden paddle. One pound
makes about 10 lineal feet of band. One applica-
tion stays sticky 3 months and longer ^ outlasting
10 to 20 times any other substance. Remains effec-
tive rain or shine. Won't soften — won't run or
melt, yet always elastic, expanding with growth of
tree. No mixing, simply open can and use. 'Will
not injure trees.

For Tree Surgery

Tree Tanglefoot is superior to anything on the
market— it is the best application after pruning or
trimming. It will water-proof the crotch of a tree,
or a cavity, or wound in a tree, when.nothingielse
will do it.

Sold by All First-Class Dealers

Mb. cans 35c; 3-lb. cans $1.00; 10-lb. cans $3.00;
20-lb. cans $5.50. and 25-lb. wooden pails $6.75.

Write today for illustrated booklet on Leaf-
eating Insects. Mailed free. iW<i

THE O.&W.THUM COMPANY

135 Straight Ave., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Manufacturers of

Tanglefoot Fly Paper and Tree Tanglefoot

^^^\ HAND POWER.

CI Stump Pull

Drop a postal lo

W. J.FITZPATRICK

Box S 182 Fifth Street

San Francisco. Calif.

Worlds on an>' land. Operated by hand!
no digging. Made of forged Krupp steel-

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MANUFACTURED BY

CLARKE-WOODWARD DRUG CO.

PORTLAND, OREGON

I RHODES DOUBLE CUT
FRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFQ. CO.,
••0 3. DIVISION AVB . GRAND RAPIDS, HlCIt

•JHE onl,
pruner
made that cutf
from both sides of
the limb and does not
bruise the bark. Made in
all (tyles and sizes. W«
pay Ejtpress charges
on all orders.
Write (or
circular and

pnccs.

One of the greiitcsl benelil.s to be
derived from the t^rowlh of leguminou.s
crop.s in orchards are tho.se resiilling
from the inlUicnce of the vegetable
matter upon the physical condition of
the soil and from the rcsidt of decay
of this material rendering its chemical
constiluenls availal)le as food mate-
rials for the trees whose welfare they
are designed to inlhience. The sooner
crops are plowed into the soil and
allowed to decay, the sooner will their
beneficial influence be felt. The re-
frigerant effect of the shade of such
crops and the application of irrigation
water appear to have a beneficial in-
fluence upon the trees. This and the
possible infiuence of legumes being
associated with non-legumes frequently
exerts a marked influence upon the
appearance and vigor of trees before
an appreciable amount of plant mate-
rial has decayed ui)on or within the
soil.

A splendid example of what can be
accomplished by the proper use of
cover crops is the orchard owned by
F. R. Radford, which is upon a soil
very similar to the above experiment.
When his orchard began to show signs
of distress, some seven or eight years
ago, he began immediately to use win-
ter cover crops, and continued sys-
tematic clean culture during the sum-
mer season. During the past three
years he has applied irrigation and is
growing clover and alfalfa. He has
also gone over the entire tract with a
light application of stable manure. As
a residt of this careful treatment three
successive crops of fruit have been
leceived, and the trees are cpiite vig-
orous and thrifty in appearance. Indi-
cations are that in this orchard, while
bearing full crops of fruit, the trees
are being forced into too strong ^vood
growth. From this it ajjpears that too
great an amount of nitrogen is being
supplied to them. Thus it appears that
the use of leguminous cover crops can
be overdone as well as can the use of
commercial nitrogen.

l'|)on the appearance of such a con-
dition the crops should be dispensed
with for a time and systematic clean
culture again brought into practice.
These results suggest the feasibility of
adopting, within the orchard, a sys-
tematic system of crop rotation planned
to maintain the fertility of the soil by
growing certain crops on different por-
tions of it in regular succession. Such
a practice would be a most valuable
method of operating an orchard, for
by its use sufiicient forage could be
grown for the stock necessary upon
the farm and the labor would be
eiiually distributed throughout the year,
and from year to year. It would also
I'osler economical and constant use of
irrigation water, and, in the end, would
bring about a most accurately-balanced
series of farm activities, \vhich condi-
tion is conducive to the greatest pos-
sible economy in operation, a factor
which I consider to be next in impor-
lance lo the maintenance of a desirable
stale of fertility williin the soil.

1 1 1- N W 1< 1 I 1 N (

.MiVERl ISIiKS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Pas

^' oV

Tomato Blight a Serious Menace to Tomato Industry

By F. D. Heald, Professor of Plant Pathology, Washington State College, and Plant Pathologist of the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station

DURING Ihc past 20 years tomato
blight, known also as the "yel-
lows," "yellow blight" or "western
blight," has been a serious menace to
the tomato-growing industry in many
parts of the Pacific Coast country. Up
to the present time the trouble has been
supposed to be jjcculiar to the Pacific
Northwest. Various investigators have
given more or less attention to the
study of the disease since 18f)C, but the
first publication claiming the establish-
ment of the cause of the trouble ap-
peared in 1014. In the bulletin referred
lo H. B. Humi)hre.\-, in "Studies on the
Relation of (Certain Species of Fu-
sarium to the Tomato Blight of the
Pacific Northwest," claims that tomato
blight is caused by one or more species

rivmg more
than 10,000 miles, I
couldn't find enough
carbon to fill the hol-
low of your hand."

That motorist was writing about
Zerolene. Practically all who use
it have the same experience.
That's because

ZEPOLENE

Ae Siandard OilSr/fahf Can

is made from selected California
crude — asplialt-base.

Zerolene that gets into the ex-
plosion chamber doesn't "split
up" into gummy, carbon-form-
jng deposits, but after complet-
ing its efficient work, is con-
sumed and passes out on exhaust.

Next time you empty the cran'ic
case, refill with Zerolene.

Standard Oi!
Company

(California)

For the Next Thirty Days

we will deliver to you anywhere In tl.S

One Dozen Cliolce, As.sorted Rose Bushes

For Sl.OO

PORTLAND ROSE NURSERY

Lents, Oregon

of Fusariuni which parasitize the root
system. His results were basetl upon
observations covering a number of
years, but notwithstanding this fact
there seemed to be some ground for
questioning the reliability of his con-
clusions.

A strong element of doubt was intro-
duced for two reasons: (1) The tomato
blight is lessened in sevei'ity by cer-
tain factois which ordinarily are favor-
able to Fusaiium diseases, notably, in-
creased use of fertilizer. (2) The symp-
toms of the disease, as recorded by
Hum])hrey and others, are . different
from what one would expect if the
causal organism were a Fusarium. On
account of this doubt as to the true
cause of the disease the investigations
carried out during the past season were
directed in the main to discovering
this one fundamental fact, the cause
of the disease. It should be constantly
borne in mind that the important point
in all control work is clear and ilelinite
information concerning the cause of a

Tomato Roots showing Solerotia of Rlii/ocfonia

trouble. It seems that much of the aim-
less wandering in control work of the
past twenty years as far as tomato
blight is concerned might have been
avoided if we could have had a defi-
nite understanding of the ctmse of the
trouble.

The investigations carried out at the
Experiment Station during the past
season, as well as the field observations
made at various places in the state and
adjacent territory, have all i)ointed to
the fact that tomato blight is caused
b>' the sterile fungus, Rhizoctonia, ami
that the species of Fusarium reported
by Ilumphiey are entirely secondarx
in their relation to the disease. II
seems strange that with all the work of
able investigators during the past
twenty \eai-s, the ctuise of tomato
blight should have remained a mystery
up to the ijrescnl time. This is no
reflection upon the ability of the work-
ers connected with Ibis problem, but
rather points to the ditliciilties that the
scientist encoimlers when delving into
the realm of the imknown.

In the light of the investigations con-
ducletl (luring the past season it will
be necessary lo revise somewhat the

description of the symptomatology
characteristic of the disease. The great
variation in the symptoms accompany-
ing the attack should lead us to dis-
card the old names, such as blight, yel-
lows and yellow blight, while western
blight is equally objectionable, since
the disease is not peculiar to this
region. The least confusion will pre-
vail if we designate the disease b\- the

Make Your
WasteAcres
Produce

Clear that idle land,
move the stumps

Re-
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boulders. Straighten the
crooked creeks. Improve
your soil. Increase your
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your farm. Remove the
handicaps that hinder your
work and profits.

Red Cross Farm Powder

will help you clear land t]iiickly,
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Big Book Free

contains 1 iS 8 pajjes of interesting
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modern farm lielp has solved for other
farmers the very problems that perhaps
now bother you. Write today for
Hand Book of Explosives No. 338 F

E. I. Du Pont Dc Nemours & Co.

Wilmington Delaware

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page ,?5

BETTER FRUIT

March

^he Ide ^rPow er

ydr-

Sprayers

Kniiincs used in spraying ■ii'^"
probably yiven the hardest of all
farm work.

They are worked antl hauKJ
over "bumpy" ground.

— handled by inexpeiienced
hands.

—subject to abuse, neglect and
weather conditions.

To meet these severe require-
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and so far has been adopted by
over 7000 sprayers.

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— producers of constant service,
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We have more to tell you about
tiic work that "Ideal" engines will
do.

Can we not send you our special
booklet S-100 on Constant Service.

-fiif 'w^^- ff '^ ^"^^

DEAL ENGINE CO.

R. E. OLDS. Chairman
formerly

THE ORIGINAL GAS ENGINE CO.

Lansing. Mich.

"The Road of a Thousand Wonders"

"TO

4

Trains
Daily

FROM

Portland

California

Six Months Round Trip
Tickets On Sale

Many attractions for the visitors to California in Feb-
ruary. Bathing at the beaches, picking oranges and
lemons, motoring, playing golf or tennis. The beautiful
exposition at San Diego open all the year. Trips to
Mt. Lowe or Mt. Wilson. Ocean trips to Catalina or
Santa Cruz Islands. CEverywhere the door of hospi-
tality stands open for YOU.

Ask your local agent or write

John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent,

Portland. Oregon

SOUTHERN PACIFIC

name of the cau.sal organism and .speak
of the trouble as the "Rhizoctonia
disease."

Confinin,^ our attention first to the
disease as it appears upon plants that
are mature or approaching maturity,
the tleviations of the afl'ected ])lant
fi'om the normal may be noted. The
following most prominent effects upon
the aerial parts of the plant may be
oljserved: (1) Dwarfing or reduction
in size of the entire top. (2) The pro-
duction of the rosette type of growth.
(.S) Discoloration of the foliage. (4)
Curling or rolling of the leaflets. (5)
Reduction in size of fruit and prema-
ture ripening or failure to set any
fruits, (fi) Wilting and death of en-
tire top.

The parasite is not present in or on
the aerial parts of the plant, the devia-
tion from the normal being due to the
indirect elVect of the i)arasite upon the
root system or basal portion of the
stem at or below the ground level. On
these portions of the plant the follow-
ing chan.ges may be noted: (1) A net-
work of brown fungous filaments upon
the surface of the roots. (2) The oc-
currence of black nodules or masses
(sclerotia) at various points upon the
roots. (.S) The ijresence of dead cor-
roded areas (lesions) upon roots or
basal portion of the stem. (4) The
death of roots from the tip backward.
(.^) .\n abnormal production of advan-
litioiis fdjrous roots.

The leduction in size of the en-
tire top may be very pronounced or
scarcely noticeable, depending in part
upon the time of the attack and in part
upon the rapidity of progress of the
disease. In case the attack becomes
severe in the early part of the develop-
ment of the plant, the drooping efTect
will be the most pronuonced. In late
infections or light attacks of the dis-
ease the affected plant may reach
nearly normal size.

Affected plants may show the rosette
type of growth, or this effect may be
almost entirely absent. In the extreme
development of the rosette habit the
plant may remain under-sized and pro-
duce an abnormal number of closely-
clustered branches with the complete
eliniinati(m of fruit production. This
behavior led ot the use of the term
"tomato rosette" for this disease in
Ohio and other sections of the Eastern
I'nited States. Seriously afl'ected ])lants
that fu-st exhibit the disease late in
their development are likely to show
more than an ordinary production of
branches from the lower-leaf axils, in
case the fatal culmination of the dis-
ease is delayed.

Color changes of the foliage are
among the noticeable of the symptoms.
The affected plant may show a general
palloi- with more or less yellowing of
file leaves over the entire plant or the
color change may be more localized.
The foliage of one branch may sliow
a xellowing while that of tlie remain-
der of file i)lant is normal. In many
cases it is the lower leaves of the plant
that show the first yellowing, although
this is not an invariable rule. The

WHF-N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Pasrc 39

chlorolii' I'dliiigi.- siion Ijcyins In sliow
iiiori' or less brown dcail tissue nnil in
many cases liie dead areas appear firsl
between the main veins oi- at the mar-
gins ol' the leaves, that is, at points
farthest removed from the water-con-
ducting channels. In many cases the
affected plants show more or less
purpling of the leaf veins upon the
under surface, although this is not a
constant characteristic and may even
l)e exhildlcd to some extent by healthy
plants. 'I"he glaucous or grayish sheen
of atreeled foliage is not constant,
although in some cases it is ipiite
noticeable.

The curling or rolling of the leaflets
is very characteristic, although not a
diagnostic character. There is a pro-
nounced tendency for the edges of the
leaflets to roll upward and inward
toward the midrib. Again, this charac-
ter ma\ be very prounounced or only
moderately developed. In some cases
the lealleis appear to be more i-igid
than those of healthy plants.

A seriously atlected plant may suc-
cumb before it has reached a suflicient
size to set any fruit, but in the ma-
jority of cases the culmination of the
disease is not reached until the host
has fruit that is a third or more grown.
The attack of the disease hastens the
maturing processes and retards the
growth of the fruit in size, many of
which ripen prematurely. A mature
jilant that has succumbed as a result
(]f the disease will show brown dead
foliage and many under-sized fruits
Ihat possess a depth of color indicative
of ripeness.

In a certain per cent of the attacks
the afTected plant which has exhibited
some of the various symptoms men-
tioned, will succumb before the end of

ENGLISH SEEDS

FOR YOUR GARDEN, LAWN ■
AND FLOWER BEDS W
3003 ARCADE BUILDINC
SEATTLE

Tested

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Branch of JAMES CARTER & CO., London, Eng,

Tested

Send C ^^^I.A Arcade

for ^.€^<iU^ BIdg.

Catalog "B" | n C. Seattle, Wash.

RMULBARB

Now Is ttie Best Time to Plant

WAGNER'S IMPROVED WINTER RHUBARB

If planted NOW you should derive good
results. Also BERRIES and small fruit.
Write for prices. J. B. WAGNER. Rhubarb,
Berry and Cactus Specialist, Pasadena, Cal.

FREE

Our handsome 1916 Seed Cata-
logue. Fully illustrated in colors.
Reliable seeds at bargain prices. A
full line of garden and flower seeds.
Cherry's Famous Dependable Seeds, fresh and re-
liable, are used by successful gard-
eners every where. Send yourname
and address on a postal for a copy
of our bargain cataloRue.

CHAS. J. CHERRY & Co.

149 ViNE.STREET ROCKFORD. ILLINOIS

>cvu9* 1 1 call diiu I c-

Seeds

OUR 1916 ANNUAL CATALOG

Garden. Flower and Field Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Garden,
Orchard, Poultry and Bird Supplies, Fertilizers, Sprays, etc.

A Western Catalog for Western Buyers. Up-to-date, com-
plete and nicely illustrated— a reliable, truthful guide.

Our "Highest Quality" Stocks, direct to buyers only- no agents.
You save time and money by buying of us. Write today for

New Catalog No. 27, free.

ROUTLEDGE SEED & FLORAL CO.

169-171 Second Street PORTLAND. OREGON

Burpees Seeds Grow

The Fortieth Anniversary Edition of Burpee's Annual, the Leading
American Seed Catalog for 1916, is brighter and better than ever before.
It offers the greatest novelty in Sweet Peas, the unique "Fiery Cross", and
other novelties in Rare Flowers and Choice Vefjetables, some of which cannot be
had elsewhere. This hook of 1S2 pages tells all about proved and tested Seeds.
It is mailed free. A post card will do. Write today, mention this publication.

W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia

RlniuiiiinMiiiiininiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMniiiiiiiininniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiininilllllllliliiiiiiiinmiiMiiiirfrf^

PORTLAND. OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan— $1.00 per day and upward;

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

CEO. C. OBER, Manager

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3. Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation four miles southwest of station. Belmont Road.
Wo \;ill be pleased to ?hovv you trees, apple trees thai have a hi'ritagc. a quality that should be considered by everyone
wlir. pl;tnt-; .1 iri'" Our trees are grown in clean hillside virgin red shot soil with clay subsoil, producing the most vigorous
T.iiii -\ [ini niii liihls are selected from the Ixet bearing healthy Hood River trees that make the Hood River apple
t:iiM..i:,^ iliiMu-iiiiiii ilii- winld. Our trees will give you salisfacton' results in vigor, fruit and quality. Ask for catalog.
\\y ;n;iT;L!iii'' I'lir Ilt^lllll■l,^. Apples, pcars, peaches, apriciHs, almonds and walnuts. A complete line of the best varieties
of all kinds .jf fruits.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD. President W. J. ENSCHEDE. Manager

RICHES,PIVER&CO.

MAKERS OF THE FINEST QUALITIES OF

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WORKS AND LABORATORY, HOBOKF.N, N. J.

Ilic grciwins si'asoii, whiU' in oilier
(•;i.si's Ihc plant will suivivc, but will
make only a poor dc'vclopmciit. Tlic
wriU'i- has seen soiiio fields in which
all individuals of a certain variety were
sliowin.i^ .synii)l()nis of the disease to a
.greater or less extent.

The root.s of a normal tomato i)laiil
when removed from the soil and freed

from dirl are smooth and of a pale-
straw color. .Ml'eclcd roots show vary-
Mi.i,' de.niees of darUeninj,' and an cx-
andnalion with a hand lens will show-
in many cases that they are covered
with an inlcrlaeint; network of minute
hi'own threads or lilamenis, the myceli-
um cir ve.yctalive body of the fini.nus.
In I he Ndiui.ner stages or under cer-

WHEN WRITINC ADVERTISERS MF.NTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 40

BETTER FRUIT

March

Mcike It Easier
For Them

SPARE the horses. ]\Iica Axle Grease
makes easier pulling. It gives a
smoother bearing than ordinary
grease, because it contains powdered
mica — blended with the grease by a
special process. The mica keeps the
spindle smooth, resists wear and press-
ure, and makes the grease last twice as long.
Get a can from your dealer today.

Standard Oil Company

(California)

MICA

AXLE
GREASE

The Success of a Fruit Grower

depends largely on the
way he cares for his
orchard. Unless it is
well cultivated he can
not hope for good re-
sults.

For this work there is nothing
that will equal

The Kimball
Cultivator

in keeping the ground in perfect condi-
tion at a small cost.

The price is in reach of the small grower and can be bought
from your local dealer or from

W. A. JOHNSTON, Manufacturer

THE DALLES, OREGON

To Improve Your Home Grounds

To Plant Profitable Orchards

Mention this Magazine and write for Free Booklet

J. B. PILKINGTON, Nurseryman, Portland, Ore.

Save 2.0%
Riverside

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Buy the
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nnlf'n^f. Famous racers have broken
records on Riverside Tires.

SEND FOR AUTO BOOK

howing: Riverside constnic-
n— wrapped tread— onecure
t.ouirhest fabric, with pure
, .. T River Para Rubber, extra thick
tread. Book shows similar saving on all
automobile accessories. Sent free on re-
quest. Write today

New YDrk Cticaso KansajCity Ft. Worth

Write to the house most conveniont to you

Portland

tain .arowtli conilitions tiiese lihtiiients
remain colorless, and so are not evi-
dent even witli tlie iiand lens. In some
cases tlie netwoi-k of fungous filaments
may be so abundant as to be distinctly
iu)liceable to the naked eye. The
demonstration of the presence of the
fungus upon the roots is one of the
most certain methods of diagnosing the
disease.

Black nodules or masses of fungous
tissue, which have the appearance of
dirt that will not wa.sh off, may fre-
quently be found on the larger roots.
They may vary in size from mere
specks to masses a quarter of an inch
in diameter. These are the so-called
sclerotia, or resting bodies of the fun-
gus. They are jjioduced very rarely
upon the roots of some varieties, while
certain varieties, like the Dwarf (cham-
pion, for example, produce them in
abundance.

Dead corroded areas of varying size
may be found ujjon the roots or upon
the basal portion of the stem at or
below the ground level. The death of
the roots from the tip backward is,
however, more common on the tomato
than scattered or separated lesions.
The young absorbing roots appear to
be killed first and then the larger
lateral-conducting roots. In an ad-
vanced stage of the disease, the cortex
or outer portion of the larger roots
may be more or less disintegrated and
separate easily from the firmer central
axis. The killing of the absorbing roots
is the most serious phase of the disease.

An abnormal production of fibrous
roots from the base of the stem is a
frequent accompaniment of the disease.
This condition prevails if Ihe plants
are set fairly deep and receive a suffi-
cient supply of moisture. This in-
creased production of roots frequently
prolongs the life of the plant, since the
work of absorption generally per-
formed by the more wiilely distributed
roots is provided for, until the new
roots in turn are killed.

Khizoctonia does not confine its
attacks to maturing jjlants, but affects
tomato seedlings, producing the trouble
known as damping-ofl'. In this case
Ihe fungus attacks the young stem at
or near the ground level anil the sud-
den drooping of the young plant is the
result. The little seedling "drops dead"
as it were. Damping-ofT of tomato
seedlings by Rhizoctonia has been re-
ported from various parts of the United
States, both east and west and in the
extreme south.

Anolher phase ol' the disease is
worthy of mention, although it is of
minor iniijortance. 'Ihe fungus may
invade the ripening fruits and cause a
characteristic rot. This condition is
only found when the fruits rest upon
the damp ground in which the fungus
is growing. The fruit rot has not been
observed in our work during the past
season, but the writer studied it a num-
ber of years ago in Nebraska, and other
investigators have reported the same
iiindilion in Florida and (aiba.
Continued in next issue

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

IQiS

BETTER FRUIT

Page 41

S|MP^^ ^ BANKBLDO
•» IfOV PORTLAND. OREGON.

''''""'• $50,00 51?

VARN

with th«

Gearless Improved Standard

Weil Drilling Machine

Unlls tlirout,'h any forma-
tion. Five years ah»^ad of any
othtr. Has record of drillins 130 feet and driving casing:
In 9 hours. Another record where 7it feet was drilled on
2 1-2 k'allons disttllate at 9*' per K^Hon, One man can
operate. Eleetrirally e.|nii>pei) for runnini? ni^'hts.
Fishinpjuh, Engine ii^nitimi. Catalogue W-S.
REIERSON MACHINERY CO.. Mfgs., 1295-97 Hood St..Portland,Ore.

FREE

A YEAR'S

To ihe beautifully illustrated niigazint
"The Southern Homeseeker"
issued quartely-if y u will send us the
name ol two friends wh..m vou think
would be interesied Jn Virginia. Tells
about opportunities in Virginia,
--far m lands f 15 an acre and up.
■Writ ■ ind.iv.

[ F.H.LaBAUME.Ag.&ln.Ag..N.&W.Ry. ,.
' 228 N.&W.BIde. ROANOKE.VA.^

a

CHUBBUCK'S IDEAL

GOPHER TRAP

Larger than runway.

jaws pull rodent in:
catches large or small gopher and holds it.
Farmers say it's worth dozen other maki-S.

Big sales. Price 50c. If not at your dealer's will send

t to you postpaid : 2 tor 95c ; 6 for $2 70 ; 12 for i^. 10.
Money back if you are not satisfied. Free circulars.
E. J.CbubbackCo., Dept. C SaoFranciscn.Cal.

A Winning Combination
Bees and Fruit

Latest methods of beekeeping simply told in
our "Bee Primer." Highly instructive. Send
35 cents today for the book and six months
trial subscription to

American Bee Journal, Box x, Hamilton, III.

WAIT!

Before ordering get
our 1916 pure seed
book. Printed in four colors; describes our
Royal Purple Grand Champion, Pure,
Tested field, vegetable and flower seeds,
fruit trees, vines, shrubs, plants at lowest
wholesale cut prices.

Galloway Bros., Waterloo, Iowa

Hood River Pruning & Grafting Wax

READY FOR USE

Without Heating

l-lb. Can, postpaid, 60c
Made by

A. NIEHANS, Hood River, Oregon, R 2

PORTIAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7. 122'/^ Grand Ave., Portland. Oreffon

■WlioleaalerB of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees. Shrubs, Vines, Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast Grown Seedllnpe

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

"Write Now Perfection Currants "Write Now

GET YOUR BERRY BOXES FROM US

Distributers for Pacific Fruit Packa.Lit- Cn.'s lanious

Folding Berry Boxes

Deep or Shallow Pints and full Quarts. Made from
selected spruce. Also berry crates and other Fruit
Packages in Pine. Prices rifiht; stock good; shipments
prompt .

Western Pine Box Sales Co., Spokane, Wash.

WJIEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTTON BETTER FRUIT

Destructive Plant Lice, or Aphids

Continued from page IG
of the poi-soning. It is often malformed
and usually hangs on the branches
longer than normally.

The stem mothers of the Rosy Aphis
hatch very early in the spring and soon
push their way into the swelling buds.
Sonu-times a dozen and more of the
minute green lice, blueish with a coat-
ing of whitish ])ow(ler, can be found
within a single bud. The second-gen-
eration females (juickly curl the leaves,
making their control b> spraying them
practically im])ossible. The pupae of
Ihe winged generation are yellowish
pink in color, but the adult migrants
iiave a black thorax like that of the
Green Aphis. The entire life cycle i.s
supposedly spent on apple trees. The
males, appearing in late fall, are
winged, resembling the migrants, but
the true females are wingless. The
eggs of this species are laid near buds
rather than on the open bark. Un-
doubtedly this is one of the most
serious of orchard i)ests, ruining mil-
lions of dollars" worth of fruit. It is
comiiaratively a newcomer in the
Xorthwest, having been introduced in
the egg-stage on imported nursery
stock, but it is yearly extending its
range and destructiveness.

The Alfalfa or Clover Aphis has a
more complicated life history. In early
spring this species is an orchard insect,
developing from eggs usually laid on
apple trees. The stem mothers arc
.greeni.sh, mottled with red, and hatch
very early in the season. As before,
there is the usual second generation of
wingless, parthenogenetic, viviparous
females, followed by the winged third
generation. These migrants leave the
winter host plants to seek clover or
alfalfa, and their pinki.sh colored
descendants are destructive summer
pests of these field crops. In the fall
of the year another generation of
winged lice appears, the returning
uugi-ants, which seek the orchards, and
there give parthenogenetic birth to the
sexed males and females. Here is ex-
hibited Nature's further provision to
take care during the winter of a field
insect which otherwise would perish
in excessive numbers if remaining on
the ground.

II is extremely difficult to trace the
wanderings of migrating jilant lice, so
Ihe wonder is that students have al-
ready learned the life histories of the
large series of species known. Some
of our commonest species lead a dual.
(11- belter a multi])le. life, devastating a
large number of plants. The common-
est ])each aphid has a list of a hundred
summer plants, some roadside weeds
and some growing in our gardens. The
hop aphid winters on plum trees, or
where they cannot be found, the re-
luining migrants of the fall select cot-
hinwoods or willows. The wheat aphid
survives Ihe winter on apiile or other
Irees. It woidd therefore follow thai
the sinii)lest way of controlling the

•TOP DRESS all your

Crops with Nitrate
of Soda alone, no matter
what other fertilizers you
may have used. 100
pounds to the acre for
seeded, and 200 pounds
to the acre for cultivated
crops will do the w^ork.
The increase will yield
large profits over the cost.

Write on post card for our
money making books

WILLIAM S. MYERS, Director

25 Madison Avenue. New York

Bolster Springs

Theii

ndird ipnn^ ot Amrrici fince 1889. A
:0D ■ ipnng wiRon. Prevcni damiee to *
(o mirleL Soon nvf cosi — produce bnogs
more — wagon Ujn lonEri — easier lor driver — easitr lor horsei.

Made Like Finest Auto Springs

Higher (Trade jMwI. Very reiilieni and durable. All iiies—
fit anv wason up lo 5 tons capacity- II nol il dealer's, wrue
lor circular sKowinR haw Harvey SprinR) lave money

HARVEY SPRING CO., 784 ITlk St, Rscine, WU.

GUARANTEED

ANOTHER
WARM
FRIEND OF

iWlflllHflllK^iiiiinlliKiVHlinmilllliBiB

Horses are worth money,
harness is expensive, wagons
co^ too; don't wear them out
— useC. & S. Pony (Graphite^
Axle Grease — the fridionless
lubricant

In l-lb. tins at your dealer's

WHITTIER-COBURN COMPANY
San FraDcisco

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.
Proprietors

Hood River. Oregon Dufur. Oregon

Growers nr lilgh grade mirsiTy stot-k, guaraiitocd
inie-to-iiamc. Breeders and Importer of pure-bred
BiK Type roland-Chinn Hogs. Ser\-lce boars, bred
„'ilts and ueflnliiR pigs for sale.

For rai!ili)K of nursery stock and pririv>

(HI sniiit", wKle

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WIIKN WRITINT, ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 42

BETTER FRUIT

Miu-ch

Write to the Men Who Know

There is a great difference in spray pumps and
' sprayina apparatus. One kind is made by practical
orchardists and has been improved tlnrough over 20 years of orchard
success. Write aletter orpost card to Morrill & Morley Mfg. Co. Find out about

Eclipse Spray Pumps

In use in more successful orchards than all other makes. Used by
U. S. Department of Agriculture. Find out what Eclipse offers In
more profits for orchards, vineyards or potato fields. Address

Morrill & Morley Mfg. Co., Cox 12 , Benton Harbor, Micb.'
Send for Free Catalogue

Iff"'"

We Have a Story for You

Oldest Bank in ttie
Northwest

^<

Capital and Surplus

Two Million
Dollars

Banks are Banks |

Only some are different. Oregon State Banks |a

enjoy wide public confidence because wise @

state laws protect the depositors' money to |

the limit. Being a patron of this solid State f|

Bank has made many an individual's for. ||

tune. Bank with this bank and feel sure. g

Ladd&TiltonBank |

PORTLAND, OREGON

iM^^M^E^^^ffi^^^^^^ M^mitAi •.;->iitAiiQuniiQiiAiiQiiQiiniini

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying.

FWBALTESAND
COMPANY

Printers 'Binders

Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book-
lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us
for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed
promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT.

CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS
PORTLAND, OREGON

;il)lii(ls of whcjil, aH'iiir;! or hop Ik'kis
would be to destroy their stem inolhers
in iifiirby orcliards.

On tile- other hMiid, tiie life histories
of many important species are imper-
fecth known. Where do the winged
cahhage lice migrate in the fall? Do
the extremely few eggs left by the
black cherry ajihid on cherry trees
represent the only method of carrying
Ihis species over the winter? If so,
why do not the lice appear in earliest
si)ring, or why cannot this insect be
coiilrolled by winter sprays destructive
to a|)liis eggs? Docs the woolly aphid
of the apple necessarih' spend the win-
ter as hibernaliiig individuals on the
roots, or do oui- Western specimens
follow the recently-discovered routine
of migrating to elm trees to deposit
winter eggs? Sonic of these puzzles
are intimately correlated with methods
of IrcatnienI and should be solved as
soon as possible.

The best sinide maleiial found to
control aphids is nicotine, which is
now readily obtainable on the market
in concentrated form. The usual 10 per
cent nicotine sulphate is fatal to plant
lice when diluted approximately one
part to one thousand. The addition of
soap at the rate of a pound to one
hundred gallons vastly improves the
use of nicotine as a summer spray.
.Spraying should be undertaken before
the aphids have curled the leaves or it
becomes impossible to wet all the in-
sects with this contact spray. If only
a few are missed the prolific insects
increase in a few days to even greater
numbers than before. The same mate-
rial may be directed against the sexual
egg-laying females in the late fall of
the year after the fall migrants have
returned to the trees.

Sulphur-Iime is generally accredited
as a valuable winter treatment for
ajjbis eggs. While orchards regularly
sprayed with sulphur-lime are freer
from aphis injury than those unsprayed
it seems that the benefit comes prin-
cipally from the after effects on the
batched stem mothers, for aphis eggs
hatch aijparently as well whether
sprayed with sulphur-lime or not.
This is largely true also in the case of
oil si)raying. The addition of nicotine
t(i sulphur-lime, however, produces a
spray fatal alike to eggs and precocious
stem mothers, and as the combination
is more efiective against scale insects
and orchard mites il ijrobably is a
practice worth while. The standard
formula designed for application when
buds begin to .swell calls for one gallon
Id per cent nicotine concentrate, sev-
enty gallons full-strength (.S3 ) sul-
phui'-linie anil nine lumdred and thirty
gallons water. To this no soap should
be added.

.\phids on <)i-namciital plants or on
cil.\ trees can usuallx be successfully
combated by using the garden bo.se
with water under pressuic. NVheii the
insects are forcefull,\- knocked from the
plants Ihcy rarely recover.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Cupyi iyht 191G by
K. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.

•J^*r

,.ji.fyy

^ •vi><:-<-'y'.'^ ■
-.fj "■"

-r;7?^r2«J?^^s?^

,_^/3j^2f-

lilKI

R

ZriXIk

TOBACCO IS r.tPARE
FORSMOKF\oUNDERTH
PROCES'" DISCOVERED
MAKIFj EXPERIMENTS!
PROjUCE THE MOST D
LKjHTFUL AND WHOLE
5 OME TOBACCO FOR Cli
ilET"^': mwu KiKt imC^R

^ "^^OCESS PATENTED
JULY 30^-" 1907.

Winston Salem, NC.U.S. A.
DOES NOT BITE THE TONGUE

Prince Albert
tobacco has made
three men smoke
pipes where one
man smoked before!

Your supply of Prince Albert awaits your cheery nod
at the nearest store that sells tobacco. Toppy red
bags, 5c; tidy red tins, 10c; pound and half-pound
tin humidors and that fine crystal-glass pounu humi-
dor with sponge- moistener top that keeps the tobacco
in such excellent condition.

Reverse sHe iif fhf Pritu-p Alltt-rl Ii*iy :

PUT fire to that friendly old jimmy pipe of yours or to a
makin's cigarette that's all chock-full of Prince Albert — if
you want to know why the national joy smoke has revolu-
tionized pipe and cigarette rolling pleasure; why Prince Albert
has trebled the number of pipe smokers in six years !

Test out P. A. to the last ditch! Puff your way into that
enticing flavor, fragrance and long-burning coolness. Your
confidence will never be abused. The patented process fixes
that — and cuts out bite and parch!

i>RiNCE Albert

the national joy smoke

will set free any pipe-shy tongue ! It will give any man all
the pipe happiness and makin's happiness he ever yearned for!

Prince Albert has won its way on merit; won-over men of
all tastes — it's so universal in its popularity; so good, so kindly,
so satisfying. It will vv^in you quick as a flash !

R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY, Winston-Salem, N. C.

' < ■

SI

S

'^

v

.«*.•■
H^

■a

■It

s

ft

:«!
•i

'3

$

2

M.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MKNTION BETTER FRUIT

THE WORLD OUR ORCHARD

KEllY

One Million Dollars
in Box Apples

It is something to be proud of to have the first call from almost all of the best growers of the West and North-
west, who know what we require and that we can use the largest quantities of the very finest fruit they raise.

They come to us year after year to give us preference in prices for these good reasons:

FIRST — We can dispose of larger quantities of their fruit than any other house in the country.

SECOND — We have been their best patron for many years and have always met our obligations punctually.

THIRD — We have more actual consumers of fruit, who keep on coming to us year after year because we
take the best care to satisfy their wants and requirements.

FOURTH — Taking our entire holdings we handle more high-class stock than any house in the country.

FIFTH — We personally select our fruit in the growing centers, not so much with the sureness of profit
as for the certainties of excellence and the belief that we know what our trade deserves.

SIXTH — The growers from whom we purchase get ideas from us as to what the very finest trade want
and they know that we have helped raise the standard of excellence of the fruit industry.

But as to being proud — we are most proud, not only of our customers, but also of the growers, without whose
help our efforts would be practically in vain.

We believe we have succeeded in assembling under our direction the very best packs of box apples from the
premier districts of the Northwest.

We desire to herewith mention the names of a few concerns whose output we handle on this market:

NORTH PACIFIC FRUIT DISTRIBUTORS and Allied Associations
NORTHWESTERN FRUIT EXCHANGE and Allied Connections
CASHMERE FRUIT GROWERS' UNION
PESHASTIN FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
WENATCHEE GROWERS' EXCHANGE
HOOD RIVER FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE
SEBASTAPOL APPLE GROWERS' UNION
MOSIER FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
WENATCHEE VALLEY FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION
YAKIMA FRUIT GROWERS' EXCHANGE
YAKIMA COUNTY HORTICULTURAL UNION
RICHEY & GILBERT, North Yakima
E. E. SAMSON CO., North Yakima
SPOKANE FRUIT GROWERS' CO.
Etc., Etc.

Steinhardt & Kelly

NEW YORK

OUR MARKET THE WORLD

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

APEIL, 1916

Number 10

The Romu Beauty is one of the best commercial apples grown in
the Northwest. The Winesap and Jonathan are the only two varie-
ties grown in greater quantity. It has a splendid reputation for
quality in all markets and sells at good prices. It is a splendid
keeper, keeping in cold storage until May and even later. It was
originated by H. M. Gillett in Law rence County, Ohio, and first
became known in a commercial way in 1818. It is a heavy bearer.
On account of its beauty and excellent ciualilies for eating and
cooking, thriftiness and good bearing habits, it is considered to be
one of the most desirable varieties gro\\ ii in the Northwest, where
it is grown probably to a higher state of pei'fection with better
color than anywhere else in the world.

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and'Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50.

Single Copy 10 Cents

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

The

First

National

Bank

Hood River, Oregon

Capital and Surplus
$135,000

4% Interest Paid on Savings
and Term Deposits

F. S. STANLEY, President
E. 0. BLANCHAR, Cashier

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc.

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

CONOMY

E
A
R

S

o

NAILS

in buying is getting- the
best value for the money,

not always in getting the lowest prices.

PEARSON prices are right.

DHESIVENESS Vrl°'^S%^To;,

fur PEARSON nails. Tor twenty years
they have been making boxes strong.
Now, more than ever.

■CT T A PiTT TTV behind the goods i.s

IljLil±\.Dl.lJ±± X added value. You can

rely on our record of fulfillment of every

contract and fair adjustment of every

claim.

ATTQFAPTTON '^ assured by our

±V X J.OX l\.\j X XVf J.1 long experience In
making nails to suit our customers'
needs. We know what you want; we
uarantee satisfaction.

■RTriTTV AT TTV Pl"s experience al-
AVXVJ±i^.rt.JJiX J. ways excels imita-
tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to
sometime (not now) equal Pearson —
meantime yon play safe.

A
I
L

LESLIE BUTLER. President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Established ISOO

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department
WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If .vou have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if you
want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we make no
charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Things We Are
Agents for

KNOX HATS

ALFRED BENJAMIN & CO.'S

CLOTHING

DR. JAEGER UNDERWEAR

DR. DEIMEL

LINEN MESH UNDERWEAR

DENT'S AND FOWNES'

GLOVES

Buflfum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTTjAND, ORECiON

wi[i:n wkiriNc. Am eutiskks MnNTioN iikttkk fruit

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page J

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL, AND MANCHESTER

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.

204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

Tlie Old Reliable

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

W. H. DRYER

W. W. BODLAM

DRYER, BOLLAM & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

PHONES: MAIN 2348
A 2348

PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

WHOLESALE

FRUITS AND PRODUCE
Commission Merchants

SOLICIT TOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns
PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture
to us to be stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. GILBERT. President and Manager.
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPKNISH, WASHINGTON

Orchardist
Supply House

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION RETTER FRUIT

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer

C. W. Stose

W. van Diem

I^nge FYanken Straat 45, 47. 49. 51, 61

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruits

Kldest and First-Class
House in this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandiem
ABC Code used; 5th EJdition

Our Specialties Are

Apples, Pears, Naval Oranges

Page 7

BETTER FRUIT

April

I'rees planted in diiji holes. Note Iwn
are missing. Compare size and general
appearance with the row in blasletl
k;roiiii(J at the ri^ht.

> •:2'ss^-

Jtc s 1)1 an ted in blasted ground. Note
-ini 'i\ . vigorous appearance. See liow

Ml in h l:irut:-r these trees are than ihube
II ilitv; h.ilfs

Trees set in blasted holes
grow faster and yield better

EIGHTEEN years ago George W. Brown blasted the beds for
ninety out of 100 apple trees that he planted. The trees set
in dug-holes average 18 feet high, with a spread of 16 feet and
a trunk girth of 27 inches. The other trees, in blasted beds,
average 25 feet high, more than 25 feet in spread, and have
a trunk girth of 42 inches. Plant your fruit trees in beds
blasted with

SSft FARM POWDERS

-fci iir"^^^ STUMPING — AGRICULTURAL

and you will find, as experiment stations have found, that "trees
planted in blasted holes develop deeper and stronger root sys-
tems than trees planted in spade-dug holes," and will bear
earlier and yield larger crops.

The Giant Farm Powders are made especially to suit ivestern farm con-
ditions. They pulverize the soil instead of packing it. They are used by
hundreds of fruit growers for planting and deep-tilling their orchards. Ask

vour dealer for one of the Giant Farm Powders

^^^

p^'"S

|k^ ;^MJ

I^HK' % ' ^'^3^^

^^^^^^'^' II^^^^^^B

^I^Er ^ '^^SJMJ^^^I

Ui

Trunk of tree planted in blasted bed Hard-
pan broken up, giving roots ample room for
development.

j Free Book j
I Coupon I

I THE GIANT POWDER CO.. Con.

■ 202 Kohl Building, San Francisco.

I Send me your illustrated books on the

■ subjects which I have marked X:

I n STUMP BLASTING

In BOULDER BLASTING
D SUBSOIL BLASTING
I DTREE PLANTING

D DITCH BLASTING

I

I Mame I

I Address I

I Write heloiu your deattr'i name I

— Giant Stumping Powder or Eureka Stumping
Powder, and for other Giant blasting supplies.
Be sure to get the genuine, bearing the Giant
braiid. If your dealer has only ordinary dynamites,
we shall see that you are supplied.

Book, " Better Orchard Tillage," FREE

Every fruit grower will find valuable information in our
illustrated book, "Better Orchard Tillage." It contains
a complete analysis of how and why blasting soils increases
growth and yields. It also tells how to do the blasting.
We'll send you a copy free — mark and mail the coupon.
Other books, on stump blasting, boulder blasting, sub-
soiling and ditching, also free on request.

THE GIANT POWDER CO., Con., Home Office: SAN FRANCISCO

"EVERYTHING FOR BLASTING"
Branch Office.: SEATTLE, SPOKANE. PORTLAND. SALT LAKE CITY. DEN'v^r

WHKN WRITING AUVKKTISKKS MENIloN BEITtB FRUIT

Trunk of tree planted in same soil, without
blasting. Note how haidpan has forced roots
to surface and observe effect of lack of food.

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED JL\GAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MonERN. PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWTXG AND MARKETING

League-State Inspection System

DIKING the winter of 1914-1915
there developed in the Wenat-
chee Valley an organization of
growers known as the Wenatchee
North Central Washington (irowers'
League. This is a non-partisan organi-
zation of growers, with membership in
all fruit-selling organizations and in all
communities, including in its rolls a
large per cent of the ranchers of the
district. This league was formed as an
agent of the organized growers in deal-
ing with selling agencies operating
within the district. The first aim of
the league was the establishing and
enfoi-cing of a standard grade and pack
for the Wenatchee district. The horti-
cultural code of the state specified the
interpretation of grades and made jios-
siblc the enforcing of those grades, ex-
cept that no provision was made for
financing a corps of inspectors suffi-
cient to carry on the work.

A contract was entered into between
the Growers' League and the shippers
of the district whereby the latter
agreed to ]5ay to the league one cent
a box on all apples shipped by them.
The fund so established to be used for
the establishment of a sxstem of uni-
form inspection. All the fruit organi-
zations and agencies except two en-
tered into this agreement, thus guaran-
teeing almost universal sujjport from
the agencies. The bankers, business
men and newspapers of the valley
gave the movement their unanimous
support. It was largely through this
loyal support that the move was able
to survive and accomplish the work
that has been done. With this assur-
ance of financial and moral support
this office was given the task of de-
veloping a plan of inspection to be
effective over four counties. The plan
as developed was an outgrowth of a
combination of ideas and plans, and
meant to cover as nearly as practicable
the recognized value of advisory field
work and the absolutely essential final
check of warehouse inspection and
check inspection for the development
of uniformity.

The district was cut up into ten sub-
divisions, the boundaries of each deter-
mined by location and points of ship-
ment. Over each of these subdivisions
a field inspector was put in charge,
and where deemed necessary assistant
field men weie supplied In ever\- case
the field man was a trained horticul-
turist and with but one exception had
had considerable experience as an in-
spector. These men passed examina-
tions under the State Department of
Agricidlure and received certificates of

By 0. T. Clawson, Inspector, Wenatchee, Washington

authority giving them full power to
enforce the horticultural code of the
state. Within his particular territory
each man was given com|)lete authority
except as regardeil the inspector at
large and any check inspectors sent
into the territory. All other inspectors
working within the territory were un-
der his direct ordeis and supervision.
The field inspectors, each furnished
with a Ford car, began work .July first,
making an orchard survey and croj)
estimate for the district, and during the
month of .July and the first half of
August covered every commercial
orchard in the four counties. They
not only securetl the desired informa-
tion but were able to give the orchards
of tlie district the most complete in-
spection they have ever had and to
advise with the ranchers as to the solu-
tions of their various troubles.

No attempt was made to cover the
inspection of soft fruit. During the
early part of the shipment of apples
the field inspectors were able to pass
upon all fruit going out of each dis-
trict without extra help. As the work
increased additional men were placed
in each district under the field man's
supervision, until during the height of
the season there were fifty-three men
on the force. Where there was sufii-
cient tonnage passing through one
warehouse to justify it, the complete
time of one inspector was given that
warehouse. In a few of the larger
warehouses it was found necessary to
use two men continuously throughout
the rush. Wherever possible, however,
each man was used to cover more than
one point, in this way permitting a
reduction in the size of the force and
developing greater uniformity among
the difTercnt shipping concerns.

Preceding the main rush there was
considerable shifting of inspectors in
order to increase the uniformilx of
action and broaden the viewjjoint of
each man, as w^ell as to elinnnate the
likelihood of personal preferences and
infiuenccs. ^^'ith the connng of the
rush the shifting of inspectors was
piacticallx- discontinued, and the work
of field inspectors, check inspectors
and conferences depended upon to
keep the grade as uniform as possible
throughout the district. In any w.ire-
house where more than one inspectoi-
was employed, one of them was the
superior. Kach shipping ])oint icipiir-
ing more than one inspector had one of
lliem designated as chief and his de-
cision had prefei'ence over any ware-
house inspector, but in turn was sub-
ordinate to that of the field inspector.

and his in turn to the cluck inspector
and the inspector at huge. This i)ro-
vided a regular gradation of authority
and a coi'respondingly well-developed
system of checks. In Wenatchee, Cash-
mere and wherever else it was possible
for the inspectors to get together,
weekly meetings were held for the dis-
cussion of topics of connnon interest.

The supervisory work and check in-
spection of the field man was but a
portion of his duties. Perhaps his most
effective work was that of advising and
assisting the ranchers in putting the
fruit up to the standard desired. Any
fruit re.jecteil at a warehouse was re-
ported to the field man operating in
the district and it was his duty to visit
the i)acking shed of the unfortunate or
erring lancher and show him the dilfi-
cnlties with his grade, so that there
need be no repetition of the rejection.
In turn the field man kept his ware-
housemen posted as to the conditions
found at the ranches. Each warehouse
inspector was duly appointed by the
Slate Department with jurisdiction
over grade and pack. A certificate of
authoiitx and a badge denoting such
were given each man. A stamp was
furnished him with a number corre-
snonding to the nu'nber of the badge.
Each box inspected by any man was
stamped with the number of the in-
spector and the date of the inspection.
The same was required of check in-
spection and inspection in and out of
storage so that any inelliciency could
be traced directly to the responsible
party. Certificates of insjjcction were
made in triplicate for each car, one
being sent to the league office for future
reference and the first two being given
the shiijper. One of these two was
generally attached to the l)ill of lading
and the second retained for the shij)-
per's files.

In general the results have been very
satisfa<'tor> . The season's experience
has disclosed some phases of the sys-
tem which will need slight I'emodeling.
The field force should be increased,
and at least in remote districts be given
the added duty of passing on the fruit
before delivery. This method was tried
in one district this year and the results
were such ;is to indicate that it can be
made entirely feasible. Whenever the
field inspector exanuned and |)assed a
bunch of fruit he stamijcd all of the
boxes rather than merely the boxes
opened. When the fruit came into the
warehouse all unstamped boxes were
known to be uninspected and were
examined at that point. The stamped

Pa PC 6

BETTER FRUIT

April

ones were subject merely to check
inspection.

A corps of men should be plnced in
the field by March first and maintained
throughout the growing season in order
to help in preventing the production of
inferior fruit rather than merely to
prevent the sale after it is once pro-
duced. It is believed that an cflicient
corps of men will be placed in the field

at that time. Central packing sheds
are being advocated and several give
promise of starting operations next
year. The development of the central
packing-shed idea will mean the sim-
plifying of inspection, economy to the
grower and a gilt-edged product. Two
such have been operated successfully
this year and will expand quite ex-
tensivelv next vear.

the parts firmly together. The wounds
incident to joining the tops of the small
trees to the trunk of the large one
should be well covered with wax, to
prevent drying out. .Sometimes cord
is tied around the trunk to aid in hold-
ing the tops of the young trees in
proper ])osition.

Bridge Grafting Fruit Trees

[Office of Information, U. S. Department of Agriculture]

BRIDGE grafting, the use of scions
or small limbs to connect the cam-
bium above and below a large wound
or girdled strip, may be practiced suc-
cessfully on almost any kind of fruit
tree that can be propagated readily by
grafting. It is used more often with
the apple than any other fruit, but
pear trees often are treated in this
way, especially in certain sections.
There seems to be no reason why the
method should not also be successful
on plums and cherries, according to
Farmers' Bulletin No. 710, Bridge
Grafting, just issued by the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture. Peaches,
however, graft less readily and there
may be some question as to the use-
fulness of the method in the case of
this fruit. While seldom used on shade
or other ornamental trees, the author,
W. F. Fletcher, wiites that this method
of grafting probably would prove suc-
cessful in overcoming certain types of
injuries to them.

Mechanical injuries which may be
remedied are usually infiictcd by ani-
mals, by bun-owing insects or by im-
plements carelessly used. Various
diseases, such as ])ear blight, also cause
local injuries which may call for
bridge grafting. The trunks of pear
trees are not infre(|uently completely
girdled and killed by pear blight.
Bridge grafting, if done in time, how-
ever, may save the tree. The method
also is useful when large areas of bark
have been killed by sunscald or other
troubles. The author of the bulletin
points out, however, that protection of
trees against rabbits and mice and
disease is, of course, better than having
to bridge graft to overcome damage.

To be effective, bridge grafting
should be done in the spring before
growtli starts, though sometimes it can
be done after growth starts if dormant
scions for the purpose can be secured.
Prepare the wound in the tree by cut-
ting away all dead tissue and thor-
oughly cleansing the injured parts. If
possible, sterilize by washing with a
solution of bichloride of mercury, coi)-
per sulphate or some other antiseptic.
The irregular edges of the bark above
the girdled tract or wound should be
cut back into an even edge, far enough
from the wound to make certain that
healthy cambium is under the bark.
For the grafting, select scions from
■wood of the previous season's growth,
either branches which grew the pre-
ceding season or watersprouts that are
only a year old. The scions should be

a little longer than the space which is
to be bridged, so they will arch slightly
over the central part of the wound.
Bevel the scions at each end on the
same side of the scion with a long
sloping cut so that the wedge-shaped
ends thus formed will be relatively
Ihin and permit their being thrust well
under the bark without danger of
se])arating it unduly from the cambium
at the points of insertion. The placing
of the scions will be facilitated if the
bark at the margins of the wound is
slit for short distance at the points
where the ends are to be inserted.

In ijlacing the scions it is of the
greatest importance that the cambium
of the scions which is exposed in the
sloping cuts at the ends be brought
into intimate contact with the cam-
bium that lies under the bark at the
margins of the wounded area. The
union of scion and tree can occur only
where the cambium layers of the two
come together. The scions may be
secured in their proper positions, if
need be, by driving a small nail
through each end into the trunk. This
will aid in drawing the cambium of
scion and trunk closely together. The
operation is completed by thoroughly
covering the area occupied by the ends
of the scions and the margins of the
wound with grafting wax, strips of
waxed cloth, or by some other means
that adequately will prevent these
parts from drying out. Some operators
cover the entire wound, scions and all,
with melted wax. ^Miere the bridged
portion is below or near the ground,
many operators conserve moisture by
covering the grafts with earth.

Where the wound is so large as to
make ordinary bridge grafting impos-
sible, another method of bridging may
be used. Two-year-old trees are
planted about the base of the injured
tree and their tops grafted into its
trunk above the girdled space, which
has first been cleaned as in the other
method. .\s the tops of the small trees
are too large to manipulate readily in
the manner described for scions, V-
shaped vertical grooves extending
through the cambium are cut just
above the wounded area in the bark of
the tree to be treated. The tops of the
small trees arc shajjcd to correspond
with these grooves. The two are then
accurately fitted together in such a
manner as to bring the cambium of
one into contact witli thai of the other.
Small nails max be driven through the
tops of the trees into the trunk. In licdd

Contact Poisons and Green
Apple Aphis

[Office of Information, U. S. Dept.of Agriculture]

THE effectiveness of different con-
tact poisons both alone and in com-
bination with other substances in kill-
ing the green apple aphis has been
made the subject of extensive field and
laboratory tests by the entomologists
of the United States Department of
Agriculture as reported in Department
Bulletin 278. Extensive experiments
were made with 40 per cent nicotine
sulphate, kerosene emulsion, anthra-
cene emulsion, naphtha soap, laundry
soap and fish-oil soap, both alone and
in combinations. In certain cases in
order to provide a stomach poison in
combination with an aphidicide, arse-
nate of lead was used in connection
with the nicotine sulphate, and both
arsenate of lead and arsenate of cal-
cium were used with kerosene emul-
sion without lessening the killing
action of the nicotine sulphate on
aphids. It was found, however, that
where arsenates are combined with
kerosene emulsion they should not be
mixed and allowed to stand for over
a day or so, since there is a slight
breaking down of the soap. As the
specialists point out, insecticides in
general should not be combined until
they are to be used.

According to the results of these ex-
pciiments a Itl-per-cent kerosene ennil-
sion shoidd prove elTective against the
green apple aphis. The kerosene emul-
sion made either with ()6-per-cent
stock, 10 per cent, or with naphtha
soap and cold water, seemed to kill all
the green apple aphids. The -10-per-
cent nicotine solution, with a dilution
up to 1 to 2,000 combined with soap,
were likewise efi'ective aphidicides.
Anthracene emulsion, 3 per cent, gave
satisfactory control, and at this
strength caused no foliage injury.
Anthracetie emulsion, 5 per cent,
burned the foliage badly. The kero-
sene emulsions under 10 per cent were
not satisfactory, neither were the soaps
at the strengths tested, except that fish-
oil soap, a to 50, killed flO per cent of
the aphids. Laundry soap, ,3 to ,iO,
was effective against the young aphids
only. Arsenate of lead alone, as was
to be expected, had little or no effect
upon the aphids. The combination of
arsenate of calcium with kerosene
enuilsion is not a desirable one, since
an insoluble calcium soap is formed,
thcrehv releasing some free kerosene.

Str;n\ hni y grnwers of Kcnnew ick ami Uicli-
I;nni Imvr atO'ced to a consolidation and will
niai-kct all of their berries tln-ouph one selling
concern, thus cutting out self-competition, —
a step in the riKllt direction. More of this
work is in <»r(ler, anil when more of it is done
friiitgrnwers will i-eali/e lietter prices.

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 7

Concerning the Pocket Gopher and Destructive Habits

By Theo. H. Scheffer, Assistant Biologist U. S. Biological Survey

THE pocket gopher is an animal of
wide distiiijution in tlie United
States, being found almost any-
wliere west of the lower course of the
Mississippi River and the eastern bor-
der of its valley in the upper course.
There is also an isolated group of these
animals in parts of three states on our
southeast coast. The small ground
squirrels of the prairies and the true
moles arc sometimes locally known as
"gophers."

The gopher burrows in the soil of
wild lands and cultivated fields, con-
structing a labyrinth of tunnels that
have no permanent exits above ground.
The work of extending these runways
is usually done at night or in the early
morning and late evening, when, at in-
tervals, the busy little animal dumps
on the surface of the field the loads of
earth it has brought up, through short
lateral gangways, from its excavations
below. These accumulations of soil
soon assume the proportions of con-
spicuous mounds ranging in bulk from

a few quarts to more than a bushel of
dirt. Some of the Pacific Coast moles
heap up similar mounds, but a little
study of detail will enable the observer
to readily distinguish them from those
constructed by the pocket gopher. The
former are built up, volcano fashion,
by successive ujjheavals beneath and
through the center of the mound, the
earth, if not too dry, falling down the
slopes in the form of the plugs that
were forced up from the tunnel as
through a crater tube. The earth
mounds of the gopher, on the other
hand, are more or less semi-circular
or fan shaped in outline, with the
plugged opening through which the
dirt has been carried out, on one side.
In the construction of these mounds
each successive load of earth was piled
on top of the one previously brought
out, or to the right or left of it. Asso-
ciated with the mounds built by the
mole there may be upridgings of the
sod or soil crust where the little ani-
mal has plowed along just beneath the

A very efTicient and simple trap for pocket sophers.

Tlie "Ring*' type of trap, with banti steel The "Box" type of gopher trap.

spring.

s

^

Prods used in locating and effecting entrance into tlie nndergronnd rvniways of tlie gopher.

surface in search of food. The run-
ways of the gopher are all too deep
down to produce such ridges.

The gopher is not a prolific breeder.
It rears young but once a year — in the
early spring of our temperate latitudes.
The number of young at a birth will
average four or five. They grow and
develop fairly rapidly and by fall are
scattering out anti digging runways for
themselves.

The natural food of the pocket go-
pher consists mainly of the roots and
undergrouiul stems of the plants grow-
ing wild in its habitat. The search for
these results in the long and devious
windings of the gopher tunnels we find
in our fields. Stems and leaves of cer-
tain plants are also cut off above
ground and pulled down into the bur-
rows to serve as food. In some parts
of the country, at least, considerable
quantities of root sections are stored
in underground chambers connected
with the tunnels. These are usually
for winter use, though there may be
other times when stores are drawn
upon because of temporary food
scarcity.

With the cultivation of the soil by
man has come the substitution of vari-
ous edible roots and tubers for those
of the original wild plants destroyed
b\ the plow-. These new supplies being
usually more abundant and constant
than formerly, the gopher has found
conditions of life easy and as a result
has, in recent years, greatly increased
in numbers in some agricultural dis-
tricts. Following this increase such
crops as alfalfa, clover, potatoes and
garden truck have suffered much from
attacks on their root systems and from
llie presence of the mounds, which
cover up jjarts of the cro])s and inter-
fere with harvesting.

Much damage has been done to young
orchards by the pocket gopher. In-
stances might be cited where entire
acreages of considerable extent have
sutl'cred the loss of almost every tree
as a result of the roots being gnawed
off. Nursery stock in the field is also
at times seriously damaged in a similar
way. In the irrigated fruit disti'icts,
too, the tunnels of the gopher pene-
trate the ditch banks, causing waste of
water and often serious breaks and
washouts when the smaller leak has
not been discovered in time to stoj) the
outflow.

■MI thid is re(|uircd lo keep tlie go-
|)her situation in liaiid in any com-
munity is a well-directed campaign of
[)oisoning or trapping at the start, fol-
lowed by reasonable vigilance and co-
operation with neighbdis. The animals
arc easily trapped, and will take cer-
tain poisoned baits in a manner that
indicates the possession of liltle
shrewdness or cimning in scenting out
danger along this line. Poisoning an I
trapping may be f<dlowed successfully
at any time when the go|)hcrs a'c
active in Ihrowing up fresh moim \%, a

Page 8

BETTER FRUIT

April

dry period or one of hard freezing
weallier Ijeing least favorable for the
work.

The very best poisoned bait we have
so far discovered for pocket gophers
consists of sections of sweet potato,
parsnip or carrot treated with i)ow-
dered strychnine. The vegetable used
should be cut into pieces about as
thick as one's little finger and approxi-
mately an inch long. It is best to mix
the strychnine with about one-tenth
its bulk of saccharin in order to par-
tially disguise the bitter taste of the
poison. The mixture may then be put
into a pepper box and dusted over the
bait while the pieces are still fresh
and moist. One-sixteenth of an ounce
of strychnine is sufficient for two
quarts of the bait. Stir the pieces
about while dusting on the poison so
that the latter may be evenly distrib-
uted. If the bait has dried so that the
poison will not readily adhere wet the
cut vegetables and then drain until the
pieces are in the proper condition.
The bait must not be sloppy.

Another very good way of preparing
the bait is to stir the powdered strych-
nine and saccharin thoroughly into a
small quantity of rather thick laundry
starch, made up just as for starching
clothes and allowed to partly cool
before using. Pour this over the bait
and stir until all the pieces are fully
coated with the poisoned paste. Xot
more than one-thir<l of a tcacupful of
the prepared starch will be needed to
coat two quarts of the bait. It is best
to let the starch coating dry for a
short time so that soil particles will not
adhere to the bait when it is jnit out
in the field.

In putting out the bait entrance into
the go])her's burrow may be effected
by the use of a sharpened prod about
an inch in diameter. Types of such
prods are illustrated herewith. The
one that is made of a broom handle,
with a piece of one-quarter or three-
eighths-inch iron rod fitted into the
large end and projecting about twelve
inches, will give good satisfaction in
ordinary soils. Both the rod and the
handle should be bluntly pointed. The
former is used as a seeker, the latter
for enlarging the opening where poi-
soned bait is to be introduced into the
gopher's runway. To penetrate hard
soils a prod with a footrest attached
may be needed. The course of the
burrow can be located by prodding
the soil in a line between two adjacent
mounds, or, if the pile of earth has
been freshly thrown up, a better plan
is to push the dirt aside with the foot
and find the lightly-plugged lateral
leading into the runway. In either
case push the bait well into the open-
ing. It is immaterial whether the lat-
ter be closed or not after introducing
the bait. It is good practice to obliter-
ate all mounds with hand rake or drag
of some sort a few days after putting
out the poison, so that if any gophers
escape the first attack the new mounds
they construct may be readily detected.
Gophers are more easily trapped
than perhaps any other animal pest of

our agricultural districts. The ordi-
nary type of steel trap. No. 0, may be
used, set either in a lateral or in the
main runs; but a specially designed
gopher trap will usually give much
better results. Set singly, these traps
must be placed in the lateral, or short
branch leading from the main burrows
to a point where dirt has been recently
pushed out. If entrance is effected
into the main tunnel two traps must be
used, one facing each way. One or
more types of gopher trap may usually
be fountl on sale at a local dealer's.
The simpler and more compact the
device th.e better. Those made entirely
of metal are to be preferred to those
having some wood in their construc-
tion. Explicit directions for setting
any particular make of trap are, or

should be, furnished with the trap
when sold. In jjlacing either one of
the metal traps shown in the illustra-
tions accompanying this article, find a
freshly-constructed lateral from the
gojiher's burrow to a new mound of
earth, as directed in the account of
poisoning operations. Enlarge this
short side branch by hand or with the
plant trowel and push the trap back
for its full length, "sawing" it into the
ground so that it will remain in posi-
tion when the gopher approaches.
These small ti'aps will need to be se-
cured by wire and stake to prevent
their being dragged back into the wind-
ings of the runway. The box type of
trap is intended to be set snugly up
against the end of the open lateral from
a burrow.

Disposal of Fruit By Auction

By Arthur M. Geary, Portland, Oregon
J hundred vears most of

FOR over
the foreign fruits and a large per-
centage of the vegetables consumed in
London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Hull,
Bremen, Hamburg and a number of
other European cities have been sold
under the hammer. In this country
auction selling of fruit began at about
the time of the Civil War. Sailing ves-
sels from Southern Europe and the
tropics, loaded with oranges, lemons,
bananas and other fruits, were sold to
the trade of Boston, New York, Phila-
delphia and other cities as they
gathered on the wharves, — often the
auctioneer standing upon a stand
under a raised umbrella. Horatio
Harris, the founder of H. Harris &
Company of Boston, and Edward
Brown, founder of Brown & Seccomb,
auctioneers, which is one of the three
firms now operating in New York,
were the pioneer auction sellers of the
United States.

In New York today the three auction
houses own a ten-story building at 204
Franklin Street, where Sicilian lem-
ons, Spanish Almeno grapes, Florida
oranges, and grapefruit and pineapples
from Cuba and the Isle of Pines arc
sold at auction. Samples of cargoes
and cars of these fruits are put upon
display in the Fruit Auction Building.
From estimates of the quality and value
of these samples, the trade of New
York, composed of seven or eight hun-
dred jobbers, brokers, hotel agents,
large retailers and commission mer-
chants make their bids in the sales
auditorium that are found on the floor
above. A gi-eat many of the offices of
fiiMiis connected in some way with the
fruit business are located in the Fruit
Auction Building.

The bananas are the only fruits that
are still sold after the fashion of the
sixties. As bunches of bananas are
carried fi-om the h<dils of the vessels
and loaded upon wagons, buvers stand
around and judge of the quality of the
fruit. ^Vhen a wagon is loaded, the
auctioneer, who operates from the
bridge of the ship, auctions it off to the
highest bidder. The I'nited Fruit

Company, during the last few years,
has been using this method of distri-
bution in New York.

The fruit from the Pacific Coast that
is consumed in the New York district,
which embraces a population of eight
millions or more, is unloaded on Erie
Pier, whicli is also known as Pier 20.
The great dock is 800 feet long and
two hundred feet wide, heated by
steam pi])es in winte)- and cooled by a
ventilation svstem in sunnner. All the
fruit cars from California, Oregon,
^Vashington, Idaho and Montana arrive
at the terminal yards in .lersev City
and are towed across the Hudson
River on scows during the night to
Erie Pier. Here great gangs of men '
work through the night at unloading
and opening sample boxes. Different
from the practice at the .\uetion Build-
ing, whole cars are placed where the
trade can view them. If a buyer de-
sires he can open all the boxes, but
generally he is satisfied with viewing
the ojjcned sani|)le boxes.

When the trade of New York is
turned loose among the fruit in the
morning, every car and every lot of
fruit in every car can quickly be lo-
cated by numbers and description
found in the daily catalogs that are dis-
tributed free. The actual bidding on
Pacific Coast fruit takes place in the
two sales auditoriums, located on the
second floor of Erie Pier.

One of the principal functions of the
auction houses is to advance cash
to the agents of the growers, who-
ever they may be. Within twenty-four
hours after a car is auctioned ofi', a
check is handed to the agent who had
the car sold, and there is no reason
generally why the check should not be
mailed on to the grower or the grow-
er's association at once. The auction
houses must wait for their money, as
the bulk of it is sold on ten, fifteen
and thirty days' credit. By a carefully
built-up system of extending credit, the
auction houses handle millions with
the loss of but a few hundred dollars
from bad bills.

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

The paiiiclllar aliction

uulitoriuni on Erie Pier wliere the pears, cherries, prunes, plums and grapes that are shinned Id
New York from the Pacific Coast are sold.

The California Fruit Growers' Ex-
change, which handles over sixty per
cent of the orange and lemon crop of
California, have made the auctions
their exclusive means of distribution
in twelve large cities. If a jobber who
lives in one of these cities desires to
buy a car f.o.b. in California or in any
way except through the auction, he is
disappointed. The Exchange insists
that he compete with the little jobbers,
the brokers and large retailers and aid
them in the competition that sets the
price. The California Fruit Distrib-
utors, who handle forty per cent of
the grapes, jjcars, cherries and plums
shipped from California, follow the
same policy in a still greater number
of cities, as do the Mutual Orange
Shippers' Distributors, which is the
largest rival of the Exchange in the
citrus fruit-shipping business of Cali-
fornia.

The Florida Citrus Exchange also
uses the auction system in selling its
fruit, — oranges and grapefruit. The

rest of the tonnage from Florida is sold
both at auction and at private sale in
the large cities. A number of the job-
bing firms of New York and other
cities make a business of buying
Florida oranges f.o.b. and selling them
through the auction. In such cities as
Boston, Phihidelphia, New York and
Pittsburg it is estimated that eighty
to eighty-five per cent of the Florida
oranges and grapefruit are sold at
auction, the rest being handled by the
jobbers through their own stores.

The great bulk of both the box and
barrel apples are now sold at private
sale through the stores of the jobbers.
The apples from the Northwest arrive
on Erie Pier along with the fruit which
are sold at auction. Here they are
taken charge of by the jobbers and
commission men.

In Boston, about a third of the cars
of apples shipped there this season
were sold at auction by H. Harris &
('onipany, the jobbers handling two-
thirds through their stores. In New

York and Philadelphia only occasional
cars of apples were disposed of under
the hammer during this last winter.
In Pittsburg, (Cincinnati, Kansas City
and a number of the largest interior
cities occasional cars were sold under
the hammer.

The Department of Markets of New
Y'ork, under Director John J. Dillon,
has opened an auction for barrel
api)les. .Sales were held in the or-
chards at Cardiner and Bed Hook last
.September and at the Auction Building
daily during the winter. The per-
centage of New York barrel apples dis-
posed of in this way during the past
season, which is the first of its opera-
tion, has not been large.

A news story is current, although not veri-
fied, that the Rogue River fruitgrowers are
willing to make some arrangements in con-
nection with Hood River for the purpose of
marketing the Newtown croji in an endeavor
to cut out unnecessary competition between
these two districts on their Newtowns, which
is the principal variety grown in both sections.

ICrie Pier, New York, where all the fruit that is shipped across the e.ininuiil lev Niw York from California, Washington,

Oregon, Montana and Idaho is delivered hy the railroads.

Page 10

BETTER FRUIT

April

|ililil!IJil;tiiH;M?/T

ON SlMiAV I'T'MPS

For Spraying, Painting and Disinfecting.

IF you grow fruit or vegetables, raise poultry or care for stock, you can't
get along without a spray pump. You might just as well have a good one
as any other kind. Get a M^ ERS — Bucket, Barrel or Power — according
to your needs — a guaranteed pump thai you can depend on or a fully
equipped outfit with lank, tiucks, etc, that ishandy to use about buildings
for whitewashing or disinfecting, and also adapted for sprajnng trees,
shrubbery, etc

Write today for late Catalog showing all styles of Myers Spray Pumps, Nozzlesand Accessories and
gii.nng complete spray Calendar and Instructions — Howand WhentoSpray.A Postal brings the catalog
with name of our dealer.

F. E. MYERS & BRO. 120 Orange St. ASHLAND, OHIO

ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS

VERS
1^ 1

We carry in Portland

Stock Labels for Apples, Pears,

Strawberries and

Cherries

Can make shipment of
Printed Stock Labels in 24 hours.
Send for Samples
and Prices

mE5IMP30rrai5TD0ELLER CO.

1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDG.

PORTLAND, E.Shelley Morgan. Manager.

OREGON.

Spraying Controls Peach-
Leaf Curl

Oregon orchardi.st.s are given as.siir-
ance that correct .spraying methods
will control peach-leaf curl. The kind
of spray, time and methods of appli-
cation, and other important data are
outlined in the following paper by
H. P. Barss, head of the Plant Patholo-
gy Department of the O. A. C. Experi-
ment Station:

"Peach-leaf curl is a disease which
undoubtedly causes thousands of dol-
lars of loss each year in the State of
Oregon. Practically all of this loss is
unnecessary, since this disease can be
satisfactoryily controlled with one
spraying given at the proper time of
year, as the experience of a great num-
ber of growers in all parts of the
state indicates. This article is written
for those who have failed in the past
to control this disease and for those
who will have this disease to contend
with as their newly-planted orchards
get a start. The writer is confident
that, barring accidents, any peach
grower can control this disease to his
own satisfaction if he follows care-
fully the directions set down in this
article.

"Peach-leaf curl is a disease caused
by a fungous parasite. The infections
of this fungus occur early in the
spring just as the tender young leaf
points are emerging from the buds
and the infections are particularly bad
when the weather is moist and warm
just at this stage. Some varieties of
peaches are much less seriously aflfected
than others. When the delicate in-
fection threads of the fungus have
penetrated into the new leaves thev

spread all through the leaf tissue and
the leaf becomes distorted, abnormally
tliickened, and of an unnatural color.
The whole leaf may be affected; in
fact, a whole twig may be affected, but
in other instances there may occur
only a few separate patches of leaf
surface affected by the disease. By
the middle of the spring the surfaces
of these distorted leaves become pow-
dery with the spores or reproductive
bodies of the fungus which are being
discharged at this time. These are
carried by air currents all through the
orchard and will eventually result in
the infections of the next season. After
discharging the spores, the leaves that
are alTected shrivel up and hang, dead
and brown, to the branches for a long
time. Great injury is done where a
large percentage of the leaves on a
peach tree are affected even though
the tree may put out a new growth of
leaves. The vitality of the tree and
the quality and yield of fruit are
greatly reduced. Furthermore, a tree
may die from the effects of the disease
when it sufTers two or more successive
severe attacks.

"Years ago it was found that by
spraying the trees thoroughly with
bordeaux mixture -4-4-50 or with lime
sulphur 1-10 just before the buds began
to open, this disease could be con-
trolled. A good many .growers, how-
ever, wait until the last minute before
making the application and in a great
many cases find the weather conditions
such that spraying is impossible at that
time. Consequently delayed applica-
tion is often made very soon after the
buds begin to come out, but unfortu-
nately in such cases a great part of the
infection has already taken place and

Ijractically no beneficial results come
from this delayed spraying.

"It has been ff)und that while spray-
ing innnediately before the buds begin
to open does control the leaf curl, yet
a spray given a week or more before
will have exactly the same efTect.
Recent experiments by the Cornell
L'niversity Experiment Station, even,
indicate that spraying any time after
December 1 will be effective if thor-
oughly done. Experiments are now
under way at the Oregon Experiment
Station to determine whether or not
this is true under Oregon conditions
as well. Whatever the results of these
tests may be, it is the experience of
Oregon gi'owers that a thorou.gh appli-
cation given within two weeks before
the opening of the buds will have suc-
cessful results. We recommend, there-
fore, at the present time, that peach
growers spray their trees in February
a week or two before the buds are
expected to begin to come out.

"If the presence of San Jose scale in
the orchard is suspected, use lime sul-
phur 1 to 10. If not, use bordeaux
mixture O-fi-.'iO. Successful control,
however, cannot be expected unless the
work is thoroughly done. Every bud
must be covered with the spray mate-
rial. This is not an easy task, but the
results are worth the effort. A mist
spray under considerable pressure will
generally give the best results."

Lead Arsenates Differ
Lead arsenates are sold for spray
purposes as acid or lead hydrogen
arsenate and also as basic lead arse-
nates. These materials differ in some
essentials to the extent that users of
them in practice should be able to
distinguish them, says Professor H. V.
Tartar, who has carried out the most
exhaustive research work with arse-
nates of lead so far reported in this
country. Only by knowing something
of their identity and properties can the
user be able under difficult and special
conditions to avoid disastrous results.
Some of the differences are pointed out
as follows: The acid salt is fluffy,
somewhat like wheat fiour, and is
usually without ciystals, although un-
der certain conditions crystals appear.
The particles are of lower specific
gravity and settle from the water or
other liquid of the sprav more quickly
than llie basic forms. The basic form
is granular in appearance and has not
been observed to crystallize. Although
the size of the sei)arate particles of
both is practically the same, the basic
form particles have a tendency to col-
lect into groups, thus becoming heavier
and settling more rapidly. — O. A. C.
Bulletin.

Thp Wenatchcc distiict, according to the
Growers' League, which has kept a careful
•iccoiint of the niniibcr of cars inspected and
sliipped. reports that the Wenatchee district.
up t<» llie middle of February, has shipped
I. !.">() carloads of apples.

Hood Biver .-^pijle Growers' Association, on
I-"ebruary 2.*ird, reported their tonnage for the
season 19iri-lf> to be .'iTJ.Jl!) boxes. Shipped
to date, .'i4."),4.S.T boxes; on hand. 28,933 boxes,
or less than .tO carloads remaining.

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Pas.e II

Success in Farming

Success is the prosperous termination of
any enterprise — prosperity.

Success is not just getting along halfway
— it's beating the game, and winning — it's
prosperity.

Success in farming requires the use of
every means to raise bigger crops at less
expense — to get the
work done at the
right time, at the
lovyest cost.

Success means
getting the soil in

good humor, so it will
produce big crops and
will not be exhausted.
Success in farming
means getting big tasks
done with least effort
and least expense.

You can use a tractor to your advan-
tage on your farm.

Success in farming means the use of mod-
ern machinery— the saving of human effort
by utilizing mechanical power— the saving
of money by introducing one machine to do
the work of ten men and forty horses.

Success in farming is holding the young
men in the country instead of attracting
them to the over-
crowded city.

Success in farm-
ing is made possi-
ble by the tractor to
plow and harrow
and cultivate and
haul the thresher
and the grain, in
the orchard and the
rice field.

Let us prove to you why you should
have a money-making tractor.

BALL TREAD TRACTOR

ACTOR I

Yuba Construction Company

433 California Street
San Francisct. , Calif,

THE YUBA CONSTRUCTION CO.

Department D 11

433 California Street, San Francisco, California

Gentlemen: Kindly send me a copy of your booklet,
"The Yuba Ball Tread Tractor."

Name

P. O. Box

Town

State

Size of Farm acres

CHECK MAIN CROP RAISED

Fruit Rice

Grapes Alfalfa

Grain Hay

Hops

The Codling Moth

Presented at California Fruit Growers' Convention, Palo Alto, July 28, 1915, by A. L. Melander, Pullman, Washington

HOW many times shall we spray
for the codling moth? That is
the question. ^Vhether wo be-
lieve in strong or weak spray, misty
or driving application, low or liigh
pressure, neutral or acid arsenate, and
whether we supplement the spraying
with other contiol practices, such as
cultivation, lliinning and banding, we
are all inteiested in how often, or
rather how few times, and when to
spray. Ten years ago fruitgrowers in
Washington were averaging seven sum-
mer spi'a>ings for the codling molli,
using hand pumps at a pressine of
fifty pounds, Vcrmorel nozzles, long
spray poles, strong iiaris green and
spraying from the ground, and getting
H^ per cent of worm-free fruit to repay
their trouble, the culls being for the

most part calyx wormy. Contrast with
this method the system which these
same growers now practice: Power
sprayers maintaining 2,')l) iiounds pres-
sure, clipper nozzles set with a crook-
joint to 8-foot rods, weak arsenate of
lead and the spraying done from an
elevated platform. Tiie two methods
have little -in connnon beyond aiming
to check the codling moth, >el the
growers now are able to eliminate lialf
their applications and add an exira 10
per cent to their crop. Tlie cliange
resulted simjily from apph ing the prin-
ciples of efTiciency to this i)liase of
orchard management.

A decade ago when man.\ growers
were si)raying twice each month, we
showed that in the Norlli the coclUng
moth worked in well-defined periods.

In the irirgateil districts no apples
became infested during the liist half of
July, in which case a si)ra.\ ing on July
1st was so much effort wasted. This
eliminated one spraying. The substi-
tution of arsenate of lead for paris
green gave an adhesive material good
for a month or more, thus eliminating
otlier sprayings. Hence a spraying
when the first brood jiatched, another
after mid-July at llie onset of the sec-
ond itrood and anollier about Septem-
ber 1st for late second brood and a
partial third brood, took care of the
difhcult part of the program. The
object of these three application is to
coat the fruit willi poison in advance
of the hatching of the worms so that
the lirst meal taken by them will be
their last also, .^pparentlv then these

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

Apnl

OUR 1916 ANNUAL CATALOG

Garden, Flower and Field Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Garden,
Orchard, Poultry and Bird Supplies, Fertilizers, Sprays, etc.

A Western Catalog for Western Buyers. Up-to-date, com-
plete and nicely illustrated— a reliable, truthful guide.

Our "Highest Quality" Stocks, direct to buyers only - no agents.
You save time and money by buying of us. Write today for

New Catalog No. 27, free.

ROUTLEDGE SEED & FLORAL CO.

169-171 Second Street PORTLAND, OREGON

y^fn^

ENGLISH SEEDS

FOR YOUR GARDEN, LAWN U
^a^ttUlJ *""* FLOWER BEDS M

Tested 3003 ARCADE BUI LOIN«

Branch of JAMES CARTER & CO., London, Ens.

Tested

Send C ^^^/.A Arcade

for %>.g^<Va^ BIdg.

Catalog "B" | n C. Seattle, Wash.

RMUBARB

Now Is the Best Time to Plant

WAGNER'S IMPROVED WINTER RHUBARB

If planted NOW you should derive good
results. Also BERRIES and small fruit.
Write for prices. J. B. WAGNER. Rhubarb,
Berry and Cactus Specialist, Pasadena, Cal.

COLLEGE SEED

Corn— Choice Minnesota No. 13 Silage Corn and
Minnesota No. 23 for Grain and Hogging Off. Each
$3.75 per bushel; 10 cents per pound.

Hannchen Barley — High Yielding, Threshed
Clean. $1.25 per bushel.

Selected Kale — 50 cents per pound, postpaid.

Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis

CHUBBUCK'S IDEAL

GOPHER TRAP

Larger than runway:
jaws pull rodent in:

catches large or small gopher and holds it.

Farmers say it's worth dozen other makes.

Big sales. Price 50c. If not atyourdealer'swillsend

t to you postp.iid : Z for O'^c : 6 for %1 7P -. 12 for %^ 1(1.
Money b.ick il\'.ai .ir'- in.! ^i'; = fi.-ii Fr.-e .ir. i;l.rs.
E. J. CbabbackCo., Depl. C ?anFranciico,Cal.

three sprayings should protect the
cro]). In practice, however, it has lieen
found that they come far from fulfdl-
ing this purpose. In one experiment
even, several years ago, we found
exactly as many worms when these
three sprayings were given as when
no spraying at all was tlone. xVs the
wormy apples were mostly entered at
the calyx a spraying system to he suc-
cessful must protect that part of the
fruit. As far as the codling moth is
concerned an apple consists of two
parts: a large outside comprising the
tough skin and a small, attractive re-
treat at the calyx end. That this
retreat proves attractive the wormy
apples of any unsprayed orchard will
show. Sometimes as many even as
nine out of ten worms will seek out
this part of the fruit, which is the only
part of the surface unprotected by an
epidermis.

For a variable period, usually of
about ten days immediately t'nllowing

the blossoming of the trees, and at that
time only, the calyx end of the apples
can be poisoned. At that time the
petals are out of the way, the sepals
project widely open and most of the
flowers which ultimately set fruit ex-
tend upward. The inner calyx, how-
ever, is protected by a close-fitting
crown of about twenty curved, springy
and hairy stamens. Since these sta-
mens are stiff a penetrating spray is
necessary to force the poison between
them. This calls for a nozzle of the
clipper type and for pressure. Since so
many of the flowers point upward the
spray must for the most part be
directed downward. This calls for the
crook-.joint, and in the case of trees
more than a dozen feet in height for
the tower or elevated platform in addi-
tion. Since the time for this spraying
is limited by the infolding of the
sepals, there is no time for loitering.
An unexpected spell of hot weather
might close the flowers in three or four
days. Hence the necessity again of
high-pressure spraying, which is syn-
nonymous not only with efficiency but
with speedy apijlication as well. Some
fruitgrowers overlook the fact that it
requires a given amount of liquid to
spray an orchard, whether applied at
."ifl pounds or at 2,^f), and that at 50
pounds it takes a week do what 250
liounds accomplishes in a day. Pene-
tration, therefore, is the keynote gov-
erning the calyx spraying, — a penetra-
tion nozzle, a penetration pressure and
a penetration (fii'ecfion to the spray,
('an the calyx cup be filled? Is it nec-
essary to use a driving spray? Cannot
excellent results follow the old method
of using a mist ap])lication? Is not a
driving spray wasteful or even in-
.jurious? These and a dozen otlier
(juestions liave been asked and an-
swered.

Evidently there is a varietal differ-
ence in the structure of apple blossoms.
Sometimes, as in tlie I5aldwin, the sta-
mens arc ver\ tmgid and densely
woolly, in which case it becomes prac-
tically impossible in orchard practice
to force poison into the interior of
every flower. Sometimes, as in the
Rome Beauty, the blossoming is irregu-
lar, buds and old flowers occurring
together. In this case the calyx spray-
ing must be repeated. However, the
application shoidd be timed by those
central flowers of each cluster which
because most mature are the ones to
set fruit. I'sually tlie belated lateral
buds can be ignored because ultimately
they are thinned or drop off. Some-
times an orchard has a mixed i)lanting
(if earlx and bile varieties, which calls

for a repetition of the spray, for the
spraying must be given when the
flowers are in receptive condition.
Sometimes, as in crabs, the flowers are
thin stemmed and tilt over when hit
by a driving stream. In all these cases
it is difficult in orchard practice to
fill the inner calyx cup and calyx
wormy fruit must be expected. In the
case of commercial Northwestern vari-
eties it is not only possible but prac-
tical to fill every calyx cup and thus
to destroy by means of this spraying
alone the vast ma.jority of worms that
seek this part of the apple, whether
they enter shortly after the spraying
or not until the day of harvest. We
have sorted the culls from many thou-
sands of boxes of fruit, not only that
experimentally sprayed but that also
from the orchards of Western growers
who have adopted this spraying sys-
tem, and have invariably failed to dis-
cover calyx wormincss. But on the
other hand, in attempting to apply the
system to New York conditions we
have failed to penetrate into Baldwin
apples, and, like other experimenters,
have had 10 per cent or so of the
wormy-fruit entered through the calyx.

There has been much controversy as
to whether or not tlie calyx spraying
alone can protect an orchard, .\bun-
dantly it has been demonstrated in
actual expeiience that this early spray-
ing has given such satisfactory results
that later sprayings would not pay for
their ajjplication. .Again, and jjerhaps
even more frequently, other growers
have failed to control the cotlling moth
with repeated sprayings. There is no
question that the calyx spraying is
most important, .lust how carefully or
how poorly it is given will determine
the loss at harvest. Numerically it
should be worth as much more than
all subsequent a])plications together, as
the calyx worms exceed in number the
side worms. Practically it is even more
valuable, and for several distinct rea-
sons. First, it undoubtedly destroys
a certain percentage of leaf-eating
worms which would have been side
entering. Again, it is impossible to fill
the calyx without wetting the sides of
the blossoms, and this poison probably
has some effect. Hut most important
in the matter of practical control, late
sprayings never afford their full ex-
pected benefit, for it is the instinctive
habit of the codling worm to reject
without swallowing such distasteful
substances as the lough skin of the
apple and with it the ixiison which
coats this unnatural food.

Foi- these anil other reasons llie most
possible emphasis should be placed on
thoiiiughness of the calyx application.
The more complete the destruction of
the early worms the fewer later-brood
worms tliere would be with which to
contend. I. ale sprayings at the best
arc unsatisfactory: lhe\' do not pre-
vent "slings"; they are unsuiled to
waxy or oily-skinned varieties: they
interfere with irrigation: they knock
off fiHiit from heavy hanging branches:
they are hard to time correclh : Iheir
efiects are transitory and so the.v must

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 13

be repeated; they atlect only the rehi-
tively fe%v worms that miss ihiding the
calyx end; they merely consume time,
energy and money, for their actual
benefit is small, this does not at all
mean that late sprayings should be
ignored, especially where thinning is
not practiced, for sometimes they are
highly essential. It means only that
compared with the calyx spraying
their combined value is small indeed.

How much does the grower risk who
sets out to depend on the calyx spray-
ing alone? The answer is that he loses
his second spraying, but that need be
all. The commercial orchardist offsets
the second spraying by thinning during
the time of the first brood, and when
he also bands some of his trees he has
a definite, double indicator of the num-
ber of worms escaping the action of the
calyx application. If calyx wormy
fruit is found it would be ill advised to
depend on the single spraying alone,
for it was not thorough. If all the
worms are side entering he will have
to make his own calculations. Gener-
ally speaking, he will have to balance
the cost of the application against the
following factors: a pair of codling
moth have at most forty offspring; of
these from four to sixteen or so alone
can be reached by the late spraying,
for the others enter at the calyx; of
this limited number possibly half, but
probably more, reject their first nib-
blings, and will enter the fruit in spite
of the spraying; furthermore, whereas
second-brood worms are scattered over
several months, the effects of a late
spraying wear off in a single month.
Hence, for every first-brood worm that
escaped there wouhl be, roughly speak-
ing, only about one or two second-
brood worms that a later spraying
could reach. The other eighteen or so
would get into the fruit anyway or
would be poisoned by the ijrevious
calyx application. Of course we all
realize the danger of juggling with
figures, but in actual commercial
orchard experience these numbers are
borne out in practice with surprising
closeness.

Fruitgrowers generally feel uncer-
tain as to exact dates for all but the
first spraying and commonly depend
on someone having a breeding cage to
instruct them when to spray. Breed-
ing-cage information is often mislead-
ing, for unless the cages are kept in the
same environment as the insect the
development of the codling moth is
abnormal. Practically all of the first
brood of codling moth are descendants
of worms which spent the winter in
the ground, the few exceptions coming
from those over-wintering in rough
bark, under bands, or in i)acking sheds.
Obviously, the few worms above
ground transform at a different rate
from those a foot down in the soil, yet
breeding-cage information is usually
based on the easiest worms to obtain.
A more exact determination can be had
I)y watching for empty pupa cases on
the soil beneath a wormy tree. The
real beginning of the first brood of
worms in the Northwest follows fully

I

^

"' — the motor that
makes extra cylin-
ders unnecessary' '

So said an automobile expert after he
had examined the Case 40, both in the
shop and out on the highway.

You will say the same thing when you
drive it on a heavy country road or up
a steep hill, or on the car's 100,000th
mile. We have built this car to earn
the title of the 100,000 Mile Car.

CASE

The new Case 40, ad-
vanced in design and
comforts, still retains
all the basic engineer-
ing features which
gave the earlier Case
40 such a splendid
reputation.

What other car has
such a pedigree as this
new Case 40? Where
can you duplicate this
certainty of satisfac-
tion? Made by Case-
trained workmen in
the Case plants (you
know what this
means to you), the
Case 40 has behind
it a reputation of
nearly four-score
years. One genera-

tion after another has
found in Case prod-
ucts genuine satisfac-
tion. The new Case
40 is bound to add to
Case fame every-
where. You will ad-
mire its beauty. As
you ride in it you will
admire its comfort
and performance.

Once you own a Case,
you will be satisfied.
There is no time like
the present to learn
about this new car,
with 120-inch wheel-
base, cantilever
springs, room for
seven and many other
features, all for
$1090. Better write
for catalog today.

J. I. Case T. M. Company, Inc.

548 Liberty Street

Racine, Wisconsin

:^:a

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISFRS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

April

The Best and Cheapest
Way to Spray

is to use Sherwi'i-Williams Dry Powdered
Insecticides and Fungicides. Easy to ship
and handle. No water to freeze or dry out.
Scientific mixtures that quickly kill insects
and fungus without injury to foliage.

Arsenate of Lead 1 All in

Fungi-Bordo Dry Powdered
Tuber-Tonic J Form

^..^^.:jm

Send for our Spraying Literature

The Sherwin-Williams Co.

Insecticide and Fungicide Makers

707 Canal Road. Cleveland. Ohio

SELLING MADE EASY

The Labels Have Attracted His Attention

RESILT-MAIL ORDER

label Users Increase Sales
And Cut Down Expenses

SEND FOR SAMPLES

We Have Labels
For Everything

Dijited Litljo & Printii Cos.

Vredenburg BldiJ.

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

six weeks after the calyx spraying,
although precocious moths can be
found during blossoming time. Al-
though there is considerable variation
in dating the first and second sjjrayings
owing to (luctuations in spring weather
year after year, yet by the time of the
second brood the seasons average up
with remarkable consistency. For in-
stance, during four years at North
Yakima the first worms of the second
brood have hatched on July 19th,
which fixes that as the calendar date
for the third spraying. Therefore
spraying dates for the third and sub-
sequent applications, once determined,
can be relied on in the future.

We have repeatedly had perfect re-
sults when using one pound of jiaste
arsenate of lead to every fifty gallons,
and have even carried the dilution to

one to seventy-live without lowering
the efiicicncy of the spray. When the
application is thorough two or more
pounds to fifty gallons seem to gain
nothing. Freciuently apples whitened
with spray become excessively wormy.
It is not a concentrated spray, but a
careful, uniform, thin coating that
counts. Indeed, theoretically an in-
crease in concentration might produce
a decrease in efficiency owing to the
selective feeding habits of the newly-
hatched worms. By the same reason-
ing the poorer results following a com-
bination spray can be accounted for,
because the minute worms plausibly
refuse to eat such unnatural and dis-
tasteful materials as bordeaux spray,
lime, sulphur preparations, tobacco,
soai) or oils. By way of sununary con-
clusion, the fight against the codling

moth hinges on the calyx application.
Whatever the method of spraying,
whether high or low pressure, or misty
or coarse spray, the calyx application
should receive the closest attention, for
what is left undone then cannot be
corrected by later applications.

Black Spot on Baldwin Apples

\ correspondent from .Slatington,
Pennsylvania, writes the Department
of Agriculture asking the cause of
small brown spots that run almost to
the core in the Baldwin and King
apples. Zoologist H. A. Surface an-
swers as follows:

"Your Baldwin apples are evidently
affected b> the disease know as Bald-
win spot. This is a black spotting that
attacks the Baldwin and also the Jon-
athan. It is in part prevented by
spraying two or three times during the
summer with the bordeaux mixture.
Spray with bordeaux and arsenate of
lead just after the blossoms fall, and
again a month later. Use one pound
of arsenate of lead, three pounds of
bliies'onc and four pounds of fresh
lime in fifty gallons of water.

"I am aware that some claim that
this cannot be prevented by spraying,
but the Department of .\griculture has
done this in some of the demonstration
orchards in this state and has had con-
spicuous and excellent results."

The "Why" of Gasoline Prices

Supply- ol' crude oil increasing .6 of 1 per
cent; consumption of gasoline increasing 27
per cent. Put very briefly, this is the why
and ^^herefore of the advance in gasoline
prices. It is the ^\orking of the inevitable law
of snjjply and demand. In ('.alifornia oil
fields last year there was an actual falling off
in crude-oil production of over 14,000,000 bar-
i-els. The United Stales Geological Survey
shows that the total 1915 production of crude
<ul increased only ,H of 1 per cent over that
of the previous year. And yet 500,000 auto-
mobiles were put into use in the United States
in 191.") and increased the gasoline consump-
tion, f^^Y automobiles alone, fully 27 per cent
over the consumption in 1911. Meanwhile
thousands of gasoline engines and tractors are
being put into service on our farms and
ranches and depleting the available gasoline
snijply.

The January issue of the National Petroleum
News — the organ of the independent pro-
ducers— estimates that at least a half million
new automobiles and trucks will be sold this
season, so that in a few months not less than
three million cars will be consuming gasoline.
That will require a 30 per cent increase in
gasoline production in order to maintain even
the present balance between supply and
demand.

Thus far this year production has run con-
siderably less than normal. .Just as was the
case last year, the United States government
suits against ojierators on inipalented lands
is greatly limiting jiroduction and the severe
January storms which wrecked hundreds of
rigs in the California fields has further re-
tarded production. The California .State Min-
eralogist estimated a daily average loss in
production of 40,000 barrels as a result of this
storm damage.

Improved carburetors and improved meth-
ods of refining petroleinn will luuloubtedly
lelieve the gasoline sitiuition from time to
time, but in the final analysis the price of
gasoline will be determined by the way the
country's crude-oil supply keeps up with the
ever-growing demand for gasoline. Just at
present nature and the government are com-
bining to limit the supiily. Time may change
all this and in the meantime we of the Pacific
Coast can congratulate ourselves that we live
handy to the California fields, where oil is
still ilowing fast and where we gel prices that
are still several cents a gallon below the
Eastern average.

ioi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 15

Buy "Corona Dry"

One pound of "Corona Dry" will do the work of three pounds
of Paste Arsenate and do it better

Imitated but not duplicated

But economy is not everything. Efficiency is more important. What would it

Trade Mark. mean to you to have a spray mixture of standard strengtli and be absoleutly sure

that all of one spraying- or of many sprayings was absolutely the same strength? Evaporation, difficulty of perfect

mixing, make this impossible with a paste arsenate. You can have a standard efficiency if you use Corona Dry.

Largest and most progressive grow-
ers have rendered the verdict

A large practical usage in every section of the
country has proved that "Corona Dry" is un-
equalled in efficiency or as "easy mi.xing." It
does not freeze, dry out or cake; always retains

its original strength. A perfect mixture, a perfect -^^^ Paiemed June 30, 1913

standard of unvarying strength is assured with ^/^^ "Standard" for Convenience, Economy. Efficiency

Quickly and easily mixed. No working up— no straining needed— no sediment. No lumps. No waste. Never clogs spray nozzle.
Highest per cent.of actual killing power. Absolutely safe,will not burn. Sold in net weight packages: 200 lbs., 100 lbs., 50 lbs.,
25 lbs., 5 lbs., 1 lb. No shrinkage, seepage, evaporation. Every package contains actual net weight of "Corona Dry" paid for.
Remember, "Corona Dry" means no guesswork, but a standardized spray in which the mixture is always the same strength and efficiency

Write for Booklet. Ask lor Corona "Tree Insurance" Policy. Address

CORONA CHEMICAL CO., Dept. E, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

MANUFACTURERS OF

Insecticides and Fungicides, Arsenate of Lea.d, Lime and Sulphur, Bordeaux Mixture, Paris Green, Etc.

^. . . \ Boston. Mass.— Jost-ph Brcck & Sons Corporation Memphis, Tenn.— Hessig-Ellis Drug Co. Spoitane, Wash.- Spokane Seed Co.

Distributing Agents ^ Philadelphia, Pa.- Pittsburg Plate Glass Co. New Orleans, La. -Finlay-Dicks & Co. Portland, Ore.- Portland Seed Co.

T^orthwestern

Sales Agents

Portland Seed Co., Portland, Oregon

Catalogues and
prices on request

Government Aid for Fruit Growers and Selling Agents

[Norn — The editor hail the pleasure oi' list-
ening to a very instructive talk on tliis suliject
delivered to an aiidicnce of fruit gj-ow ers in
Hood River, wlio were very much interested.
The editor has written up lliis address entirely
from memory, endeavoring to tlie Ijest of his
ability to enil)race in a short article, briefly,
the important features of tlie address. There-
fore the reader will please bear in mind that
this article was not written by Mr. Moomaw,
but was written from memory by the editor of
"Better Fruit," who desires to express his
apologies to Mr. Moomaw for any oversights or
errors and also desires to apologize ftn- his
lack of ability to express Mr. Mooinaw's opin-
ions and explanations in the intelligent way
and foi-cefui language of Mr. Moomaw.]

THK uniform contract for all grow-
ers to sign with the selling con-
cerns cnihraces principles which
the government ollicials believe will be
vital and ijowerftil factors in assisting
fruitgrowers of Oregon, Washington,
Idaho and Montana in the future, to
ohttiin better net results for their
proiliicls. The uniform contract per-
mits the grower to fix the ])i'ice at
which his fruit or product may be sold,
but does not place the rcsponsibilitx
for loss on the selling concern for
failure to secure this ])rice.

"It .shall be the duty of the agent to
co-operate with all resident selling
agents who are members of the l-'ruit
Growers' Agencies, Incorporated, for
the following purposes: To secure in-

formation as to crop conditions in
order to determine the economic values
of varieties and grades of fruits and
other products." Such information is
absolutely necessary for the purpose
of establishing market values or selling
prices. It is equally bad to start prices
too high or too low; in fact, it is worse
to start too high than to start too low
because by so doing the demand and
consumption are arrested at the begin-
ning of the season, and consetiuently
the consuming habit is stilled in its
infancy. Prices should be such as to
stimulate immediate consum|)tlon at
the conuuencenient of the season and
should continue at no time so high as
to prevent sales. The California I-'ruit
Fxchange spends over .f 1(l(l,(l(l(( annu-
ally to secure just such information.

If the growers want "the big stick"
they have it right in the contrtict and
can use it to protect themselves with-
out injuring the business of any fair
sellin.g agency or anyone else. The
aim of this contract is to create a con-
dition under which selling tigencies can
and will work in close harmonx' with
growers with the aim of securing uni-
form methods in harvesting, growing,
jiacking ;md the physical handling of
fruit from \\w tree to the c;u-, anil to

secure a standardization and enforce-
ment of the grailing and inspection of
fruits and products in the States of
Oregon, Washington, Ithiho and Mon-
tana.

Growers generally attribute low re-
turns to the selling agencies entirely.
It is a fact that during the past season
and in previous years apple growers
of the Northwest have jtllowed their
apples to hang too long on the trees in
order to get the fullest amount of color
and for vtirious other reasons, unneces-
sary tind unexplainablc, have allowed
them to lie in the packing houses for
weeks before being i)acked. Conse-
([uenth ai)ple shipments have arrived
on the market in overriiie condition,
necessitating immeiliate sales at prices
under the actual values for fruit in
prime coiidilion for fruit which has
averaged around 2.") cents less per box,
and fre(|ucntly more than could have
been realized had the apples arrived in
firm, kec])ing condition.

I'ruitgrowers have continually and
persislentl,\- allowed the apples to
become too ripe before packing to be
in lit condition to go on colli storage.
Hefrigerator cars will not prolong the
keeping (luality of ai)ples in overripe
conilition. (".onse(|uently the only

Page 1 6

BETTER FRUIT

April

THE HURST

STEAM FRUIT EVAPORATOR

A Few Reasons

Why^it is adapted to Your needs

1 The Hurst Evaporator is built in units of 'A ton capacity of green fruit
in 24 hours. You can add one or more units any time without stopping
the operation of the first unit.

2 Each unit is controlled by a separate automatic temperature regulator
with a range of 30 degrees from 150 to 180. Experience has taught
us that this range brings the best results in evaporating.

3 Any style boiler may be used having a pressure of from 50 to 100 pounds.

4 The Hurst Evaporator is shipped knocked-down — saving you freight.
It can be set up very easily from the plans we furnish with each shipment.

5 The Hurst Evaporator is built like a cabinet— screws only are used.
Each unit requires floor space of 34" by 100". It stands 8fc>" high.

6 Glass doors on both ends permit you to see the condition of the fruit
at any time.

7 Italian Prunes can be evaporated in 14 hours — Apples in 2 hours —
Loganberries in 12 hours.

8 Made in one size Only.

9 Made on order only.

10 Each evaporator is thoroughly tested before shipment is made.

Write for prices and illustrated catalogue.

B.M. HURST

207 Clay Street

PORTLAND, OREGON

MOVED!

We are now located at our new plant.
Address us here if you are needing

Lime Sulphur
Bordeaux
Lead Arsenate

Oregon Arsenical Spray Co.

Formerly at Clackamas

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

course open to the selling concerns
was to save refrigeration expense by
ship])ing under ventilation and take
market values for fruit in overripe
condition on arrival in glutted markets.
If this same fruit had arrived in prime
condition under refrigeration, fit for
cold storage, frequently 25 cents and
sometimes more per box could have
been obtained. It is possible and rea-
sonable to assume that 10 per cent or
more annually can be saved by better
preparation of apples for market.

Fruit prices have been so near the
level of production cost that economy
in every department has become a
necessity. False economy, however, is
a losing business. To allow fruit to
become too ripe by endeavoring to
save paying out money for necessary
help to pick and pack promptly, de-
pending on your family to do the work
instead of hiring sufTicient help, is a
losing proposition — a statement which
must be admitted by all intelligent
fruitgrowers.

Community packing houses are now
recognized as essential for proper
handling of fruits. It will cost you no
more, and generally less, to pack
throu.gh a community packing house
than in your own packing house. If
your son works on the home place, he
saves you paying out $2.00 per day; if
he works in the community packing
house and earns .*2.00 per day, you
are even. The proposition is as broad
as it long. The fruitgrower does not
save any more mone>' in having his
own boy pack his fruit than he would
save if he had his fruit packed by a
community packing house that em-
ploys his son.

Pick your fruit (|uickly and rapidly
when ready, and pack todav or tomor-
row. By so doing you will extend the
life of an apple at least a month or
more. .Selling concerns must co-oper-
ate and work witli growers to insure
lacking at the right time, prompt pack-
ing and immediate delivery to the cold
storage plant. By so doing, an im-
mense annual loss that has occurred in
the past will be prevented in the
future.

Northwest growers think they do
everything in the orchard business
better and more up to date than any-
where else in the world. The Mooma
family have owme<l large orchards in
Virginia since 1809, which have now
been handled by members of the sec-
ond generation for 29 years and,
frankly, from experience, the follow-
ing statement is justified. Some of your
methods in the Northwest would not be
tolerated in Virginia by any of the
growers. F>very grower in Virginia
picks "today" and either ])acks "today"
or "tomorrow."

S])ilzcnbergs, Wincsaps, Newtowns,
Home Beauties and your other winter
varieties are usually picked in October,
and if is. a fact that a large proportion
of your growers allow these varieties
to remain in the packing house for
weeks before being jjacked out. Fre-
([uenlly some of them do not get these
varieties jjacked out until wa\- alon.g in

liVEKIISEKS MENTION BtTTEK FKUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page ij

December. It is not an uncommon
thing to see a grower liauling a load
of Spitzenbergs to the warehouse in
December which were picked in
October.

The Spitzenbergs and Newtowns arc
highly specialized in the Northwest,
and particularly in Hood River. It is
true these two varieties can be grown
successfulb' in only a few localities
and these are limited, but this does not
justify gi-owers in assuming that they
can go on the market with these or
any other varieties witiiout due con-
sideration for the quantity of apples
and varieties which are grown in other
districts. The Northwest apple grow-
ers are not so independent as they
imagine. There are many problems
that are connnon to all districts.
Growers nuist realize this and admit
it and be willing to co-operate with
other districts on all problems that are
common problems. Bad conditions in
other districts are most serious prob-
lems with which Northwestern fruit-
growers will continually have to con-
tend. Poor or low-grade fruit and in-
ferior varieties are the worst kind of
competition. Some districts pack poor
stuff, diseased and wormy. This should
be stopped. Generally it sells for less
than the cost of production and freight,
and when it sells it prevents the sale
of all good grades and good varieties
at prices which would pay a living
profit.

The packing and sale of poor stuff
should be stopped by adojiting uniform
grading rules with legal enforcement.
The importance and value of uniform
grading, legal enforcement and in-
spection, has been demonstrated satis-
factorily to the most doubtful as a nec-
essary business method by the Wenat-
chee district, which originated and
carried into practical ojieration in
191,5 the best plan for uniform grading,
legal enforcement and inspection that
has ever been created or operated
anywhere among fruitgrowers in the
United States.

An official inspection certificate is
one of the best selling cards in the
world. Just one illustration, for ex-
ample, will be very convincing. A
Pliiladelpliia house bought two cars of
Wenatchee apples which arrived with-
out inspection certificates, rejecting
them on arrival. Inspection certifi-
cates were telegraphed for and on
arrival the dealer, although the market
was more depressed and values lower,
on presentation of certificates, accepted
the cars and paid the original purchase
price.

Uniform standards, uniform systems
of legal enforcement, conmuinity pack-
ing houses, quicker handling and cold
storage facilities, are all vital prob-
lems necessary for the better success
in the future.

Cold storage can only retard decay;
it cannot prevent it. It is absolutely
necessary, to secure the maximum life
of an apple in cold storage, to have it
go on cold storage in ]n'ime, sound
condition.

Scale— Scab— Mildew

These are the principal pests and diseases affecting
the apple orchard

iiSS Soluble Sulphur

Is the best spray for scale, mildew and scab. It
has a proved record of five years. Effective, Eco-
nomical, Convenient.

Note results obtained by —

Washington Station, using 20 lbs. to 100 gallons:
Yakima Valley in 1913—99% scale killed.
Yakima Valley in 1914—98% scale killed.
Wenatchee Valley in 1915—98% scale killed.

Note results obtained by —

District Inspector at North Yakima in 1914 with

20 lbs. to 100 gallons, 99% scale killed.

Again three tests at different strength in 1915:

15 lbs. to 100 gallons— 75';( scale killed.

20 lbs. to 100 gallons — 96% scale killed.

25 lbs. to 100 gallons— 98% scale killed.

This is an indisputable scientific record.

100-lb. drum $7.50

10-lb. can 1.25

Mb. can 20

LILLY'S— Seattle and Portland

If You Want to
Know How to
Control
SCAIiE,

MIIiDEW

ana SCAB

Send for our

1916 SPRAY

BULIiETIN

It tells aTjout tlie

Best Spray and

how Best to

Spray

a-

TPtADE

1>

MARl^

WOOD-LAEIK

GOPHERaSQDIMlPOISON

aUlCK.Ci:RTAIN,DEADLY ALWAYS READXNEYE2 FAILS

Destroys.Squirrels, Gophers, Diggers, Prairie Dogs, Sage Rats.
Save your orchards and young trees.

Apply early in spring when the hungry pests awake from winter's
sleep. Money back if it ever fails. "Wood-Lark" for 26 years has
stood every test. It's fruit and tree insurance against rodent pests.

f^v-

^■^.^^^Mfe^-f't^f^' '' ■'>;-yi.«^rt't^^-^-'A;<^>^'''V.«f ■'>''«?',!:^'i*l''^^

Manufactured by CLARKE-WOODWARD DRUG CO., Portland, Ore.

In the past, selling concerns have
had to hustle all season for tonnage to
maintain their existence, not only in
advance of the market season, hut at
its commencement and during the
entire selling period. This was a con-
dition for which selling agencies were
not entirely to blame. Fruitgrowers

Ihdughl themselves wise enough and
smart enough l)\ holding out from
signing to he able to obtain later the
best marketing i)rice. They held out
with the hope that some cash buyer
would come along and oiler a satis-
factory price, or they held out until
some commission man came along

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

April

Dust Spray

Saves 60 7r of Spraying Cost

Ideal Power Dusting Outfit.

Endorsed and used by

Cornell University.

For Catalog and Full Information
write

DUST SPRAYER MFG. CO.

1415 St. Louis St., Kansas City, Mo.

**Finc Work!

— that's what you'll say when you see
the soil, manure and stubble mixed over
and over with the

"Acme" Pulverizing Harrow

"The coulters do the work." They cut
and crush clods, turn the soil twice,

?ulverize and mulch at one operation.
here'3 an "Acme" for every purpose— sizes
3 to 17 1-2 feet in width. Send for tree book—
noiy-— and leam more about these most de-
pendable of all seedbed builders.

Duane H. Nasb Inc.

345 East
Morrison St,

No. 23

Portland
Oregon

LABELS-CARTONS

Schmidt Lithograph Co.

SAN FRANCISCO

Los ANGELES. Fresno. PORTLAND. Seattle
Salt Lake City. Honolulu

Wenatchee Fruit and
Vegetable Picking Bags

(Patented April 27. 1915)

The mouth of this bag is a novel shape, ad-
mitting the putting of the fruit or vegetables in
the bag, using both hands at the same time, and
bag is emptied by releasing a snap. The bag
will hold about a bushel. When snapped at the
frame it will hold about a half bushel. The frame
is made of steel, the canvas is 10-oz. and every
point is reenforced with leather where from ex-
perience it has been found necessary. This bag
is acknowledged by the growers of the We-
natchee, Yakima and Hood River Valleys to be
the best bag now on the market. Price $1.75
post paid to all parts of the United States where
we have no agents.

Wenatchee Hardware Company
Sole (Manufacturers Wenatchee, Wash.

Siiaranteeing an advance, with good
promises of splendid prices. If these
did not materialize, then they signed
up with a selling concern, crowding a
hig tannage onto the selling concern
late in the season, which was imex-
pected and for which no preparation
had been made for cfTicicnt selling.
Selling concerns must be protected
against such practices if they are ex-
pected to get the best results. They
must know in advance what volume of
fruit they will control for market, and
he prepared in advance and have time
to look up markets and make the nec-
essary connections for disposing of
their product to the best possible ad-
vantage. They must not be hampered
by being compelled to devote their
time to securing signatures to con-
tracts in order to acquire the necessary
tonnage to pay running expenses. It is
essential that economy must be ob-
served in tonnage campaigns; growers
are getting tired of paying money out
of their pockets for high-priced men
to solicit their tonnage; they are get-
ting tired of buying automobiles for
this purpose and paying for the gaso-
line which is burned up in this way.

Preparation for selling should begin
in July and continue throughout
August and September, and be thor-
ough in securing a knowledge of the
best opportunities and the best meth-
ods of disposing of the coming crop.
All this knowledge .should be available
and secured in advance of the selling
season.

Growers have been to blame for
many disastrous conditions in the past.
It has been common in many districts
for growers to hold out for cash buy-
ers; when they did not materialize at
the last moment, to sign up with some
selling concern and swamp it with an
unexpected tonnage late in the season.

This contract will cut out this evil
by requiring all growers to sign up by
,Iuly first. This date will protect grow-
ers against their own follies and cut
out the extra and continued expensive
tonnage campaign of solicitation which
the .growers have paid for in the past.

The minimum nimiber of cars re-
quired for membership as a selling
concern in this agency will be 100.
As a matter of fact it is more or less
the opinion of the government officials
that a tonnage of 500 cars is actually
necessary in order to enable a selling
concern to provide itself with an effi-
cient system for handling and selling
to the best advantage. However, it
was decided to make the limit neces-
sary for member.ship a minimum of 100
cars. The trustees will be composed
of five men connected with the selling
agencies, five representative fruitgrow-
ers and one trustee to be selected by
these ten.

Active niembershi]) will be $100 per
year, giving full voting ])owei'. Passive
mendterships will be .¥5.00 per year,
with all i)rivileges except voting and
office hohhng.

X uniform system of accoimting,
showing the iirices for the varieties,
grades and sizes, will be adopted so

Spraying Suggestions

In the control of orchard pests during
the growing season it is important that
all spray materials used be properly
balanced chemically, manufactured for
a defini te purpose and of the best quality
obtainable in order togive effective con-
trol of insects and diseases without
injury to the trees, foliage or fruit.

ATOMIC SULPHUR PASTE, a non

caustic fungicide, is safe to use and
gives effective and lasting results with-
out injury to trees, foliage or fruit when
properly applied. It can be safely com-
bined with Orchard Brand Arsenate of
Lead when spraying for codling moth
control and it is important that it be
first added at the time of the calyx
spray in order to start the stimulation
which results in increased vigor to the
tree, the setting of more uniform crop
of fruit and a proper control of mildew,
which disease is becoming more gen-
eral throughout the Northwest each
year. When thoroughly applied after
blooming time at proper intervals it is
also effective in preventing any further
growth of scab fungus and will control
red spiders and mites on fruit trees.
Atomic Sulphur is the best material
known to control brown rot and scab
on prunes, peaches, plums and similar
stone fruits and for the control of mil-
dew on all classes of fruit trees, grape
vines and ornamental plants.

ORCHARD BRAND ARSENATE OF LEAD
PASTE is now easy to handle and mix
with water because it is so manufac-
tured as to prevent settling in a hard
mass to the bottom of containers, and
is a soft, fluffy paste which, after dilut-
ing in water, maintains the best possi-
ble suspension which insures an even
coating of poison, closely adhering to
the surface of fruit and foliage, giving
lasting and effective results. Chemical
ingredients guaranteed. Those grow-
ers desiring the dry form of lead will
find the Orchard Brand lead powder
convenient to use and effective.

Complete stocks of both Atomic Sulphur and
Arsenate of Lead, together with other neces-
sary Orchard Brand Spray materials carried in
the Northwest with the following distributors:

GILBERT & DeWITT,

Hood River. Oregon.
BALFOUR. GUTHRIE & CO..

Portland, Oregon.
ROGUE RIVER COOPERATIVE FRUIT
GROWERS' ASSOCIATION,

Medford, Oregon.
MORGAN, McKAIG COMPANY.

North Yakima. Washington.
WELLS & WADE,

Wenatchee. Washington.
McGOWAN BROTHERS HARDWARE
COMPANY,

Spokane, Washington.
SAMUEL LONEY & COMPANY.

Walla Walla. Washington.
C. J. SINSEL.

Boise. Idaho.

Fruit Growers will do well to write us giving
full description of pests and troubles on their
orchards, and we will reply by personal letter
as fully as possible.

General Chemical Company

San Francisco, California
Manufacturers of

smsr

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipiO

BETTER FRUIT

Page ig

any grower can make intelligent and
correct comparisons.

An annual audit by a certified ac-
countant of account sales will be
required each year of every concern,
one month in advance of the closing
date for signing of contracts.

Frequent meetings of the oHlcers of
the various selling concerns, active
and passive members, will enable the
selling concerns to • acquire a better
knowledge of values and serve to main-
tain and stabilize prices. These con-
ferences and exchanges of opinions
will be forceful factors in preventing
unnecessary price cutting or selling at
ridiculously low prices.

Uniform Contract for the Growers and
Selling Agents of Fruits and Prod-
uce in the Pacific Northwest.

Ill fonsideratinii of the mutual advantages to
be derived herefrom, it is agreed between the
parties to this contract as follows:

I. The grower shall have the exclusive right
and authority to fix the price at which his
products or any part thereof may be sold by
the selling agent, but in event the price so
fixed shall be higher than the best market
price obtainable after offering the same, the
selling agent shall in no wise be held respon-
sible for failure to negotiate sales at such
prices.

II. It shall be the duty of the agent to co-
operate with all growers' resident selling
agents who are members of the Fruit Growers'
Agency, Incorporated, for the following pur-
poses :

ia) To secure information as to crop condi-
tions in order to determine the economic values
of varieties and grades.

(b> To work in close harmony with grow-
ers witti the aim of securing uniform methods
in the harvesting, grading, packing and the
physical handling of the fruit from tree to car;
and to secure a standardization and enforce-
ment of the grading and inspection rules of
the States of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and
Montana.

(c) To agree upon a date after which no
contracts for tonnage shall be entered into.

(d^ To discuss in conference market condi-
tions and experiences with various mediums
used in tlie markets for the purpose of ascer-
taining the most efficient agencies and market
outlets for the economical performance of
their mutual contract.

fel To secure improvement in transporta-
tion and storage service and conditions.

I f 1 To work out definite plans for the
development of various domestic and Cana-
dian markets, utilizing experienced men and
the combined resources of the said agents.

(g) To develop foreign markets along the
folIo\\ing lines:

fl) To conduct comprehensive foreign in-
vestigations for the purpose of knowing trade
demands and making reliable trade con-
nections.

(2> To see that the fi-uit is prepared for
market so that the grade and pack may be in
accordance with the best trade demands.

(3) To super\'isc the physical handling of
the shipments through to final destination and
to secure adequate insurance so that the
hazards may be reduced.

(4) To secure capable foreign agents to con-
duct sales abroad.

(5) To expand old markets and develop new-
ones by direct contact and through the solici-
tation of special agents.

C6) To devise ways and means to safeguard
and secure prompt collections.

(7) To secure adequate transportation facili-
ties by underwriting steamship charters and
promoting new fruit trade routes.

(h) To pool proceeds of sales and share,
pro rata, any loss sustained in tlie develop-
ment of new markets accoi-ding to the vari-
eties and giades over definite periods, so that
profits and losses therefrom may be equalized.

(i) To secure the standardization of agents'
accounting records, to the extent that all
account sales issued by the said shipping
agencies will be figured on the same basis and
in such manner that they wiU I)e uniform,
allowing true comparisons to be made by the
grow er l)etwecn the services rendered and
prices seciwed by the different agencies.

fj) To scure an annual audit of the sales
records of the cur*i-ent season's business of
said agents by firms of certified public ac-

Millions of Worms

LAST SEASON

A Fight on Your Hands

THIS SEASON

Select Your Ammunition

WITH EXTREME CARE

HOLD TO WHAT YOU KNOW iS GOOD

The Grasselli Brand

ALWAYS UNIFORM— ALWAYS DEPENDABLE— NEVER FAILS

THE. STANDARD

Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Paste
Grasselli Arsenate of L.ead Powrder
Grasselli Sulphate of Nicotine 40%

The Grasselli Chemical Co.

Established 1839 CLEVELAND,' OHIO

BRANCHES

New York, St. Paul, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis

Detroit, New Orleans, Boston, Philadelphia

GrasselhUrGfasselli

l7"£ 0^

> OF i^.

countants of recognized standing, the reports
of these audits to be available to the growers
not later than one month prior to the closing
of the contract period for the next season.

(k) To make all possible legal anti banking
arrangements for the financing of the growers.

il) Advancements shall in no case be made
in such manner as to pass title of the fruit.

same thing. Tor the sake of correctness and
better understanding by all, would it not be
heller to refer to these spray materials by
their true name, when they have one. rather
than using the coined brand name of any
manufacturer? A Subscriber.

lulilnr Better Fruit:

I have read with considerable interest your
two articles in the March nuinher descrii)tive
of the different forms of plant lice and meth-
ods of Ireatmcnl, one by Paul It. .lones. ento-
mologist, and one by Dr. A. I>. Melander.
entomologist. Mr. .Innes lias attained good
results and recommends "HIack Leaf 10" to
combat these troubles, while Profi-ssor Melan-
der says the best material found io control
aphis is nicotine sulpliatc. No doubt, in the
minds of many who Iiave read these articles,
there is now a conflict or confusion, and the
inslructive value of the arlicles is lost, in a
mcastne, because of the fact that there are at
least some \\ hn do nut kmiw that "Rlack Keaf
10" and sulphate of nicotine are one and Ihc

.\ new spray is being intr(tduced for mag-
gots, grubs and worms, whieh infest the vege-
tablc gardens, and is Ix'ing put on the market
under the name of "Carco Brand" by the
Standard Chemical Co. of Tacoma, Washington.

Orchard Heating. — Fruitgrowers who are
troubled with frosts which usually occur in
.\pril or May in the Northwestern territories,
should make up their minds if they are going
to do any orchard heating this jear. If so,
they should buy their supplies early.

The brood sow should he fed well. The fol-
low iug directions for a good ration arc given
by the Missouri Experiment Station: Corn,
aO parts by weight; shorts. 2.'» parts; alfalfn
hay or bran, 15 parts; linseed oil meal, 10
parts.

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER. OREGON

Official Organ of Tlie Northwest Fruit. Growers' Assoination
A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the
Interest of Modem Fruit Growing and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publishing Company

E. H. SHKPHERI). E.iilur and Publisher

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. I^iTis, HortiouIturlBt CorvaHis

H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Corvallis

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander, Enlomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris, Horticulturist Pullman

W. S. Thoniber, Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering. State .\gricultural College Fort Collina

E. P. Taylor, Horticnllurist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wicks, HorticuUurisI Moscow

UTAH

Dr. E, D, Ball. Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C. W, Woodworth, Entomologist BerKeley

W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville

Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R. M Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50

ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27, 19C6, at the

Postofflce at Hood River, Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3, 1S79.

What is the matter with us fruit-
growers of the Northwest? In the
Sacramento Valley, California, the liulk
of deciduous fruit is handled by the
California Fruit Distributors in a very
successful way under the able manage-
ment of Mr. Virden. Good prices have
been obtained year after year on the
average, paying the grower a good
profit on the investment. The Califor-
nia Fruit Distributors is an incorpo-
rated concern. In Southern California
the bulk of the tonnage in oranges,
lemons and grapefruit is handleil by
the California P'ruit Growers' Ex-
change, under the very able manage-
ment of G. Harold Powell. The Cali-
fornia Fruit Growers' Exchange has
met with phenomenal success. A few
years ago when the orange industry of
Southern California amounted to 1400
cars per year, it was universally con-
ceded that the industry was overdone.
The California F^ruit Growers' Ex-
change has develoijed and created a
demand and sale for a steadily and
rajjidh- increasing volume, totaling
annually over ,50,000 cars, obtaining
good prices, prices that pay the grower
a satisfactory profit on the investment.
The California Fruit Growers' Ex-
change is a model co-operative institu-
tion. The raisin growers of California
organized an association which has
pulled this industry out of the slough
of despondency. The walnut growers
of California have probably the most
thorough organization of any, control-
ling ijiaetically the entire output of
that state, and ai'e so strong that they
practically dominate prices at which
walnuts are sold.

Now, about the Northwest for com-
parison. Up and down, now and then,
here and there, has been the situation
for years. A few years ago the fruit-
growers became dissatisfied with mar-
keting through individuals, shipping on
consignment or selling f.o.b. to ca.sh

BETTER FRUIT

buyers, and started a crusade for asso-
ciations. The result was in a few-
years over one hundred fruitgrowers'
associations were formed in the North-
west. Every district had its organiza-
tion and many of them were exceed-
ingly good ones. At first they were all
supported and met with excellent suc-
cess, then the kicking began and mem-
bers withdrew. The Northwestern Fruit
Exchange was created a few years ago,
with modern conveniences, systematic
business methods, splendid equipment,
large connections, under the manage-
ment of able men. Then the North
Pacific Fruit Distributors was created,
a mutual co-operative organization,
organized by able fruitgrowers, repre-
senting every district of the Northwest,
a child of their own creation, after
their own ideas, owned and controlled
by themselves. But it failed to get the
fruitgrowers' support and at no time
did they control tonnage in excess of
about 50 per cent. The fruitgi-owers
did not support what they had created
and again were not satisfied. In 1915,
the growers, after a year of dissatis-
faction in 1914, organized the Fruit
Growers' Council and Board of Con-
trol. Representatives and chosen dele-
gates to the number of about 300 from
every section of Oregon, Washington,
Idaho and Montana met together in two
meetings, which lasted several days
and several nights. Everybody got
what they wanted; everything was
done the way the fruit growers wanted
it done; they created an institution after
their own ideas and were the bosses.
You know the result. The Northwest-
ern Fruit Growers' Council was never
supported by the growers, and the very
growers who had formed it refused to
put up the small sum of one-quarter of
a cent per box to finance it.

East year the government, on the
urgent retpiest of the fruit industry of
the Northwest, business men and bank-
ers, sent government odicials to the
Northwest to study the fruit industry.
They paid their own expenses, they
asked no ])ay, they wanted only infor-
mation. Did they get if? In 1915 there
were 9400 cars of apples shipped. All
the government asked was that every
shippei- should report the destination
of the cars shipped. Less than one-
half, or about 4500 cars, reported desti-
nation of tonnage. One-half of the
fruitgrowers helped the government by
giving information they asked for, the
other half not only did not, but blocked
the wheels of progress. The fruit situ-
ation in the Northwest looks similar
to the condition existing in the United
States at the time of the Civil War —
about one-half of the United States
supported the United States govern-
ment, the other half did not. The
United States came near going busted.
They fought it out to a finish and
finally all agreed in peace to support
the United States government, and
today the United States is the most
wonderful country in the world. So
it may be with us fruitgrowers of the
Northwest. We may go busted. Half
of us want to support organization,

April

government control, and orderly, intel-
ligent marketing of the crop — the other
half have never supported such a move-
ment. Will we go busted, or can we
agree on peace terms and universally
support organization, government, con-
trol and orderly distribution? Gov-
ernment ofilcials who have given the
matter study for nearly two years, who
have no axe to grind and get no pay
for what they are doing, who have no
other interests than to help us, state
that the fruit industry of the Northwest
can only be put on a proper paying
basis through organization and orderly
control.

The Newtown Pippin. — The Newtown

Pippin is rated by the American Pomo-
logical Society at nine to ten. This
rating is only exceeded by one other
apple for quality, viz., the Spitzenburg,
which is given a rating of ten. The
Newtown Pippin originated on Long
Island, New York, from where trees
were obtained and the apple quite ex-
tensively planted in Virginia and along
the Hudson River. Later this apple
was introduced on the Pacific Coast.
The number of districts where the New-
town can be grown successfully and
is grown in a commercial way are com-
paratively few, — fewer than any other
variety of apple and more limited in
area. The producing districts grow-
ing a quantity of the Newtown Pippin
are the Hudson River; Virginia; Pajaro
Valley, California; Rogue River Valley
and Hood River Valley, Oregon: Yaki-
ma and Walla Walla Valleys, Wash-
ington. While the Newtown Pippin is
produced in a small way in a few other
sections on the Pacific Coast it is not
grown anywhere extensively except in
the districts above named. The New-
town Pippin keeps in excellent condi-
tion until about April; in cold storage
it keeps in excellent condition until
.July and August. It does not mature
sufiiciently to be a good eating apple
until in December, but from that time
on it is not surpassed for flavor, juici-
ness or quality by any other variety.
If you will read the little article
reproduced in this issue as to the
origin of the Newtown Pippin it will
give you a splendid idea of the popu-
larity of this apple in Europe, more
particularly in England, Scotland and
Germany, where the imjiorts exceed
any other variety of apple grown on
the Pacific Coast. The popularity of
this apple abroad, where people have
to pay a great deal more for it on
account of freight, than they do for
home-grown apples, should be suiricient
evidence to convince any thinking indi-
vidual there is every reason to assume
the Newtown Pippin should be .just as
popular throughout the United States
in the late winter months as abroad.
The fact of the matter is the Newtown
Pippin never has been properly dis-
tiibuted, or even introduced or an
attempt made to introduce it of any
importance in any of the consuming
centers of the United Slates outside of
the City of New York. This is ex-
cusable for the reason that in inevious

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 21

years the demand for this apple abroad
was so large that the growers did not
have to look for home markets, as the
foreign markets readily took practi-
cally all of the entire croi). A Hood
River man, two or three years ago,
attended the Western Fruit Jobbers'
Association in Denver, composed of
over 500 fruit dealers, covering the
entire Middle West and Pacific Coast.
At this convention he made a display
of Newtown Pippins, Spilzenbergs and
Ortleys. A few of the dealers recog-
nized the Spilzenbergs, the ones who
had lived in New York, where this vari-
ety is grown to some extent, but hardly
a dealer knew the name of the New-
town or recognized the variety when
he saw it. There was not a single indi-
vidual who was familiar with the Ort-
ley. There seems to be a popular im-
pression that the United States wants
red apples, and red apples only. While
it must be admitted there is always a
demand for red apples if the variety
is good, but that is not sullicient reason
why the public will not buy yellow
varieties of apples if they are of good
quality. That yellow varieties are
popular where introduced must be ad-
mitted from the fact that there is an
inunense sale for Grimes Golden and
Belleflower. In this connection it seems
pertinent to call attention to the fact
that Colorado is a large producer of
red apples, particularly the Winesap
and .Jonathan, yet the City of Denver
bought more Bellcflowers from Califor-
nia than any other city of the United
States outside of California. Through
the advertising campaign conducted in
Los Angeles and Portland in 1914 by
the Hood River Apple Growers' Asso-
ciation the Newtown Pippin was intro-
duced, meeting with popular favor and
a ready sale, where previously no
demand had existed. Therefore, in
conclusion, there is good reason to
believe if the right kind of effort is
made in conjunction with the right
kind of a publicity campaign, backed
up with a strong selling force, that the
Newtown Pippin can be made as popu-
lar in this country as in Europe, selling
for prices that would pay the growers
equally well if not better than the
prices obtained when exported.

Preparedness can only be accom-
plished through organization. Ger-
many has demonstrated this beyond all
argument. You know the result. Do
you as a fruitgrower need any further
convincing to impress you with the
necessity of being prepared for market-
ing the coming crop. If the fruitgrow-
ers don't know that this preparation
can only be done through organization
then they had better carry on a little
investigation.

Growers in districts that are fortu-
nate to have a good lime and suli)hur
factory should patronize that factory
when they want lime and sulphur.
Save the freight on water. You should
helj) home industries and help build up
your connnunity by encouraging home
pay rolls, which keep money at home.

PROOF OF OUR LEADERSHIP

Elsewhere in this paper you will find factory advertisements
of nationally known lines of orchard and farm implements —
handled in the Northwest by us and our agents.

Myers Spray Pumps and Power Sprayers

A line we have handled for years. We carry the Largest Stock
of Spray Pumps and Fittings on the Coast.

Light Draft Harrows

We assisted in the development of this wonderful harrow.
Nothing Like It for Orchard Cultivation.

Cutaway Harrow

We do not handle imitations. When you want a Double or
Single Action Cutaway buy the Original Clark Harrow and you
make a safe investment.

BIRDS OF A FEATHER
FLOCK TOGETHER

Our entire line is built upon a
quality basis. Get our prices on any-
thing you need in Farm Implements
and Supplies.

Portland, Ore.

and
Spokane, Wn. ]

The government officials who have

carried on market investigations during
the past season say that no selling
organization with less than 100 cars
per year will be eligible to member-
ship in the selling agencies incorpo-
rated for the reason that no selling con-
cern with an income on less than 100
cars has sullicient funds to secure able
salesmen, necessary market informa-
tion and render eflicient service. Al-
though they have placed the member-
ship in the agency incorporated at 100
cars, it is really their opinion that con-
cerns should have a tonnage of 500
cars to render the most efficient service
and best results.

The vinegar factory, the evaporator

and the cannery arc the fruitgrowers'
best friends. They are faithful; they
never desert you, but stay with you
year after year. Don't forget they will
pay you more money for low-grade
fruit any year than you will get for
fresh fruit sold on glutted markets,
that is not in prime condition for long-
distance shipment.

Don't get scared before you are hurt.

Don't count your chickens before they
arc hatched. Don't put out big esti-
mates at the blossom time. You had
better wait until the crop is set and
then be sure before you "get too free"
with your big estimates. Nothing
demoralizes the fruit market more than
early exaggerated estimates. The dam-
age that is done can never be overcome.

The government officials, C. E. Bas-
sett, W. H. Kerr and C. W. Mooniaw,
after a very careful investigation of
the Northwestern fruit industry, cover-
ing a period of one year, state publicly
that success and profit for the fruit-
grower depend on shipping through
organized selling agencies or asso-
ciations.

Uniform grading rules, inspection
and legal enforcement is the only plan
taht will give your packed fruit in the
warehouse or cold storage or rolling
an established market value or make it
a securitv that has bankable value.

Are you going to help yourself by
adopting government methods, follow-
ing the advice given by government
officials, and sign uji with some market-
ing concern affiliated with the selling
agencies incorporated before .July 1st,
or will you buck the government and
its service by slaying out, again in-
viting 1912 and 1014 prices, and repeti-
tion of previous disasters?

Every little city and every fruit dis-
trict has from one dozen to fifty fra-
ternal organizations. This indicates
that the fruitgrower is a great joiner,
lie joins everything that comes along
except the .\ssociation.

Wenatchee deserves great credit for

creating the only plan of uniform
grading, inspection and legal enforce-
ment ever alleniiited by the fruitgrow-
ers. Be it fuilhei- to their (•rc<lit that
Wenalchce [lul Ibis i)hni into success-
ful practical opeialion in the year 191.").

Uniform grading and inspection with
legal enforcement is the only method
that will absolutely standardize our
fruit. Without slandardizalion there
can be no established trade and de-
mand.

The worst competition is self-compe-

lion existing wilbin each district.

It is better to start selling prices on
fruit too low than too high.

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

April

Live Stock and the Orchard — Care for What We Have

I. D. Graham, Editor Rural Spirit, Portland, Before Oregon State Horticultural Society Meeting at Corvallis

EVERY humnn being is interested
in some form of animnl life, and
the natural and more inmiediate
interest of civilized man centers in the
domestic animals. Moreover, the wel-
fare of the human race has always and
everywhere been largely dependent
upon our animal friends and neigh-
bors. The wild man of the forest and
plain is no more dei)endent for his
welfare upon the animal life within his
reach than is the up-to-date horticul-
turist, who represents the highest type
of civilization. It is because of the
lack of a full realization of this fact
and of its importance that serious mis-
takes have been made in our work of
developing our country, and of pre-
serving its rich heritage for future
generations as well as for our own
declining years. That's what's the
matter with Oregon today.

Ever since it has been my privilege
to reside in Oregon I have been hear-
ing, on all hands, that the great and
immediate need of this state is more
people — a large population to aid in the
development of our boundless re-
sources. If this state only had more
people all would be well and pros-
perity would take up her i)ermanent
abode in the territory lying between
California and Washington. This is all
wrong. What Oregon needs is to take
care of the people she already has.
When these become unduly prosperous
plenty of others will come and they
will not need to be urged. The first

thing to do, the first step toward a
larger i)opulation, is to get rid of our
present reputation. Sounds strange,
doesn't it. But that is exactly what I
mean. All over this broad land and
wherever the State of Oregon is known
her reputation rests almost entirely
upon only two of the creative indus-
tries— fish and fruit — and we must get
away from this.

Now don't misunderstand me. Don't
get away from the fishing and don't
get away from the fruit, but do get
away from the reputation that these
are the only things that Oregon can
or does produce. Get away from the
reputation that this is a one-crop state,
but don't harm a single tree or bush or
vine. No one is more proud of the
fact that Oregon is one of the greatest
fruit-producing states in the world
than I am. No one is more proud of
the quality of the fruit we produce,
and there is nothing better that grows,
but I do feel chagrin that the world
does not know that we produce other
things as well. Such a reputation is
harmful rather than beneficial and
settlers are not tempted to a state with
a one-crop reputation only. We must
get away from it and this can be done
only by working together. First, we
must co-operate with associations and
individuals. Co-operation and not com-
petition is the real foundation of mod-
ern success. The great business inter-
ests of today, the widespread of our
public utilities, even the inroads which

"Mount Gilead" Hydraulic Cider Presses
Are Not Experiments

"pOR forty years they have assisted apple growers everywhere in
-*■ wiping out the apple waste from windfalls, culls, undergrades, etc.
These cost just as much to grow as the highest grade of apples— yet
they are unmarketable. However, there is no need of losing them
because they may be made into Good Marketable Cider.

Our presses are made in any size up to 400 bbls. per day. We ^
also make evaporators, apple butter cookers, vinegar genera-
tors, filters, etc. Write today for cotalog.

The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co., 60 Lincoln Ave., Mount Gllead, Ohio

!'\ClFin niAST HFi'lU'lsKNT.ATIVKS
The Berger* Carter Co., 17th & Mississippi Sts.,SanFrancisco,Cal.

Save one-half

MICA Axle Grease lasts twice as
long as ordinary axle grease.
Contains powdered mica — a mineral
lubricant that is practically wear
and heat-proof. It gives a cool,
slippery coatin

spindle, makes easier pullin_
out-lasts plain grease two to one.
Saves harness, saves horses, saves money.
Get a can from your dealer today.

Standard Oil Company

(California)

that clings to the
and

MICA

AXLE
GREASE

we make against vice and ignorance
are the results of community eflforts.
Real and permanent success can come
only by working together — each doing
his part for the general good and each
undeistanding the viewpoint and needs
of the other fellow. Second, raise
more fruit, with live stock. In the
production of fruit tliis state has not
even approached the possibilities.
Living as we do upon the rim of the
world, where the wilderness has made
its last stand and where we occupy
the last land, with our population in-
creasing by leaps and bounds, there
is no more promising field of industry,
no greater inducement for a successful
career and no safer or more remuner-
ative vocation in any field of human
endeavor than can be found upon the
American farm. More fruit can be
raised by planting more ground, of
course, but the land is all taken and
many of us do not have the help or the
equipment with which to handle more
land, if we had it. There remains but
one thing — get more out of the land
we have, and this can be done in only
one way. Make of live stock an im-
portant factor in all orchard and farm-
ing operations.

Rotation of crops, green manures
and artificial fertilizers are all helps
to immediate results, but they are but
temporary makeshifts at best. The
alternating of a deep-rooted crop with
one of shallow growth serves to in-
crease present yields, but will ulti-
mately exhaust both layers of soil. The
plowing under of green manures is an
excellent practice, but serves barely to
prevent a marked decrease in soil fer-
tility, while the use of most chemical
fertilizers produces a temporary stim-
ulation and not a real fertilization of
the soil, and is at best but an expensive
substitute for barnyard manure.

In addition to maintaining the fer-
tility of the soil in nature's own way,
which is most important, live stock is
a money-maker of no mean quality on
its own account, and it has this pre-
eminent advantage: It enables you to
make money all the year round and
not during the crop season only. With-
out live stock your plant must lie idle
many months of the year; with it you
woi-k the plant on full time. Live stock
furnishes a pleasant employment. I
think most men, and I am sure most
boys, enjoy working with animals, and
I am equally positive that if there is
any solution to the question of why
the boy leaves the farm it is most often
answered favorably by live stock —
when the boy owns it. The products
of live stock are always in demand and
at more stable prices than any other
farm product, and this demand will
increase as population increases, while
the beginner in orcharding — the man
wIki is starting his orchard to growing
and who has a cow, a hen and a sow,
does not need to worry about some-
thing to eat while he waits for his

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 33

ti'ees to grow. Live-stock iiKuuirac-
tuies the coarser and cruder farm
products into higlily valuable and
readily salable conunodities, and in
doing this it utilizes nuich that woukl
otherwise be waste.

There is a vast deal of waste on the
American faim — so much that we are
astonished when we really find it out.
It is said that the average foreigner
who is familiar with farming condi-
tions in Europe is amazed at the vast
waste of really valuable material
which he finds on the American farm.
This waste of the farm is a very real
one and may prove to be the one factor
which decides between profit and loss.
If the farmer, by his present methods,
is losing money or is barely holding
his own, as too many of them are, then
a change of method is necessary and
this change does not need to be in the
I)roduction of larger yields, but in the
saving of waste and the stopping of
leaks, in order to make money. If this
waste can be saved and the leaks
stopped in addition to the production
of larger yields, then the problem is
more nearl>' solved and the future has
fewer apprehensions. Saving is just
as important as earning.

The culled fruits fi-om the orchard
when su])i)lemented with alfalfa, clover
or peas, some of which may be grown
in the orchard itself, makes a very
pal.Ttable anti satisfactory maintenance
ration. I know of one man who was
a consistent prize winner at the big
live-stock shows this fall who raises
and feeds his hogs on cull apples and
alfalfa, supplemented with a small
grain ration while fitting. This man
only owns ten acres, and that is all
in orchard. I know another man who
accomplishes a like result with another
breed of hogs on a three-acre orchard.
These men are successful. They have
good fruit and they win prizes with
their hogs. They succeed with their
fruit because they have the hogs, and
they succeed with their hogs, in part
at least, because they have a waste
material on their farms which is
utilized by their hogs. But it is in the
keei)ing uj} of the fertility of the soil
that live stock has its greatest value
to either orchardist or farmer. There
never can be any permanent system of
agriculture without live stock. The
depletion of our soils through constant
cultivation without feeding them is the
gravest danger to American agriculture,
and when our agriculture fails our
nation fails.

The cash value of barnyard manure
is $27.74 |)er year for each 1000 pounds
weight of horse. That from cows is
.$29.27 for each 1000 pounds of live ani-
mal. That from hogs is %'MMy, from
calves .*24.-l.") and from sheep «2().00 for
each IflOO jjounds of live weight. These
figures represent the actual fertilizing
value, but give no credit for the bene-
fits in the mechanical condition of the
soil whirli are derived from the use of
barnyard manure. These figures also
represent profits which the orchardist
who does not keep live stock miglit
have but does not get.

EJJlJy^MMMMiUUilMMMl^MiSOSlESMlBiliCTISiMiMM^ '

Oldest Bank in the
Northwest

■^<

Capital and Surplus

Two Million
Dollars

Financially Speaking

the welfare of individual or business is sel-
dom endangered where industry and sound
financial guidance are in co-operation. This
long-established, strong state bank desires
to indicate its willingness to place its busi-
ness friendship at the disposal of those who
require, and can estimate, the service it is
so well prepared to render.

Portland, Oregon

Ladd & Tilton Bank,

Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc.

Required liy the Act of Cons"i'ess of August 24. 191::.

of "Better Fruit," PubUshed Monthly at Hood River, Oregon,

for April, 1916.

.state o;' Oregon, I

County of Hood River, j ^"

Before me, a notar>' puljlic in and for the .state and county aforesaid, personally
appeared E. H. Sliepard, who having been duly sworn according to law. deposes and
says that he is the editor and business manager of "Better Fruit," and that tlie follow-
ing is to the best of his knowledge and belief a true statement of the ownership,
management (and if a daily paper the circulation), etc., of the aforesaid publication
for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912,
embortitd in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this
form, to wit;

1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor and busi-
Tie.ss manager are;

Publisher, Better Fruit Publishing Company, Postoftice address-. Hood River, Oregon.
Editor, E. H. Shepard. Postofflce address. Hood River. Oregon.
Managing Editor. E. H. Shepard. Postofflce address. Hood River. Oregon.
Business Manager. E. H. Shepard. Postofflce address. Hood River, Oregon.

2, That the owners are; (Give names and addresses of individual owners, or if a
corporation, give its name and the names and addresses' of stockholders owning or
holding one per cent or more of the total amount of stock,)

Better Fruit Publishing Company. E. H, Shepard, Hood River. Oregon.

?,. That the known bondholders mortgagees and other security holders owning or
holding one per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities
ai-e: (If there are none, so state,) None.

4. That the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners, stockholders
and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security
holders as they appear upon the books of the com,pany, but also in cases where the
stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in
any other fiduciary relation the name of the person or con^oration for whom such
trustee is acting is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements em-
bracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under
which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the com-
Iiany as trustees hold stock and secuiities in a capacity other than that of .a bona fide
owner; and this affiant has no leason to believe that any other i>erson, association or
eori)Oration has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds or other securi-
ties than as so stated by him.

5. That the average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or dis-
tributed, through the mails or otherwise, to p.aid subscribers during the six months
preceding the date shown above is; (This information is required from daily publica-
;ionsonly.) (Signed) E, H. SHEPARD,

Editor and Business Manager.

Sworn to and subscribed before me this 29lh day of March, 1916.

(Seal) ALTON W. ONTHANK.

Notary Public for the State of Oregon.
(My Commission expires May 29, 1919.)

These figures represent profit over
and above that which may be made on
the live stock itself, so that if the
orchardist only "breaks even" on the
live stock he is still ahead of the game.

The farm is a factory which, in
order to be i)rofitable, must be worked
to ils highest cfruieucy. This can never
be attained through an>' single-crop
s\ stem like fruit or grain growing. Nor
through any system which is wtisleful
of maleiials or which allows the phuit
to lie idle for long ijcriods. Nor yet
through any syslem which re(|uires a
large amount of hired labor to meet
emei'gencies like the harvest and then
ceases its activities. Live stock cor-
rects all these evils and is the only
Ihing lliat will. Live slock keeps the
farm working every month in llie year;

it utilizes waste materials and manu-
factures them into tlie highest-i)riced
farm products, for which there is
always a demand. It restores and
maintains the fertility of the soil with-
out which other crops cannot be pro-
duced. It brings a steady income
which is less subject to fluctuations in
a i)eriod of x ears througli weather and
market conditions. It adds lo the joy
of life by affording animate things to
work with and bring a profit while the
other crops are growing, and it affords
the only insurance of continuous suc-
cess (in tile farm.

The snowfall in Hood River Valley during
Ihe winter of 191.">-iri was 119^1 inches. Thai
means ])lenty of nioislure in the ground,
which means a pood crop this year.

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

April

RICHES,PIVER&CO.

MAKERS OF THE FINEST QUALITIES OF

arseina-te: or lead

PASTE AND POWDERED

BORDEAUX MIXTURE

PASTE AND POWDERED

BORDEAUX LEAD

PASTE AND POWDERED

CALCIUM ARSEIVJATE

PASTE AND POWDERED

RICHES, PIVER & CO., 30 Church Street, NEW YORK

WORKS AND LABORATORY, HOBOKEN, N.J.

Nitrate of Soda

We want the Grower to get
Nitrate at a reasonable cost
— learn of its general use —
and make more money.
Write us. Free Literature for any fruit or crop.

NITRATE AGENCIES CO., SEATTLE, WASHINGTON

IMPORTERS AND DISTRIBUTORS

Rosette and Cover Crops

By 0. T. Clawson. Inspector at Large, Wenatchee, Washington

ROSETTE has caused a great loss
to the orchardist of this as well
as other districts of the North-
west, and a great deal of experimenting
has been the result. Many of these
experiments have given partial results
or even perfect results under certain
conditions. In some cases dynamiting
has given good returns. The applying
of nitrate of soda, manuring, liming,
subsoiling, pruning and many other
cm-es have been used with varying suc-
cess, but the one cure which is given
almost universal credence is the i)lant-
ing of a leguminous cover crop, prefer-
ably alfalfa. While arguing for alfalfa
in the orchard early last year 1 made
the statement that "I could take anyone
to at least a hundred orchards in the
main valley where alfalfa had been
grown for three years or more and
that if anyone could show mc rosette
in any one of the orchards, I should
turn him my monthly check." More
or less publicity was made of this
statement with the result that three
supposed exceptions were cited me.

The first case was that of a ten-acre
piece in East Wenatchee which had
been in alfalfa previous to setting the
orchard, which was then five years old.
About three-quarters of the place had
been kept almost free from alfalfa and
throughout this ])ortion the rosette was
rife. Many of the trees were so badly
affected that the owner was seriously
considering pulling them out entirely.
Probably three-quarters of the trees
showed rosette. On the other quarter
the alfalfa had been permitted to vol-
unteer and formed a fairly good stand.
In this (piarter of the tract one tree
showed slight signs of rosette. The
nearest bunch of alfalfa to this tree
measured eight feet from the base and
the second nearest fifteen. The second

exception cited was at Cashmere.
Upon investigation it was found that
the alfalfa had been in only two sea-
sons. According to the statement of
the owner the trees had been so badly
resetted that he had seriously consid-
ered pulling them out. During the two
past years, following the seeding to
alfalfa the condition of the trees had
improved three hundred per cent and
he believed that if they continued to
improve another year as they had for
the last two, the third year woidd find
I hem entirely free from rosette. The
(bird place was at Wenatchee, where
there was rosette in an orchard which
had been seeded to alfalfa for four
years. There was no rosette whatever
in the alfalfa, but it was abundant in
a portion of the orchard not in alfalfa.
My statement was a rash one, but it
was made after carefully following the
results secured by the many ranchers
of North-Central Washington who are
using alfalfa as a cover crop. In this
district there are 7,(187 acres of orchard
in which alfalfa is used as a cover
crop. Clover and vetch are used with
more or less satisfaction also, but the
popularity of the alfalfa is illustrated
by the fact that there are 458..^ acres
of clover and 470 acres of vetch used,
as compared to the 7687 acres of
alfalfa. Very small plantings of peas,
rye and sweet clover arc also to be
found. A cover crop is rarely used in
an orchard before the trees reach the
age of five years, but where it is planted
earlier than that it is \n\l in strips with
six or seven-foot cultivation strips next
to the tree rows; with the idea of seed-
ing the cultivation strips when the
trees are old enough to stand the close
proximity of the alfalfa. In the few
orchards where the alfalfa has been

put in too early the results have been
discouraging.

It is generally considered that alfalfa
causes a heavy drain upon the moisture
supply during the first two years after
seeding. After the roots have become
deeply established and the tops are
large enough to shade the ground, little
if any more water is required than in
clean cultivation. In fact, many places
seem to indicate an actual saving of
moisture. What would seem to be the
ideal method of handling the crop is
the constant discing in of the alfalfa
tops, furrowing and irrigating until a
blanket of vegetable mulch from the
decaying alfalfa tops covers the entire
surface of the ground. But few of the
Wenatchee Valley ranchers use this
method. Some cut one crop of hay,
disc innnediately after cutting, irrigate
and then follow the first method for
the remainder of the year. This gives
excellent results. The greater number
practice the cutting of two or three
crops for hay and discing thoroughly
in the spring to work in the late
growth. In several orchards the al-
falfa has been left unmolested to grow
up and fall down; undisced, unculti-
vated and unfurrowed. One noted ex-

Why shouldn't
the Standard Oil
Company make
the best oil-with
over 40 years ex-
perience in ref in-
ing— with un-
equalled plant
equipment? And
Zerolene is scien-
tificaily refined

from selected Califor-
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base. Prominent au-
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clared that an oil correctly
refined from asphalt-base
crude can be made not
only equal but superior to
paraffine-base oils. Next
time you empty the crank-
case refill with Zerolene.
Dealers everywhere and at
service stations and agencies
of the Standard Oil Company.

ZEROLENE

AeShndardOiliorIhlat(kii$

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BFTTFiR FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 25

•CROWN"

RELIEF

VALVE

K e

CROWN"

The Mark of

Safe, Efficient, Reliable
Pressure Regulation

CROWN SPECIALTY CO., 1629 Washington Boul., Chicago, III.

"CROWN"

PRESSURE

REGULATOR

:ONNECnOM

ample of this melhod is the Barney and
Williams tract, which is often cited as
the model of alfalfa results. In the
latter method the alfalfa grows thickly
enough to choke out the weeds and the
expense of handling is reduced to a
ndnimum.

Where the water supply is short the
alfalfa may be planted in drill rows
with cultivation strips between in
order to get it established without
seriously reducing the moisture supply.
This method has been practiced in cer-
tain parts of the district with fairly
satisfactory results and is recom-
mended wheie it is desirable to get
alfalfa established over extensive areas
with poor watering facilities. Gener-
ally small or alternate strips are sowed
solidly to alfalfa where the water
supply is not sufficient to sow all at
once. In any case where an orchard
is alfected with rosette I believe the
one demonstrated sure-cure should be
used. It may require that the alfalfa
be put in drill rows or even drill row,
but within three years following the
seeding the rancher may be practically
certain that his trees will not be
bothered with losette if the alfalfa is
close and thick enough to penetrate to
sufficient extent the rooting area of
the trees.

Southern Pacific Issues Book on Walnut
Culture in Western Oregon

The Southern Pacific has recently
issued a handsomely illustrated book,
"Oregon Walnuts." The text was writ-
ten by Mr. C. I. Lewis, Chief, Division
of Horticulture, Oregon Agricultural
College, Corvallis, Oregon. The cover

TARRED ORCHARD YARN

The time is now just right for tying fruit
trees. Tie the interior of the tree before the
leaves are out and the exterior can be tied
later. Orchard Yarn is put up in 5 lb. balls,
10 balls to a sack. This form is more conven-
ient for use as the ball can be placed in the
tree and by pulling the yarn from the inside
it never tangles. 2-ply contains about 100
feet per pound.

Sold by all merchants handling orchard supplies
MANUFACTURED BY

The Portland Cordage Co.

PORTLAND, OREGON

plate shows a collection of Oregon wal-
nuts in natural colors. The interior
pictures are taken from various walnut
orchards throughout Western Oregon,
and .show, in addition to general views,
technical illustrations of grafting, prun-
ing, budding, etc.

Professor Lewis has covered the wal-
nut industi-y very thoroughly in this
book, and it should be in the hands of
every walnut grower in this state. He
treats first of the consumption of wal-
nuts in the United States, and calls
attention to the fact that there were
imported into the United States last
year over thirty million pounds of wal-
nuts. Although Oregon produces but
a small projjortion of the walnuts
grown in this country, nevertheless

over one-fourth of the young non-
bearing walnut trees of the United
States are right here in Oregon.
Throughout the book are chapters on
the following very interesting subjects:
Choosing the Orchard, Sprouting the
Seed, Grafting, Establishing the Or-
chard, Setting the Trees, Pruning, Dis-
eases, Insects, Varieties of Walnuts.
Copies of this book can be obtained
from Southern Pacific agents, or by
addressing Mr. John M. Scott, General
Passenger Agent, Southern Pacific Com-
pany, Portland, Oregon.

Yellow apples are often better qi:ial-
ity than red. If you don't think so, eat
a Yellow Newtown Pippin and then
try to eat a Ben Davis.

THERE is no smoother ride
in the world than a trip on the
Union Pacific. That is one of the reasons
why such a large proportion of regular
transcontinental travelers habitually use
their lines. They appreciate the comfort
of the road which

"Joins East and West with
a Boulevard of Steel."

/INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY JOURNAL\
\ Philadelphia — February, 1916 /

Worth
Remembering

Oregon-Washington Limited

Daily 10 A. M. from Portland Union Depot via

UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM

71 hours to Chicago -the Peer of Western Trains

Follows the Majestic Columbia River
for Two Hundred Miles

Ask your local OW. R. K. & N. agent, or write the

General Passenger Agent, Pordand,

for information, liokets, etc.

PARALLELS

The Famous Columbia River Highway

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRflT

Page 26

BETTER FRUIT

April

For Greatest Satisfaction Use

DOUBLE SERVICE
Aufomobile Tires

Guaranteed 7.000 Miles Servica

Absolutely Punctureproof

jyoutle ServlceTires are mndo
double the thickness of tlio beat
Standard make tires.

TMs lUO:y creati-r wearlntr sur-
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more mileage and sorvico. Tho
average of 12 miles of totit:h
fabric and one inch Burfaco tr^od rubber
Dxa^es these Utcs absolutely puncturcpro'if.

These tiros excel all others for use In the
country over rouph and rurrred roads as well
as on hard pavements. They areas easy ridini^
and resilient as any other pneumatic tire— the
air space and pressure being the same.

They are the 77ios£ecnnoTnicaIand "care free
tires made and are used where tiros must bo do-
ponded on and lire troublescannotbe tolerated.
Many Double Scri' ict- styl e tiros are in use in the
U. 8. government and European War service.
Our output is limited to a certain amount, but
for a short time we offer the following reduced
special prices as an Introdactory Offer:
FKICES

TIreiTi

80x3 la.

80x3^ in.
82x3^10.
B3x4 In.

disA in.

All other sizes not IncluC':! In above list
also furnished. Nun-stids at 10%> additional.

Terms: Payment with order at abuveBpecial ,
prices, a 10^ discount allowed on orders forj^r

two or more tires. AH

personal checks must be
cerilfled.

Try these tires now and
be convinced of thiir very
high qualities. Si.'ld direct
to the consumer only.
DescTipt we folder upon 76-
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Double Service Tire &
RubberCo.. Akioo. O.
Dept. B. F. ^

TIrei Tnbes

TIrpB Tnbes

t8.60 $2.30

36x4

In.

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10.86 8.10

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12.15 8.20

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22,60 6.15

16.75 4.20

31x4^1

fcin.

23,60 6.20

16.10 4.35

81Z&

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i6.30 6.C0

GET YOUR BERRY BOXES FROM US

Distributers for Pacific Fruit Package Co.'s famous

Folding Berry Boxes

Deep or Shallow Pints and full Quarts. Made from
selected spruce. Also berry crates and other Fruit
Packages in Pine. Prices right; stock good; shipments
prompt.

Western Pine Box Sales Co.,Spokane,Wash.

$125

Cushman Great Western
Power Sprayers for

Less than our regular factory sale price. 10 gal. per
min.; high pressure brass pumps; 4-h.p. Cushman 4-
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100 ft. hose; rods, nozzles, etc. New machines, real
bargains.

Sale Price only $235 with wood beam truck
Sale Price only $250 with steel frame truck

LOUIS E.TRACHSEL. Gen. Agt.,
Care the Arctic Co. Spokane, Washington

We can quote you suiprisingly
low prices on

NATIONAL

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Now is the time to install irriga-
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Address Dept. J

National Tank & Pipe Co.

275 Oak Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Marketing and Farm Credits

A new note is .sounded in the book
"Marketing and Farm Credits" for
191:1, just o(T the press. The book con-
tains the addresses given at the third
annual sessions of the National Con-
ference on Marketing ant! Farm Credits
in joint program witli the National
Council of Farmers' Co-operative Asso-
ciations. It contains .")44 pages, is
printed on good paper in clear type and
is brimful of interesting facts about the
two great business problems that farm-
ers must solve for themselves, that
every person (ui a farm or interested in
farming should know. The price of the
book is one dollar (postage 15 cents
extra). Write Secretary Charles W.
Holnian, Washington Building, Madison,
Wisconsin, for further information.
(Adv.)

Fighling the Hose Aphis. — Rose growers who
allow the flowers to be damaged by the rav-
ages of the rose aphis, have only themselves
to blame, according to the V. S. Department of
Agriculture. Although the aphis is widespread
over the entire country, as well as abroad, it
is easily controlled. Careful spraying of the
plants with solutions of nicotine will remove
all danger and neither the expense nor the
fiouble involved is sufficiently great to be a
real obstacle. The rose aphis is a small in-
sect with a body about one-twelfth of an inch
long. The young and some adult forms are
wingless, but certain adults develop wings
from time to time. The color varies from
green to pink. By means of its slender beak
the ajjhis sucks out the juices of the phint on
\\ hose buds and unfolding leaves it feeds.
These, prevented from attaining their perfect
form, become curled and distorted and the
beauty of the flowers is in large measure
ruined. Moreover, the aphis secretes a sweet
sticky liquid called honeydew, which spoils
the appearance of the foliage on which it is
deposited. Under favorable conditions it
propagates rapidly throughout the year. For
example, some recent investigations conducted
in California by the Department of Agriculture
showed that one female gave birth to 48 young
in six days. At the end of that time, the
mother aphis was knocked from the rose and
perished. This is not at all an uncommon
fate. A heavy rain, which washes the insect
away, is one of its most natural checks, though
birds and other insects prey upon the aphis
to a considerable extent. Extreme heat is also
unfavorable to the aphis. The rose lover
shold not. however, depend upon nature to
rid his garden of the pest. A 40-per-cent solu-
tion of nicotine is much surer and not much
more trouble. One part of the solution to
from 1,000 to 2,000 parts of water, with the
addition of one pound of whale-oil soap to
every 50 gallons of the mixture, is recom-
mended in Bulletin 90, "The Rose Aphis,"
which the U. S. Department of Agriculture
has just issued. A more convenient recipe,
when there are only a few bushes to be
treated, is a leaspoonfnt of 40-per-cent nico-
tine solution to two gallons of water and one-
half ounce of whale-oil soap. The soap should
be shaved flue and dissolved in hot water.
Mixtures of this character should be apjilied
as a fine, penetrating spray by means of a
compressed-air sprayer or bucket pump. Such
a pump costs from $3.50 to $15.00. Together
with nicotine solutions it can usually be ob-
laincd at seed stores. If no pump is to be
had, however, the infested twigs should be
dipped in a pail of the s<dution. Care should
be taken to use these solutions at strengths no
greater than those mentioned above, since in-
Jury lo the foliage may result through the use
of too nuu'h soap, or mildew be favored by
loo strong a nicotine solution. Application of
insecticides should he made on the first ap-
pearance of the pest, which varies from the
time that the leaves ai-e put fr)rth until the
buds begin to form. Applications should be
repealed as found necessary.

Fruit Pickers
Ladders

Just what fruit growers have been
looking for. Combines lightness and
strength. Any length. Wide spread at
bottom which prevents tipping. Cheap-
er than home-made ladders.

Send for circulars and prices.

Pacific Ladder Works

85-87 E. 8th St.

Portland, Oregon

ALL ABOUT

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trucks, mechanics, lighting outfits, etc. Full of
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A Winning Combination
Bees and Fruit

Latest methods of beekeeping simply told in
our "Bee Primer." Highly Instructive. Send
25 cents today for the book and six months
trial subscription to

American Bee Journal, Box x. Hamilton, III.

WAIT!

Before ordering get
our 1916 pure seed
book. Printed in four colors; describes our
Royal Purple Grand Champion, Pure,
Tested field, vegetable and flower seeds,
fruit trees, vines, shrubs, plants at lowest
wholesale cut prices.

Galloway Bros., Waterloo, Iowa

PORTLAND

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in
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88."N0RTHERN PACIFIC" AND "GREAT NORTHERN"

North Bank Ticket Office, 5th and Stark

Portland, Oregon

R. H. Crozier, A. G. P. A.

Spring Manuring. — Now is the time to spread
manure. The qineker the better, so that it can
he plowed in with the early cultivation, giving
it a chaiue lo rot, whiih will not only enricli
the soil hut increase the luimus. which helps
make plant fon<i more availahle.

The Yakima Horticultural Union has voted
to set aside one cent per box for the purpose
of crealinff a fund with which to build a cold
storage i)l;nit. It is estimated that tlie plant
will cost about SSll.OOO and will have the
cnpaeily for 100 carloa<is. In early summer
tin- plant will be used for cherries, peaches
and ])ears.

I0i6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2j

When It's Nitrate
Time for Peaches

Use broadcast 200
lbs. per acre this
Spring after Blos-
som Time.

It takes Nitrate of
Soda for Peach
Results.

Send Post Card Today
for Fruit Books — Free

WM. S. MYERS, Director

25 Madison Ave., New York

ipiTTiERcoBunNco/i arenandy
and use-
ful after the grease fias
been used. They serve
to remind you that
fwhile using the C. & S.
Axle Grease you
had no trouble with
I the wheels.

Hiff-Coburn Compstij
S(n FiancUct)

Jrees

* wtth jrogr yonng trect.
Oft« rabbM wfll kUl m«ny
n • itrfk nl(hL Mice and
:ui worms wQ] damaie and
de*tro7 thatn If /ou don't protect ihen^
0«i doltari' wonh of protection at ■ frac-
tk» irf a cent ceat by uiing

HawKeye

Tree Protectors'^

Absolute protection ngainst gnawera
wid boir™. ■ Pt^vrnt trees from
becoming lldiuled and bruised by cul-
tivator or tawn mower Made of elm
veneer, chMnically treated Easily put
on and wlH last until tree is beyond
nwdifif pnM«tt«v Don t w.it until tome
of yo«T tree, are killed — order H.wkeye
Piom.UJ«i now. RetiulAr »iee 10 Inches
wMe. 10 inches h^h Price in lots of 100 —
1 cent .pwce. in toll of 1000 — ?i cent
■ plee.. Special sues made to order.
Write far circular and samples.

Wt malt* ^tiif Ba^tii — gel out priiu.

Burlington Basket Company

I laB Main SL, Burlington, loMra

Oil Company Throws Light on Carbon
Deposits

ir llu" amount of air enlcriiig the car-
Ijiiiftfir is not siitlicient to insure com-
plete combustion, we have what is
known as a rich mixture, says a bulle-
tin on carbon deposit and its causes,
issued by the Standard Oil Company.
This is a slow-burning mixture rather
than an explosive one and will cause
excessive carbon deposit. For exam-
ple, if the wick of an oil burning lamp
is tuined too high, loo much oil will be
siphoned thrffugh the wick for the
amount of air entering the lamp to
form complete combustion. The lamp
will smoke, and soot, which is carbon,
will be deposited on the chimney. This
is exactly what happens in the cylin-
ders of a gas engine. The products of
incomplete Cfimbustion of the gasoline
deposit a certain amount of carbon in
the combustion chamber. This carbtin
deposit will builil up very much nuire
((uickly if it has a bed to build up on,
such as would be producctl by a lubri-
cating oil which when exposed to the
heat of explosion would leave a gunmiv
deposit. Lieut. G. S. Bryan, L'.S.N., has
abl\ and correctly pointed out in his
article on "Motor Cylinder Lubricatifin"
that lubricating oils manufactured from
paralline base crudes deposit more car-
bon than lubricating oils manufactured
from asphallic base crudes. The reason
for this is that paralline base crudes
contain paralline wax, which cannot be
entirely eliminated from llie manufac-
turcfi ijroduct.

E,
very

.7. Chubbuck Company are putting out a
,t.., attractive poster whicli is making quite
a hit witli the trade, illustrating tlieir Ideal
gojiher trap. The color work is beautifully
done, the panel being made from a photograpli
taken l>y a California farmer who has secured
splendid results in destroying pocket gophers
with the use of these traps.

Routledge Seed and Floral Co. have recently
issued a very attractive seed catalog for laiCi
containing some interesting and valuable in-
formation in reference to gardening, in adiii-
tion to the lists of varieties, prices, etc. 'I'lic
same can be obtained by adclressing Routledge
Seed and Floral Co., 169 Second Street, Port-
land, Oregon.

Dwarf Apples. — The Experiment Station of
Geneva, New York, after ten years' experience
Willi Dwarf Apples, state that they are not
considcretl commercially promising. Consitier-
ablc information is given in connection witli
experiments regarding Dwarf Apples in Bul-
letin ton, issued bv the Geneva Experiment
Station.

Inspector De Sellem of Yakima is one of tin-
very active insjiectors who nutans what he
says He has already sent out notices ad-
vising fruitgrowers that the laws for spraying
will he enforced during the coming season.
If every inspector ditl as good work as
De Sellem fruitgrowers would have fewer pests
and diseases, secure cleaner crops and make
more nuiney.

Wcuafctiec fruitgrowers held a meeting in
Ihc Coniiucrcial Club rooms during February,
object being to cut out consignment. A com-
mittee was appoinleil for tlie purpose of con-
vincing the growers with the view of pledging
llieiii lo sell for easli dining the year inifi. II
was stated that a special invitation will be
given to dealers who are cash buyers to come
to Wena tehee this year.

The Itritish government, on account of llir
hra\>- expense incurred by the war, lias up
for eoiisitlcraiion an embargo on all imports
ottierwise than actual necessities, .\pplcs are
iiicllidcil in the iirogram.

Sixteen
Years Old

For sixteen years this seal has stood
for protection to the shipper. Don't
make a mistake of signing up your ton-
nage now — the "Distributors" and
"Sales Agencies'" will be just as eager
to do business with you later— Don't let
that worry you. Meantime investigate
and see if our Service will not help you
to do your own marketing — To investi-
gate first is wise.

Our new Souvenir Calendar is now
ready, containing photographic views
of our New York and Chicago offices,
extracts from the "BLUE BOOK"
Trading Rules, Fruit and Produce
Grades, Law of Commerce, Historical
Review of the Organization and other
information of practical every day value
to shippers. It will be sent free to any
shipper who handles five cars or more
in a season, who will fill in and mail
following coupon.

Produce Reporter Co.,

Chicago, Illinois.

Mall Calendar to

Town State .

We ship cars of

Ship through

Carco" ""^'^^

MAGGOTS

A wonderfully successful spray for
destroying maggots, grubs and worms
which infest TURNIPS. RADISHES.
BEETS. RUTABAGAS, CAULIFLOWER,
CABBAGE, ONIONS, etc.. and also rec-
ommended for combatting crown borers
in STRAWBERRIES.

This remedy has been tried out at
Experiment Stations by Horticultural
Inspectors and leading growers, who are
highly pleased with results.

For Sale by All Leading Seed Houses
on Pacific Coast. Ask for It.

Manufactured ONLY by

Standard Chemical Company

TACOMA, WASHINGTON

(Send for Circular)

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIC AN BROS.
Proprietors

Hood River, Oregon Dufur, Oregon

firowers of hit-h crado tmrsory sfot-k. piiarante<?d
(nie-to-nanip. Breeders and Importers of pure- bred
Big Typo Polatid-Ohin;i Hdks. Scnico boars, bred
gilts and weaning pigs for sale.

Knr i-ntnlo): of i

nrscry stoi-k and prlcfw

wino. wTltt'

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD RIVER. OREGON

WriTN WRITING AnvERTlSEBS MENTION BTTTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING .\DVERTIS"nS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 28

BETTER FRUIT

April

GRAND
PRIZF

di

W-

>t'

The Grand Prize,
the highest award,
bestowed upon Ghirardelli's
Ground Chocolate by the
Panama-Pacific Exposition,
San Francisco 1915, is an
additional testimonial to its un-
questioned supremacy. The expert
judges in this international competi-
tion found in

OLiramellis

GroimdOiocoIate

the very qualities that have made it a house-
hold favorite on the Pacific Coast since it
was originated by D. Ghirardelli in the
early seventies. Not to know — and what
is more, not to use — Ghirardelli's Ground
Chocolate, is to be unmindful of health,
economyand the appeal of a wholesome
appetite.

D. GHIRARDELLI CO.

Siaca 1852 San Francisco

/

^».f

A

A»

V_/'

Pests that Demand Immediate Control

By LeRoy Childs, Hood River Experiment Station

THKHE are several insect pests and
plant diseases of our different
orchard crops that can only be satis-
factorily controlled by spraying before
the foliage starts. The following sug-
gestions are offered in controlling the
more important pests of different fruit
trees by early spraying:

Successful spraying depends upon
taking advantage of the critical period
in the life history of insect pest or
plant disease almost entirely, and if
the oi)portunity alforcied is not taken
advantage of during tliis usually very
limited critical period, efforts made too
early or too late are largely wasted.
Spontaneous appearances of extremely
damaging insect pests and plant dis-
eases are usually (piite rare. For tlie

most part the trouble increases from
year to year, ultimately resulting in
severe losses unless precautionary
measures are undertaken. During these
periods of increase tlie grower should
familiarize himself with the troubles
that should be expected the following
year and put into practice the observa-
tions that he has made. Many factors,
such as altitude, temperature and
weather conditions make sweeping
recommendations for tlie timing of
sprays inipossijjle, and the development
or retarding of plant or insect growth
is fargely dependent upon these factors.
Cirowers should know their individual
variances and put tliem into practice.

Control of Pests of Peach. — The
peacti orcliards in the valley are sub-

ject to several diseases and insects,
control of which can be accomplished
by spraying immediately with lime-
suli)hur solution. These are peach-leaf
curl, San Jose scale and the peach
worm. In Hood Hiver the more severe
of these troubles is the leaf curl, and
in most localities the spray is almost
necessary for the production of a good
crop. Lime-sulphur applied at this
time will prove of some benefit in con-
trolling California peach blight, a dis-
ease which produces a gummy exuda-
tion on the twigs, ultimately killing
them. For the complete control of this
disease it is necessary to spray both
in the fall before tlie rainy season sets
in and again in the spring before the
buds burst.

The best all-round application for
peach at this time of the year is lime-
sulphur, as it acts not only as an in-
secticide, destroying the scale and
liibernating peach worm, but also a
very effective fungicide. The material
sliould be used at winter strength, that
is, 1 to 10 of water. Boredaux C-C-oO
will satisfactorily control the leaf curl,
but will not be effective in destroying
the scale or the ijeach worm. When
spraying the peaches do not overlook
the other deciduous trees, cherries,
plums, apricots, etc., for they are all
very agreeable food plants of San Jose
scale and if neglected will serve as
very effective breeding centers for fur-
ther infestations.

Control of Pests of Pear.— Of the
several insect pests of the pear there
are only tliree or four that can be satis-
factorily controlled by spraying at this
time of the year. These are the pear-

ROSES Everything needed to -St^S.P.Uc
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CANNAS grounds; direct from niVioc
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25 VARIETIES OF

VEGETABLE AND BEDDING

PLANTS!

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for the thrifty, healthy growth of ROSES, PLANTS
and BULBS. Send for our catalog.

THE PUDOR FARMS, Puyallup, Wash., Dept.C.

•**Once a customer, always one.

I

KOVERALLS-

Reg. U.S. Pat. o ^f~.

Keep Kids Kleen

The most practical, healthful, playtime

garments ever invented for children I to

8 years of age. Made in one piece with

drop back. Easily slipped on or off.

Elasily washed. No light elastic ba.ids

to stop circulation. Made in blue

denim, and blue and white hickory

stripes for all the year round. Also

liyliter weight, fast-color material in

dark blue, cadet blue, tan or dark red

for i.ummer wear, all appropriately

trimmed with fast - color galatea.

Madein Dutch neck with elbow

sleeves and high neck and long

sleeves.

75c the suit

If your dealer cannot supply you .
We will send them, charges prepaid
on receipt of price, 75c each.
A New C D p C If They
Suit r IV El El Rip
Beware of Imitations. Look for
the Two Horses on the Label.

Levi Strauss & Co., San Francisco

Awarded GRAND PRIZE at the P.P.I.E. A

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MKNTIO

BETTER FRUIT

19 16

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2Q

leaf blister mite, the cottony-maple
scale, the San Jose scale and oyster-
shell scale. The blister mite is not a
true insect. It is related to the spiders,
is very minute, and can be readily con-
trolled by proper spraying. The mite
attacks both fruit and foliage, mal-
forming both. During the early .sum-
mer infested leaves show puffy, patch-
like spots on the under and ujiper sur-
faces which later in the season turn
reddish-brown. The injury to fi-uit is
of much the same order, destroying its
marketability.

The period during which control
measures can be satisfactorilx- api)lied
is very limited. The mites over-winter
underneath the bud scales in great
numbers and are therefore out of
reach of sprays if applied too early.
As soon as the leaves start they inune-
deiately burrow into the leaf tissues
and are soon again protected from a
contact with spray. In view of these
facts it is necessary to watch the
growth of the trees very critically and
make the ai)plications as soon as most
of the buds have bursted, but before
the leaves unfold. On account of the
great range in elevation in the valley
and the resulting differences in time
at which trees come into foliage it will
be impossible to give a definite rec-
ommendation as to the exact time to
maek the api)lication. Growers should
use their own judgment in this matter
and thoroughly spray the trees with a
good pressure. I'se lime-sulphur 1-10,
at which strength the San Jose and
oyster-shell scale will be destroyed.

The cottony-maple scale is of very
limited distribution in the valley and
will usually be found attacking the
Winted Nelis variety. For control use
miscible oil 8 gallons to 100 gallons of
water. This should be applied while
the trees are dormant.

Control of Insect Pests of Apple.^
There are several insect pests of the
apple which demand attention this
month. These are the leaf-roller,
woolly aphis, San Jose scale and the
oyster-shell scale. The scale insects
arc not generally distributed in all of
the orchards in the valley and aijplica-
tions are recommended only in or-
chards where they are troublesome.
The four insects mentioned must all be
controlled during the dormant season,
as material applied after the foliage is
out cannot be used strong enough to
kill the insects wi'hout seriously burn-
ing foliage and developing fruit.

For the leaf-roller and the woolly
aphis miscible oils will be found to
give the greatest degree of satisfaction.
All orchardists in the Pine Grove sec-
tion are urged to use oil this spring
to destroy the egg masses of the leat'-
i-ollcr. A thoi-ough spraying foi- this
insect will incidentally destroy all of
llie woolly ai)liis that are hit. In con-
trolling the leaf-roller spraying is
directed toward the destruction of the
egg masses which will be found in
brownish, i)a(l-like patches on trunk,
limbs and even the smaller twigs of
not only apple but pear, cherry, plum
and peach. In view of the fact tliat

Good harness deserves
good care; keep the
trimmings clean
and bright with

Old Dutch

Helps you up
"On High"

ed Crown

'the Gasoline cffQualiiy

puts the "liop" into your car, gives you ttie
quick "get-away", and tlie "pick-up" on tlie
hills. It's because Red Crown is the unmixed,
refinery gas, with extra power in every drop.
At dealers everywhere and at our SERVICE
STATIONS.

Standard Oil Company

iCalifornia)

I RHODES DOCBLE CUT
PRUNING SHEAR

RHODES MFQ. CO.,
•■0 3. DIVISION AVB . QRAND RAPIDS. niCIt

yHE onl,
pruner
made tnat cuti
from both sides of
the limb and does not
bruise the bark. Made ia
■11 (lyles and sizes. W*
pay Elxpress charges
on all orders.
Write for
circular and
prices.

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive g^rowers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying.

WHEN' WRITING AnVEBTISr.KS MENTION BETTER FRflT

Page JO

Stop Wasting
Time and Money

PRESTO

Duplicator

will make 10 to 100 copies of handwriting
or typewriting in about two minutes.

You can use it in a hundred different
ways — for duplicating price lists, circular
letters, notices, shipping tags, etc.

It is extremely easy to operate — no
wax stencil sheets— no printing ink — no
setting of type.

CFruit Growers' Associations and
Shipping Concerns will find the
Beck Duplicator a splendid in-
vestment, enabling them to sup-
ply the fruit growers with nec-
essary information by circular
letters from time to time, in the
best possible reading form, at
the least expense.

Complete Outfit $15

Sent on ten days trial to responsible
concerns.

The A. Beck Duplicator Co.

Rm. 1761, 476 Broadway
New York City

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives you a high grade quick selling product at a
minimum cost. It makes a clean and natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetables have been
approved by the U. S. Government, while desiccated,
dried and evaporated products have been rejected.
There is but one Dehydrator munufactured in the
West and it is the best By-Product machine ever de-
vUed. It is adapted to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therelore, you are
protecte<1 in Its use.

The manufacturers of this Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved automatic labor-sav ng
preparatory niarhlnery which will further reduce the
present low cuM for the production of this product.

For new dencriptive booklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

BETTER FRUIT

in.sects deposit eggs on most all of our
orchard trees, it will be well to spray
all of the deciduous trees that an efTec-
tive clean-up be obtained. Pruning
away the long out-of-the-way branches
will greatly aid in making a thorough
application of the oil. The following
formula is suggested for leaf-roller
control :

Miscible oil, 6 gallons; water, 100
gallons.

If scale are in the orchard increase
the oil to eight gallons. The oil does
not have to be used as strong in con-
trolling the woolly aphis. At this time
of the year the young insects will be
found in hibernation. In order to suc-
cessfully pass the winter they secrete
themselves in protected places under
the rough hark of trunk and limbs and
in old scars, so that in making the
application extreme care must be exer-
cised that all parts of the trees be cov-
ered. When applying the spray hold
the nozzle close to the trunks and with
a good pressure force the oil up under
the old bark scales. Cover all limbs
and branches as well. Use the follow-
ing formula for woolly-aphis control:
Miscible oil, 4 gallons; whale-oil
soap, 2 pounds; water, 100 gallons.

This is not strong enough to destroy
the eggs of the leaf-roller or scale in-
sects. If these are present use the pre-
ceding formula.

The San Jose scale and the oyster-
shell scale can be controlled by using
either winter strength lime-sulphur or
strong emulsion of the miscible oil. As
the oil can answer a dual or triple pur-
pose in insect control, its use appears
more advisable than the less expensive
lime-sulphur, which will only destroy
the scale insects. The following for-
mulas are suggested for scale-insect
control:

Lime-sulphur (32 degree), 10 gallons;
water, 100 gallons; or, Miscible oil, 8
gallons; water, 100 gallons.

April

The Paris Fair

HOOD RIVER'S LARGEST
AND BEST STORE

RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR
HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES
HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX

CLOTHES
MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

Beekeeping and Fruit Growing

By Oscar Kazmeier. Kiel, Wisconsin.

NATl'HE having intended these two
lines of work for their mutual
benelit together, in fact what two lines
will harmonize so well together as
these two, and yet in years past and
even today in some sections there is a
strong antagonism between the bee-
keeper and fruitgrowers. It is a fact
only too well known that the cross-
fertilization of the fruit trees is bene-
ficial to the fruitgrower, insuring a
good setting of his fruit, while the
nectar gathered by the bees will be
beneficial to the beekeeper.

Experiments conducted by the vari-
ous experiment stations have invari-
ably found the bees to he a great agent
in cross-fertilization of fruit trees,
clovers, etc., and are reconnnending
fruitgrowers to see that bees are in or
near their orchards, or, better still, to
have bceyard in connection to your
fruit farm, and thereby realizing the
benents and profits from either side.
A while ago the writer had the oppor-
lunil\ in overhearing a conversation

25 Per Cent
Reduction

ON ALL Apple, Pear, Peach,
Prune, Plum, Cherry, Apricot,
Nut, Shade and Ornamental
Trees, Berry Bearing Plants,
Flowering Shrubs, Vines, Hedge
Plants, Roses, etc., etc.

We Need Room in Our
Nurseries for Spring
Planting

All Stock Clean, Healthy and

Thrifty. Grown on virgin soil,
two years from sage brush.

Most [Complete Stock in the

Northwest from which to select.

All Stock True to Name

Siiid today for Special Price List
and Descriptive Catalog

0. & F. Nursery Co.

Box 217 K

Wapato, Wash.

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7, 122' a Grand Ave., Portland. Oreeon

"WlioleBalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees. Shrubs. Vines, Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast Grown Seedlinps

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

Write Now Perfection Currants "Write Now^

Frost Damage Prevented

BOLTON

ORCHARD

HEATERS

29c each

Two-Gallon Capacity
Send for booklet

The Frost Prevention Co.

Merchants National Bank BIdg.
San Francisco, Cal.

Northwest Fence & Supply Co.

All kinds o( ladders.

orchard supplies.

Bastian Pruners, lawn

fence and pales

IVIIEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 31

hetwfen a few liDrtitulturists vvhi)
were discussing the value of bees in
an orchard, one of them claiming he
had been taking the best care of his
orchard in years past, but never had
been able to get a good crop from it
until he placed some stands of bees in
his orchard and was more than sur-
prised at the bumper crops he got. It
lias been the writer's own observa-
tion that orchards situated close to
apiaiics had set a much larger per cent
of fruit than those a few miles away
foiin them. In the cross-fertilization
of strawberries, cucumbers, etc., where
the wind cannot aid in carrying the
pollen from blossom to blossom, it is
here where the insects must perform
the work, es])ecially the bees.

The harmful effects of bees in an
orchard are few, if any. They are
blamed for the puncturing of fruits,
especially grapes, but through close
observations it will be noticed that
they only attack fruit already injured;
they are also to some extent blamed
for the spreading of the pear blight in
a pear orchard, but according to
Professor H. A. Surface of the Agri-
cultural Department of Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania, the pear blight often
spreads without the invasion of bees.
Furthermore, these are not the only
sole agents of spreading the germs and
should therefore not be condemned by
the pear grower.

The greatest loss to the beekeeper is
the spraying during fruit bloom, while
all experiment stations are now rec-
onmiending to spray when about three-
quarters of the petals have fallen, for
it has been found that any solution
that is strong enough to kill the codling
moth during full bloom, will also be
harmful to the delicate reproductive
organs of the flower. It is known that
the nectar gathered from fruit bloom
is generally only valuable to the bee-
keeper for coming so early in the sea-
son it stimulates the colony for brood
rearing, thereby building it up into
strong, rousing colonies, which are so
essential in producing a big surjilus
from the basswood, clovers, buck-
wheat, etc.; and here again they are
beneficial in the cross-fertilization of
these plants. Hence it goes to prove
that the horticulturist farmers and
beekeepers must unite for their mu-
tual benefit, for any advantage it offers
to the bee redounds to the mutual good
of all three.

))>;

OflU-crs nf Montana Stale Horticultural So-
ciety for 191fi: President. M. F,. Dean, Mi.ssoula;
first vice president. K. II. I. infield, Iif)zeninn;
second vice president, \V. R. Genrpe, Billinj^s;
third vice piesidrni, Mrs. A. C. Herbst, Libby;
fourth vice nrrsidcnt. Professor D. R. Swinpie,
Rozenian; fifth vice president, Mrs. Ren Kress.
Hamilton: secretary-treasurer. Professor O. B.
Whipple. Bozeman: trustees. C.. C. Willis. I. D.
O'Donnell. J. C. Wood, A. V. Piatt, Mrs. Ben
Kress. W. J. f.risnias.

I-Ytlillzers are recommended for vcRetable
gardens. Professor Boquet advises the use of
stalile manure and wood ashes, which can he
used to Rood advantage for all crops except
potatoes. There are many brands of conuner-
cial fertilizers on the market \\ hich aie bif^
factors in inereasitiR tlie yiebis of vepelaldcs.
Nitrate is always very desirable in truck
gai'dening.

Planet JivcuB^rs

The garden tools for big results

They are saving time, lightening labor, and producing better crops for
over two million farmers and gardeners. Planet Jr tools last a
life-tinie. Fully guaranteed. 72-page Calalpg, free!

Describes over 70 tools including 1: entirely new ones, and improvements
to our Seeders. \V heel. Iloes, Horse Hoes, Harrows, and Corn. Potato. Or-
chard, and Beet Riding-Cultivators. Write for it today!

S L Allen & Co Boxll06U Ptiiladelpliia

No. 4 Planet Jr Combined Hill and Drill Seeder, Wheel-Hoe. Cultiva-
tor and Plow pays lor itself in a single season in the family eardeii '
" 2^J^^"3S in larger acreage. Sows all garden seeds (in drills or

k, hills), plows, opens furrows and covers them, hoes and culti-
vates easily and thoroughly all through the season.

No. 1 1 Planet Jr Combined Double and Single Wheel-Ho
I Cultivator, Plow and Rake. Straddles crops till 20 inches
high, tnen works between. The plows open furrows
and cover them. The cultivator teeth work deep '
or shallow. The hoes are wonderful weed-
killers. The rakes do fine cultivation and
gather up trash. Unbreakable steel frame.
Strong high steel wheels and specially
hardened steels — new this , '

year. The greatest
hand-culti-
vating tool

in th
world.

Don't Pot Your Trees

Spade-dug holes, like pots,
confine and cramp the roots.
Set your trees out in blasted
holes. Stop the big percentage
of early losses. Make them
grow sturdy, hearty and fast.
Cash in on your investment
quicker by getting earlier
yields.

Drart'H from actual photo — Notg marked
ill gro^L'tk between tree planted in blasted
tree planted in spade-dug hole.

Practical Proofs

E. J. B.\RKER. Beech Bluff, Tenn..
says: "I would not set trees with-
out first subsoiling with explosives,
even if it cost four times the
amount."

J. C. Saylor, Penna., says:
"Blasted trees the finest in the
orchard."

O. C. LANorreLD, Calif., says:
"PlaiUi'il 14.11(10 trees with dyna-
mite— advanced value of land from
S15 to .^_MJO per acre in less than
a year."'

Red Cross Farm Powder

'^Me'and lightens labor and increases profits.

It loosens the earth, makes better

rootage and provides increased nourishment

for young trees. It rejuvenates old trees

and makes them bear.

GET THIS BIG BOOK FREE

Describes the use of Red Cross Farm Powder for
tree planting, land clearing, subsoiling, ditching and
many other things. Tells what this modern method
has done for hundreds of orchardists and farmers.
Write to-day for this interesting ISS-page

Handbook of Explosives No. 338-F
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.

Wilmington, Delaware

PORTLAND. ORE.GON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and .Yamhill Streets

European Plan— $1.00 per day and upward;

Write tor Portland Hotel Booklet.

GEO. C. OBER, Manager

WHEN WRITlNCi ADVERTISERS MENTION" BETTER ERIMT

POfTC ?-'

BETTER FRUIT

April

Dow Arsenate of Lead

This is a material that
has given the very best
of satisfaction wher-
ever it has been used

and where quality and price are the deciding factors. For the fourth consecutive season we have had the
business of the State Forester of Massachusetts, which alone represents a tonnage of close to one and a half
million pounds. This is a contract awarded only to the parties able to make the best quality and price
consistant with that quality. From the standpoint of quality and price we offer you in Dow Arsenate of
Lead the best that you can procure.

Our tremendous increase in business from year to year among the fruit growers of the United States
and also foreign countries is the best evidence we can offer you that Dow Lead does better work. We can
supply you from five different distrib-
uting centers in the Northwest. If you
are not in touch with any one of them
write us.

The Dow Chemical Company

MIDLAND, MICHIGAN

Statement of Distribution N. W. Box Apples

By Chas. J. Brand, Chief Markets and Rural

THE following sUitement of tlu- dis-
tribution of apple shipments from
the four Northwestern stales, Washing-
ton, Oregon, Idaho and Montana, made
at the request of the shippers and grow-
ers, is based on the voluntary reports
of the shippers and the railroads.

From the waybills furnished by the
railroad station agents it was ascer-
tained that 4(il shippers, large and
small, participated in the distribution
of the apple crop. This number in-
cludes growers' organizations, local
cash-buying firms, local representatives
of Eastern wholesale houses, local mer-
cantile houses, local brokers, traveling
brokers and growers. Among the grow-

Macabee Gopher Trap

Small
Simple

At all dealers. If your dealer does not handle it,
send 20 Cents in Stamps and mention your deal-
er's name and get sample by mail, postage paid.
Write for prices in larger quantities delivered
free by parcel post.

Z. A. MACABEE

Box P Los Gatos, California

Organization U. S. Department of Agriculture

ers were those who had large commer-
cial orchards and those who could shijj
only one car.

The total number of cars reported
by the railroads represents the actual
number of cars shipped out of the ter-
ritory, as taken from the best source of
information available.

The total number of cars reported by
shippers is the number of cars upon
which information has been received
from the shippers reporting cars which
have actually been delivered at the des-
tinations indicated.

The inconii)leteness of the informa-
tion is due to the fact that a great many
of the shippers and organizations have
not received their returns and that data
cannot be included in this review until
received b\' this ollice. At the end of
the shipping season, when more com-
plete data are available, it may be pos-
sible to issue another statement.

(>olunm .1 indicates the number of
cars of apples reported by the railroads
;is moving to the destinations shown
below. Colmun /} shows the number
reiJorted by the shippers.

Rides Like An Auto

r The New Patented Harvey Bolster Springs are -^
1,1. le jubt like the Iincst aLiloiiiuLiilc springs Thcyl
jsurb all the bumps, jars and jerks of roueh,
aiis. and change an ordinary wagon into a
\ riding spring wai:on. A set on your wagon will enable
\ you toEetyourperishalile produce to market
liin first class con- iHion always. Insist on Hor-
\vey's. If yourtlealer can t supply you wriie
II us tor free catalog and price list.

Harvey Spring Co.,784-nth St. pBacine. Wis

.YOU CAN ccn nn per

'£ARN )UUiUU DAY

wwh the
Gearless Improved Standard
i^^^x^^^^^ Well Drilling Machine

^^^KS ^^^^^^^ Drills thmuKli any forma-
^^^ tion. Fi^e years ahfad of any

other. Has record <if drillinp: 130 feet and drivinjccaslnsr
In 9 hours. Another record where 70 feet waa drilled im
2 1-2 erallons distillate at 9c per naUon. 0">e man can
operate. Electrically equipped for runninK nijfhtP,
Fishing Job. Eii^rine itjnitinn. Catnlotfiic W-S.

REIERSON MACHINERY C0.,Mfes..t295-97Haod St..Portland,Ore.

Alabama A

liiiniingham 15

Montgomery 1

Arizona

Bisbee 8

Douglas

Phoenix

Tucson

Miscellaneous

A rkansas

Little Rock

>tisceIlaneoiis

California

Fresno 13

Lodi 5

Los Angeles 290

Oakland 28

Sacramento 13

San Diego 34

San Francisco 329

Stockton 11

Miscelhineous 3

Colorado

Denver

Colorado Springs

Pueblo

Trinidad

Wiay

Miscellaneous

Conni'ilicat

Bridgeport

Hartford

New London

Georgia
Rome ; 3

Idaho

AIoscow -j

Pocntello 11

Wallace 8

Miscellaneous 25

383
6
4
6
2
6

3

5

B

14

1

1
11

G

3

26fi

26

8

37

162

3

0

73
6
3

n

3

0

0

3

12

Illinois A

Chicago 704

Rockford 5

Miscellaneous 4

Indiana

Indianapolis 2

Miscellaneous 1

Iowa

Burlington 4

Cedar Rapids 2

Davenport 3

Des Moines 21

Mason City 3

Sioux City 31

Waterloo 6

Miscelhineous 20

Kansas

Dodge City 3

Independence 2

Salina 5

Wichita 7

Miscellaneous 10

mmMiM

It

254
0

3
1

0
3
4

29
2

14
4

,;?j>!if

...Ai

^Treesavin protects
your trees against
all crawling insects,
' worms and ants, but
' does not hinder respira-
tion of the tree "skin" as
do sticky resinous mixtures
when painted on,
Treesavin lasts a whole season.
Indispensible for preventing "bleed-
ing" from cuts and wounds. Lasily re-
moved and replaced.
While it does better work than any other sticky
tree protector, Treesavin is cheaper to use and takes
one-tenth the time tonpplv. Made in rolls 4 in. wide,
lOyds.long.suffioHiit tn .-..vi.r ? trees 12 in. diameter.
If your dealer «:liiI >iipply you, order direct.
Write for catalog and descriptive matter.
Per hox^j^O trnts; three hoXi5y$l.JO;
six AoA-r-j, .yj-.OO; twelve boxes, SJ-00-

Berg &. Beard Mfg. Co., 12-14 Steuben St., Brooklyn. N.Y.

FREE

SAMPLE

'SeedOus

1 1 First Prize , . ,

'S,N0RTHPACIFItLBN0SH0WSl9l3-l415

%? OreoonStateFair
,fi'(;-| E«ryYear Since 1902

^/OQo^inPrizes

Bio Expositions inU.S.

^Ny, ANOCANAOA FROM OHE EKHIBIT
ONE SEASON

l>i^ PRICES:

4 LBS. $1 PREPAID
100 LBS. $4F.0.B. PORTLANI
of Diamond Quality Test-
ed Seeds is a relirJIe anc
iafe c-uiiio to your pmchases and a reference book
2very grower should have. Ask for Catalog No. ^00

1916 CATALOG

/ORYomS/iMPUivMr^ro

PortiandSeed<

COMPANY

PORTLAND, OSEOON T

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRt'IT

\\hi:n writing advertisers mention better fruit

ioi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 33

Kenliuky * '^

Lexington 1 \

Louisville 8 7

Louisiana

Jennings 0 1

Lake Chnrles "1 1

New Orleans SI "■'

Shreveiiort 1-t lil

Maine

Bansor 3 2

PoltlaiKl 1 !"'

Miscellaneous 1 1

Mart/land

Baltiniiire S4 i-

Masstirhust'tts

Boston 257 182

Brockton 1 1

Springneld 2 2

Worcester 2 2

^fichi(lan

Detroit 22 17

Grand Rapids 1 I*

Miscellaneous 4 2

Minnesota

Crookston 17 17

Duluth lOJ sr.

Minneapolis 332 94

St. Paul 127 28

Miscellaneous 59 31

^[issoll^i

Joplin 2 I

Kansas City 81 7/

St. Louis 47 in

Miscellaneous 1 ^

}f an tana

Anaconda 15 10

Baker 5 5

BilliuRS 40 21

Bozeman 9 7

Butte 137 51

Chinook 4 2

Cut Bank 55 2

Deer Lodge 5 3

Dillon 7 3

Glasgow 31 14

Glendive 17 5

Great Falls 86 38

Harlowtown 5 1

Havre 13 7

Helena 34 Ifi

Lewistown 28 7

Livingston 7 0

Miles City 20 II

Missoula 17 2

Outlook 5 2

Roundup 13 8

Shelby 6 1

Sidney 4 2

Sw eetgrass 4 2

Whitefish 27 0

Malta 4 1

Miscellaneous 110 01

Nebraska

Alliance 4 0

Crawford fi 3

Grand Island 13 10

Lincoln .32 3fi

North Platte 203 9

Omaha 166 31

Miscellaneous 9 7

Xeif Hampshire

Manchester 1 1

Xew Jerscii

Jersey City 13 0

\ew York

Buffalo 15 12

Elmira 144 92

LeRov 35 18

Now York 102t 611

Rochester 6 0

Susiiension Bridge 249 12

Miscellaneous 4 2

\orlh Dakota

Beach 19 3

Bismarck 89 55

Bowman 4 3

Crosby 5 4

Devils Lake 5 2

Dickinson 15 4

Drake 6 6

Fargo 57 33

Grand Forks 40 71

Jamestown 22 17

Langdon 4 1

Leeds 10 0

^laTulan 9 1

Min.it 261 31

Portal 4 4

Rav 4 0

Rugbv 25 13

Valley Citv 5 5

Wahpeton 32 28

Williston 57 26

Miscellaneous 153 51

Ohio

Cincimiali 7 10

Clevelauil 35 11

Toledo 2 I

Miscellaneous 2 2

Okiahoina

Enid 37 5

McAlester 5 8

Muskogee 7 7

Tulsa 8 11

Oklahoma City 36 26

Miscellaneous 18 28

Take care of your fruit trees— Tfiey are a wonderful source
of profit — Every tree in your yard or orchard should pay divi-
dends m perfect fruit through protection by spraying MYERS
WAY MYERS SPRAY PUMPS

Bucket. Barrel and Power, and Nozzles and Accessories are all
proven anti cover every spraying need — A Pioneer Line of Standard
Pumps — guaranteed tor effective spraying, and equally servicable
for whitewashing, disinfecting, sprinkling, fighting fires, etc

Our Spray catalog — just off the press — shows complete line, and
gives late Spray Calendar with instructions How and When to Spray
Your copy is wailing — wnte lodav for it and ask for name of our dealer

F, E. MYERS & BRO. 120 Orange St Ashland. Ohio
Pumps -Hay Tuols Door-Hangers

F.EJiJYEIiStiSRa

Where Good
Tillage Pays

Work close with
the California
Orchard Plow

The yield and quality of your fruit depend
largely upon the tillage your orchard receives.
' Choice fruitscommand high prices. You can't work
' among the trees and under the branches with or-
dinary tools. It will pay you big to learn about the

California .

Orchards

Plow

I Reversible— turns the soil either to or from the trees.
I Kxtends under branches. Also made with additional es-
1 tension, when desired, for unusually wiiie low trees. The
\ Cutaway (Clark) California Orchard Plow balances right
1 —there is no side-draft. Convertible into a field plow
Ifor general farm use. Has Cutaway (Clark) cutlery
^ steel disks, forged sharp. It
will improve your fruit-crop,
t )ne of tUciiiany Cutaway (Clark)
tools. If not at your dealer's
^« rite direi t. Write for our free
^bouk,- The Soil. miiltsTillatic--

The
^Cutaway Harrow Co.

Maker nf the original "

CLARK disk harrows

and ploivs

4013 Main Street
HigganumXoDD.

mm-
mm

Save Time. Write for Catalogs

MITCHELL, LEWIS & ST AVER CO.

PORTLAND, ORE. — SPOKANE, WASH.

The Success of a Fruit Grower

depends largely on the
way he cares for his
orchard. Unless it is
well cultivated he can
not hope for good re-
sults.

■; .' " For this work there is nothing
[f T' that will equal

The Kimball
|r,Cultivator

in keeping the ground in perfect condi-
tion at a small cost.

The price is in reach of the small grower and can be bought
from your local dealer or from

W. A. JOHNSTON, Manufacturer

THE DALLES, OREGON

WHE.V WRITING .\I)VEKTISERS ME.NTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 34

BETTER FRUIT

April

on Shade and Orchard Trees against Gypsy,
Brown-tail and Tussock Caterpillars. Canker
Worms, Climbing Cut Worms and Ants.
It is equally effective against any crawling
insects.

Band Trees About Two Weeks Before
Insects Appear to Get Best Results

Easily applied with wooden paddle. One pound
makes about 10 lineal feet of band. One applica-
tion stays sticky 3 months and longer — outlasting
10 to 20 times any other substance. Remains effec-
tive rain or shine. Won't soften— won't run or
melt, yet always elastic, expanding with growth of
tree. No mixing, simply open can and use. Will
not injure trees.

For Tree Surgery

Tree Tanglefoot is superior to anything on the
market — it is the best application after pruning or
trimming. It will water-proof the crotch of a tree,
or a cavity, or wound in a tree, whentnothing'else
will do it.

Sold by All First-ClassfDealers

Mb. cans 35c; 3-lb. cans $1.00; 10-lb. cans $3.00;
20-lb. cans $5.50. and 25-lb. wooden pails $6.75.

Write today for illustrated booklet on Leaf-
eating Insects. Mailed free. (55)

THE 0. & W.THUM COMPANY

135 Straight Ave., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Manufacturers of

Tanglefoot Fly Paper and Tree.Tanglefoot

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA RAIVJCV)

"RED RIBBON"

(F-AIMCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples

When ordering apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market afifords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATION
AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

Oregon A

Portland 80

Miscellaneous 14

Pennsylvania

Philadelphia 71

Pittsburg 73

Miscellaneous 2

Uhoilc Island

Providence 9

South Dakota

Aberdeen 47

Deadwood 19

Huron 3

Mitchell 7

Rapid City 4

Sioux Falls 17

Miscellaneous 28

Tennessee

Memphis 10

Nashville 51

Miscellaneous 3

8
3

Texas

A
23

B

G

Beaumont

25

17

Coi'i>us ChrisH

6

•>

Dallas

63

33

2/

El Paso

; . . . 13

9

81)

Fort Worth

9fi

72

1

4

11

52

40

11

20

28

33

Texarkana

Waco

4

25

98

3

26

7t

1

in

Utah

5

0

1

:i

Salt I-ako City

Miscellaneous

Virqiiiia
Norfolk

11

2

2

1C.

(1
2

s

West Virginia

3

3

1

1

1

Washington A B

Aberdeen 10 1

Everelt 30 2

Seattle 438 42

Spokane 228 63

Tacoma 39 5

Misccllanciiiis 43 3

Wisconsin

Milwaukee 51 17

Miscellaneous 5 3

Wiioming

(■.lie>cii]ie 94 5

Diainondville 4 1

Laramie 12 1

Rock Springs 6 3

Sheridan 11 14

Miscellaneous 37 IS

District of Colnnil^ia

Washington 20 16

Alaska 0 2

Alberta, Canada 117 48

British Coliniibia 147 46

Manitoba 45 36

Australia 34 33

Saskatchewan 199 63

Ontario 15 17

Quebec 5 9

Hawaii 1 1

Totals 9407 4313

Of the above total 254 cars were ex-
ported to Europe from Boston, New
York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, as
reported by the railroads. One car was
also reported with its destination in
South America, and two cars for South
Africa.

In the tabulations for Montana and
North Dakota the totals designated
"Miscellaneous" represent seventy-one
and ninety-six destinations, respect-
ively, to wliich less than four cars each
were billed.

The total of column B represents the
number of cars upon which reports
were received both from the shippers
and the railroads. The total of column
A includes that of column B.

WESTROBAC

(Soil Bacteria)

Awarded Gold Medal at the
Panama-Pacific Exposition

Will increase your crops and maintain
your soil fertility. Thru a cover crop will
produce more humus and nitrogen than
you can otherwise get, thus insuring
larger and better fruit at the small ex-
pense of $2.00 per can f.o.b. laboratory,
sufficient for one acre.

Garden Size Paci<ages

To those who have small plantings — less
than one acre — we can now supply Bac-
teria in containers large enougfi for an
area of one-fourth acre.

These are put up for Lawns and Gar-
dens only in the following varieties:

Sweet Peas Garden Beans
Garden Peas Clover for Lawns

Price per tube, mailed to any part of the
United States

Fifty Cents

Let us tell you — write for literature
(without cost)

Chas.LMastickCo.

74 Front St., Portland, Ore.

Northwestern Representatives

WESTERN SOIL BACTERIA CO.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Pcgc 35

The Newtown Pippin

Sydney F. Brown in Country Gentleman, Feb. 1. 1916

HOW many apple growers are ac-
quainted with the romantic history
of tlie Newtown Pippin? Tlie existence
of this variety alone was directly re-
sponsible for the establishment of our
great export trade to Groat Britain, a
business that has been developed within
the last bundled years by such tremen-
tlous strides that we now mention it in
terms of millions of barrels annualh .

About two centuries ago a seedling
apple tree sprang up on the edge of a
swamp in the neighborhood of the vil-
lage of Newtown, Long Island. From
what variety of apple that seed came
we cannot tell. This seedling was
allowed to grow, unmolested, ignored,
as such trees are, until one da>' a
stranger passing by saw and tasted
some of the fruit from this tree. He
found the flavor better than anything
be bad ever tasted.

After this discovery the fame of the
new a|)]jle spread, and scions were
taken from the parent tree to found new
orchards up and down the coast. The
great Hudson River Valley orchards
were the children of this tree.

So much of the origin of the New-
town. Next comes its introduction into
England.

In 1751? a box of Newtown Pippins
was sent to Rcnjamin Franklin, our
representative in England. He gave
some to his friend, the distinguished
English botanist and natural ijhiloso-
pher, Peter Collinson, who then brought
scions into England. The trees had
but meager success in English orchards,
but the pippins from America were
immensely popular in the markets of
London and other English cities.

Though to Franklin must be given
the honor of introducing American
njiples to the Ijiglish people, the export
trade was really inaugiu'ated through
the efforts of Andrew Stevenson, of
Albemarle County, Virginia, wlio was
minister to the Court of St. James in
the first year of Queen Victoria's reign.
^^'hile in England he had pippins sent
from home for his own use, and he pre-
sented several barrels to the queen, who
was so much pleased with the excellent
(|uality and flavor of Ihe apjiles that she
rewai'ded Sleveiison's courtesy by hav-
ing the small import duty on ap))les
removed.

Since then the pi|ipin has become
steadily more and more popular in the
English markets, selling for large sums
dining the iidddle of the lasts century.
A specific instance may be of interest at
Ibis time, when fruit growers have to
be contented with three or four dollars
a barrel for excellent apples.

Robert I'ell, of Ulster County, New
York, owned in 1845 an orchard con-
taining a large number of Newtown
Pil)pin trees. They yielded that year a
crop which sold in the I>ondon market
for as high as twenty-one dollars a
barrel! The English nobility boiigbl
these apples for their tables at the
slartling price of one guinea a dozen —
forty-two cents apiece!

1\ International
^ #r^J Harvester

^^^:^Til!age

Implements

npHE better your seed beds the more money

-■- you make from the same acreage. The

best seed beds are made with International Harvester

disk harrows, spring-tooth harrows, and peg-tooth
harrows. Our tillage catalogues explain fully, but read here z
few reasons why these machines give tlie best field service:

Disk harrows have adjustable snubbing blocks for making the
gangs level, and bowed set-lever bars to keep them level when
the angle of the gangs is changed. The bearings are especially
designed to a\oid all unnecessary friction, and make the harrows
that much easier for the horses to pull.

Spring-tooth harrows have frames that slide on the ground and
keep the cutting depth uniform. They can be used in sod, as
well as in wet or stony land, which they are specially made to till.

The all-steel pe^-tooth harrows are made up of stiff sections,
that give the luni[.j strong action and leave the surface smooth.

These features, and many others that are money makers for
farmers, are explained fully in our tillage catalogues, which wa
send promptly on request. Write for one, and read it over, befora
you go to the local dealer to see the implement you are interested
in. The catalogue helps you to buy right.

International Harvester Company of America

(incorporated)

Crawford. Neb. Denver. Col. Helena, Mont. Portland. Ore.
San Francisco. Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City, Utah

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. .$125, first payment, secures 5 acres; .$250,
first payment, secures 10 acres ; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

Win.N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRL'IT

Page ?6

BETTER FRUIT

April

Fire Blight Destroys
Thousands of Trees

FIRE BLIGHT OF THE APPLE

IS SPREAD BY APHIS

APHIS CHECKS GROWTH OF TREES

APHIS CAUSES LEAVES TO CURL

APHIS DEFORMS FRUIT

DESTROY APHIS WITH

"BLACK LEAF 40"

Guaranteed 40^ Nicotine

^ Your dealer will furnish you this j

^effective insecticide in concentrated j

^form — 200 gallons of spray f rom j

^the 2-lb. can costs $2.50—1,000^

^ gallons from the 10-lb. canj

\ costs $10.75. If he willj

^not supply you we willj

^send it to you, express ^

^prepaid, upon receipt^

^of price. Write for^

Free Bulletins to

the address

below.

BlackM

\ ■ IWanNE-SULPHATE

2FbuNDslVjce$?'SJ

MAdtS 2o6 gaU.
EFFECTIVE SPRAV.

\t KortudflcBAtcfhiducb 0

BLACK LEAF 40

- 40% Nicotine ^

C%eKENTUCKY TOBACCO PRODUCT CO.

iNcon.ponA.TE:D

LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY.

For Quick Reply, K^

169-171 2>!^St.PORTE.AMDORE.

Descriptive Catalogs. Portland
piices. etc.. write to us. We have
the stock, and can save you time
and money on freight

Our Complete Catalog No.39Free

EWBALTESAND
COMPANY

Printers • Binders

Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book-
lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us
for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed
promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT.

CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS
PORTLAND, OREGON

This is but a Ijrief account of ttie
spectacular history of the original
Newtown Pippin. The old tree stood,
almost within the memory of those still
living, on the edge of the swamp near
the Long Island village after which it
was named. It lived a most useful life
and achieved greatness, for men from
near and fai- came to take scions from
this famous tree, once an unnoticed
seedling, which died for the cause,
l)eiiig literally cut to pieces by scion
seekers.

Tomato BHght A Serious Menace
to Tomato Industry

By F. D. Heald. Professor Plant Pathology. Washing-
ton State College, and Plant Pathologist of the Wash-
ington Experiment Station.

Continued from last issue
Hhizoctonia is a cosmopolitan fungus
of omniverous habits. As a damping-
olf fungus of various crop plants, it is
known from all parts of the world. It
has been reported by various investi-
gators as parasitic upon the following:
Peas, beans, clover, alfalfa and other
leguminous crops; potato, tomato and
egg plant; beets, carrots, celery, lettuce,
radish, blackberry; cotton and okra;
ornamental asparagus, china aster, car-
nation, sweet William, violet, verbena,
liydrnnga, caiith fid't, sage, phlox, be-
gonia, coleus and snapdragon; lambs
(iiiarters, tumble weed and pig weed.
It is important to note that Rhizoctonia
has not been known to attack any
cereals or other species of the grass
family.

The Hhizoctonia disease has been
found in Wasliinutun during the past
season in severe form upon tomatoes,
I)otatoes, beans, peas, cucumbers, pep-
pers and strawbei-ries. As a tomato
and a i)ofato trouble it has a state-wide
distribution. Man\ bean failures in the
.Snake and f^olumbia Valleys are un-
doubtedly due to this disease. The
sym|)toma(ology of the disease on the
various hosts diffeis somewhat, but the
causal organism can always be found
upon the root system of the affected
plants. The establishment of the fact
that the "tomato blight" is due to
Rhizoctonia, the same fungus which
produces a very similar disease upon
potatoes and many other plants, marks
a most important advance in our
knowledge. It seems probable that
potatoes have been responsible for the
introduction and spread of this disease
more than any other crop, since tubers
from an infected crop may carry the
fungus.

For tomatoes there are only two pos-
sible sources of the fungus: First, a
.geneial presence of Rhizoctonia in the
soil, due to the previous occurrence of
the disease, either upon tomatoes or
some other crop; second, the use of an
infected soil for the seed bed in which
the tomato i)lants are grown.

Suggestions for the Control of Rhizoc-
tonia of Tomatoes

Since the fungus is confined in the
main to the roots and basal portion of
the stem any tieatment with fungicides
would lie useless. The beliavi<ir of

':n writing AinEkTISEKS MIIMION BETTER FRl'lT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 57

Rhizoctonia on the various hosts sug-
gests nothing of promise along the line
of selection of varieties for resistance.
While some varietal dilTerences have
been noted, the outlook is not hopeful,
and it is not probable that highly resist-
ant or imnume varieties can be obtained
by either breeding or selection. Cul-
tural practices then must be resorted
to in the control of this disease, and
the following tentative suggestions are
presented:

1. Use clean soil free from Rhizoc-
tonia for the growth of tomato plants
if they are to be transplanted, or if the
soil is infected use some method of
sterilization.

2. Avoid ground upon which pota-
toes have been grown during the past
four or five years. Give attention to
the possible occurrence of the dis-
ease on some other crop th^t might
have infected the soil. Cereals and
other grasses are never attacked by
Rhizoctonia.

3. Practice a culture method that
will supply the growing plants with an
abundance of moisture. Lack of moist-
ure increases the severity of the dis-
ease, since the fungus is constantly cut-
ting down the supply of absorbing
roots, and so making it more diflicult
for the plant to get suflicient water.
Good cultivation for the aeration of the
soil is also an important factor.

4. Use a liberal amount of fertilizer
so as to stimulate the gi-owth of the
plants, and if the soil is known to be
acid, correct this acidity by the appli-
cation of lime. Rhizoctonia grows
better in an acid soil tliaii in those
■which are neutral or alkaline.

5. In transplanting to the field do not
set the plants too shallow. Deep set-
ting gives a greater opportunity for the
development of adventitious fibrous
roots to take the place of those killed
by the fungus. It may even be ad-
visable to set the plants in shallow
trenches and gradually fill around them
with successive cultivations.

fi. Growing the plants in the lield to
avoid transplanting is sometimes of
value. Injury to the root system in
transplanting does not allow the en-
trance of the fungus, but retards the
development of the young plant, with-
out alTecting the advance of the fungus.
Carefully transplanted plants that suf-
fer little or no check in their growth
are more likely to keep ahead of the
fungus.

7. In case a soil infection of a field
is suspected, early fall plowing with
frequent cultivation is suggested. It
seems probable that the aeration of the
soil by frequent cultivation lessens the
amount of the fungus that will remain
alive. Some growers have used this
practice with excellent results.

Careful attention to as many of the
suggestions for control as possible will
very materially lessen the severity of
the disease. In fact, experienced grow-
ers are learning liiat the tomato blight
can be controMed, or at least reduced
to a negligible factor.

Good Bye !
Mr GopkeK

— and it's so easy! No bothersome traps — no uncer-
tainty. Simply locate the tunnel, place in it a waste
ball saturated with Kihnnl. In 3 minutes ignite and
cover up the opening with dirt. The deadly gases
quickly reach every part o£ the burrow and it's good-
bye, Mr. Gopher 1

Wai KiU *Em AU

^ilmol both asphyxiates and poisons — fresh air can't revive
^Ir. Gopher. The gas is heavier than air and so remains in
tlie burrow for hours. Results guaranteed or money refunded.
Used by Government, State and County officials with U. S.
Destructor.

Tlie waste balls we sell are better and cheaper than home-
made. Ask us about new Government formula of poisoned bar-
ky. Write for interesting information on the eradication of
squirrels, gophers, etc.
^ Oregon Distributor

Portland Seed Company

Dept. L Portland

W-ASinNGTHN- Distributor

James&Hanes

Dcpt. L Spokane

V. S. Destruc-
tor, invented by
IT. S. officials.
Forces gases in-
to burrow.

WHEN WRITING AUVERTISKRS MENTION mTTi:K KKl'U

Page 38

BETTER FRUIT

Elwood fknm

A perfect hinge joint is formed at every
second cable, making an elastic, long-
" life fence yet sufficiently rigid to
prevent sagging. Made of tough, springy
steel with a thick coat of galvanizing that
adds to appearance and resists weather.

American Steel Fence Posts — cheaper
than wood and more durable. Last a
lifetime. Seni Free — write for booklet
on how to set posts and erect fence.
Every farmer should have it. • _jr

AWARDED DEALERS EVERYWHERE

l^A AMERICAN STEEL & WIRE COMPANY

'%nni7cS CHICAGO NEW YORK PITTSBURGH CLEVELAND DENVER

%^ i#^ Pacific Coast Rep.: U. S. STEEL PRODUCTS CO.

-mW SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES PORTLAND SEATTLE

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634

Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation fcur miles southwest of station. Belmont Road.
We wlU be pleaded to show you trees, apple trets that have a heritage, a quaUtj that should be considered by eversraie
who Plants a tr^. Our trees are grom In dean hUlside Tirein red shot soil with clay sulfioU. produdng the m«it ngorous
root system. Our buds are selected from the best bearing healthy Haod Riyer trees that make the Howl R'J" apple
famous throughout the world. Our trees will give you satisfactory results In vigor, fruit ajdquaUty Ask for caWlog
We guarantee our products. Apples, pears, peaches, apncots. almonds and walnuts. A complete Une or the best varieties
of all kinds of fndts.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD, President W. J. ENSCHEDE, Manager

ASK IT—

And insist on your ticket reading

NORTHERN PACIfIC RY.

THE YELLOWSTONE PARK LINE

via Portland, or Tacoma, or Seattle, or Spokane

TAKES YOU EAST

or brings you west, in elegant trains. Entire service pleasing.
Dining service par-excellent.

East Bound

Summer Excursions, effective from June 1st.

To California, have tickets read
S. S. "Northern Pacific," palatial,
fast (only 26 hours at sea) , leaving
Portland 9 A.M., April 1, 6, 11, 15,
20,25, 29, and regularly thereafter.

Call on any agent, or write

A. D. CHARLTON, A. G. P. A.,

Portland, Oregon

Ask about HOMESEEKER FARES to Montana.

April
Kind of Spray Nozzle to Use

It takes a ilclinite aiiiount of iiialeriar
to spray a tree properly, whether ap-
plied as a mist or as a spray or whether
applied by high or by low pressure.
Therefore, to be economical in applica-
tion a nozzle should not be wasteful of
time, effort or material. The spray
musts be applied ciuickly, for the labor
cost often amounts to more than the
cost of the material used. The spray
tank is an expensive storage place for
the li(piid. Orchard nozzles very in
capacity from a quart to three gallons
per minute, yet are often used without
regard to size, even though it is self-
evident that it costs twice as much to
spray with a gallon-a-niinute nozzle as
with a two-gallon nozzle. Hence from
the standpoint of labor-cost as large a
nozzle or as many nozzles should be
used as the pump is capable of main-
taining.

Secondly, the effective range of a
nozzle should be as great as possible.
If one nozzle spends it force four feet
away and another reaches through
ei.ght feet it takes twice is much effort
to spray with the former as \:ith the
latter. Mist spray nozzles have a short
range, for the resistance of the air
quickly checks the momentum of their
fine particles. It is pertinent to ask
why iiigh pressure should be demanded
in a pump if a nozzle is selected which
checiis the pressure. The idea of a
"penetration mist" is fallacious.

Thh-dly. the nozzle must not be waste-
ful of material. This factor often makes
a good talking point until carefully
scrutinized. Some nozzles throw a hol-
low cone of mist: others project a flat
sheet of coarse spray. The latter are
popularly regarded as the more waste-
ful of material, which assumption is
based on their greater output. When
they are used leisurely there is, of
course, a waste of liquid, but the spray
rod can be so manipulated as to utilize
every drop of spray. The idea that a
tree "peppered" with mist is better pro-
tected than one washed with spray is
not founded on fact. Much of the liquid
from a mist nozzle blows away without
reaching the insect and is wasted, while
the hollow cone, hitting around the
mark, misses the aim as well as the
purpose of the spraying.

Much of the confusion regarding noz-
zles has resulted from not appreciating
the difVerence in the duties they are to
perform. A nozzle intended to give a
thin, uniform surface coating over fol-
iage or bark might not answer in driv-
ing the spray into the bottom of the
calyx cups, into the innermost crevices
of rough bark, or behind swollen btids,
or in i)enetrating aphis-curled leaves,
or in shooting aside overhanging leaves
or fruit to reach the concealments of
insects and place the spray in necessary
contact with their greasy bodies. To
stand up under the hard test of final
efliciency a nozzle must have penetra-
tive force. Any kind of nozzle can
reach the easy places; but to assure 100
per cent eiriciency calls for a Clipper or
Bordeaux type of nozzle. — Washington
State Experiment Station Bulletin.

WHKN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

PRINCE ALBERT tobacco throws open the gates to
every man fond of a pipe or a makin's cigarette — it's so
friendly! Just makes smoke joy possible for all degrees of
tender tongues and tastes, for the patented process by which
Prince Albert is made cuts out bite and parch! And you
can't get better proof than the fact that Prince Albert is
today smoked not only throughout the United States, but

all over the world!

First thing you do next, locate that old
jimmy pipe or the makin's papers; invest 5c
or 1 Oc for a supply of P. A. And fall to like
you are on the right track. For Prince Albert
is better than the kindest word we ever have
said about it. And you'll find that's a fact!

You can buy Prince Albert everywhere in the toppy red
bagf 5c; or the tidy red tin^ 10c; in pound or half-pound tin
humidors or in the handsome crystal' glass pound humidor with
sponge-moistener top that keeps P. A. fit •as-a- thoroughbred!

On the reverse side
of this tidy red tin
you will read:
"Process Patented
July 30th. 1907."
which has made
three men smoke
pipes where one
smoked before !

R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO CO., Winston-Salem, NX.

WIIFN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER l-KLIT

r^

^

RE-ORDERS

Every business man knows
that the stability of his business
is measured by re-orders.

If customers do not come
back, something is wrong.

But if the most careful
buyers in the field, having tried
the goods, find them satisfac-
tory and come back for more,
the business is sound.

Advertising may be judged
by the same sure test.

■ ■ ■

In 1915 The Saturday
Evening Post carried the
equivalent of 1682 full pages of
advertising— 1,143,502 lines.

Of this, 1429 pages, or
971,991 lines, came from firms
which had also advertised in
the Post the year before.

These figures mean that:

The Saturday Evening
Post drew 85% of its volume
in 1915 from the same cus-
tomers that had bought its
space in 1914.

That is, the re-orders of Post
advertising amounted to 85%.

This evidence of the stability
of modern advertising is not
new. A year ago, similar fig-
ures showed that in 1914 the
Post obtained 85.8% of its busi-
ness from firms which had
used its columns in 1913.

Of such a condition any
business, whatever the product
or sales method, might well be
proud.

It expresses the consensus
of experience of astute buyers,
extending over a period of
years.

It testifies to the establish-
ment of advertising as an
integral factor in economic
development — as a profitable
investment — not an expense,
not a speculation.

It means that manufac-
turers may invest in advertising
in full confidence of substantial
return.

It reflects the stability, the
soundness, the permanence, of
advertising today.

THE CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY

Independence Square, Philadelphia

The Ladies' Home Journal

The Saturday Evening Post

The Country Gentleman

\

^

WHEN WRITING AnvEKTISEBS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

MAV

2 3 1916

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

MAY, 1910

Number 11

,C^[:g]C^C4]C4]C^[^a3C4]C^C^C^[4]C^a3C4]l4^[^[^

STRAWBERRIES ARE RIPE
God might have made a better berry, but he didn't.

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CQMPAyY, PUBLISHERS. HOOD RIA EK, OREGON

Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, .+l.''ii. Single Copy 10 Cents

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, head and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spoliane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s
Cement Coated Nails.

First National
Bank

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

A. D. MOE - - President
E. O. BLANCHAR - Cashier

Capital and Surplus $125,000
Assets Over $500,000

Member Federal Reserve System

Live Agents Wanted.
Others Save Stamps.

This wonderful ma-
chine will mark a box
of fruit in one second.
Puts on all the stamps
at one operation.

Send for literature.
Its free.

Practical Box Marker Co.

Otis Orchards, Wash.

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc.

Sole Manufacturers

Old South Bldg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

CONOMY

in buying is getting the
best value for tlie money,

not always in getting the lowest prices.

PEARSON prices are right.

or holding pow-
er is the reason
for PEARSON nails. For twenty years
they have been making boxes strong.
Now. more than ever.

behind the goods is
added value. You can
rely on our record of fulfillment of every
contract and fair adjustment of every

DHESIVENESS

ELIABILITY

E
A
R

S

o

NAILS

claim.

ATISFACTION

is assured by our
Ions' experience in
making nails to suit our customers'
needs. We know what you want; we
cruarantee satisfaction.

T>TriT"M A T T'P'Y" plus experience al-
xvj.vvxii.r^XJXX i ways excels imita-
tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to
sometime (not now) equal Pearson —
meantime ijou play safe.

A
I
L

LESLIE BUTLER, President
TRUMAN BUTLER. Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN. Cashier

Established 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER. OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department

WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if you
want to borrow we can place your application in good liands, and we malce no
charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Things We Are
Agents for

KNOX HATS

ALFRED BENJAMIN & CO.'S

CLOTHING

DR. JAEGER UNDERWEAR

DR. DEIMEL

LINEN MESH UNDERWEAR

DENT'S AND FOWNES'

GLOVES

Buffum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISr.Rs MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 3

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.

204 Franklin Street, New York

Toronto and Montreal

46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

The Old Reliable

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

CO.MMISSION
:\rERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

V.\ H. DRYER

W. W. BOLLAM

DRYER, BOLLAM & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

PHONES: MAIN 234S
A 2348

PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

WHOLESALE

FRUITS AND PRODUCE

Commission Merchants

SOLICIT TOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns

PORTLAND, OREGON

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture
to us to be stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. GILBERT. President and Manager.
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPENISH. WASHINGTON

Orchardist
Supply House

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer

C. W. Stose

W. van Diem

Lange Pranken Straat 45, 47. 49, 51. 61

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruits

Eldest and First-Class
House in this Bi-anch

Cable Address: W. Vandiem
ABC Code used; 5th Edition

Our Specialties Are

Apples, Pears, Naval Oranges

Page 4

BETTER FRUIT

Max

\^

The Law says

KILL 'EM

Did you know there's a California law com-
pelling all _ persons to rid their land of
ground squirrels? But law or no law, you're
alive to the damage these pests do to crops
and trees and land. You want a cheap,
easy way to fight them.

I SQUIRLGOPHENE |

ji;ilV'i[']f

I ftQUIHLOO^MEWEl

Kilmol in the
United States
Des tr uc tor
Gives 100% Ef-
ficiency. In-
vented by U.
S. officials.

Will Kill 'Em All

It IS simple, sure, quick and practical^
Saturate a waste ball in Kilmol, place it in
burrow and after 3 or 4 minutes ignite.
The deadly fumes remain in the burrow
for hours — the rodent can't escape. 100 per
cent efficient. Results guaranteed or money
refunded. Used by Government, State and
County officials. We sell waste balls — bet-
ter and cheaper than home-made. Write for
interesting information about squirrel and
gopher eradication, and also ask about new
U. S. Government formula of poisoned
barley.

Oregon Distributor

Portland Seed Co.

Dent. 1. Portland

Washington Distributor

James & Hanes

Pcpt. I, Spokane

Announcement

of Office and New Represen-
tative for the Northwest for

The Packer

I beg to advise the Associations, Shippers and Dealers of fresh, dried and canned fruits
and vegetables, butter, eggs, poultry and produce generally that I have been appointed
Northwest Representative of The Packer, in charge of correspondence, advertising and
subscription business of the Northwest of this publication.

I trust that you will favor me with news matter concerning your association and
business for publication in The Packer.

Kindly put my office on your general mailing list.

To make this office a success I trust you will favor me with your advertising and
subscription business for The Packer, as I am sincerely anxious to make a success of
my new venture. Yours respectfully,

316 Broadway Building
PORTLAND, OREGON

CHRIS. R. GREISEN,

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA RAIMCY)

"RED RIBBON"

(RAIMCY)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples

When ordering apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market affords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATION
AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager

NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

Sixteen
Years Old

For sixteen years this seal has stood
for protection to the shipper. Don't
make a mistake of signing up your ton-
nage now — the "Distributors" and
"Sales Agencies" will be just as eager
to do business with you later — Don't let
that worry you. Meantime investigate
and see if our Service will not help you
to do your own marketing — To investi-
gate first is wise.

Our new Souvenir Calendar is now
ready, containing photographic views
of our New York and Chicago offices,
extracts from the "BLUE BOOIv"
Trading Rules, Fruit and Produce
Grades, Law of Commerce, Historical
Review of the Organization and other
information of practical every day value
to shippers, ft will be sent free to any
shipper who handles five cars or more
in a season, who will fill in and mail
following coupon.

Produce Reporter Co.,

Chicago, Illinois.

Mail Calendar to

Town State.

We ship cars of

Ship through

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.

Proprietors

Hood River, Oregon

Dufur, Oregon

Growers of high grade nursery stock, guaranteed
true-to-name. Breeders and importers of pure-bred
Big Typo Poland-China Hogs. Service boars, bred
gilts and weaning pigs for sale.

For catalog of nursery stock and prices
on swine, write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Carco

" KILLS
MAGGOTS

A wonderfully successful spray for
destroying maggots, grubs and worms
which infest TURNIPS. RADISHES.
BEETS. RUTABAGAS. CAULIFLOWER.
CABBAGE, ONIONS, etc.. and also rec-
ommended for combatting crown borers
in STRAWBERRIES.

This remedy has been tried out at
Experiment Stations by Horticultural
Inspectors and leadinsr growers, who are
highly pleased with results.

For Sale by All Leading Seed Houses
on Pacific Coast. Ask for It.

Manufactured ONLY by

Standard Chemical Company

TACOMA, WASHINGTON
(Send for Circular)

WHEN WRITING .\D\I:RT JSF,RS XtENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATliD MAGAZINE PUBLISHIlD MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OE MODERN. PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING

Rovolving the Consumer's Dollar Backwards

or the Elements that Enter Into the Consumer's Orange Price.

By G. Harold Powell, General Manager California Fruit Growers Exchange, Los Angeles, California, Delivered before the Twelfth Annual Meeting
of the Western Fruit Jobbers Association of America, Memphis, Tennessee, January 16-19, 1916.

THE Aniericiin con.suiTier pays an-
nually from $7,"),()00,nOO to $8."),nno,-
000 for till' California cilriis fiuit
crop of 20.000,(100 boxes. The retail cost
of distiibiitins 'he fruit to the con-
sumers varies from .*2."),000,00(l to -$30,-
000,000, incUKiins the net profit of the
retailer. The jobber's cost of dislribul-
ing the fruit to the retailer, iiuhidin.ii
his net prolit, varies from *(),000,()00 to
.f8,000,000. The railroads receive ap-
proxiniateh- •'«1 7,000,000 to transport
the the fruit from California. The cost
of selling by the producers to the .job-
bers on a non-i)rofit, co-ojjerative basis
is approximately •$1,000,000; the cost of
national advertising is •*,3,')0,000. This
leaves a return to (California of .*,'iO,-
000,000, out of which the grower must
pay the cost of iiroduction and of pre-
paring the fruit for shipment.

Revolving the Consumer's Dollar
Backwards

Stating the problem difTcrenth : When
the consumer buys a dollar's worth of
citrus fruits this dollar splits up
approximately into the f(dlowing ele-
ments when revolved backwards to the
producer:

The retaileis" gross margin, 27" to
35% of the consumer's dollar;

The jobber's gross margin, S" to
8%% of the consumer's dollar;

The railroad's gross earnings, 20% to
237o of the consumer's d(dlai';

The non-profit, co-o|)erative distribu-
tion from i)roducer to jobber, I'; to
l',l>% of the consumer's dollar;

National advertising, .5% of the con-
sumer's dollar.

The crop brings to California from
35% to 40% of the consumer's dollar,
of which the fruit on the tree gets 25%
to 277o or more.

Operating Costs and Profits

The operating costs of the retailer,
the jobber, the railroads and the pro-
ducer are largely fixed. They are inde-
pendent of the value of the fruit. Tlu\
represent the cost of producing the
fruit; of railroad and refrigeralioii
service; of delivery by the retailer and
jobber; the jobber's selling cost to
nearby retailers; the jobber's cost of
develoiiing trade with the countless
retailers in the small outlying towns
and country places; and the cost of
rent, management, buyin.g, credit losses
and expenses, heal, light, telephone,
taxes, interest and other miscellaneous
expenses, iiichiiling losses fiom decav
and stealing.

Whether the job'ber or letailer makes
a net profit depends on the buying and
selling pi'ice, the cost of doing Inrsiness,
the volume and the number of capital
turn-overs.

The railroad's gross earnings are
always the same, as the rate per hun-
dred pounds is fixed.

^^'hether the producer makes ji profit
ilepends on the quality of his fruit, the
yield of his grove, the amount ex-
pended in production, including the
management of his place, tlie elliciency

(.. IIAliuIJi I'OWEEL

Oi'uei-al Man;\gei- CMlilninia Eruit (iiiiwei^

Excliange, Los Angeles, California

of his general management, and the
selling price. It costs the grower an
average of $1.20 to produce, harvest,
pack and place a box of oranges on the
cars in California. It costs the lemon
grower an average of Sl.OO per box. It
ma> be interesting to note that the ele-
ments that cuter into the cost of i)ro-
diicing oranges and placing them in the
hands of the jobber genei'all> divide
ap|)roxiinately as follows: Labor, M.8% ;
nialeiials, 23.3'V; harvesting, ■!.()% ;
Ij.ukiug, H.3'; ; freight and I'efrigera-
tion, 10.0';, and selling, 3.0';.

The Machinery Which Dislrihules the
California Citrus Fruit Crop

The machinerx which carries the
cilrus fruit crop from the pro<lucer to
llu- consumer begins with 11,000 Cali-
fornia gioweis, who, through tlieir
own agencies, distribute and sell the

bulk of the crop, either direct or at
auction, to 2,500 to 3,000 carlot jobbers
in the principal cities of the United
Slates and Canada.

The jobbers assemble and distribute
the fiiiit, either <lirect or through 7,500
traveling salesmen, to 300,000 retail
dealers, including grocery stores, chain
and department stores, popular stores,
general merchandising stores, drug
stores, restaurants, hotels, fruit stores,
push carts, wagons, stands and other
miscellaneous avenues of distribution.
The jobber is a banker for the retailer
in addition to the functions outlined
above.

The retailers distribute the fruit to
100,0110,000 people, one-half of whom
live in villages of 2,500 or less, and on
the farm.

The consumer bu.\s the fruit over
the counter, by telephone, through
order takers, from the push carts,
street stands and in other ways, the
gieat bulk of the fruit passing through
the grocery stores or other stores from
which he gets his daily food supplies.

This machinery represents the sim-
plest from of distributing an .\merican
agricultural crop. In most industries,
the i)i-oducers are not organized. The
crop is distributed largely through un-
organized local buyers, by representa-
tives of jobbers, by brokers or others
who make a profit on the distribution
to the jobbers or wholesale dealers,
thereby imijosing an unnecessary ex-
pense of two, three and even ten times
as nnich as the systematic distribution
of the organized producer, and at the
same time giving onl.x' an ina(le(iuate
distribution.

Are the Jobbers and Ketailers
Necessary?

One cannot contemijlale the vast
machinery that bridges the span be-
tween the producer on the one hand
an<l one hundred million consumers on
the other, without asking the i|uestion,
"Is every link in the chain necessary
to serve the interests of both the pro-
ducer and consumer, and, if so, are
their interests ediciently and econom-
ically served".'" The answer is being
sought in every i)art of America at the
|)rescnt time through investigations by
producers and consumers, by various
kinds of oiganizalions and by the state
and federal governments. If the job-
ber and retailer arc performing a vital
service in bridging the gap and arc
doing il elli<ieutly and ecoTiomically,
then each has an economic justification

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

Mav

and each will continue as part of the
distributing system as long as he con-
tinues to perform the service in this
way. ^^^lerever a better link can be
forged then a part of the present chain
will drop out, whether it relates to a
service performed by the producer, the
jobber or by the retailer.

A Study in Distribution by the Citrus
Fruit Industry
The California citrus industry has
been studying its own distributing
problem, because the production of
oranges and lemons is increasing much
more rapidly than the population. The
Valencia shipments, which now equal
12,000 carloads, will double in a few
years. The lemon shipments of 8,500
carloads will more than double in the
near future and California will supply
more lemons than the present total
consumption of Canada and the United
States, including imports. There are
more than 40,000 acres of Washington
navel oranges four years old or under,
which will soon come into bearing, and
will materially increase the navel ship-
ments. The problem of the California
citrus industry is first to develop a
product of quality, then to create a
larger consumer demand, and finally to
adjust its distributing operations to the
jobber and the retailer so that the
supply may be uniform and the con-
sumer demand can be efTiciently filled
and promoted by the producer, the job-
ber and the retailer working together.
Looked at from its broadest aspect, the
problems of the producer, the jobber
and the retailer are intimately con-
nected, and are all of the same charac-
ter— a problem of edicient, economical
distribution to fill a larger demand
which must be developed on the part
of the consumer. There can be no
fundamental antagonism between the
citrus fruit i)roducer, the jobber and
retailer if they understand each other's
problems.

The Details of the Investigation

The investigation of the cost of dis-
tributing the citrus fruit crop has ex-
tended over two years in the principal
cities of the I'nited .States and Canada.
It has been made through the co-opera-
tion of the jobbers and retailers, with
agents of the industry located in these
places. Recently the investigation has
been extended to the rural districts,
where one-half of the population re-
sides. The method of the investigation
follows: Beginning in .lanuary, 1914,
the agents, starting with the delivered
price to the jobbers of oranges varying
in size form 80s to 360s, and lemons
varying from 270s to 420s, of all grades,
determined the price which the lead-
ing jobbers in each place charged the
retailers for these sizes and grades, and

A Manager Wanted

I require a manager for my 100-acre orchard (3 years
old), within 15 miles of the city of Melbourne. Austra-
lia, population 6UO.0O0. (Good roads.) I need a com-
petent man to take full charge as I am in business in
the city. Therefore, any applicant must have a
thorough knowledge of the fruit industry and give
excellent references. Address S. Stott. "Viewbank,"
Burke Road, East Malvern. -Victoria, Australia.

then determined the price which the
retailer charged the consumer. The
data have been accumulated on all sizes
and grades for two years, and 12,000
price reports have been brought to-
gether in this way. Supplemental to
this general investigation a large
amount of information has been fur-
ni.shed by jobbers and retailers who
have given the records of their dis-
tributing costs from their books.

In this report, representative periods
in 1014 and 1915 are selected to show
the factors that enter into the con-
sumer's price when a dollar's worth of
oranges are purchased from the retail
dealer.

The Consumer's Dollar, 1914

From .\pril 15, 1914, to December 1,
1914, twenty-eight representative cities
are selected, including 3,265 jobbing
and retail prices. This period covered
low prices on both Navels and Valen-
cias. The average price paid by the
consumer was approximately 37%
cents per dozen for all sizes of the
grades included in the reports. The
factors entering into the consumer's
dollar under these conditions are
shown in the chart and table fol-
lowing:

The Consumer's Dollar, Oranges,
April 1.5 to December 1, 1914

The Consumer's Dollar, Oranges,
April 1.5 to December 1, 191.5

Per Box

Fruit on tree !tl.2896 27.7%

Harvesting 1058 2.3%

Packing 3246 7.0%

Selling 0060 1.4%

F.O.B. California -91.786 38.4%

Freight and refrigeration 954 20.5%

Delivered price !52.74 58.9%

Jobber's margin (gross) 42 9.0%

Jobber's price ifS.lG 67.9%

Retailer's margin (gross) 1.49 32.1%

Consumer pays .94.65 100.0%

The Consumer's Dollar, Oranges, 1915

The period from April 15, 1915, to
December 1, 1915, includes 34 cities
and 4,138 jobbing and retail prices.
This period represents a higher price
for the fruit of both Navels and
Valencias, the consumer paying an
average of 43V-' cents per dozen for the
oranges of the grades included.

The factors entering into the con-
sumer's dollar under these conditions
are shown in the chart and table fol-
lowing:

Per Box

Fruit on tree -92.1896 40.3%

Harvesting 1058 1.9%

Packing 3246 6.0%

Selling 0660 1.2%

F.O.B. California -52.686

l-'reight and refrigeration 954 17.6%

Delivered price !?3.64

Jobber's margin 44 8.1%

Jobber's price $4.08

Retailer's margin 1.35 24.9%

Consumer pays $5.43

The Retail Distributing Cost

The retail distribution of the citrus
fruit crop to 100,000,000 con.sumers is
naturally the most costly, because it
represents a service to a vast numbei'
of unorganized people, performed by a
vast number of factors, the smaller of
which are almost equally unorganized.
It has been shown by Mr. C. C. Parlin,
Chief of the Research Laboratory of
the Curtis Publishing Company, that
the average cost of doing the retail food
business of the United States is 17%
on the selling price, while the average
net profit is 3vr, making a gross cost of
20%. The figures developed in the re-
tail citrus investigation show a gross
profit of 32.1% on the low selling price
in 1914, and 24.9%' on the higher selling
price in 1915.

The cost of handling a perishable
fruit that is subject to decay and deteri-
oration, is naturally higher than the
cost of handling semi-perishable and
non-perishable food products. The
excess cost which is inflicted on the
retailer from decay depends primarily
on the care with which the fruit is
handled by the grower in preparing it
for shipment and on the rapidity of his
stock turn-overs. It is well known that
the fruit business, along with many
other products, returns a relatively
hi.gh profit to the retail dealers because
half or more of the value of the goods
sold through the store, including sugar,
flour, sometimes butter and other
articles, are often handled without
profit and sometimes below the cost of
handling. This condition infiicts on
the consumer a somewhat higher price
on fruits and vegetables because the
retailer's ii,et profit must be made on
one-half the goods passing through his
store.

TQl6

Number of Stock Turn-overs
Tlu' tiling that is of primary interest
to the producer and tlic johber is
whetiier the retail dealer turns his
stock over in the (piickest possible time
and thereby gives the maximum dis-
tribution of fresh fruit to the consumer
and at the same time reduces decay and
waste to a minimum. With the fruit
stores, popular stores, stands and better
grocery stores, there is little question
but that every art known to the mer-
chant is used to promote quick sales
because the progressive merchant
knows that his net profit at the end
of the year depends on the number of
turn-overs he gives his capital.

But with the country merchant and
the small retailer who carries a box or
two under the counter or in an incon-
spicuous place in the store, the answer
is not so clear. Here is an opportunity
for continuous and sympathetic co-
operation between the producer, the
jobber and his traveling salesmen in
developing the best retail fruit displays,
the best retail merchandising methods
which will attract the consumer, in
helping the retailer strengthen his
strategic position of personal contact
with the consumer and thereby giving
wider and quicker distribution. One-
half of the consumers of the country
are served by the small town and
country merchants. Oranges and lem-
ons are self-sellers if artistically dis-
played. We know that many jobbers
co-operate with the retailer and con-
duct an educational campaign among
them. One leader among the retail
merchants of a community is a power-
ful example in good merchandising
methods. Whatever he does, the others
are likely to do. Here is an oppor-
tunity that the jobber can promote
through his salesmen by developing a

BETTER FRUIT

frank co-operation with the retail mer-
cliant, and in developing pacemakers
among the retailers. It is an almost
undeveloped Held in the average small
town or country ilistrict. Dealer serv-
ice aids in the form of artistic window
displays, which make the consumer a
friend of the store and create a desire
for the fruit, mass displays of citrus
fruits with other fruits and vegetables,
which should be the central feature of
the grocery store because of the profit
to the dealer, and local advertising as
supplemental to national advertising —
these are the lines of effort that are
most likely to show returns in the
smaller towns and country districts.
They are the lines that give the maxi-
mum distribution — an increased outlet
for the producer, a larger business for
tile jobber and a profit to the retailer.

The Jobber's Cost of Doing Business

The average jobber's gross profit for
distributing citrus fruits to the retail
dealer is not above the average jobbing
cost of distributing food products as a
whole. It has been shown by Mr. Par-
lin, from extensive data secured from
all parts of the United States, that the
local food jobbers doing a business of
••^.'jOO.OOO or under, usually have a cost
of 5^3% to 61/2%', while those doing a
business of $500,000 to !}!l,500,000 have
costs of 7% to 8%, while the sectional
jobber whose volume of business varies
from .$2,000,000 to $8,000,000 usually has
a cost of 8% to 97c..

From the data which the citrus in-
dustry has secured it is evident that
the average fruit jobber averages a
gross profit of 107o to 13% on the sell-
ing price, including decay losses. This
is probably not far from the gross
margin of the average food jobber.

3

Page 7

The average fruit jobber is perform-
ing a vital economic service as a
banker, an assembler and distributor
of fruit. What is needed is less radical
discussion of the jobber and a better
mutual understanding of the problems
of the producer, the jobber and the
retailer, to the end of a better working
relationship' in solving the big problem
that affects all, i. e., the wider distri-
bution of the rapidly-increasing fruit
crop.

Abnormal Gross Margins
The jobber problem, however, is not
without its less favorable aspects in
some districts where competition does
not have full play. Here the jobbers
often try to lessen competition by
gentlemen's agreements or other forms
of understanding. They impose a high
gross profit on every box of citriis
fruits sold in the city and occasionally
in the country districts. These arrange-
ments may not adversely afTect the
price which the grower receives, but an
analysis of the record shows that the
high maigins restrict consumption, the
merchant making his profit on a few
turn-overs at a high net profit on each,
rather than a larger number of turn-
overs with a low net profit on each.
This system of merchandising restricts
distribution and is therefore detri-
mental to the citrus industry.

The chart and table following .show
the elements that enter into the con-
sumer's dollar in a district where the
jobbers depend on high margins and a
few turn-overs in the sale of oranges:

The Consumer's Dollar Showing a
High Jobber Margin

i« vn. X,.l -T I}"' '"•"^.""J'*"'; Sii|Hr-Six. This is the car will, II,,. pnhnlcl i„„ln,-, «I,iH,

IS V blatoilcis. I he Super-Six, on the Sheepslicad l!ay Speedway, iasi N',v,i„l,e,- ei-eahcl i,|.«
stock cai; recoi-.ls lor speed, durability a„d acceleration, under An',erica„ Aiiln„,nl,ilc Associalio.i
supeiA.s.on. The Supe.-Six is by far the handson.est. roomiest a„.i ,„oM l„v„,io„s car c , ,' -
duced by the Hudson facto,-y. The .ien.and f,„- the Supei'-Six is (he Kical.sl in Ihe l,islo,y of' the
Hudson factory. Phe plant has been doubled to produce 30,000 Super-Sixes this yeai-.

4/^ if

Per Box

l"ruit on t,ee .$2.263(i 11.0%

IIarvestil,K lO.'iS 1.9%

''ii'-kins .3240 5.9%

Selling 0660 1.2%

F.O.n. California $2.76 50.0%

rieight and ,efiigcratio„ 77 14.0%

Delivered price ^3.~,3 64.0%

.lobber's margin 84 15.2%

.lubber's price .?4.:t7 79.2%

Retailer's maigin 1.15 20.8%

Consumer pays ?5..')2 100.0%

The chart and table following .show
the elemenls thai enfer into Ihe con-
sumer's dollar in a dislrici where Ihe
ritailer depends on high margins and
few lurn-overs in llie sale of lemons:

Page 8

The Consumer's Dollar Showing a
High Retail Margin

Per Box

Fruit on tree !pl.4ri4

Harvesting 292

Parking 596

Selling 077

r.O.B. California .f2.419

Freight and refrigeration 891

Delivered price $;j.31

Jobl)er*s margin 09

Jobber's price 14.00

Retailer's margin 3.4')

(lonsumer pajs $7.4')

100.0%

BETTER FRUIT

per cent. In the West, the Xorlhwest,
in Ciinuda iind in the Sonthern Stiiles,
where (li.stiinces eoveretl h>' a johher
are great, all expense.s — rents, wages,
telephone and telegraphic costs, travel-
ing salesmen, delivery and other ex-
penses incidental to the development
of a small town and conntry trade —
make the operating cost often twice as
large as in the more densely populated
Eastern States.

Fluctuations in the Shipper's, Jobber's
and Retailer's Prices

There is a widespread popular im-
pression that the retail price of citrus
fruits remains the same throughout the
year, irrespective of the price which
the retailer pays for the fruit. There
is a less widespread impression that the
jobber charges the retailer about the
same per box irrespective of what he
pays the producer for the fruit.

We have charted the producer's
price, the jobber's price and the retail-
er's price on identical sizes and grades
of oranges for two years. These figures
cover thirty-four principal markets.
They do not include the small towns
and country trade. The fluctuations in
these prices are shown in the follow-
ing diagram:

May

rule applies wilh e(iiial force l<> the
retail trade.

I'rices May Apparently Be Uniform
There is a condition in the citrus
fruit business that makes uniform
prices to the retailers and consumers
sometimes apparent. That is the vari-
ety of grades and sizes with which the
jobber or retailer may supply his cus-
tomer's wants. The orange retailer,
for example, may charge a uniform
price of 40 cents per dozen for weeks
at a tiiue, but he has varied the grades
and sizes to tit the uniform retail price.
The jobber has also the same ojjpor-
tunity in tilling the retail orders. A
price invesligati(m which is not made
on identical sizes and grades is mis-
leading and worthless for economic
conclusions.

Lemon F*rices PMuctuate Less Than
Oranges

While the jobber's and retailer's
prices on oranges follow the delivered
price with close regularity, the same
condition is not always true of lemon
prices. The reason is that the lemon is
largely a speculative product rather
than a staple product like the orange.
The i)rincipal use of the lemon is in
cold drinks in the summer time. The
I'riiit can be safelv stored I'or weeks

Costs East and West

The investigation shows a wide vari-
ation in the costs of doing business in
different parts of the country. In the
densely populated sections east of the
Mississippi, operating cost.s are com-
paratively low. Rents are lower, in-
terest rates, wages, the expense of
traveling salesmen and other expenses
are lower, sometimes by two or three

From this chart it will be seen that
the three jiriccs follow each other with
almost mathemalical exactness. (Com-
petition among the johbers and among
retailers brings this about. The jobber
is keen for trade, and when the bu\ ing
Ijrice rises or falls he is forced through
competition to fluctuate his selling
I)rice to correspond. If he does not do
this, his more aggressive conii)etitor
lakes the business from him. The same

and the johher and relailer sell llu'
lemon at relatively higher margins.
With the develdpment of more general
uses of lemons through national adver-
tising, such as eidinary uses, heallh ami
toilet uses, the lemon will he made a
more staple |)rodiict. The speculative
eknunt will grow less important, the
merchant will obtain his supplies as
needed, and Ihc jobbing and retail
prices will follow llie ilelivered price

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

with greater regularity. Now the spec-
ulative handling of the lemon is a
distinct drawback to its widest dis-
tribulion.

General Considerations

Wc have touched only the high spots
in the investigation of the cost of dis-
tributing the citrus fruit crop. The
California citrus industry is vitally in-
terested in the problems of the .jobber
and the retailer. The industry realizes
the economic necessity of each in the
distribution of its product to the Ameri-
can consumer. The industry can thrive
only when the consumer demand keeps
pace with the increase in production.
The jobber and retailer can thrive only
when there is an active consumer de-
mand. The problem of the industry,
therefore, is to produce oranges and
lemons of good quality, because no
food industry can permanently prosper
except on a basis of quality. The sec-
ond problem lies in co-operating with
the jobber, the retailer and with every
effective factor of publicity in creating
an increasing consumer demand. The
third lies in developing the most
effective merchandising methods where-
by the consumer demand may be
quickly filled and stimulated. The job-
ber and retailer must of necessifj* be
vitally interested in the same problems,
because they thrive only when the con-
sumer is an active buyer and when the
producer has a high-grade product to
sell. Xo more than the producer can
the jobber or retailer live unless he
makes a fair profit, nor can he develop
the best kind of merchandising unless
his profits are commensurate with his
efforts.

The industry is interested with the
jobber and retailer in the most perfect
system of distribution that can be
devised so that the entire crop can be
handled on an orderly merchandising
basis from the producer to the con-
sumer. At the present time there is a
lack of systematic distribution because
producers as a whole are inadequately
organized.

Whenever prices are low and the in-
vestment of the producer is jeoj^ardized,
then the ghost of the jobber and other
distributing agencies stalks the earth.
The ignorant man and the demagogue
alike then demand that the American
system of distribution be revolution-
ized: that somebody be eliminated: that
the products of the soil be distributed
more directly and economically to the
consumer. That the system of handling
farm products is wasteful and costly no
student of distribution can overlook.
The farmer is unorganized, excei)t in
industries like the California citrus in-
dustry. His products are not standard-
ized. Tlie distribution, unless organ-
ized, is speculative and chaotic. The
jobbers are often unorganized; the
retail trade as a whole is as little
organized as the average agricultural
industry.

Through organizations like the Na-
tional League of Conmiission Jler-
chants, the Western Fruit .lobbers'
Association of America, the National
Wholesale Grocers' Association, the

SELLING MADE EASY

The Labels Have Attracted His Attention

RESILT"=MAIL ORDER

Label Users Increase Sales
And Cut Down Expenses

SEND FOR SAMPLES

We Have Labels
For Everything

Dnitea uttio & Printing Cos.

Vredenburg BIdg.

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

National Retail Crocers" Association
and state and local organizations, there
should gradually develop a better
mutual understanding of the questions
of the producer, the jobber, the retailer
and the consumer, and a more effective
co-operation in solving their common
problems. The American consumer
holds the key that unlocks each of

these problems. It is our purpose to
define the citrus problem as clearly as
we see it and to co-operate with the
jobber and retailer in the development
of the most eflicient merchandising
methods in giving the widest possible
distribution to oranges and lemons in
response to an increasing consumer
demand.

Developing the By-Products Industry

By Paul H. Weyrauch, Walla Walla, Washington

THE development of the by-products
industry in this great Northwest is
still in its infancy, and yearly enormous
quantities of various fruits and vege-
tables are going to waste. How to pre-
vent, or take care of this waste, is the
question of the hour, and the problem
is one that is deserving of the greatest
consideration by all those interested in
the future of the Northwest. The con-
version of this waste or raw material
into any one of the finished by-pro-
ducts, such as canned fruits, vegetables,
dried fruits, jams, jellies, preserves or
syrups, requires considerable technical
knowledge and a great deal of practical
experience. There are in the North-
west few men who possess the tech-
nical knowledge required, and who
have also had the practical experience
which is indispensable. This is one of
the reasons why so many of our can-
ning and other by-products plants have
failed to make good. Another and even
more important reason for these fail-
ures is the lack of cooperation. Owing
to the lack of cooperation there has
lieen in many instances a dujdication of
plants of a similar nature within a lim-
ited territory. This is particularly tiue
as far as vinegar factories are con-
cerned. The consumption of sweet cider
and of vinegar is naturally limited, and
owing to its bulky nature vinegar can
only be shipped comparatively short
distances, yet we have more vinegar
and cider i)Iants in proportion than we
have evaporators and canneries.

The solution of this problem is coo])-
eration by the growers within each
fruit-growing district in the Northwest,
and in turn cooperation by all the dis-

tricts comprising the Northwest. This
cooperation once established will make
it possible to care for the greater por-
tion of the raw material now going to
waste. It will be possible under such
cooperation to secure for this territory
the services of the very best processors
or cannery men, experts on jams, jel-
lies, preserves and syrups, and experts
in the drying or evaporating of fruits.
With such experts working under the
direction of a central board, it would
soon be possible to recommend to each
district a line of procedure according to
its needs, as well as one that would
meet all the conditions of the entire
Northwest.

By close cooperation within each dis-
trict it would be comparatively easy to
raise sullicient capital to put up the
proper kind of a plant, be it cannery,
evaporator or vinegar plant. Since ex-
pert advice would always be available,
the mistakes made in the erection of
these plants in the past would be easily
avoided. It would also be impossible
for a pi'omoter to foist ui)on an unsus-
pecting public an impractical lot of ma-
chinery, as has been done in so many
instances in the past. There are, of
course, in the Northwest a number of
successful by-products i)lants that are

'' SAVE YOVR APPLES

Wilh a Uonar.h Hydraulic Cider Press
\oucantarti>uurcull9iulogc>LKi selling
cider. Yuucaii also do custom pressing
for your nelglibors. Our ioirroved
hisb pressure conslroclion Rets all
thejuice from the apples with luin
imum power. All sizes or '

Presses, froml5to*00barrel3 ,.,.,■ — ~
a day. A eiaaUiuvestnieut Tri
triUstart Juu iti a proHt.ible V0
husiuess. Ask for free (W-pace Press
(*.,i:.loKuedr8LTll.iti< the 191t;0utais.
t.A. B. FABQPHAK CO., LM . B«x 106

Page 10

BETTER FRUIT

May

We carry in Portland

Stock Labels for Apples, Pears

Strawberries and

Cherries

Can make shipment of
Printed Stock Labels in 24 hours.
Send for Samples
and Prices

TME5inP30N^F?rD0ELLER CO.

1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDC.

PORTLAND. E.Shelley Morgan, Manager.

OREGON.

owned by private capitiil or stock cor-
porations. An efi'ort sliould be made to
have these successful phints join in this
cooperative movement. Wherever this
can be accomplished a possible compet-
itor will be eliminated and the tech-
nical knowledge and practical experi-
ence of the successful operator will be
at the disposal of the cooperative organ-
ization. I have used the term "success-
ful" advisedly, since an unsuccessful
operator can neither be of benefit nor
can he be a hindrance to the coopera-
tive movement, while the "successful"
operator may be either. For this rea-
son, this movement should make every
legitimate endeavor to enlist the inter-
est and cooperation of the owner of
existing successful by-products plants.

Under this cooperative plan it will
also be possible to adopt certain stan-
dards in the various byproducts that it
will be found practicable to manufac-
ture. This standardization will greatly
facilitate the marketing of the outjjut of
these plants. The marketing should all
be done by a central organization,
which organization successful indepen-
dent plants should also be invited to
join. After a close study of this sub-
ject covering a long period, I am firmly
convinced that a plan similar to the one
thus outlined is not only feasible but
practical. We have a sjjlendid example
of the great possibilities of a cooperat-
ive plant of this kind in the cannery at
Puyallup, which is under the successful
management of Mr. W. H. Paulhamus,
who has probably more canning infor-
mation "canned" in his spacious cra-
nium than any other individual in the
Northwest, and who is unselfishly will-
ing to impart some of his knowledge to
others and to allow others to benefit by
his experiences.

Great strides have been made in
recent years in the improvement of
machinei-y employed in the by-jjroducts
industries. This ap])lies particularly to
the various appliances used in canning.
Progress is also being made in the im-
provement of evaporating machinery,
both for the preparation of the fruit to
be dried and for the drying process
itself. In considering evaporators, it
.should be remembered, however, that
the type of plant to be installed will
depend largely upon the conditions ob-
taining in the district in which the

plant is to be located. A number of
evaporating or dehydrating plants are
now on the market and much is claimed
for each individual type. It is recom-
mended that great care be taken in the
selection of any of these new types, and
that expert advice be secured before the
purchase is made. The selection of the
proper machinery for the preparation
of the raw material is of equal impor-
tance. When it is considered that it
requires practically eight pounds of
green apples to produce one pound of
the dried fruit, and that the eight
pounds of the green aijples must be
peeled, bleached and sliced, before be-
ing submitted to the drying process, it
will be understood that highly econom-
ical methods of preparation must be
employed. Excellent paring machines
with automatic feeding attachments are
now on the market, and self-feeding
slicing machines can be purchased. In
fact, an evaporating plant can be so
arranged that from the time the apple
leaves the trimmer it need not be
touched until it is ready to go into
the kiln, tunnel or cabinet, according
to the type of evaporator used.

The markets for our manufactured
by-products are both at home and
abroad. Reports by those who are con-
sidered authorities on this subject, indi-
cate that the marketing of our canned
fruits is limited to the markets of the
I'nited States and Canada and to Eng-
land, while our dried fruit can be sold
to i)ractically every country in Europe
and Asia. The o|3ening of the Panama
Canal also olTers great opi)ortunities,
owing to a material lowering of freight
rates and this will naturally have a
marked effect ujjon the industry. In
conclusion I wish to say that to my
nund the by-products industry is the
anchor of hope to the Northwest, and
the sooner this is realized, the better
and brighter our future will be.

DO I-ARMERS THINK?

This question was siiRScsIcd l)y tlic iinjuiry
made i)y the Muskegon Knitting Mills, offering
to pay *910 to anyone wlio would {;i\c them a
logical reason for wearinji pointed-toed hosiery
on right and left feet. They fiisl wrote to their
customers, then advertisetl in the papers an<l
magazines. They have received many re])lies. hut
most of them expressed the same idea, which
was : "I never thought about my hosier.v before."

.Tudging from the outlines of the feet which
many of these parties sent in. Ihe,\' must have
sulTered untcdd agonies from bunions, ingrow-

ing toe nails and corns, and yi't they never
thollghl.

A man's feet are made right and left. He
wears right and left shoes. Sometimes he
wears a pointed-toed shoe which crowds his
toes and makes them look like the accomi)any-
ing illustration, but even if he wears the nat-

ural shajie shoe, as shown in this illustration,
with a pointed-toed sock, he pinches his toes
just the same.

You have oftett noticed that your sock wears
Old first on the large toe. This is because the
great toe is trying to keep straight, while the
stocking is trying to pinch it into the middle
of the shoe, with the result that the pressure
against the sock makes a hole.

The ^luskegon Knitting Mills have lately se-
cured a patent on a new idea in hosiery known
as Haight's Right and Left Comfort Hose. These
are made rights and lefts, the same as the
natural shape shoe. They give the wearer the
pleasant sensation of being barefoot. They
wear even longer than the famous Vegetable
Silk Hosiery manufactured l)y this concern for
the last twenty years, and are certainly logical
in design. They are made in heavy wool socks
for winter, or medium weight vegetable silk, at
50 cents per pair; also diiferent weights of
cotton at 2.'i cents per pair.

The Muskegon Knitting Mills sell their pro-
duct directly from the mills to the consumer,
through the mails, and any reader of "Retter
Fruit" can secure a samiile jjair of this modern
style of hosiery by sending a money order for
the proper amount, with the outline of the foot,
to show the size required, to the Muskegon
Knitting AliUs, Muskegon, Michigan.

Look at the illustration, and decide which
foot looks like yours. If vou are suffering w ith
bunions, oi- cramped toes," STOP AND THINK-
WHY PINCH YOVR TOES ANY LONGER?— Ad.

VERY BEST FENCING

23c ROD

Fruit growers can save big money
on the highest grade, open hearth
steel fencing from Rice & Phelan,
Portland. In spite of a great scarcity
and advance in fencing everywhere
our warehouses are filled with an
advance supply. As long as it lasts
you will get the benefit of our
foresight.

FREE

Book of Fencing
Bargains

Over lOU stylt-s ot Icncing at unmatch-
able prices. We sell more fencing direct
to the consumerthan any other concern in
the Northwest.

Write at once for the FREE FENCE
BOOK, which also includes thousands ot
bargains on everi'thing needed for tlu-
ranch and the home. Send for it NOW.

RICE & PHELAN

WHOLESALE SUPPLY HOUSE
93 Front Street, PORTLAND, OREGON

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page II

This Tree was planted
in a BLASTED Bed

Herman H. Smidt, R. F. D. 3, Oregon City, Oregon, owner of
these trees, read in Bi'ttrr Fruit that trees planted in bhisted soil
would grow faster and be better in every way than trees set in dug
holes. He tried it, and on February 14, 1916, wrote as follows:

"I intended to blast the whole orchard but ran out of powder and finished
a small balance without it. I am glad of this now because it has enabled me to
compare the growth of the trees and satisfy myself that the e.\pense was justified.

"My orchard was planted three years ago and all trees were selected and of
even age and size. The trees that were planted in blasted ground show a growth
of 75 to 100 per cent, over the trees in ground not blasted. They are healthier
and more satisfactory in every way, and I have no hesitation in recommending

CGSStFARMPOWDERS

^%l 1^ STUMPING — AGRICULTURAL

to the prospective orchard owner. I have just bought 1100 more prune trees
and would not think of planting them without preparing the ground with powder.

"My method is very simple and expense per tree very small. I drive a bar
into the ground about four feet and explode one-half to one stick of powder in
each hole. I then spade out the hole for the tree on the spot that was blasted.

"1 hank you for getting the three boxes of Giant Powder for me so quickly."

Hundreds of fruit growers have found, like Mr. Smidt, that trees set in blasted
beds grow faster and larger and bear earlier than trees set the ordinary way.

These men have found also that the Giant Farm Powders — Eureka Stumping
or Giant Stumping — are the proper explosives to use in tree planting. They pul-
verize the soil for several feet in every direction, instead of caking and packing it.
When you use the Giant Farm Powders you save money and get better results.

Be sure your dealer supplies vou with the genuine Giant Powders,
made especially for Pacific Coast conditions. If your dealer has only ordinary
dynamites, we will see that you are supplied with the real Giant Powders. .

THE GIANT POWDER CO., Con., Home Office: SAN FRANCISCO |

Get the Giant Book

"Better
Orchard
Tillage''

It contains information worth
many dollats to you. It tells
and shows how to prepare the
soil for planting. It explains
how to se:ure hetter drainage
and increased moisture-storage
capacity m established orchards,
and how to get larger yields and
save money on fertilizers.

.\iark and mail the coupon —
or a post-card — and this valu-
able book will be sent frfe. Do
it now — before you forget it.
Other illustrated books on .Stump
Blasting, Boulder Blastuig, Sub-
.soil Blasting and Ditching, will
also be sent on request.

I Free Book
I Coupon

I The Giant Powder Co., Con.
232 Kohl Bldg., San Francisco

I Send me ymir illiistrared books on

the siibiects which 1 h.ivi- markid X.

^Stump Blasting [ [free Planting
QBoulderBlastingr~|oitch Blasting
I^Subsoil Blasting

' Everything for Blasting '
Branch Offices: SEATTLE, SPOKANE. PORTLAND. SALT LAKE CITY. DENVER

I Write below your dealer's name. I

WHEN WRITING APVERTISERS MFNTIOS RETTKR FRUIT

Paze 12

BETTER FRUIT

.UcIV

Arc Your Salcs))icu Properly
Instructed and Dressed?

ThepersonaliU^ and appearance of your sales-
men cut a Big Figure in liieir sales.

Have you ever thought of the fact that

Every Package or Can

of vour products is vour personal Representative
—each one a SALES^L■5L^■?

Does Your Package Have a
Personality?

Our specials- is making C^RTOMS AND
LABELS sho\Aing Personality-— Indi\idualit\-.

Making Salesmen that Sell Your Goods

Our Sen-ice Department is ABLE— ^\^LLI^■G— RE.ADY.

SCHMIDT LITHOGRAPH CO.

SAN FRANCISCO

Los Angeles Fresno Portland Seattle Salt Lake City

Honolulu

•c_ ~z- Zz-z' z-z Cose t^-.e Cccrs on Your
ScrT'^ Srieas, Garage and Similar Buildings, the
Year Through, without a Siogte **Cuss Wond" if
They Are Hung wit±i

MYERS

on Your I
lings, the I
Word' if I

PusM TUBULAR OR STAYON pui-i.

^-^

!^. RE:MYERS&BR0. l.li.T.^S%\fi:

Raisin Industry Increases

The California raisin crop is now
about three times as large as that of
Spain, according to a recent publication
of the United States Department of Ag-
ricultvire. About 60 per cent of this
crop is grown in Fresno County alone.
Last year it is estimated that the entire
California crop amounted to SoOjXMJ.OOO
pounds. This unquestionably could be
greatly increased if the demand war-
ranted iL As a matter of fact, however,
it is the practice to produce only
enough raisins to supply the existing
demand. In this connection it is inter-
esting to note that as the domestic crop
has increased, the importations of rai-
sins have correspondingly decreased. In
18&5 the imports amounted to over 38,-
•XiO,(XK) pounds: in 1915 thev were less
than 3,000,000.

In the early days of the industry high
prices were realized, the average from
1889 to 1893 being about 5 cents a
pound. Prices then began to fall, how-
ever, until in 1897 raisins were quoted
as low as ^4 of a cent a pound. The
growers then perceived that in order to
make the industry profitable coopera-

tion was necessar>-. The first associa-
tion disbanded after a career of approx-
imately six years. Another attempt also
proved a failure, and it was not until
1912 that a really successful organiza-
tion was formed. An active effort is
being made by this organization to
bring raisins into more general use.

Bulletin No. 349 of the United States
Department of Agriculture, "The Raisin
lndustr>%" has now been published.
This bulletin gives much information
on the raisin industry, the kind of soil
required, the various methods of prun-
ing, the varieties and methods of har-
vesting and packing. It points out also
that as the raisin vines are not resistant
to the Phylloxera, in order to make
permanent, durable vineyards they
should be grown on Phylloxera-resist-
ant stalks.

Pnlrerizc Your Soil Thoroughly
There is no crop which necessitates
conserving the moisture more than the
fruit crop, and the apple crop in par-
ticular, for the reason that apples grow
through the entire year up to October
or November, and moisture must be

conserved throiighnul thi' entire season.
This can only be done by pulverizing
the soil and continuing to maintain a
dust mulch. There are several typos of
pulverizers on the market which are
made of heavy iron rollers, grooved so
as not only to cut up clods but mash
them very completely. The use of pul-
verizers is particularly desirable, — in
fact practically necessary if the fruit-
grower allows his soil to be at all
cloddy, which is very likely to be the
case where there is clay in the soil.
Some pulverizers are made with double
rollers following each other; in some
cases an efficient seeder attachment
goes with the pulverizer which is
found very efficient among grain farm-
ers and for crops such as clover, alfalfa,
etc., where the seeds are small and not
sown very deep. These do much better
where the ground is pulverized thor-
oughly and well rolled. Dry farming
has introduced many new implements
which are of great value also in coun-
tries which are known as semi-humid
or hmnid climates. By thoroughly pul-
verizing the soU and rolling the sur-
face, very dry climates have been suc-
cessful in conserving the moisture and
have been able to produce very fine
crops, while without such methods

Rides Like An Auto

:--=■ Patented Har^'^y Bolster Springs ^■•

f roais. azi c-z^t- S3 c:i--=.rT 'Kit"^ ic:o a:: t-f.

r.£;rr:~£-»ii:;:i. A ??! --y^-T »-2£-ca ■"-'■. cz.

f r5t ::i:5 c :- i.r :n =_^=vs. Insist on Har-
xey's. lijz^T :e^-r ciz : s-,;pf1t you wri:e

HarTeySpriDgCo.,78-i-'T-i St ,Bicine,Wis

BERRY BOXESand CRATES

IMPROVED ONE-PIECE FOLDING
TOP STITCHING ihe oce-pieee boctom makesrthe boT
'-' - y. 'So loss frxxn misfits and breakage

^ - ~Tj^c. and the bottoinneviK' drops oat.

Compare this new box with
any box on the market.

PRICES

Feeding Hailooks S3 oer ' '••-.
Fmed Crates $15 per KO
Write for [K^ees in large lots.

Now Ready
for Delivery

lItl:4iR^^i

>Seedco:

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page IS

they would nol be able to do so. The
editor has used a pulverizer in culti-
vating his orchard, the soil having some
clay, and he considers it a very valu-
able implement.

Xew Handbook on Land Clearing

Up to this time there has been nothing
in print which deals solely with the
best methods of removing the stumps
in the Pacific Coast states. The books
offered by manufacturers nearly always
deal with Eastern conditions. Now
comes a book which has been prepared
especially with Western conditions in
view. In type and picture it tells all
about the best methods of getting rid
of stumps economically and easily. It
is published by the Giant Powder Co.,
Con., of San Francisco, who are the
oldest makers of high explosives in
.\merica, and who manufacture the
Giant farm powders for stump blasting
and other farm work. The book is
called "Better Stump Removing," and
is full of information about high explo-
sives, their selection and use. It tells
how to get the best results in blasting
out stumps, but it does not neglect to
describe other methods of removing
them and to tell how they may be used
in connection with blasting, if need be.
Much of the stump blasting that has
been done in the West has been done
wastefully. The blasters have ignored
what are apparently insignificant de-
tails. But it is these little things which
make the difference between profitable
and unprofitable clearing, and which
run up the cost. Land can be cleared
by proper methods with ease, speed and
at low cost. The book explains how.
It is sent free on request.

Automobile Owners Receive Good News

The greatest boon to the automobile
owners has just been given them re-
cently in the form of a tire constructed
of double the thickness of such tires as
Diamond. Goodyear. Firestone and
other standard makes. This added
thickness in wearing surface makes the
tires the best on the market today for
real service, as they are puncture-proof
and withstand great wear and hard ser-
vice. Notwithstanding the many added
features of these tires, they are being
sold now as an introductory offer at a
price about 40'~^ lower than the regular
price of standard tires. TTiese tires
bear a T.OW-mile guarantee, which is
also double that of the regular made
standard goods. These tires are being
sold direct to the consumer by the
Double Service Tire & Rubber Com-
pany of Akron, Ohio. — ^Adv.

THE UGHTEST OF MICHIGAN SAND UVNDS

ARE NOW BEING MADE AS VALIABLE AS

THE BEST CLAY LANDS IN OREGON

The Hood River fruit growers -will be inter-
ested in knowing that the "pine barrens^ of
Michigan are nov being reclaimed, and made
to produce the highest grade of frail, and as
much wheat or cIoTer hay as the best lands in
Oregon.

Louis P. Haigfat. editor of ""Tbe Sand
Famaer." has conducted thousands of experi-
ments at the Hai^t Demonstration Farm dur-
ing the past fourteen years, and has discovered
the secret of making sand lands productive.

Not a"Mechanical Horse"

The first automobiles ^vere spo-
ken of as "horseless carriages."
When they began to supplement
horses instead of replace them —
to do things impossible for horses
to do — this term became obsolete.

The Yuba BALL TREAD tractor does the work
of horses and it does things impxjssible for horses
to do.

The orchardist uses it to pull tools that horses
are unable to handle. He uses the Yuba to handle
the heavy double disc cviltivator — which at one
operation does the work of the horse-drawn weed
cutter, tooth harrow, the light single disc and the
clod masher — and he gets close to the trees!

The grain farmer works his Yuba day and night,
plows deeper, does his work when the land is in
the right condition, and is less dependent on the
weather.

Sandy roads or muddy fords are easily crossed
by the freighter.

The Yuba BALL TREAD replaces J^ or 18
horses — does more and it achieves results irr.p's-
sible with horses. The catalogue tells why. Ser.d
for iL

THE VV3A
CONSTRUCTION CO.

Departrrent D-s
iS3 California Street
^ ^Gentlemen: San Francisco, California

^v Kindly send me a copy of your booklet "The Yur?
" -. Ball Tread Tractor."

^ ^ Name

^"v P. O. Box.
"■-, State

.Town

The Yuba Construction Compainy

433 Califorr.:a Street
S&n Francisco. C&iif.

Size of Farm - acres.

CHECK CROP RAISED
^ ^ ... Fruit .... Grapes

. . .Grain . .Rire

^ ^ ... Hops

..Kav

To answer tbe many inqniries be has be«i
recejTing from all parts of the conntry he is
now editing a monthly magazine called "The
Sand Farmer," in which he :5 TeM-^r h^""' any
sand lands supplied ititr -mre

can be made to produce a> - any

other kind of soiL The ^ . . e is

n.M per year, and it is meii •orUi tbe price
to anyone owning sand land.

Mr. Hai^t is also publishing his nrw book.
"Sand Farmir; ~ - -t""-* v,., i Lrrner." This
book gives :': * of study

and many or:- \periments.

The price w: ^obscribiae

to "The Sand - t tbis book

free. Ten Cf ■ ■' mailed to

"The Sand Farmer," ]iu>k<;e^.a. Michigan, will
bring yoo a sample copy. — A&r.

Page

14

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

omcial Organ of The Nortliuest Kniit Growers' Association
A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the
Interest of Modem Fruit Growing and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances
Made Payable lo

Better Fruit Publishing Company

K. H. SHEPHERD. Editor aiui Publisher

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. I-e\vis. Horticultiirtst Corvallis

H. S. Jadison. Patliologist Corvallis

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander, Enlomologist Pullman

O. M. iMorris. Horticulturist Pullman

W. S. Thoniber, Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins

E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. H. Wicks. Horticulturist Moscow

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist BerKeley

W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville

Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside

BRITISH COLUMBIA
R. M Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

In the United States. $1.00 per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage. $1.50

ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906. at the

Postofflce at Hood River, (.Oregon, under Act

of Congress of .March 3. 1S79.

"Revolving the Consumer's Dollar

Bnckwards." — A year ago in the May
edition of "Better I^^ruit" appeared an
article on this same subject by Mr. G.
Harold Powell, general manager of" the
California Fruit Cirower.s' Exchange.
Those who read the article last year
will be doubly interested in Mr.
Powell's contribution on this subject
this >ear, as his article which appears
elsewhere in this edition .shows the
dilference between the results in 1914
and 1915 for the orange growers of
California. AMiile it is not necessary
or the intention in this editorial to go
into this subject in detail, it seems im-
portant to call the attention of the
fruitgrowers to a few important facts
brought out by Mr. Powell in a com-
parative way on the 1914 and 1915
crops. In 1014 the orange grower re-
ceived §1.2896 per box for oranges on
the tree — 27"/io per cent of the con-
sumer's dollar. In 1915 he received
$2.1890 per box, which is 90 cents per
box more, or 40yi,i per cent of the con-
sumer's dollar, or 12';io per cent more
of the consumer's dollar; the harvest-
ing, packing and selling costs, freight
and refrigeration per box were the
same. It is important, however, to note
in connection with this statement that
on the increased price the percentage
of cost of the consumer's dollar is re-
duced for the year 1915. The jobber's
margin in 1914 was 42 cents; in 1915
it was 44 cents per box, however,
showing a reduction of nine-tenths of
one i)er cent in favor of the grower.
But perhaps more important than any
of the above transactions in handling
is the fact that the retailers' profit,
which "Better Fruit" and the editor
have for years claimed lo be too large,
was reduced from -$1.49 per box to
$1.35 per box, or 14 cents per box less.
In other words, the retailer received
32M(i per cent of the consumer's dollar
in 1914; in 1915 the retailer received

BETTER FRUIT

24-;i„ per cent. In other words, the
retailer made Hi per cent less profit,
which went to the profit of the fruit-
grower, whom we all know needed
it mighty badly. While it must be
taken into consideration that these
results are obtained in the orange in-
dustry, nevertheless they serve as a
valuable object lesson to the apple
grower, for the reason the orange
grower has been getting a much greater
per cent of the consumer's dollar for
his fruit on the tree than the apple
grower ever received, and on top of
this in 1914, under the able manage-
ment of Mr. Powell, in co-operation
with the dealers and retailers, through
whom the orange growers did business,
the grower's per cent of the consumer's
dollar last year was increased from
27'ifi per cent in 1914 to 40''i„ per cent
in 1915, which, in connection with the
increased price received by the orange
grower, gave the orange grower for the
year 1915 90 cents more per box for
oranges on the tree.

Just what this would mean in the
apple business in a general way for the
Northwest is dithcult to say at the
present time, for the reason that no
average figures have ever been com-
piled showing definitely what the apple
grower got out of the consumer's dol-
lar, neither is the percentage for the
apple industry paid for harvesting,
packing, selling, refrigeration, jobbers'
and retailers' portion known in a defi-
nite way. Some work along this line
would be the most valuable kind of
work that could be done for the in-
dustry in the Northwest. There is no
question but what it would result in
some costs which are now exorbitant
being reduced, which would mean that
the fruitgrower would receive a greater
proportion of the consumer's dollar
than he has ever received in the past.
Without question it is a fact that the
apple grower does not get the same per-
centage of the consumer's dollar as the
orange grower. One apple grower who
put out a high-class product of high-
priced varieties received an average of
00 cents ])er box in 1914. If the apple
industry showed the same improvement
in 1915 in the way of prices that the
orange industry showed, the apple
grower would get 90 cents more per
box in 1915, or, in other words, he
would get $1.50 per box. If this apple
grower gets $1.25 per box he will prob-
ably consider himself fortunate. The
apple industry .should be able to secure
for the grower just as high a per cent
the consumer's dollar as the orange
industry. This is a great big problem
that is before the apple imhistrx of the
Northwest today. It is a problem that
everybody .should interest himself in
solving. It is a subject which every
fruitgrower, every salesman, every
banker and business man and everyone
connected with the industry should
study and endeavor to solve. It can be
done because the orange growers have
done it. It must be done before the
apple grower will get what he is en-
titled to.

May

Community Packing House. — The

subject of community packing houses is
being discussed in many fruit districts
of the Northwest. Therefore it is
with considerable pleasure that "Better
Fruit" presents a timely article, which
appears elsewhere in this edition, by
Mr. S. V. Beckwith, manager of the
Rogue River Fruit and Produce Asso-
ciation, which contains some very in-
teresting and valuable information. The
grfiwers are fully impressed with the
necessity and importance of standardi-
zation, uniform grading and jjacking.
Associations and fruit operators lintl it
very difficult to get uniform grading
done when the packing is done in indi-
vidual packing houses by small grow-
ers. It is impossible to provide a sys-
tem of inspection and a force large
enough to keep continual watch over
several hundred small growers. The
community packing house is the logical
method for uniform grading and stand-
aid packing. In addition to this it is
a well-establi.shed fact that packing in
conniiunity packing houses can be done
at a much lower cost. Where the
grower has five, ten, or possibly fifteen
or twenty acres, it is dillicult for him to
provide himself with the necessary
e(|uipment, introduce elliciency meth-
ods and conveniences, which are neces-
sary to keep the cost down to a mini-
mum. If a grower has forty acres,
turning out twenty cars or more a year,
his business is large enough so he can
keep down the cost by introducing the
necessary system of efiiciency and in-
spection to put out a uniform pack and
standard grade, but where acreages are
much less the community packing
house seems to be the only solution for
the problem of more perfect stand-
ardization, which is without doubt an
absolute necessity for the future in
marketing the fruit crop to the best
advantage.

Apples on Cold Storage. — According

to the United States Department of
Agriculture bulletin issued April 7th,
the amount of box apples on cold
storage March 1, 1910, was 1,995,970;
Ajjril 1st, 1.287,452, showing a reduction
in March of about 700,000 boxes. With
the present number of boxes on hand
April 1st, it will take nearly two
months, April and May, to clean out
the ])resent holding. As everybody
knows, fresh vegetables and strawber-
ries from the Southern States come on
the market in April; it is therefore
evident that the amount of box apples
on storage the fii'st of April is too large.
It is also evident, after the 1915-10 ex-
lierience, that a movement should be
made to retluce the cold-storage hold-
ings earlier and more rapidly. In ref-
erence to the combined holdings of
barrels and boxes, expressed in barrels,
on cold storage March 1, 1910, was
3,248,019; April 1, 1910, 2,017,512, or a
reiluction of about one million. At the
rate of sales during the month of
March it would lake April and May to
clean up the holdings, which again
illustrates the fact that there are too
many apples on cold storage, of both

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 15

barrels anil hoxus, the fust of April,
1010, which makes it very eviilent that
the holdin.Ms are held too long. Aijples
should have been moved earlier and
more rapidly. The holdings of bands
and boxes, expressed in barrels, April
1, 1915, was 1.343,117; April 1, l!)l(i,
1,932,08.'), or 43 %» per cent more than
last year. This is further evidence of
the fact that the apples were not moved
early enough or fast enough this year
in order to make a satisfactory closing
season, or to make satisfactory prices.
With the ([uantity of apples held this
year it is evident a good many will
snfi'er.

The Enforcement of Horticultural

Laws. — The experience of Mi'. J. \V.
Pomeroy on the "Enforcement of Hor-
ticultural Laws," which appears in this
edition, is well worthy of every fruit-
grower's attention. The complaint on
the lack of enforcement is general.
Many peoi)le blame the laws for being
deficient, others blame the inspector
for being negligent. Mr. Pomeroy's ex-
perience is not only interesting but
valuable. There is no question about
the correctness of his attitude, which is
that fruitgrowers can be educated to
the necessity of conforming to the laws,
and that enforcement of the laws will
be much easier and the laws more gen-
erally complied with. No matter what
your views are on the subject of horti-
cultural laws and inspection, you will
find it worth while to read what Mr.
Pomeroy has to say. It is every fruit-
grower's duty not only to understand
the laws but to comply with them.
Every fruitgrower .should understand
the laws and obey them. He should do
more than this, — if his neighbor is
negligent he should endeavor to im-
press ujion him the necessity of com-
plying with the law, not only for his
own interest but as a duty to his fellow
orchardisls. Without question if the
right kind of educational work is in-
dulged in by all the fruitgrowers who
are anxious to do the right thing that
much better results can be obtained in
the way of having horticultural laws
lived up to to the letter.

By-Products. — It is time for the fruit-
growers to begin to think about the
large crop that is being generally re-
ported in all districts this year. It is
time for them to begin to think about
what ma\' hai)pen. It is time for them
to begin to i)repare to take care of the
surplus if the markets become glutted,
as they iirobably will. Therefore the
subject of l)\-])ro(lucts should now com-
mand the attention of the fruitgrowers.
Consecpientlv the growers should give
immediate thought to the by-product
business, canneries, evaporators, vine-
gar factories, cider plants, etc. Grow-
ers should not only make up their
minds what is necessary to be done
with the surplus, but before the suii)lus
exists they should provide themselves
with the facilities for taking care of it
and saving it. .\rraiigements for such
equipment, machinery, etc., that is nec-
essarv should be made early in order

PROOF OF OUR LEADERSHIP

Elsewhere in this paper you will find factory advertisements
of nationally known lines of orchard and farm implements —
handled in the Northwest by us and our agents.

Myers Spray Pumps and Power Sprayers

A line we have handled for years. We carry the Largest Stock
of Spray Pumps and Fittings on the Coast.

Light Draft Harrows

We assisted in the development of this wonderful harrow.
Nothing Like It for Orchard Cultivation.

Cutaway Harrow

We do not handle imitations. When you want a Double or
Single Action Cutaway buy the Original Clark Harrow and you
make a safe investment.

BIRDS OF A FEATHER
FLOCK TOGETHER

Our entire line is built upon a
quality basis. Get our prices on any-
thing you need in Farmlmplements
and Supplies.

Portland, Ore.

and
Spokane, Wn.

THE HURST

STEAM FRUIT EVAPORATOR

A Few Reasons

Why it is adapted to Vour needs

1 The Hurst Evaporator is built in units of 'A ton capacity of green fruit
in 24 hours. You can add one or more units any time without stopping
the operation of the first unit.

2 Each unit is controlled by a separate automatic temperature regulator
with a range of 30 degrees from 150 to 180. Experience has taught
us that this range brings the best results in evaporating.

3 Any style boiler may be used having a pressure of from 50 to 1 00 pounds.

4 The Hurst Evaporator is shipped knocked-down — saving you freight.
Itcanbesetup very easily from the plans we furnish with each shipment.

5 The Hurst Evaporator is built like a cabinet — screws only are used.
Each unit requires floor space of 34" by 100". It stands 86" high.

6 Glass doors on both ends permit you to see the condition of the fruit
at any time.

7 Italian Prunes can be evaporated in 14 hours — Apples in 2 hours —
Loganberries in 12 hours.

8 Made in one size Only.

9 Made on order only.

103 Each evaporator is thoroughly tested before shipment is made.

Write for prices and illustrated catalogue.

B.M. HURST

207 ClayJStreet

PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRIIT

Page 1 6

BETTER FRUIT

May

Like (j

for comfori

and convenience

A

NE>^ PE^RFECTION
OIL CdMiSTOVE

/

No coal, wood or ashes
to lug — no waiting for
the fire to burn up. Bet-
ter cooking because of
the steady, evenly-dis-
tributed heat, under
perfect control. All heat
concentrated on the
cooking and not radiated
around the room. The
long, blue chimneys
prevent all smoke and
smell.

Bakes, boils, roasts, toasts.
More efficient than your
wood or coal stove and costs
less to operate.
Use it all the year 'round.

STANDARD OIL
COMPANY

(California)

For Besi Results
Use Pearl Oil

Better cooking
and a cleaner,
cooler kitchen.
Now serving
2,000,000
homes

In 1, 2, 3 and 4-
burner sizes, with
or without oven.
Also cabinet
models with
Fireless Cooking
Ovens.

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
"Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres ; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

to h;ive the plants ready when the sea-
son arrives. As Captain Paul H. Wey-
rauch has given the matter a great deal
of investigation, having served on the
By-Products Committee, in addition to
being manager of one of the Uu-gest
orchards in the Slate of Washington,
his ideas are certainly valuable, con-
sequently it seems wise to urge every
fruitgrower to read what Captain
Weyrauch has to say in his article on
this subject appearing elsewhere in this
edition. Make up your mind what you
arc going to do and then do it.

Small Fruits. — A great deal has been

said upon the subject of diversity, pro
and con. Many are advocating that the
fruitgrower engage in the dairy busi-
ness in connection with orcharding.
Others are suggesting they raise hogs.
Still others go even further and advise
the fruitgrower to become a general
fanner. Professor C. 1. Lewis of Cor-
vallis, who is recognized as one of the
most practical horticulturists of the
Northwest, had an article in "Better
Fruit" that expressed his views, which
appeared in the February edition, in
which he advocated the fruitgrower
should engage in diversity, advocating
primary diversity in the raising of
fruits, including small fruits. There are
many fruitgrowers whose land is suit-
able for the pro<luction of small fruits.
A moderate acreage in small fruits will
be very helpful in equalizing the in-
come of the fruitgrower at dilTerent
times of the year and in different sea-
sons, and it also helps, to equalize the
help problem. Mr. J. C. Stuart has had
many years' experience in the growing
of ail kinds of small fruits. His valu-
able suggestions and ideas are incorpo-
rated in an article which appears for
the benefit of the fruitgrowers in this
edition.

Fire Extinguishers. — A little expe-
rience on the part of the editor this
winter affords a valuable suggestion
for every fruitgrower and farmer. One
of tlie men working for the editor in
attempting to thaw out the pipes in the
tank house with a blow torch set the
tank house on fire. Some time ago the
editor put in two fire extinguishers.
With the aid of these the fire was cx-
linguished, saving the tank house from
(U'st ruction. A nundjer of fire extin-
guisliers are on tlie market now at very
reasonable prices. Every fruitgrower
and farmer should have one or two on
hand. X good fire extinguisher, used at
the right moment before the lire gets
nuicli headwa\, may save the house or
barn fiom burning and jjrevent a seri-
ous loss.

The Retailer's Profit.— "Better Fruit"

lias c(uitinuousl\- and consistently
maintained for many years liiat the
retailer's profit in apples is too liigh.
It is an establislicd fact that many re-
tailers charge an exorbitant profit. It
is well known that in some cities the
retailers as a class make unreasonable
lU'olits. Whenevei- a relailer makes an

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 7/

STRAWBERRY
GROWERS

For you to secure the best
results from your acres you
should use a proven fertilizer.

''BeaverBrand''

Animal

Fertilizer

has made good as a result
producer for quality and
quantity strawberries. Bea-
ver Brand "D" Animal
Fertilizer as made by the
Union Meat Company has
demonstrated to those who
have used it that our claims
are not a theory but are
based on facts.

Whether you have one
acre or a hundred acres you
should /)/r/)c7/Y now for next
year and apply this famous
fertilizer after your harvest.

''BeaverBrand"

Animal

Fertilizer

containsthe properamount
of nitrogen, phosphoric
acid and potash to supply
your soil with plant food
for next year's maximum
quality crop.

Prepare for those results
and place your order noii\
Address Box 101 for free
booklet that will tell you
all about fertilizers.

UNION MEAT
COMPANY

North Portland, Oregon

unrcasonahlf pniflt it conies out of the
consumers' dollar and means just that
much less money for the fruitgrower.
While the average per cent of the con-
sumer's dollar obtained by the orange
grower in 1915 was 40';i(, per cent, when
the retail margin was extremely high,
the grower received only 19-''in per cent
of the consumer's dollar. There is a
big ditrcrcnce between the fruitgrower
getting Ifl-'iii iJer cent of the consumer's
dollar and getting W'w per cent of the
consumer's dollar — most all this differ-
ence being absorbed by the retailer
through charging an exorbitant profit.
The average retailer's profit was 2AWw
per cent for 1915. The profit of the
exorbitant retail dealer in 1915 was
46'i(i per cent.

Stock in Connection With the Or-
chard.— A great many fruitgrowers are
going into the dairy business in a small
way. In order to obtain the best re-
sults in the way of dairy products the
silo has become considered a necessity.
The small orchardist who wants to
keep a few cows, grow his own hay,
with the use of a silo can provide the
best possible feed, — feed that will give
the best results in the way of milk and
butter fat. By the use of a small silo,
which can be had at a very moderate
figure, better profits can be made.
Fruitgrowers who are engaged in the
dairy business, or those who expect to
engage in it, will find it worth while to
investigate the silo.

Fire Blight. — Along about the blos-
soming time, and from then on for a
few weeks, the most dreaded disease
the orchardist has to contend with —
fire bli.ght — becomes active. It is some-
thing every fruitgrower should know-
about. It is a disease that every fruit-
grower should know how to control.
If you are not informed and not famil-
iar with the disease it will be mighty
gooil judgment on your part to consult
your inspector, some horticultrist or
some fruitgrower who has had expe-
rience. In this edition is an article by
Professor F. D. Heald of the Experi-
ment Station, Pullman, Washington, en-
titled "Some New- Facts Concerning
Fire Blight." Professor Heald is recog-
nized as an authority on this subject,
having had many years' experience,
and therefore his article is very valu-
able and one that should be read by
every fruitgrower in any locality
where they have had fire blighl.

Advertising the Apple. — The Califor-
nia Fruit (irowers' Exchange spent
.$350,000 on a .«,")0,000,000 crop, which is
0.5 per cent of the consumer's dollai-,
the consumer's purchasing price being
$5.4.3, would mean that the orange
growers .02715 cent per box in adver-
tising oranges, which will give the
api)le growers something of an idea of
wliat is necessary for him to spend to
(•:iir\ on a national advertising cam-
paign.

GO EAST

Union
Pacific
System

Joins West and East with a
Boulevard of Steel;

Parallels the Columbia River
Highway;

Follows the famous Columbia
River 200 miles by daylight;

Affords luxurious through ser-
vice to Chicago and direct
connections for Atlantic Coast
cities.

Protected all the way by Elec-
tric Automatic "Safety" Sig-
nals.

Summer Tour Season
Begins June First

Low Round Trip Fares to Eastern Points

Union Pacific System

is the only line serving the
popular (southern) entrance to

Yellowstone National Park

Write the General Passenger Agent.

Portland,

for literature and expert

travel service.

WHEN- WRITI.VG ADVERTISERS ME.NTION BETTER FRIMT

WMFN WRITING AI>\ I- RT I SFKS MKNIMlN HKTTKR FRl'IT

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

May

PASTE

PICK UP GUM, for use on Knapp labeling machines (very adhesive)
CEMENT, for use on Burt labeling machines. LABELING GUM, for use on all bottle labeling machines.

CELLULOID TIN LABELING PASTE, a RUST proof tin labeling paste.

TRANSPARENT PASTE, for bottle or jar labeling.

PALO ALTO PASTE POWDER— three pounds added to cold water makes two gallons fine white paste for all

labeling work, or a RIBBON paste for labeling machines. Extensively used by canners and fruit packers.

^^ ■ ■ /^L. " I lAf I Manufacturers of Paste and Adhesives for All Purposes

KODinSOn l/nemiCal WOrKS office: 351 Eighth street, San Francisco

Centralization of Packing

By S. V. Beckwith, General Manager Rogue River Fruit and Produce Association, Medford, Oregon

M

"Y subject covers two features
that are vital to the success of
deciduous fruit growing in the
Pacific Northwest. First, the physical
liandling of the fi'uit; second, stand-
ardization of pack. To successfully
grow good fruit, to cultivate, to prune,
to combat scale, codling moth, blight,
scab, Baldwin spot, water-core, and the
other diseases that deciduous fruit is
heir to; to produce good crops of good
fruit every year- — these are problems
which call, in my opinion, for a high
degree of intelligence and eternal vigi-
lance. On the otlier hand, to success-
fully distribute and market the fruit
when grown and produce good prices
year after year, is another equally im-

Dust Spray

Saves 60% of Spraying Cost

Ideal Power Dusting Outfit.

Endorsed and used by

Cornell University.

For Catalog and Full Information
write

DUST SPRAYER MFG. CO.

1415 St. Louis St., Kansas City, Mo.

The Salof Self-Setting

Gopher Trap S^ff-I^p'tl:

age. Will rid your place of gophers
in one season. Will catch all sizes. If you want a trap
that will give results, try this one. If your dealer can't
supply you, one will be sent postpaid for 35c; 4 for $1.
This price SPECIAL for the month of May only.

A. SALOF & CO.
3914 39th Avenue Oakland, California

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MEN'TIOX BETTER FRL'IT

portant and equally difficult problem
demanding the best energies of the
highest trained men in that specialty.
But the production of good fruit and
the intelligent marketing of it will not
avail if the assembling and packing of
the fruit is poorly done, resulting in an
unattractive package and physical dam-
age to the fruit itself.

The Rogue River Fruit and Produce
Association has just completed its sixth
consecutive season as a co-operative
deciduous fruitgrowers' association. In
that period it has acquired not less than
five diflerent packing and warehouses
as five widely-separated points in the
Rogue River district, each packing
house being located upon the railroad
and having its own sidetrack. The
most recent of these houses was
acquired no less than three years ago.
In the early history of our organiza-
tion we packed the growers' fruit at
each one of these five warehouses,
having crews working in all of them at
the same time, and in addition to this
perhaps fifteen or twenty of the larger
growers ran their own packing houses,
at which their own fruit was packed
under our supervision. This imposed
iqjon the management a nearly impos-
sible task — that of supervising and in-
specting all of these packs so thor-
oughly and so successfully as to insure
standardization and careful handling at
all times. We did our best, but were
distinctly not satisfied with the results.
Another bad feature of this method was
apparent in the hantlling of the early
pears such as Bartletts and Howells.
SVe found it physically impossible to
clean up each one of the packing
houses every night, and to pack out
during the day every pear, whether
first, second or third grade, that had
been brou,ght in the day before. Then
again, even the packed Bartletts would
of necessity lie aroinid occasionally for
twenty-four hours or longer before
being loaded into an iced car. There

might be, for instance, only a half car
packed anil ready to roll, which would
have to wait until the next day without
refrigeration, for enough fruit to com-
plete the car. I do not mean to say that
this was a frequent occurrence, but in
spite of our best efforts it would hap-
pen once or twice during a season.

In the spring of 1913 we built in
l\lcdford a cold-storage warehouse with
a capacity of approximately forty cars
of real refrigeration and sixty cars of
dry storage. In 1914 we began to
realize the possibilities of the auto

TllMlIi

Jif*tv

Treesavin protects
your trees against
all crawling insects,
worms and ants, but
does not hinder respira-
ion of the tree "skin" as
do sticky resinous mixtures
when painted on.
Treesavin lasts a whole season.
Indispensible for preventing ' 'bleed-
ing" from cuts and wounds. Easily re-
moved and replaced.
While it does better work than any other sticky
tree protector. Treesavin is cheaper to use and takes
one-tenth the time to apply. Made in rolls -1 in. wide,
10 yds-long, sufficient to cover 9 trees 12 in. diameter.
If your dealer can't supply you, order direct.
Write for catalog and descriptive matter.
PfT hox^JO cents; three haxts^Sl.jO;
SIX hoxfiy S-^-00: twelve boxes, SS-'-'*0.

Berg &. Beard IVHg,Co.. 12-14 Steuben St„ Brooklyn. N.Y

Marketing Your Crop!

The great problem facing the grower is the
marketing of his crop. Be Up-To-Date and
CAN it. This insures you against loss from
glutted markets and makes your fruits im-
perishable. You can do this at home with
your own help with an H. & A. Steam Pres-
sure Canning Outfit. Family, Orchard or
Commercial size. Our recipe book tells you
how to can everything eatable that goes into
cans with the outfit. Write for descriptive
matter to the manufacturers.

Henninger & Ayes Mfg. Co.

47 First Street PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN -WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Page ig

Extra dollars
in dairying

The fruit-grower
who has other
sources 01 income
besides his orch-
ard can rest easi-
er! Nothing is so
profitable and
sure as dairying.
Always a market
for your product.
Does not require

a large investment of money

or time.

Silage is the money-making feed for dairy
cows. It supplies a green, succulent feed
in Winter-time when hay is high. Takes
the drudgery out of feeding.

Over 60.000 American dairymen and farm-
ers have made Indiana the' UniversalSilo."
We would like to tell fruit-growers about
our easy payment plan on the "Indiana."
You can pay for it while it is earning its
cost.

The Chas. K. Spaulding Logging Co.

SALEM. OREGON, U. S. A.

To SAVE LITTLE CHICKS

ana help them to grow into big,
strong, healthy birds, FEED

Diamond Chick rood

\ Our name and trade mark on every
I original package.

I Beware of Imitations

POULTRY SUPPLIES

Our 1916 Catalog of "Diamond
Quality" POULTRY SUPPLIES.
Hating everything necessary for the
profitable production of poultry

Mailed Free

Portland
Seed Co.

Portland, Ore.

Ask for Catalog No. 202

Fruit Pickers
Ladders

Just what fruit growers have been
looking for. Combines lightness and
strength. Any length. Wide spread at
bottom which prevents tipping. Cheap-
er than home-made ladders.

Send for circulars and prices.

Pacific Ladder Works

85-87 E.8th St.

Portland, Oregon

truck a.s an as.senibler of fruit. We
tried tliis out in a .small way during
that .sea.son, liauling some pears and a
considerable quantity of Newtown
apples, loose in packing boxes, to our
colil-storage plant in Medford. The
experiment was so successful that we
laid our plans in the winter of 1014-15
for complete centralization of packing
at our cold-storage plant. We trans-
formed our second story, by inserting
plenty of windows, into an ideal pack-
ing room where w'e could, if need be,
operate a crew of 100 packers. We
built a conveyor at one end of our
building, by the use of which one man
could unload the fruit from the truck,
and it would be carried to the second
story, there to be received by roust-
abouts and distributed for packing.

Xot being linancially aljle to pur-
chase our own trucks, we made early
negotiations with all of the available
trucks in our district, and arranged
with them to haul the growers' fruit
upon a regular tariff, based on the
length of the haul and condition of
roads. We concentrated at our cold-
storage plant all packing supplies,
gathering them in from our outlying
houses. We offered to pack for the
grower, furnishing all labor and mate-
rials, for the sum of twenty-five cents
per box for pears and twenty-eight and
one-half cents per box for apples, plus
whatever the auto haul might be. We
have permitted some growers with
short hauls over exceptionally good
loads to haul their own fruit, but
wherever the haul was long or the road
rough, we have insisted upon the use
of the auto truck. Our largest truck
has a capacity of two hundred and fifty
Iiacking boxes of loose fruit. We have
hauled crops of both apples and jiears
a distance in some instances of four-
teen miles. The bruising to the fruit
has been negligible. In fact it is our
experience that a good auto truck
loaded to capacity rides as easily as a
five-thousand-dollar touring car. Our
operations began the first week in
.\ugust with Bartlett pears and have
been kept up continuously unlit the
13th of November, when our packing
was completed. The hauling of the
Bartlett and Howell pears, which are
picked in extremely hot weather, was
all done at night. The grower would
advise us at the end of his picking day
what he had to be called for. This be
piled at some convenient place in his
orchai'd where the auto truck was able
to go. .\t any time between 10 o'clock
in the evening and 3 o'clock in the
morning the truck called for this fruit,
and it was delivered at our central
house during the cool hours of the
night, received there by a night crew
whose duty it was to segregate it
according to growers' names, check up
carefully the number of boxes received,
place in each box a card bearing the
name of the grower and stack it in
front of the packing tables for the next
day's operations. The packing crew
came on at 8 o'clock, and in every
instance cleaned up all of Ihe fruit set
before them for that da\. .Vs soon as

Packard and

other promi-
nent automobile
engineers favor
motor oils from
Western crude.

Exposition juries at San
Francisco and San Diego
gave highest competitive
awards to Zerolene — an
oil from Western crude.
Zerolene is the best oil for
your motor because scien-
tifically refined from se-
lected California crude —
asphalt -base. Government
experts tell us that oils cor-
rectly refined from asphalt-
base crude "distill without
decomposition" [do not break
up and lose their lubricating
value under cylinder heat]

and are "much better adapted to
motorcylinders.asfarastheircarbon-
forming proclivities are concerned,
than are paraff ine-base Pennsylvania
oils." When you empty the crank-
case refill 'with Zerolene. Dealers
everywhere and at service stations
and agencies of the Standard Oil
Company.

ZEROLENE

ifc Shndard Oil £r /Mar Can

ANKER
HOLTH

The highest

award of merit is

the endorsement

of a satisfied

user.

Read what the

users say

about it:

Alva A. Stewart, Vancouver. Washington—
'"The Self-Balancing Bowl, with no chance of
wobbling, puts the Anker-Holth in a class by
itself."

O. C. Scofield. Banks, Oregon-"! have had
our local creamery (at Forest Grove) test our
skim milk and he said it was the best he ever
tested."

H. H. Eastman, Albany. Oregon— "I have used
several makes, but I consider the Anker-Holth
the most simple and well constructed separator
I ever saw."

Geo. W. Johnson. Clackamas. Oregon —"It
beats them all. I have had five different makes
of separators."

THE J.C.ROBINSON CO.

48 First Street PORTLAND. OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING APVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

May

GOULDS SPRAY PUMPS

HEN You Buy a
Goulds Sprayer

You are not buying for this year or next alone—
but for years to come. With it you have a guar-
antee that it will do the work as it should be done
- year after year— and the guarantee is by a man-
ufacturer whose reputation for high quality and
fair dealing has been known the world over for
more than half a century.

"How to Spray,
When to Spray,
Which Sprayer to Use"

An interesting and valuable book that tells about
sprays and sprayers, gives valuable formulas and
complete spray calendar. We want everyone who
sprays to have this book. Free.

ARSENATE
OELEAD

Dry
Powdered

Contains only
ARSENIC and
LEAD OXIDES.

NO FILLERS.

«<f /^p/^XI A" carries the highest possible

^^>-''^^^^** percentage of arsenic oxide—
33 -and is always uniform.

Mixes Quickly and Easily. Stays Mixed Longer
and Sticks Better to Leaves, Branches and Fruit
than Any Other Arsenate.

Full information and interesting booklet on
spraying mailed on request.

No!Sedimcnt-No Lumos-No Waste - Never Clogs Nozzles

cc

Dlo/^U-f ^Ck^ A f\*^ ^°^ ^'^'^'^ ^"'^ Woolly Aphis, Pear Psylla,
DlClL«I\ LJsidil 4V/ Hoppers, Thrips. Hop Louse, Etc.

WRITE FOR PRICES AND INSTRUCTIVE LITERATURE

Qyi^ 1916 CATALOG '"^"^ about Goulds Pumps, Spraying Materials, Prun-
^^^^=^^^^==^^^^^^^^^ ing Tools and other things of interest to growers, and
will be mailed free, together with the Goulds and Corona books.

ASK FOR CATALOGS NOS. 200 AND 204

RICHES,PIVER&CO.

MAKERS OF THE FINEST QUALITIES OF

ARSENATE OR l_EAD

PASTE AND POWDERED

BORDEAUX MIXTURE

PASTE AND POWDERED

BORDEAUX LEAD

PASTE AND POWDERED

CALCIUM ARSEIMATE

PASTE AND POWDERED

RICHES, PIVER & CO., 30 Church Street, NEW YORK

WORKS AND LABORATORY, HOBOKEN, N.J.

the Iriiit wa.s packed it was labeled and
sent downstairs by gravity, either into
an iced car or if necessary into our
cool rooms, where it would be held
twenty-four or forty-eight hours, or
two weeks if advisable, under ideal
conditions. With later varieties of
pears and apples the necessity for night
hauling was removed, although we con-
tinued to haul at night as much as pos-
sible because of the convenience of so
doing. Thus we have had one crew

varying in size according In the amount
of fruit to be packed, in constant opera-
tion since the first week in August.
There has been one head packer over
this crew, whose constant and only
duty has been to supervise and insijcet
the pack. The growers have not pur-
chased from us a single box or a single
sheet of pai)cr, and we know where
every particle of material has gone and
exactly what, if any, our waste has
been. Perhaps fortunately for us the

cro]) of our district has this year been
a light one and we have been permitted
to work out this experiment under con-
ditions which did not result in tremen-
dous crowding. We have made mis-
takes, but no vital ones. We have
gained the experience of a full season's
work, and can most certainly correct
these mistakes another season and im-
I)rove in many minor details upon the
general method. The improvement in
the ijhysical handling of the fruit, both
from the standjjoint of bruising and of
keeping the fruit in proper tempera-
tures, and the improvement in our
grading and general standardization of
pack and mechanical excellence of it
has been very marked. One large
foreign buyer, after careful inspection
of our methods and our packed fruit,
characterized the pack as the best he
had seen. We are peculiarly fortimate
in our district in having on the whole
very good roads and comparatively
easy hauls. Our association is also
|)eculiarly fortunate in having cold-
storage facilities which are available
immediately after the fruit is packed.

The possibilities of this system seem
to me very far reaching. Our district,
and I believe every district in the
Northwest, must come sooner or later
to a co-oi)erative use of our waste
material. With all of our culls or
otherwise unpackable fruit collected in
one place, the day is not far distant
when we may be able to install as an
adjunct to our packing and cold-
storage plant an up-to-date cannery and
apple-.iuice factory. This will do away
with the great problem of what to do
with our culls, and while we all hope
for the time when the percentage of
culls shall be reduced to a negligible
quantity, we all know full well that
there never will be a year when a large
fresh-fruit i)acking plant, such as ours
is bound to be, will not have an abun-
dance of waste material that can be
advantageously turned into some by-
product.

In conclusion let me say that cen-
tralization of packing has, in my opin-
ion, come to stay; that it will ilo more,
especially in connection with cold-
storage facilities, toward the proper
handling of our fruit and the proper
standardization of our pack and im-
proved deliveries in all the markets of
the world, than any single plan or
idea that has ever been tried out by the
deciduous fruitgrowers of the North-
west.

ALL ABOUT

Farm Tractors and Power Machinery told in Motor
Mechanics, a big, interesting, profusely illustrated,
monthly magazine. Also covers autos. motorcycles,
trucks, mechanics, lighting outfits, etc. Full of
valuable information you need.

$1.00 per year, six months' trial 50c

MOTOR MECHANICS, CLEVELAND, OHIO

GET YOUR BERRY BOXES FROM US

Distributers tdr Parilic I-'iuit PackaKf Ci>,'s tanious

Folding Berry Boxes

Deep or Shallow Pints and full Quarts. Made from
selected spruce. Also berry crates and other Fruit
Packages in Pine. Prices right; stock good: shipments
prompt.

Western Pine Box Sales Co.,Spokane,Wash.

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 21

PREPAREDNESS

We hear considerable on this subject in a National way. It has also as great 'a
meaning to each fruit grower in properly equipping himself to handle the fruit crop quickly
and economically.

We issue a small catalog containing articles of proven worth, time savers and money
savers. Things you will need and need badly during the summer and fall.

One cent invested in a postal card request will bring you this catalog giving descrip-
tion and prices on

Fruit Ladders Picking Bags Picking Pails
Nail Strippers Lid Presses

AND MANY OTHER ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The combination of quality and price which we offer you is an interesting feature of this line.
Prepare now if only to the extent of sending for this catalog of Orchard and Packing House Supplies.

THE HARDIE MFG. CO.

49 N. Front Street

PORTLAND, OREGON

Some New Facts Concerning Fire Blight

By F. D. Heald, Professor of Plant Pathology and Plant Pathologist in the Experiment Station, Washington State College, Pullman, Washington

FIRE BLIGHT of apple, pear, quince
and other hosts occupies a unique
position among plant diseases since
it is the first plant trouble that was
proved to be due to bacteria. Although
the disease had been known during the
early history of the I'nited States it
was not until about IScSO that the bac-
terial origin of the trouble was defi-
nitely established by Dr. T. J. Burrill,
then professor of botany at the Uni-
versity of Illinois. As a pioneer in
plant pathology his name is insepa-
rably connected with the early history
of tire blight. His discovery, made
thirty-five years ago, marked the begin-
ning of real progress in our knowledge
of the disease. A little later Mr. .1. C.
Arthur, in a New York Agricultural
Experiment Station report, extended
the work of Burrill and established the
bacterial character of the disease upon
a firmer basis. Since that time our
knowledge concerning the etiology of
Ihe disease and methods for its control
has gradually increased, and a volumi-
nous literature has accumulated. It
would neither be possible nor oppor-
tune to consider Ihe historical develop-
ment of our knowledge in detail, I)ut 1
wish to point out a few of the promi-
nent and important steps along the
pathway of our progress.

In 1895 M. B. Waite of the United
States Department of Agriculture
showed the relation of bees to the
spread of blight, proving that the bac-
teria multiply very rapidh in the
neclar of the tlowers and are then car-
ried from flower to flower by the
insect visitors. The part played by
other insects in the dissemination of
the disease has been studied more in
detail by other investigators during
recent years. In 100(5 H. H. Wbetzel
of Cornell University Experiment Sta-
tion published his work on the rela-
tion of the blight bacteria to cankers
in apple trees, showing that these
organisms were capable of producing
cankers upon the larger limbs and
trunk of the tree. The way in which
the blight bacteria migrate through the
tissues of the host plant had long been
a disputed (piestion, so the establish-
ment of the fact by Freda M. Bach-
mann that they travel in the intercel-
lular spaces, rather than by penetra-
tion of cells, must be considered of
fundamental iniijortance.

If we should sum up our knowledge
concerning the way in which fire blight
manifests itself we should find a gen-
eral agreement, the four following
ways being recognized according to the
parts invaded: (1) Blossom blight, due
to original infection through the nec-
taries by bacteria disseminated by in-

sects which visit the flowers in search
of food. (2) Twig blight, due to infec-
tion through wounds made by insects
or olher agents in the succulent tissues
of terminal shoots. (3) Fruit blight,
due to primary infections through some
wound or migration of the bacteria up
the pedicel into the pulp of Ihe fruit.
(4) Cankers or body blight, due to
migration of the bacillus down fruit
spurs, from twigs or walerspi'outs
showing twig blight or by primary in-
fection through wounds.

I am going to sjjcak briefly concern-
ning a certain phase of fruit blight of
apples and the occurrence of leaf inva-
sions as a new phase of the disease
which has only recently been estab-
lished by the investigations of the
writer.

Fire blight lesions of a very chai'ac-
teristic type may be produced upon
developing fruits of the api)le. If a
young fruit is invaded through the
pedicel it will be entirely destroyed,
but if the infections arc primary
through the skin of the fiuit the be-
havior may be entirely difl'ercnt. About
the middle of June apples from some
orchards infested with blight showed
definite circumscribed si)ots, circular
in outline and varying In diameter
from three-eighths to one-half inch or
more. The alVected spots w-ere dark
brown or sometimes nearlv coal black.

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

MaM

For GOOD Work

A Flexible Roller

is worth more than twice
its cost over others

WRITE FOR SPECIAL ROLLER CATALOG

HIN(Jroj)ODBLEROLlE

Crambles

every clod

Packs the W, V

sub-surface ■ ' ^

EASY on Horses

Dorit Be Satisfied with Only ., - . r Cr.^

Touchingthe^^-:.:^^^ MoStrainVj^niteRDRAtEnds

ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN THE ORCHARD

Made Also with Grass and Alfalfa Seeder Attachments
Single or Double Rollers

FETZER <a CO.

BoxO.4

SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS

somewhat depressed, and frequently
surrounded by a border of red. Study
showed that many of these lesions did
not extend in area even when the
fruits were exposed to the most favor-
able conditions for the development of
bacteria and cultures from such showed
that the bacteria were dead. In some
cases there would be an extension of
the lesion under favorable conditions,
and cultures made from such speci-
mens always gave the organism of
blight. In all lesions of the type de-
scribed the presence of bacteria could
be established by microscopic exami-
nation. The alTected tissue was always
teeming with myriads of blight bacte-
ria, either dead or alive. A small frag-
ment of the brown tissue from one of
these lesions when placed in a drop
of water would invariabl>- show a pro-
nounced turbiility or milkiness due to
the abundance of the bacteria which
were scattered throughout the drop.
This method constitutes an easy way
of verifying the jji'escnce of the blight
bacteria without the use of a micro-
scope. This behavior of the blight
bacteria in the fruit of the ai)ple is in
agreement with their behavior in blos-
som or twig infections. It is known

that the bacteria in fruit spurs and
twig blight cease to grow and die out
in many cases by midsummer. In the
apple the bacteria develop for a time,
producing lesions of varying size, but
finally their growth ceases and they
die in a high per cent of the infections,
thus producing the definite circum-
scribed lesions which have been de-
scribed. Whether insect punctures or
wounds of some other kind are neces-
sary for these fruit infections is an
open question at the present time. It
is undoubtedly true that some of these
lesions originate from insect punctures,
but it is worthy of note that no break
of the skin can be found in many of
these infections. It will require fur-
ther work to demonstrate this point,
but the writer is of the o])inion that
stomatal or lenticel invasions are
])ossible.

Up to the tiiiU' of the work ijublished
by the writer, no investigators had
admitted the possibility of leaf inva-
sions by the tire blight organism,
Bdcilliiis (imi)lovovus. The opinions
held by various scientists are outlined
in the bulletin referred to and will not
I)e repeated. Suflice it to say that a
statement made by J. C. Arthur in re-

porting on his early investigations of
blight has not been disputed by later
workers. He wrote as follows: "Bac-
teria cannot be found swarming in the
leaves as in the bark and wood; the
conditions do not seem favorable for
their development." As a result of pre-
liminary observations and investiga-
tions carried out during the past sea-
son it can be definitely stated that leaf
invasions by the blight organism are
of frecpient occurrence, and that the
bacteria can be found in enormous
numbers in the veins and mesophyll of
the invaded portions. In connection
with this statement it may be of inter-
est to read a letter received from Dr.
Burrill:

Urbana. Illinois, November 3. 1915.
My Dear Professor Heald:

I hold in my hand your "Preliminary Note on Leaf
Invasions by Bacillus Amylovorus," Bulletin No. 125,
and wish to say that I feel confident from my own
observations that you are correct. This is, however,
exactly opposite from my earlier observasions and in-
vestigations. I remember I spread the viscid exudate
from the twigs over the leaves above and below with-
out results, and these tests doubtless served afterwards
to prevent reference of leaf spots such as you describe
to this cause. I have never seen the sticky substance
exuding from the leaves, but have seen leaves which
had all the characteristics of being infected. I do
not think I ever tried to find the organisms in leaves
by microscopic methods.

Your observasions and experments are important,
and may lead to something greatly worth while.

Very truly yours, F. J. Burrill.
Continued in next issue

Pansy Plants, Geraniums
Dahlias, Gladiolus

Bedding and
Vegetable Plants

SEND FOR OUR CATALOG

The Pudor Farms, Puyallup,Wn.,Dept."C"

Rose. Plant and Flower Specialists

"Twin Palaces of the Pacific"

£: r ■ jiiiBliaiiliraiSl!i;llilil:lii,l~.'llBBBli!"ifi5'K"ll"i .iiiiiHila
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Portland $20.00 ) pj^.^^

*° ^"•' I Class

San Francisco $17.50 \ ^'^**

(30 hours I

Tourist, $15.00 and $12.50
Third Class, $8.00

MEALS AND BERTH INCLUDED

S.S.NorthernPacific

The Liner with the speed of an Express Tram.
Steamer Express leaves North Bank Station,
Portland. 9 A.M.

IVlay 4,9, 13, 18,23,27

Tri-Weekly Sailings June 1

PORTLAND-Fifth and Stark.

SAN FRANCISCO -665 Market Street.

SPOKANE - Davenport Hotel.

WHEN WRITINC, ADVERTISERS MENTION' RI-tTTER FRt'IT

i()i6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

Short Paragraphs by the Editor

Take pride in your pnclc.

* * *

Paclv according to grading rules.

Suspicion is generally due to igno-
rance.

* * *

.\nybody can imitate; it takes brains

to be original.

* * *

An Extra Fancy label won't make
Extra Fancy out of C grade.

^ =!= *

A lack of preparedness in marketing
means Red Ink. A red flag makes a bull
fighting mad. Reit Ink makes a fruit-
grower madder and — busted.

* * *

"Nothing suceeds like success." Too
much success makes some men foolish.

:h * *

Beauty is only skin deep, so is color
on an apple, — it doesn't make the
flavor.

* * *

If you don't square the contents of
the box with the label you will not get
the price.

!C * :}:

You can win on merit, but not on
deceit. The inspector is your friend —
not vour encmv.

Knight Joins du Pont Organization
Thomas M. Knight has resigned as
editor of the Practical Farmer, Phila-
delphia, to join the Agricultural Divi-
sion of E. I. du Pont de Nemours it
Company. Mr. Knight will aid the
company in the extension of the use of
dynamite in agiiculture. He is a prac-
tical farmer, has an expert knowledge
of fertilizers and is a ])opular lecturer
on agricultural topics. Mr. Knight will
c(;llaborate with the company's agrono-
mist. Dr. J. H. Squires, in field tests
and lectures at agricultural colleges,
and meetings of agricultural societies.

Packard Agent Recommends Western
Motor Oil

"We made a careful oil test covering
eight months, using two eastern oils,
and a western oil made from asphalt-
base crude," said C. L. Ross, manager of
the Pacific Car Co., of Tacoma, agents
for the Packard. "In spite of the fact
that the Packard carrying the western
oil was driven ."iOOO miles more than the
other two cars, it showed less wear on
clyinder walls, rings, jiistons and motor
bearings, with practically no carbon.
On the other hand, both of the cars car-
rying eastern oil had large carbon de-
posits. There's no (piestion in my mind
about the superior quality of western
oil. especially in the present-day high-
speed motors with their close-Iitting
pistons. Freedom from piston drag, and
freedom from carbon are highly essen-
tial in the operation of these motors.
and western oil gives Just the results
needed."

Gets
Every
Weed^

Mulches and pulverizes, with greatest ease in handling and working. The

J* Acme*' Foot Lift Wccdcr

deslniy? all weeds, cnttinij deep as desired, and tills perfectlv. Its
knife edges, presented tu the ground, at a slicing angle, make draft
easy. Foot Lift Lever clears <tff the weeds and lifts the knives U>r
transportati'iu 5 sizes — cutting 5 ft. ti 12 ft. wide. Write for free
book, now. Get every weed, quicker and cheaper, with the" Acme "

Duane H. Nash Inc. 345 E. Morrison St., Portland. Ore.

i

ii

f\

\(/y/J(^¥

When the Wagon
Is Piled High

MICA Axle Grease protects
your spindles. Big loads
can't affect the cool, slippery-
lubricating film formed by the
powdered mica. It makes the
grease twice as efficient — makes
it last twice as long. A special process
blends the mica witli the highest grade
petroleum grease — no other grease like
Mica Axle Grease. Get a can from
your dealer today.

Standard Oil Company

(California)

MICA G RE ASE

t^a^iji^feaiSaa'feaiEgsssuiiyiSgiLijiUiiiJiimiL!.' csioEjcsESisicsssjssKSEJKSSSMCS

Oldest Bank in the
Northwest

Capital and Surplus

Two Million
Dollars

Fifty-seven Years Ago

the foundation of this pioneer financial
institution was laid. Through the half
century and seven years which mark
its existence to the present it has pur-
sued a conservative yet constructive
policy, with the result that it today oc-
cupies an enviable financial elevation.

Oldest in the Northwest, it bids well for your patron-
age. Your savings or commercial account invited.

LADD & TILTON BANK,

F'OR-rUAIVJD
OREGOIM

SM^^WTy^lir^^^^MMjai^llESM ^^i^H^M^MM^^^M^^ESlia

PORTLAND. OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Theatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan— $1.00 per day and upward

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

GEO. C. OBER, Manager

WHEN WRITING An\'EHTISEBS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

May

Silo Important for Fruit Grower-Stock Raiser

By Geo. North, Portland, Oregon

THE keeping of live stock on tlie
f;irni where there is but a small
amount of land, a few years ago was
regarded as an impossihility, is now
beginning to be viewed in an entirely
different light. There are yet, however,
any number of people, while well in-
formed in regard to the live-stock busi-
ness as it was years ago, wlien range
was plentiful, who are not familiar
with the silo and the results of silage
feeding, giving advice that is of no
practical benefit to the men with a
small acreage. Such men, not silo wise,
even in these times of high prices of
beef are finding if diiricult to make the
old-time profits. It is no exaggeration
to state that some of the most profit-

able results in dairying are being ex-
perienced among the fruitgrowers who
farm intensively, and in the nature of
things, keep small herds, and, through
the silo, produce their feed at little
expense and at a minimum amount of
labor.

The silo has fiill.\- solved the problem
of keeping a moderate numljcr of head
of stock on a small amount of land.
With a good silo, it is not only possible
but practical as well as profitable for
the orchardist to keep from a small to
a large dairy herd, depending upon the
size of the tract of land. The ability
of the orchardist, through his silo, to
supply his herd with a green, succulent
feed at the time of year when the range

man's pasture begins to dry up and
thus keep up the milk flow enaiiles him
to produce with a smaller herd as much
butter fat as the man with a greater
herd and no silo i)roduces. Land not
at present utilized for the growing of
any crop will produce an astonishing
amount of silage. Orchardists already
having the investment in this land are,
therefore, able to produce this crop
without any extra investment. Even
the labor is little, if any, greater than
in keeping it free from weeds. The
valuable fertilizer obtained is in itself
a source of profit. The monthly or
semi-monthly income derived from the
sale of the milk or cream helps along
wonderfully, and those starting in the
dairy Ijusiness in a small way will soon
find, besides these items, the increase
in their herd amounting to a very sub-
stantial sum.

The silo is a permanent institution
and has come to stay. In starting to
use silage as a feed, the thing of most
importance is to start right. For the
benefit of those who have never had
any experience in feeding silage, a
brief outline is here given of the most
important things to be done in order
to avoid several very common mis-
takes made by most beginners. The
first thing to decide on is what kind of
silo to erect. As a silo is exposed to
the hot moisture when it is full and
the hot sun and winds when it is
empty, these cause the wood to shrink,
swell and warp. But as the silo walls
must be straight and true and must
remain so from year to year, it is evi-
dent that the very best and most sub-
stantially constructed silo is the most
economical and will bring the greatest
returns on the investment. There are
many types of silos on the market.
Besides this, there is a vast number of
so-called Silo Experts who are ready
to instruct you how to build a silo for
a small amount of money. Experience
has proven that these cheap, home-
made silos are a failure, as they will
last only a year or two. They will
twist out of shape and finally collapse
entirely, when the farmer will be out
not only the cost of the silo, but from

r

L

KOVERAILS

Reg.u.s.Pat.o rr.

Keep Kids Kleen

The most practical, healthful, playtime

garmenls ever invented for children 1 to

8 years of age. Made in one piece with

drop back. Easily slipped on or off

Elasily washed. No light elastic ba.idi

to stop circulation. Made in blue

denim, and blue and white hickory

stripes for all the year round. AUo

lighter weight, fast-color material in

dark blue, cadet blue, t£in or dark red

for summer wear, all appropriately

trimmed with fast - color galntea.

Madcin Dutch neck with elbow

sleeves and high neck and long

sleeves.

75c the suit

If your dealer cannot supply you.
We will send them, charges prepaid
On receipt of price, 75c each.

A New p D C r If TI,ey
Suit *^'*.'^.'^ Rip

Beware of Imitations. Look for
Made by the Two Horses on the Label.

Levi Strauss & Co., San Francisco

Awarded GRAND PRIZE at the P.P.I. E. A

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 25

For Greatest Satisfaction Use

DOUBLE SERVICE
Automobile Tires

Guaranteed 7.00Q IVIIles Servica

Absolutely Punctureproof

Douhle Service Ttres ar*? mndo
double tbe thickness of tlie best
Standard make tires,

Tms KQfj Greater wearing sur-
face naturally gives that much
im>re mileage and service. The
^ average of 12 miles of tough

yTfabrlc and one inch surface tread rubber
# makes these Uros absiilutc]y punctureproof ,
These Urea excel all others for use In the
country over rouph and rufrged roads as well
as on hard pavements. They areas easyriding
and resilient as any other pneumatic tir&— tbe
air space and pressure being the same.

They are the most ec^nmn ical and "car© free"
tires made and a re used where tires must bo do-

Sf'ndedoD and ti re tronblescannotbo tolerated.
lanyPowb/eSi-rrirt^ style tiros are in use in the
U. S. government and KuropeanWar service.
Our output is limited to a certain amount, but
for a short time we olTer the following reduced
special prices as an lutroductory Offer:
FBICES

TIrei Tnbes

Tires TnfteB

WHS

In.

18.60 $2.30

36x4 In.

{17.46 am

HOlItt,

iln.

10.35 3.10

36x«ln.

21.20 6.C0

Killi*,

Mo.

12.75 3.20

B6i4'.<in.

22.60 6.76

K4z4

In.

16.75 4.20

87j[4j|in.

23-60 6.20

■6ixi

In.

16.70 «.35

37i5 in.

I6.m 6.60

All other sizes not Inclu'- J in above list
also furnished. Nun-skids at 10;^ additional.

Terms: Payment with order at abovespecial
prices, a 10^ discount allowed on orders forj
two or more tires. AH
personal checks XUUSt bO
certified.

Try these tires now and
be convinced of th<ir v«ry
high qualities. Hold direct/
to the consumer only.
Dtscriptivc ful(l''r upon, TC'
guest. Write for it.
Double Service Tire & ^
RubberjCo.. Akroo. O.
Dept. B.F.

PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7. 122' a Grand Ave., Portland. Oresron

Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines. Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coast QrowTi Seedlinpa

Oregon Champion Gooseberries and

Write Now Perfection Currants W^rite Now

Macabee Gopher Trap

Small

Simple I

Sure

At all dealers. If vour dealer does not handle it.
send 20 Cents in Stamps and mention your deal-
er's name and get sample by mail, postage paid.
Write for prices in larger quantities delivered
free by parcel post.

Z. A. MACABEE

Box P Los Gatos, California

s:;(l() to s.-,(l(i xvoilli of feed be.siiles, .so
lli;it Ihe i^re:itest mi.slake that could
he made woidd Ije to take a chance of
h)sing this amount of valuable feed in
order to save from -f.^O to ."fSO on the
first cost of the silo. Besides this,
these unsightly cheap silos are a con-
tinual eyesore on your |)lace. 'I'lie>
detract from its appeanuice. Siglitly
structures add to the value of >i)ur
place.

Ihe next to con.sider is what to fill
your silo with. When to fill it. How-
to fill it. It is generally conceded that
corn makes the ideal ensilage, hut as
that is a fall crop you should find
some suitahle cro]) for filling the silo
in early summer. It has been found
that a silo is neeiled fully as much in
late summer and early fall as it is in
winter, owing to the fact that pastures
dry up until they are as bare as the
street during the late sunniier months.
The best summer crop for silage is, no
doubt, vetch mixed with oats, but in
localities where vetch ctuinot be gi-own
successfully other crops such as clover
or alfalfa can be put into the silo with
good results. This sunmier silage can
be fed out, or as much of it as is
needed, and then filled right on top
with corn for winter use. Since the
summer silage is freciuentlv not all fed
out before the corn is ready to put in,
care should be taken to erect a silo
large enough to give extra storage
space in time of plenty, against a time
of shortage. This extra storage space
can usually be obtained by getting a
silo of greater height than actual size
of herd requires. The silo should be
just as large in diameter as is possible
to feed from one and one-half to two
inches per day from the entiie siuface
with the amount of stock on the farm
at the present time, and then fully
twice as high as the diameter. This
will give about as much extra storage
sjaace as one-third of the capacilx of
the silo. This will also enable >(iu to
increase the herd without the expense
of erecting another silo, which would
also necessitate the cost and ti-ouble
of maintaining two silos as against one,
if the first one put up is of the ])roi)er
size.

Anolhei' conmion mistake made, and
one that contributes fully as much to
the cause of bad silage as an inferior
silo, is pulling the stufT into the silo too
green. The idea prevails among most
farmers that this is a green feed, so the
greener the belter. This is a serious
mistake, for when silage is put up loo
green, too much acetic acid foiMus from
the sap in the plant, which causes the
bad odors and the sour ensilage so often
met with. Any plant put into the silo
should be allowed to stand luitil it has
reached its full growth and has fairly
started to ripen or dry up. Some crops,
such as clover, and particularly alfalfa,
should be cut and allowed to lie in the
swath for a day or so (depending <iii
the weather) to get rid of the sap. If
necessary, then add enough water when
filling Ihe silo to give the properamoiuit
of moisture. If this is done, and the
silage is cut fine and well tramped into

ftRT LITHOGRAPHERS
-COLOR PRINTERS -

MICMEST GRADE GOLD EMBOSSEOi VtlRNI5H£D
LABELS POSTERS SM0WCflRD5 4CALtNDflR5

Main Office iVfoRM;

Battery aiGreen Sts

Sd/? ^r^nc/sco.

COLLEGE SEED

Corn— Choice Minnesota No. 13 Silage Corn and
Minnesota No. 23 for.Grain and Hogging Off. Each
$3.75 per bushel; 10 cents per pound.

Hannchen Barley — High Yielding, Threshed
Clean. $1.25 per bushel.

Selected Kale — 50 cents per pound, postpaid.

Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis

A Winning Combination
Bees and Fruit

Latest methods of beekeeping simply told in
our "Bee Primer." Highly instructive. Send
25 cents today for the book and six months
trial subscription to

American Bee Journal, Box x. Hamilton, III.

•^SrV*" $50.00 SI?

with thp

Gearless Imoroved Standard

Well Drilling Machine

Drills tluoti^'h any forma-
tion. Five yeitr-< aht-ad of any
othfcr. Has record of drilling L30 feet tuid driving casing
in 9 houi h. Another record where "w feet was drilled on
2 1-2 Kftllons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can
operate. Electrically equipped for runninif nights.
Fishing job. Engine ignition. Catalogue W-S.
(lEIERSON MACHINERY CO., Mfgs., 1295-97 Hood St., Portland. Ore.

TARRED ORCHARD YARN

The time is now just right for tying fruit
trees. Tie the interior of the tree before the
leaves are out and the exterior can be tied
later. Orchard Yarn is put up in 5 lb. balls,
10 balls to a sack. This form is more conven-
ient for use as the ball can be placed in the
tree and by pulling the yarn lrom*the inside
it never tangles. 2-ply contains about 100
feet per pound.

Sold by all merchants handling orchard supplies
MANUFACTURED BY

The Portland Cordage Co.

PORTLAND, OREGON

.•JCHUBBUCK'S IDEAL

GOPHER TRAP

Lartfer than runwa>;

jaws pull rodent in:
catches large or small gopher and holds it.
Farmers say it's worth dozen other makes.

Blfir sales. Price 50c. If not at yoiirdcnler'swillspnj
f to vou postpaiil ; 2 for 95c : 6 for fj 70 ; 12 for $5, lt>.
M.inrv l.j, Ic ifvoii arr not s iti.stn-l, 1 rrr Lin.nl.'rs.
E. J. Chuhbuck Co., Drpt. C .^an Franciico, Cat

WHEN WRITIXr, AnVFRTISERS MF-NTIOV IIETTF.R FRl'IT

WilEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRl'IT

Page 26

BETTER FRUIT

Ma'^

This Big Book Boosts
Farm Values

It was written for farmers —
not engineers; about country
roads — not city pavements.
Its language is plain — its
pictures convincing.

It covers the entire subject
of roads: location, correc-
tion, grading, drainage and
upkeep. It explains all
modern methods and the
use of all up-to-date road
building machinery.

Used now as a text book
in over fifty colleges and
universities.

This Valuable Book Free

Better roads increase farm values,
develop better schools and
churches and open up greater
business and social advantages.
You need this book. Every road
commissioner, supervisor or farmer
interested in the great National
movement for better roads should
have a copy. Write for yours
today.

Good Roads Book No. 338-F

E. I dii Pont de Nemours & Co.

Wilmington, Delaware

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By-Products

It gives you a liiyli grmle quick Helling pruiiui.t ui a
miniiuum cost. It makes aclean ami natural tasting
product. Dehydrated fruits and vegetables have been
approved by the U. S. Gnvernnient. while desiccated,
dried and evaporated products have been rejected.
There is but one Dehydrator manufactured in the
West and it is the best By-Product machine ever de-
vised. It is adapted to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therefore, you axe
protected in its use.

The manufacturers of this Dehydrator have recently
patented new and improved automatic labor-sav ng
preparatory machinery wliich will further reduce the
present low cost for the production of this product.

For new descriptive booklet address

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

a good silo, (here can be no question of
good .silage.

Seven or eigiit acres of good vetch
and oals will make one liundred tons
of silage which is reasonably worth
.$5.00 per ton to any one who has stock
to feed. This, at a cost of perhaps
$(i5.00 in time and labor, leaves a sulTi-
cient profit on one filling to more than
|)ay for the .silo. Add to this the profit
of the second filling the same year, with
corn, and add the value of manure as
a fertilizer, and it can readily be seen
that any one with stock cannot afford to
be without a silo. Those who have a
farm or orchard without stock should
get stock in order to make the profits
that are possible with the intelligent
use of a silo.

The Growing of Small Fruits

By C. J. Stuait, Monroe. Washington

FOR the past twenty years the writer
has been closely identified with the
shipping and growing of berries in
Westein Washington. He has seen dur-
ing that period shipments of berries to
points east of the mountains grow from
a few hundred cases annually to aln-ost
an equal niunber of carloads.

To begin with, any well-drained soil
in Western Washington, or Oregon as
well, that will raise a good crop of
l)i)tatoes successfully, will grow berries
with proper care and cultivation. A
well-])lanned berry farm, say of twenty
acres, should have all the desirable
varieties of berries common to Western
Washington, and .should plan to plant
those kinds that ripen at different times
covering a season extending from May
to October; such a plant would enable
the owner to distribute his labor over
a longer period, have a less number of
pickers, and a better class, by giving
them longer jobs, besides lengthening
his shipping season, and giving his
customers the different varieties.

On this farm of twenty acres I would
plant one acre of Champion of Oregon
gooseberries, in rows and hills five feet
apart; this gooseberry is the only vari-
ety that is a reliable, regular, and full
bearing mildew [Moof berry that I have
ever found suilable for this climate.
Spray them annually in March with
lime-sulphur, and again when the blos-
soms are fading with arsenate of lead,
thereby insuring a worndess berry and
fiee of mildew.

The next planting should be one acre
of Victorian cunants. Plant them the
same distance aiKirt.anil si)ray as goose-
berries; drive a slake about four feet
long and three inches square at each
hill and lie yoiu' plants thereto; this
will give them an upright growth, and
facilitate spraying and i)icking. The
Victorian is a late blossomer, and in
consetpience misses the late frosts, is a
heavy bearer as well as a sure one, and
the fruit will hang two or three weeks
on the bushes after ripening, and does
not shell when being picked as other
varieties do.

Plant one acre of strawberries. I
plant the Marshall, but believe the Klon-
dike possibly better. It ripens better at

■TOP DRESS all your
Crops with Nitrate
of Soda alone, no matter
what other fertilizers you
may have used. 100
pounds to the acre for
seeded, and 200 pounds
to the acre for cultivated
crops w^ill do the w^ork.
The increase will yield
large profits over the cost.

Write on post card for oar
money making hooka

WILLIAM S. MYERS, Director

25 Madison Avenue. New York

y^- "'^

Portland

Seed;
Company

BEE HIVES

AND SUPPLIES

TF YOU own an orchard or keep bees you should
•*■ have a copy of'our

1916 Catalog of Bee Supplies

Listing everything necessary for the successful
handling of bees and production of honey.

9*^;^^::::::^ Gives valuable information on Pollination.
^^'SS Tells how to Keep and Care for Bees.

^sk for Catalog Mo. 203

Portland Seed Co.

Portland, Oregon ^xSrtJaI^ _

The Paris Fair

HOOD RIVER'S LARGEST
AND BEST STORE

RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGENTS FOR
HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES
HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX
CLOTHES
MANHATTAN SHLRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igz6

BETTER FRUIT

Pacrc

the blossom end, but does not eiiiiid the
Marshall in yielding; plant in rows
three feet eight inches: in hills sixteen
inches. I find hut little profit in grow-
ing strawberries, but must have them to
fill orders.

Six acres of Cuthbert raspberries.
Plant in rows eight feet apart, hills four
feet apart; set posts every twenty feet,
nailing a cross piece, say a 2x4 four-
teen inches long, at the top of the post,
four feet from the ground, stringing
two No. 12 galvanized wires one inch
from the ends of each cross piece; one
wire of which is to he used for training
the bearing canes on, and the other to
hold in an ui)right position the new
growth. Weave the canes on the east
wire, which will enable the sun fo dry
the dew on the canes and allow you to
commence the picking earlier in the
morning.

Follow with four acres of Snyder,
Texas, or Eldorado blackberry, pro-
vided you can get plants from new
fields not affectcfi with the blight, or
fungus diseases; plant, wire and handle
same as red raspberry.

Two acres of Cumberland blackcap
raspberries. Plant and handle same as

We can quote you surprisingly
low prices on

NATIONAL

Wood Stave Pipe and Tanks

Now is the time to install irriga-
tion and water systems. Write us
today for our special service cov-
ering your particular problem.

Address Dept. J

National Tank & Pipe Co.

275 Oak Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

c.&.s:axle

GREASE

belongs to the
white race —
it is palest in
color — made
of paraffine
and vegetable
oils — lasts
longer and
lubricates
better.

Whiiiier-Cobum Company
San franc i SCO

There's a Secret at the Arrow Point
Fruit Growers say

"FRIEND"

NOZZLES

ARE

SUPERIOR

Because they Get There

(Like Friend Power Sprayers)
Look on the NOZZLE you

use and see if you can find "ANGLE"

the MAKER'S NAME and the
word "PATENTED." The "FRIEND" is the
ORIGINAL large Nozzle doing away with the cluster.
"FRIEND" Nozzles have no HOOKS, nothing to catch,
drip or clog. They make the finest MIST-LIKE Spray,
driving it farther into the trees than the cluster.

■ANGLE" sprays up under the leaves and down into the CALYX.
The "STRAIGHT" is for ordinary work. Price $1 each, postpaid.

i' FRIEND" MFG. CO. GASPORT.N.Y.

•STRAIGHT'

Straight Distilled
Refinery Gzuoline

RED
C ROWN^ „

Hie CiStJiue afOftalit/^^^,

reduces your gasoline cost because every
drop atomizes evenly through the carbu-
retor and gives full power.
Dealers everywhere and at our SERVICE
STATIONS.

Standard Oil Company

(California)
Use ZEROLENE, The Standard Oil for Motor Cars

Wo^t

. igju^i ^ 1 RHODES DOUBLE CUT

^^^ -THE onl,
^^^^^^ made that cuU

T ^Hv/ 1 r/ PRUNING SHEAR ^

i mm/ v'^^_^S^^^^

Wj ^^m Jl ^iflll^^^^^^^^^^^^

from both sides of

^^ ^^^^^^^^

the limb and does no<

^^j^^^^g^j^^^ Vat'dJ»nt2.

bruise the baric. Made ia
all styles and sizes. W*

^B,^ ^i^^^Bh^^^^i^

pay Elxpress charges
on all orders.

^^^ ^^^^a .^ ^ "^^^^^IBAi^UfSE^^^^^^^^^^K^

^^■■F" RHODES MFQ. CoTT^^^^^ta

^^^ Write for

•■0 3. DIVISION AVB . GRAND RAPIDS, HICM.

~~^^^^ price*.

raspberries and blackberries. Blackca]5
raspberries are an expensive crop to
glow, but they are a delicious and at-
tractive berry, are good shii)i)crs, and
bring prices in excess of any other
berry.

Two acres of dewberries. Plant in
rows eight feet, and in hills twelve feet
apart; posts twelve feet apart; stretch
two wires on cross pieces, nailed on
posts, same as blackberries, putting
cedar or other light wood slats 1x2
inches, fifteen inches long, fastening
one end to a wire with poidtry staples.
This will enable the slats to be adjust-
able when rentoving the old canes, and
putting up the new; slats should be
placed about two feel ajjart; two addi-
tional wires shotilil be i)laced on cross
pieces, nailed to posts some two feet
from the giounil, with Ihc usual slats;
lliis lower wire, lo allow (he new canes

to be trained thereon, keeping them off
the ground, and free from injury of the
feet of the pickers.

Then plant one acre each of Logan
and Phenomenal berries, seven or eight
feet apart in rows, six feet in hills,
posts twenty feet apart; nail one No. 12
galvanized wire on the side of the [losts
live feet from the ground, another four-
teen inches below, and loop the bearing
vines over the two wires, allowing the
new canes to grow on the ground; with
a little training they can be kept
bunched together under the wires, and
out of the way of the pickeis' feet. This
manner of trealing T.oganberries is new
Id Washington, and was first used in
('alifornia. I shall adopt the plan in
my fields in futuie planting.

We now have but one acre out of the
twenty left; this plant to sour or i)ie
cherries, Montmorency preferred. There

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page ?8

BETTER FRUIT

May

is ;i growing (li'iimnd for tlii'iii, tioth in
our ne;irl)y ;inil distant niarlvcts. Tlicy
should 1k' i)lantt'd alxiut twenty futt
apart, and do not require nuicli pruning
or spraying; are almost inunune Ironi
guniniosis.

Such a farm would give the grower
almost steady work during the entire
year, and by rushing the work, instead
of letting it rush you, hut little help will
he necessary, other than during the
picking season.

Berries should have shallow and fre-
quent eullivalion during the growing
season, keeping down the weeds and
grass, and conserving the moisture; in
other than strawberries, two hoeings
during a season would ordinarily an-
swer; stop your cultivation after the
bei'ries have ripened, and allow weeds
and grass to grow in the rows, to serve
as a cover crop; over cultivation or
rather continuous cultivation is injuri-
ous to the land.

.Fust as soon as you have finished
P'icking a field of berries, remove the
old canes and bui'u them, thereby
removing the possibility of your new-
canes being infected with fungus dis-
eases from the old canes.

I find on close observation that the
l)rofitable life of berries is shorter than
generally supixised. My record shows
that currants and gooseberries cease to
be profitable after bearing seven crops;
raspberries six; blackberries and black-
cap raspberries five; dewbei-ries are an
exception, however. They seem to have
a perpetual useful life.

The production of berries on the Pa-
cific Coast seems to have grown faster
than the consuming jjopulation in our
Eastern markets, and in consequence
prices are being cheapened, and econ-
omy and vigilance must be i)ractice(l.

With a suitable location near a good
association and cannery I would have
no hesitation in recommending the
))lanting of a berr>' farm, such as de-
scribed above; but as in all other lines
of business, canital and exjjerience are
two needful things to insure success.

Spraying Suggestions

Spra\ ing suggestions for use in the
Hood Hiver Valley, to kill leaf roller,
aphis eggs, San .lose scale, blister mite,
etc., and for the control of fungus scab,
ndldew and codling moth on apple
trees:

1. Late dormant spi-a.\', to kill leaf
roller eggs and aphis eggs. Dormant
soluble oil or miscible oil No. 1 diluted
and mixed with water at the rate of
twelve gallons for each 2fl0-gallon tank
of spray. Thoroughly cover every part
of every tree, especiallv the ternunal
buds, I'ruit s])urs and and smaller lindis.
Hold the nozzles close to the limbs and
buds and use machines giving high
pressure so that the spray will be
driven against the surface of the tree
with the greatest force. Use large
chandler tyi)e mist nozzles with small
opening to i)roduce a "mist" or "cover-
ing" spray.

2. Farly pink sprax', for scab control.
I'se .S3-degree Beamne (2.") i)er cent sul-
phur in solution) lime and sulphur so-

(i

T3=IADE

1^

MARK.

WOOD -LARK

GOPHERaSQIlREl POISON

aUICK,CERTArN,DEADLY ALWAYS READXNEYER TAILS

Destroys Squirrels, Gophers, Diggers, Prairie Dogs, Sage Rats.
Save your orchards'and young trees.

Apply early in spring when the hungry pests awake from winter's
sleep. Money back if it ever fails. "Wood-Lark" for 26 years has
stood every test. It's fruit and tree insurance against rodent pests.

Manufactured by CLARKE-WOODWARD DRUG CO., Portland, Ore.

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering- Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying.

EWBALTESAND
COMPANY

Printers ♦ Binders

Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book-
lets, Stationer-jr, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us
for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed
promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT.

CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS
PORTLAND, OREGON

lulion mixed with water at the rate of
eii<ht t;allons for each 2l)(l-,4allon tank
of s|)ray, covering the entire siu'face of
the tree, leaf huds and expandin.i> friul
hulls thoioughly.

,^. Cal> X spiax , for seal), ndldew and
codling moth control. I'se the foUow-
uvJ. coml)inali(ni: Lime-sulphiu' solu-
tion, 1 gallons: atondc sulpluu', 12
pounds; arsenate lead paste, 8 pounds;

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page -'9

water to make 200 gallons. In mixing
this combination, put the lime and sul-
phur solution into the tank first and
then with the agitator running, fill the
tank about one-half full of water, then
put in twelve pounds of atomic sulphur
which has been previously diluted in
two or three times its volume of water
and when the tank is nearly filled, add
the arsenate of lead paste the last thing
before spraying. It is important that
the atomic sulphur be added at this
time in all orchards infected with mil-
dew or where mildew is likely to cause
any trouble. (All fruit growers who
expect to use atomic sulphur at any
time during the season should begin at
time of calyx spray and combine it with
arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur solu-
tion in order to start stimulation at this
time and prevent over stimulation and
sulphur injury later in the season.)

4. Ten-day spray. About ten davs
after the petals fall an aditional appli-
cation for scab control should be ap-
plied. Weather conditions will govern,
to some extent, the material to be used.
If cool, rainy weather ijrevails at this
time, use lime-sulphur solution diluted
at the rate of four gallons for each 200-
gallon tank of spray. If the weather is
reasonably clear and warm, use atomic
sul|)hur at the rate of twenty-four
pounils for each 200-gallon tank of
spray, as this material is less likelv to
iniure the fruit and foliage than lime-
.sulphur solution under these conditions.

5. Thirty-day spray. Use the follow-
ing combination: Atomic sulphur, 24
pounds; arsenate lead paste, 8 pounds;
water to make 200 gallons. This is
the second spray for codling moth con-
trol, the fourth spray for scab control
and the final sijray, under normal con-
ditions, for mildew control. (If very
hot weather prevails at this time, use
twenty pounds of atomic sulphur in-
stead of twenty-four pounds for each
200-gallon tank.)

5a. If cool rainy weather prevails be-
tween June 10 and 20 make an addi-
tional scab sprav, using atomic sulphur
ten [)ounds to 100 gallons of water.

6. Third codling-moth spray. This
should usually be applied in early
August. Use arsenate of lead paste at
the rate of eight pounds for each 200-
gallon tank of spray. Either atomic
sulphur twenty pounds to 200 gallons
of water for scab control, or Bordeaux
mixture jiaste six and a half ])ounds to
100 gallons of water, or Bordeaux home
made 4-4-,^fl, may be condiined with the
arsenate of lead at this time as further
protection against scab and anthrac-
nose development. Properly balanced
Bordeaux mixture is safe to use on most
varieties of apples at this time, and in
all orchards where anthracnose is
likely to appear, Bordeaux mixture
.should be used at this time in addition
to the early fall application recom-
mended for the control of this disease.
Too much em])hasis cannot be put on
the necessity for thoroughness and the
proper timing of this work in every de-
tail. Fruit growers know by this time
what to exi)ect by attempting economy
in omitting one or more of these sprays

A Plain Statement of Fact

Mogul 8-16: $725 Cash f. o. b. Chicago

AT the present prices of gasoline and kerosene,
no farmer can afford to use a gasoline

tractor. Gasoline averages now over 100 per cent
higher in price than kerosene and is likely to go higher rather
than lower, iu the opinions of men who know ttie oil business.

Again, it is neiLher safe nor economical to use kerosene ia
a tractor not specially designed to operate on kerosene. Merely
changing the fuel mixer is not enough; the design of the whole
motor must be changed.

Kerosene and gasoline tractors of equal power sell for about
the same price and use practically the same amounts of fuel.
On that basis a Mogul 8-16 tractor saves each year, iu fuel bills
alone, about a third of its price. The figures prove the truth of
this statement.

If you are considering the purchase of a tractor this year,
give these facts careful study, from every point of view, before
you spend }-our money.

Mogul and Titan tractors are designed specially to operate on
kerosene and to give tlieir users the full benefit of this advantage.
There are four sizes — Mogul 8-16 and 12-25, Titan 15-30 and
30-60. Write us for full information before you buy any tractor.

International Harvester Company of America

(incorporated)
Crawford, Neb, Denver, Col. Helena, Mont. Portland, Ore.
Saa Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Salt Lake City, Utah

Shasta Route

offers the quick and comfortable way to go to California. Through
standard and tourist sleeping cars and dining cars on all trains. San
Francisco in one night and Los Angeles in two if you take the Shasta
Limited (extra fare). Compartments,drawingrooms,library,stenographer
and maid. Good connections made at San Francisco for Eastern points.

4 TRAINS DAILY

Shasta Limited
California Express

Exposition Special
San Francisco Express

to fit the time and convenience of all. .Any part of the Shasta Route can
be made by daylight. Willamette, Umpqua and Rogue River valleys.
Cow Creek and Sacramento canyons, Mt. Hood. Mt. Jefferson, Mt.Shasta
or Mt. Lassen. Through the cities of Salem, Albany. Eugene, Roseburg,
Medford and Ashland. For further information on Shasta Route service
ask our local agent or write to

John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent
Portland, Oregon

SOUTHERN PACIFIC

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRfIT

Page JO

BETTER FRUIT

Mav

The Success of a Fruit Grower

depends largely on the
way he cares for his
orchard. Unless it is
well cultivated he can
not hope for good re-
sults.

For this work there is nothing
that will equal

The Kimball
Cultivator

in keeping the ground in perfect condi-
tion at a small cost.

The price is in reach of the small grower and can be bought
from your local dealer or from

W. A. JOHNSTON, Manufacturer

THE DALLES, OREGON

HOOD RIVER VALLEY NURSERY COMPANY

Phone 5634 Route No. 3, Box 227 HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Plantation fcur miles southwest of station, Belmont Road.
We n-ill be pleased to show you trees, apple trees that have a heritage, a quality that should be considered by everj'one
who plants a tree. Our trees are gro\ra in clean hillside virgin red shot soil with clay subsoil, producing the most vigorous
root system. Oiu" buds are selected from the best bearing healthy Hood River trees that make tlie Hood River apple
famous throughout the world. Our trees will give you satisfactory results in vigor, fruit and quality. Ask for catalog,
We guarantee our products. Apples, pears, peaches, apricots, almonds and walnuts. A complete line of the best varieties
of all kinds of fruirs.

H. S. BUTTERFIELD. President W. J. ENSCHEDE, Manager

YOU WILL FIND

THE

THE DIRE^CT LINE

And fast and most satisfactory in every respect, smooth track,

fine equipment, interesting scenery, courteous

employes, superior dining service

To CHICAGO,
To MINNEAPOLIS, To ST. PAUL, To ST. LOUIS

AND FOR ALL POINTS EAST
The Yellowstone Park Line

NORTHERN PACIFIC RY.

A. D. CHARLTON, A.G.P.A , Portland, Oregon

EAST BOUND EXCURSIONS daily from June 1st

or by delaying the application of .same.
While the sprayings reconiniended
above will cost something, the amount
is insignificant compared with the dif-
ference in the price of scabby and of
clean fruit. Furthermore, it must be
realized that every year will make it
more dillicult to seli infected fruit at
any ))rice. In fact, this will be very
largely prohibited the coming year.
Another point which cannot be too
strongly emphasized is that scab grows
and (leveloi)s much fastei' during cold
damp or wet seasons than it does in
hot dry wealher. Furthermore, if rain-
fall is more or less general during the
spring months, April and May, the
spraying must he even more carefully
done and repeated more frequently. All
spraying followed by rain within twen-
ty-four hours, should be repeated just
as soon as jjossible. Furthennore, the
spray cannot be expected to adhere or
stick and give its greatest efliciency if
put on wet trees. — S. W. Foster, Ento-
mologist and Manager Insecticide De-
partment, General Chemical Co., San
Francisco Olfice.

The Outlook for the Apricot

The world's jiroduction of the apricot
is limited. It is not grown extensively
in the United States except in Cali-
fornia. It is an early bloomer and can-
not be successfully grown where spring
fi'osts are common or severe.

It is particular as to soil, a rich sandy
loam well drained being best suited to
its needs.

Both trees and fruits are very subject
to a disease commonly known as shot-
hole fungus, for which an entirely suc-
cessful remedy has yet to be foimd.

The apricot is fairly popular eaten
fresh, is very good canned, and makes
one of our best dried products. It pos-
sesses anti-scorbutic properties of great
and recognized value. The dried apri-
cot is a popular, cheap, nutritious, pal-
atable and valuable food.

Owing to climatic and soil limitations
it is not iDOSsible that apricot growing
will be as greatly overdone as is the
case with the peach. The short ripening
season, coupled with diiriculty of secur-
ing large supplies of labor for a few
days at reasonable cost, will prevent
large plantings anywhere; ravages of
shot-hole fungus are likely to damage
the crops of all except the most carefid
and intelligent growers — hence the dan-
ger of heavy overproduction is reduced
to a minimum.

Clean, well-dried apricots, packed in
small and sanitary containers can now
be sold at a reasonable price, delivered
by exjiress at the doors of consumers
all over the United States.

Judicious expenditure of a reasonable
simi of money for advertising in the
best home journals and magazines
should and will ci-eate a demand that
would take our entire product and then
call for more.

Who is going to do it? The dealer or
the grower"? One or the other nuist.
When this is done Ihe apricot will need
no one to foretell its future. II will
speak for itself. — V. H. McKeon.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

re^fiSJ:

Why Prince Albert
hands smokers
such delight!

— why, Prince Albert hits the uni-
versal taste;

— why, it is today smoked in pipes
and cigarettes throughout the
civilized world;

— why, it can't bite your tongue;
—why, it can't parch your throat —

All that is answered by the little
message - to - you on the reverse
side of every Prince Albert toppy
red bag, tidy red tin and humidor,
which reads —

Ralph

Bingham
discovers the
national
joy smoke

PROCESS PATENTED
JULY 30th, 1907"

Prince Albert has always been sold
without coupons or premiums. We
prefer to give quality.

meets the best wishes of "^^
your pipe or cigarette ^%>
makin's appetite as though
it was made for your tongue
and taste! Makes you forget you
ever had tobacco troubles, it's so
cheerful and chummy; and so cool
and refreshingly good and

the national joy smoke

T

A s

Copyrfght 1916 by
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.

^^

"^^^

HE flash of the tidy red tin is

the pass vi^ord of the army of

smokers all over the world. The

toppy red ba^ sells for a nickel

and the tidy red tin for a dime;

then, there's the handsome

pound and half-pound tin

humidors and the pound

crystal-glass humidor

•»^, with sponge-moist-

^■*i^% ener top that keeps

»V^. the tobacco in

. ^*Jal ^ "^^ bang- up

SatlSiying! -^ trim an the

Reverse side of the tidy red tin

V;,

You'll get mighty friendly with Prince Albert
because it can't bite your tongue or parch your
throat ! And, when you know it better, you'll realize
that P. A. opens up the a. m. wide and sunny and
helps close up the night in peace and content ! And it
keeps things top-notch-prime all-day-long !

For, men, no matter how or when or where you land on Prince Albert, it just sings
its way into your friendship and makes you so smoke-hungry you realize you've
discovered real makin's and jimmypipe joy!

R. J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY, Winston-Salem, N. C.

E ALBERT

I

TOBACCO IS PREPARED
FOR SMOKERS UNDER THE
PROCESS DISCOVERED IN
MAKING EXPERIMENTS TO
PRODUCE THE MOST DE-
LIGHTFUL AND WHOLE-
SOME TOBACCO FOR CIG-
ARETTE AND PIPE SMOKERS.

PROCESS PATENTED^
^"^^?5s-UULY30T."l907. ^J^

R.J. ReynoldsTobaccoCompany,
Winston Salem,N.C.U.S.A.

DOES NOT BITE THE TONGUE

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

■ ■ ■ ■

■ El

■ ■ ■

"Velvet" for Dairymen

A new book which describes a great invention— the only Separator that
will skim clean undervarying conditions of speed. Government tests prove
that nineteen out of twenty separators are turned below normal speed and
with any other separator but a"Suction-feed"cream escapes in the skim milk.

Now, you turn that loss into profit without added expense. We call
this new profit "velvet.'" Our new separator safeguards you from cream
losses. No matter whether you turn faster or slower than the regulation
speed, you always do perfect skimming with

Separator. At widely varying speeds it delivers
cream of an even thickness that makes quality but-
ter. Capacity increases as you turn faster so you can
get through separating quicker when in a hurry.

The new "Suction-feed" has the same simple tubular bowl
as the famous Sharpies Tubular Separator. There is no mechan-
ism in the Bowl — nothing to get out of order and no disks to
wash. The entire machine can be taken apart and thoroughly
cleaned in a few minutes.

The top of the supply can is 24 inches above the floor. You
can fill it easily without hard lifting. The entire machine is
so simply and sturdily constructed that it will do perfect work
for years.

Note E-specially:

1. The new Sharpies insures from 5 to 15'/v more cream under
average conditions, and often doubles profits.

2. Skims equally clean at widely varying speeds.

3. Delivers smooth, velvety cream of uniform density at
all speeds.

4. Capacity increased by simply turning crank faster.

See how easily the supply
can is filled.

Write today for our book, "fe/wef" /or Dairymen. Ask for free trial offer if you wish it. Address Dept.99.

The Sharpies Separator Co.

JUso Sharpies Milkers and Gasoline Engines

West Chester . - - - Pennsylvania

Branches: — Chicago San Francisco Toronto Portland

WHEN WRITING ADVKUTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUl

BETTER FRUIT

Volume X

JUXE, 191G

XUMBER 12

CAPTAIN PAUL H. WEYRAICH

Pi-esident of the Fruit Sellers' Agency, IiU'Oi-porated,

Well known for his integrity and ability, ^^ ho is working to Iiis liiUest
ca|)acity for the success of tlie Ajiency.

BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHIXG COMPAXY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGOX

Subscription $1.00 i^er Year in the United States: Canatla and Foreig-ii, Incliidiiit;- Postage, $1.50.

Single Copy 10 Cents

BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails

Western CementCoated Nails
for Western Growers

Our Cement Coated Nails are always of
uniform length, gauge, iiead and count. Es-
pecially adapted to the manufacture of fruit
boxes and crates. In brief, they are the
Best on the Market.

Write for Growers' testimonials.

Colorado Fuel & Iron Co.

DENVER, COLORADO

Pacific Coast Sales Offices

Portland, Spokane, San Francisco

Los Angeles

AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'
Cement Coated Nails.

First National
Bank

HOOD RIVER. OREGON

A. D. MOE - - President
E.G. BLANCHAR - Cashier

Capital and Surplus $125,000
Assets Over $500,000

Member Federal Reserve System

Live Agents Wanted
n Every Locality

Forget the old method
of from four to five op-
erations and mark your
fruit boxes with the
Practical Box Marker,
which does the work in
one operation.

This machine is a wonder.

Write for information and Hterature.

Practical Box Marker Co.

Otis Orchards, Wash.

Pacific Coast Agents

United States Steel
Products Co.

San Francisco
Los Angeles
Portland
Seattle

J. C.Pearson Co., Inc.

Sole Manufacturers

Old South BIdg.

Boston,

Mass.

PEARSON

CONOMY

DHESIVENESS

E
A
R
S
O
NAILS

in buying is getting the
best value for the money.

not always in getting the lowest prices.

PEARSON prices are right.

or holding pow-
er is the reason
for PEARSON nails. For twenty years
they have been making boxes strong.
Now, more than ever.

1?T T A TITT TTV behind the goods is

IjlJl.±\.Iii.i-ii.l. X added value. Toucan

rely on our record of fulfillment of every

contract and fair adjustment of every

clalin.

ATTCl'PAr'TTO'N^ '^ assured by our
.rl.XXOA xW* XXVfXi long experience in

making nails to suit our customers'

needs. We know what you want; we

guarantee satisfaction.

■pjr'T'W' A T TT'V P'"^ experience al-
XVXVJXi'^.rt.XJXX X ways excels imita-
tion. Iniitation's highest hope is. to
sometime (not now) equal Pearson —
meantime you play safe.

A
I
L

LESLIE BUTLER. President
TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President
C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier

Elstablished 1900

Butler Banking Company

HOOD RIVER, OREGON
Capital $100,000.00

4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department

WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS

If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if you
want to borrow we caji place your application in g'ood hands, and we make no
charge for this service.

THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY

Things We Are
Agents for

KNOX HATS

ALFRED BENJAMIN & CO.'S

CLOTHING

DR. JAEGER UNDERWEAR

DR. DEIMEL

LINEN MESH UNDERWEAR

DENT'S AND FOWNES'

GLOVES

Buffum & Pendleton

311 Morrison Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 3

SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER

SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.

GLASGOW LONDON

Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market

European Receivers of American Fruits

FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS
Simons, Shuttleworth & French Co. Simons Fruit Co. Simons, Shuttleworth, Webling Co.

204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston

OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS

The Old Reliable

BELL & CO.

Incorporated

WHOLESALE

Fruits and Produce

112-114 Front Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

Mark Levy & Co.

COMMISSION
MERCHANTS

Wholesale Fruits

121-123 FRONT AND
200 WASHINGTON ST.

PORTLAND, OREGON

BUY AND TRY

White
River
Flour

MAKES

Whiter, Lighter
Bread

W. H. DRYER

W. W. BOLLAM

DRYER, BOLLAM & CO.

GENERAL
COMMISSION MERCHANTS

128 FRONT STREET

PHONES: MAIN 2348
A 2348

PORTLAND, OREGON

LEVY & SPIEGL

WHOLESALE

FRUITS AND PRODUCE
Commission Merchants

SOLICIT TOUR CONSIGNMENTS

Top Prices and Prompt Returns
PORTLAND, OREGON

Richey & Gilbert Co.

H. M. GILBERT. President and .Manager.
Growers and Shippers of

YAKIMA VALLEY FRUITS
AND PRODUCE

Specialties: Apples, Peaches,
Pears and Cantaloupes

TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON

Orchardist
Supply House

Franz Hardware Co.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

STORAGE

Ship your Furniture
to us to be stored
until you are located

TRANSFER & LIVERY CO.
Hood River, Oregon

Established 1893

W.P.KRANER&CO.

Importers and Tailors

2nd Floor Couch Bldg.

109 Fourth Street

Portland, Ore.

Geo. E. Kramer

C. W. Stose

W. van Diem

I>anse Fi'anken Straat 45. 47, 49. 61. 61

ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND

European Receivers of American Fruits

I'^ldest and First-Class
House in this Branch

Cable Address: W. Vandiem
ABC Code used; Bth FMition

Our Specialties Are

Apples, Pears, Naval Oranges

Page

BETTER FRUIT

June

THE KING
OF GREASE

in fir^ aid to the axle travel? without
noise or fridtion on his royal journey.

Insist that you receive C. & S. Axle
Grease— also in useful buckets.

WHITTIER-COBURN COMPANY
San Francisco

Marketing Your Crop!

The great problem facing the grower is the
marketing of his crop. Be Up-To-Date and
CAN it. This insures you against loss from
glutted markets and makes your fruits im-
perishable. You can do this at home with
your own help with an H. & A. Steam Pres-
sure Canning Outfit, Family, Orchard or
Commercial size. Our recipe book tells you
how to can everything eatable that goes into
cans with the outfit. Write for descriptive
matter to the manufacturers.

Henninger & Ayes Mfg. Co.

47 First Street PORTLAND, OREGON

Fruit Ladders

Light and Strong

Either tripod or straight. Weight
1 'i lbs. per foot. Made of best
grade of spruce lumber.

We also make the best exten-
sion ladder on the Coast.

Send for circulars and prices.

Pacific Ladder Works

85-87 E. 8th St.
Portland, Oregon

PORTUND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY

Rooms 6 & 7, 122 "3 Grand Are.. Portland, Orecon

■Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies

A very complete line of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shruba, Vines, Etc.

SPECIALTIES

Clean Coaet Grown Seedlings

Ore^oa Champion Gooaeberriea and

■Write Nov? Perfection Currants ■Write Now

Ask for Catalogue No. 5

SELLING MADE EASY

The Labels Have Attracted His Attention

RESULT "MAIL ORDER

label Users Increase Sales
And Cut Down Expenses

SEND FOR SAMPLES

We Have Labels
For Everything

United Litfio & Piinting Cos.

Vredenburg Bldg.

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

"BLUE RIBBON"

(EXTRA RAIMCY)

"RED RIBBON"

(F-AIVJCV)

Quality Brands of Yakima Apples)

When ordering apples specify Blue Ribbon Brand and
be assured of the best the market afifords. All apples
packed under our personal supervision and inspection.

WRITE FOR INFORMATION
AND PRICES

Yakima County Horticultural Union

FRED EBERLE, Manager
NORTH YAKIMA, WASHINGTON

Oregon Nursery Company

ORENCO, OREGON

Extensive growers of all lines of Fruit, Nut and Shade Trees, Evergreens,
Flowering Shrubs, Vines, Roses, etc. Introducers of the VROOMAN
FRANQUETTE walnut, recognized as the best walnut. Our large
complete stock consists of varieties suitable for every kind of climate.
Write us about your wants before buying.

] RHODKS DOCBLK CUT
FRIINING SHEAR

RHODES MFG, CO.,
••0 9, DIVISION AVE , QRAND RAPIDS. niCIt

■yHE onl,
pruner
made that cutt
from both sides of
the limb and does not
bruise the bark. Made ia
all styles and sizes. Wa
pay EJtpress charges
on all orders.
Write for
circular mnA
prices.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

BETTER FRUIT

AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISIILD MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN. PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AXD MARKETING

The Effect of Retail Prices on Fruit

By Ralph E. George, Department of Economics and Business, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington

A FACTOR of great imporliuicc in
the marketing of large fruit
crops is the elasticity of prices.
The great iiia.jority of apple producers
recognize at present that one handicap
which they must overcome is the fail-
ure of retail jjrices to fluctuate with
the prices received by the farmer. At
the present time tiie normal dillicultics
in selling the croj) in years of large pro-
duction are greatly increased by the
apparent inability of the farmer to se-
cure larger consumption of apples in
years of large crops than in years of
small crops. I'nless the consumers can
be induced to eat more apples when a
large crop is produced, the farmer must
naturally sull'er heavy losses. In the
past this increased consumption on the
part of the general public has been
most diflicult to secure, with the result
that in such years much of the crop
has frequently gone to waste or been
sold at great loss. This failure, how-
ever, can largely be traced to the fact
that retail prices seldom represent with
any accuracy general crop conditions
and prices. The farmer may be receiv-
ing extremely low prices where the
retailer is charging the same or only a
slightly lower price than in short
years. The wholesale market may be
glutted, apples may be spoiling in the
terminals, farmers may be receiving
unremunerative ijrices and still the
retail price may be the same as in
periods of scarcity, ^^^len consumers'
prices change so little, it is natural that
consum])tion should not be materially
increased. Tlie elTect of lowering i)rices
in increasing the consumption of such
a commodity as apples can hardly be
overestimated. A reduction in prices
is one of the standard methods adopted
by all big stores and other retail dis-
tributors to sell a surplus stock. Take,
for example, the luethod now followed
by the big clothing stores. Almost each
season such stoies offer for sale at pre-
sumably reduced prices the samples of
their stock, thus preventing any accu-
luulation and storing of stock, with all
the loss which such a policy causes.
The apple is in nuich the same market
position from the standpoint of the
consumer. It is not at present a stand-
ard article for consumption. It does
not enter into the necessary budget of
the average family as does sugar.
Under such conditions, it becomes a
luxury which will be affected very ma-
terially in its consumption by the price
of the commodity. In the case of
another luxury, the automobile has
been increased enormously by lower-
ing the prices and advertising the re-
duced prices. So if the retail price of

apples could be lowered in periods of
so-called overproduction it would be
possible to increase consumptiim to a
very marked degree. Families with low
incomes, unable in the past to buy
apples, would then consume them and
families of higher incomes would de-
mand more apples or apples of better
quality. It seems evident, then, that
lowered retail prices would do much
to dispose of the crop in years of over-
production.

To secure these lower retail prices
when the farmer's returns are low is
one of the problems which the farmer
must study. Various factors are re-
sponsible for the inelasticity of retail
apple prices. The conditions which are
the result of our present system of
marketing through a long series of
middlemen undoubtedly tend to keep
retail prices more or less rigid. But
one of the most important factors is
the lack of knowledge concerning the
conditions of the apple crop, a lack of
knowledge prevalent not only among
the consumers but also among the re-
tailers. By the time a number of deal-
ers have bought and sold the apples
knowledge of crop conditions has be-
come so dissipated that the retail
grower does not realize the actual con-
ditions of the market. But if the grower
is fre(|uently only slightly informed
concerning the seasonal cro]), the plight
of the consumer is much more dense
ignorance. Seldom indeed does the
consumer know that the crop is large
or small, of good or poor quality. He
is generally inclined to consider the
retail price as a sign of general condi-
tions, if he considers the question
at all.

But if more adequate Information
were available to the consumer much
of the i)rcsent rigidity of prices should
disappear. In seasons of large produc-
tion he would be inclined to demand
from his grower lower prices for this
much-prized conmiodity. Furthermore,
he would watch for lower prices with
the expect ation of buying more or bet-
ter apples as they came on the market.
This attitude on his part would do
nuich toward making more elastic
jjriccs possible. One factor making
tlie average retailer conservative in the
I)urchase of api)les and in the setting
of prices is the fear that he may be
unable to sell more than bis ac<'us-
tomed amounts. When he feels hesi-
tant to lower prices because he feels
this step will not increase his trade
greatly he cannot he blamed nuicli. In
many cases he does not feel able to
advertise these lower prices, and con-
sequently doubts the cirect of lowered

prices in increasing consumption. He
consecpiently prefers to secure a cer-
tain profit from his business rather
than to run risks of lessening that
fairly certain profit. If the consumer,
however, is looking for lower prices
and expecting to increase his pur-
chases, the grower will change his
opinion on the question of the price
level. If the retailer himself is not
required to advertise these lower
prices, if the consumer is well informed
on the general crop and market condi-
tions, then the grower will feel that
lowered prices will result in increased
sales, and that therefore such a policy
will prove profitable to him. There is,
fu}thermore, a more pronounced ad-
vantage to be derived from the educa-
tion of the consumer on such (luestions
as that of the wholesale market. In
these days of criticism of the middle-
man, all retailers are on the defensive
with regard to this change. If they
feel that the consumer knows that
wholesale prices have been reduced
and that consquently lower retail prices
shoulil be made, the retailers will be
inclined to satisfy the informed demand
of the customer for lower prices. The
education of the consumer, then, on
([uestion of production and wholesale
prices is of very great importance in
determining retail prices. If the gen-
eral body of apple consumers under-
stand that the crop is large and that
the wholesale prices are lower than
usual, the grower will not hesitate long
in lowering his retail prices accord-
ingly. This lowered retail price, it
must be remembered, is of gicat value
to the farmer through its effect in stim-
ulating demand. Conseciuently the
widespread education of the general
jniblic as to market conditions becomes
a (luestion of considerable importance
to the farmer when he is considering
ways and means of disposing of a large
crop. The more directly apple prices
to the consumer fluctuate with whole-
sale prices and the more the consumer
understands concerning Ihe wholesale
l)rices, the more elastic will !.<e the
demand and Ihe higher prices will be
in periods of large crops. The con-
sumer will he trained to look for low-
ered retail prices and on a decline in
these prices will buy larger (juantilies.
If this view be cori'ecf, among the
questions which the farmer should con-
sider is that of seeming this education
of the general consuming public as to
market conditions and prices. M first
glance this would seem to be a
most diiruult ])i'oposition. Yet recent
changes are making such a proceeding
not only possible but practicable. In

Page 6

BETTER FRUIT

June

some cities wholesale brokers are al-
ready considering this problem. As an
example of such developments the
Produce Organization of Pittsburg has
recently decided to take advantage dur-
ing the coming year of newspaper
reports on the markets to inform the
public of fluctuations in the wholesale
prices of various commodities. This
organization believes as a result of such
a step a larger consumption and lower
retail prices can be secured with profit
and satisfaction to themselves and to
the community alike. Were such
methods adopted in all cities, consider-
able information would be made avail-
able to the public. Then the Con-
sumers' Leagues in the various cities
are already doing good work along
these lines. In some cities such leagues
have notified their members and the
public of changes in wholesale prices
and have demanded from their grow-
ers correspondingly lower prices. On
certain occasions when retailers de-

clined to lower prices materially, these
organizations have even gone so far as
to advise their members to refuse to
buy such connnodities until jirices had
been lowered, thus practically declar-
ing a boycott, with the result that the
retailers were forced to yield. In
addition to these direct movements
much general information is being
placed before the consumer. Newspa-
pers, as a result of the modern demand
for such information, are devoting
more and more space to market re-
ports. The government is also assisting
through its rapidly ileveloping crop
reports, which now reach directly or
indirectly large numbers of consumers.
Many other organizations and agencies
which are doing somewhat similar
work might be cited.

Since such a change is already taking
place, the farmer can well alTord to
assist the movement. This assistance
can be given in various ways. Close
relations should be formed with the

various organizaticms disseminating
knowledge and material of great value
can be placed in their possession. It
might prove desirable to furnish the
newspapers with tlirect market infor-
mation. Then the Department of Agri-
culture should be encouraged to widen
the scope of the work along this line
and to make its bulletins more avail-
able to the consumer. As a more
direct step, the various ajjple-marketing
organizations may find it profitable to
adopt advertising methods which will
place the facts in the hands of the con-
sumer. In these various ways it
should be possible to bring retail and
farm prices more nearly into line, to
make them move together, to develop
an elastic demand which will consume
more apples when the price is lowered
and thereby prevent the extreme fluc-
tuations in prices which now cause
considerable risk and loss to all farm-
ing operations in such industries as
that of apple production.

Advertising and Merchandising Northwestern Apples

By R. C. Gano, Editor Judicious Advertising, Chicago, Illinois

MERCHANDISING is a science
which no group of apple grow-
ers has yet mastered and applied
to the marketing of apples. It doesn't
matter how many groups of apple
growers have mastered the science of
growing fine apples, provided only one
of the groups uses merchandising
science. That one group which, in
addition to growing apples as tine as
any others, establishes a selling system
which is basically correct will inevi-
tably lead in the markets. At the pres-
ent time there is a remarkable oppor-
tunity for some one group of apple
growers to take the lead in the apple
market and keep it. The only (lualifi-
cations they need are two. Their
apples must be able to hold their own
against other apples on a basis of plain
quality and merit. And the growers
must be willing to adopt the most etfi-
cient marketing plan that can be de-
vised, and must have the grit to see it
through.

The apple growers of the Northwest
have heard such talk as the above
before, have hearkened to it, and have
conscientiously attempted to get to-
gether on a marketing plan. That no
plan has accomplished much to date
either indicates that the plans were
good but were not thoroughly "sold"
to the growers, or that the plans,
though thoroughly believed in by the
growers, were actually faulty, or that
both the plans and the growers' mental
attitude toward them were at fault.
For there is no (luestion that a plan
which actually solves the problem and
which shall enlist proper sup|)ort will
succeed. To doubt this is to admit that
you are licked before the fight begins.
Now I don't doubt that the apple
growers of the Northwest have had the
example of the Sunkist orange growers
cited to them time after time, when
movements were on foot to form mar-
keting organizations. But it is one
thing to have a person say to you,

"Why, look what co-operation has done
for the California Fruit Growers' Ex-
change" and quite another to have cer-
tain intimate inside facts about the
California Fruit Growers' Exchange
that really illuminate the apple prob-
lem presented in a way that appeals to
mathematical and business sense.

As regards the point that apple pro-
duction is widespread and orange pro-
duction concentrated, a little reflection
will show that this diirerence is ap-
parent only to the producer, not to the
consumer, and hence makes no differ-
ence so far as the effect of advertising
is concerned. When a consumer goes
to a grocery store for oranges she is
confronted with a variety of unknown
brands and only one known brand —
Sunkist. This isn't true of every con-
sumer, but the average housewife can
name only one single brand of oranges.
This has been proved by the California
Fruit Growers' Exchange by house-to-
house canvassing. An average test in

a certain city showed that of 772 house-
wives canvassed 45 per cent said they
buy Sunkist oranges, and only a single
person out of the 772 named another
brand of oranges, during the question-
ing by the investigators. Orange com-
petition may be narrowly restricted.
Yet at any grocery store one will find
several competing brands. Sunkist will
be one of, say, four. Does the con-
sumer know anything about the mar-
ket conditions surroundings oranges'?
Rarely. All she knows is that in Sun-
kist she recognizes a familiar name
with pleasant associations and adver-
tised as California's highest quality
orange.

It makes no particle of difference that
oranges are gi'own only in two states
instead of forty-five. The grocer would
probably not handle more brands than
he does in any event. Advertising does
its real work when the consumer, at
the store, or in 'phoning her grocer, is
confronted with choosing among sev-

Tlic Iiilcinntiolinl Motoi- Truck, nmminu liimi l)y the Intpinati(iii;\l Harvester Coin-
jiaiiy, in fmir models — mie cil 1.(>(MI pmmils, two of 1,.'>0(I pounds, and one of 2,000

jxninds. This type is nieetini; willi

liol

extensive denianti and giving satisfac-

triu-li users.

ic)i6

eral brands or just saying "oranges."
A few years ago nobody ever thought
of saying anything but just "oranges."
But today many consumers are asking
over the "phone for "Sunliist oranges,"
and others, when glancing over the
pyramids of oranges, will point and say
"those." The pile indicated will show
the word "Sunkist" on the tissue paper
wrappers. Many grocers will sell more
Sunkist oranges than they sell of three
other brands combined. If customers
select at all they select Sunkist.

If a certain brand of apples, or apples
packed by a certain association, were
clearly identified in the public mind,
exactly the same thing would hapi)en in
the grocery stores as is happening in
the case of oranges. There would be
one known "friendly" kind, and sev-
eral unknown "stranger" kinds. That
apples are grown all over the United
States and oranges only in two states
would be an entirely irrelevant circum-
stance. The known kind of apple
would be selected. It is human nature
and it explains the power of adver-
tising. To me personally, who presents
an exaggerated case of familiarity with
the Sunkist brand, an orange tastes in-
finitely better if I take it out of a Sun-
kist wrapper. It is more than an
orange. It is an old friend, and recalls
to my mind pleasant pictures in colors
of sunny orange groves and palm trees
and missions in Southern California.

Now, to give the reader a little per-
spective on the Sunkist achievement, I
will review very briefly the rise of the
California Fruit Growers' Exchange.
Twenty years ago there was no system
in marketing California oranges. Buy-
ers would buy when they saw in their
limited horizon a chance to sell at a
profit, and when possible they con-
.spired against the growers to beat
down iirices. The growers naturally
had to begin co-operating locally in-
stead of cutting each other's prices.
That was the start of the co-operative
spirit, and it was seen to accomplish
such excellent results that it gradually
led to broader and broader organiza-
tion. Facing overproduction in 1895,
when production was 5,000 carloads,
the California Fruit Growers' Ex-
change, through organizing a national
selling machine and developing the
market, has made possible an 800 per
cent inci-case in crop in twenty years.
An important milestone was reached
in 19(17, when their system of selling
through salaried agents stationed in the
principal markets, appeared to have

BETTER FRUIT

Page 7

.\ New Model MitcheU caUid llic .Mid-V.:ir Model. This is a six-cylinder ear
48 horsepower, 12, -inch wheel base. Made for either three or five passen"ers'

A splendid car. "

reached its limit in sales figures,
and overproduction again threatened.
Newspaper advertising to announce
arrivals of carloads of oranges had
been used to some extent at that time,
but every local association was still
selling under its individual brand name.
An advertising agency was consulted,
and the adoption of a single brand
name and national advertising were
decided on, after a test campaign in
one state. This campaign was to have
a twofold purpose. It was to create a
preference for Exchange oranges as
against competitive growers, but it was
also to persuade the whole nation to
eat more oranges than formerly, ex-
panding the market generally.

Since the advertising started the
lowest average price per box of Ex-
change oranges for a season has been
.*1.71 and the highest price has been
f2.75 per box. This high price was se-
cured in a year when climatic disturb-
ances destroyed much fruit, reducing
shipments to 53 per cent of the pre-
vious year. But the market was so well
understood by the Exchange that it
secured record prices, and cash returns
ecpialed 79 per cent of those of the pre-
vious year. The advertising appropria-
tion has steadily increased from .f5,000
for the test campaign to .1'375,000 for
1915-1(1; and this expenditure does not
include premiums, which practically
pay for themselves. That the adver-
tising has accomplished the results de-
sired is proved by the growth of the
appropriation and by the aggressive
Ijlans of the Exchange growers. They
expect to double their shipments in five
years' time, and depend on increased
advertising to make consumer demand
keep pace with incieasing proiluction.

How this $375,000 appropriation is
-spent should be of interest. .*230,000
was spent during the past year in ad-

5

ouring Car, meeting with popnlarity and well liked by users.

vertising oranges in magazines and
newspapers, and $100,000 in advertising
lemons. The remainder was spent for
window display matter for retailers,
for circular announcements to the
wholesale and retail trade, for recipe
booklets, etc.

The aggregate circulation of the
newspapers used was nearly 15,000,000,
and as a series of seventeen advertise-
ments was used in each paper there
was a total circulation of 104,169,000.
The magazines mainly used were the
Saturday Evening Post, Ladies' Home
Journal, Woman's World, Collier's,
Mothers' Magazine, People's Home
Journal, People's Popular Monthly,
Ladies' World, Christian Herald, Lit-
erary Digest, Youth's Companion, Good
Housekeeping, National Sunday Maga-
zine. Their aggregate cii-culation was
over 13,000,000 and the fifty-four adver-
tisements used received an aggregate
circulation of over fifty-two millions.

As a special inducement to make
peoijle specify Sunkist and to make
dealers leave the tissue wrappers on
the oranges these wrappers have been
given a cash value by offering orange
spoons and other plated silverware in
return for them and a small amount of
cash. A more recent premium otfer has
consisted of an orange and lemon-juice
extractor of glass.

The logical appeal for the advertising
to make has been most carefully anal-
yzed, of course. Delicious taste is con-
sidered the strongest appeal for maga-
zine advertising of oranges, but qual-
ity, healthfidness, culinary uses, price
and premiums are also emphasized.
For lemons the appeals rank as fol-
lows: Culinary, health, househod uses,
toilet uses. Much of the adveiMising has
been in colors and all lias had high
artistic value.

The reciiie booklets have been widely
dlstribute<l in response to direcl in-
(|uirles, which have of course indi-
cated to some extent the iiulling power
of the advertising. These have been
\aluMble in increasing consumption by
lelling ])eople of many new and
allractive wtiys to serve oranges. New
wa> s of serving the fruit have also been
indicated on counter cutouts and hang-
ers for grocery stores.

That the same tactics can secure
larger consimiptiim of apples was
proved by the Canadian governmeni in
the fall of 19M, when the European
war had closed a number of accus-
tomed outlets for the Canadian apple
(1(11). Growers would have lost heavily

Page 8

BETTER FRUIT

June

The Cheviolet Model Four-Ninety Touring

f'.ar of five-passenger type, stream line

with deep cowl. A pojuilar eai- at a

medium price.

had not the government un(lertal<en a
new.spapcr campaign in paid .space in
which the goodnes.s of the Canadian
apple was advertised to Canaihans and
a recipe bool< telling new ways to serve
apples nflered. A series of twelve ad-
vertisements in sixty dailies and week-
lies brought in (50,0(10 intiiiiries for the
recipe book, and the resulting pur-
chases of apples by the public con-
sumed the entire surplus.

There is no question l)Ul what apple
consumijtion can be increased by a
proper advertising campaign. To the
writer's way of thinking there certainly
is not. The great problem seems to be
to secure concerted action, and that
can only come following concert of
opinion. I have not space here to de-
scribe the inter-working of the local,
district and central bodies in the Cali-
fornia Fruit Growers' Exchange, but
there is nothing of importance in those
functions that is dependent on the
growers being geographically so close
together. The same form of organiza-
tion could be secured by the apple
growers of the Northwest, despite the
fact that they cover larger territory —
and an apple association could perform
all of the imi)ortant services iierformed
by the California Fruit Growers' Ex-
change and its branches. Those serv-
ices consist, broadly, in maintaining a
national sales organization, increasing
demand through advertising, furnish-
ing a daily market report to local asso-
ciations, pooling and standardizing out-
put, operating a supply company, a
traHlc department and attending tn
minor matters on a co-operative, and
therefore more economical, basis. The
traffic department alone, through oli-
taining reductions in freight rates <in
oranges and lemons, and in refrigera-
tion rates, saved the Exchange growers
in the period from 1904 to 1012 nearly
five million dollars. Representing so
many growers it is alile to drive a hard
bargain with the railroads. Again, esti-
mating in advance the season's produc-
tion has been done with great accuracy
by the Exchange, because it is able to
secure confidential reports from every
section of the orange-producing terri-
tory; and this is a great advantage in
that it enables gi'oweis to distribute
shipments evenly over the shipping sea-
son anil never allow supply to become
too heavy for demand. The operating
cost of the Exchange represents the
selling cost of the growers and is the
lowest known in the agricultural world,
being less than 3 ])er cent on gross sales.

Now suppose that a new Northwest
Apple Growers' Exchange should be

formed, or one of the old ones revived,
and instead of adopting a name under
which all the best-grade product should
be included some such mark as the fol-
lowing should be adopted to identify
fruit packed under the direction of the
Exchange:

CIH^

Such a mark as this could be fea-
tured very nicely in dark-green outline
letters on a tissue-paper wrapper, the
apijles of the best grade could be pooled
accortling to varieties, well cleaned and
wrai)ped, the name of the variety ap-
pearing in red letters above the green
trade-mark, while the name of the local
association, if desired, could also appear
in red below the trade-mark. The
wrajipers could be given a small value
of their own by means of a premium
offer. This is important, as it necessi-
tates the retailer leaving the fruit
wrappetl, and only in that way can an
apple be identified to the consumer. It
also furnishes an extra inducement to
the consumer to specify the special
brand. Then the advertising slogan
might be something like this: "Insist
on chaXnge apples." It could be ex-
plained that this trade-mark indicates
the best grade of fruit of the different
varieties from the greatest apple-pro-
ducing countrx in the world, the
Northwest; and that all chaXnge
apples are packed by the Eden Ex-
change and guaranteed to be extra
quality. The various varieties packed

by the Exchange could be listed, and
that these apples are cleaned in a sani-
tary way and wrap])ed so that they
will stay clean and unmarred could be
emphasized. The value of the wrap-
pers would of course be explained and
a recipe book offered. By featuring
prominently the name of the exchange,
whicli shoidd be sliort and easy to re-
member, the consumer could be made
to understand that the trade-mark
chaXnge does not mean a particular
variety of apple but is used on all
varieties packed by a certain exchange.
1 think tills would not be then so much
a brand name as a device to identify
the various products of a single pack-
ing organization.

It seems certain that such a program,
with all of the minor details carefully
worked out, would result in a wider
consumption of apples and in a special
demand for the advertised brand. Of
course the little things count high in
the success of any co-operative plan,
and the importance of investigating the
methods of such organization as the
California Fruit Growers' Exchange
cannot be overestimated. Success would
not come in a day, but it is fortunate
that it would not, for when success
becomes pronounced imitation by com-
petitors begins. Where success re-
quires several years of preliminary
work the organization which is first
and gains that much of a start over its
competitors is very apt to retain its
lead and to increase it. Circumstances
can never rob the first organization of
its extra years of experience.

The above picture shows the exhibit
of the Hydraulic Press Manufacturing
Company, Mt. Gilead, Ohio, at the
Panama Pacific International Exposi-
tion. The exhibit was a splendid tribute
to the enterprise of this well-known
firm, that had the distinction of win-
ning high honors at the Exposition.
This ilhistiation should be interesting
to apple growers, particularly at the
present time, for the reason this com-
pany manufactures a large number of
cider and vinegar pi-esses of all sizes,
made for the use of the small individual
grower or the large manufacluring
plant. "By-Products" is a subject that
every fruitgrower should be interested
in, and one that every fruitgrower
should investigate. It is becoming a

well-known fact that fruitgrowers in
the East have preserved the waste for
many years, and it is now admitted
that fruitgrowers of the Northwest
must do so to assist in making their
business a profitable one. There are
many grades and varieties of apples
that will not justify shipping east or to
other consuming jioinls on account of
the freight. They should be saved in-
stead of being allowed to rot. It is to
be hojied that this wonderful exhibit
will indicale to the fruitgrowers of the
Northwest how extensive the business
of cidei' and vinegar making is carried
on in the East and induce them to save
the fruit they cannot ship, instead of
feeding it to the hogs or allowing it to
lot on the ground.

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 9

The men who sold you
your fruit trees say:

^

<

\

"Your trees must be planted right if they are
to thrive. Make the holes deep and wide and
break up the subsoil. The best way to do this
is by blasting. Trees set in blasted beds grow
faster and larger and bear earlier. They are
sure to grow when first planted and in blasted
soil they will stand both dry and wet weather
better."

Blast with

'ARMPOWDERS

STUMPING — AGRICULTURAL

— which do their work cheaper and betler than
ordinary dynamites. These improved explosives
— made in two brands, Eureka Stumping Pow-
der and Giant Stumping Powder— are prepared
especially for Pacific Coast farvi and orchard
work. They pulverize the soil several feet deep
and wide, and place it in the best condition to
insure the rapid growth of trees and crops.

Be careful to get the genuine, made by the
company which originated all "giant powders."
If your dealer has only ordinary dynamites,
write us and we will see that you are supplied
with the real Giant Powders.
^r>, I • I II You will find in-

Get this valuable fomtion worth

^^ many dollars to

I7«*AA R^^l^lr vou in the Giant TREE BOOK,

r ree OOOK -Better orchard Tillage." This
book is written especially for Pacific Coast fruit growers.
It tells how to have thriftier, faster-growing, earlier-hear-
ing trees by planting in beds blasted with Giant Farm
Powders.

Mail the Coupon

Mark and mail the coupon — or a postcard-^
iid this valuable book will be sent fri-c. Do it
nozi — before you forget it. Other illus-
trated hooks on Stump Blasting, Boulder
Blasting, Subsoil Blasting and Ditching,
will also be sent on reiiuest.

THE GIANT POWDER CO.

CONSOLIDATED

"Everything for Blasting "

Home Office : San Francisco

Distributors with magazine stocks every-
where in the West.

Nearly every Western nursery^
man recommends blasting for
tree planting. Read these state-
ments:

OREGON

Giant explosives are of great bene-
fit tor blasting beds for orchard
planting. The difference in growth
between iinhlasted trees and trees in
blasted ground is so much in favor
of the latter that no adequate com-
parison can be made. Blasting in-
creases absorption of soil moisture,
permits deeper rooting and induces
better growth and yields.

DoN.^LD Nursery Co., Donald.

Powder will loosen the soil, giving
it a better chance to become aerated
and making it more retentive of
moisture.

Oregon Nursery Co., Orenco.

Explosives are of great benefit in

planting an orchard as the ground

should be loose enough to allow roots

to go to their natural depth easily.

Benedict Nursery Co., Portland.

It is of advantage and even neces-
sary to the success of the orchard to
blast the holes.

Alb.any Nurseries, Albany.

WASHINGTON

The yield is often three times as
great on blasted soil.

RosECRoiT Nursery, Sumner.
We have always recommended
planting with explosives.

Christopher Nurseries,

Clearbrook.
We consider the use of explosives
an important (actor in planting orch-
ards. It is important to secure good
drainaue and the roots should be able
to penetrate deeply into the subsoil.
PuY.\LLUP Nursery, Puyallup.

CALIFORNIA

Blasting will allow the roots of
trees to go down to the good soil.
V.^LLANCE Nursery, Oakland.
We advocate the use of explosive.s
for loosening up compact soils and
hard pan in tree planting, knowing
the value of such work.
F.^NCHER Creek Nurseries, Fresno.
Trees planted in blasted soil do
much better.

koiii Ki Dunn. X'entura.

I FREE BOOK COUPON |

1 The Giant Powder Co., Con.
I 202 Kohl BIdg., San Francisco |

I Stnd nu- your illustrated licxiks on |

' the subjects which 1 hkvc maikcd X. I

'nistump Blasting Q]TrccPlantino |
|r~]BoulderBlasllng[^Dilch Blasting |

I I |subsoil Blasting |

I

I

Address .

Write below your dealer's name

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MtNTION BETTER FRUIT

Pape 10

BETTER FRUIT

June

We carry in Portland

Stock Labels for Apples, Pears,

Strawberries and

Cherries

Can make shipmsnt of
Printed Stock Labels in 24 hours.
Send for Samples
and Prices

Wh

%

TftE3inP30TraFiTD0ELLER CO.

1423-24- NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDG.

PORTLAND, E.Shelley Morgan. Managef?. OREGON.

Apple Production and Value by Varieties

[From the Department of Commercial and Industrial Service, School of Commerce,
University of Oregon, May 2, 1916]

MORE Ben Davis apples were pro-
duced last year than any other
variety, the estimate being 11,100,000
barrels (of three bushels), or 14.5 per
cent of the crop. Baldwins ranked
second, with 8,312,000 barrels, or 10.9
per cent, and Winesap third, with
5,545,000 barrels, or 7.3 per cent of the
total crop. Of the total crop produced,
about 65 per cent was sold, varying by
varieties from 77.7 per cent of the crop
of Tompkins Kings sold to 42.7 per
cent of Limbertwigs, which were sold
by producers.

The variety receiving the highest
average f.o.b. harvest price is the

Mcintosh, being $2.50 per barrel, sec-
onded by the Yellow Newtown at $2.40.
The variety receiving the lowest price
is the Linibertwig, $1.41 per barrel, but
closely followed by the Ben Davis at
$1.42. These estimates are United
States averages, based upon reports
from a large number of apple growers
and specialists to the Bureau of Crop
Estimates.

About 1<S per cent of the crop was
classed as "summer" apples, 25 per cent
"fall," and ,57 per cent "winter" apples.

Estimated averages for the United
States for important varieties of apples
follow:

Variety

f Produced ^

Pet. of Crop Barrels

Ben Davis l-t-S 11,100,000

Baw"f,V .::.: 10.9 8,312,000

Winesno '-S 5,5-15,000

Jonatha"?!- 5.9 4,489,000

Gippninas -i-^ d,oyo,UUU

Rome Beauty 4.6 3,524,000

Wealthy .. 4.3 3,296,000

Grimes Golden 3.8 2,913,000

Northern Spy 3.8 H^^S^K

York Imperial 3.2 2,4:,(),000

Oldenbuig 2.9 2'1?5.000

Gano 2.4 1,852,000

Stavmen Winesap 2.3 1,770,000

Linibertwig 2.0 l-SP'OOO

Yellow Newtown (Pippin) 1.7 1,324,000

Fameuse (Snow) 1.3 996,000

Tompkins King 1-3 975,000

Yellow Bellflower 1.2 939,000

Golden Russet 1.2 879,000

Wagener 1.1 822,000

Mcintosh 1.0 773,000

Gravenstein 0.9 669,000

Others 17.7 13,545.000

Total ,100.0 76,350,000 64.7 49,487,000 S1.78

The above totals do not include ,320,000 barrels grown in Rhode Island, South Carolina and
Nevada, where data were insufficient.

, Sold-

Pct. of Variety
59.5
72.1
61,1
72,2
75,6
63.8
65,6
68,4
72.2
67,0
61,3
65.7
67.2
42.7

67.1

G5.6
58,4
75,7
64,6
77,0

Barrels
6,608,000
5,990,000
3,38."i,(li>ll
3,244,000
2,717.000
2,251,0011
2,163,0(10
l,99:!,(IO0
2.07,S.I»00
1.647,000
1,339,(100
1,217,000
1,190.000
616,000

'.i'.ii;,iioii

liC.H.IlOO
7.'>8.1HI0
616,000
513.000
623,000
500,000
516,000
7,829,000

F. O. B.

Harvest
Price
.?1.42
1.98
1.95
1.82
1.97
1.70
1.03
1.76
2.05
1.08
1.57
1.46
2.00
1.41
2.40
1.84
2.21
1.81
1.66
1.81
2.50
2,02
1,64

oidiard, except for cider, 22,000,000
bushels used for cider, 45,000,000 bush-
els consumed for human use on farms,
except for cider, and 34,000,000 bushels
wasted or eaten by live stock.

The estimate of total production last
\ear of 7(i,(i70,000 barrels was obtained
by applying to the census figures of
production in 1009, an estimated in-
crease since then of about 57 per cent.
It is not likely, however, that the cen-
sus enumeration included all the wasted
portion of the crop.

The value of the portion sold is esti-
mated at C9 cents per bushels, indi-
cating a total of about $89,000,000; that
used for cider, 23 cents per bushel, or
a total of $5,000,000; consumed on
farms, 53 cents a bushel, or a total of
$24,000,000; and that wasted or eaten
by live stock, 15 cents per bushel, or a
total of $5,000,000.

Wanted

Position as foreman or
superintendent on a fruit
or general farm by young
married man; agricultural college graduate; ex-
perienced on both fruit and dairy farms. Strictly
temperate; good references.

Address R. W. M..
2219 H. Street Bellingham, Washington

HARVEST YOUR FRUIT WITH THE

American FruitClipper

Saves time, labor and money. Send for particulars,

Clipper for either hand, $1

Clipper with attachment for picking cherries. $2

The American Fruit Clipper Co.

509 Brown Building Omah.'\, Nebraska

Nearly 15 per cent of last year's
apple production was wasted or eaten
by live stock; 19 per cent was con-
sumed on farms for human purposes,
other than as cider; 10 per cent was
used to make cider; and 56 per cent
was sold from farm or orchard (ex-
cluding that used for cider.) These
figures are estimates based upon re-
ports from a large list of apple growers
and specialists to the Bureau of Crop
Estimates.

If these percentages be applied to the
estimated total production of apples
last year, 70,070,000 barrels, it would
indicate that 43,117,000 barrels, or 129,-
000,000 bushels, were sold from farm or

Articles of Incorporation of the
Fruit Growers' Agency, Inc.

We, the undersigned fruitgrowers
and sales agents, realizing the advan-
tages to be gained by co-operation
among the fruitgrowers and their resi-
dent agencies in the States of Washing-
ton, Oregon, Idaho and Montana, for

The Fallacy
of Paraf f ine
base: Eastern

oil manufactur-
ers have long ex-
tolled the super-
ior virtues of paraf-
fine- base motor oils.
But Pacific Coast
motorists have proved
that Zerolene, made from
selected California crude,
asphalt-base.gavebestresults.
Their experience is now sup-
ported by the testimony of in-
ternational experts. Lieut.
Bryan stated before the Am.
Sec. of Naval Engineers : ' 'Oils
made from the asphalt -base
crudes have shown them-
selves better adapted to motor
cylinders, as far as their car-
bon-forming proclivities are
concerned, than are paraf fine-
base Pennsylvania oils." Zerolene
received highest competitive awards,
San Francisco and San Diego Expo-
sitions. Dealers everjTvhere and at
service stations and agencies of the
Standard Oil Company.

ZEROLENE

AeShitdardOil£rJ1akitCan

IQl6

the purpose of foriiiing a corporation
to supervise the uniform contract
\vhich the .growers and growers' agents
deem both desiiable and necessary, and
for generally promoting the fruit in-
dustry in the Pacific Northwest, hereby
make and subscribe, and do hereby
adopt the following articles of incorpo-
ration, to-wit:

Article I. — Name

The name of this corporation under which
it shall do husinoss shall be "The Fruit
Growers' Agency, Incorporated."
Article II. — Purposes

This exchange is organized for the purposes
of supervising the performance of a uniform
contract which exists between the growers and
their respective sah-s agencies, for the selling
of the fruit products of the Pacific Northwest;
to provide the means and facilities for carry-
ing out the provisions contained in this con-
tract as hereinafter set forth; to establish and
maintain an "exchange" for the promotion of
business and social relations among its mem-
bers, and especially the advancement of the
mutual interests of the fruitgrowers and fruit
shippers of the Pacific Northwest by all proper
and legitimate methods; to collect and dis-
seminate information; to secure improvements
in transportation and storage services and
conditions; to encourage competition by hon-
orable methods only; to adjust by fair and
equitable means grievances and difi'erences;
to correct trade evils and abuses; to prohibit
all customs not in accordance w ith sound
business principles; to secure the unification
of contracts and accounting methods; to secure
uniform methods in the physical handling,
grading and packing of fruit from tree to ear;
to provide the necessary facilities for the
extension and development of domestic and
Canadian markets; to provide the necessary
facilities for the promotion and conduct of
export shipments and sales and work through
jiont agents and consignees for this purpose;
to underwrite steamship charters and develop
new fruit trade routes; to co-operate with fed-
eral agencies in such lines of work as they
may undertake in l)ehalf of the fruit industry;
ami to form and carry out plans for the
mutual protection and benefit of its members
in the harvesting, marketing and distribution
of the Pacific Northwest fruit and produce
crops.

To enable this corporation to carry out the
purposes for which it is organized, it shall
liave the power:

1. To do all things necessary, proper and
legal to carry out the purposes of its organi-
zation as above stated.

2. To buy, rent, lease, acquire and own
such property, real or personal, as may be
necessary for carrying on the business of the
corporation and to sell, lease, mortgage, re-
lease and handle the same.

3. To aid in any manner any corpoi'ation or
association organized for like jiiu'poses as
this one, and to do any acts and things neces-
sary for the success thereof and to assist it in
carrying out the purpose of its organization.
To co-operate with and become a member of
any State, Inteistate or National organization
organized for the same general purposes as
this.

1. To borrow money and secure the payment
of the same by bond, mortgage, note, hypothe-
cation or pledge of any property belonging to
the corporation and to issue such promissory
notes, bonds, debentures or other evidences of
indebtedness as may be deemed necessary by
th Board of Trustees, to meet and discharge
its obligations, to advance and promote the
lawful purpose of its creation.

^^. To make and enter into contracts with
its members, other persons, associations or
corporations, and to (lo any and all other acts
and things necessary to carry out the purposes
of its organization and which may be author-
ized by law, arul to assist its members in
every way practicable in the conduct of their
business.

G. To sue and be sued.

Article III.^ — Membership

This organization shall have no capital stock
nor shall any shares therein be issued.

The corporation shall prescribe the qualifi-
cation for any membership and the terms,
conditions and character thereof, and fix the
rights and privileges of the member. It may
have a voting and a non-voting membership
and fix the nicinbership fee accordingly. The
corporation shall issue membership certifi-
cates, which shall be assignable or transfer-
able only under such rules and regulations as

BETTER FRUIT

Page II

Correcting Unsanitary Orchard Soils

Unsanitary soil conditions are serious handi- i
caps to the growth of orchard trees. *

They are the direct cause of certain root dis- JJ
eases. ■

They limit the amount of plant food that is
available, and cause mal-nutrition.

Root diseases and lack of food stunt the
growth of trees and reduce the amount of fruit
produced.

Slow growth, mishapen branches, small leaves
and pale color of leaves are some of the signs of
bad soil sanitation. When these are noticed, the
faulty conditions should be corrected at once.

The trouble may be caused by shallow soil,

hardpan, tight clay, or bad drainage. Rational

Dra-j-nfromaciuiil photo— Note markrddigrrtnci; blasting gcts directly at the Seat of trouble and

in gmvth between tree planted in bUstrd hole and j-elieves some of the most pronounced cases by

tree planud VI spade-dug hole. shattering the hardpan and deepening the soil,

or by opening seepage channels into the hard soil through which the stagnant surface

water can sink into the subsoil.

Relief from excessive surface water, which causes bad soil sanitation, is obtained by
blasting ditches. This is a quick and economical method.

Orchard blasting is fully described in "Developing Logged-Off Lands." Land owners
and orchardists can obtain a copy of this valuable book by addressing

Agricultural Division

E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY

Wilmington, Delaware

THE HURST

STEAM FRUIT EVAPORATOR

A Few Reasons

Why it is adapted to Your needs

1 The Hurst Evaporator is built in units of >2 ton capacity of green fruit
in 24 hours. You can add one or more units any time without stopping
the operation of the first unit.

2 Each unit is controlled by a separate automatic temperature regulator
with a range of 30 degrees from 150 to 180. Experience has taught
us that this range brings the best results in evaporating.

3 Any style boiler may be used having a pressure of from 50 to 100 pounds.

4 The Hurst Evaporator is shipped knocked-down— saving you freight.
Itcanbesetupveryeasily from the plans we furnish with each shipment.

5 The Hurst Evaporator is built like a cabinet — screws only are used.
Each unit requires floor space of 34" by 100". It stands 86" high.

6 Glass doors on both ends permit you to see the condition of the fruit
at any time.

7 Italian Prunes can be evaporated in 14 hours — Apples in 2 hours —
Loganberries in 12 hours.

8 Made in one size Ollly.

9 Made on order only.

10 Each evaporator is thoroughly tested before shipment is made.

Write for prices and illustrated catalogue.

B.M. HURST

207 Clay Street

PORTLAND, OREGON

WIT IN WKITIN'", \l)\i:kTl SICKS MbN 1 I'.'N niCTTKR FKT i i

Page 12

BETTER FRUIT

June

MYERS

HYDRO'

PNEUMATIC

PUMPS ,

FOR THf \-f

HOMEWATtRSVPPLY

Every Woman and every member of any'^^^
family living in the country, small town or
village, will enjov reading our new Catalog, telling all
about MYERS HYDRO -PNEUMATIC PUMPS, and
how they have brought to the door of every home —
yours included — such conveniences as a bath room,
toilet, and running water in the kitchen and laundry-
water at the turn of a faucet, same
as in city residences, wherever and
whenever wanted.

MVERS HYDRO -PNEUMATIC PUMPS
are made in many styles and sizes for oper-
ation by hand, windmill, gasoline
engine, ot where electric current
is available, by motor. These arc
the pumps that pump air and
water ioto a pressure tank. This
compresses the air in tank which
acts as a reserve power forcing
(he water to any point desired.
An equipment is easy to install.
ihe upkeep is nominal and the
water service excellent.

You are tired carrying water

and want to know more about

this modern way, and how easily

you can now have a successful

private water system in your

own home. Our Catalog will

tell you. Write for it.

1 20 O RANGE £T

ASM LAND, OHIO.

BRO.

Fruit Sizing
Macliines

Highest award at Panama
Exposition, San Francisco.
Three years successful
operation.

The 1916 Sizers and Sorters greatly
improved. Prices much reduced

We make four kinds.
Write for catalog.

Price Fruit Sizer Co.

North Yakima, 'Wash.

To SAVE LITTLE CHICKS

and help them to grow into big,
Btrong, healthy birds, FEIED

Diamond Chick Food

Our name and trade mark on every
original package.

Beware of Imitations

POULTRY SUPPLIES

Our 1916 Catalog of "Diamond
Quality" POULTRY SUPPLIES.

listing everything necessary for the
profitable production of poultry

Mailed Free

Portland
Seed Co."^

Portland, Ore.

Ask for Catalog No. 202

fifty

nia>' be prescribed by the by-laws of the cor-
poration.

Xo service shall be performed by tliis cor-
poration for profit, nor shall any goods, wares
r)i- inei-chandise be handled or sold for profit.
l"or all services rendered to its iirenibers tliey
shall l»e charged tlierefor only such amounts
as shall be necessary to pay tlie expenses of
sitcll service. This to include all necessary ex-
penses incurred in handling tlie affairs of tlie
corporation, including interest, fixed charges
and salaries and such amounts as may be set
aside to establish a surplus fuiul, if the niem-
l)ers of the corporation shall deem it advisal)le
to estalilish such a fund.

AiiTicLii IV. — Place of Business
Tlie princi]iat jilace of business of this cor-
poration and its liome office shall be in the
City of Spokane, County of Spoliane, State of
Wasliington.

ARTiCMi V. — Tenits of Existence
Tliis corporation sfiaft exist for a term of
(50j years.

Article VI. — Incorporation
Tlie ofQcers of the corporation shall be a
president, a vice-president, a treasurer, an
executive secretary and such otlier officers and
agents as the fioard of Trustees shall from
time to time authorize. All notes, mortgages,
bonds and other evidence of indebtedness
shall he drawn in the name of the corpora-
tion, signed by tlie treasurer and counter-
signed by file presiiient. The executive secre-
tary, with the approval of the president, may
biiiil the credit of the corporation in any sum
not exceeding .?,")(IO.(IO. In order to bind tfie
credit of tile corporation for any sum in excess
of .^.'(00.00, a written resolution authorized by
the Board of Trustees shall be necessary.
Article VII.
The Board of Trustees shall be composed of
not less than eleven voting members, five of
whom shall be exclusive growers, five t^f
whom shall be exclusive sales agents. The
eleventh member of said lioard shall be elected
from the active membership and may be either
a grower or a sales agent.

Whenever it appears that the active voting
members is a partnership, association or cor-
poration, it shall, if a partnership, select one
of its members, and if an association or a cor-
jioration, an officer, and sfialt certify his name,
and upon such certification, the said members
or officer shall be deemed eligible for election
to membersfiip on the Board of Trustees.

Officers of the Fruit Growers'
Agency, Incorporated

Paul H. Wcyrauch President

J. B. Adams Vice-President

P. B. Parks Temporary Secretary

TRUSTEES

J. B. Adams, Wenatchee, Washington; Con-
rad Rose, Wenatchee, Wasliington; E. W. Ross,
Xorlh Yakima. Wasliington; C. H. Swigart,
Xojih Yakima, Washington; P. B. Parks, Spo-
kani', Washington; Wilmer Sieg, Hood River,
Oregon; W. F. Gw in, Seattle, Washington;
Paul H. Wcyrauch, Walla Walla, Washington;
n. L. Ingard, Payette, Idaho; W. M. Saekett,
Hamilton, Montana; B. W. Johnson, Corvallis,
Oregon.

COMMITTEES

.{ilvisorjf Conunittee — Executive Secretary,
chairman. Pred F.berle, North Yakima, Wash-
ington; J. F. Sugrue, Cashmere, Washington;
W. O. Dow, Wenatchee, Washington; P. S.
Davidson, Hood River, Oregon.

Meinlicrslup Committee — B. W. Johnson,
Corvallis, Oregon, chairman. H. W. Otis,
Peshastin, Washington; H. D. Lamb, Free-
w ater, Oregon.

Arbitration Committee — J. B. Adams, We-
natchee, Washington, chairman. E. W. Ross,
North Yakima, Washington; N. C. Richards,
Xorlh Yakima, Washington; WorrafI Wilson,
care of Title Trust Co., Seattle. Washington;
Chas. J. Webb, Spokane Fruit Growers' Com-
pany, Spokane.

Domestic and Canadian Markets Committee.
Howard Fletcher, Northwestern Fruit Ex-
change, Seattle, chairman. C. W. McCullougli,
North Yakima, Washington; fj. J. Blot, Spo-
kane F'ruit Growers' Company. Spokane, Wash-
ington; A. B. Perham, Xorlh Pacific Fruit
Distributors, Spokane, Washington.

Committee on Exports — W. F. Gwin, Norili-
wcsfern I'ruit Exchange, Seattle, chairman.
Wilmer Sieg, Hood Biver, Oregon; C. A. Mal-
boeuf, Portland, Oregon.

Transportation and Storage Committee —
Geo. W. Coburn, Wenatchee, Washington,
chairman. J. Curtis Robinson. T. M., North-

Successful 's the result
4^ _ ,, of successful

Urcnaroing tillage, cui-

tivate your
trees as you would your corn— use an

"Acme" Orchard Harronr

It gets in close under the branches. Cuts,
slices, turns the soil twice, levels and
compacts— all at one operation. Many
sizes— extension and regular. Kills small
weeds, cultivates deep, mulches thor-
oughly. Send for new free booklet— now.

Duane H. Nash Inc.

Portland
Oregon

1-2 ft. Wide

^TCTSi

Box Nailing Machines

1 No. 5 Morgan, $210
2 No. 8 Morgans, $260 and $275 each

NORTHWEST LEAD & MACHINERY CO.

311 Front Street, Portland, Oregon

FRUIT GROWERS

Dehydrate Your By Products

It gives you a hitjh grade quick .selltug product at a
minimum cost. It makes acleati aiul natural ta.sting
product. Dehydrated fruit.s titid VHt;ptatiles have been
approved by the U. S. (.ilfi\('rnnieiit, while desiccated,
dried and evaporated products luive been rejected.
There is but one Dehydrator manufactured in the
West and it is the best By-Product machine ever de-
vised. It is adapted to the individual grower, as it can
be constructed to meet any and all requirements. It is
fully covered by U. S. patents. Therefore, you are
protected in its use.

The manufacturers of this Dehydrntnr have recently
patented new and ini|iruv('d auiuniutic lahnr-sav ng
preparatory macliintTj- w)iich will fiirtbfr redvice the
present low cost for the priHluciinn of this pnnhict.

P'or new descriptive b'loklet addrt'ss

LUTHER MANUFACTURING CO.

San Francisco, California

GET YOUR BERRY BOXES FROM US

Distributers for Pacific Fruit Package Co.'s famous

Folding Berry Boxes

Deep or Shallow Pints and full Quarts. Made from
selected spruce. Also berry crates and other Fruit
Packages in Pine. Prices right; stock good; shipments
prompt.

Western Pine Box Sales Co.,Spokane,Wash.

western Fruit Exchange, Seattle; F. E. Sickels,
North Pacific I-'ruit Distributors. Spokane,
Washington.

Committee on Physical Handting of Fruit —
S. V. IJeckwith, Med ford, Oregon, chairman.
C. E. Chase, Brewster, Washington: J. W.
Langdon, Walla Walln, Washington; Chas. L.
Hamilton, North Yakima, Washington; Sam
Campbell, Hood River, Oregon. Advisorii
Memtfers — Professor C. I. Lewis, Corvallis,
Oregon; Professor ('.. C. Vincent, Moscow,
Idaho; Professor O. M. Morris, Pullman,
Washington; Professor M. L. Dean, Missoula,
Montana.

Committee on Business Practice — Geo. W.
Lee, Oinak, Washington, chairman. P. A.
Spencer, auditor North Pacific Fruit Distrib-
utors, Spokane, Washington; C. \V. White,
Cashmere, Washington.

Committee on Actirities and Budget — Paul
H. Wcyrauch, Walla Walla, Washington,
chairman. W. M. Sackctt, Hamilton, Montana;
E. W. Ross, North Yakima, Washington; W. F.
Gwin, Norlhweslern Fruit Exchange, Seattle,
Washington; D. L. Ingard, Payette, Idaho.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page IS

PREPAREDNESS

We hear considerable on this subject in a National way. It has also as great a
meaning to each fruit grower in properly equipping himself to handle the fruit crop quickly
and economically.

We issue a small catalog containing articles of proven worth, time savers and money
savers. Things you will need and need badly duringSthe summer and fall.

One cent invested in a postal card request will bring you this catalog giving descrip-
tion and prices on

Fruit Ladders Picking Bags Picking Pails
Nail Strippers Lid Presses

AND MANY OTHER ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The combination of quality and price which we offer you is an interesting feature of this line.
Prepare now if only to the extent of sending for this catalog of Orchard and Packing House Supplies.

THE HARDIE MFG. CO.

49 N. Front Street

PORTLAND, OREGON

Fruit Industry Paragraphed

MdiitlilN Apple Coiisuiuptidn. — The
United States government has given out
the following estimates in reference to
the monthly consumption of apples in
barrels : .lune, 1,5(10,0(10 ; July, 0,400,000 ;
August, 8,800,000; September, 15,500,000;
October. 20,700,000. Figuring on a per-
centage basis: June, 3%; July, 11%;
August, 15%; September, 257c; October,
45%). It is to be regretted that these
figures, as far as we know, do not in-
clude the consumption for the months
from November to May, inclusive.
However, it seems wise to call attention
to the fact that fruitgrowers, (lealers
and operators should look out that the
month of June doesn't catch them with
much on cold storage, as it is certainly
bog>' month of the year. It is also true
that May is somewhat of a bog\ month
also, as at that time strawberries and
fresh vegetables are coming on the
market, reducing the normal consump-
tion of fruit.

• « *

President Barr\' of the Western and
New York Horticultural Society states
in an article recently published in a
book issued by the society, that the
oiricial count in New York State shows
24,988,707 fruit trees of all kinds, of
which M,07(i,718 are apple trees, which
produced 25,400,321 bushels. President
Barry quotes a New York (Central
official by saying: "More apples were
shipped from five centers in New York
State fruit belt than were produced
by Oregon and Washington combined."

Estimates. — Oregon, Washington, Ida-
ho and Montana shipped about 10,000
cars of apples in 1915. There were
many who figured this year would be
one of immense production. Estimates
were made, but api)arently all estimates
were basetl on the fact that all orchards
of all ages in all districts would pro-
duce a heavy crop. Before the frosts
there were many who believed the
Northwest would ship 15,000 cars of
apples this season. Just at the present
time the amount of damage cannot be
definitely determined in some sections,
and therefore no definite or very valu-
able estimate can be given. About the
only thing to be said is that the crop
will be much smaller than was orig-
inally estimated by almost everyone
early this year.

The cold rains this season, occurring
in some districts during the blossoming
time, interfered with pollinization, re-
ducing the size of the croi) very niate-
rlalh. The cherry crop, which was in
full i)loom in many districts during the
rainy period, suffered fpiite a severe
loss. The Dalles, Oregon, reports a
light cherry crop. Growers in many
districts believe the cherry crop of 1010
was largely reduced by the dryness
exisling during the year 1915.

The Sam Watson is the name of a
new cantaloui)e being introduced and
obtained after many years of experi-
ment hy Mr. W. S. Broadens, a Califor-
nia fruitman.

More Ben Davis apples are grown in
the United States than any other vari-
ety. Mr. Louis Erb, a conunission man
of many years in Chicago, and now
growing apples in the Ozarks, is the
ijest friend that old Ben ever had.
Laying all joking aside, the Ben Davis
is considered by many to be a pretty
good apple grown in some districts,
although the Northwest doesn't stack
up on it very heavily. We have eaten
Ben Davis in March and .\pril when
they did not taste bad, anil while we
are not fastidious, we do not hesitate
to say that any time we can get a
Spitzenberg, Winesap, Newtown, Joim-
than, Delicious, Grimes Golden, Graven-
stein and a few other varieties that the
other fellow can have the Ben Davis.

I'rofesor T. O. Morrison, in charge of
the Division of Horticulture, Olympia,
Washington, is warning the growers
that infected fruit cannot be shipped
this year, except to by-product facto-
ries, for which a special permit nuist
be obtained. That's business. The less
infected fruit growers put on the mar-
ket the more money fruitgrowers will
make.

Dining the low temperature prevail-
ing in .\piil snuidge pots wei-e used
exfensivelx in Southern Oregon, it
being (piiie evident that the growers
who snuidged properly iirofited largely
by preventing the fruit from being
aifected b\ frost. The growers who
(li<l not snuidge suffered more or less.

Page 14

BETTER FRUIT

June

BETTER FRUIT

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

Official Organ of The Noillnvest Kniit Growers' Association
A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the
Interest of Modern Fruit Grav\1ng and Marketing

All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remitlances
Made Payable to

Better Fruit Publishing Company

E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher

STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS

OREGON

C. I. Lems. Horticulturist Corvallis

WASHINGTON

Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman

O. M. Morris, Horticulturist Pullman

W. S. Thomber, Horticulturist Pullman

COLORADO

C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Port Collins

B. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation

Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins

E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Grand Junction

IDAHO

W. U. Wicks. Horticulturist Moscow

UTAH

Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Logan

MONTANA

O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman

CALIFORNIA

('. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley

W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsoiiville

Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside

INDIANA

H. S. Jackson. Pathologiat Lafayette

BKITI.SH COLUMBIA
R. M. Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria

SUBSCRIPTION PRICE:

In the United States, $L00 per year in advance

Canada and foreign, including postage. $1.50

ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION

Entered as second-class matter December 27. 191.6, at the

Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act

of Congress of March 3. 1879.

Crop Statistics for 1916.— 1916 was a
period of wonderful bloom. A fruit-
grower went out through his orchard,
viewed the bloom, swelled with pride
and imagination, came to town and told
the editor of his local newspaper what
an immense crop he was going to have.
The editor of "Better Fruit" has always
been conservative in statistics, and for
many years in the past has advocated
the advisability of giving no estimates
during the blooming period, time and
time again, — this year in particular.
The value of this advice i.s evident.
Never before in the history of the
Northwest, in some sections, has the
bloom been heavier or the .shedding
greater. Frost damages have occurred
in many sections, some serious, some
not. The June drop has not taken
place. Already crop estimates given
out from some distircts have been re-
called on account of frost damage. In
other sections the shedding has greatly
reduced estimates. The June drop is
still ahead. The reports on estimates
from other sections of the United
States, outside of the Northwest, are
not much in evidence further than to
say everything is favorable. There-
fore "Better Fruit," in accordance with
its time-honored custom of giving no
estimates during the blooming time,
will refrain from commenting on the
size of the crop at the present and
until such time as the most serious
dangers of loss, which occur in the
early part of the season, are past, which
will be some time after the June drop
has taken place. Even then estimates
are a problematical matter to some
extent, as disease or pests may break
out in some districts, dry condition
prevail in some others, and other
factors arise which may materially
reduce the size of the crop, and, on the
other hand, favorable conditions may
continue increasing the size of the July
estimate. "Without a bloom it is a

cinch there will be no crop, with a
heavy bloom you may have a heavy
crop or a light crop." So don't figure
your crop during the blooming period,
and, above all, don't give out any esti-
mates, because they do not have suffl-
cient value and may be misleading.

Retail Prices of Apples. — Six years
ago the editor of "Better Fruit," accom-
panied the Experiment Station staff of
Pullman, Washington, by invitation, on
a tour through the Yakima Valley. In
each address at the various places vis-
ited, and in numerous addresses given
before horticultural societies in other
sections of the Northwest in that year
and following years, the editor of
"Better Fruit" vigorously called the
attention of the apple growers to the
serious menace of exorbitant retail
prices on apples in connection with
preventing consumption, showing con-
clusively that exorbitant retail prices
not only prevented consumption, but
by so doing lessened the actual price
obtained by the fruitgrower. At that
time, and for some time afterward,
growers failed to realize the serious-
ness of the situation. It is only recently
they have apparently awakened to the
importance of this advice. After six
years the subject is being taken up by
one of the professors, who has given
the matter of marketing fruits consder-
able study, has written an article, which
appears elsewhere in this edition. It is
well worth reading. Again, the editor
of "Better Fruit" says to apple growers
of the Northwest : "You must wake up
and endeavor to solve the problem.
You must find some way of reducing
the exorbitant retail prices on apples
if you want to get better net returns for
your crop."

Advertising and Merchandising Fruit.

The subject of advertising, more or less
naturally, is one that is very little un-
derstood by fruitgrowers. The citrus
fruitgrowers understand the value of
advertising, so do the raisin growers.
Even the loganberry growers, and, by
the way, the loganberries are only a
drop in the bucket in dollars and cents
compared with the apples of the North-
west, have discovered that proper ad-
vertising has created a demand, not
only for loganberry juice but for logan-
beriy pies, so that the crop has been
entirely consumed. Briefly, the logan-
berry growers unable to move the crop
which they had placed in (he hands of
dealers, by a small fund of .fl.OOO only,
spent through the advice of an adver-
tising agency, succeeded in cleaning
out last year's crop. There is no ques-
tion about the advantage of advertising.
There is no denying the fact that money
can be wasted in advertising, but there
is one important feature that every
fruitgrower should study and under-
stand, that is, advertising without mer-
chandising cannot be expected to ac-
complish what advertising will accom-
plish if accomjianied by proper mer-
chandising. For instance, it would be
foolisli to spend a lot of money in Chi-
cago publications and not see that
Northwest apples were properly placed

on the market at reasonable prices in
attractive form; by that is meant good
varieties, good grades, attractive labels
and flrst-class packs. Even with this,
if the dealers are not properly supplietl
and retailers not properly looked after,
the maximum benefit cannot be ex-
pected to be obtained in accordance
with the cost of the advertising.

Automobile Trailers. — An automobile
frailer, which can be quickly attached
to any automobile, is now being manu-
factured by several companies, at a
very moderate cost. These trailers are
being made in different sizes. The edi-
tor saw one trailer, having two wheels,
which followed exactly in the tracks
of the rear wheels of the automobile,
which will hold forty crates of straw-
berries, the price being ■$52..50, laid
down. Some trailers have four wheels.
They are made in various sizes and at
various prices. It is our belief that the
fruitgrower who has an automobile
will find one of these trailers very sat-
isfactory, eflicient and economical in
hauling his fruit to market. Therefore
it seems advisable to suggest that every
fruitgrower should inquire about them
from his implement dealer. We are
sorry to say we do not know what the
proportion of tonnage is that can be
hauled in proportion to the horsepower
of the automobile. However, all this
can be obtained from the dealer, who
undoubtedly is posted, and if not, can
become so, for anyone wanting the
information.

The Apple Crop of the Northwest
Will Be Clean This Year.— In 1015 the
apple growers of the Northwest suf-
fered more from codling moth, fungus
and various other pests than for sev-
eral years in the past. It gives the
editor of "Better Fruit" great satisfac-
tion to say this year that growers of
the Northwest are spraying more thor-
oughly, doing their work systematically,
sparing no expense and no time in an
endeavor to produce a clean crop of
fruit. This is indicated by the fact
that in some sections the purchase
of spray materials is doubled, even
trebled, over previous years. It is also
further indicated by the fact that in
some districts nearly half as many
spray outfits were purchased this year
as were purchased during the last thir-
teen years. So the trade can look for
a clean crop and high-grade fruit from
the Northwest, barring some unforseen
trouble. It may be said in addition to
this, that never has the foliage or the
quality of fruit looked finer or as free
from pesfs as it does at the time of
going to press with the June edition,
June 1st, 1910.

Marketing the Crop. — The apple
growers of the Northwest, as we all
know, have been through a series of
experiments. Most of the experiments
so far failing to realize a price for
ap])les the growei- felt he should re-
ceive. I'nder such circumstances it can
be easily understood that the fruit-
grower hesitates over any new sug-
gestion or plan, and many will till you

ipi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 15

"they are from Missouri and have to be
shown." There is no way of obliter-
ating tlie old expression which remains
true — "A burnt child dreads the fire."
Apparently it is evident that the fruit-
grower is inclined to take nothing new
for granted, but must be absolutely con-
vinced in his own mind before he is
willing to enter into anything new or
agree to pay any additional cost in con-
nection with marketing. It also seems
evident that the fruitgrower must be
not only convinced of a few of the
principal features in connection with
any new program, but he must be abso-
lutely convinced that each and every
one of them is for his own interest.

Automobiles. — The fruitgrowers are

most extensive purchasers of automo-
biles, per capita, of any kind of farm-
ers. In the past automobiles have been
very high in price, until during the last
two or three years, when some automo-
biles were put out at low prices. A
number of the higher-grade machines,
with complete equipment are now
being manufactured at a very reason-
able figure. By that is meant at a price
ranging from $700 to .$1,200. Such ma-
chines are complete in equipment, with
self-starters, electric lights and practi-
cally all of the modern attachments.
They are meeting with popular favor.
A few illustrations of some of these,
with complete equipment at moderate
prices, from time to time, will appear
in "Better Fruit." It is hoped they will
be interesting to the fruitgrowers who
are thinking about buying an automo-
bile, as possibly some of the pictures
may illustrate an automobile which the
fruitgrowers have not seen advertised
in any of the publications which they
are taking.

Officers and By-Laws of Fruit Grow-
ers' Agency, Inc. — In order that the
fruitgrowers of the Northwest may be
fully informed in connection with the
Fruit Growers' Agency, Inc., although a
number of articles about this agency
have appeared in previous issues of
"Better Fruit," showing their scope,
the by-laws and a list of officers are
published elsewhere in this edition.
Anyone wishing information can write
any of the ollicers or members and
obtain information. However, it seems
wise to suggest that correspondence
primarily should be directed to the
president, C.ai)tain Paul H. Weyrauch,
at the present acting secretary, address,
Walla Walla, Washington. In order
that fruitgrowers may form a personal
impression of the splendid character of
the head of this institution Captain
Paul H. Weyrauch's picture is pro-
duced on the outside cover of this
edition.

Fire Blight. — Fire blight has not been

reported to any extent from any of the
districts of the Northwest up to the
first of June, but that does not mean it
may not break out in the near future.
Therefore, again it seems wise to sug-
gest to the fruitgrowers to be on the
lookout, following the rccommcnilations
given bv tliose who have made a study

Stop - Look - Listen

A new car i
of

Merit -^

Quality and
Reputation ■
at a ^—
Price ^— 1

If interested

WRITE FOR INFORMATION

E. Second and
E. Morrison
Portland, Oregon

Distributors for Oregon, Washington and Idaho

of the subject. If you are not posted
consult your Horticultural Inspector or
Experiment Station, or someone else
who knows.

Mr. E. E. Samson of North Yakima,
Washington, after an extended trip
throughout the East, states that on
account of the large crops during the
last few years that there is an evident
tendency on the part of the dealer and
operator to buy less for cold-storage
purposes. It is evident it will be very
diflicult in advance to determine the
amount that will go on cold storage
during 191(). It is Mr. Samson's opin-
ion that the amount of hail-marked
apples, wormy apples and apples
affected with various other defects,
which were shipped last year, were a
serious menace to tlie industry, and in
order to recover from the bad im-
pression created it will be absolutely
necessary for the pack to be very high
grade this year.

Yakima Valley shows a very prosper-
ous condition. While Yakima is one of
the largest fruit-producing sections in
the Northwest, there is much diversity
farming, which is mighty heli)ful to
the fruitgrowers, bringing in a satis-
factory income, tiding over the years of
light fruit crops, or the big crops and
low prices.

Mr. J. M. Perry of North Yakima
believes the excessive amount of apples
held on cold storage, which were
forced on the market at low prices 'y\
order to clean up the 191.5 crop, will
be a factor in creating an apple-con-
suming habit, resulting in increased
demand during the year 1910.

The apple holdings in storage May
1, lOlfi, were 92 per cent greater than
May 1, 191,"). One or two conclusions
is evident. Either the holders wanleil
too much money and held too many
or they held too long, exiiecling higher
prices at the end of the season.

Mr. J. A. Westerlund of Soullurii
Oregon is a strong advocate for the
I-'ruit Growers' Agency, Incorporated,
and has been doing some very a<»tive
campaign work in urging the fniil-
growers of Southern Oregon to afiiliate.

Are You Overlooking

Extra Profits?

The up-to-date fnait grower
knows that he should have
other sources of profit than
his orchard. No other fine
pays so well as dairying, for
your own and your neigh-
bors' needs. Get a few good
cows and an

Many prominent fruit
growers in the North-
west bought INDIAN.^
SILOS last year. We
would like to refer you
to some of them. Over
60.000 lNDiAN.-\ Silos
now in use — an unpar-
alleled record.

iiiHI t'iiiii^ Write for our new Silo
BBSIH^ ^<'o^' sent FREE to
•"vaimaei^ readers of Bclhr Fruit.

Built on the Pacific Coast hy

The Chas. K. Spaulding
Logging Co.

SALEM. OREGON. U. S. A.

WHEN WRITING ADVI.BT ISKKb MKNTION BETTEK FRUIT

Page

i6

BETTER FRUIT

"/ wish
I were an artist"

How often have you heard that expression?
You are probably an artist in YOUR partic-
ular LINE of business.

We Are in Ours

Let OUR ARTIST paint your picture. The
superior value of color display properly ex-
ecuted cannot be disputed.

We Excel in High Grade

Show Cards, Cut Outs, Hangers,

Posters and Booklets, and
all classes of advertising matter.

For samples and other information address Advertising Dept.

Schmidt Lithograph Co.

SAN FRANCISCO

Los Angeles Fresno Portland Seattle Salt Lake City Honolulu

How to Protect Rose Bushes from Rose Aphis

[U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Information]

WHKX new growth starl.s an the
rose bushes in the spring, and
throughout the summer and tall, the
young growth and the flower l)uds and
stems of rose bushes are often covered
with a small green or pinlcish plant-
louse, known as the rose aphis, which
sucks the sap from the tender portion
of the plant and causes an unhealthy
curled condition of the foliage and dis-
appointment in the number and qual-
ity of the ilowers produced. The rose
aphis passes the winter in the egg stage
on the stems and dormant buds of the
rose bushes, according to A. D. Hop-
kins, forest entouKdogist, United States
Depaitnient of Agriculture. The in-
sects hatching from these eggs reach
niaturitx- in about 1.5 or 20 days, all
being wingless. They are pear-shaped
and either bright green or pinkLsh in
color. At this stage they begin to pro-
duce living young, each individual in
course of about 20 days producing .'lO
to 100 young, which on maturity are
either winged or wingless, and in turn
either green or pinkish. Thus the
tender growth soon becomes crowded
with various sizes, colors and shapes
of aphides, and, to insure their progeny
with an adefiuatc food supply, the
wingless mothers migrate to less
crowded growth and the winged ones
fly to other rose bushes, each starting
a colony for herself. In favorable
weather conditions, especially in a
humid atmosphere, many generations
may thus follow one another, covering
every bit of green vegetation on the
bush with their bodies, their cast skins,
honeydew, and the resulting sooty
fungus. It can easily be seen that, had
every aphis produced in the course of
a season lived its full life, the progeny

of a single over-wintering egg would
run into millions. The presence of
ants on the rose bushes is an indica-
tion that the aphis is present, because
the ants collect the honeydew from the
aphides and, to a certain extent, pro-
tect the aphides from their insect
enemies.

As above indicated, the rose aphis
thrives best in cloudy, humid, warm
atmosphere, hence with the appearance
of a hot and dry spell they often dis-
appear as suddenly as they appeared.
Aside from a variety of causes, like
driving rains, winds, etc., which deci-
mate its numbers considerably, the
rose aphis is attacked by other insects,
which either devour them or develop
from eggs deposited in their bodies.

June

Ladybirds, lacewing flics, and the larvae
of two-winged flies called syrphus
flies are among the former, and a num-
ber of si)ecics of tiny wasp-like insects
represent the internal parasites. Some-
times these natural agencies of control
are sullicicnt to keep the aphides so
reduced in numbers that they do little
or no harm. Notwithstanding the
effectiveness of natural checks, how-
ever, their intermittent character un-
fortunately renders their help often too
late to save the tlower crop. It is al-
ways advisable, therefore, to watch
rose bushes for aphides and to apply
remedies as soon as they are dis-
covered.

Fortunately the rose aphis readily
succumi)s to artificial methods of con-
trol and, with the different styles of
spray pumps on the market, there is
no excuse for allowing roses to suffer
from these insects. The simplest, most
conuuonly used, and often (piite effec-
tive remedy, is to turn a fine but force-
ful stream of water on them by means
of the garden hose. Applied often
enough this gives satisfactory results.
Solutions of flsh-oil or cheaper grades
of soap are often useful as a prompt
remedy. The soap is used at the rate
of one pound to four gallons of water.
To make the solution, shave the soap
into the water and dissolve by heating,
adding enough water afterward to
make up for evaporation. The best
remedy for the rose aphis is 40 per
cent nicotine sulphate (a licpud which
can be purchased in most seed stores),
diluted at the rate on 1 part to 1,000 to
2,000 parts of water, with lish-oil soap
or laundry soap added at the rate of 1
pound to ,50 gallons of the spray mix-
ture. The simplest way to prepare the
spray in small quantities and secure
satisfactory proportions of the ingre-
dients is to put 1 teaspoonful of the
nicotine sulphate in from 1 to 2 gallons
of water and then add one-half ounce
of laundry soap. One spraying is usu-
ally too per cent elTective, but if the
first application has not been thor-
oughly made, a second one may be
necessary.

In order to prevent the possible de-
vcloimient of mildew as a result of

ECONOMY
Fruit Tree Prop

costs you less and pays you more than any-
thing you can place in your orchard. It is
on a swivle and will adjust itself at all angles
and equalize the weight. No chance of rub-
bing or breaking bark or tree. Can be used
indefinitely.

Order now for June and July delivery.

Price, $10.00 per hundred; $95.00 per thousand.

ECOMOMY FRUIT TREE PROP CO.

HAGERSTOWN, MARYLAND

WHEN VVRITI.NG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER ERUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page ij

fretiucMit sprajing it is advisable to
make ttie application in the early
morning so that the spray will dry ofT
the plants promptly. The spraying
device to use depends on the amount
of spraying necessary. A cheap atom-
izer, such as can be bought in any seed
store, is quite satisfactory for small
plants and gardens. Good knapsack
and barrel pumps are available for
commercial growers.

Tree Growth in Blasted Grour\d

By J. R. Mattern, Julian, Pennsylvania

One in a judicious frame of mind
may often wonder, after ten years or
more of active propaganda by the
Powder Companies for the use of ex-
plosives in preparing the ground for
trees, just what the aveiage results of
such blasting may be. It is certain that
literally thousands of planters of fruit
trees have made use of the method. In
some of the famous fruit sections of
America blasting the ground has be-
come the universal, standard practice.

.\n examination of a good many
orchards where the trees are growing
in land prepared for them by blasting
shows first of all that the trees are
anchored more securely. There is far
less of that leaning away from the wind
that characterizes too many orchards.
It not only is unsightly — it often means
the breaking down of the trees under
their usual loads of fruit. I do not
know whether this can be attributed to
"a deeper root system or to more ex-
tensive root systems. Probably it is a
combination of both.

I have not observed that in >oung
trees the blasting of the ground results
in much thicker growth of trunk,
though only a few trcs have been
measured within my observation to
check up this point. But in older trees
that are growing in the ground con-
taining hardpan, there is a decided in-
crease in the thickness of the trunks of
the trees where the ground has been
blasted. Probably the young trees do
not yet have vital need of the under-
lying strata of soil. Probably the trees
begin to suffer from the lack of food
and lack of water that stunts them
and keeps them back only after they
have thoroughly worked over the top
soil within reach of the roots. In one
instance apple trees over hard|)an were
lifted by the forces of growth till the
roots were exposed above the ground,
simply because the hard ground
beneath olfered no opportunity for
root penetration.

There i)rohably are a good any soils
that will not be benefited much by
blasting, particularly if the blasting is
not immediately followed in the right
way with heavy-rooted cover crops.
But these soils do not often occur in
the fruit-growing sections, for there
are problems in moisture storage and
in the making available of insolul)le
plant foods which the blasting helps to
solve, and these problems are present
in clay and loam, ;uid highland and
lowland alike.

As for length and thickness and
number of the twig growth of trees, 1

Put yoMYs^
m HERplac

MrzMan

Why not get a good g
oil stove so that dur-
ing the hot weather
your wife or mother
orsister or daughter,
can prepare the
meals in a cool, coni'
fortable kitchen?

There's no overheating
the kitchen with anup-to-
date oil cook stove. It's
just like cooking with city
gas. The burners con-
centrate the heat at the
different cooking points.

NEW PErRFECTION
OIL CCMiiiSTOVE

No wood or coal or
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smoke and smell.

In 1, 2, 3, and 4-burner
sizes, with or without
ovens. Also cabinet
models with Fireless
cooking oven,

STANDARDOIL
COMPANY

(California)

The Success of a Fruit Grower

depends largely on the
way he cares for his
orchard. Unless it is
well cultivated he can
not hope for good re-
sults.

For this work there is nothing
that will equal

The Kimball
Cultivator

in keeping the ground in perfect condi-
tion at a small cost.

The price is in reach of the sinall grower and can be bought
from your local dealer or from

W. A. JOHNSTON, Manufacturer

THE DALLES, OREGON

WHEN WRITINO. APVEBTISnRS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page i8

BETTER FRUIT

June

THE IMPROVED CUTLER FRUIT GRADER

Handles the fruit rapidly and sizes accurately
by weight without bruising.

THe THree-Grade Model

is especially adapted for large warehouses.

Write for descriptive circular and prices.

CUTLER FRUIT GRADER CO.

HOOD RIVER, OREGON

RICHES,PIVER&CO.

MAKERS OF THE FINEST QUALITIES OF

ARSEISIA-TE OF L-EAD

PASTE AND POWDERED

BORDEAUX MIXTURE

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BORDEAUX LEAD

PASTE AND POWDERED

CALCIUM ARSENATE

PASTE AND POWDERED

RICHES, PIVER & CO., 30 Church Street, NEW YORK

WORKS AND LABORATORY, HOBOKEN, N.J.

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St. Paul

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Kansas City
St. Joe

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East

Round-trip
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Daily from June 1

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Thence

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Low

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Fares

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Yellowstone Park

June 15 to Sept. IS

T_ i^^lifnwnin Have your ticket read via Portland and
lU \/alllUrnid G. N. P. S. S. Co. new, fast, palatial steamships

ASK YOUR LOCAL AGENT. OR WRITE
A. D. CHARLTON, A. G. P. A.. PORTLAND, OREGON

personally can bear witness to the fact
that in blasted ground there is every
reason to expect superiority. In only a
half dozen instances out of a hundred
that I have seen have the trees failed
to make huskier, bigger tops in blasted
ground. It is the rule rather than the
exception to see ^vhole blocks of one
thousand or ten thousand trees so
planted show an average growth of
eighteen or twenty or twenty-four
inches in a season, and alongside of
this I reflect that on similar soils I have
seen many orchards planted with in-
ferior tillage that would average only
seven or eight or ten inches in twig
growth in a season. It is only fair to
say that I have seen a few orchards
in light sandy soil, and in very heavy
soil, where blasting apparently did no
good, or even did harm. The sandy
soil seemed to loose in moisture-holding
capacity by the blasting. The clay
seemed to hold water around the trees
too long.

There may be some question about
the value of blasting an open, fertile
soil, but there can be no question at
all when theie is the least indication
of plow sole, or liardpan, or a layer
of clay. Blasting is intensive tillage.
If you believe in tillage you auto-
matically believe in the use of explo-
sives to secure it, because there is no
other method so effective, and none that
you can use to get the same results, or
to get results of a similar nature for
so little money.

Care of Winter-Injured Trees

"Your trees showing abnormal fruit
drop, lack of foliage and growth
should be given the best of care with
good soil treatment and by no means
torn out," say the horticultural authori-
ties in reply to the flood of inquiries
reaching them from men who are
seriously concerned over the unfavor-
able condition of their orchard trees in
many parts of the state.

The most serious tree injury appears
in young trees from one to eight years
of age. These trees also show the
characteristic abnormal fruit drop. Of
the older trees the difTiculty seems to be
confined chiefly to the altogether too
heavy drop of fruit. "There are thou-
sands of trees that show a condition
ranging from a sickly condition to that
of seemingly dead," says Professor
C. I. Lewis, head of the department.
"There are hundreds of thousands of
trees that show lack of foliage and
proper growth. Indications now are
that a large percentage of the pear and
prune trees shed their fruit so badly
that there cannot be expected a com-
mercial crop. In some cases the drop
is so severe that no crop at all is ex-
pected. The cherry drop is adbnormal
in some sections of the state. The
apple drop will come later, but it is not
yet known whether it will be abnor-
mally severe. Some think this abnor-
mal drop is due to abnormal weather
during the blooming i)eriod. Experts
of the Experiment Station, however,
think that the late bad weather had
nothing to do with it. The drop was
already well under way before the cold

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

IQI6

BETTER FRUIT

Page ip

spell set in. The general weather con-
ditions during the blooming period have
been one of the best in the last ten
years. There has been some rain dur-
ing the blooming period, but not pro-
longed. The frost has been absent en-
tirely or very light. There has been
considerable sunshine, the usual amount
of warm weather with an even tem-
perature. The unusually favorable
conditions are shown by reports of
Oregon bee men, who say that the
bees have accumulated an unusually
large supply of honey.

"The college authorities attribute the
drop to weather conditions of January
and February. Last winter was one
of the hardest on fruit trees in the last
twenty years. This weather damaged
the trees by loosening and breaking up
the cambium layers, sometimes split-
ting the bark and wood, .\ttention was
called to this condition by the special-
ists during the latter part of February.
It was said at that time that the injury
would become very noticeable along
later in the season. This condition has
now been reached. It was not merely
the severe cold as nuich as the sudden
change in temperature that affected the
trees unfavorably. On one occasion
within three hours the thermometer
dropped from sixty to thirty degrees.
Such sudden changes must of necessity
have damaged the trees. Lack of nutri-
tion first appeared in the buds, which
suffer most. This laid the foundation
for the present heavy drop of fruit.

"Other evidence that the damage is
due to winter injuries is shown by the
abnormal condition of the pollen. Also
the injury is most severe in regions that
have been affected unfavorably by
drought during the last one or two
years. It is also bad on shallow soils
and in orchards suffering from lack of
cultivation. These conditions are al-
ways apparent in the East, where win-
ter injury is frequent. Although the
fruit crop may be exceedingdly light,
yet it has been shown in the past that
trees that shed their fruit abnormally
may recover and in time become good
trees. Hence the department urges the
importance of simply giving good care
and treatment to the trees and soil and
allowing nature time to work her own
recovery."

Mr. R. G. Phillips, secretary of the
International Apple Shippers' Associa-
tion, states that many apples being
barreled which should be sent to the
evaporator, cannery or cider mill, is
a big factor in oversupplying the mar-
kets. He is correct. It may be said in
addition to the above remark that this
class of apples when shipped usually
does not pay the freight and are
handled at a loss, when a reasonable
amount could be realized if they were
sent to the evaporator or vinegar fac-
tory. Mr. Phillijjs also states that the
off-grade fruit disidayed in the grocery
stores and fi'uil stands repel rather
than invite consumpticm. It is not only
possible to produce too many apples
but it is very easily possible to kill the
best apple markets in the world by try-
ing to force inferior grades and varie-
ties on the public .

"Wenatchee"

Fruit and Vegetable

Picking Bags

(Patented April 27, 1915)

This bag is emptied by releasing a snap. The bag
will hold about a bushel. When snapped at the frame
it will hold about a half bushel. The frame is made of
steel, the canvas is 10-oz. and every point is reenforced
with leather where from experience it has been found
necessary. Price $1.75 post paid to all parts of the
United States where we have no agents.

Wenatchee Hardware Company

Sole Manufacturers Wenatchee, Wash.

The Use of Checks

in the payment of bills means the avoidance
of dispute, inconvenience and error. It is
the progressive and thrifty way. It displaces
the unsafe method of keeping money at home, on one's person and
in other unprotected places. Paying by check conveys an impres-
sion of good judgment and good management. Adjust your finances
to the simple requirements of a checking account; it will be to
your advantage. Your checking and savings account invited by this
long-established, strong state bank.

LADD & TILTON BANK,

F=>OF=JTl_A,r>0D
OREGOIM

SM^^Mg^l?^EE^M^^a^^MS^?!g^ ;^?lin?WW^E^imEM^^^^EElig

OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE
School of Agriculture and Experiment

Station

Corvallis, May 29, 19U;.
Editor Better Fruit:

In the April number of "Better Fruit" on
page 14 there was published a short extract in
which Professor H. A. Surface of the Pennsyl-
vania Department of Agriculture advised a
Pennsylvania fruit grower to spray with bor-
deaux and arsenate of lead for Baldwin spot.

Knowing that many growers in the North-
west often apply the name "Baldwin spot" to
the common disease usually known as bitter
pit. the writer undertook to find out from the
plant pathologist of the State of Pennsylvania
what sort of disease was referred to in the
article mentioned. In reply, information was
received showing that the spotting of apples
in Pennsylvania for which spraying is effective
is not the bitter pit or "Baldwin spot" of the
Northwest, but is the Cylindrosporium spot,
not known to occur in the West.

The bitter pit or "Baldwin spot" of the
Northwest is a disease of physiological origin
and cannot be controlled by spraying. This
disease and related troubles are admirably dis-
cussed in the Tebruary, 1916, (page i:i) num-
ber of "Better I'ruit" by T>r. Charles Brooks,
and the reader is referred to this article for
reliable information on the subject.

Very sincerely yours,

H. P. Bahss.

Charges Often Made
Against Auctions

"The auction is a dumping ground" —
but why are the choicest cherries,
oranges, lemons, grape-fruit, pears,
plums and i)ineai)ples sold at auction.

"Combinations are likely to exist
among the buyers" — but why do the

California Fruit Growers' Exchange,
The California Fruit Distributors, The
Florida Citrus Exchange, and The Mu-
tual Orange Distributors, use exclu-
sively the auction in twelve or more
of the largest ])opulation centers of the
I'nited States, and why do their agents
put the lie to the above statement so
often made to growers by interested
parties.

"The auctions are sporadic and un-
certain"— but wh>' do prices on like
quality and condition of fruit not vary
over ten or fifteen cents at any sale.

"Auction selling is not good merchan-
dising"— but wh,\- did the United I'^ruil
(;om|)any tliscai'd the private salesmen
and adopt the auction in New York,
Philadelphia and Ballimorc.

"The auctions cause gluts" — but why
are the\ used to relieve gluts in the sell-
ing of apples whenever the private sales
system is clogged.

"The auclion selling of apples is new
and untried'" — hid have not llie apples
been selling al auclion in London, Liver-
pool, (ilasgow and Hamburg for years;
and did not the Boston auction handle
salisfaclorily nearly one-half of the
cars of box apples sent to that market.

The Truth.

"The fruit auclion system is Ihe logi-
cal, economical and eflicienl way of dis-
tribulion of standardized fruits in large
populalion centers" — so says the De-
paiinient of Foods and Markets of the
.State of New York.— No. .5.— .\dv.

Page 20

BETTER FRUIT

June

VACATION
TIME

WILL SOON
BE HERE

Plan Nozv

A Truly Recreative Trip.

New Scenes — New Foods —
New Air — Everyone Needs.

Let us help you find Them.

UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM

is The Direct, Pleasant Route
to the Chief Resort Centers
of The Pacific Northwest.

Booklets, fares and specific infiarmation about
Yellowstone National Park, North Beach,
Wallowa Lake Park, Mt.Hood and Columbia
River Resorts FREE upon application to any
representative, or the

General Passenger Agent, Portland.

Fruit Industry Paragraphed

The New Yoi'k coiniiiissioncTs will
enforce the new federal barrel law
during 1916 very vigorously. A law is
created because it is believed to be
good. This is not always true, but
there is no question but what tlie
apple-barrel law is a spleniliil law for
the fruitgrower. If it is enforced in
the State of New York and other states
it will undoubtedly prevent a lot of cull
apples from going on the market, on
which the grower usually loses money;
and more important than this, these
cull apples, which have been marketed
for many years in the past, spoil the
market by filling it up with unattractive
and uninviting fruit, repelling the
buyer and unnecessarily overcrowding
the market with unsalable stuff. We
say to the New York commissioners:
"Enforce your laws, and when you
do it you will be helping the fruit
industry."

* * *

Mr. Horace \\. Day, of Sgobel & Day,
after making a tour of California and
the Northwest, reports in an interview
given out by the press, published in
various newspapers, that the California
Bartlett pear crop will not exceed (i(i
per cent of last year, and that the Bed-
ford pear crop sutfcred severely from
frost also. From information obtained,
Mr. Day says he understands that
Hood River did not sulfer from the
frost. Mr. Day gives the very interest-
ing statement that deciduous fruits, in-
cluding pears, will bring much more

money tliis season than for some years
past. Mr. Day, when interviewed in
May, stated that the condition of the
apple crop was problematical, for the
reason that at time he was unable to
(k-termine definitely the amount of
damage done to the crops in the North-
west. He believes, however, that prices
will depend upon two factors largely, —
the amount of tonnage and the methods
of marketing.

The Columbia Highway between the
City of Portland and The Dalles is now
open. The roads from The Dalles
going east are in good condition for
country roads, so that Easterners who
want to visit the great Northwest will
find it pretty satisfactory going all the
way across the continent. The road
from Portland to California is also in
number one condition. Toui-ists who
have traveled all over the world say
there is no roadwa>- anywhere in the
world that has scenery anywhere
approaching either in grandeur or mag-
nificence that along the Columbia River
between the Citv of Portland and Hood
River.

The new fruit standardizing law for
tlie State of California will be operative
and effective for the year IfllG. This
law has been printed in several lan-
guages, so that all foreigners engaged
in the fruit business in California will
be able to read it. It is the intention to
carry on a very vigorous enforcement
of the law.

Supplies for tlie fruitgrowers will
come high this year. Boxes cost more.
Paper costs more. Spray costs more.
In fact about everything that goes into
tlie production of a box of apples both
in growing and harvesting costs the
fruitgrower more money this year.
Tlie trade will please take the hint. We
need the money. We must live. Every-
thing we have to buy, to eat or wear
costs more, therefore the fruitgrower
sliould get more money for his fruit
tills \ear, and with the business pros-
perity existing at tlie present time, and
the severe loss occurring in many fruit
section, reducing the C|uantity, there is
every reason why the fruitgrower
should be able to secure better prices.
Co-operation at this end of the line is
all right. The associations are doing
good work, but the fruitgrower wants
a little c()-o|)eration from the fruit
dealer, and more particularly from the

fruit retailer.

* * *

On account of weather conditions
and frost the fruit crop of Sacramento
Valley has been materially reduced.
Among the varieties of fruits suffering
severely are apricots, peaches, pears,
prunes and grapes. While it is difTicult
to determine definitely the loss from
various sources it may be stated that
the loss will be somewhere near 50
per cent.

California reports a very heavy dam-
age from frost and loss on grapes,
amounting to $.oOO,(IOO. In the Sacra-
mento Valley the loss is estimated at
80 per cent; Marysville, 30 to 60 per
cent; Florin district, 30 per cent; Lodi,
30 per cent ; in Yolo, very little.
Marysville section suffered from severe
frost, damaging the tomato and potato
crops very extensively, the damage cov-
ering Yuba, Sutter and Butte Counties.

,^=^? '^^

PORTUND
SREI)
J^ GciMrANV

BEE HIVES

AND SUPPLIES

If you own an ovcliard or keep bees
you should have a copy of our Catalog.
It lists everything- for the sueoessful
haiulling of bees and the production
of huuey. Ask for Catalog No. 203

W^e are pioneers In the bee supply busi-
ness in the Northwest, are thoroughl.v Ja-
miliar with local reduiroinents and carry
a large ami coiniiU-te stock.

QUEEN BEES

PORTLAND SEED COMPANY

OREGOIM ^^^-^laiEi"'-

Tested
Italian

at short
notice

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCIT

IQl6

BETTER FRUIT

Paiic 31

PASTE

PICK I UP GUM, for use on Knapp labeling machines (very adhesive)
CEMENT, for use on Burt labeling machines. LABELING GUM, for use on all bottle labeling machines.

CELLULOID TIN LABELING PASTE, a RUST proof tin labeHng paste.

TRANSPARENT^PASTE, for bottlefor jar labeling.

PALO ALTO PASTE POWDER— three pounds added to cold water makes two gallons fine white paste for all

labeling work, or a RIBBON paste for labeling machines. Extensively used by canners and fruit packers.

Qi" ^l*^ M« m^^t Xhl^mA,^ Manufacturers of Paste and Adhesives for All Purposes

KODinSOn IrlieiTIICal WOrKS Offke: 351 Eighth street, San Francisco

Enforcement of Our Horticultural Laws

J. W. Pomeroy, Scappoose, Oregon, before State Horticultural Society Meeting at Corvallis

I FEEL especially honored in l)eing
invited to speak to your honorable
bod>- this morning. I do not wish what
I may say to lie construed as coming
ollicially from the Board of Horticul-
ture. This would be erroneous. I simply
wish to call your attention to some of
the work that comes under my jurisdic-
tion, and to conditions as I as an indi-
vidual see them. One of the great con-
siderations that comes home to every
grower of plants or plant i)roducts is
the necessity of protection against pests
and diseases that infest them. In spite
of the many dilferent means that may
be adopted for the eradication of these
pests and diseases and of the many
sources of information at our disposal,
we find a large portion of people igno-

ANKER
HOLTH

The highest

award of merit is

the endorsement

of a satisfied

user.

Read what the

users say

about it:

Alva A. Stewart, Vancouver, Washington—
"The Self-Balancing Bowl, with no chance of
wobbling, puts the Anker-Holth in a class by
itself."

O. C. Scofield, Banks, Oregon — "I have had
our local creamery (at Forest Grove) test our
skim milk and he said it was the best he ever
tested."

H. H. Eastman. Albany, Oregon— "I have used
several makes, but I consider the Anker-Holth
the most simple and well constructed separator
I ever saw."

Geo. W. Johnson, Clackamas, Oregon —"It
beats them all. I have had five different makes
of separators."

THE J.C.ROBINSON CO.

48 First street PORTLAND, OREGON

rant of their use and in some cases of
their existence, and another portion
unwilling to apply that means unless
compelled to by law. I want to pause
here to remind you that it is necessary
that we eradicate these pests and dis-
eases. They must be kept in control if
we are to successfully grow plants or
plant products. To this end rules and
laws adopted from time to time to meet
the problem as it has made its appear-
ance, and part of the work of the State
Board of Horticulture is to enforce
these laws and legulations. Upon my
resuming the ihities of Connnissioner of
the Slate 15oard of Horticulture, I was
tirm in the conviction that every
orchai'd in my district would be
sprayed at the ])roi)er time and that
every tiee not bringing forth good fiuit
would be inunedialely hewn down, and
that bug or fungi tliat played havoc
with fruit branch would post haste
meet its death or leave for another cli-
mate. 1 was not long in learning, how-
ever, that these were the deductions of
a fool, and 1 began to wonder why my
dreams of a millenium in that Hue did
not materialize.

I talked with and uiged inspectors to
action in various counties of my dis-
trict and became very ini])atient with
some of them because the law had not
been enforced in some instances as
readily as I had anticijjated. It soon
became evident to my mind that there
were certain localities and districts
where law enforcement was an easy
task, while in other sections it was next
to impossible to gel i-esults. It is true
we probably would get the conditions
renuvhed ])artially or in a half-hearted
way for one season. This left us the
same old routine to go through tlie next
season. As I grapiiled with this proi)-
lem, I became more convinced of the
truth of what Dean Cordley told me
some years ago. He said: "You cannot
successfully bring aI)oul a reform by
force. It nuisl come llirougli a patient
and tactful education." I believe lliis

holils true in any line of action. I can
lemendjei- when it was impossible to
enforce the law against boot-legging in
m>- own home town because the ma-
jority of people in that place were not
conscious of any wrong in the act.
Now, however, as a result of a cam-
paign of education, public sentiment
has changed to such a degree that a
law-breaker would get six months in
jail so quick it would make his head
swim. 1 have, therefore, been brought
lo this conclusion; that a great part of
the iMciblem of horticulture law enforc-
ing lies, not so much with the ollicials
acting as policemen as it does witli the
growers themselves. I believe the in-
spector must he more of an advisor and

1 protects
ur trees against
I crawling insects,
' worms and ants, but
does not hinder respira-
tion of the tree "skin" as
do sticky resinous mixtures
when painted on.
Treesavin lasts a whole season.
Indispensible for preventing ' 'bleed-
er" from cuts and wounds. Easily re-
moved and replaced.
While it does better work than any other sticky
tree protector, Treesavin is cheaper to use and takes
one-tenththe time to apply. Made in rolls 4 in. wide.
10 yds. long, sufficient to cover !' trees 12 in. diameter.
If your dealer can't supply you, order direct.
Write for catalog and descriptive matter.
Per hax^^O itnti; three hfXtiySl.JO;
iix hoxei, S--00; ticeive buxei^ S/^-OO.

Berg &, Beard Mfg. Co.. 12-14 Steuben St., Brooklyn. N.V.

MONARCH CIDER PRESS

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Here's the ri^'hl outfit foi- work-
ini^ up the culls into pruiilable
cider. Suitable tor individu.Tl and
merchant service. Ourculebratfd
hiyh pr-'ssiire (icsinn with minute accu-
nilecoiisl r lift inn, k'fr-^all the
juice W I Hi Inu' up-_T;itill;j!\-
ponse. lUiilliri si/.L'_slrom
L-iloJOOliarrflsatiay.
60-paye Catalogue
./n . , Write today
A. B. Farquhar
Co..Ltd..BoxIoe
York, Penna.

WIIF.N WRITING ADVERTISERS .MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Page 22

BETTER FRUIT

Juuc

"Mount Gilead" Hydraulic Cider Presses
Are Not Experiments

"pOR forty years they have assisted apple growers everywhere in
-•- wiping out the apple waste from windfalls, culls, undergrades, etc.
These cost just as much to grow as the highest grade of apples— yet
they are unmarketable. However, there is no needof losing them,
because they may be made into Good Marketable Cider.

Our presses are made in any size up to 400 bbls. per day. We
also make evaporators, apple butter cookers, vinegar genera-
tors, filters, etc. Write today for catalog.

The Hydraulic Press Mfg. Co., 60 Lincoln Ave..Mouni Gilead.Ohio

I'AriFIC rOAsT RKrKKSFNTATIVE
The Berger& Carter Co., 17th & Mississippi Sts..SanFranci5co,Cal_

'^^

Less Chance for
Locked Wheels

MICA Axle Grease offers
extra protection. By a spe-
cial process, powdered mica is
blended with highest quality
petroleum grease. The mica
forms a smooth coating on the
spindle that keeps it cool and well
lubricated. And the mica makes Mica
Axle Grease last twice as long. Get a
can from your dealer today.

Standard Oil Company

(CaJifornia)

M ICA GREASE

Arcadia Irrigated Orchards

THE LARGEST AND MOST SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD PROJECT
IN THE ENTIRE WEST

7,000 acres planted to winter apples. Gravity
irrigation. Located 22 miles north of Spokane,
Washington, directly on the railroad. We plant
and give four years' care to every orchard tract
sold. $125, first payment, secures 5 acres ; $250,
first payment, secures 10 acres ; balance monthly.

SEND FOR BOOKLET

Arcadia Orchards Company

Deer Park, Washington

less a policeman, and must foster and
solicit the cooperation of the grower.
I find that wherever the sentiment of
the majority of growers favors law en-
forcement we get results that arc last-
ing with no greal etforl, and these situ-
ations prevail only where people can
be brought together in some form of
organization or meeting, and can be
induced to see the actual conditions and
its ctmsequence together. In other lo-
calities where this cannot be accomp-

lished the commissioners have made no
particular effort to enforce the law, be-
lieving thiit they are avoiding a course
tliat would entail large expense upon
the taxpa> ers anil bring no satisfactory
results from (he standpoint of the
grower.

Tiiere has been considerable criticism
leveled at the insiiectors because of
their tendency to be lenient until the
desired education could be accomp-
lished that would result in connnunity

elT'ort. It has also been said that our
horticultural laws were not suflicient to
cope with the problem. But let me
pause here to say that our present code
of horticultural laws are the result of
long and patient constructive effort on
the part of our best growers and ex-
perts in that Hue, and I am firm in my
belief, wilh what experience I have had
that they are the best code of horticul-
tural laws yet enacted by any state in
the union. We have power to intercept
or eradicate any disease or pest, and to
carry on any rational program for the
protection of our great fruit industry,
each county having the authority in
proportion to its needs for that pur-
pose, and whether or not these laws are
enforced depends to very large degree
upon the grower himself. In fact, very
few serious problems face us that are
not directly the result of the lethargy
and lack of interest of those growers
themselves, who desire protection. For
instance, I have a county in mind in my
district where the county ofTicials are
opposed to allowing any funds what-
ever for inspection or advice along that
line. These oflicials are not fruit grow-
ers and know nothing of the problems
of the fruit grower, and they deny the
growers the right to claim any part of
the county funds for that purpose.
Partly for political reasons, and partly
because the inspectors did not begin
cutting down people's orchards sum-

We can quote you surprisingly
low prices on

NATIONAL

Wood Stave Pipe and Tanks

Now is the time to install irriga-
tion and water systems. Write us
today for our special service cov-
ering your particular problem.

Address Dept. J

National Tank & Pipe Co.

275 Oak Street
PORTLAND, OREGON

whvlsrll.lir
th.-

it to

. at w

T!c

S34.50

jts. liujit m niv r-i

9 at Waterloo. Bt pric__ __._
third to one-half Li^ss than you usu-
ally pay for first-class Roods. All
sizes, atyk'S and prices of 9eparati>r<i|
■riffinesand spreaders. My Farmobn i-r -i-iu,

tractor) has no equal for nimplicity ami ifv^yrVS^^
etiiciency. State what you need. V""3t'VSlp^

250.000 cuatomers testify to o„,^f^^„ V7
quality of the Galloway line of SE- « ^
BoodsWrilc today for your frt-e S64.7S UP
copy of Uiis wonderful l>ook of barKams for farm
■ ' luaehold

GALLOWAY, Pros.,

WM. GALLOWAY CO.

u Galloway Station

Waterloo,

Iowa.

,_' Engines^.
'$26.75 up

WM.

WHEN WRITING AIJVERTISKRS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

igi6

BETTER FRUIT

Page 2^

When It's Nitrate
Time for Apples

Use 200 pounds of
Nitrate of Soda
broadcast per acre
in late February
or early March,
or use at Blossom
Time.

Send Post Card Today for
Fruit Books — Free

WM. S. MYERS, Director

25 Maduon Avenue New York

V^

Kill THAT
BUG NOW

DO it before it ruins your c
spraying will kill of(

banisUthe blighls. Sprnyin^
ing outfil. too. We cay*
kind ol sprayer, hando"

your spray-
r tt) one-haK on any
■S one, for instance —

Newcom^Parrel Spray

CaiV' "■'

Witiy, A^ Barrel _

Ifvoubougrhtit Ihl /// For vnrious ItinHg of eprayinsr—
in the ordinary lu 11/// orchards, vineyards, shrubbery or
w,iy it would ujl /// for whitewashinE dairies, poultry
costyoube- fMZ? houses, etC. Douole acting— brasa
tween f 10.00 Im/i nozzles— brass cylinder- brass valves
and JlJ.OO jH]// —brass valve seat— paddle ajritator.

Furnished with 5-foot hose. Built to
last for years— guaranteed to give
satisfaction.

Send for Valuable FREE Book

— our Special Farm Book, every page

filled with hundreds c f BARGAINS in all

kinds of Spraying Outfits and Supplies —

as well as farm tools and materials.

New - just off the press. Send for

a MtEE copy today,

Ilew York ChicaQO Kansas City

Fori Worth Portland, Ore.

Addre?3 hoiiFomost

convenient

The Paris Fair

HOOD RIVER'S LARGEST
AND BEST STORE

RETAILERS OF

EVERYTHING TO WEAR

AGKNTS FOR
HAMILTON & BROWN AND

THE BROWN SHOES
HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX
CLOTHES
MANHATTAN SHIRTS

JOHN B. STETSON HATS

NEMO CORSETS

Strictly Cash— One Price to All

marily, they -wwe advised that the in-
s])ector was not doing his duty. I know
that the pinbh'nis of this county are not
llie lacli of poHce force, but the laclv of
practical and expert advice and educa-
tion. Now, whose fauU is this, but tlial
of the growers themselves? All other
interests in the county see that their
county oflicials provide for their needs,
but the fruit grower has been content
to sit and blame the law. In spite of
the fact that this is one of the largest
fruit-growing counties in my district.
What the county needs is a practical
and scientific advisor first, and a quar-
antine oflicer last. But above all, we
want the healthy, wide-awake interest
and cooperation of the growers them-
selves. I wish to say aside here that
there has been considerable effort on
the part of other states and some in
this state to oiiginate and establish uni-
form horticultural laws. It is dillicull,
however, for me to see how this vision-
ary solution can be realized with this
state as a factor. Oregon occupies a
peculiar position in this matter. Port-
land being one of the principal ports of
entry, much trallic docs and will enter
here from all paits of the world, whose
ultimate destination will be many parts
of the United States. When we consider
the source of these shipments entering
here, it must be clear to us all that Ore-
gon can never repeal or change her
present quarantine law with regard to
her practice of inspecting horticultural
imports at point of delivery. In fact,
any tampering with this law would
undo the work of years. There are
probably small changes that could be
made each year in our horticultural
laws that would simplify and aid con-
ditions, as has been resorted to in the
I)ast. But we nuisl keep in mind always
the protection of our great and growing
])lant industry. The imi)ression, how-
ever, that I wish lo leave with you as 1
conclude is that we must in our rational
enforcement of our horticultural laws
have your loyal support and coopera-
tion.

Some New Facts Concerning
Fire Blight

Continued I'roni last issue

For a brief statement concerning
tliese leaf lesions and proof that thc\
are caused by lldcilliis (inuilouonis I
sliall (|uote from my publication, to
which I have already referred: "In
the majority of cases the leaf infections
stall at the margin and are either lat-
eral or terminal, although cential
lesions have been found in some cases
on apple leaves. The lesions on the
apple leaves are a light brown or yel-
lowish brown and fre(iuenlly show a
faint purplish border at tiie advancing
edge. In active lesions the advancing
edge shows a narrow watery zone.
Those on i)car leaves are daiker in
color and exhibit a Tuoltling of various
shades of dirty brown. There is a
noticeable tendency for the bacteria lo
advance more rai)i(lly down the midrib
(H- certain lateral veins, so that man.\
young lesions are more or less triangu-

Main Office iVonws

Battery ii Green Sfs

c5d/y '^n^nc/sco.

For Greatest Satisfaction Use

DOUBLE SERVICE
Automobile Tires

Guaranteed 7,000 Miles Serylce

Absolutely Punctureproof

Double BcrHce Ttres aro inad«
double the thickness of tlio beat
Standard make tires.

TMs 100'^ greater wearing enr-

lace naturally gives that much

more mileage and sorvice. The

average of 12 niilos of touch

fabric ana one inch Burface tread rubber

ma.ke3 those Urea absolute! y punct urcproof.

These tires excel all others for use In the
country over rough and nipped roads as well
as on hard pavements. They areas eas^riding
and resilient as any other pneumatic tire— the
air space and pressure being the same.

They are the 7nost economical a.n<i"ca.TefTOfi**
tires made and are used where tiros must bo dn-
pended on and tirotroublescannot bo tolerated.
Many Z>oub/e Sf rr ice style tires are in use In tho
U. S, government and European ^Va^ service.
Our output is llmiti'd to a certain amount, but
for a short tl mo we offer the folio. ving reduced
special prices as an lutrodactory OfCer;

FBICSS

Tlrefl Tubes

80i3

80x3^

82x3Ji

B3xl

31x4

in. 18.60 S2.30

im 10.85 8.10

iru 12.76 3.20

In. 16.75 4.20

in. 16.70 4.a5

36x4
36x4l<

87x6

Tlws Tnbe»
S17.4& ^.66
21.20 6.00
22,60 6.76
23,60 6,20
L6.30 6.00

All other sizes not Inclui*:! fn above list
also furnished. Nun-skids at 10i& additional.

Terms: Payment wiUi order at abovespecial
prices, a 10% discount allowed on orders forj
two or more tires. AH
personal cliecks must hQ
certified.

Try these tires now and
be convinced of th<-ir very
bi^ih qualities. Sold direct J
to tiie consumer only.
Descriptive fohirr upon TC-
QUist, WriU/orit,

Double Service Tire &
Rubber^Co.* Akroa« O.

Dept. B.F. ^

True -to -Name Nursery

GALLIGAN BROS.

Proprietors

Hood River, Oregon Dufur, Oregon

<; rowers of li[»:li trade niirsco" sl<vk. guaranteed
triip-to-naino, Hreedcrs and tmportcre of pure-bred
Hit T\j>e rolniid-China Hogs. Servtcc btwirB, bred
ijills ami uwinltiB pigs for sale.

For cntnloB of nursery stock and prices
on 8M"lno. write

True-to-Name Nursery

HOOD RIVER. OREGON

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS ME.NTION BETTER FRUIT

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRVIT

Page 24

BETTER FRUIT

%

GRAND
tPRIZF

^X-

^^

The Grand Prize,
the highest award,
bestowed upon Ghirardelli's
Ground Chocolate by the
Panama -Pacific Exposition,
San Francisco 1915, is an
additional testimonial to its un-
questioned supremacy. The expert
judges in this international competi-
tion found in

OWaraeDis

GrouudQiocolaie

the very qualities that have made it a house-
hold favorite on the Pacific Coast since it
was originated by D. Ghirardelli in the
early seventies. Not to know — and what
is more, not to use — Ghirardelli's Ground
Chocolate, is to be unmindful of health,
economy and the appeal of a wholesome
appetite.

D. GHIRARDELLI CO.

Siac* 1852 San FrucUco

\'l

•V'/

^rM.

lar ill outline. In some cases the migra-
tion of the bacteria can be noticed
along certain veins in advance of the
general border of the dead area. All
stages of leaf invasions have been
found from slight marginal infec-
tions to 'isions which have advanced
throughout the entire leaf blade and
down the petiole. These leaf infections
were not rare, l)ut it was possible to
find dozens of them on a single five-
year-old tree. The writer is of the
opinion that the bacteria enter the in-
tercellular spaces through the water-
pores and also by the stomata to some
extent, and later penetrate the vessels
in the way suggested by Bachmann. It
remains for further investigation to
definitely substantiate this view. It is

an easy matter to verify the presence
of the bacteria by microscopic exami-
nation. Dissections made from the ad-
vancing edge of a lesion give the
organism in large number, and if the
tissue selected includes one of the
larger veins they can be seen to ooze
out from the broken ends of the ves-
sels. A sulTicient number of lesions
have been examined to leave no doubt
as to the constant presence of the bac-
teria. The lesions have also been tested
by cultures for the presence of living
bacteria. Mr. H. W. Samson, Horticul-
tural Inspector at Spokane, assisted in
collecting material and also sent fresh
specimens to our laboratory for use.
It was at his solicitalicm that the writer
first visited Spokane to make field

June

observations. In many of the isolations
tried the bacteria were found to be
dead, but pure cultures were obtained
from others by the poured - plate
method. Since the study of these leaf
lesions was not begun until Jul>-, this
condition is what one would expect,
as at this time of the year tbe bacteria
are dead in a good per cent of the twig
infections. In some cases where micro-
scopic examination showed an abun-
dance of l)acteria, the cultures showed
that only a relatively small per cent
were alive. It seems probable that a
certain per cent of the leaf lesions will
behave like the twig lesions, and the
bacteria become active in them after
the return of more favorable condi-
tions. The pure cultures isolated from
the leaf lesions have been used for
making inoculations into seedling apple
trees. The trees to be inoculated were
placed in the inoculation chamljer and
kept well watered for 48 hours pre-
vious to introducing the bacteria into
the tips just iiack of the terminal bud.
The inoculations were made .luly 31st,
and by August 8th the seedling ex-
hibited fire blight in severe and typical
form. The microscopic examinations

r

L

KOVERALLS^

Reg. U.S. Pat,. o ^i~.

Keep Kids Kleen

The most practica!. healthful, playtime

garments ever invented for children I to

8 years of age. Made in one piece with

drop back. Easily slipped on or off.

Easily washed. No light elastic baiids

to stop circulation. Made in blue

denim, and blue and white hickory

stripes for all the year round. Also

lighter weight, fast-color material in

dark blue, cadet blue, tan or dark red

for i.ummer wear, all appropriately

trimmed with fast - color galatea.

Made in Dutch neck with elbow

sleeves and high neck cind long

sleeves.

75c the suit

If your dealer cannot supply you.
We will send them, charges prepaid
on receipt of price. 75c each.
A New p D F p If Thty
Suit '^ **.*^.'^ Rip
Beware of Imitations. I^ook for
Made by the Two Hordes on the Label.

Levi Strauss & Co., San Fr2uici8co

Awarded GRAND PRIZE at the P.P.I.E.

TARRED ORCHARD YARN

The time is now just right for tying fruit
trees. Tie the interior of the tree before the
leaves are out and the exterior can be tied
later. Orchard Yarn is put up in 5 lb. balls,
10 balls to a sack. This form is more conven-
ient for use as the ball can be placed in the
tree and by pulling the yarn from the inside
it never tangles. 2-ply contains about 100
feet per pound.

Sold by all merchants handling orchard supplies
MANUFACTURED BY

The Portland Cordage Co.

PORTLAND, OREGON

JCHUBBUCK'S IDEAL

JGOPHER TRAP

Larger than runway;
_ jaws pull rodent in:

I catches large or small gopher and fiolds it.
Farmers say It's worth dozen other makrs.

1 Blr s»les. Price 50c. If not atyourdealer'swillseml
t to you postpaid ; 2 for 95c ; 6 for $2,70 ; 12 for $•;. 10.
Money back it you are not satisfied. Free circulars.
E.J.Cbobl)nckCo., Depl. C .SanFranciico. Cal.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

i()i6

iinil the results from inoculations leave
no doubt tliat the leaf lesions described
above were due to Bacillus amylo-
voriis."

The important new fact is the defi-
nite establishment of the occurrence of
leaf lesions, so we must now add this
as one of the known ways in which
fire blight manifests itself. This will
not bring a message of cheer to those
who are engaged in the fight with this
disease. Even with the most careful
removal of cankers and twig blight
infected leaves may be left behind.
The removal of all of these infected
leaves would be out of the question.
Possibly many cases of reappearance
of blight after careful cutting may be
due to the bacteria which have per-
sisted in these infected leaves. Two
very important questions concerning
these leaf infections remain for further
investigation. Do leaf infections take
place through the stomata and water-
pores or are insect punctures or other
wounds necessary? While the evi-
dence is in favor of an independent
entrance of the organisms through the
epidermis, the proof is still lacking.
To what extent do the bacteria advance
down the leaf petiole and into the twig,
thus causing twig blight? That they
do this to some extent seems certain,
but the frequency of this behavior is
of importance. It is hoped that the
work of another season will give new
light on these points and I trust we
may have the benefit of observations
made by fruitgrowers in various por-
tions of the state.

BETTER FRUIT

Page 23

Where the Names Come From

Cherries were introduced into Europe
70 B. C, bv Eucullus from Kerasunt in
the Black Sea.

Damson Plums originated at and were
named after Damascus.

Gooseberries are called in Germany
.lohannis-beeren or Johns berries, be-
cause they ripen about the feast of St.
John. .St. John is called in Holland St.
Jan, and the fruit there is called Jans-
beercn, which long ago was corrupted
info Gansbeeren, the literal translation
into English being gooseberry, as Gans
in German signified goose.

Greengage Plums originated near a
monastery in France near Fontainbleu.
Scions were taken by the Rev. John
Gage to his brother. Sir Thomas Gage,
who had them grafted on trees in the

ISKn"" $50.00 51?

with the
Gearlcss Improved Standard
Well Drilling Machine
Drills throutrh any forma-
tion. Five years ahead of any
other. Has record of drilling 130 feet and drivinKcaelnK
In 9 hours. Another record where 7tl feet was drilled on
2 \-'l trallons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can
openite. Electrically eijulpped for runninp: nights.
Fishintr j"b. En^rine ignition. CatalORUc W-S.

REIEfiSON MACHINERY CO.. Mfgs., 1295-97 Hood St..Por1tand,0re.

A Winning Combination
Bees and Fruit

Latest methods of beekeeping simply told in
our "Bee Primer." Highly instructive. Send
25 cents today for the book and six months
trial subscription to

American Bee Journal, Box x, Hamilton, III.

A sanitary ice box prevents many
illnesses — keep yours sanitary with

Old Dutch

EWBALTESAND
COMPANY

Printers ♦ Binders

Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book-
lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us
for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed
promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT.

CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS
PORTLAND, OREGON

PORTLAND. OREGON

Portland Hotel

The hotel which made Portland, Oregon, famous

Most Desirably Located. In the Center of Shopping and Tlieatre District

Covers a City Block.

Broadway, Sixth, Morrison and Yamhill Streets

European Plan— $1.00 per day and upward

Write for Portland Hotel Booklet.

WHEN WRITIN'G ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

CEO. C. OBER, Manager

Page 26

BETTER FRUIT

June

For GOOD Work

A Flexible Roller '^ ^^-^^^ more than twice

its cost over others

WRITE FOR SPECIAL ROLLER CATALOG

HINfflDJODBLEROIim

Crumbles
every clod.
Packs -the
sub-surface _ -m^^i

»:. » (*'

% l%R

X

f>^«L4

EASY on Horses'
Do/it Be Satisfied with Onfy

Mq 5TRAlN\^Tgp-ER DRAT Ends

DONTTOiO ^t

Rigid Axle Rollers can ooonly

Poor woRK^'lKiy^jlf Fi eld

ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN THE ORCHARD

Made Also with Grass and Alfalfa Seeder Attachments
Single or Double Rollers

FETZER <a CO.

Box 0.4

SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS

Red Grown

ihe Gasoline of QaaSfy

For More Power, Insist

on the Straight Distilled,

All-Refinery Gas

NOT A
MIXTURE

Standard Oil Company

(California)

s-'iiidcn ill Hengrave in England, fioni
whence they spread rapidly over
Europe.

The Walnut is a corruption of Gaul-
niit, the nut of (iaul or France, as Gal-
lea and Wallia both anciently signified
Gaul. The transition from Gaul-nut to
walnut was easy.

Marmalade originally meant a jam
made from the quince, and originated
in Portugal, the name being derived
from the Portuguese word marmelo or
([uince, llie jam being called marma-
lade. The word is now used for jams
made from oranges, apricots, plums and
other fruits.

Muscat Grapes are not as generally
supposed names from the musky flavor
of this variety but on account of the
grapes attracting flics (muscal).

Oranges — The sweet orange was first
brought from China to luirope by the
Portuguese in 1540. The original tree
was said to be alive a few years ago
in Lisbon.

Orchard is from the Anglo-Saxon
word ortgeard or wortgeard, a yard or
gearden, where worts or vegetables
were grown.

Pippin — The name pippin apjjlied to
an apple originally signifying that the
variety was raised from the seed or pip.
The prefix usually refers to the location
where originated or the name of the
originator.

Raspberry is a contraction of Raspis-
berry. An old name for the raspberry
wasHindberry — German Gimbcere. The
bilberry was called Hartberry, Anglo-
Saxon Heortbeorg, from the stag or
hart, and the raspberry was called
hindberry from the female of the same
species.

The Strawberry was probably orig-
inally Strayberry, and was named from
the runners which stray from the
parent plant, establishing themselves
independently.

Vinegar is fi-om the F"rench Vin-aigre
or sour wine.

Advertise — The original meaning of
the word was admonish, used by Ben
Jonson in this sense: "Let me adver-
tise you," meaning "let me admonish
you." The accent was on the second
s>llable. The first advertisement ever
published appeared in a newspaper en-
titled "Perfect Occurrences of every
dale iournal in Parliament and other
Moderate Intelligence No. 13," from
Fryday March the 2()th to Fryday April
2nd, lfil7. The advertisement related
to a book called "The Divine Light of
the Church," London.

Apples were first cultivated in Amer-
ica in 1020, having been imported from
England by the Governor of Massachu-
setts. Governors Island, Boston Harbor,
was given to Governor Winthrop in
l(i32, on condition that he should plant
an orchard on it.

Apricot — I'ormerly apricock, is from
the Latin praecoqua, the name given on
account of the fruit ripening before
peaches. The apricot is a native of
Armenia, being introduced in Europe
in the time of Alexander the Great. It
was first grown in England about the
middle of the sixteenth century.

WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Tom — You're not turning as fast as Dad does, Mary.

Mary — No Tom, but we'll get all the cream anyway with this lovely new machine. Dad says

"It Skims Clean at Any Speed"

That s what this marvelous new invention actually does. ^gg^- ' ' ■" ' ^-=?g

A fixed-feed separator may skim clean if in perfect order and turned at just the right speed. But

e\ery member of the family turns the crank at a different rate; no one can maintain an e\en speed all

the time — k isn't human nature. Every old type separator has an unchanging inflow of milk. That's

why it loses cream when not turned at exactly the right speed.

Separator gets all the cream because it automatically regulates the inflow exactly in proportion to the separating
force — always just right for perfect skimming.

The Suction-feed Separator delivers smooth cream of even thickness that churns out more butter of
choicest quality. If you sell cream you can guarantee uniform density.

You can increase the capacity of the Suction-feed by simply turning faster, and get through quicker if in
a hurry. The new Sharpies is the only Separator that can be hastened. You can easily pour milk from a forty-
quart can into the low supply can. It's the largest found on any separator — and it's only knee-high.

The women folks prefer the Sharpies because the simple tubular bowl is so easily cleaned. Has only
three piece.s — no discs to wash or get mixed up. The tubular shape gives double skimming force.

The?new Sharpies is ruggedly built for hard service. It is neat, compact, runs easily and oils itself.

This wonderful machine will earn you a new dairy profit — without added expense. Our new free book,
"Velvet" for Dairymen, fully describes the Suction-feed. Your copy is ready. Send for it today.
Address Dept. 99.

The Sharpies Separator Co.

JUso Sharpies Milkers and Gasoline Engines

West Chester - . - - Pennsylvania

Chicago San Francisco Portland Toronto

WHEN WRITINC. ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT

Announcing
A Mid- Year Model

Combining the Best from
257 Show Models

M0S^ $1325

26 Extra Features

Unique to the Mitchell -Paid for by Factory Savings

This is to tell you how factory
efficiency has cut 10,000 costs on
the Mitchell car.

How we build it for half what it
would have cost, even in 1910.

How we build it for 20 per cent
less than other factories can build
it now.

And how, by these savings, we
give you 26 extras which you don't
find in other cars.

John W. Bate
The Efficiency Expert

In 1903— when Mitchell cars were
first- built — we brought John W.
Bate to Racine. He was even then
the greatest expert in factory effi-
ciency in the metal working line.

Our vehicle factory was then 70
years old. It was a model efficiency
plant. And we started then to make
our motor car plant the most effi-
cient of its kind in.America. ia

10,000 Costs Reduced

In the 13 years since, Mr. Bate
has reduced more than 10,000 motor
car costs." K^^^ n^

He built this whole plant— cov-
ering 45 acres— so cars could come
through without the loss of a sec-
ond. He equipped it with 2092
labor-saving machines— the most
efficient machines that are known
in this industry.

He has eliminated from the
Mitchell almost every casting. In
place of them he uses 184 drop
forgings, which are three times as
strong. Also 256 steel stampings,
tough and stanch.

He has invested $5,000,000 so fine
cars could be built here for less than
anywhere else. No other factory
which builds cars of this class can
compare with it.

Not One Cent Wasted

Some motor car makers buy all
their parts. Most makers buy the
larger share. But 98 per cent of this
Mitchell car is built in this model
plant. Thus we save under others
from 20 to 40 per cent.

Part of this saving is shown in
our price. No other high-grade Six
of the Mitchell size sells at the
Mitchell price.

The rest of the saving pays for
26 extras. We give you 26 features
which others don't offer. No car
in our class has more than two of
them. No car at any price has more
than four.

Go see these extra features. You
will want every one of them. And
you will not, we think, buy a car
which omits them.

257 Cars in One

This New Mitchell model came
out April 15 — from four to eight
months later than other current
models.

This model was completed after
the New York Show. There our
experts and designers examined
257 new models. And they picked
out the best of the new styles in all
of them— from ours and from others
—in body design and equipment.

Thus the New Mitchell combines
all the best things brought out at
the New York Show. Its lines and
its luxuries — its new ideas in equip-
ment—are the finest shown. All
this in addition to the26;unique fea-
tures which other cars don't offer.

Where Mitchell is First

In ease of riding the Mitchell car stands
first. Any Mitchell dealer can prove that in
five minutes. No other car in the world con-
tains the Bate cantilever springs.

The Mitchell rides the roughest roads as
a boat rides waves. This comfort will as-
tound you.

The Mitchell stands first as regards dura-
bility. Six Mitchell cars have averaged
164,372 miles each. In ordinary driving that
is more than 30 years' service.

The Mitchell is the easiest car to. drive.
That's because of its oversize steering parts,
fitted with ball bearings.

The Mitchell is long and roomy— 127-inch
wheelbase. It is powerful. In every way it
gives greater value than other Sixes, be-
cause of our factory economies. And it in-
cludes 26 features — all costly and important
— which other cars don't offer.

Let the nearest Mitchell dealer show these extras
to you. He has this new model now. If you don't
know him, ask us for his name.

Racine. \^s. U.S.A.

Six-cylinder, high-power, high-speed moior-
127-inch wheelbase. Anti-skid tires on rear.
Complete modern equipment, including motor-
driven tire pump.

F. O. B. Racine for S-Pas-
senger Touring Car or
3 -Passenger Roadster.
7 -Passenger Body, $35 extra. New Mitchell
Eight, $1,450 f.o.b. Racine.

$1,325

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