vnf i Die -fiXK &l'J. \$$w$"^ WmM m :S US .$#] i*ij>£ ■'./,•; '""i-M ■ :i^te- *mim SHSwS tj>. a£$5$s fefl KP BETTER FRUIT Volume XII JULY, 1917 Number 1 TWELFTH ANNIVERSARY EDITION OF BETTER FRUIT e & Not Overproduction of Apples But Lack of Distribution The leading article in this edition, by E. H. Shepard, Editor, show - ing there are 35,085 towns in the United States, of which 611 have been sold Northwestern apples in carlots direct, or only 1ttt% — me most important facts that have ever been presented to the apple growers of the Northwest. BETTER FRUIT has been a pioneer, an originator, creator and developer. Better Fruit was the first big factor in standardizing and improv- ing the pack of the Northwest. Better Fruit was among the first to advocate advertising the apple. Better Fruit was a pioneer in advocating serving apples as dessert for breakfast, luncheon and dinner. Better Fruit was a pioneer in advocating fruit product factories, cider plants, vinegar plants, evaporators, driers and canneries. Better Fruit was the first publication to call the attention of the fruit growers to the fact that exorbitant retail prices of apples were holding up consumption. Better Fruit has been a pioneer in advocating every method for improvement and progress that has been adopted in the Northwest. The Editor has put in eleven years of the hardest work of his life in helping the fruit growers of the Northwest to develop and improve their industry^ and better their condition. Better Fruit will continue the good work, helping the fruit grower to fhejfullest extent in every possible way. Please show your appreciation by sending in your subscription and advising your neighbors to subscribe. «3^C£X£X^£^ BETTEK FEUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHEBS, HOOD BIVEB, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents This Rugged Car Has Twice the Needed Strength John W. Bate, in the past three 3?ears, has doubled our margins of safety. Now every important part in Mitchells has 100 per cent over-strength. This means better steel. It means larger parts. In these times it means much added cost. But it also means a lifetime car. It means a safe, economical car. A car which has proved that it can run 200,000 miles. That means 40 years of ordinary service. Millions in Extras There are also 31 features in Mitchells which nearly all cars omit. Things like a power tire pump, for instance. There is 24 per cent greater luxury than in any other car in its class. These extras will cost us on this year's output about $4,000,000. That is, for this over-strength, these extra features and this added beauty. All Free to You But all this added value costs you no extra price. Note that Mitchell prices, for either size, are below most fine-car prices. We save in our factory cost. This mam- Mitchell — a roomy, 7-passenger Six, with 127-inch wheelbase and a highly developed 48-horse* power motor. $1460 F. O. B. Racine moth plant has been built and equipped to produce this one type economically. John W. Bate, the efficiency expert, has cut our factory cost in two. Even the Mitchell bodies are built here, under these up-to-date methods. That saving pays for these extras. We save all waste, and spend that saving on a superlative car. Please see that car. See how it differs from other cars you know. Note its many unique attractions. You should know these things before you buy a car. If you do not know the nearest Mitchell dealer, ask us for his name. MITCHELL MOTORS COMPANY, Inc. Racine, Wis., U. S. A. Mitchell Junior —a 5-passenger Six on similar lines, with 120-inch wheel- base and a 40-horsepower motor. /4-inch smaller bore. SIXES $1195 F. O. B. Racine Four-Passenger Roadster, $1495 — Sedan, $2175— Cabriolet, $1895 Coupe, $1995 — Also Town Car and Limousine. Mitchell, Lewis & Staver Co., 120 S.Lincoln— 906 Railway Ave. .Spokane, Wash.; E. Morrison & E. First Sts., Portland, Ore. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipl? BETTER FRUIT • VOj Pane Mathews Gravity Conveyers FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNERS AND PACKERS MADE ENTIRELY OF STEEL NEAT - LIGHT - DURABLE - SANITARY Manufactured by the Originators and Designers of the First Steel, Bali-Bearing Gravity Conveyer Portable Roller Conveyer Units To the right is shown a typical eight- foot unit. Rollers are spaced to suit sizes of packages to be handled. Diam- eter of rollers, 2% inches, cut from cold-drawn, seamless steel tubing, fitted with case-hardened, detachable ball bearings and full-length axles. Lock bars hold all rollers rigidly in place, eliminating use of nuts. Frame rails are of flat bar steel, rigidly braced crosswise and lengthwise. Whole unit construction is strong, neat, compact, and capable of giving almost unlimited service. Reversible Curves General construction same as straight units. Curves can be made to direct conveyer lines in any desired direction to fit special conditions or requirements. See illustration to left showing typical 90 curve. Automatic Straight-Lift Elevator Automatic Inclined Elevator Gravity Roller Spiral Spiral Chutes, Etc. These are useful in providing con- tinuous routing of packages between floors, designed to connect up with gravity conveyer lines. The Famous Mathews Gravity Wheel Conveyer (Manufactured under exclusive patent.) A Light, Strong Conveyer- Ideal for Conveying Boxes of Uniform Size. Made in portable straight and curved units same as Roller Conveyer. Both styles of conveyers can be used portably or installed permanently to conform to any desired routing plan. IMPORTANT NOTICE Expert advice and personal service can be had on short notice, by addressing one of our nearest Coast agents. This service is free and without obligation. We are also prepared to ship all orders for standard roller and wheel conveyer units promptly. Mathews Gravity Carrier Co. Factories: Ellwood City, Pa.; Toronto, Ont.; London, Eng. Address or wire Inquiries to our nearest Coast sales office. Spokane — Hofius Steel & Equipment Co. Wenatchee — Wells & Wade. Seattle— W. R. Hendrey Co., 313 Hoge Bldg. San Francisco — Mailler Searles, Monadnock Bldg. Los Angeles — John F. Willard, 315 Broadway. wilts WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTIO urn Pagi BETTER FRUIT July SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET. INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND. OREGON MARK LEVY & CO. Commission Merchants Wholesale Fruits 121-123 Front St. and 200 Washington St. PORTLAND, OREGON W. van Diem Lange Franken Straat 45. 47, 49, 51, 61 ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND European Receivers of American Fruits Eldest and First-Class House in this Branch Cable Address: W. Vandiem ABC Code used; 5th Edition Our Specialties Are Apples.Pears.Naval Oranges ORCHARDISTS SUPPLY HOUSE Franz Hardware Co. HOOD RIVER, ORE. W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT 8TREET PHONES: MAIN 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON The Portland Hotel PORTLAND, OREGON Broadway, Morrison, Sixth and Yamhill Streets Covers an entire block in the city's heart. Convenient to the newspaper, banking, shopping and theatrical districts. Homelike, refined, restful. European Plan. $ 1 .00 per Day and Upwards RICHARD W. CHILDS, MANAGER ARCADIA America's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING Not Overproduction of Apples, But Lack of Distribution The Country Has Not Been Sold, with Facts to Show It By E. H. Shepard, Editor. STATISTICAL TABLE SHOWING TH POPULATION, Tou ns 3,000 to Population Sold Not Sold 12 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado 1 Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia.. .. Florida Georgia Idaho 1 Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas 7 Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota 2 Mississippi Missouri Montana 2 Nebraska 2 Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota 2 Ohio Oklahoma 3 Oregon 1 Pennsylvnaia Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota 3 Tennessee Texas 9 Utah 1 Vermont Virginia Washington 2 West Virginia 1 Wisconsin 1 Wyoming 2 i: NUMBER OF TOWNS IN EACH STATE OF OVER 3,000 SOLD AND NOT SOLD IN CARLOTS Towna Towns Towns 5, I to 10.000 10.0110 to 20,1)00 20.000 to 50.000 50,000 Up Population Population Population Population Sold Not Sold Sold Not Sold Sold Not Sold Sold Not Sold 5 1 5 1 . . 2 . . I II 30 11 1 I 1 16 18 I 44 29 30 10 16 9 15 11 26 6 50 15 11 7(1 2 9 4 13 29 8 4 10 13 3 25 2 4 14 4 13 14 1 41 24 20 10 9 6 5 49 22 11 7 13 6 29 3 39 14 2 37 2 5 55 1 6 6 1 6 19 1 1 1 1 3 13 2 3 10 14 19 13 4 1 4 3 2 28 17 5 4 9 5 13 33 5 21 2 37 3 3 14 1 1 1 1 23 15 5 19 3 2 9 io 40 741 69 299 59 154 73 51 Towns Sold 3,000 to 5,000 40 5,000 to 10.000 54 1 11.0110 to 20,000 69 20.) to 50,000 59 50,000 up 73 295 Not Sold 741 546 299 154 51 1,791 14 per cent only of towns over 3,000 sold in the United States. 86 per cent not sold. Towns under 3,000 : Sold, 311 ; not sold, 9,298. Suporting one or more newspapers. Sold, 3 per cent; not sold, 97 per cent. Total towns in United States, approximately, 35,085. Sold, 611 — .01 "io per cent; not sold, 34,474—98.3 per cent. TOWNS OF OVER Alabama Population Selma 14,988 Montgomery 41,777 Birmingham 166,154 Mobile 55,573 .trt'iona Bisbee 9,019 Globe 7,083 Tucson 15,604 Arkansas .lonesboro 10,000 Fori Smith 27,136 Texarkana 20,ooo Little Rock 53,811 California Marysville 5,430 Bakersfleld 15,538 Richmond 10,000 Santa Ana 12,000 Fresno 29,809 Pasadena 40,880 Sun DlegO 48. (Mil) Sun Jose 37,086 Stockton 30.UOII Los Angeles 138,91 I Oakland 183,002 Sacramento 70,000 Sun Francisco 148,502 3,000 POPULATION, SOLD APPLES IN CARLOTS Colorado Population Sterling 3,044 Boulder 10,933 Trinidad 12,274 Colorado Springs 31.717 Denver 245,523 Pueblo 51,218 Connecticut New London 20,55' Stanford 29,032 Bridgeport 115,289 Hartford 107,038 Waterbury 82,517 Dtstrtct of Columbia Washington Florida St. Augustine 5,494 Jacksonville 70,173 Tampa 60,000 Georgia LaGrange 5,58' i; 14,146 Augusta 49,451 Macon 11,992 Atlanta 179,292 Idaho Wallace 3,000 Lewiston 6,043 Idaho — Continued Population Twin Falls 5,258 Pocatello 11,267 Boise 29,637 Illinois Champaign 13,835 Freeport 19,018 Bloomington 26,850 Heal or 37,525 Galesburg 2:1.5.111 Chicago 2,393,325 Peoria 70,006 Rockford ,')2,337 Indiana Logansport 20,262 Muncie Evansvllle 71,284 Fort Wayne so, 000 Indianapolis 9 113 Iowa Oelweln Fori Dodge 19,200 Keokuk 14,008 Marshalltown 14,042 Mason Ciiv 13,495 Burlington 24,802 Cedar Rapids Clinton There are a great many people who believe that the unsatisfactory prices on apples are not due to overproduc- tion but to a lack of distribution. I have given this matter a great deal of thought and study for years, and have done much research work, endeavoring to collect statistics and present facts that would be of value, but until re- cently I could find no arrangements of the population of the different towns with reference to their population suffi- ciently classified in a way to be of value. A few months ago I picked up the American Newspaper Annual and Directory of N. W. Ayer & Son, Phila- delphia, and found a list of every town in the United States in which a news- paper was printed. In this list there are 11,695 towns, of which 9,298 are smaller than 3,000 population and 2,086 towns are over 3,000 population. But more important than this, the towns of over 3,000 population are arranged under the following classifications — in the forepart of the book, page 12, in Alabama, for instance, it gives the list of towns, arranged alphabetically, from 3,000 to 5,000 population; from 5,000 to 10,000 population; from 10,000 to 20,000 population; from 20,000 to 50,000 popu- lation, and from 50,000 upward, and so on with each state. In addition to this, under each state is given an alpha- betical list of every town with a news- paper in each state with the population of each town or city. It must be borne in mind that in the list of towns pub- lished in the N. W. Ayer & Son Ameri- can Newspaper Annual and Directory that only the towns are given where a newspaper is published." Upon count- ing the list of towns in the Produce Reporter Credit Rook, 212 West Wash- ington Street, Chicago, I find the num- ber of towns listed where there are produce dealers, taking the State of Ala- bama as an example, are three times as great as the number of towns listed by N. W. Ayer a; Son in the Newspaper Annual and Directory, which would make the towns in the United States approximately 35,085. I have kepi a record of every car- load with destination, as reported to the Fruit Growers' Agency during the month of November, the heaviest ship- ping season, representing 75 per cent of the tonnage of the Northwest, and in addition have taken the published list of towns to which the Northwestern Fruil Exchange has sold for the years 1910, 1911. 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, to December 28, 1916. \ll of these towns I have carefully clucked up ill the Newspaper Annual and Directory of Page 6 BETTER FRUIT TOWNS OF OVER 3.000 Iowa — Continued Population Council Bluffs 30,778 Davenport 46,340 Dubuque «.g« Ottumwa So'SnS Waterloo „?•,'■•, Des Moines 96.fi;" Sioux City Kansas 54.098 3,350 4,000 3,064 3,214 Rcloit Clay Centre Columbus Dodge City '•fij El Dorado f'Z* Great Bend \'\i.iL Herrington g'gjg ".'.'. 7 '.508 '. . . . 5,000 Manhattan . 6,500 Ottawa nV87 Coffeyville lasSo Fort Scott Va%iq McPherson Arkansas City Concordia Hutchinson Indepence Lawrence 13,296 13,018 14.500 ^■^vl :::::::: 17:700 Pittsburg 11,354 94,271 67,000 38,819 .579,590 Salina -iqVui Tnpeka Kansas City Wichita Kentucky Lexington Louisville isa,ii* Louisiana ,,.„, PV&Oto "'.481 Lake Charles io qnfi Shreveport »ri S-H New Orleans 3bl,-/!i Maine Rockland g'Jgf Bangor gj'VSJ Portland 62'16t Mart/land Baltimore Massachusetts Fitchburg 7«"sn2 Boston 7|i'i34 Lawrence llllool s^ri^eid- :::::::::.. i«o,375 Worcester Ib0.il/ Michigan Detroit 650,000 Minnesota Alexandria f""' Willmar *•"» Moorhead -J'2 Albert Lea 10.00° Brainerd »'»'" Crookston '>™° Fergus Falls 6,887 Thief River Falls 5,500 St. Cloud il'rZi Winona .35 'Ibr Minneapolis 343 ,466 St. Paul 236, /bb Mississippi ..-,, Hattiesburg W ; - Jackson o, »i Meridian 21,80b Missouri Hannibal 21-760 .loplin 32 ,84 8 Kansas City 281,9 1 St. Joseph 7SiRK= St. Louis 734,667 Montana Red Lodge |.860 Roundup 3,000 Rozeman 5-J"' Havre S.O00 Lewiston 6.000 ' Livingston 5'«5« Miles City 7.000 Anaconda 10.424 Billings 13,020 POPULATION. SOLD APPLES IN Mon tana — Contin ued Population Helena 13,258 Missoula 16,492 Butte 41,781 Great Falls 20,000 Nebraska HoUlredge 3,030 McCook 3,765 Columbus 5'2 i Fremont 9,345 Grand Island 11,505 Hastings 10'252. Lincoln 45,643 Omaha 133,274 Nevada Reno 13,579 New Hampshire Manchester 75,635 New Jersey Jersey City 270,903 New Mexico Albuquerque 13,058 New York Lyons 4,742 LeRoy 4,084 Medina 6,0/9 Ithaca 16./50 Elmira 40,073 Albany 107'2I9 Buffalo 461,887 New York 4,012,821 Syracuse 145»22Z Utica 80,589 North Dakota Valley City 4,606 Bismarck i'iti Devil's Lake 5,157 F'argo 16,351 Grand Forks 14,827 Minot 10,112 Ohio Bellefontaine 8,915 Marietta 12,924 Newark 28,271 Akron 80,291 Cincinnati 402,175 Cleveland 639,431 Columbus 204,567 Davton 123,794 Toiedo 200,000 Youngstow n 93,341 Oklahoma Alva 3,688 Duncan 3,000 Hobart 3,845 Ardmore 9,8b8 Durant 7,200 El Beno 7,8/2 Hugo ..., 6,000 Lawton 7,788 Miami 5,000 Chickasha 13873 Enid 18.209 Guthrie 11,911 McAlester 16,716 Sapulpa 11,431 Shawnee lo.olZ Muskogee 38.309 Tulsa 27,634 Oklahoma City 83,559 Oregon The Dalles 4,880 Baker 6,742 Astoria 10,11/ Salem 18,286 Portland 260,601 Pennsylvania Altoona 56,553 Philadelphia 1,657,810 Pittsburg 564,878 Scranton 141,353 Wilkes-Barre 73,660 Rhode Island Providence 247,660 South Dakota Deadwood 3,113 Rapid City 4,268 Redfleld 3,000 CARLOTS— Continued South Dakota — Continued Population Huron 5,791 Mitchell 7,785 Watertown 8,313 Aberdeen 11,846 Sioux Falls 20,000 Tennessee Knoxville 37,924 Chattanooga 57,057 Memphis 143,231 Nashville 114,899 Texas Bal linger 3,536 Big Spring 4,102 Cameron ,i,^bj Crockett 3,947 Cuero 3,109 Nacogdoches 3.309 Navasota 3,284 San Marcos 4,071 Sweetwater 4,176 Bonham 6,000 Brownwood 6,967 Corsicana 9,934 Gainesville 7,624 Greenville 9,696 Hillsboro 6,115 Sulphur Springs 5,151 Tavlor 5,314 Wexahachie 6,205 Abilene 12,806 Amarillo 13,585 Brownsville 12,310 Cleburne 11,587 Corpus Christi 15,000 Denison 14,409 Marshall 12,984 Palestine 11,412 Paris 12,081 San Angelo 10,321 Sherman 13,157 Temple 12,704 Tvler 11,393 Wichita Falls 10,760 Austin 23,218 Beaumont 25,433 El Paso 49,505 Galveston 40,289 Waco 28,707 Dallas 111,986 Fort Worth 94,494 Houston 98,122 San Antonio 115,063 Utah Brigham 3,685 Logan 7,522 Ogaen 29,528 Salt Lake 109,530 Vermont Portsmouth 37,569 Norfolk 86,540 Bichmond 150,000 Washington Chehalis 4,507 Puvallup 4,544 Centralia 7,311 Olvmnia 6,996 Ho'quiam 10,540 Bellingham 29,937 Everett 32,048 Seattle 313,029 Snokane 135,657 Tacoma 103,418 West Virginia Hinton 3,656 Clarksburg 11,394 Charleston 27,703 Wisconsin Rice Lake 4,500 Beloit 17,122 LaCrosse 31,367 Oshkosh 35,097 Racine 44,528 Superior 44,344 Milwaukee 417,054 Wyoming Casper 4,040 Laramie 4,962 Chevenne 9,661 Rock Springs 5,699 Sheridan 8,906 1TST OF TOWNS UNDER 3,000 POPULATION IN EACH STATE, SOLD CARLOTS, ^ ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY California— Dunsmuir, Montague, Stanford, San Pedro, Weed. Colorado— Haxtun, LaMar, Brush, East Morgan, Fort Morgan. Iowa— Cumberland, Cambria, Dike, Fairfield, Malvern, Strawberry Point, Walcott. Idaho— American Falls. Arimo, Arco, Blackfoot, Buhl, Emmett, Genesee, Gooding, Hazelton, Mi, 'oka, Middleton, Mt. Pelier, McCammon, Michland, Malad, Payette, P"rcell Parma, Picabo, Rupert Bexburg, St. Maries, St. Anthony, Smiths Ferry, Shoshone, W eiser, Wendell. Kansas— Almena, Arlington, Altamont, Anthony. Brownell, Clifton Condon Eureka Ells- wort] Graindeld, Gorham. Herndon, Hoisington, Hoxie, Jamestown KingsleyLuray, Marion Morganvil e, Morgan, Neodesha, Ness City. Oakley, Olpe, Osbnrn Ph.ll.psburg Protection, Scott City Sterling, Wakefield, Long Island, McDonald, Norton, Norfolk, Simpson, St. Francis, Traer, Vulcan, Whitewater, Woodruff. I.irn isiana — DeRidder. Minnesota— Breckenridge, Dilworth, Gleiiwood, Graceville, Henning, Mankato. North Redwood, Redwood Falls, Wadena Avon, Black Duck, Brewster, Cass Lake, Dalton, Detroit, Eagle Bend, Horton? Lake Park, Minnesota Transfer, Morris, Red Lake Falls, Twin Valley, Raymond, WhMon!ana Bainville, Baker, Big Sandy, Bouer, Bryan, Buffalo, Cascade. Conrad, Cutbank, Fai rv" w Gilford. Clendive, Glasgow, Hinsdale, Homestead, Medicine Lake, Plentywood, Poplar, Sidney Westhv Whitetall, Winifred, Wold Point, Brady, Bridger, Belgrade, Bowman, Browning, Chinook Coffee (reek. Dee, Lodge, Dillon, Drummond, Forsythe, Franklin, Geraldme, Laurel, July N. W. Ayer & Son, and from this have compiled the table presented in con- nection with this article, statistically arranged, showing the number of towns with a population of from 3,000 to 5,000 in each state, "sold" and "not sold"; the number of towns from 5,000 to 10,000, "sold" and "not sold"; the num- ber of towns from 10,000 to 20,000, "sold" and "not sold"; the number of towns from 20,000 to 50,000, "sold" and "not sold," and the number of towns 50,000 and upward, "sold" and "not sold," in carlots direct. In referring to the statistical list in connection with this article, please note there are 2,086 towns of over 3,000 population— 295 of them were sold 1,791 were not sold; 14 per cent have been sold and 86 per cent not sold. There are 9,609 towns in the United States sufficiently large to main- tain a newspaper, of which 311 have been sold and 9,298 have not been sold — 3 per cent sold, 97 per cent not sold. Of the total towns in the United States large enough to maintain a news- paper there are 11,695, of which 611 have been sold and 11,089 not sold. There are approximately 35,085 towns in the United States, of which 611 have been sold and 34,474 not sold, or .01 7An per cent sold and 98.3 unsold — a most remarkable showing. I really believe in a great measure that I am justified in making the statement that there are comparatively few, if any, who realize that a careful checking up of the towns sold in complete lists of the entire towns in the United States would show such wonderful contrasts, or, in other words, show that but .017/m towns of the United States had been sold North- western apples in carload lots, or 611 towns, and that 34,474 towns, or 98.3 per cent had not been sold. Now, it may be claimed and un- doubtedly is true, that a great many of these towns do not have commission merchants or fruit jobbers. On the other hand, it must be recognized, ac- cording to an approximate estimated list, that some 35,000 towns have deal- ers who handle fruit or farm produce of one kind or another. I do not main- tain for a moment that every town in the United States, or that every town over 3,000 population can be sold Northwestern apples direct in carlots, but it does seem, and undoubtedly is true, there are hundreds, yes thousands, of towns that have not been sold in carlots which can be sold. I realize fully there are many towns of over 3,000 population in the list which are close to some big city, like Chicago for instance, where they obtain their sup- ply of box apples in 25, 50 or 100-box lots, but there are many towns of less than 3,000 population sufficiently re- mote from the large distributing cen- ters which can be supplied direct, saving considerable extra freight and frequently unnecessary handling and extra profit. It must be admitted that occasionally the credit of some mer- chant in some small town might not be sufficiently good to sell on credit, but as the apple business should be done f.o.b., subject to sight draft, if the car is not accepted and paid for it could ipi? BETTER FRUIT Page 7 LIST OF TOWNS UNDER 3,000 POPULATION IN EACH STATE, SOLD CARLOTS, ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY— Continued Malta, Miles City, Norris, Pony, Rosebud, Stamford, Sweetwater, Townsend, White Fish, Wolf Creek. Missouri — Hale. Massachusetts — Bonita. New York — Burt, Suspension Bridge, Wilson. North Dakota — Alexander, Antler, Anamoose, Arnegard, Arthur, Beach, Berthold, Bismarck, Bowbells, Carrington, Charbonneau, Crosby, Dickinson, Drake, Finley, Hamlet, Hampden, Kecne, Leeds, Lignite, Lisbon, Medina, Noonan, Plaza, Portal, Powers Lake, Rock Lake, Rugby, Stanley, Tioga, Towner, White Earth, Wildrose, Wolfard, New Rockford, Bowman, Braddock," Chamber- lain, Cando, Edison, Flasher, Ft. Clark, Goodrich, Highmore, Hazelton, Hattinger, Hebron, Kil- deer, Kenmore, Langdon, Laketo, Leith, Mandan, New Salem, New Berg, Oakes, Parshal, Regan, St. Thomas, Sterling, Starkweather, Sheldon, Turtle Lake, Werner, Wahpeton, West Hope, York. Oregon — Enterprise, Bend, Klamath Falls, North Bend, Niagara. Oklahoma — Clinton, Ojima, Purcell, Woodward, Camanche, Herrington. Nebraska — Danbury, Gothenburg, Giltner, Gering, Lester, Moorefield, Riverton, Scottsbluff, Upland, Watertown. Pennsylvania — Biggerville, DeBois. South Dakota — Browning, Gettysburg, Kodoka, Claremont, Canova, Eureka, Groton, Gregory, Hill City, Java, Lemmon, Mott, Parker, Rie Heights, Tuton, Timber Lake, Vermillion, Webster, White Lake, Wolsey. Texas — Ennis, Llano, Bowie. Cisco, Comanche, Lockdale, Lockhart, Mexia, Plainview, Rock- dale, San Augustine, Stanford, Dalhart, Victoria, Waurika. I'tah — Milwood Spur. Washington — Sumner, Ballard, Krupp. Wisconsin — Baron, Boscobel, Osceola, Broadhcad, Bellinger. "west Virginia — Wheeler. Wyoming — Gillette, Hanna, Pine Bluffs, Upton, Basin, Cody, Douglas, Gurnsey, Rawlins, Thermopolis. be diverted elsewhere. With this im- mense list of towns unsold it seems worthy of suggestion to the selling agencies and association directors that they follow the method adopted by the big jobbers and manufacturers, by put- ting out a sufficient number of travel- ing representatives or salesmen to cover the different states and territories thoroughly, with a view of increasing the number of towns sold, creating a wider distribution and a greater con- sumption. If the town of medium-sized population can be sold direct, saving extra freight and unnecessary extra handling and extra unnecessary profit, the consumers in that city will receive their apples at just so much less per box, creating a greater consumption if these markets are properly worked and sold. Furthermore, it will mean that big cities and big distributing centers will be relieved from overcrowding and pressure, consequently firmer and better prices can be maintained and secured. In connection with this statement it must be borne in mind and remembered that whatever the market price is in a town like St. Louis or Kansas City, that is the price set in all of the smaller towns in a certain radius. If you ask a dealer in a small town a quarter more than the St. Louis price you cannot sell him, because all that is necessary for him to do is to call up the commission house, broker or dealer and ask him to ship him 100 boxes, more or less. It must be admitted Michigan raises a lot of apples, yet there are 76 towns in the State of Michigan of over 3,000 popu- lation and only one has been sold. Illinois raises a lot of apples also; how- ever, eight towns have been sold in the State of Illinois. Take as an illustra- tion the cities in a state. In California, Marysville, with a population of 5,000, has been sold, ye! Chico, with a popu- lation of 12,000, has not been sold: neither town is in an apple-producing section. But the number of deductions and conclusions to be drawn are in- linite. Limited space prevents a com- plete analysis of the situation. The expense of publishing in detail is too great lo publish in "Belter Fruit." However, the statistical tables present sullicient information to enable every shipping concern in the Northwest to analyze the situation completely. Every shipping concern should obtain a Produce Reporter Credit Book and the American Newspaper Annual and Directory of N. W. Ayer & Son, Phila- delphia, and take a list of the towns as reported sold of over 3,000 population and under 5,000 population, and check them off in these two publications. After doing this at a glance you can see which towns have been sold, the popu- lation of each, and which have not been sold, in every state and territory in the Union. The American Newspaper An- nual and Directory of N. W. Ayer & Son will give you the list specified, according to population, 3,000 to 5,000, 5,000 to 10,000, 10,000 to 20,000, 20,000 to 50,000 and 50,000 up, and the Produce Reporter furnishes a list of all the pro- duce dealers and commission men in every town, with their credit rating. I regret that space in "Better Fruit" is not sufficient and that "Better Fruit" cannot afford the expense of the publi- cation of the complete list of towns unsold, but I have presented sufficient facts and have given the shipping con- cerns a list of the towns sold, so that every shipping concern at a small ex- pense can check up from the list of towns sold according to the published list in this edition of "Better Fruit," and after doing this he can see at a glance just what towns in each state have not been sold, and by referring to the Produce Reporter Credit Book can find the names of the men engaged in the commission business with whom business can be done. I do not claim that every town can be or should be sold direct; some of the towns are close to jobbing centers and can be supplied in a more satisfac- tory way than buying direct in carlots. On the other hand, there are many towns with sullicient population to take care of carlots where jobbing facilities do not serve them satisfactorilj or where the distance is so great there is extra expense on account of freighl and extra expense in ichandling and unnecessary intermediate profit. Wher- ever it is advisable to sell towns direct it should be clone not only for the pur- mmping ou only i f ._. ™,™ imagine the difference between -■ _ MYERS COG GEAR "Easy Operating" PUMP and a pump of any other make until you start to pump water. Then you quickly discover that the "Rolling Motion" Coe; Cear construction performs an important service, saving 33' ,-; ol your pumping labor every time you take holj ol the handle whether you pump a bucket or a barrel ol water. So popular has this teature become through its success lul labor saving qualities that we now use the Cog aiConstruciion on Myers Hand and Wind- _.ill, Deep and Shallow Well Pumps, House Pumps, Pump Stands, Hvdro- Pneumatic Pumps, Tank Pumps, Spray Pumps -vm on some styles ol Myers Power Pur This places within your reach and at no advance In colt, through the thousands Myers Dealers, a Myers Cog Ccar'Eaiy Optralins" Pump designed tor your par licular needs. Remember mis when you ire ready tor a ne™ pump, and save ji and hard work In the H follow Attractive booklets on request EF.E.MYERS&BR 120 ORANGE ST. ■A/hland.Ohic. pump/ HAY TOOLJand J DOOR HANGER/ a FRUIT MEN ATTENTION! Members of The Farmers' Union Co-Operative Exchange will ship hundreds of cars of Peaches, Apples and Pears. The Exchange buys merchandise and supplies, and sells fruit and farm products. All purchases cash. All fruit sold track, --nippers' order. All buvers receive same quotations. Those desiring to furni&h supplies or to handle fruit, wire or write. The Farmers' Union Co-Operative Exchange J. W. GROVES, Manager Grand Junction, Colorado DO YOUR BIT By drying your surplus Fruits and Vege- tables. Our small evaporators give perfect satisfaction. Inexpensive. Send for Catalogue. THE EVAPORATOR CO. 55 Liberty St. New York pose of increasing the markets but for the purpose of increasing consumption, because in so doing the purchaser will save the extra expense of extra freight and extra profit, and by receiving apples direct the dealer will save one extra handling, consequently he will be able to furnish the apples to the con- sumer in better condition at lower prices, which will be a big factor in increasing distribution and creating greater consumption. I firmly believe if every shipping con- cern in the Northwest will accept the information and the suggestions con- tained in this article, and if each and every one of them will get busy in an earnest endeavor to increase their dis- tribution that we won'l bear much more complaint about overproduction, and 1 am equally and firmly convinced that if the suggestions given are fol- lowed out that every fruitgrower in (he Northwesl will gel better prices for his apples and And his hank account larger at the end of the year than he lias in the pasl few years thai I have been engaged in growing apples, cover- ing a period of fourteen years. Page S BETTER FRUIT July Sebastopol Gravensteins The crop of famous Sebastopol Gravenstein Apples is now moving. Season closes August 26th. The best apples from over 200 of our best orchards. Community packing houses insure uniform pack. See our representative or wire us. Sebastopol Apple Growers' Union SEBASTOPOL, CALIFORNIA ■■MB ■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■fl A Home-Made Sun Dryer By Jessie M. Hoover, Professor of Home Economics, Moscow, Idaho A YEAR ago the -writer visited four hundred farm homes in Southern Idaho. Before the home visits were made the women of each community or neighborhood were assembled at a central meeting place and were asked to consider the best labor-saving device they possessed and if possible show it to the visitor when she called at their home. Pictures were taken of many of the best devices and this dryer was one of the devices which seemed especially interesting. Judging by the results sampled the efficiency of the dryer can- not be questioned. Figure I shows the completed dryer with ventilating holes at the base and apex. To Make Two panes of glass 36 by 36 inches each are required. Figure II shows one of these glasses cut diagonally so as to form two right-angled triangles. Figure III shows the second glass cut so as to form a triangle with two equal sides. In Figure III there is a waste of the two upper corners of the glass. These three triangles are cased with wood in much the same way as a win- dow sash. For the base of the dryer build a square wooden platform of the same dimensions as the base of the cased glass. This should be placed on a table or substantial frame in the dooryard where it will have a good exposure to the sun, i. e., place the triangle ABC on the south side of the base, as shown in Figure I. On the east and west sides of the wooden base place the two tri- anges shown in Figure II, A' and A", in each case being placed on the wooden base. The edge C' is joined to the edge C. The edge B' is joined to the edge B. The edges B' and C will be slightly longer than the edges of B and C, but these can be extended up into the woden apex. The back of this dryer may be made of tightly-matched boards, hinged along the north side of the base; or it may be made of the wire gauze screening. Where dust storms or sud- den showers are likely to occur the wooden back is preferable. The door is fastened to the apex of the dryer with a suitable catch. A removable frame of wooden slats or heavy wire elevated an inch or two above the base will furnish a free circulation of air from beneath, and the food spread on it will dry more quickly. The air enters the small holes at the base and, accom- panied by the moisture from the evap- orating fruit, passes out at the inch hole in the apex. To save steps the dryer might be placed against a south window and could thus be filled and emptied with- out going outside. For protection in winter the dryer can be set under a shed. The owner of this dryer reports that it cost her six dollars complete. The position of the glass aids in con- centrating the sun's rays and increas- ing the heat. The enclosure prevents the entrance of dust and insects. The Bing cherries that were offered as samples were delicious and could be substituted for raisins, currants and other similar fruits in puddings, cakes and confectionery. Since the price of sugar is so high the drying of fruits should be of interest to all. F.jjs.n Fig.m ipir BETTER FRUIT Page p 7000 Abusive Miles Prove HUDSON Endurance Perhaps the Hudson record which means most to you is the ocean-to-ocean record. Each new claimant to great- ness, for several years, has tried to prove it by a transcontinen- tal run. A seven-passenger Hudson Super-Six broke the best record made up to last summer by nearly 2} o days — from San Francisco to New York. Then turned around and broke the record from New York to San Francisco. It completed the round trip in 10 days and 21 hours — over 7000 miles, includ- ing mountains and desert. And thus twice won America's most coveted record in one contin- uous trip. 1819 Miles in 24 Hours Next to that, the greatest official endurance record is the 24 -hour top-speed run. A Hud- son Super-Six stock chassis ran 1819 miles in that time — as far as from New York to Denver. That broke the best previous stock chassis record by 52 per cent. The 24-hour run, 10212-mile an hour speed, both made with stock chassis, and the 100-mile and the one -hour stock car tests, as well as many others, were official. They were made under the supervision of the American Automobile Association. They mean more than the speed records won — more than the best time regardless of size or class in the Pike's Peak hill-climb, by a Hud- son Super-Six Special, in which 20 racing cars participated. They Prove Endurance We made these tests just to prove endurance. Nothing else is so important to motor car owners. It is not how well a car will run in ordinary use that counts. How long and how little attention — how free from me- chanical needs and excessive fuel and lubrication charges, is the main thing. These tests have demonstrated that, measured by other standards, there is a yet unknown limit to the endurance of a Hudson Super-Six. What the Super-Six has prov- ed, in performance and endur- ance, has never before been done. Phaeton, 7-pass'r Cabriolet. 3-pass'r Speedster, 4-pass'r . $1S0S Touring Sedan . . . $2175 Town Car Landaulet $3025 1950 Town Car 2925 Limousine 2925 1750 (All Prices F. O. B. Detroit) Limousine Landaulet 3025 HUDSON MOTOR CAR COMPANY DETROIT, MICHIGAN WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 10 BETTER FRUIT July MAIN OFFICE AND FACTORY SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. BRANCH ES AT LOS ANGELES, FRESNO, PORTLAND SEATTLE, SALT LAKE CITY, HONOLULU Cork, Drouth Spot and Related Apple Diseases By A. J. Mix, Geneva, New York, Agricultural Experiment Station TWO little-known apple diseases are found in the Champlain Valley. These are perhaps only different types of the same disease, are non-parasitic in nature, and are apparently closely related to the well-known fruit-pit or stippen disease. The names cork and drouth spot are proposed for them. Associated with the drouth spot are ab- normal conditions of the twigs and foliage; it is proposed to call these drouth die-back and drouth rosette. Cork is also found in Ontario and in New South Wales. It affects chiefly the Fameuse variety. Apparently the drouth spot has occurred in Maine and Vir- ginia; and a closely related trouble occurs in the Pacific Northwest. Rosette has been reported from Colorado, Cali- fornia and Idaho; and both the rosette and die-back from the irrigated sec- tions of Washington and Oregon. In the Champlain Valley certain orchards and even individual trees are more affected than others. It is only in these particular cases that the diseases assume economic importance. Cork is evident in late June as dead brown spots beneath the skin of the fruit or around the core. The fruit is normal externally. Later the fruit becomes distorted and knobby, and brown corky areas are found scattered throughout the flesh. Drouth spot occurs in early June and fresh stages may develop throughout the summer if the weather continues dry. Superficial or sunken, irregular, dead, brown spots show in the skin of the fruit, and dead brown areas may occur in the flesh be- neath. In late stages the apple becomes cracked and deformed. The internal spots of both diseases are in close proximity to branches of the vascular system, and superficial drouth spots often show a wavy pattern of wrinkles apparently marking the subepidermal vascular network. Under the microscope these spots show cells with brown amorphous con- tents shrunken away from the walls. Sometimes cells are collapsed. Die-back consists in the death of a portion of the twig from the tip back- ward. Beyond this a brown discolora- tion in the cambial region extends back into healthy wood. The dead twig may be replaced by a healthy lateral from the base; but often there is found near the base of the twig a rosette-like cluster of dwarfed, lanceolate leaves. This appearance and one in which a compact cluster of similarly dwarfed leaves crowns a long, bare twig have been included under the name rosette. Field observations show that these diseases may occur on the best types of soil in the locality, under conditions of careful culture, and in young and vigorous trees. In certain cases a shal- low soil seems connected wtih their development. They may appear, how- ever, on deep soils of good physical condition. A condition of soil con- ducive to poor moisture supply seems connected with severe outbreaks. Drouth accompanied by high, dry winds seems to bring on a large amount of drouth spot and cork; a subsequent rainy period, as in 1915, causes them to disappear. In a rainy spring, as in 1916, some disease occurs in trees that have been previously affected, but the amount is inconsiderable and the period of development much shortened. The initial stage of die-back is found on the season's growth in midsummer. The following spring this die-back and the accompanying rosette are very noticeable. Dry weather in late sum- mer seems directly responsible for die- back of the season's growth. If a wet summer follows a dry spring, this die- back is practically absent, and there is evident recovery from its preliminary stages. No abnormal condition of the roots is necessary to the occurrence of die-back and rosette. Since these diseases may appear, to a limited extent, in a rainy season, lack of soil moisture cannot be considered their sole cause. It is, however, the one predisposing factor. Other factors, yet unknown, may be operative. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipl/ Assuming that an insutlicient mois- ture supply to the fruit, accompanied by great transpiration, may bring about these diseases, it is suggested that the exact method of their occurrence may be through the leaves robbing the fruit of water. Leaves have a higher cell- sap concentration than green fruits and can remove water from the fruits by the process of osmosis. Chandler has called attention to this fact and demon- strated it with detached twigs bearing fruits and leaves. Following Chandler's method fruits have been rapidly wilted, and then, by placing the twigs in water, caused to regain their original state of turgor. In many such fruits spots re- sembling those of drouth spot, and occasionally of cork, were produced. One experiment indicated that a re- duction of the leaf surface of the tree during the critical period might pre- vent the drouth spot, but this is not sug- gested as a practical means of control. The only control method which offers promise of results is one looking to conservation of soil moisture, and an even distribution of the moisture sup- ply throughout the season. Clean culti- vation is not sufficient. From certain suggestions of benefit in the Champlain Valley, and from results secured in the Pacific Northwest, clean cultivation followed by a leguminous cover crop, or the planting of a leguminous crop such a alfalfa in the orchard, seem methods which should be tried. Cer- tain growers in the Champlain Valley are testing them. BETTER FRUIT Page ii The Sun Fruit Drier transforms sunlight into heat, power and motion. A bruised apple is a ruined apple. Cut out the bruise, core, slice and place in the Sun Fruit Drier. On the second day the sliced, dry Hood River Beauty can be shipped to "Anywhere in France." Works perfectly for all other fruits and vegetables. How? Write Barnard & Gates 291 Stevenson Ave. Pasadena, Cal. Z?f>e First National Bank HOOD RIVER. OREGON A. D. MOE - - President E.O. BLANCHAR - Cashier Capital and Surplus $125,000 Assets Over $500,000 Member Federal Reserve System Your Goods + Our Packages =$ We make a specialty of High Class and Distinctive LABELS Let Us Help You Solve Your Selling Problem with SERVICE QUALITY PRICE Write to the most convenient office. The United States Printing & Lithograph Co. LOS ANGELES 430 S. Broadway SEATTLE 901 Hoge Building SAN FRANCISCO 112 Market St. jumnmnmiii ■•■•■•••■■■I fT^ The Two Big Things 'LADMTLTON BANK • that a bank can offer its customers are safety and service. This pioneer bank,oldest in the Northwest, assures safe and efficient handling of check- ing or saving accounts entrusted to it. We invite you to become a customer; to make use of the safety and service we offer. LADD&TILTON BANK PORTLAND OREGON OVER SIX MILLION Bushel ShippingBaskets SOLD SO FAR THIS SEASON Everybody is shipping fruits and vegetables in our bushel shipping baskets, simply because they are the best and cheapest package on the market. The demand for these baskets promises to ex- ceed the production this year. Therefore order now for quick shipment be- fore the advance in freight rates. Write for Prices Today. PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 1201 Advertising Building, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Best Insulation for Fruit Storage Houses Cabot's Insulating Quilt Building Papers, Roofing, Building Material, Paint Gravity Box Conveyors TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Inc., 184-6 Second St., Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FKl'IT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT July BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER, OREGON Official Organ of Tie Northwest Fruit Growers' Association A Monthly Illustrated Magazine PublLshed in the Interest of Modem Fruit Growing and Marketing All Communications Should Bo Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPARD, Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist Corvallls WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Tliornber. Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Oillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA 0. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley ?■ HV, V?ick- Entomologist wktsonvlUe Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson. Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States, $1.00 per year In advance Canada and foreign, including postage. $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27 1906 at the Postofflce at Hood River, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3. 1879. Liberty Bonds. — The people of the United States have shown their partiot- ism and support of the administration by overly subscribing to the Liberty Bond quota by 52 per cent— a positive indication that the people of the United States realize fully the magnitude of the war condition, and a positive indi- cation they will support the Govern- ment to the fullest extent, with every means necessary to prosecute the war and bring it to an early satisfactory conclusion. The United States realizes fully the seriousness of the situation. Being engaged in the war, the people appreciate fully the importance of bringing it to a quick conclusion. This can only be done by the most thorough preparation on an immense scale in the quickest possible time, supplying all of our troops with every necessity in the way of ammunition and supplies; and equally important is also the mat- ter of food. The United States must realize fully the food supply is short with European nations engaged in the war, and we must endeavor to the fullest extent possible to supply them in the most liberal way. The Editor of "Better Fruit," with many others, has believed for many years that in a large measure the un- satisfactory prices realized on apples during some of the past years have been due to a lack of distribution more than to overproduction. The editor has given the matter careful study in connection with consider- able research work covering a long period. Some facts in connection with these views are presented in an article by the editor elsewhere in this edition. The price of wheat in Liverpool sets the price of wheat all over the world. It is also a fact, to a large extent, that the prices of apples in the large dis- tributing centers set the prices in all of the surrounding territories. There- fore, if the fruitgrowers can avoid crowding the large centers by greater distribution throughout the small towns in the United States, the pressure can be relieved and a better level of prices maintained in all markets. It is the editor's belief that if each one of the associations would do as every job- ber or manufacturer does, divide the territory into districts and put on a reasonable number of salesmen — or, in plain English, "drummers" — to sell the towns that have not been sold, that con- sumption can be increased by greater distribution and a better demand cre- ated and better prices obtained. If the different selling concerns, sales man- agers and directors would give this matter proper attention and add on a sufficient number of salesmen, properly distributed, the 1917 apple crop can be disposed of, in the opinion of the edi- tor, without any doubt at satisfactory prices. Winter Kill, or Die Back, has caused the fruitgrowers of the Northwest more or less anxiety in different sections. It is similar to the trouble called Bosette in some districts. While this trouble has caused more or less damage for many years, it is comparatively little understood, but investigation of the trouble in the Northwest points to drouth being at least the main factor as to the cause. However, the editor desires to call attention to the fact that, in his opinion, it may not be so much drouth as the nature of drouth. An orchard may not be irrigated at all and show very little winter kill. While an orchard that is irrigated that is allowed to become very dry in summer or fall may show up winter kill the next spring. So it seems, at least to the edi- tor, that a change from wet to dry is more a factor than just simply dryness. Two articles on this subject, one by Leroy Childs of the Experiment Station at Hood Biver and one by A. J. Mix of Geneva, New York, appear in this issue, giving the result of their investigations and their conclusions, both well worth reading. Apparently it seems that the only remedy so far known is one of prevention, which is to maintain even- ness of moisture condition and suffi- cient moisture throughout the season. Economy in Harvesting. — The in- creasing cost of boxes, paper and all other supplies connected with harvest- ing the fruit crops apparently at the present time is unavoidable. With the increasing cost of living labor is de- manding and is entitled to prices in accordance with living costs. It is im- portant that every fruitgrower should introduce efficiency methods to the fullest possible extent to make up for increased costs so far as possible. It is a well-known fact that the expense of handling unpacked and packed boxes in the packing house and loading stations and warehouses is a large item, as most of this work has been done by hand. Some few up-to-date handling concerns and community packing houses have introduced gravity carriers, finding by so doing the cost of handling is greatly reduced. Without question if our ware- houses had been equipped with gravity carriers last season the work would BEST SERVICE QUALITY a PRICES PERFECTION IN FRUIT vLABELS/ t^H '■/ 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDG. PORTLAND.OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY-AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS. APPLES.CHERRIES & STRAWBERRIES, Turn Apple Waste to PROFIT Cider Making Will Pay Someone in Your Section Handsomely WILL IT BE YOU? Start a paying business that crows almost without effort. Thousands are making Big Money turning ;nipluwas(e into profits for their neinhli. is by making Good Market- able Cfder from wind-falls, culls, undergrades, etc., on Mount Gilead Hydraulic Cider Presses Sizes 10 to 400 bbls. daily. We also m cider evaparators, apple butter cook vinegar generators, filters, etc. All machinery is fully guaranteed All power presses have steel beams and sills. Write today for catalog. HYDRAULIC PRESS MFG. CO. 60 Lincoln Avenue Mt. Gilead, O. Pacific Coa9t Representatives The Berger & Carter Co. 17th and Mississippi Sts.. San Francisco. Cal. have been done much easier and the congestion relieved, and the fruit- grower would have saved considerable delay unloading at the warehouse. Home Drying of Fruits and Vege- tables.— The June , issue of "Better Fruit" contained a very interesting article on canning. In this issue is presented an article, with illustrations, as to the home drying of fruits and vegetables, with the suggestion and advice that every fruitgrower endeavor 19 1 7 to the fullest extent possible to put up good supplies of dried fruits and vege- tables, not only for home use but for sale, as there undoubtedly will be a large demand. It is the duty of every fruitgrower and farmer to conserve all of the waste, in fact to allow no waste to occur. Therefore every fruitgrower and farmer should either can or dry all kinds of fruits and vegetables, for which he does not find a ready market at a satisfactory price as fresh. The Red Cross Fund.— The quota for the Red Cross fund has not only been given very cheerfully, but the amount subscribed will far exceed the amount BETTER FRUIT Page 13 An Eastern School in the West ]YKss CatHii'8 Boarding and Day School for Girls Situated in an ideal spot on WESTOVER TERRACE PORTLAND, OREGON Basket ball and tenniscourts adjoining. Primary, Intermediate and College Preparatory Departments. Prepares girls for Eastern as well as Western Colleges. Music, Art and Dramatic training. Catalogue sent on request. School building open to visitors during the summer. ^^°^\*.'i Woslern Afienls ^( A. I ttooi Go roRTi.we Si 1 11 GOMPANY ii nHiiiiiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'i MIMIIII IIIIIMMllllllll in IIIINIIIIIIIIIlllllll 1 '£ Y> "Yellowstone is not only the won- der land that com- mon report des- cribes; it is also the fitting play- ground and pleas- ure resort of a great people; it ia the ideal summer school of nature study." Secretary Lane, U.S.Dept. of the Interior. Transportation within the park is now furnished by automobiles. Tiniimiiniiiimiiiiimiiiiimiiiii nmimuinmii iimnniiiiiiiimimiiiirainiiiniimiiinimmmHmiiiHiiiniimiiiiimiiiR Yellowstone National Park The Nation's Playground. GO THIS YEAR VIA BEE HIVES AND SUPPLIES IF YOU own an orchard or keep bees you should have a copy of our 1917 CATALOG of Bee Supplies Listing everything necessary for the success- ful handling of bees and production of honey. Gives Valuable Information on Pol' lination. Tells How to K.eeP and Care for Sees. Jtsk for Catalog No. 20S. PORTLAND SEED COMPANY Union Pacific System POPULAR WAY TO YELLOWSTONE WM. McMURRAV, General Passenger Agent, Portland, Oregon PORTLAN D OREGON requested. The cheerful subscription— the universal subscription— is a testi- monial to the goodness of the American people in doing everything possible to care for the sick and wounded. The shortage of hospital supplies is becom- ing serious in many of the countries thai have been engaged in the war for some time. It is .just plain humanity on our pari that we contribute willingly and freely to alleviate their suffering. Ill ported to have been successfully oper- ated in some districts throughout the Northwest. It is a simple, practical device, verj inexpensive and easy t<> construct. Every fruitgrower and farmer should endeavor In (unserve as much food during the summer, when it is plentiful, as possible, by all practical methods, such as canning, evaporating and drying. Home-Made Sun Dryer.— Miss Hoo- ver, in a shorl article appearing else- where in this edition, gives a design for a home-made sun dryer, which is re- Spraying Crapes to Increase the Yield. --The grape industry of the Northwest is comparatively new, but an old industrj in California and many Other stales, in which the industry lias WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 14 BETTER FRUIT July The Orchard Ladder of Quality must bear the name "Northwest." Thousands are sold on their merits. Ask your dealer to let you see our Ladder. No crushed fruit if you use the Barnett Fruit Picking Pail. Information on our Orchard Supplies will be gladly given on request. N. W. Fence & Supply Co. Station A received very careful attention and the best methods adopted for securing the greatest yield possible. All growers of the Northwest may not fully appreciate the importance of spraying a vineyard. Therefore a short but interesting article on spraying grapes is published in this edition of "Better Fruit." Grading Machines. — The cost of grad- ing by hand, especially with the in- creased cost in labor, is an unneces- sary expensive method that should be discarded. Grading machines are now being manufactured which do the work at a saving of several cents per box, in much less time, requiring a great deal less space for carrying on the work. A number of grading machines are being manufactured at various prices. Grad- ing machines will save probably five cents per box in doing the work. Any grower with 3,000 to 5,000 boxes of apples can nearly save the cost of a grading machine in a year or two. Fruit Juices for Jelly Making. — Con- tainers are very expensive. It is also quite an item of expense to buy all the sugar necessary at one time to put up jelly for the entire season. Fruit can be converted into juice, bottled, ready for converting into jelly later in the year, as required. The housewives of a great many fruitgrowers have tried this method and found it very satisfac- tory. Therefore it seems one well worthy of suggesting to the fruitgrow- ers, and that they may fully understand the method a short article is published elsewhere, entitled "Fruit Juices for Jelly Making." GET MY PRICES I can ship at once any size or style WITTE High-Grade Engine— 2to22H-P.— Keroeeneor Gasoline — Stationary, Portable or Saw-Rig — ready to run --Guar an teed 6 Years, You don't have to wait 6 to 8 weeks for c-r* u wn-rr a WITTE. You save S25 ED. H. will t tojiuu. Choice of engines --Cash or Easy Payments. My Free Book *'lii.w Tii Judge Engines," by return mail. -Ed. H. Witte, Pres. WITTE ENGINE WORKS, 1880 Oakland A"c, Kansas City, Mo. 1 880 Empire Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. Cherry Trees Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, etc. Free Catalog. Agents Wanted. Special Terms. MILTON NURSERY COMPANY MILTON. OREGON Portland, Oregon Winter Kill Needs Attention By Leroy Childs, Hood River Experiment Station DIE-BACK, or so-called "winter kill" of apple and pear trees is a com- mon disorder in many orchards of the valley this spring. The term "die-back" has been adopted in many sections of the country for this trouble and it is more appropriate than the old name of "winter kill." Winter conditions have nothing to do with fully 90 per cent of the trees that have failed to throw out normal foliage, and for this reason the term was very confusing, especially so as it sounds much like the term "winter injury." Winter injury is a term used for mechanical disorder of the tree brought about by freezing and thawing. Our commonest form of winter injury ffl rnpnu*" HUD Nbthind but praise »♦ iiimitHiiiiiii"! HUDSON— H. O. Harrison Co., San Francisco— "Many owners of Hudson Super-six cars use Zerolene. We hear nothing but praise for it." FORD — Fahy-Atterbury Sales Co. , Los Angeles — "we recommend Zerolene for the lubrication of Ford cars." MAXWELL— J. C. Phelan, Fresno— "Zerolene is giving us the best of satisfac- tion." HUPMOBILE— Manley Auto Co., Portland— "we are convinced that Zerolene is giving uniformly satisfactory results." ZEROLENE The. Standard Oil for Motor Cars Endorsed by Leading Car Distributors — because the records of their service depart- ments show that Zerolene, correctly refined from California asphalt- base crude, gives perfect lubrication — less wear, more power, least carbon deposit. ^Dealers everywhere and at out service stations NDARD OIL COMPANY (California) For tractors, Zerolene Heary-'Duty is especially recommended WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page i$ is manifested in the form of a severe splitting of the trunk, usually on the southwest side of the tree. Die-back, for the most part, is the result of mistreatment of the tree during summer and can be prevented by proper irrigation only. By irriga- tion is meant the maintaining of a uni- form moisture condition of the soil during the growing season of the tree. Each orchardist must determine the condition of the soil at intervals during the summer; different soils demand different treatment. This determina- tion can be made only by digging to a depth of three or four feet with a shovel or by using the soil augur at rather close intervals (not to ex- ceed three weeks during the growing season.) The cause which produces a diseased tree suffering from die-back has not been completely proved from an exper- imental standpoint. Observations of all workers, however, seem to indicate that it is the burning off of the root hairs or root feeders. Root hairs are the tender watery rootlets — soft and extremely delicate — by whose aid the plant draws food and water from the soil. These root hairs are very sensi- tive to heat and drought and if the soil — even though it be for a few days only — is permitted to become thor- oughly dried out, these small rootlets are killed, resulting in a tree suffering from die-back the following spring. Increasing soil fertility and neglect- ing the proper irrigation of the trees will work havoc in our orchards unless more attention is given to the proper use of water. By increasing fertility the number of root feeders is increased. The tree responds to this stimulus, forming a vigorous top which requires much moisture to maintain in a normal condition. If this supply of root feed- ers is all wiped out at one time, the tree undergoes a tremendous shock and the SEASHORE VACATION LAND Summer season fares to Clatsop Beach from all Northwest Points. Connections at Astoria for North Beach. Send for illustrated booklet on inexpensive outings. R. H. Crozier, A. G. P. A. THE NORTH BANK ROAD Portland, Oregon THE ORIGINAL Tliatt Does All Farm Work WITHOUT HORSES WHEN you begin to consider the purchase of a tractor, whether for a farm of 80 acres or more, there are a number of questions you will need to ask yourself before you buy. jHere are some of them: —Will it CULTIVATE as well as plow? Will it do ALL my farm work without horses? Will it work on plowed ground without packing the soil? Will it do the work Quicker; easier; and save on hired help ? Is it really a ONE-MAN tractor ? Will it handle a3 easily as a team of horses, rather than be too heavy, clumsy and inconvenient ? Do I ride on the tool where I can sec the work I am doing, or will I have to have someone run the tractor while I am operating the farm implement? Here is the tractor that answers these and all other farm power problems of the average farm most practically and profitably. A tractor that is heavy enough to do all farm work that horses will do, yet light enough to be handy and wcrk on plowed ground without packing your soil. ORIGINAL UNIVERSAL TRACTOR This is the original Two-Wheel Farm Tractor. It pulls two 14-in. plows; will disc, harrow, plant, CUL- TIVATE all hill and row crops, pull mower, binder, manure spreader, fill your silo — and do all belt work on the average farm. In fact, it will do anything you can do with horses; do it quicker, easier; and with less hired help. It weighs only 2800 lbs., but all its weight being on itsttwo wheels — all its weight is traction weight. The tool you hitch it to forms the rear wheels and you do not have to pull around a ton of needless weight. It will back up with tools attached easier than a team will back. You can turn around in a small space; get close to the rows and the fences. Write for Catal ^g Folder and read how farmers everywhere are solving the power and hired help problems on their farms. MOLINE PLOW CO. M.KL TheMotine Line includes: Corn Planters. Cotton Planters, Cultivators, Corn Binders, Grrin Cinders, Grain Drills. Harrows. Hay Loaders, Hay Rakes Lime Spreaders, Mowers. Manure Spreaders, Plows, (Chilled and Steel), Scales. Seeders. Stalk Cut- ters, Farm Truchs, Vehicles, Wagons. Alio STEPHENS SIX Automobiles gwfc. HARVESTING PLOWING iimi The big feature in motoring. An all -refinery gasolene — not a mixture. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT /VP^ Page 16 BETTER FRUIT The IDEAL ALL-PURPOSE TRUCK for Orchardists, Dairymen and Farmers THE GARY ONE-TON Strong, Rugged, Capacious— specially adapted to farm purposes. The Gary Truck for year-round hauling will economically and satisfactorily solve your problems. Let our experts tell you how. Some "Gary" Features Buda Motors, Pierce Governors, Rear Axle-Sheldon Worm-Drive, Sheldon Springs —front and rear, Pressed and Heat treated Steel Frames, Master Carburetors with hot air connection, Eiseman High Tension Magnetos. Gary Sizes and Prices— aii f.o.b. Portland 1-ton size 1 '-ton size 2^ -ton size w3%-tonsize $1,395 $2,000 $2,200 $3,250 KOEHRING MACHINE CO.N.W. 254 Hawthorne Ave., Portland, Oregon Seattle, Wash., 1215 8th Ave. Spokane, Wash., 806 3rd Ave. LESLIE BUTLER. President TRUMAN BUTLER. Vice President C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier Established 1900 Butler Banking Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON Capital $100,000.00 4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or if you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we make no charge for this service. THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY July transpiration, which occurs in the por- tion of the tree above ground quickly drains the tree of available moisture and food. Most trees suffering from die-hack make a slight growth in the spring. This feeble start consumes all of the stored-up food and moisture, and as there are no more root feeders to supply more food and moisture growth stops. The result is that the tree dies back until it can reorganize its feeding system. There are a good many orchards in the valley which are just on the edge of a die-back condition. A close ob- server can detect this condition by a few simple warnings given out by the trees before a serious condition has been reached. The writer has observed three which have proven good indi- cators and which are worthy of con- sideration. (1) Trees which have burned badly in the delayed dormant spray. (2) Dying and dropping of the fruit buds (before the pink stage is reached) on trees that appear fairly vigorous. (3) Premature yellowing and dropping of foliage in early fall. All of these indicators could be due to some other disorder than drought, but as a general rule drought condition could be suspected. We are now more than ten inches behind in normal rainfall and for this reason irrigation should be started at once, especially in the orchards that are in cover crops. This article has been written in the hope that it might bring to the grower the serious results that will continue if As it is — TRUE -that— Caro Fibre FRUIT WRAPPERS Prolong the Life -OF— Apples You who Grow Apples with great Expense should Dress them Warm and Attractively. Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit. Give Your Apples a Fair Show. Get the Top Price. The Apple Buyer knows Caro Fibre — Wouldn't You Pay a little more for a box of apples if you knew that it Would Keep Longer. If Your Shipper Doesn't Use Caro Fibre Fruit Wrappers he is not giving your fruit a Fair Show Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. MANUFACTURERS F. B. DALLAM, Pacific Coast Representative 417 Market Street San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT irrigation is neglected. During the past two years this neglect has cost Hood River many trees and many thousands of dollars. Unlike some of our plant diseases and insect pests, remedial measures lie in the hands of the orchardist and of him alone. This remedy is the proper use of water. In the near future the writer will submit a few suggestions for the handling of trees that have become so diseased. BETTER FRUIT Page ij Increase Grape Yield by Spraying (U. S. Department of Agriculture) GRAPE insect enemies and diseases may be controlled and a good crop of the berries practically assured if a careful spraying schedule is carried out, say A. L. Quaintance of the Bureau of Entomology and C. L. Shear of the Bureau of Plant Industry of the United States Department of Agricul- ture. Owners of small orchards and vineyards do not suffliciently appre- ciate the fact, the specialists point out, that by the expenditure of a little time and money a large proportion of the fruit may be saved, repaying many times the trouble involved in its pro- tection. The principal insect enemies of the grape are the grape berry moth, the grape rootworm, the rose chafer, the grape-leaf folder, and the eight-spotted forester, all of which are eating in- sects; and the grape leafhopper and the brown grape aphis, sucking insects. The principal diseases which attack grapes are black rot, downy mildew, powdery mildew and anthracnose. The use of combination spray solu- tions containing chemicals which act as insecticides or fungicides is advo- cated by the specialists. The following spray schedule is recommended: /ait&ri^t STEAM PRESSURE CANNING OUTFITS Housekeepers, farmerB, grow- ers--e very body can save and make money preserving meats, fruits and vegetables with a National Outfit. Makes cheap- est and toughest meat-cuts tender and delicious. Preserves fruits and vegetables without waste or spoilage. Use glass jars or cans. Simple -- safe -- economical. Outfits for home or larger. Write for details, stating what you will can and capacity ilesired. Northwestern Steel & iron Works 820 Spring St.,Eau Claire, Wis. Richeyft Gilbert Co. H.M.GILBERT.Presidentand Manager Grower! and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON Which? 6.to 8. PERDay NOT ONE CENT! Durir\^ tfye Surcvrwer the Samson Sieve -Grip Model S-25 can save you from $6 to $8 every day it does not work! The number of horses replaced by this tractor would cost that much to feed every day, whether working or not. Start making this saving RIGHT NOW by using a SAMSON Reg c* Pat U S. & Foreign Countrie* For stationary work the motor delivers its oower straight to the belt- pulley — not a gear in motion. Ask us how a Samson Sieve-Grip can benefit you— we'll send the catalog and "Samson Sittings" with our answer Two Sizes— Models S-25 and R-12 SAMSON SIEVE- GRIP TRACTOR CO., Stockton, California. J Ridley,HouIding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON Points to remember when consigning apples to the London Market 1— We Specialize in Apples 2 —All Consignments Receive our Personal Attention 3-The Fruit is Sold by Private Treaty CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Wilis WRI1 MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT July BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' Cement Coated Nails The Cutler Fruit Grader IS an EFFICIENT and RELIABLE MACHINE which will lower the cost in your Packing House and relieve you from dependence on expert packers. It has proven a good investment in scores of up- to-date packing houses during the past five years. Order early if early delivery is desired. Send for Descriptive Literature and Prices. Cutler Fruit Grader Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON SUMNER VACATION TIME is Here. Low Round Trip Fares will be on sale to many points in Western Oregon. Mt. Jefferson Country Newport Beaches TillamooK County Beaches Coos Bay Country Crater LaKe Josephine County Caves Plan your trip now and secure copy of latest folder "Oregon Outdoors" from our local agent or write John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent, Portland SOUTHERN PACIFIC LINES SPRAY SCHEDULE First application: About a week be- fore the blossoms open or when the shoots are 12 to 18 inches long, spray with bordeaux mixture, 4-3-50, for fungus diseases, adding 2 to 3 pounds of arsenate of lead paste, or one-half that quantity of the powdered form, for flea-beetle, rose chafer, etc. Second application: Just after the blossoms fall, spray with the same materials as in the first application for the same fungus diseases and insects and for the grape berry moth, grape leaf folder, and adults of the grape rootworm. Third application: About two weeks later use bordeaux mixture 4-3-50, arse- nate of lead paste 2 to 3 pounds, 40 per cent nicotine sulphate 1 part to 1500 parts of the spray mixture, for fungus diseases, berry moth, light-spot- ted forester, grape leaf folder, brown grape aphis, grape rootworm, and grape leaf hopper. To destroy the leaf hop- per, direct the spray against the lower surface of the leaves. To control the berry moth thoroughly coat the grape bunches with the spray. Fourth application: About 10 days later, or when the fruit is nearly grown, if black rot or mildew are still appearing, spray with neutral copper acetate or verdigris at the rate of 1 pound to 50 gallons of water. Fruit Juices for Jelly Making Without Sugar Fruit juices for use later in jelly making can be sterilized and bottled without sugar and made into jellies at the housewife's convenience. This en- ables her to do with fewer jelly glasses and to distribute her purchases of sugar for jelly making through the year. Moreover, with the bottled juice she can make a greater variety of jellies, as juices which will not jell can be put up when the fruit is ripe and combined later with fruits that will jell, or fruits ripening at different seasons can be combined. For example, the juice of strawberries, cherries or pineapple can be kept without sugar and later when apples are plentiful can be made into combination jelly. From the unsugared sterilized juices of currants, apples, crabapples and grapes, kept from 9 to 18 months, the WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi7 Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, recently made jellies of excellent texture, flavor and color. To put up unsugared fruit juices for jelly making, proceed exactly as if jelly were to be made at the time. Cook the fruits until they are soft and strain out the juice through a flannel bag. Heat and pour while hot into bottles pre- viously scalded. Fill the bottles full, leaving no air space between juice and cork or seal. Place the filled sealed bottles on their sides in water near the boiling point, and keep them in the bath for about 30 minutes. Make sure that the corked or sealed end is under the hot water. As soon as the bottles are cool, cover the cork with a paraffine seal. Thorough sterilization and seal- ing are absolutely essential to success. To make jelly from the sterilized juice, test its jelling quality, add the proper amount of sugar, and proceed as in making jelly from freshly ex- pressed juice. Helping Fruit Growers and Shippers THE results of investigations carried on by the United States Department of Agriculture in the handling of North- western apples for and in cold storage have been so conclusive that this work may be considered as completed, ac- cording to the annual report of the Bureau of Plant Industry. The results brought out particularly the importance of picking apples of various varieties at the proper stage of maturity, of careful handling in all harvesting and storage operations, of prompt cooling, and of proper storage temperatures. During past seasons the growers have fre- quently suffered very large financial losses from either too early or too late harvesting of apples of certain varieties, such as Jonathan, Rome Beauty and others. The work has demonstrated clearly that the storage life of apples can be prolonged from weeks to months by picking at proper maturity, and has shown how the grower may know when his fruit is of proper maturity for best BETTER FRUIT Page 19 ORCHARD YARN Listen, Orchardists: Now is the time to tie your fruit trees. All limbs can be readily seen; the spurs are less easily broken off than later; the saving of time is considerable and yarn is probably as cheap as it will be this season. Orchard Yarn is the correct method of supporting trees and the saving of a few trees is worth the cost of the yarn for an entire orchard. Sold by all dealers. If they cannot supply you, please order direct from The Portland Cordage Company Portland, Oregon Seattle, Washington PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY Rooms 6 & 7, 1221! Grand Ave.. Portland. Oregon Wholesalers of Nursery Stock anrl Nursery Buppllee A very complete line of Fruit and Ornamental Trees. Shrubs, Vines, Etc. SPECIALTIES Clean Coast Grown Seedlinsrs Oregon Champion Gooseberries and Write Now Perfection Currant* Write Now You need a new SEPARATOR NOW st If you are still using some gravity or setting . = process of creaming— BECAUSE YOUR WASTE IS GREAT- est and quality of product poorest in mid-summer when the milk supply is heaviest. BECAUSE TIME IS OF GREATEST value on the farm at this season and the time and labor saving of the good separator counts for most. BECAUSE THE SKIM-MILK IS poorest without a separator in hot weather and often more harmful than helpful to calves. BECAUSE THE WORK OF A NEW De Laval Cream Separator is as per- fect and its product as superior with one kind of weather as with another. 2nd H you have a very old De Laval or an inferior = separator of any kind- BECAUSE THE LOSSES OF THE poor separator from incomplete skim- ming and the tainted product of the hard-to-clean and insanitary separa- tor are the greatest at this season. BECAUSE OF THE GREAT ECON- other, and you can not afford to waste time these busy days "fuss- ing" with a machine that ought to have been thrown on the junk-pile long ago. omy of time at this season in having a separator of ample capacity to do the work so much more quickly. BECAUSE THE NEW DE LAVAL IS so much simpler and more easily handled and cared for than any BECAUSE THE DE LAVAL SEPA- rator of today is just as superior to other separators as the best of other separators to gravity setting, and every feature of De Laval superiority counts for most during the hot sum- mer months. These are all facts every De Laval local agent is glad of the opportunity to prove to any prospective buyer. If you don't know the nearest De Laval agency simply write the nearest main office, as below. DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO. LARGEST DAIRY SUPPLY HOUSE"ON THE PACIFIC COAST. Alpha Gasoline and Distillate Engines, Ideal Green Feed Silos, Acme Ensilage Cutters and Blowers, Irrigation Equipment, Centrifugal and Deep Well Pumps and Alpha Spraying Outfits. Send for speoial catalog. 61 BEALE STREET, SAN FRANCISCO 50,000 BRANCHES AND LOCAL AGENCIES THE WORLD OVER TTIE only * pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. Pittsburgh Perfect Cement f^QofgH NtlJlS are of the njghest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVBBTISHtS MENTI0 ' fKl IKU1T Page 20 BETTER FRUIT July a Adaptability and Speed on All Kinds of Work The "Silent Smith" typewriter is equally efficient, whether the work is specialized or diversified C Modern business demands typewriting, not only for correspondence, but for more complex work — billing, stencil writing, check writing, tabulating, label writing, card index work, filling in ruled forms. C. The "Silent" models of the L. C. Smith & Bros, type- writer, called "silent" because of the extremely small amount of noise in their operation, provide for this wide variety. C. The quickly interchangeable platen, the variable line spacer and the decimal tabulator make possible a great variety of work on one machine. The speed of all these operations is only limited by the speed of the operator. C. More information is given in our handsomely illus- trated catalog which is free for the asking. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter Company Factory and Home Office : Syracuse, N. Y. Branches in all Principal Cities with greater or less rapidity until it goes into consumption; the tempera- tures maintained in transit determine to a great degree both the rate of ripen- ing and the development of fungi and other decay-producing organisms. The investigations during the past season have had mainly in view the improve- ment in refrigerator car equipment, especially as regards insulation and facilities for free air circulation. The results of the work thus far have shown that through certain modifications in the ice hunkers, through the use of racks, or false floors, and through bet- ter insulation, it is entirely practicable to increase the efficiency of refrigera- tion, and to haul larger loads of fruit than formerly and with a lesser ice consumption. The results are particularly of im- portance to the shippers in that they can obtain uniformly better refrigera- tion ultimately at a lesser cost. Prob- ably the most important development in connection with these investigations is the practicability of using small amounts of salt during the first two icings in cars with modified bunkers and racks to accomplish a quick cooling comparable with precooling in either warehouses or car-precooling plants, with practically no extra cost and no delays for precooling. Another import- ant factor is the fact that the fruit is subjected to no extra handling except the handling that is necessary to place it in the car as it is ordinarily loaded. It also makes possible the shipment of tree-ripened or more fully matured Scores of the most success- fruit-growers in the Pacific Northwest now recognize the ' need of an 104 A Fifth St results in storage. In connection with the investigations of the cold storage of Newtown apples in the Watsonville dis- trict in California, the most important discovery is without doubt the relation of tree vigor to keeping quality of fruit in storage. Experiments extending over two seasons have clearly shown a marked and consistent difference in the keeping quality of fruit from different trees, particularly trees that for any reason differ in vigor and general healthfulness. During the past season the possibilities of common or air- cooled storages in different sections were carefully investigated. The re- sults of these investigations have shown clearly the practicability of such stor- age and the economic saving resulting to the industry in the use of houses properly constructed and managed. The results of fruit-handling investi- gations during the past few seasons show that the most important factor in determining the condition of either fruits or vegetables in transit and after arrival on the market is the tempera- ture maintained in refrigerator cars during transportation. All fresh fruit is alive and the life activities continue , This silo and a few good cows i j will start you on the road to^ successful dairying. Write for FREE Silo Book. Address Dept. L. The Chas. K. Spaulding Logging Co. Salem, Ore. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT i9i7 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 fruit in good condition, thus supplying the consumer with a product possessing its maximum fine quality. In addition to outlining the work done in the interest of citrus fruit growers, and in lessening the losses from watermelon rot and developing better methods of handling muskmelons, the report mentions results obtained in dealing with diseases of deciduous tree fruits. Cedar rust on apples, it states, continues to attract considerable atten- tion and has been severe in certain localities. One of the striking things, however, in orchard pathology has been the fact that in many of the large com- mercial orchard districts of the eastern Appalachian Mountains, where cedar rust threatened the destruction of the value of the orchards, complete or par- tial eradication of the cedar trees in the vicinity of the apple orchards, usually within a radius of one mile, has com- pletely solved the problem in the most practical, simple and permanent way and at very slight expense. While the destruction of the red cedars is to be regretted, this tree in the vicinity of apple orchards has come to be a verita- ble pest tree, and where the cedar rust fungus has been peculiarly abundant the necessity for its destruction has been amply demonstrated by the re- peated experiences of the past few years. Practical field tests in perfecting the methods of control of apple bitter rot have been carried on in the Ozark sec- tion with very satisfactory results. Re- moval of cankers and diseased fruit, supplemented by spraying, reduced damage by the disease to two per cent on early varieties and one per cent on late varieties. The orchard in which these field tests were conducted had previously, despite our best efforts in c THE GOOD JUDGE UOIHSTHE ARlAY Attention, Fruit and Vegetable Growers CAN your Fruits, Vegetables, Meats and Fish in Sanitary Cans, with the H. & A. Steam Pressure Canning Outfits, built in Family, Orchard and Commercial size; seal the cans with the H. & A. Hand or Belt Power Double Seamer; they will save your perishable fruits and vegeta- bles at ripening time when nothing else will. Write for descriptive matter. Henninger & Ayes Mfg. Co. 47 S. First St., Portland, Ore. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. 0U"N $50.00 oav __ PER EARN WITH TH« Gearlesi Improved Standard Well Drilling Machine Drills through any formation. Fire years ahead of any other. Has record of drilling 130 feet and drlrinit casing In 9 hours. Another record where 70 feet was drilled on 2'/j gallons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can Electrically equipped for running nights. I :ob. Engine Ignition. Catalogue W - REIERSON MACHINERY CO.. Mlg .. 1295-97 Hood SI . Portland. Ore. COLONEL. PUT ME IN THE l_ RANKS OS ANY OTHER OLD~| PLACE, BUT SEE THAT VIE. L HAVE PLENTY OF"THE LITTLE [CHEW THAT SATISFIES V.E HAVE A FOUR MONTHS SUPPLY I OF W-B CUT TOBACCO then.i'moo ', TO STAY W \ thisreqim 3'NG, ) ith ri *ent| WHEN men are drawn together in the army, you find out a lot about their likes and dislikes. It's always been a great place for the spread of W-3 CUT popularity. They show each other why you shouldn't take more than a little chew of W-B CUT. Every shred is chock full of sap; a big chew is too rich. They take to W-B CUT, strong: nothing is too good for our soldiers. Made by WEYMAN-BRUTON COMPANY, 1107 Broadway, New York City ECONOMY An oil cook-stove is cheaper to buy than a wood or coal stove and it's much cheaper to operate. Meals in a jiffy, and a cool kitchen ia summer. All the convenience of gas — economical for all the year 'round cooking. Bakes, broils, roasts, toasts. Steady, evenly-distributed heat, the best for cooking. The long blue chimneys prevent all smoke and smell. In i, 2, 3 and 4 burner sizes, with or without ovens. Also cabinet models. Ask your dealer today. NEW PERFECTION OIL CffOJfrSTOVE STANDARD OIL COMPANY • California) WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT This Hood River Apple Storage House IS INSULATED WITH Cabot's Insulating "Quilt" at the lowest cost and with the greatest efficiency and permanence. Quilt is made of eel-grass, the fiber that will not rot. will not burn, will not harbor insects or ver- min. It make a thick cushion of dead air spaces that keeps out heat better than other insulators that cost much more and that are not permanent, sanitary or safe. One laver of Quilt Is equal in insulating power (by actual test) to forty or fifty layers of common building paper. It is easy to apply, low priced and never goes to pieces in the work. Send for sample of Quilt, with catalog and prices, to SAMUEL CABOT, Inc., Manufacturing Chemists, Boston, Mass. or to the Northwest Distributors: S. W. R. DALLY, Globe Building, Seattle TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Portland Conserve Wood Preservative — preserves posts, planks and all other timbers. Cabot's Creosote Stains — for shingles, siding and other outside finish. United States Government Bureau of Standards tests show Cabot's Quilt more efficient than any other insulator, including cork board. Golden Gate Weed Cutter and Mulcher Farmers, order early if you want the Golden Gate Weed Cutter and Mulcher, as the demand this year will be great, as it not only cuts weeds, but kills them, and leaves finely pulverized top soil. Cuts any depth. Pre- vents evaporation by working under the soil without dis- turbing soil on top. Write for circular. C. G. SIGURD Capital Avenue and McKee Road, San Jose, California EW.BALTESAND COMPANY Printers • Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON July spraying, lost from 10 to 2,"> per cent cacli year. Adjacenl orchards during the year lost about 50 per cent on early varieties and 2,"> per cent on the late varieties. The bacteria] spot on peach and plum lias not proved amenable to spray treat- ment. Experiments in controlling this disease by means of nitrate of soda applied to the soil were tried out on a large scale with complete success. The life history of the organism causing this disease is being studied. The work of the present year on stig- monose of fruits has given further con- firmation of the previous year's experi- ments and established the connection of certain insects with particular types of fruit spotting. Experiments on rosy aphis stigmonose have been carried out at Staunton, Virginia, and similar work has been carried on, in co-operation with the Bureau of Entomology, at Wenatchee, Washington. The work in Virginia has shown conclusively that much of the so-called "York" spot of the Eastern states is stigmonose due to insects. This type of disease is, there- fore, capable of control by spraying methods developed by the Bureau of Entomology. Experiments have been made in the control of this disease, and the first year's results of spraying show that the shipping qualities of the fruit from sprayed plats will stand up in shipment far better than the fruit from the unsprayed plats. Frank H. Lathrop has been appointed research assistant in entomology at the Oregon Agricultural College Experi- ment Station. He will conduct labora- tory and field work in entomology. Be sure to visit our special display at the Fremont, Nebraska, Tractor Dem- onstration, August 6th to 10th. Moline Plow Company, Moline, Illinois. — Adv. BUY AND TRY White River Flour MAKES Whiter, Lighter Bread WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT yitllllllllUUIIIIIUIKIIIIIIHIIIlilllllllUllllIIIKIIIIIIIIIIIItllllllllllllllll IJIH11I11I 1IIM 1 1 1 1 1 M lltl I It 1 1 1 J I IH II II I II H MM 1 1 1111 U 1 1) I M U II 1 1 1 II II I II M n I II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 U 1 1 < U 1 1 U 1 1 ( u L M l M 1 1 1 1 1 U 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 M 1 1 U Ur H I H M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 U 1 1 M 1 1 1 )1 ! 1 1 U M 1 1 1 1 r ^ 1 1 M J I ( f I i i ( f < 1 1 < M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 1 M Hi a — I The Ideal Fruit Grader | SIMPLICITY, ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY ABSOLUTELY NO BRUISING Two men, one an experienced machinest, the other an experienced cabinet maker, with many I years' practical experience in the fruit industry in Hood River, combined their mechanical skill and 1 | practical knowledge of fruit handling in perfecting a grading machine— a model of simplicity, economy and efficiency. There is no machinery — Nothing to get out of order or be fixed connected with the Ideal Fruit | | Grader. It is practically all wood. | The operation is simple, consisting of a belt for a conveyor, operated by electricity or gasoline | | engine, and short elastic belts, which move each apple in the proper bin from the belt conveyor. The Ideal Fruit Grader divides the crop into Extra Fancy, Fancy and C-grade, all at one time. The | Extra Fancy being divided into seven bins on one side, the Fancy into seven bins on the other side | | and the C-grade going into six bins at the end of the grader. Built for four sorters, the grader is 28 feet long and 9 feet wide; built for eight sorters, 32 feet long. In 1916 we packed 9,000 boxes with the Ideal Fruit Grader with two packers without the machine ever stopping once for repairs of any kind. Further detailed information, illustrated circulars and prices will be furnished upon request. IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO. HOOD RIVER, OREGON ^lUiiiJiMiiiHtuiMHimtuiHiiiMuiiutiinuuiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiitMmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiHiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i ■■ 111 1 tti iriii tiiij >■•■ i ■■■ iiicii i !•■■ ii till ■■! i iti ii ill iii i ii 111 1 1 1 1 it i ii riii iiiii ttt j iiitiiiii itin t ii i ■•iiriiu iiiiicin mi iriirici I III II 111 mi II till liT Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.Pearson Co., inc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bldg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON E A rnNHMV In buying is getting the V/V^m V/1YX X best value for the money, not alwavs In getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS £ ^."■"SE for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. VI TAUTT TTV behind the goods is HiLiLADLLiX X X added value. Toucan rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. Is assured by our long experience In making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. RIGIN ALIT Y £.ays 'excels^m 1 ta- tlon. Imitation's highest hope Is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime l/ou play safe. ATISFACTION R S o NAILS A I L TRUE-TO-NAME Free From Pests That's what you want when you plant fruit trees. That's what you get when you order the O.&F.Unxld Brand Get our prices before planting this spring. Largest stock in the Northwest. All grown on virgin soil. Everything in fruit trees and a full line of Flowering Shrubs Roses, Shade and Ornamental Trees Ornamental and Fruit Nursery Co. Box 217 K WAPATO, WASH. Cat Jl*e will b. mail.d 1 1 .. iia.n r«|UMt. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT THE WORLD OUR ORCHARD gf^p* OUR ORCHARD ^X Steiiiiw ft Kelly I NEW YORK I TIW1&LY RTOUT blJTRIBUTI UNTRY P OTHER. FRUITJ OUR MARKET THE WORLD WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT Volume XII AUGUST, 1917 Number 2 Ps~ir~8^r»^r--i^r-f^r*{^r>{^r>^n^ ^^^^^t3^ct]ct]^^cOTc!3^[t]i SPECIAL FEATURES nut mi ihi iminii mi i n i mi iui ii in inn nm mum i ui i m uii tnnni i in i mi iin im i hi tin rnitin i mi 1111 1 1 1 1 1 1 in nminHriii uu uuttniiimtii i m if ii^uiiiiui limn Grading Rules and Regulations for Washington, 1917. Distribution of the Strawberry Crop of 1915. Cities of Over 3,000 Population in Minnesota, Ohio and Louisiana that have not been sold carlots of apples from the Northwest direct. Estimates of the Apple Crop for Washington, Idaho, Oregon and Montana. Preserving Fruits and Vegetables by Drying. Bitter Pit; It's Cause and Control G 3° O BETTEB FRUIT PUBLISH [NG COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, BOOD RIVER, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States: Canada and Foreign, [ncluding Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents Speedway's Crushing Tests Prove Hudson Super-Six Endurance Four Hudson Super-Six Specials raced at Cincinnati. All four finished in the prize money: First, in the Free-for-All; Second, Seventh and Ninth in the 250-mile classic. At Chicago on June 16, Ralph Mulford in a Hudson Super-Six Special broke the American speedway records for 150 and 200 miles. For 200 miles he averaged 104 miles an hour— faster than any car ever traveled such a distance before. Speedway racing is the most abusive of all motor tests. Every part of a car is subjected to manifold destructive stresses. It is endurance that counts most on the Speedway. Hudson Super-Six speed tests are in reality endurance tests. It is possible to build faster cars than the Hudson Super-Six Special, but the speedway record of 104 miles an hour for 200 miles, now held by a Hudson Super-Six Special, proves that endurance is more important. Our interest in racing is not so much to see how fast we can make the Hudson Super-Six. It is to demon- strate motor endurance. It would take too long, at ordinary driving speed, to demonstrate the endurance life of a Super-Six. The speedway in a few hours calls for all the stamina required in years of ordinary use. No other racing car of prominence so nearly resembles stock production as does the Hudson Super-Six. Prac- tically all of the notable racing cars, and particularly those against which the Hudson Super-Six Special has shown its superiority, were built especially for racing. They bear slight resemblance to the stock production of any factory. Their cost is usually so great that not more than two or three cars are ever built. The Hudson Super-Six is essentially a production car. The very qualities of endurance that are necessary in racing are the qualities you should demand in the car you buy. It guarantees safety, low maintenance cost and long service. You can get a Hudson Super-Six in any body type you may desire. There are eight designs to choose from. The carriage detail matches the high quality of the chassis construction. Phaeton, 7-passenger $1650 Tourine Sedan . $2175 Town Car Landaulet .$3025 Speedster, 4-passenger 1750 Town Car . . . 2925 Limousine . . . 2925 Cabriolet, 3-passenger 1950 (All prices f. o. b. Detroit) Limousine Landaulet . 3025 HUDSON MOTOR CAR COMPANY DETROIT, MICHIGAN WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 1 9 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 3 Mathews Gravity Conveyers FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CANNERS AND PACKERS MADE ENTIRELY OF STEEL NEAT - LIGHT - DURABLE - SANITARY Manufactured by the Originators and Designers of the First Steel, Bali-Bearing Gravity Conveyer Portable Roller Conveyer Units To the right is shown a typical eight- foot unit. Rollers are spaced to suit sizes of packages to be handled. Diam- eter of rollers, 2% inches, cut from cold-drawn, seamless steel tubing, fitted with case-hardened, detachable ball bearings and full-length axles. Lock bars hold all rollers rigidly in place, eliminating use of nuts. Frame rails are of flat bar steel, rigidly braced crosswise and lengthwise. Whole unit construction is strong, neat, compact, and capable of giving almost unlimited service. Reversible Curves General construction same as straight units. Curves can be made to direct conveyer lines in any desired direction to fit special conditions or requirements. See illustration to left showing typical 90° curve. Automatic Straight-Lift Elevator Automatic Inclined Elevator Gravity Roller Spiral Spiral Chutes, Etc. These are useful in providing con- tinuous routing of packages between floors, designed to connect up with gravity conveyer lines. The Famous Mathews Gravity Wheel Conveyer (Manufactured under exclusive patent.) [•-*— .+rr,^. A Light, Strong Conveyer — Ideal for Conveying Boxes of Uniform Size. Made in portable straight and curved units same as Roller Conveyer. Both styles of conveyers can be used portably or installed permanently to conform to any desired routing plan. IMPORTANT NOTICE Expert advice and personal service can be had on short notice, by addressing one of our nearest Coast agents. This service is free and without obligation. We are also prepared to ship all orders for standard roller and wheel conveyer units promptly. Mathews Gravity Carrier Co. Factories: Ellwood City, Pa.; Toronto, Ont.; London, Eng. Address or wire inquiries to our nearest Coast sales office. Spokane — Hofius Steel & Equipment Co. Wenatchee — Wells & Wade. Seattle — W. R. Hendrey Co., 313 Hoge Bldg. San Francisco — Mailler Searles, Monadnock Bldg. Los Angeles — John F. Willard, 315 Broadway. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENU- I SI FRUIT Page 4 BETTER FRUIT THE ORIGINAL August That Does All Farm Work WITHOUT HORSES When you come to buying a tractor, whether for a farm of 80 acres, 280 acres or more, there are a number of questions ycu will need to ask yourself before you buy. Here are some of them: — Will it CULTIVATE as well cs plow? — Will it do ALL my farm work without horses? — Will it work on plowed ground without packing the soil? — Will it do the work quicker; easier; and save on hired help? —Is it really a ONE-MAN tractor ? — Will it handle as easy as a team cf horses, rather than be too heavy, clumsy, and inconvenient? — Do I ride en the tool where I can see the work I am doing, cr will I have to have someone run the tractor while I cm operating the farm implement? The tractor that answers these and all other farm power problems most practically and profitably is the ORIGINAL NOUN! UNIVERSAL TRACTOR This is the original Two-Wheel Farm Tractor. It pulls two 14-in. plows; will disc, harrow, plant, CULTIVATE all hill and row crops, pull mower; binder, manure spreader, fill your silo — and do all belt work on the average farm. In fact, it will do anything you can do with horses; do it quicker; easier; and with less hired help. It weighs only 2,800 lbs., but all its weight being on its two wheels — all its iveigkt is traction weight. The tool you hitch it to forms the rear wheels and you do not have to pull around a ton of needless weight. It will back up with tools attached easier than a team will back. You can turn around in a smallspace; get close to the rows and the fences. It is the ideal tractor for the farmer because it costs less than four horses; is as powerful as five horses; does more work than seven horses; is inexpensive to operate; and eats only when it works. Write for our new Tractor Catalog and read how farmers everywhere are solving the powerand hired help problems on their farms; how they are changing the drudgery of farming to a profit- able pursuit. Learn how you can make your work easier and get it done on time and grow bigger, better crops. Write today. MOLINE PLOW CO, M%nk£ ilu The Moline Lino includes: Corn Planters, Cotton Planters, Cultivators. Corn Binders. GraiD Binders, (Iroin Drills, Harrows, Hay Loaders, Hay Rakes, Lime Spreaders Mowers, Manure Spr.'.-nliTs, l't<>ws I'hillw] an. I SiopIj. Readers, Settles, Seeders. Stalk Cutters, Farm Trucks. Vehicles, Wagon*. Also Stephens Six Automobiles WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING Washington Grading Rules and Regulations for 1917 [Adopted under authority of Section 17, Chapter 166, Session Laws 1915.] First Grade, Grade No. 1 or Extra Fancy Apples are defined as sound, smooth, mature, clean, hand-picked, well-formed apples only, free from all insect pests, diseases, blemishes, bruises and other physical injuries, scald, scab, scale, dry or bitter rot, worms, worm stings, worm holes, spray burn, limb rub, visible water core, skin puncture or skin broken at stem, but slight rus- seting within the basin of the stem will be permitted. Second Grade, Grade No. 2 or Fancy Apples are defined as apples complying with the requirments for first-grade apples, except that slight sunscald or other blemishes not more than skin deep shall be permitted up to a total of 10 per cent of the surface of the apple. Third Grade, Grade No. 3 or C Grade Apples shall include all remaining apples free from infection excepting that two stings to each apple shall be permitted, and if shipped in closed packages shall be marked "Third Grade or C Grade." Combination Grade may also include all other apple varieties not provided for in first and second grades. When second and third grade apples are packed together the packages must be marked "Combination Second and Third Grade." When first, second and third grade apples are packed together, the package must be marked "Orchard Run," but orchard-run packages must not contain any apples that would not meet the requirements of third grade. Summer and early fall varieties: Summer varieties such as Astrachan, Bailey's Sweet, Beitigheimer, Duchess, Early Harvest, Red June, Strawberry, Twenty Ounce Pippin, Yellow Trans- parent and kindred varieties not other- wise specified in these grading rules, together with early fall varieties such as Alexander, Blue Pearmain, Wolf River, Spokane Beauty, Fall Pippin, Waxen, Tolman Sweet, Sweet Bough and other varieties not provided for in these grading rules, as grown in sec- tions of early maturity, shall be packed in accordance with the grading rules covering Fancy Grade as to delects but regardless of color. The following varieties shall be ad- milted to the Extra fancy and Fancy grades, subject to the color require- ments herewith specified: sol.il) RED VARIETIES / i Ira Fancy Fai Aiken Red 75% 25% Arkansas Black 75% 25% Baldwin 75% 25' Black Urn Davis 7.".% 25% Gano 75% 25% King Duvid 75% 25% Extra Fancy Fancy Spitzenberg (Esopus) 75% 25% Vanderpool 75% 25% Wlnesap 75% 25% Black Twig 50% 15% Mcintosh Red 50% 15% STRIPED OR PARTIAL RED VARIETIES Delicious 66%% 15% Jonathan 66%% 15% Stayman 66%% 15% Ben Davis 50% 10% Hubbardston 50% 10% Ceniton 50% 10% Missouri Pippin 50% 10% Northern Spy 50% 10% Rainier 50% 10% Rome Beauty 50% no color Snow 50% 10% Wagener 50% 10% Wealthy 50% 10% York Imperial 50% 10% Oravenstein 25% 10% •'efTrey 25% 10% King of Tompkins County 25% 10% RED CHEEKED OR BLUSHED VARIETIES Perceptibly blushed cheek; tinge color. Hydes King. Maiden Blush. Red Cheeked Pippin. Perceptibly blushed cheek; characteristic color. Winter Banana. YELLOW OR GREEN VARIETIES Extra Fancy — Characteristic color. Fancy — Characteristic color. Crimes Golden. Yellow Newtown. Cox's Orange Pippin. Ortley. White Winter Pearmain. Y'ellow Bellefleur. Northwestern Greening. Rhode Island Greening. All apples packed otherwise than according to the foregoing rules shall be accompanied by a printed descrip- tion of the contents on each package. The term "worm stings," as used in the above rules, shall be interpreted to mean "healed-over stings," as the heal- ing over of the sting is the only evi- dence we have to show that the so- called sting is not infected. Grading rules recommended by regu- larly elected delegates to the Apple Grade and Pack Conference held in Spokane, November 25th, 1916, and adopted by the Advisory Board of the State Department of Agriculture, Janu- ary 11th, 1917. APPLE PACK No. Style of Pack in Box 2\1 diagonal pack 5x5 long, 3-ller deep.. 45 2x1 diagonal pack 5x6 long, 3-tier deep.. 50 2x2 diagonal pack 3x3 long, 4-tier deep.. 48 2x2 diagonal pack 3x4 long, 4-tier deep. . 58 2x2 diagonal park t\t long, 4-tier deep.. 6 I 2x2 diagonal pack 4x5 long, 4-tier deep. . 72 2x2 diagonal pack 5x5 long, 4-tier deep.. 80 2x2 diagonal pack 5x6 long, l-tier deep.. 88 2\2 diagonal pack 6x6 long, 4-tier deep.. 96 2x2 diagonal pack 6x7 long, l-tier deep. . 104 2x2 diagonal pack 7x7 long, 4-tier deep.. 112 2x2 diagonal pack 7\8 long. 4-tler deep.. 120 3x2 diagonal pack l\.", long, 5-tler deep., 113 3x2 diagonal pack .r>\5 long. 5-tler deep 3x2 diagonal pa.k 5x6 long, 5-tler deep. . 138 :\2 diagonal pack 6x8 long. 5-tler deep. 160 3x2 diagonal pack 6x7 long, 5-tIei deep,. 1113 3x2 diagonal pack 7x7 long, 5-tler deep.. 1 7f. :i\2 diagonal pack 7xs long. 5-tler deep., 188 3x2 diagonal pack 8x8 long, 5-tler deep. . 2011 3x2 diagonal pack 8x9 long, .", tier deep. . 213 ■tralght pack x long, 5-tler deep 200 '. straight pack 9 long, 5-tler deep, 225 The standard size of an apple box shall be 18 inches long, 11% inches wide, 10% inches deep, inside measure- ment. Dimensions of apple-box materials: Ends— %xl0%xll%, 2 pieces 20 to bundle Sides — :isxl0i._.xl9%, 2 pieces 40 to bundle T. & B.— i4x5Vixl9%, 4 pieces... 100 to bundle Cleats— %x%xll%, 4 pieces 100 to bundle 32 6d nails commonly used per box. RULES FOR ESTIMATING PAPER AND CARDBOARD Apples Pears Peaches lbs. lbs. lbs. Wraps for packing 100 bxs 50 50 25 Lining for packing 100 bxs 71 Cardboard for packing 100 boxes 16 RULES FOR USE OF PAPER Apples — Use 8x8 for 188-200-213-225 packs. Use 9x9 for 175-163-150-138-125-113 packs. Use 10x10 for 112-104-100-96-88 packs. Use 11x11 for 80-72-64-56 packs. Use 12x12 for 50-48-41-36-32 packs. Pears — Use 8x8 for 210-228-245 packs. Use 9x9 for 193-180-165 packs. Use 10x10 for 150-135-120-110-100 packs. Use 11x11 for 90-80-70-60 packs. Peaches — Use 8xS for 96-90 packs. Use 9x9 for 84-78-72-65-60 packs. Use 10x10 for 55-50-45 packs. Use 11x11 for 40-36 packs. Cement-Coated Nails, per keg — id, 55,000; 5d, 39,700; 5y2d, 31,000; 6d, 23,600. [Section 15, Chapter 166, Session Laws 1916.] It shall be unlawful for any person to import into this state, sell, barter, or otherwise dispose of or ofTer for sale or have in his possession for the purpose of sale or barter any fruit which is or has been infected with peach mildew, peach-twig borer, San Jose scale or other insect pests or the larvae of the codling moth or peach-twig borer, and the fact that any fruit bears the mark of any such scale insect or is worm eaten by any such larvae, shall be con- clusive evidence that the fruit is in- fected, within the meaning of this sec- lion, provided that nothing in this sec- tion shall be construed to prevent the grower of such infected fruit grown within the Stale of Washington from manufacturing the same into a by- product or selling and shipping the same to a by-product factory. The Orchardist'a Opportunity To every owner of an orchard which is not yet in heavy hearing, there is offered an unusual opportunity. In some orchards from one lo five years of age tilled crops can be grown to good advantage. Potatoes, beans, cab- bage, squash, cauliflower, Broccoli and tomatoes are among the best lo be planted. Berries, sue h as strawberries, are also good. By regulating the work some of these crops may he planted in early spring, some in July and some even in the early fall. Strips of vetch and ha) can also he grown to advan- I'ti^e 6 BETTER FRUIT August tage, but where this is done ships should be left close to the trees and given good tillage. Where hogs are kept on the place large quantities of turnips, such as Cowhorn and Aberdeen and vetch may be planted. Vetch seed should lie drilled in the latter part of July to make good Feed for the fall and early winter. In orchards from six to eight years of age which have not yet reached heavy bearing, grain and hay crops are preferred to horticultural crops unless the trees are undersized and do not show sufficient visor. Main orchards at this age show too much vigor and have a tendency to produce too much wood, and then the handling of a srain crop will lend to harden the trees and cause them to produce fruit buds. Bar- ley and oats are two of the best grains to consider. Narrow strips may he left (lose to the trees and tilled, but if the trees are unusually vigorous no tillage of these strips is desired. Oat hay would he a very desirable crop to pro- duce. As a summer crop drill in large quantities of turnips, rape and vetch to be used as hog feed. If desired the barley can be easily harvested by hogs. — C. I. Lewis, Chief of Division of Horticulture, Oregon Agricultural Col- lege, Corvallis, Oregon. Washington Fruit Crop Report, July, 1917 Department of Agriculture, Division of Horticulture, Olympia, Washington IX collecting the data for this report, the District Inspectors and their deputies in their various districts, have very carefully studied the conditions before making their estimates. They have consulted with growers, shippers and representatives of various organi- zations, who have given them much valuable assistance which has aided us in getting as accurate an estimate of the crop prospects as possible. In October, 1910, the entire Northwest was visited by a freeze which in some places did a considerable damage to unpicked fruit. Trees in many places show the results of the freeze by being badly killed back. Based upon the excessive bloom of this season reports were given out predicting a very heavy crop of all tree fruits, but due to cold, unseason- able weather at blossoming time, indi- cations show a poor pollenization which was followed by an extra heavy "June drop." The season has been cold and backward, the blooming period being about thirty days late. Thorough spraying for the control of the codling moth and apple scab in infected sec- tions is being done. Yakima Valley District The Yakima Valley district, including the Counties of Yakima, Kittitas and Benton, promises about the same yield as in 1916. The blight is active in some parts of the valley and it may shrink the present estimates somewhat. The estimate from this district, in carloads, is as follows: Yakima County — North Yakima . . . Selah and Naches Zillah Grandview Sunnysidc Benton County Kittitas County Totals 8,802 Wenatchee District The Wenatchee district comprises Chelan, Okanogan, Douglas and Grant Counties. In 1916 in this district there were 1,962,870 trees five years of age or older. The number reaching five years of age in 1917 is 340,769, making a total of 2,203,639 trees five years old or older. About 4,000 acres, or 320,000 trees, have been abandoned or taken out, leaving a total of 1,883,630 trees of bearing age in 1917. The average yield per tree for the past four years has been: Boxes Year Per Tree 1913 3.05 1914 3.00 1915 2.65 1916 2.41 Making a four-year average of 2.71 boxes per tree. Present indications give an estimated crop of about the same vield as 1916, hence figuring 1,883,630 trees at 2.41 boxes per tree and 650 boxes per car- load, it gives a total of 6,983 carloads for 1917. Walla Walla District The Walla Walla Valley promises a normal crop. The "June drop" did not seem to be as heavy in this section, and District Inspector C. W. Gilbreath re- ports a probable shipment from that section of the following numbers of carloads: A Asotin County Columbia County Garfield County Walla Walla County Snake River section of Whitman County. . Totals cherries, 6 of peaches, 8 of pears, 45 of prunes, and 2 of quince. About the first of August another re- port will be issued in which we hope to give further detailed data regarding the estimated fruit crop, and also some in- formation as to the planted acreage of potatoes, beans, peas and corn. Many of the leading commercial vegetables will be included. In some sections some fruits still continue to drop, but by August 1st this condition will have ended, and when the crop is normal growers will have the crop thinned, so that we hope to get a close estimate of the crop. In comparison with the 1916 crop the estimates are as follows: 1916 1917 Curlnufls Carloads Apples 1 6,955 1 6,925 Pears 1,639 1,217 Peaches 1,265 1,946 Grapes 25 30 Prunes 511 650 Apricots 87 165 Cherries 213 .177 Strawberries 394 300 Other berries 417 110 Estimates for Other Northwestern States Hood River 1,200 cars Western and Southern Oregon 1,000 cars Eastern Oregon 300 cars Idaho 2,000 cars Montana 500 cars [Editor's Note: It must be taken into con- sideration the data for the State of Washington was furnished the inspectors during the month of June. This early in the year it is very ditli- cult to estimate very accurately, as every fruit- grower knows from experience. While the total tonnage from these figures amounts to 21,955 cars, the editor rather inclines to the opinion that the total crop of commercial apples of the Northwest will be nearer around IX, 000 cars. This figure may be increased or decreased later in the season, in accordance with the development of fruit, that may or may not suffer seriously by loss from disease or pest. At the present time it is too early to estimate how serious the damage may be later, either from fungus or codling moth.] pples Cherries Peaches Pears Prunes 15 80 60 10 25 175 2 15 3 5 15 6 45 5 10 325 30 10 10 250 10 50 75 15 15 540 168 205 38 305 Spokane District The weather conditions are respon- sible for the heavy shrinkage of the fruit crop in the eastern part of the state, yet we occasionally find an orchard in that section which has a full crop. The reports from District Inspector H. W. Samson of Spokane indicate that Ferry, Lincoln, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens and Whitman 1 pples Peaches Pears Prunes C.h erries Apricots 250 225 42 40 2,200 100 100 10 14 2,100 900 490 111 35 1,150 75 25 10 16 200 45 10 6 4 472 225 121 2 7 t 180 1,595 971 187 116 Counties will not ship to exceed 600 carloads of all fruits in 1917. The quality promises to be good. In Klickitat County it is estimated that there will be 150 cars of apples, 15 of peaches, 100 of prunes, and 5 of pears. In Skamania County there will prob- ably be 30 carloads of apples. In King County there will probably be about 100 carloads of apples, 30 of Seeks Far East Markets To help American fruit shippers obtain Pacific outlets for their pro- ducts during the coining season, the Office of Markets and Bural Organiza- tion is sending a representative to China, Japan, Australia, the Philippines and Eastern Siberia to investigate the marketing of American fruit in these countries. The need of expanding the Pacific outlet is made evident by the closing, practically, of the English and Scan- dinavian markets to which the United States has previously forwarded large quantities of fruit, particularly apples and pears. The representative, Anson Penfield Bateham, special investigator in foreign fruit markets, sailed from Vancouver June 7. The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, of the Department of Commerce, and the Consular Service, of the Department of State, will co-operate with the Office of Markets and Rural Organization in the investigation through the commer- cial attaches and the various consular officers in the countries to be visited. 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 More Information On Fruit Distribution By E. H. Shepard, Editor Distribution of apples in the North- west, showing cities of over 3,000 population in Minnesota, Ohio and Louisiana that have not been sold apples from the Northwest in carlots. Exery subscriber of Better Fruit will recall the article appearing in the in the July edition on the "Distribution of the Apple Crop of the Northwest," showing the towns and cities which had been sold apples in carlots direct, giving the percentage of the total num- ber of towns sold in the United States — or, in other words, there are 35,085 towns of over 3,000 population, of which 611 have been sold in carlots direct. A list of the towns sold appears in the July edition. Space will not per- mit in Better Fruit the publication of all of the towns not sold in the United States, but as an example we publish a list of the towns not sold of over 3,000 in Minnesota, Ohio and Louisiana. In Minnesota there are 34 towns of over 3000 population, of which 13 have been sold, 31 not sold; in Ohio 117 towns of over 3,000 population, of which 10 have been sold, 107 unsold; in Louisiana there are 22 towns of over 3,000 popu- lation, of which 4 have been sold and 18 not sold. These three states are a fair example of sections — Minnesota being one of the Northwestern States, Ohio a Middle State and Louisiana one of the Southern States. Similar conditions prevail in nearly all of the other states. Comparatively few apples are grown in the State of Minne- sota. Ohio has a large number of man- ufacturing towns, which are very pros- perous. Louisiana is a Southern State, where apples are not grown, most of the fruit being citrus. The large quan- tity of apples consumed in New Orleans shows that people in sections where citrus fruits are produced desire apples just the same. Every one of the South- ern States should be a good market for Northwestern apples if properly worked. The list of towns, as given below, are taken from the Ameri- can Newspaper Annual and Directory, Copvright Edition 1917, published by N. W. Ayer & Son, Philadelphia : Minnesota Anoka Ely Fairmont Hastings International Falls Lake City Marshall Montevideo New Duluth Xorthflelfl Pipestone Princeton St. Peter Two Harbors Waseca Austin Kemidji Chisholm Cloquet Eveleth Faribault Little Falls New Ulm Owatonna Red Winn South St. Paul Hibbing Mankato Rochester Stillwater Virginia Ohio Barnesville Bridgeport Bryan Byesville Celina Crestline Crooksville Dennison Eaton Elmwood Place Greenfield Gukksbiri Keetibua Lisbon Lockland Logan London Marysville Miamisburg Middleport Mingo Junction Napoleon New Lexington Oberlin Orrville Pomeroy l'oit Clinton Sebring Shelby Toronto I'hrichsvillc Ohio — Cont'd Upper Sandusky \\ adsworth Wauseon Wilmington Ashland Athens Bellevue Bowling Green Bucyrus Circleville Cuyahoga Falls Defiance Delaware Delphos Dover East Palestine Galion Gallipolis Greenville Jackson Kent Kenton Martins Ferry Nelsonville New Philadelphia Niles Norwalk Painesville Ravenna St. Marys Salem Struthers Troy Urbana Van Wert Wapakoneta Washington Wellston Wellsville Wooster Xenia Alliance Barberton Bellaire Cambridge Chillicothe Conneaut Distribution of strawberries in carlots in Oregon and Washington. The total number of strawberries re- ported shipped by the government from Oregon during the year 1915 was 193 cars; from Washington 142 cars. The following is a list of the cities to which carlots were sold direct in 1915, show- ing the destination of 191 cars, which probably includes only the full carlot shipments, not including less-than-car- lot shipments, local shipments and home consumption, or the strawberries going to the canneries. Forty-six towns were sold in carlots in the year 1915: Cars Cars Billings, Mont 4 Livingston, Mont... 1 Bismarck, N. D.... 2 Minneapolis, Minn. .15 Ohio— Cont'd Coshocton East Cleveland Elryia Findlay Fostoria Fremont Ironton Lancaster Massillon Middletown Mount Vernon Piqua Sidney Tiffin Warren Ashtabula East Liverpool Hamilton Lima Lorain Mansfield Marion Norwood Portsmouth Sandusky Steuhenville Zanesville Springfield Louisiana Donaldsonville Franklin Jennings Kentwood Minden Opelpusas Plaquemine Ruston Thibodaux Crowley Gretna Houma Lafayette Morgan City New Iberia Baton Rouge Bogainsa Monroe Brandon, Man 6 Butte, Mont 16 Calgary, Alta 1 Cheyenne, Wyo 1 Chicago, HI 11 Crookston, Minn... 4 Deadwood, S. D 3 Denver, Col 2 Detroit, Mich 3 Devils Lake, N. D. . 1 Duluth, Minn 7 Edmonton, Alta.... 1 Fargo, N. D 7 Grafton, N. D 5 Grand Forks, N. D. 8 Grand Island, Neb. 1 Great Falls, Mont. . :i Helena, Mont 3 Kansas City, Mo.... 2 Laramie, Wyo 1 Lewiston, Mont.... 2 Lincoln, Neb 3 Moosejaw, Sask. ... 1 Omaha, Neb 10 Pocatello, Idaho.... 4 Portage La Prairie. Man 2 Rugby, N. D 1 St. Louis, Mo 1 St. Paul, Minn 6 Salt Lake. Utah 2 Saskatoon, Sask.... 1 Sioux City, Iowa. . . 5 Sioux Falls, S. D... 2 Springfield, 111 2 Staples, Minn 1 Thief River Falls, Minn 3 Valley City, N. D... 1 Vancouver, B. ('... . . 1 Wahpeton, N. D 1 Watertown, S. D. .. 8 Winnipeg, Man 25 Yorkton, Sask 1 The strawberry crop of the United States and Distribution of strawber- ries from the Northwest. The following statistics show the number of carloads of strawberries shipped from every stale in the Union where strawberries are grown in quan- tity. It must be borne in mind that I hi' number of cars in some sl;iies. :is re- ported, includes less-than-carload ship- POWER PUMPS If your day is still measured by so many trips to the well or cistern, heed the message the gasoline engine and Myers Pumps brings, and quit working a pump handle every day of your life. Be fully prepared for the hot, dry weather — Get a MYERS POWER PUMP or PUMPING JACK and give your engine steady employment, then you will have an efficient, economical, labor saving plant that will furnish water for your home, for stock, for dairy, for fighting fires, sprinkling and many other purposes. 25,000 MYERS POWER PUMPS sold last year indi- cates their popularity. You can make a choice from many styles and sizes — all shown in our catalog, Myers Pumps for Every Purpose. If interested, write. Our Service Department solves your pumping problems free — take advantage of it .MYERS fit BRO. 120 orange st ASH LAND OHIO. APPLES GINOCCHIO-JONES FRUIT CO. Kansas City, Mo. Apples, Pears Prunes, Fruits 32 Years Our Record ments, and in other states the number of cars sold does not include less-than- carload shipments, local distribution and home consumption. However, the figures give an approximate idea of the total number of strawberries produced in each stale. Strawberries are grown in quantity in twenty-eight states in the Union, a little over half. The total quantity of strawberries produced in the United States is approximately 13,189 cars. The figures are compiled by the Department of Agriculture, in the Office of Markets, Rural Organiza- tion. About one-half of the states pro- duce more than Oregon and Washing- ton. The statistics in this article were compiled on the 1915 crop: Cars Alabama 251 Arkansas 715 California 418 Colorado 9 Connecticut .... 38 Delaware 1 169 Morula 508 Illinois liij-J Indiana 1 7 1 Iowa 52 Kansas L6 Kentucky Louisiana 1 lull Maryland 1942 Massachusetts . Ilia Michigan :II7 Mississippi 169 Cars Missouri 645 \< w Hampshire. 1 New .lersay 516 Ne« York 196 North Carolina . 837 Ohio 34 Oregon (Hood R.i 193 i viinsvh ania . . 81 South Carolina . 81 South Dakota . . 1 Tennessee i 159 Texas 285 i tah 4 Virginia 610 Washington .... 112 \\ Isconsin 41 Total 13,189 Page 8 BETTER FRUIT August Home Drying of Vegetables and Fruit U. S. Department of Agriculture DRY vegetables and fruits for winter use if tin cans and glass jars for canning are scarce or expensive. This is the advice of specialists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, who re- cently have studied the possibilities of conserving food to meet war needs in spite of any difficulties that may be experienced in obtaining canning con- tainers. Drying was a well recognized and successful way of preserving cer- tain foods before canning came into general use, the specialists point out, and modern methods make it still more practicable than formerly, either in the home or by community groups. Three methods of drying have been found by the Department specialists to give satisfactory results. These are sun drying, drying by artificial heat, and drying with air blasts, as before an electric fan. Trays for drying by any one of these methods, as well as tray frames for use over stoves or before fans, can be made satisfactorily at home. Frames and trays for use with artificial heat may be purchased com- plete if desired. Home-made trays may be made of side and end boards three-fourths of an inch thick and two inches wide, and bottom boards of lathing spaced one- fourth of an inch. If desired, one- fourth-inch galvanized wire mesh may be tacked to the side and end boards to form the bottoms of the trays. Frames for use before fans may be made of wood of convenient size. Frames for use with artificial heat should be made of non-inflammable material to as great an extent as possible. As many as six trays may be placed one above the other when artificial heat is used. In drying before a fan the number of trays that may be placed one above the other will depend, to a large extent, upon the diameter of the fan. In drying in the sun, trays as described may be used or the products to be dried may be spread on sheets of paper or muslin held in place by weights. Vegetables and fruits will dry better if sliced. They should be cut into slices one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch thick. If thicker, they may not dry thoroughly. While drying, the pro- ducts should be turned or stirred from time to time. Dried products should be packed temporarily for three or four days and poured each day from one box to another to bring about thorough mixing, and so that the whole mass will have a uniform degree of moisture. If during this "conditioning" any pieces of the products are found to be too moist, they should be returned to the trays and dried further. When in con- dition, the products may be packed per- manently in tight paper bags, insect- proof paper boxes or cartons, or glass or tin containers. RECIPES Spinach and Parsley Spinach that is in prime condition for greens should be prepared by care- ful washing and removing the leaves from the roots. Spread the leaves on trays to dry thoroughly. They will dry much more promptly if sliced or chopped. Garden fleets. Onions, Carrots, Turnips, Parsnips, Cabbage Reets: Select young, quickly grown, tender beets, which should be washed, peeled, sliced about an eighth of an inch thick and dried. Turnips should be treated in the same way as beets. Carrots should be well grown, but varieties having a large woody core should be avoided. Wash, peel and slice crosswise into pieces about an eighth of an inch thick. Parsnips should be treated in the same way as carrots. Onions: flemove the outside papery covering. Cut off tops and roots. Slice into one-eighth-inch pieces and dry. Cabbage: Select well developed heads of cabbage and remove all loose outside leaves. Split the cabbage, remove the hard, woody core, and slice the re- mainder of the head with a kraut cut- ter, or other hand-slicing machine. All the products under this heading should be "conditioned" as described above. Reet Tops, Swiss Chard, Celery and Rhubarb Reet tops: Tops of young beets in suitable condition for greens should be selected and washed carefully. Roth the leaf stalk and blade should be cut into sections about one-fourth inch long and spread on screens and dried. Swiss chard and celery should be prepared in the same way as beet tops. Rhubarb: Choose young and suc- culent growth. Prepare as for stewing by skinning the stalks and cutting into pieces about one-fourth inch to one- half inch in length and dry on trays. All the products under this heading should be "conditioned" as described. Raspberries Sort out imperfect berries, spread select berries on trays, and dry. Do not dry so long that they become hard enough to rattle. The drying should be stopped as soon as the berries fail to stain the hand when pressed. Pack and "condition." PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY Rooms 6 & 7, 122 li Grand Ave., Portland, Oregon Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies A very complete line of Fruit and Ornamental Trees. Shrubs. Vines, Etc. SPECIALTIES Clean Coast Grown Beedltnjrs Oregon Champion Gooseberries and Write Now Perfection Currants Write Now ip i ■; BETTER FRUIT Page p SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS 8c CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET. INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT 8TREET PHONES: MAIK2348 PORTLAND, OREGON MARK LEVY & CO. Commission Merchants Wholesale Fruits 121-123 Front St. and 200 Washington St. PORTLAND, OREGON The Portland Hotel PORTLAND, OREGON Broadway, Morrison, Sixth and Yamhill Streets Covers an entire block in the city's heart. Convenient to the newspaper, banking, shopping and theatrical districts. Homelike, refined, restful. European Plan. $ 1 .00 per Day and Upwards RICHARD W. CHILDS, MANAGER ^ i^ — —^— n— — — — — - W. van Diem Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49, 51, 61 ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND European Receivers of American Fruits Eldest and First-Class House In this Branch Cable Address: W. Vandiem ABC Code used; 5th Edition Our Specialties Are Apples, Pears.Naval Oranges ARCADIA America's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON ORCHARDISTS SUPPLY HOUSE Franz Hardware Co. HOOD RIVER, ORE. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MEM- ' ERUIT BETTER FRUIT Horses Waste $1150 FOB. San Jose Now ^tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitinii^ | Note These Features \ = 1. Pulls intead of pushes itself over § E the ground. E 2. Can be "gee-ed" and "haw-ed" = E out of holes and soft places like a E E team. = = 3. Has full-power pull on turns as = = well as on the straightaway. = 4. Turns clear around in a 10-foot E | circle (j-foot radius). E 5. Plows or harrows as close up in r E the corners of fleJds as a team. 5 j§ 6. Plows as close to vines and trees = E as a team. E 7. Makes little difference how far off E E center you hitch. E 8. Goes under branches of trees no § = team can get under. = 9. Runs stationary marhinery up to § E 10-h.p. when not plowing. E 10. Weighs lesa and costs less to run E = than wheel-type tractors of same E = power. | 11. Pays for itself in what it saves. = S 12. L:ght weight on long track surface = = 13. Cultivates 10 to 15 acres in 10 = = hours. E 14. Plows from 4 to 7 acres in 10 = E hours. E 15. iJittle power required to pull trac- =" = tor — power all goes to pull. ^i in h j i tiui mi in i if in i mi itu i in i iui tn Ji mi m imi i uti i in iiuiiii^ Tractors Save Kjj^^B^lllI i1 jJjT •t:: ■ "' wffi^^lr % Necessary to Order Tractor Now — Don't Wait Steel and other materials are hard to get and are costing more all the time. No matter when you need your tractor you should order now for future delivery at present prices; $1150 now buys the lowest-priced tractor of tracklaying type, suitable for orchard and vineyard work. Big crops count today and quick plowing or cultivation at just the right time brings big crops. You want to be ready. Bean TrackPULL Tractor Patented Front Drive Principle There Is a great advantage in the front -drive principle of the Bean TrackPULL Tractor. The tractor steers with the track that pulls. It gets good traction and yet is so light in weight that little power is required to move it — the power goes into the pull. When you steer it you swing the entire front end around just as you swing a team. If you are of average strength you can swing the entire front end either to left or right at right angles with one hand. If you hit a soft spot you just swing her over a little to right or left and keep on going. Why Try to Get Along Without This Great Little Producer? It will save you money by saving you the cost of man labor. It will not eat up one-third of what it helps to pro- duce as horses do. It will not be affected by heat or insects. It will cul- tivate deep in hot weather. It will cost nothing to maintain when it is idle. You can use its belt power to run vour stationary machinery. When the op- portunity comes to rent an extra piece of land and by quick work put in an extra crop or two. you can work vour tractor night and dav. if necessary,' and turn a handsome profit. Mail Coupon for Book Don't take chances if you want to be sure of getting a tractor this year. A lack of materials later mav cut down the supply of these tractors 'or cause an advance in prices. Send the- coupon today for full information about the remarkable Bean TrackPULL Tractor. Then decide if you want one and put in your order for delivery now or late- Price NOW $1150. Get the fully descrip- tive, illustrated book. Bean SprayS^ Pump Co., 213 W. Julian St., *», San Jose, California. Please send me your Tractor Book with full Information about the Bean TrackPULL Trac- tor. Name Street City County the trees. Trees do not have to be pruned at a greater height than 4 feet when you work with a TrackPULL Tractor. Fruit can be grown closer to the ground and therefore the yield will be greater. Remember that the Bean TrackPULL Tractor is owned and made by the manu- facturers of the famous Bean Spray- ers which have proved through years % of service to be the staun'chest SN machines of this kind ever built. vs Von can depend on the Bean ■\ Spray Pump Co.'s Tractor the %v same as you can depend on % its sprayer. Great for Orchards and Vineyards the same load on turns as on straightaway. It makes very little ^difference how cSltivate^cbLr'to11"011 °D the draWbar aDd tor this reas°» * isealy ^plow™ . State.. m WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT :m One Hundred Per Cent Traction together with Ample Power, Light Weight, Small Size, Economy and High Grade Construction, is what you get in the if-"- > ---I Read what one orchardist says: Salem, Oregon, July 16, 1917. MESSRS. McNEFF BROTHERS, Portland, Oregon. Gentlemen:— I have been waiting a long time for a machine with sufficient reserve power for my orchard work. In the 12-20 Cleveland Tractor I found both the power and the size satisfactory and particularly adapted for orchard work. The demonstration given by you on my farm with the Cleveland Tractor so conclusively proved it to possess such good qualities that I had no hesitancy in placing my order for one. Wishing you every success. I remain. Yours very truly, (Signed) GEO. W. WEEKS. The TRACTOR for year around service. 12 H.P. at the drawbar, 20 H.P. at the belt, adapts it for all stationary work. High speed, heavy duty, 4-cylinder Buda Motor. It is safe to say that 30% to 40% of the total work done by this tractor cannot be performed by tractors of any other type. Price $1,185 f.o.b. Euclid, Ohio —The Tractor that is opening the eyes of orchard- ists and farmers. Small enough for use in orchards and among young fruit trees, yet amply powerful to plow eight to ten acres a day with two fourteen- inch bottoms. THE DEMAND FOR THE "CLEVELAND" is breaking all records. Our July allotment already sold out. YOUR ORDER FOR THE "CLEVELAND" SHOULD NOT BE DELAYED. Write us for information and testimonials of satisfied users in the Northwest. Full Line Parts Carried in Stock McNEFF BROTHERS DISTRIBUTORS Established 1890 References: Bradstreet. Dun's or Any Bank 224-225 Pittock Block Department A Portland, Oregon 4 1 r* -,J Summary of Cherry Culture and Production POLLENIZERS are necessary. The Bing cherry is probably as nearly self-sterile as any fruit tree to be found; and unfortunately neither Anns nor Lamberts will pollenize it. We have only three popular commercial sweet cherries; and when these three are planted together, with no other cherry in the neighborhood, the Lam- berts and Anns bear light crops and the Bings almost nothing at all. These varieties, with Governor Woods and seedlings, pollenize well, though some seedlings are worthless for the purpose. I am told that Republicans, Tartarians and most sour cherries will pollenize our high-grade cherries; and if so they aret he ones to plant, as they have more market value than Woods. There should be four or five pollenizers to the acre, and set as far apart from each other as possible. Fertility of the soil must be kept up. I keep from one to two thousand chick- ens in the orchard and have them dis- tributed to suit the needs of the trees. This gives all the fertilizer the trees can use to advantage. A cherry orchard makes an ideal run for chickens; and chickens, when properly managed, are little hindrance to the crop. Gummosis is a much-talkcd-of disease of the cherry. I know nothing of it from the scientist's standpoint, and I am quite skeptical in regard to it. Prac- By E. Bowles, Prosser, Washington tically all cherry trees gum more or less, no matter how healthy they may be; but so far as my observation has gone, excessive gumming is a result and not a cause. Scale is a common cause, but there are scores of others. Any condition which brings death to the tree is likely to cause the tree to gum while it is dying. Smudging is expensive in labor and money. But in my orchard it is a necessity. Six years ago I lost out, but for five successive years have not lost a crop, and I would not think of risk- ing the fruit without this protection. For light frost, a small area can be pro- tected; but for heavy freezes not less than live or ten acres is practical, the larger the easier. Spring dropping of the fruit is usu- ally due lo one of three causes: 1. Fail- ure lo pollenize. In this case Hie drop- ping is all at once, at the time the shell should burst. You see scores of little ones witli now and then a hit; om- thai is alive. -• frosted cherries at this sta.^r lorn black at once and are easily detected. When frosted later they often appear sound for a week or two and then fall. 3. Lack of food causes enor- mous loss among cherry trees in gen- eral. This often continues lor several weeks almost the entire lime from blossom lo harvest And you may see dead cherries of all sizes. Three pests visit the sweet cherry: 1. Scale is probably the worst one, but it is easily controlled with lime-sulphur if the work is thorough. 2. The slug, like the scale, will also hurry a cherry tree to an untimely death, but it is very easy to control with arsenate of lead. The slug hatch about the middle of cherry picking, and must not be allowed to strip the trees. The best method is to spray with the calyx spray for apples. This will tide over the har- vest lime and usually kills both June and August broods. 3. The black aphis is hard to control, and I have seen no spiay or treatment justify the expense. Yet I do not consider the aphis any greal hindrance to Hie cherry industry. Aphis are very bad with the ground weedy or grassy, or dusty ridge in the tree row, or strawy manure near the tree; also follow with the pruning shears. Aphis are seldom serious with clean, level and frequent cultivation and with ample watering, especially near the tree. Mahaleb or mazzard, which? Of these Iwo roots neither is entirely satis- factory for sweet cherries. Imagine a while-oak on a jack-oak slump, and you see a Bing on a mahaleb as it some- times appears. The mahaleb is too small: and the union is often imperfect. The mazzard root with the Bing pro- duces scant crops of blossoms, and an Page 12 BETTER FRUIT August Our Satm BOX APPLES We handle more box apples than any concern in Ohio and want to hear from every grower and shipper who will have either large or small lots to offer. AND THE THREE BIG Peaches, Pears, Prunes LET US HEAR. FROM YOV AT ONCE I. N. PRICE (Q. CO., Cincinnati, Ohio REFERENCES: ANY BANK OR CREDIT AGENCY occasional tree is untrue both in flavor and form. I have a theory — only a theory, for I don't know — that a Bing grafted on a Bing seedling would be better than either. Pruning of cherry trees is a disputed question. The witches told our grand- mothers it would kill them. Many still believe it. It is true that it is more difficult than to prune apple trees, but it is almost as necessary. For the young tree, head about three feet high; have no center and no double header. Lead out four or five branches as nearly equal and as near the same place as possible. A cherry tree will not split with its load; and if a center is left the outside branches rob it and make a bad mess later on. The second and third years, I do not clip as with the young apple tree. Cut back only the one or two branches which tend to overtop the others. The two-year-old should spread out like a hayshock; and it will do this if it has a good boarding place, but if starved it adds only a few shoots on the top — no side shoots — and soon loks like a poplar. In pruning old neglected trees, I prefer to take out a few large branches, doing little or no other cutting. I have never yet injured a tree in this way — get better growth and fruit than to cut out many small limbs. I am not afraid to go to the center of a tree for a fence post. A general clipping over the outside of the tree every year, as we do apples, is not necessary and is questionable. Some clipping is necesary, but not every year, and it should be reduced to a minimum. To flavor a Bing properly, the general point is to keep the tree in vigorous condition with dense foliage. Smooth and glossy leaves in great abundance above the fruit is almost a guarantee of good flavor. The reverse, then, makes poor flavor. But there are many reasons for poor flavor. We clip the grow- ing concord to improve it; but the same treatment ruins the Bing. Liberal fer- tilizing improves flavor, but an excess often injures it. A peach wants the sun, a cherry wants the shade. A Bing with rough, crinkly leaves, and on a mazzard, produces fruit incurably bad. Fruit that is dry is leathery and strong. Overloaded trees produce a weak flavor. The water necesary for the heaviest tonnage and largest size of fruit some- times weakens flavor and requires three or four days without any water before picking. Cultivation or grass? Again I find myself across the public highway. I cannot get results by leaving the ground in alfalfa or clover year after year; have gotten excellent results by sowing clover in June, then plow under the green crop the next May and cultivate for the following two or three years. I depend mainly upon the plow, and run close against the tree trunks. Solving the Southern Idaho Fruit Problem Kenyon Green, Twin Falls, Idaho WITH the arrival of the four vears of low apple prices, 1912, 1914, 1915, and followed by the freeze of 1916, the fruit industry of Southern Idaho, and the Twin Falls country in particular, was dealt a crushing blow in its very infancy. With the majority of orchards just coming into bearing, with no nation-wide reputation for its fruit, and with no well-established mar- keting system worked out, prospects for the fruitgrowers of this district looked very black indeed. Immediate action was undertaken, however, along several lines, and today there is a universal feeling of optimism which may be noted among orchard men all over the tract. First, those who were not really interested in the if ■ ■ ■ ■ n mumimii nmnimmmmrrrrq LADDtflLTON BANK • This Pioneer Bank invites you to make this your banking home Successful People never spend all they earn. They save not occasionally but regularly. Start a savings account now or add to your savings account regularly from now on. It will give you a new lease on life. LADD & TILTON BANK PORTLAND, OREGON growing of high-grade fruit, who had set out their orchards merely because it was the popular thing pulled their orchards. Approximately twenty-five hundred acres of apple trees in the Twin Falls country have been pulled to the mutual advantage of the owners and the remaining orchard men. Second, those who retained their orchards, determined to see the thing through, forgot their dreams of thou- sand-dollar-an-acre profit, reorganized their apple acreage as a part of a gen- eral farming scheme, weeding out all poor varieties, and weak, low-vitality trees. Bealizing that the opening years of the twentieth century saw farm special- ization pushed to its extreme, these men have studied out the best methods of diversification, which is the opposite of specialization. To them fruit grow- ing, which is the most noted of the specialized crops of the Northwest, became only one part of farming and was treated as such. Believing that a few years hence the finest and highest priced general farm will be the one with a well-cared-for small orchard several head of good stock, and a variety of general crops, these men have continued pruning and spraying with as great care as though their apples were their most profitable product. Departing also from the old clean cultivation, these fruitgrower farmers have worked out a line of inter-crops that are exceedingly profit- able. From his twenty-acre apple WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT I9T/ BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Savelour Crops SAMSON Rrg & Pat U. S & Foreign CounlnM TRACTOR Full, steady power gets your ailage cut, grain separated and other farm work done with least loss and cost to you. Direct drive from motor to belt-pulley — not a gear in motion — means no waste of power or wear of gears. Easy to place in position and to attach pulley and belt. Use a Samson Sieve-Grip for your harvest- ing and then for your Fall plowing. Let us tell you more about it. Two Sizcs-Modtl S-25 and Model R.I 2 , Ask for our new Catalog. SAMSON SIEVE-GRIP i TRACTOR CO., \ :ti-.v; '■■■'. -'.Stockton, Calif. Hill Military Academy A boarding and day school for boys, under military discipline. The course of instruction covers all sub- jects necessary to enter college or to fit the boy for a business career. While fitting himself for civil life he is also trained in military science and tactics which is vitally important at the present time. PORTLAND, OREGON An Eastern School in the West ]Mtss Catlin's Boarding and Day School for Girls Situated in an Ideal spot on WESTOVER TERRACE PORTLAND, OREGON Basket ball and tennis courts adjoining. Primary, Intermediate and College Preparatory Departments. Prepares girls for Eastern as well r.s Western Colleges. Music, Art and Dramatic training. Catalogue sent on request. School building open to visitors during the summer. orchard two and one-half miles from town, a Twin Falls dentist last fall took off eleven bushels of white clover seed to the acre, which at the prices prevailing at that time brought in nearly $4,000. Following up this plan of a well- balanced general farm, other growers are taking five tons of first-grade alfalfa hay from every acre of orchard, a pay- ing crop when the prices throughout the winter never fall below ten dollars per ton. The newest problem with which these clover-orchard and alfalfa-or- chard men are being confronted is how to grow fancy, brightly-colored apples without the clean cultivation. This is a puzzle which the men in the Twin Falls country are attacking with the same energy as they have shown in meeting their other troubles, and many are already working out a system of plowing up the clover so that it will reseed itself and finish up the fruit in first-class shape every other year, while the alfalfa men will try discing in the third cutting of hay when it is about six inches high, to make a green mulch and hasten the ripening and coloring of the fruit. Home Canning by One-Period Cold-Pack Method Canning fruits and vegetables in the home by the one-period cold-pack method is a relatively simple process and can be done with ordinary kitchen equipment and with comparatively little labor. Much of the surplus of the home garden can be saved for win- ter use by this canning method which is fully described in a special bulletin just issued by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin 839, "Home Canning by the One-Period Cold-Pack Method." This bulletin is of special interest and value to all house- wives, canning clubs, societies or per- sons interested in conserving the food supply of the nation. It may be had on application to the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. The bulletin con- tains very explicit directions for can- ning practically all of the common gar- den vegetables, including tomatoes, pep- pers, sweet peppers, pumpkin, squash, sweet corn, field corn, beans, peas and root vegetables, also various combina- tions of vegetables. It also includes canning directions for soft fruits and berries, hard fruits as apples, pears, quinces. Directions for the canning of camp rations, meats and soups are given in detail. Fach step in the can- ning process by the one-period cold- pack method is carefully outlined from the preparation of the equipment and the raw materials to the storing of the canned products. A special lime table showing how long fruits, vegetables, soups and meals should be scalded, blanched or sterilized is of particular value to the housewife. Various types of home-made and commercial canning outfits are described. BEST SERVICE- QUALITY & PR1C1 PERFECTION IN ^ FRUIT vLABELSy 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN 8ANK BLOG. PORTLAND.OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY -AND CAN SHiP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS. APPLES.CHERRIES 8 STRAWBERRIES. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. BEE HIVES I AND SUPPLIES F YOU own an orchard or keep bees you should have a copy of our 1917 CATALOG of Bee Supplies Listing everything necessary for the success- ful handling of bees and production of honey. Gives Valuable Information on Pol' lination. Tells How to Keep and Care for Bees. Jtsk for Catalog No. 20S. PORTLAND SEED COMPANY PORTLAND OREGON Page 14 BETTER FRUIT August BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER. OREGON Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers' Association A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the Interest of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPAKD, Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist CorvalllB WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thornber, Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor, Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonyille Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27, 1906 at the Postofflce at Hood River, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879, Direct to the Consumer. — The July issue of Better Fruit contained some interesting figures and statistics in con- nection with direct shipments in caiiots of apples from the Northwest, showing that out of 35,085 cities only 611, or 1%0 per cent, have been sold. Fruit growers who have not recefved the July edition should subscribe and request their sub- scription to include the July number, as a few copies still remain. In the article in July that was one point not brought out with sufficient prominence, that is, the extra handling. Whenever a carload of apples is shipped to some city and jobbed out in the surrounding territory, please bear in mind that the car has to be unloaded, the apples hauled from the depot to the fruit dealer, and from the fruit dealer's place of business back to the railroad and reshipment by rail, making three extra unnecessary han- dlings, all of which means more or less bruising. In addition to this there is the unnecessary cost, consisting of the cartage from the railroad to the dealer's place of business, 2 or 3 cents; back to the railroad, 2 or 3 cents; extra freight to the local town, 5 or 10 cents, maybe more, and the dealer's extra profit in addition— all of which means 20 to 40 cents, according to conditions, unneces- sary expense, so that when the retailer adds his profit on to this extra expense it makes the apples cost the consumer possibly 75 cents per box more than they should. Spraying for Codling Moth.— Obser- vation in connection with the first brood of codling moth seems to indicate that the brood extended over rather a longer period than usual. In addition, indications also are that the codling moth pest is rather prevalent this year, somewhat more extensive than in past seasons. For these two reasons the fruit grower should study his condition very carefully, and there is no doubt that in many cases it would be ad- visable for the fruit grower during the balance of the season to make two applications of arsenate of lead instead of one, putting on one early in August and the other late in August or early in September. It should be borne in mind this is a suggestion made applicable in accordance with conditions. Every grower should use judgment. A little later he will be able to decide intelli- gently whether it is necessary to apply one or two sprays. There is no ques- tion about the advisability of urging the grower to do everything he possibly can and spare no reasonable expense to keep his crop free from codling moth. is the keynote to better prices, and fur- thermore they are all anxious to see the selling concerns adopt a system this year that will distribute the 1917 crop to more cities than have been sold direct in the past. Diversity. — A short but very interest- ing article on Southern Idaho gives some practical information in reference to diversity that is worthy of attention of all fruit growers. Southern Idaho, as nearly everyone knows, lost practi- cally all of its fruit by frost in 1916. If it had not been for the fact that fruit growers turned immediately to diver- sity lines they would hardly have been able to exist during the year. We do not know what the future has in store. Some calamity may hit a fruit district in some form or other in the most un- expected way, so it seems wise to sug- gest to all fruit growers that, where possible, they should engage in diver- sity, at least to a sufficient extent to pay running expenses during the year. This issue contains illustrations on distribution, giving the cities of over 3,000 population in the States of Minne- sota, Ohio and Louisiana, showing how great is the number of towns that have not been sold apples in carlots in com- parison with the number of towns that have been sold direct in carlots. There is no question that with sufficient sell- ing force to cover the territory thor- oughly that the distribution of the Northwestern apple crop can be greatly increased and a great many towns sold in 1917 that have not been sold in the past. The important fact in connection with this statement is that in so doing the selling concerns will reduce the quantity going into the big cities, there- by avoiding congestion, consequently maintaining a higher level of prices, and in maintaining a higher level of prices in the cities it must be borne in mind that by so doing there is no ques- tion that a higher level of prices will be maintained in all of the smaller towns and cities. Not Overproduction but Lack of Dis- tribution.— The article appearing in the July edition of Better Fruit, by the editor, has created more comment than any other article we have published. A number of people have personally in- formed the editor they had no idea that so few towns had been sold direct, and a number of others, courteous and thoughtful, are commending Better Fruit for its excellent work by letter. It is emphatically apparent that the fruit growers of the Northwest in the favorable reception they have given this article realize greater distribution Buying Now. — The constantly and continuous increasing prices on all kinds of commodities are sufficient justification for every fruit grower pur- chasing all articles required in his busi- ness at the earliest possible moment. It is advisable to do so for another rea- son— on account of the shortage of labor and raw materials. In many lines there is a possibility of the grower postponing purchasing too long. He may not be able to purchase in suffi- cient quantity to meet his requirements. Therefore, the editor of Better Fruit does not hesitate to suggest that every fruit grower should purchase his sup- ply of boxes, ladders, buckets, grading machines, nailing presses, paper, and all other equipment and supplies that he may need in harvesting this year's crop. He should not only make his purchases immediately, but he should haul them out to his packing house just as fast as he can get them there. Bruised Apples. — A short article by Mr. L. F. Dumas on .this subject is worthy of the attention of every fruit grower. When a man has put in a year's labor and expense in producing a crop of apples it is nothing short of insanity to half spoil the crop by bruis- ing in the last thirty days during the harvesting season. Fruit growers, as a rule, do not realize how undesirable a box of bruised apples is unless they have visited some of the cities and gone into the grocery stores and looked into the boxes of apples where it is not an unusual occurrence to see apples so badly bruised that they are almost unfit for use, with at least 25 per cent loss from decay resulting from bruising. Box Strapping. — The serious loss that is reported every year on export ship- ments on account of the broken pack- ages is sufficient evidence that some- thing should be done if possible to avoid this loss. While some people have suggested that export fruit should be shipped in heavier boxes, the suggestion is not very practical, for the reason the shipping concerns do not always know when the fruit is packed what boxes will be exported. Box strapping is used for many other commodities, and if used on export boxes of apples there is no question but what it would save the growers very heavy losses each year. Conservation of Food. — Every fruit grower's wife should consider it her duty to conserve as much fruit and vegetables as possible for winter use by canning and evaporating. By put- ting up a good liberal supply for home use expenses can be greatly reduced. Putting up your own supply of fruits and vegetables will reduce the quantity of other kinds of foods to be purchased, leaving that much more for others who are not able to do their own canning or drying. 19 1 7 The Sun Fruit Drier will save your surplus corn for winter use. Why let any fruits or vegetables waste? Orders filled promptly. Barnard & Gates 291 Stevenson Ave. Pasadena, Cal. As it is- TRUE -that— Caro Fibre FRUIT WRAPPERS Prolong the Life -OF- Apples You who Grow Apples with great Expense should Dress them Warm and Attractively. Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit. Give Your Apples a Fair Show. Get the Top Price. The Apple Buyer knows Caro Fibre— Wouldn't You Pay a little more for a box of apples if you knew that it Would Keep Longer. If Your Shipper Doesn't Use Caro Fibre Fruit Wrappers he is not giving your fruit a Fair Show Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. MANUFACTURERS F. B. DALLAM, Pacific Coast Representative 417 Market Street San Francisco, California Z5/>e First National Bank HOOD RIVER, OREGON A.D. MOE - - President E.O. BLANCHAR - Cashier Capital and Surplus $125,000 Assets Over $500,000 Member Federal Reserve System BETTER FRUIT Minimum Carloads. — The serious con- dition resulting in 1916, and continued in 1917, from the car shortage makes it imperative that the fruit industry should co-operate with the railroads in every way possible in using cars. Arrangements should be such so there will be no delay in loading cars when spotted. Great care should be used by shippers and receivers to see that cars are unloaded immediately at destina- tion, so as to be returnable without delay. Increasing the minimum capac- ity of cars is equally important. A resolution adopted by a conference of shippers at North Yakima in July was as follows: "Shippers are willing to accept a minimum of 26,000 pounds on cars of soft fruits, peaches, pears and plums, this being 2,000 pounds over the old minimum. They agreed to 31,185 pounds on apples shipped before No- vember 15th. The old minimum was 630 boxes. This was increased seventy boxes on winter varieties, making the minimum carload 700 boxes." Page 15 Bruised Apple Losing Proposition By L. F. Dumas, Dayton, Washington THE GROWER LOSES 1. Because it has cost just as much to grow that bruised apple as it has to grow the one that is handled care- fully. 2. Because it costs more to sort bruised fruit. 3. Because a bruieed apple in a packed box many times ruins its sale and always hurts it. THE PICKER, THE PACKER, THE SORTER, THE NAILER, AND THE TRUCKER LOSE 1. Because the apple "bruiser" gener- ally gets caught sooner or later and loses his (or her) job. 2. Because the careful person gets bet- ter consideration from his employer than does the careless one. 3. Because the grower gets more for perfect apples and therefore can pay more for putting them up. 4. Because the careless person loses his self-respect. 5. Because the careless person loses his reputation for being a good worker, a reputation which directly governs the swell or limpness of his pocket book. BOTH THE GROWER AND THE EMPLOYE LOSE Because lack of harmony between the grower and employe caused by care- less work causes a distinct loss to both in the results obtained. THE SELLING ORGANIZATION LOSES Because it can "get the business" only when it has a superior product. THE FRUIT BUYER LOSES 1. Because when he invests in bruised apples he is speculating in "damaged goods" and is bound to lose. 2. Because bruised fruit rots iii storage, one rotten apple in a box will in time infect others, rotten apples are not saleable. Orchard Queen Cider Mill Grinds Does Mot Crush MAKE CIDER This New Way Get Every Bit of Juice by Clean, Sanitary Methods Orchard Queen grates or grinds apples into fine pomace— breaks fruit cells open— allows all the juice to be easily extracted in pressing- insures greatest quantity and highest quality of cider, as juice is extracted in sanitary cloth-lined forms. (In ordinary crushing mills only half the juice is extracted and in a mussy, dirty condi- tion.) Operates easily by hand or power. Write today for information of this marvelously effi- cient mill and how it turns your usual orchard losses into unusual profits. Puffer-HubbardMfg.Co. 3222 26th St.. East MINNEAPOLIS. MINN The Best Drier on the Market Hifihly Recommended by Food Experts Dries All Kinds of Fruits and Vegetables Convenient Economical Inexpensive The Evaporator Company Price $6.00 ( Plus Express) 55 Liberty St,. New York THE ULTIMATE CONSUMER LOSES Because he does not get what he pays his money for — good apples. He loses his faith in the apple and will buy sonic substitute, a thing which will injure grower, worker, seller, buyer, and sometimes the consumer himself. So let's be careful; let's handle the apples as if they were so many eggs. Remember, rough handling is the un- pardonable sin in the preparation of fruit for market; the grower who toler- ates it is not injuring himself alone, he is promoting an all-around losing prop- osition. So let's be careful. The Washington State Fair will be held at North Yakima. September 17th in 22nd, inclusive. Being in one of the great fruit-growing valleys, and horti- CUlture Standing OUl pre-eminently, it is the duty of every fruit grower to make an exhibit if possible. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 1 6 BETTER FRUIT August The Orchard Ladder of Quality must bear the name "Northwest." Thousands are sold on their merits. Ask your dealer to let you , . [ «a/-J/-|c»r If your dealer does not carry our ladder in stock, oCC OLil L/dUUCl . write us direct for prices. No crushed fruit if you use the Barnett Fruit Picking Pail. PRICE $2.00 Information on our Orchard Supplies will be gladly given on request. N. W. Fence & Supply Co. Station A Portland, Oregon Bitter Pit; It's Cause and Control By Professor D. McAlpine in the Fruit World, Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, Australia [Editor's Note. — The disease Bitter Pit, so called in Australia, is generally known through- out the Northwest as Core Rot, being the same trouble. Very little has been done in the Northwest to get at the cause of this trouble, and not much in the way of investigation for control. The Australian Government, in con- nection with the fruit districts of Australia, appropriated £10,000, or $50,000, for ten years' research work. The work was extended an- other year at an additional cost. This has been published in four large volumes. The research work done in Australia has been the most complete, the most thorough and efficient of any campaign waged for the solution and cause of any disease or pest. The Editor of Better Fruit has been in constant correspond- ence with Professor D. McAlpine and has re- ceived one of each of his four Progress Reports. Conditions under which the trouble occurs in the Northwest are seemingly very similar, and the suggestions of control as outlined by Mr. McAlpine, where practiced in the Northwest, in the opinion of the Editor have been effective in reducing Bitter Pit or Core Rot to a minimum. This article is of course a brief summary of the principal features in the cause and control, as worked out by Professor McAlpine and his assistants, and as before stated is the most thorough campaign ever put up for the solu- tion of any pest and its control. Therefore the Editor believes every fruit grower in the North- west who is troubled with Bitter Pit or Core Rot will find this article not only very instruc- tive but very valuable.] WHEREVER apples are grown on a commercial scale this disease is more or less prevalent. In Australia there are some valuable ex- port varieties, such as Cleopatra, which are so susceptible that they have been cut down and replaced by other varie- ties. In the United States of America the Baldwin variety is so subject to attack that the disease is actually known as "Baldwin spot." In a recent American publication it is stated that, "Unless a remedy for this trouble is to be found, the indications are that Bald- wins will sooner or later need to be replaced by some other variety of the same season and quality which is not affected by the spot." There is conse- quently a keen desire on the part of growers to know the cause of the dis- ease, in order, if possible, to devise measures for its prevention or mitiga- tion. By this means alone may certain valuable varieties be retained under cultivation. In my previous report I have offered alternative views as to the cause of bitter pit, viz.: (a) Concentration of cell sap in the tissues of the apple and consequent local death of the parts, (b) Over-pressure of water in the tis- sues, leading to local rupture and sub- sequent death of the parts. The first explanation was indicated by certain of my observations. The brown flecks of the pit, when exam- ined, always contained less water than the surrounding healthy tissue, and it appeared possible that the concentra- tion of the cell sap involved in loss of water might have reached a point where the acids, tannins and other con- stituents acted injuriously upon the living protoplasm, causing its death. The sap concentration theory of the disease also received support from its point of occurrence on the apple pit generally appears in the first instance on the upper half of the fruit and toward the "eye" end. As the openings in the skin of the fruit are much more numerous toward the "eye" end than on the basal portions, the larger num- ber of openings at the "eye" end would obviously allow more active transpira- tion, and consequently might render easier an undue concentration of the cell sap, leading to development of the pit. The further investigations which I have subsequently been able to make into the occurrence of pit lead me to abandon an undue concentration of the cell sap as the probable cause of the disease. I am of opinion that over- pressure of water in the tissues, leading to local rupture and subsequent death of the parts, furnishes the most prob- able explanation of bitter pit. Histo- logical examination of the tissues of the apple, and the results of field experi- ments, pruning tests and climatological observations concur in supporting the view that over-pressure of water is the real cause. The diminished supply of water in the flecks of bitter pit is the result of cell rupture and death of the parts — not its cause. The following observations support this view: (1) When the apple fruit is mostly confined to the main upright branches and produced on fruit-spurs, the bitter pit is usually increased. Un- der these conditions the strong flow of sap might reasonably be supposed to burst the thin walls of the pulp cells and produce the effect. (2) In a young and vigorous growing tree, bearing only a few apples of rank growth, all the fruit is often pitted. The rank growth will cause rapid tension of the cell wall, and this may reach the break- ing point when the pressure is dis- tributed only through a few apples. (3) When a tree in full bearing, has only a light crop, and the apples are comparatively large, then the tendency to bitter pit is greater. The fewer apples in this instance would get a larger proportion of sap, as evidenced by their larger size. Instances have already been given where Cleopatra trees only showed bitter pit in the clusters of fruit at the tips of the branches, and the larger apple in the center of the cluster was invariably the worst. Superabundance of sap is asso- ciated with the overgrown apple and the development of pit. (4) When the fruit of a susceptible variety is picked and graded, it is found, as a rule, that the larger the fruit the more liable it is to pit. Thus, in the produce of 39 Cleopatra trees, while apples two inches in diameter had only one per cent of pit, those three and one-quarter inches in diameter had 61 per cent of pit. The greater growth in the larger apple relatively to the smaller would tend to distend the pulp cells and ulti- mately burst them. (5) When the strong flow of sap is checked by cinc- turing it is found that the pit is re- duced. This favors the view that the over-pressure of the sap in a variety unable to withstand the strain may be exciting the cause. Root pruning is a well-known means of checking the growth and inducing fruitfulness, but owing to the danger in our variable climate of root-pruned trees suffering from a diminished water supply at a critical period of their growth, no satis- factory experiments were carried out. (6) Irrigation experiments bear out the view that over-watering is a sure means of producing pit. When apple trees are heavily watered, and particularly late in the season when the fruit is ap- igij BETTER FRUIT Page 17 proaching its full development, there is a much higher percentage of pit than when light watering is adopted. (7) When the fruit is produced on laterals where every apple, as a rule, has room to develop properly and there is no strong flow of sap as in the upright branches, the amount of pit is appre- ciably lessened. (8) As shown in a pre- vious report, wherever bitter pit occurs the vascular network at the boundary between the pulp cells and the skin is ruptured. The pressure exerted will also be sufficient to burst the adjoining pulp cells, and thus there is a strong presumptive evidence that the bursting of the network by over-pressure of the water, more particularly toward the apex or eye end of the apple, is accom- panied by the rupture of the pulp cells. This is approximately called a con- stitutional disease, since the root of the trouble really lies in the artificial nature of our modern apple. It has been derived from the small, sour and hardy wild crab, and the large size, the succulence, and the sweetness have been obtained at the expense of the hardy nature of its ancestor. The fibre is now soft and flabby to render the flesh as juicy as possible, and this weakening of the fibre has practically 'ciildricil' STEAM PRESSURE CANNING OUTFITS Housekeepers, farmers, prow- ers- -every body can save and make money preserving meats, fruits and vegetables with a National Outfit. Makes cheap- est and toughest meat-cuts tender and delicious. Preserves fruits and vegetables without waste or spoilage. Use glass jars or cans. Simple -- safe — economical. Outfits for home or larger. Write for details, stating what you will can and capacity desired. Northwestern Stee! & Iron Works 820 Spring St.,Eau Claire, Wis. BUY AND TRY White River Flour MAKES Whiter, Lighter Bread COOLNE There's nothing so cool as an oil stove for summer cooking. All the heat is concentrated on the cooking and not radiated about the kitchen. Cooks everything any wood or coal range will cook, and cooks it better, because of the steady, evenly-distributed heat. Use it all the year 'round— more convenient than a wood or coal stove, and more economical. The long blue chimneys prevent all smoke and smell. In 1, 2. 3 and 4 burner sizes, with or without ovens. Also cabinet models. Ask your dealer today. NEW PERFECTION OIL COMSTOVE L X STANDARD OIL COMPANY ( California ) thrown the whole burden of the skele- ton upon the pulp cells. This burden was formerly shared by the vascular bundles, but now the distended pulp cells, like so many little balloons (filled with sap instead of gas), have to pre- vent the structure from collapsing. That it does collapse here and there, producing the brown flecks in the flesh, is not to be wondered at, and the problem of bitter pit, like that of mod- ern civilization, is to strengthen the constitution against the forces which tend to weaken it. I submitted a summary, giving the results of my work on the cause of bitter pit to Professor Lanong, of America, the distinguished author of "The Living Plant." He gave it his careful attention and replied: "Your conclusions certainly look to me very reasonable and probable, and as far as I can tell, seem wholly consistent with our knowledge of osmotic and sap- pressure phenomena. I would have to give, however, a great deal more study in the subject than is practicable to make any suggestion, after the ex- haustive work which you have done upon the subject." The various factors which increase or diminish bitter pit react upon the vascular system of the apple, which has been fully described in previous re- ports. The pit originates beneath the skin, where the symmetrically formed network of vessels surround the outer layer of pulp cells and forming the boundary between skin and pulp is situated. Wherever bitter pit occurs this network is ruptured, owing to the pressure exerted by the too-rapid growth. The pulp cells at first dis- closed by the ruptured meshes of the net, are likewise burst and death ensues. It is this wonderful network of vessels beneath the skin, forming distributing channels to regulate the pressure of the sap, that explains the occurrence of pit in spots or patches. Hence the rupture of the vascular net- work here and there, and of the adjoin- ing pulp cells in localized spots, due to over-pressure of the sap, is the exciting cause of hitler pit, and the oxidizing enzyme in the presence of tannin causes the group burst cells to become brown. [Com iiiniil next month] The Oregon Slate Fair will be held at Salem, Oregon, September 24th to 29th, inclusive. Horticulture is one of the prominent features of the fair. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT August BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' Cement Coated Nails Grape Culture By W. Obermeyer, Emmett, Idaho IN this article on grape culture I shall confine myself to a talk on the native varieties suited to the climate of South- ern Idaho. I have some of the Euro- pean varieties of bearing age, but they have not proven satisfactory, and I do not recommend them for Southern Idaho. Our climate is too severe for them as a commercial crop. In planting a vineyard, about the first thing to consider is the matter of loca- tion; experience has proven that the best fruit is grown on hill slopes, and sandy ground is preferred to any other. If the soil is not naturally fertile enough, it should be made so by the plowing under of any legume crop, or the addition of barnyard manure. Next in order is to determine the variety to grow. The Concord is the best flavored and the best seller, yet this variety re- quires a rather long season to mature its fruit, and if you have any doubt at all as to your length of season, plant the Moore's Early, or the Worden, both of which are excellent grapes and almost equal to the Concord in hardi- ness and flavor. Moore's Early is very early, ripening here in the Payette Val- ley almost a month ahead of the Con- cord; the Worden is midway between. These three varieties are black grapes, and good sellers. For commercial vari- eties confine your planting to these three. Having determined the variety best suited to your locality, get one-year- old No. 1 vines from a reliable nursery, or grow the plants from cuttings. Set the plants 10 by 10 feet apart, and give the best of care. Irrigate when neces- sary. It is usually best to grow some cultivated crop between the rows the first two years, and the care that will make a big crop of potatoes or melons is just the care the young vines require. If your young vines have had the right care they are ready, after the second season, to be trellised. It is the com- mon practice to furnish two sizes (No. 9 or No. 10) black wire strung on posts 30 feet apart. The first wire 2 Ms feet from the ground, and the other 5 feet high. The end post should be set three feet in the ground and be well braced, so as to be able to withstand the strain of a heavy crop. Probably the pruning hasn't bothered you much as yet. The first year's growth was not heavy, and you have pruned to a single cane, and cut that back to a few buds; the second season's growth was better, and you will leave one long cane to be tied to the top wire, and perhaps two short canes to be run out along the lower wire. The vines will bear a fair crop the third season and make a good wood growth. The next spring you may leave four canes for fruiting. Keep, as a permanent trunk, the vine that you led to the top wire the previous season, cutting off your surplus wood as close to the permanent stalk as possible. Thus you always have a neat, clean vine, easy to prune. Tie the canes out along the wire, fastening them securely so the wind won't whip them around. Do not make a tie so tight that your vine will choke when it begins to en- large; leave room for expansion. I will conclude with a few general remarks. The Knieffen system of pruning is probably the easiest system and is very satisfactory. On sloping, sandy ground grape vines can stand a lot of irriga- tion and profit by it. On valley bot- toms, especially where the water table is near the surface, great care should be used in watering. It is safe, how- ever, to keep the ground reasonbly moist. Cultivation can usually be stopped in midsummer so as to allow the canes to ripen. All of that part of the current season's growth that has not matured will winter kill. Probably barnyard manure will sup- ply all the requirements of the vines as to fertilization. Crimson clover could be sowed, after cultivation ceases, and plowed under the succeeding spring. I have tried this, and it is a success. Many growers use rye as a cover crop. A vineyard properly cared for will last practically forever. Excursion Fares to the Seashore Tillamook County Beaches have many delightful resorts. Low Round Trip Fares. Newport, with its agate beaches and surf bathing will always be popular. Low Round Trip Fares. Ask your local agent, or write for booklet descriptive of Newport or Tillamook County Beaches to John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent, Portland, Oregon Southern ific Lines 19 1 7 Farm Labor Organization Plans U. S. Department of Agriculture UNDER the government plan for the organization of farm labor, the details of which were announced by the U. S. Department of Agriculture recently, provision is made for nation- wide co-operation in the solution of the farm help problem. The work of or- ganization already has been started in about forty states, and it is expected that eventually every community in the United States will be reached. It is believed that the resultant utilization of emergency labor will begin to have an appreciable effect on the farm lahor situation before the season has far ad- vanced. Meanwhile, the immediate and acute problem of supplying labor for the harvests, now beginning in the Southwest, is being handled, so far as the United States government's services are concerned, through the existing em- ployment service of the U. S. Depart- ment of Labor, which will continue to handle such problems of mass mobiliza- tion under the new plan as it has in the past. Federal and state co-operation is based on close co-operation on the part of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the U. S. Department of Labor with state committees on national defense charged with labor matters, with the state agricultural colleges, with the county agents, and with county and local or township labor committees or representatives to be established in every locality. The Department of Agriculture will represent the federal authorities in determining farm labor needs and in assisting in organizing all available farm labor in the rural dis- tricts. The U. S. Department of Labor will devote its attention to organizing labor in urban communities and indus- trial regions, and will co-operate with the farm labor forces where necessary by obtaining extra labor from the pop- ulous centers. The plan provides for strictly local handling of all labor problems that can be adjusted locally. The fundamental unit of the organization is the "com- munity man" who, with the assistance of such committees as he may appoint, canvasses his own neighborhood, finds out what farmers need help, and what men are available for supplying the local need, and effects such adjustments as can be made locally. If, after all local adjustments have been made, there remains either a deficit or a sur- plus of labor, he reports to the "county man," whose business it is to effect adjustments between the several com- munities in his county. The county man, in turn, reports any deficit or sur- plus to the "state man," who canvasses the situation for the state as a whole and reports to the Department of Agri- culture, which, in close co-operation with the Department of Labor, is charged with the distribution of mobile labor for the country as a whole. Thus each unit in the system acts as a clearing house for its own territory, reporting to the units higher up only when it needs help or has help to offer. The plan provides that supplemental BETTER FRUIT Page iq Fruit Labels When packed in a plain box or crate, fruit is fruit. It does not mean apples or other fruit until you label it properly —and just as good clothes make a favorable impression- give distinction— so well designed and printed labels dress your package, appeal to the eye and help the sale. Our Lithographed Labels will advertise your brand and help the dealer sell your apples. THE UNITED STATES PRINTINGS LITHOGRAPH CO. 901 Hoge Building, Seattle, Washington 1 1 2 Market Street, San Francisco, California No hot boxes — no lost time — even with big loads, when you use Mica Axle Grease. The powdered mica forms a slippery, wear-resist- ing film, twice as effect- ive as ordinary grease. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) I AXLE GREASE Gravity Conveyor Systems for boxes, packages, lum- ber, etc. Gravity Box Conveyors Building Materials and Paints. Cabot's Insulating Quilts, TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Inc., 184-6 Second St., Portland, Oregon RHODES DOUBLE CUT .PRUNING SHE/ 520 s RHODES MFG. CO. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. 'THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Me.de in all styles and sizes. All shears delivertd free to your door. Write for circular and prices. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 20 BETTER FRUIT Denney & Co. CHICAGO Specialize in Box Apples and Other Western Fruits WE'RE READY TO TALK BUSINESS WITH THOSE HAVING GOOD FRUIT Write or wire us what you have to offer Turn Apple Waste to Profit Many are Doing It Now. QT ART a Pay'"B business that grows almost with- >J -1 /ilV 1 out effort. 1 Thousands are making Big Money turning apple waste into profits for themselves and their neighbors by making Good Marketable Cider from windfalls, culls, undergrades, etc., on y Mount Gilead Hydraulic Cider Presses Sizes 10 to 400 barrels daily. We also make cider evaporators apple butter cookers.vinegar generators, filters, etc. Allmachin ery is fully guaranteed. All power presses have steel beams and sills. Write Today for Catalog. Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Co., 60 Lincoln Ave.. Mount Gilead, 0. Pacific Coast Representatives Berger & Carter Co., 17th and Mississippi Sts., San Francisco, Ca IF YOU would appreciate the services of old established, successful, responsible fruit distributors, keep the undersigned in mind when you have fruit to market. Write us for information. We give you con- servative opinion on market conditions. We can market your fruit where it will bring best results. DliOU 2. COM Portland Thirty-six years same location. rHut oC OUlM. Oregon Ridley.HouIding&Co, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON Points to remember when consigning apples to the London Market 1.— We Specialize in Apples 2.— All Consignments Receive our Personal Attention 3 —The Fruit is Sold by Private Treaty CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON August reports shall be submitted by each com- munity man whenever changes in the local labor situation make desirable further adjustments that cannot be met with the material at hand, or when a surplus of labor develops which he can- not use. A great many retired farmers, of whom there are 700,000 in the country, may be available for emergency service under this plan of farm labor mobiliza- tion. The plans contemplate also the drawing of emergency labor from the cities under the immediate direction of the Department of Labor, the effective utilization of college students and school boys, and, if necessary, the assignment of volunteer women and girls to rural tasks connected particu- larly with feeding and caring for har- vest hands or other extra labor, or with farm canning or drying of surplus perishable products. In other words, the plan contemplates supplying assist- ance not merely for field operations but to farm women during their season of heaviest domestic duties. The Wastefulness of Swarming U. S. Department of Agriculture THE old-time beekeeper boasted of the number of swarms which issued from his hives, but the modern bee- keeper knows that swarming is one of his worst obstacles to producing a large crop. The modern beekeeper knows from experience that after he has given all his energy to getting every colony as strong as possible at the beginning of the honey-flow, he must not permit the bees then to spoil it all by dividing their forces. Of course, it is impossible to do any- thing toward controlling swarming when the bees are in a box or "gum," and this is the chief reason why bees in a movable-frame hive are more profitable. It is also unfortunately true that in spite of the beekeeper's most strenuous efforts, colonies will some- times swarm. In that event the bee- keeper makes the most of a bad situa- tion by keeping the forces together in another way. Standard Sprays ofthe^V^rjUI*; WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 17 BETTER FRUIT Page 2i If swarming occurs when honey is coming in, the hive should be at once removed to a new place and a new hive placed in the old location, the bee specialists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture advise. The swarm is now hived in this new hive and, because it is in the old location, all returning field bees from the colony join the swarm and the population is kept up. Later on there are various ways of reducing the parent colony still more, for by this means the issuing of worthless after- swarms is prevented. The beekeeper who desires to get the greatest possible crop does not permit even one swarm to issue if he can help it. When swarming time arrives, he examines every colony once a week. If he finds queen cells with eggs or small larvae in them, he cuts every one out and thus makes it necessary for the bees to build other cells, if they still persist in their efforts to swarm. If, however, he finds larger cells with old larvae he knows that the impulse to swarm has developed too far, so he must satisfy it in some way. He may make an artificial swarm — at his con- venience and not at that of the bees— or if he is a producer of comb-honey he may cut out all the queen cells and cage the queen for ten days until they get over their "swarming fever." The skill of the beekeeper can usu- ally be measured by the results of his work in curbing swarming. The poetry which others see in issuing swarms is entirely lost on a good beekeeper. The methods of swarm control are given in Farmers' Bulletin 503, "Comb Honey," which may be obtained on request from the United States Department of Agriculture. High Cost of Food Necessitates Judicious Management. Purchasing food supplies and plan- ning and preparing three meals a day has always been a problem, but with the increase in food prices the problem is becoming more difficult every day. The abnormal price of certain foods leads the careful housewife to seek sub- stitutes, but if she does not know the WITTE GET^ "KEK0-0IL" ENGINE Save $15 to $200 Have More Power— Do your work easier— Get a bet- ter engine— At less cost Make more money — Save more fuel— Immediate Shipment — No waiting — Five -Year Guarantee— 90-Day Trial— Hundreds of engines —2 to 22 H-P.— all styles— Ready to Ship— Suit your- pelf as to terms — Cash — or Payments — or NO MONEY '«"s^^"-K IIV lllVllU* riKhted)-"How to Judge Y\/\YMr»T Engines"— and latest wholesale fac- 1 1/1/ \ tory prices— Direct. I sh \> every "VM" where in the U. S.- guarantee safe delivery— Save you $15 to $200— make you the best price. I ship big engines — or small engines -on wire orders.— ED. H. WITTE. Pres. WITTE ENGINE WORKS 1888 Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 1888 Empire Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa. Earl Fruit Company eUM Northwest GENERAL OFFICES: Mohawk Building, SPOKANE, WASHINGTON Branch Offices in all main shipping sections of Southern Oregon, Idaho and Washington Our own warehouses at all shipping points in all districts. Fruit Distributors Based on the dependability of service for which the Earl Fruit Company name is synonymous. OFFICERS: JOSEPH DI GIORGIO. . . President B. A. PERH AM. . General Manager A. S. LINES Vice-President F. V. MARTIN .... Field Manager W. L. LOEFFEL Secretary C. W. MOUNT . Traffic Manager C. O. ELLSWORTH.Ass'tTreasurer WILMER SIEG . . . Sales Manager A DEPENDABLE CONNECTION We Solicit Your Co-operation and Correspondence OVER SIX MILLION Bushel Shipping Baskets SOLD SO FAR THIS SEASON Everybody is shipping fruits and vegetables in our bushel shipping baskets, simply because they are the best and cheapest package on the market. The demand for these baskets promises to ex- ceed the production this year. Therefore order now for quick shipment be- fore the advance in freight rates. Write for Prices Today. PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 1201 Advertising Building, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS LESLIE BUTLER. President TRUMAN BUTLER. Vice President C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier Established 1900 Butler Banking Company Capital HOOD RIVER, OREGON $100,000.00 4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS If you have money to loan wp will find you good real estate security, or It you want to borrow we can place your application In good hands, and we make no charge for this service. THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS IfBNTII FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT Steel Box Strapping Used in connection with metal seals consists of encircling a package with a metal strap, draw- ing the strap very tight and interlocking the overlapping strap -ends within a metal sleeve (SIGNODE) in such a manner that the joint has a greater tensile strength than the strap itself. Nails, rivets and buck- les, with their attendant objections, are entirely eliminated. Write for Catalog Acme Strapping packed in bbls. of about 500 lbs. or larger pkgs. Metal Seals packed in cartons containing 2,000-2,500 seals. ACME STEEL GOODS CO. MFRS. Factory: 2840 Archer Ave., Chicago 311 California St., San Francisco Sebastopol Gravensteins The crop of famous Sebastopol Gravenstein Apples is now moving. Season closes August 26th. The best apples from over 200 of our best orchards. Community packing houses insure uniform pack. See our representative or wire us. Sebastopol Apple Growers' Union SEBASTOPOL, CALIFORNIA August relative values of the different foods she cannot make her substitution intel- ligently, A knowledge of the part that each of the different classes of foods performs in the body upkeep is essen- tial. Without this knowledge serious mistakes may be made. Miss Bab Bell of the Missouri College of Agriculture makes a few suggestions relative to de- creasing the cost of living. (1) Make a thorough study of the different classes of foods and the function of each in the body. (2) Plan meals carefully, so that foods are not duplicated. For instance, do not serve Irish and sweet potatoes in the same meal; cheese and meat; rice and patotoes; spinach and lettuce; navy beans and meat. (3) Substitute, in part, corn starch for eggs; rice for potatoes; meat substitutes for meat; some good oil for olive oil; some product for but- ter, especially in cooking; cornmeal for wheat flour. Milk is one of the best foods and consequently can be substi- tuted for higher priced foods. Skim milk has a high protein value. The cost of living may be reduced by (1) Purchasing food supplies in large quantities when a good storeroom is available, and by purchasing foods in season. (2) Preparing the exact amount of food needed. Some foods cannot be warmed or made over. (3) Planning meals to utilize all "left overs" and thus reducing the waste which ordinarily goes to the garbage can. (4) Training children, and adults as well, not to waste foods at the table by leaving quantities on their plates. (5) Doing your own marketing, if possible. (6) Growing vegetables on every foot of ground available and by canning fruits and vegetables; storing eggs, butter and other products to be used during winter. A Late O. A. C Appointment Frank H. Lathrop, who has had special training and extended experi- ence in the habits, injury and control of apple plant lice in the eastern, central and southern parts of the United States, has been appointed re- search assistant in entomology at the Oregon Agricultural College Experi- MONARCH CIDER PRESS Here's the right outfit for work- ing up the culls into profitable cider. Suitable for individual and merchant service. Ourcelebrated high pressure design with minute accu- rateconstruction, getsall the juicewithlow operatingex- pfe pense. Builtinsizesfrom 15 to 400 barrels a day. 60-page Catalogue free. Write today. A. B. Farquhar Co.,Ltd.,BoxlOG York, Penna. 3!?T ^H*lUt Ask/or Catalogue. EXCLUSIVE SALES AGENTS FOR OREGON, WASHINGTON AND IDAHO Western Farquhar Machinery Co. 308 East Salmon Street Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT io ir BETTER FRUIT Page 2$ mcht Station. He will conduct labora- tory and field work in entomology, first specializing in aphis with a view to more effective control of this pest in Oregon orchards. He was graduated from the Clemson, South Carolina, Agricultural College, took the Master's Degree at Ohio State University, where he was graduate assistant and research fellow in entomology and zoology. He was also research assistant in these subjects at the South Carolina Station and later at the New York Experiment Station. Valuable Bulletins Gardeners, poultrymen, housewives, and all who are "doing their bit" in the nation-wide food production campaign, will find it possible to largely increase their elliciency by securing and study- ing some of the bulletins prepared by the Oregon Agricultural College, Cor- vallis, Oregon, contained in the follow- ing list. They are carefully compiled and the instruction and information contained in them is dependable. 118. Ammonification and Nitrification Studies of Certain Types of Oregon Soils. 119. A Report of the Experimental and Demon- stration Work on the Substation Farms at Moro, Burns, Redmond and Metolius. 140. Economical Use of Irrigation Water. 142. The Culture of Small Fruits on Irrigated Sandy Land. 5. Incubating and Brooding Chickens. 83. Principles of Breadmaking. 91. Insect Pests of Truck and Garden Crops. 99. Fowl Tuberculosis. 106. Farm Butter Making. 107. Care of Milk and Cream. 110-111. Food for the Family. 120. How to Conduct a Fly Campaign. 127. Breeds of Chickens. 146. Strawberry. 147. Oregon Station Trap Nest. 157. Feeding for Eggs. 158. Trapping Moles for Market. 159. Housing of Chickens. 165. Loganberry. 167. Programs and Suggestions for Study Clubs in Home Economics. 183. Home Co-operators' Demonstration Project. 184. Potato Growing in Oregon. 185. Improvement of Seed Potato. 186. Potato Diseases. 190. Preserving Eggs. 192. Brambles. 218. Methods of Cleaning. 222. The School Luncheon. 201. Oregon Rural Credits. 207. Field Bean. 203. Clover Insects. Emergency Circulars: Cold Pack Method of Canning. Foods — Preparedness. Home Vegetable Garden. The Hen in Town. Are You Proud of Your Front Yard? The improvement of rural highways and the building of good roads lay a new responsibility upon every farmer. It means that there will be a greatly increased amount of traffic passing by his homestead; it will bring him more closely in touch with the outside world, including citizens from the immediate neighborhood, from the surrounding counties and indeed from many parts of other states. The farmer and his Cherry Trees Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, etc. Free Catalog. Agents Wanted. Special Terms. MILTON NURSERY COMPANY MILTON. OREGON J. & H.GOODWIN, LTD. Apple Exporters and Commission Merchants Offices: London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, England New York, Boston; also Maine, Virginia and California Address Correspondence: 60 State St., Boston, Mass. A Decimal Tabulator on Every Silent Model The Decimal Tabulator is an inbuilt part of every Silent Model L. C. Smith & Bros. Type- writer, furnished at no additional cost. It insures accuracy in billing and tabulating. It saves time in regular correspondence work by enabling the typist to bring the carriage at once to any desired point of starting in the salutation, paragraphs and close of letters and addressing of envelopes. For an explanation of the advantages of the decimal tahulator, variable line spacer and many other features of the ball bearing, long wearing Silent models, send for the "Silent Smith" booklet — free of charge. L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter Co. Factory and Home Office Syracuse, N. Y. Branches in All Principal Cities 104 A Fifth Street, Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT August home life are now brought more directly to the attention of the general public. Under these circumstances, H. F. Major of the Missouri College of Agriculture suggests that he take more pride in the development of his home grounds. "A man is known by the company he keeps," so the character of a man is judged by his .home life and the atmosphere with which he sur- rounds himself. The improvement of the home grounds does not necessarily imply spending great sums or building an extensive "Show Place" decorated with architectural furnishings and for- mal gardens. It means treating the yard as an out-of-door living room; as a part of the house. It means, keeping it clean and neat and comfortable and cheerful. It should be decorated with fine trees, beautiful flowering shrubs, and with annual and perennial flowers that fill the soul with gladness and make home a lovable spot surrounded by endearing associations that tug at the heart-strings and give the full mean- ing of "Home, Sweet Home." Members Fruit Growers' Agency The following comprises a list of the selling concerns and associations that are members of the Fruit Growers' Agency for 1917, making the Fruit Growers' Agency the strongest and largest organization of its kind in Aemerica, making the Fruit Growers' Agency for the first time strong enough to be effective in carrying on the excel- lent work started in the year 1916, with which the growers are familiar through the various articles of information relative to the Fruit Growers' Agency that have appeared in Better Fruit and other publications. If there is any association or selling concern that has not joined they should do so without delay: Cashmere Fruit Growers' Union, Cashmere, Washington. Indian Cache Ranch, Lewiston, Idaho. Methow Pateros Unit, Pateros, Washington. Brewster District Unit, Brewster, Wash- ington. C. E. Berry, College Place-Blalock Growers' Association, R. F. D. No. 2, Walla Walla, Washington. Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' Association, North Yakima, Washington. Richey& Gilbert Co. H. M. GILBERT. President and Manager Grower* and Shipper! of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON P $50.00 DAY WITH THE Gearless Improved Standard Well Drilling Machine Drills through any formation. Five years ahead of any other. Has record of drilling 130 feet and driving casing In 9 hours. Another record where 70 feet was drilled on %Vi gallons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can operate. Electrically equipped for running nights. Fishing job. Engine Ignition. Catalogue W-8. REIERSON MACHINERY CO., Mfg., 1295-97 Hood St., Portland, Ore. Pittsburgh Perfect Cement COSltGd NcU.S are of the highest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY. Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California WHEN WBITINC ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT i9iy BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Mosier Fruit Growers' Association, Mosicr, Oregon. Northwestern Fruit Exchange, Stuart Build- ing, Seattle, Washington. Idaho-Oregon Fruit Growers' Association. Payette, Idaho. Okanogan Growers' Union, Okanogan. Wash- ington. North Pacific Fruit Distributors, Spokane. Washington. Rogue River Fruit and Produce Association, Medford, Oregon. Wenatchee North Central Fruit Distributors, Wcna tehee, Washington. Wenatchee Apple Land Co., Paulsen Build- ing, Spokane. Washington. White Bros. & Clllin, North Yakima, Wash- ington. Blalock Fruit and Produce Co., Walla, Walla, Washington. Wenatchee Produce Company, Wenatchee. Washington. Northern Fruit Company, Wenatchee, Wash- ington. E. Wagner & Son. Wenatchee, Washington. Clarke-Oliver Apple Company, Wenatchee, Washington. Wenatchee Growers' Exchange, Wenatchee. Washington. Sunnyslope Fruit Exchange, Wenatchee, Washington. Richey & Gilbert Company, Toppenish, Washington. Hood River Fruit Company, Hood River, Oregon. Cashmere Apple Company, Cashmere, Wash- ington Earl Fruit Company of the Northwest, Mohawk Building, Spokane, Washington. White Salmon Valley Growers' Association, White Salmon, Wasshington. Dennis, Kimball & Pope, Inc., Medford, Ore- gon (E. M. McKeany). Omak Fruit Growers, Inc., Omak, Wash- ington. Yakima Commercial Club Association, North Yakima, Washington. Willamette Valley Fruit Exchange, Alvadote, Oregon. Peshastin Fruit Growers' Association, Peshas- tin, Washington. Growers' Service Company, North Yakima. Washington. Dufur Orchard Co-Owners' Company, The Dalles, Oregon. Montana Fruit Distributors, Hamilton. Mon- tana. Baker-Langdon Orchard Company, Walla Walla, Washington. Skookum Packers' Association, Leavenworth, Washington. Apple Growers* Association, Hood River, Oregon. (THE QOOD PUDGE TELLS WHICH IS BE rTEK.AHDWHV ifijj These Suggestions Will Help in the Fly Campaign. The Missouri College of Agriculture has received many requests for sugges- tions in conducting fly campaigns. Ob- servation of the following steps will bring effective results: (1) Kill as many flies as possible when they appear in spring. These first flies are the parents of the millions of germ-laden flies that will make life miserable throughout the summer. One fly killed early in the spring is equal to millions killed in August or September. (2) Endeavor to prevent flies from breeding or feeding on the premises. Some flies will escape, ORCHARD YARN Listen, Orchardists: Now is the time to tie your fruit trees. All limbs can be readily seen; the spurs are less easily broken off than later; the saving of time is considerable and yarn is probably as cheap as it will be this season. Orchard Yarn is the correct method of supporting trees and the saving of a few trees is worth the cost of the yarn for an entire orchard. Sold by all dealers. If they cannot supply you, please order direct from The Portland Cordage Company Portland, Oregon Seattle, Washington JUDGE, HE PAID 10 CENTS FOR. HIS TOBACCO. I PAID IO CENTS FOR. KUNE-- p WHICH DOVOU IMAQINe| IS BETTER? yQURS, of coursei 1 W-B CUT TOBACCO COIAEo ] IN SIAALL PACKAGES, i — WHILE CHEAP ORDINARY ] TOBACCO COMES IN ( — ■ TBIG BAGSJ A good many people are looking into what makes men change over to W-B CUT and stick to it Tobacco is tobacco, but all chewing, isn't all so. tobacco. You don't have gummy excess sweetening to chew out of W-B CUT, before you get down to sat- isfaction. The shreds are tobacco, through and through —and the richest, sappiest tobacco that grows. You notice the difference at once — W=B CUT goes twice as far as ordinary plug. Made by WEYMAN-BRUTON COMPANY, 1107 Broadway, New York City DODGE Eaton fif Campbell, Seattle "our experience with Zerolene has been en- tirely satisfactory." MERCER Mercer Pacific Coast Agc'y, San Francisco— "Zerolene has proven very satis- factory." ZEROLENE The Standard Oil for Motor Cars WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT August This Hood River Apple Storage House IS INSULATED WITH Cabot's Insulating "Quilt" at the lowest cost and with the greatest efficiency and permanence. Quilt is made of eel-grass, the fiber that will not rot. will not burn, will not harbor insects or ver- min. It make a thick cushion of dead air spaces that keeps out heat better than other insulators that cost much more and that are not permanent, sanitary or safe. One layer of Quilt is equal in insulating power (by actual test) to forty or fifty layers of common building paper. It is easy to apply, low priced and never goes to pieces in the work. Send for sample of Quilt, with catalog and prices, to SAMUEL CABOT, Inc., Manufacturing Chemists, Boston, Mass. or to the Northwest Distributors: S. W. R. DALLY, Globe Building, Seattle TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Portland Conservo Wood Preservative — preserves posts, planks and all other timbers Cabot's Creosote Stains— for shingles, siding and other outside finish. United States Government Bureau of Standards tests show Cabot's Quilt more efficient than any other Insulator, including cork board. Golden Gate Weed Cutter and Mulcher Farmers, order early if you want the Golden Gate Weed Cutter and Mulcher, as the demand this year will be great, as it not only cuts weeds, but kills them, and leaves finely pulverized top soil. Cuts any depth. Pre- vents evaporation by working under the soil without dis- turbing soil on top. Write for circular. C. G. SIGURD Capital Avenue and McKee Road, San Jose, California EW.BALTESAND COMPANY Printers • Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON because they will breed in decaying vegetable matter or in the droppings of animals in the pastures. However, these will be almost negligible. (3) Fly traps are essential. They catch the flics com- ing from breeding places and thus pre- vent their migrating to the house. (1) Enlist the co-operation of all dealers in food supplies. Show them the danger from Hies and what may result from unsanitary surroundings of their prem- ises, tf necessary, patronize only those dealers who keep their premises and their products properly screened. They will soon clean their premises and eliminate flies if the campaign is brought to them in this financial light. (5) Endeavor to obtain community co- operation in the fly campaign. Do not be discouraged if a few people cannot be induced to clean up their premises. As soon as they see that the campaign is effective they will readily co-operate. Garden Plan Saves Labor. A little time spent in planning a gar- den will save a great deal of subsequent labor. C. G. Carpenter of the Missouri College of Agriculture suggests that the rows of vegetables run north and south, so that one side will receive sun- light in the morning and the other in the afternoon. This is the best arrange- ment wherever it is possible. The slope of the garden, if it is on a hillside, may prevent running the rows north and south. It is also advisable to space the rows so that horse-drawn implements can be used. Sometimes it pays to ar- range even such small plants as lettuce and radishes so that they may be culti- vated with labor-saving implements. In general, planting should be begun on one side of the garden and continued to the other. This will enable the gar- dener to keep the weeds down on the implanted area with minimum labor. Vegetables planted at the same time and requiring similar cultivation should be grouped in adjacent rows. However, the time of planting is more important than the kind of cultivation required. Rhubarb, horseradish, asparagus, win- ter onions and other plants which oc- cupy the ground longer than a year should be set apart. Parsnips, saisify and similar crops should be placed near the perennials. Vegetables which re- quire only a short growing season, such as onions, cabbage, lettuce, radishes, peas and beets, and second plantings of these crops may follow in order as planting proceeds across the garden. Attention, Fruit and Vegetable Growers CAN your Fruits, Vegetables, Meats and Fish in Sanitary Cans, with the H. & A. Steam Pressure Canning Outfits, built in Family, Orchard and Commercial size; seal the cans with the H. & A. Hand or Belt Power Double Seamer; they will save your perishable fruits and vegeta- bles at ripening time when nothing else will. Write for descriptive matter. Henninger & Ayes Mfg. Co. 47 S. First St., Portland, Ore. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT :iiiiiiitiimmiimiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiitiiiiiiiiti iiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiui UIUIUIIIIUIUIIIUUIUIIHI iiiiiiiiiiiiiimimnmiiii imuinni urn Ulllitlllllllinillllllllll iiniitiiiitiiiiiii^ | The Ideal Fruit Grader | SIMPLICITY, ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY ABSOLUTELY NO BRUISING Two men, one an experienced machinest, the other an experienced cabinet maker, with many I | years' practical experience in the fruit industry in Hood River, combined their mechanical skill and | | practical knowledge of fruit handling in perfecting a grading machine— a model of simplicity, I economy and efficiency. There is no machinery— Nothing to get out of order or be fixed connected with the Ideal Fruit | | Grader. It is practically all wood. | The operation is simple, consisting of a belt for a conveyor, operated by electricity or gasoline | I engine, and short elastic belts, which move each apple in the proper bin from the belt conveyor. The Ideal Fruit Grader divides the crop into Extra Fancy, Fancy and C-grade, all at one time. The | Extra Fancy being divided into seven bins on one side, the Fancy into seven bins on the other side 1 | and the C-grade going into six bins at the end of the grader. 1 Built for four sorters, the grader is 28 feet long and 9 feet wide built for eight sorters, 32 feet long. I In 1916 we packed 9,000 boxes with the Ideal Fruit Grader with two packers without the machine ever stopping once for repairs of any kind. Further detailed information, illustrated circulars and prices will be furnished upon request. IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO. HOOD RIVER, OREGON BnntoHnmimBHnnif iifiiinnimumiiif iiitiiniiiiif in tiitm ■ mi m mi tin muni mi 1 1 nt imituit tiiiiini im i m 111111111111111111 mtni inn i m 1111 in 1 1 mi tu i tun iiiiiiiHmiuifiiii n ininniiiiiiiii 1 iinmitimniiiiiiitiiii 11 ji 11111111 1 1111 11111111 u 111 iiiiiiii/imii i nuituif 11111 iiniiimunuuiiR Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.Pearson Co.,inc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bldg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON CONOMY E A R S o NAILS In buying Is getting the best value for the money. not always In getting the lowest prices. PEAJRSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS °r WSn for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. 17 T T A RTT TTV behind the goods Is X^XjXADXXjXX X added value. You can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATT^JFAfTTOTV ls assured by our •rt.AlS3JT.rt.V;±lVjn long experience In making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want: we guarantee satisfaction. RTflTNATITY Plua experience al- XVXUXil AXjX X X ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope Is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. A I L TRUE-TO-NAME Free From Pests That's what you want when you plant fruit trees. That's what you get when you order the O.&F.Unxld Brand Get our prices before planting this spring. Largest stock in the Northwest. All grown on virgin soil. Everything in fruit trees and a full line of Flowering Shrubs Roses, Shade and Ornamental Trees Ornamental and Fruit Nursery Co. Box 217 K WAPATO, WASH. Catalog will be mailed free upon request. WHEW WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION RFTTFR ERI'IT I^S^S^S THE WORLD - OUR ORCHARD |«^ OUR ORCHARD ^X Steiiw 6c Kelly I NEW YORK I bNQUE5TI?NdB>LY THE f\°F Ingram Fd(T3 and 175 Apples. By O. H. Barnhill, Ashland, Oregon marks may be passed. It is hard to draw the line here, because some varie- ties, such as the Newtown, naturally have a good deal of russeting around the stem. So it is with stings, scab and limb rubs, which are often concealed near the calyx or hidden by russeting, being of such microscopic dimensions that only the closest scrutiny will re- veal them. And yet, if a grader be instructed to admit even the very tiniest of blemishes he is apt to overlook some that are quite large. The old saying, "Give a man an inch and he will take a mile" applies with peculiar force to fruit grading. The most stringent rules are the safest for the average workman. Second-grade apples should be in good condition and free from insects. They may be somewhat misshapen, but should not be "crooked up" by aphis. Neither should they be too badly "stung up," although a few blemishes of this kind may be omitted, care being taken to distinguish between a sting and a worm hole. When in doubt, throw it out. The rule for scab is to pass a spot as large as a dime, or a number of spots whose combined size is no larger than a dime. The same rule might apply to limb rubs. Bruises and rotten spots should, of course, be excluded. The four boxes into which the four sizes of first-class apples are graded should be placed on one side of the box from which the apples are being sorted, with four boxes to receive the seconds on the other side. Culls are thrown into a box beneath the table. As the boxes are filled they are stacked away for packing, each size and grade being piled separately. Girls make better packers and grad- ers than men, because they are more careful and teachable. On the other hand, they are not strong enough to handle a box of apples, so it is neces- sary to furnish male help to carry the fruit to and away from them. The usual price paid for packing is five cents a box and for grading two cents, the latter for boxes level full. One cent a box is paid for nailing up boxes, a nailing press being needed for this work. The same price is paid for mak- ing boxes, for which a table is provided with two sets of thin boards fixed in an upright position to hold the end pieces. Five-penny box nails are used, four for each cleat and side board. If the cleats split they should be soaked in water. Apple paper generally comes in two sizes, 10x10 and 9x9, the former for four-tier sizes and larger, the latter for four-and-and-one-half tier and smaller. Cardboard is no longer used between the layers, but one sheet is placed in the bottom of the box and one on top, inside the lining paper. Two sheets of the latter are folded over the sides of the box, the edges lapping over the ciack in the bottom. The wrapping paper is held in a shallow tray fast- Continued on page 25 19 1 J BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Monthly Crop Report, Dept. of Agriculture All farm products have shown a steady increase in price, with very few- exceptions, from 1910 to 1917. The fol- lowing table is not only very interest- ing but very instructive. Attention is called to a few of the important pro- ducts and the increases shown: Hogs, $8.15 to $13.35; beef, *4.84 to $8.30; sheep, $5.47 to $9.32; wool, 19.0 to 54.3; milch cows, $42.86 to $72.81. Horses are an exception, showing a decrease from $1-18 to $135, probably due to automobiles and auto tractors. Cab- bage, $2.27 to $3.23; onions, $1.04 to $2.01; beans, $2.34 to $8.07 (nearly 400% increase, possibly due to the large demand for beans for army require- ments); wheat 90.4 to 228.9; corn, 78.1 to 196.0; oats, 49.8 to 73.7; barley, 57.1 to 114.5; potatoes, 83.6 to 170.8; hav, $9.28 to $13.42; cotton, 10.3 to 24.3; butter, 22.4 to 34.0; eggs, 19.2 to 29.8. There is no comparison on apples, as the prices given are for the 1916 crop. The increase in every commodity with the exception of apples, which is not shown, is all the way from 50 to 300 per cent. It does certainly seem that with every product increasing in price, as given in the above scale of percent- ages, that the United States, the richest nation of the world, possessing over one-third of all the gold in existence, having a banking capital reported equal to all the other nations combined; in connection with the immense export trade to the warring nations, which are largely dependent upon the United States for supplies; with business more prosperous than il has been in the his- tory of the country; with everybody at work at splendid wages, the oppor- tunity for getting good prices on apples is certainly very hopeful, and so far as we can see there is no reason why, if the apple crop is properly handled and properly distributed, growers should not get splendid prices — prices that will afford them a good living, pay them well for their labor and a reasonable amount on the investment. Turn Apple Waste to PROFIT Cider Making Will Pay Someone in Your Section Handsomely WILL IT BE YOU? Start a paying business that prows almost without effort. Thousands are making Big Money turning apple waste into profits for their neighbors by making Good Market- able Cider from wind-falls, culls, undergrades, etc., on Mount Gilead Hydraulic Cider Presses Sizes 10 to 400 bbls. daily. We also make cider evaparators. apple butter cookers, vinegar generators, filters, etc. All machinery is fully guaranteed All power presses have steel beams and sills. Write today catalog. HYDRAULIC PRESS MFC. CO. > SO Lincoln Avenue Mt. Gilead, O. Pacific Coast Representatn The Berger & Carter Co. ' San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Seattle W1CiI '-■ mmm MONTHLY CROP REPORT DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE— ESTIMATED CROP CONDITIONS AUGUST 1, 1917, WITH COMPARISON'S STATE Condition August 1 Forecast 1917 from Condition December Estimate 1916 a o r* 0J e« > a C « s. > C 3 b"4 H< 5 = Hn z — B| 0 = PEACHES Condition August 1 Forecast 1917 from Condition r*" ~ 1 — - > o a. E B Condition August 1 ci X< Forecast 1917 from Condition £5 S •* C5 zj > 03 I — C ^ 0. > Maine New Hampshire. Vermont Massachusetts . . Rhode Island . . . Connecticut New York . . . New Jersey . . Pennsylvania Delaware . . . Maryland Virginia West Virginia . North Carolina South Carolina . Georgia Florida Ohio . . Indiana Illinois Michigan Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri . North Dakota. South Dakota. Nebraska Kansas Kentucky Tennessee , Alabama . - Mississippi I iniisiana . Texas Oklahoma Arkansas Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona .... Utah Nevada .... P.ct. 62 62 58 60 63 56 40 55 53 73 62 55 41 65 83 15 58 65 46 72 7 2 60 51 .SO 65 42 65 50 66 53 :,n 58 63 66 67 73 80 59 (•,:, 94 go Idaho 90 Washington xi Oregon (17 California 82 United States. 55.1 P.ct. 64 63 63 67 67 68 59 61 58 59 60 58 5 1 58 56 58 48 49 II 56 59 62 48 46 till 50 15 53 52 51 50 56 59 57 56 75 66 57 i',l 76 66 51 71 78 77 79 Thousands; 000 omitted. 54.3 Bu.' 4.630 1,350 2,064 2,623 263 1,512 22,186 1,977 14,310 436 2,610 10,725 5,861 6,669 859 1,687 8,724 6,076 8,233 8,803 3.30." 1,426 6,1 69 11,880 36 2,436 2.957 8,619 5.01 X 1,390 3 1,495 1.1 III 925 1,013 646 129 846 216 2,1125 8,505 3,329 5.515 Bu.' 4,905 1,335 2,331 3,084 314 1,886 26, I6.S 2,325 16,158 428 2,652 111.725 5,59 I 6,464 844 1,687 9,305 6,7 1 1 8,075 9,893 3,435 1,171 6.397 12,352 Bbls' 848 203 275 401 13 126 3,697 363 1,431 79 365 1,572 781 489 5 185 872 546 961 1.115 153 48 20 1,110 360 2,6971 162 247 8,463 431 5.319 1 ,252 360 '.396 l .6:12 3,859 1,253 1.195 766 151 852 192 201 1 r, 19 758 139 ' 670 129 16 141 2 2,153 238 8,091 1,985 1,173 388 5. en: 1,196 Bu.' Bbls* P.ct.' 5,040 941 1,596 250 76 3,312 497 3,450 517 90 201 13 83 1,830 153 84 37,800 6,930 80 2,250 413 65 18,621 1,862 60 219 37 86 2.544 297 77 13,299 1,995 53 10,032 1,271 60 7.1171 637 65 588 4 86 1,623 157 67 40 1 8,601 860 21 3,921 261 35 4,848 566 17 12,180 1,414 26 2,631 105 1,266 42 1.725 110 5 8,100 675 15 348 5 1,701 1 12 3.120 208 10 6,441 215 52 5,318 177 36 1,110 19 58 348 6 63 55 4G8 20 15 825 27 1 1 3,05 I 611 in 768 102 2,205 367 86 357 59 35 138 17 80 99 3 95 48 55 111 15 85 9,675 1 ,935 Nil 3,855 511 68 5,75 1 1.217 90 202.2 15 25,695 52.91 P.ct. 63 57 60 65 52 C3 52 52 56 50 47 57 59 63 64 46 45 41 55 26 37 29 37 48 50 55 56 flu.* "47 145 27 281 2,216 858 1,440 671 962 818 810 1,495 1,124 4,319 103 651 648 442 806 39 900 290 1,111 1,080 1,769 1,134 151 2,205 Bu.' "48 129 29 [ 3101 2.161] 1, l,435l 650 1.000 848 596 1,333 1,029 4,254 101 698 725 485 822 72 1,110 339 1.187 1,213 1 ,355 940 in:. 2.25 1 Bu.' "24 "66 14 131 1,238 689 1,069 346 600 660 520 897 545 3,510 119 1,350 888 780 2,010 64 1,080 30 150 880 1,080 1,110 975 56 2.. SCO 19 1,012 60 1,920 45 51 72 60 54 60 68 69 79 1,178 1,022 230 2.975 2,310 1,315 105 60 51 60 56 128 128 6 1711 150 552 552 320 320 10,080 10,080 lo 60 81 1 25 1 15 276 8, NIIS 54.0 12,691 13,522 36,939 P.ct. 55 60 60 65 59 66 61 53 57 68 65 49 34 58 74 48 27 41 51 58 64 85 48 48 50 48 30 45 50 60 60 45 60 50 80 55 82 so 76 75 78 70 90 61.9 P.ct. 74 73 73 71 76 75 63 63 64 50 59 51 46 52 58 59 57 55 53 46 63 69 12 II 50 50 51) 15 53 55 63 60 48 52 72 65 7S 63 61 71 79 75 79 Bu.' 26 19 16 83 9 37 1.629 563 447 266 486 173 40 145 96 122 Hi 330 375 439 737 216 11 87 183 72 95 96 42 25 1 35 82 9 195 15 21 56 6 71 566 560 1.989 61.0 in. si: Bu.' flu.* P.cf. 34 38 23 25 21 24 97 111 83 12 14 85 40 46 86 1,658 1,675 86 639 687 85 502 509 83 254 164 82 508 378 82 148 122 82 36 42 80 130 /a 83 94 56 86 134 135 82 40 54 362 376 81 404 351 79 427 354 81 804 836 82 26 90 85 90 63 50 229 164 72 94 . 16 111 25 116 77 50 184 160 78 78 59 73 93 90 80 101 90 76 38 49 73 25 1 322 65 11 11 56 75 68 75 14 6 ' 207 ' ' 99 87 15 36 70 21 IS 90 54 12 90 6 2 100 81 50 88 581 55 1 83 640 555 83 2, 037 1,781 95 11,368 1(1.377 89.3 P.ct. 85 84 85 80 86 77 83 80 80 71 82 78 80 78 79 76 81 79 76 72 71 66 76 73 75 73 78 72 67 71 71 73 89 so 75 82 86 87 90 81.3 Page 8 BETTER FRUIT September AVERAGE OF PRICES RECEIVED BY PRODUCERS OF THE UNITED STATES. Prices Of articles quoted below as first of month are averages of reports of county crop reporters, weighted according to relative importance oi counts -"i'1 state; fifteenth of month prices are averages of returns from a list of about 7,000 country buyers; state averages are weighted according to their relative importance to obtain the United States averages, prices in same units as in table bv slates above Wheal 1 Oats Barley Rye Buckwheat . . . Potatoes S\\ eet Potatoes Flaxseed Hay Apples Cotton Butter Chickens 90.-1 78.1 49.8 57.1 71.2 80.1 83.6 107.1 9.28 10.3 os 107.1 75.2 50.0 61.2 78.5 82.9 85.1 137.0 9.74 11.3 22.4 19.2 11.2 98.9 67.2 41.7 54.7 74.4 74.8 64.9 209.7 11.29 14.3 23.8 17.6 12.2 82.7 05.8 40.2 09.3 75.5 76.0 136.0 199.2 14.67 13.2 21.7 15.5 11.2 os 89.7 79.3 44.3 66.8 77.9 83.6 86.5 175.2 12.98 12.0 23.7 17.4 11.3 77.1 65.4 37.6 50.8 60.7 72.4 69.2 118.6 11.16 11.5 24.9 17.2 12.4 OS 76.5 76.8 36.7 45.1 61.0 81.2 87.1 97.5 150.7 11.52 12.4 23.7 18.2 12.8 106.5 78.9 45.4 56.7 89.0 89.2 56.3 85.8 144.6 11.02 8.1 24.2 17.0 12.2 OS 107.1 79.4 40.1 59.3 83.4 89.0 95.4 87.1 178.1 10.68 80.4 12.6 26.1 20.7 13.8 131.2 83.6 43.1 72.9 99.7 86.4 109.3 89.9 190.2 10.42 77.7 14.6 27.4 23.3 13.9 136.3 82.3 44.5 76.5 104.1 90.4 112.0 83.7 199.2 10.36 83.1 15.5 29.0 28.1 14.3 158.4 85.0 49.0 83.2 115.3 102.9 135.7 80.6 234.7 10.68 87.6 18.0 31.1 32.2 14.3 160.S 88.9 52.4 88.2 122.1 112.9 146.1 84.8 248.1 11.21 91.8 19.6 34.4 38.1 14.2 OS 150.3 90.0 51.4 87.1 118.5 117.2 147.3 90.1 250.7 11.19 101.1 17.1 34.0 37.7 13.9 164.8 95.8 55.2 92.7 123.5 114.6 172.4 95.8 253.7 11.96 110.0 16.8 33.5 35.8 14.7 164.4 100.9 56.9 96.9 126.0 124.8 240.7 110.7 253.1 12.14 123.3 15.9 34.1 33.8 15.5 180.0 113.4 61.5 102.3 135.6 128.3 234.7 124.0 266.1 13.05 133.0 18.0 33.5 25.9 16.1 245.9 150.6 71.0 1 !_<{>. 1 164.1 150.6 279.6 141.3 300.0 14.44 149.8 18.9 36.1 30.0 17.5 248.5 160.1 69.9 119.3 183.0 183.7 274.0 149.4 298.8 15.25 157.2 20.2 35.0 31.1 17.5 220.1 164.6 68.9 106.6 177.1 209.2 247.9 140.5 278.0 14.56 151.1 24.7 33.5 28.3 17.3 228.9 196.6 73.7 111.5 178.1 189.3 170.8 129.3 271.6 13.42 127.0 24.3 34.0 29.8 17.1 AVERAGE OF PRICES RECEIVED BY PRODUCERS OF THE UNITED STATES Hogs Beef cattle Veal calves Sheep Lambs Wool Milk (wholesale) Milch cows Horses Cabbage Onions Beans Hav— Timothy Clover Alfalfa Timothy seed . . . Clover seed Alafalfa seed . . . Cotton seed Broom corn Cowpcas Kafir corn Bran Cottonseed meal . Peanuts Hops Cottonseed hulls Peaches OS 8.15 4.84 6.37 5.47 6.71 19.0 21.0 42.86 148 2.27 l!04 2.34 7.17 180 22 32.38 5.2 5.92 4.28 5.74 4.19 5.42 15.4 20.9 42.44 139 2.93 1.22 2.23 5.48 8.83 22.70 68 25.80 31.17 5.0 25.8 6.64 5.17 6.33 4.21 5.74 18.9 22.2 45.41 142 2.29 1.14 2.47 5.96 10.64 8.32 19.04 28.41 31.82 4.9 28.9 1.51| 1.12 7.81 5.98 7.46 4.20 6.05 15.9 20.7 54.80 143 2.64 1.02 2.22 1.94 9.78 8.20 21.37 57 24.65 31.56 5.1 14.8 1.30 7.72 6.38 7.80 4.75 6.55 18.5 59.67 137 2.66 1.70 2.22 13.06 11.85 8.65 2.32 8.12 6.92 22.78 88 26.36 32.02 5.2 14.7 1.20 6.84 6.07 7.87 5.35 7.21 24.2 20.2 60.31 134 1.95 .93 2.75 13.43 11.65 8.28 2.57 7.96 8.51 20.05 79 27.47 31.36 4.7 10.5 9.05 1.00 8.40 6.78 8.54 6.33 8.16 28.6 20.5 62.04 133 2.15 1.47 5.09 12.97 10.84 9.87 3.08 9.15 10.30 30.00 103 1.35 0.63 25.81 34.93 4.6 10.1 15.43 1.09 8.61 9.22 6.51 6.55 8.59 8.77 6.22 6.25 8.15 8.22 29.0 28.4 21.2 21.2 61.32 61.41 131 131 2.26 2.17 1.34 1.23 4.59 4.60 11.74 11.57 9.93 10.01 9.80 10.06 2.36 2.22 9.12 8.65 9.33 9.27 35.22 41.13 120 129 1.41 1.42 .72 .84 26.53 27.50 35.05 36.17 4.6 4.4 16.4 14.90 14.14 1.15 1.18 8.67 6.37 8.59 6.20 8.02 28.7 22.2 62.19 130 2.40 1.31 4.47 11.54 10.08 10.25 2.27 8.54 8.61 47.19 168 1.48 .81 28.48 37.80 4.4 21.0 14.41 1.12 8.74 6.44 8.60 6.41 8.41 29.4 23.0 62.67 129 2.61 1.54 5.53 12.03 10.46 11.37 2.25 9.20 8.30 55.82 173 1.62 1.02 31.54 41.52 4.4 21.5 17.28 OS 8.76 6.56 8.79 6.7 8.7: 30.8 23.6 63.18 129 3.04 1.76 5.77 12.29 10.86 12.31 2.31 9.40 8.56 56.35 172 1.77 1.02 32.49 42.96 4.7 18.2 17.70 9.16 6.86 9.15 7.33 9.59 31.8 23.6 03.92 129 3.05 2.08 5.71 12.01 11.38 12.79 2.44 9.60 7.97 52.53 184 1.92 1.19 32.76 42.95 4.9 11.8 17.93 10.33 7.36 9.88 8.17 10.51 32.7 24.0 65.93 131 5.65 3.58 6.07 12.91 11.65 13.03 2.46 9.87 7.75 51.43 201 2.10 1.29 34.87 43.33 .3 12.32 7.91 9.94 9.21 11.46 36.7 23.8 68.40 133 6.77 4.76 6.49 13.20 11.90 14.68 2.70 10.32 8.53 53.18 212 2.32 1.47 38.33 43.67 5.5 18.49 •I 18.39 a < 13.61 8.57 10.49 9.69 12.03 38.4 24.4 72.09 136 7.61 4.96 7.37 14.26 13.06 17.68 2.76 10.41 9.03 55.94 227 2.53 1.52 42.07 44.73 6.2 19.09 13.72 8.70 10.48 10.15 12.51 43.7 25.2 72.78 138 7.53 3.98 8.94 15.31 13.94 17.92 3.09 10.40 8.85 55.61 252 2.93 1.88 44.19 45.62 7.2 19.65 13.50 8.65 10.60 9.84 12.64 49.8 24.8 72.87 137 5.10 3.08 8.99 15.76 14.22 16.77 3.09 10.29 8.61 57.19 223 3.09 2.06 40.83 45.14 7.7 - 13.35 8.30 10.77 9.32 11.19 54.3 24.6 72.81 135 3.23 2.01 8.07 14.68 12.95 14.13 3.04 10.50 8.71 56.90 194 3.03 2.14 40.40 46.45 7.6 19.46 19.72 1.701 1.45 Bitter Pit — It's Cause and Control [Continued from August number] The control of bitter pit in the fruit, both while growing on the tree and in oversea shipments, was the final object of this investigation, and a study of the cause was a necessary preliminary. It has been proved experimentally that when fruit is picked on the green side or just when it is beginning to reach the ripening stage, and kept in cold storage at a temperature of 30-32 de- grees Fahrenheit, the development of bitter pit is retarded and the ripening process arrested. From the very nature of the disease it is hardly possible to prevent it altogether while the fruit is still growing on the tree, but it has been found practicable to reduce it to such an extent that the loss is compara- tively trifling. The results of experiments in differ- ent states enable us to draw the con- clusion that light pruning is associated with a small amount of pit, and severe pruning with a large amount. A special pruning experiment, extending over five years, with Cleopatra trees which were nine years old to start with, and had been so badly affected with pit that the orchardist had cut most of them down, shows the effect of pruning very de- cidedly. The leader and lightly-pruned trees had the largest crops with from 4 to 6 per cent pitted, while the severely-pruned trees had 22 per cent pitted. Where irrigation is practiced, a proper use of the water will help to reduce pit. An experiment was con- ducted with a susceptible variety at the susceptible age of five years. Where the trees were lightly watered through- out the season there was 14 per cent of pit, while in trees with a medium sup- ply of water at first but a heavy water- ing toward the end of the period, pit was much worse. The heavily-watered trees showed over three times the amount of pit, or 90 per cent. The application of sulphate of iron, in several instances, gave very prom- ising results, and it is worthy of being tried on a large scale, as well as for a sufficient number of seasons. Experi- ments on a limited scale show that the yield was increased and the amount of pit considerably reduced when sulphate of iron was applied at the rate of one to two pounds per tree. There are two series of experiments which were initiated at the commence- ment of this investigation and which may be found to help considerably in reducing the pit, but from their very nature require a considerable time to yield reliable results. I refer to the experiments with stocks and the prun- ing experiments, combined with thin- ning of the fruits. The stock experi- ments are being conducted at the School of Horticulture, Burnley, and the trees are enclosed in a bird-proof screen, so that the fruit is not inter- fered with by birds nor small animals. The trees are now coming into bearing, being five years old from planting, and with the crop carefully gathered and the percentage of pit determined for at least five seasons, the effect of the stock on the development of pit will be demonstrated. Through the courtesy of the director of the Royal Ciardens, Kew, England, I have received a supply of pips and cuttings of the Wild Crab Apple of Britain, and these will also be tested as stocks with different varieties of marketable apples. There is a pos- sibility that the stock might affect the scion in such a way as to render the Continued on page 26 Ipir BETTER FRUIT Page 9 r Trees planted in <1ur holes. Note two are missing;. Compare size and general appearance with the row in blasted ground at the right. Trees set in blasted holes grow faster and yield better T? IGHTEEN years ago George W. Brown blasted the beds for ■" ninety out of 100 apple trees that he planted. The trees set in dug-holes average 18 feet high, with a spread of 16 feet and a trunk girth of 27 inches. The other trees, in blasted beds, average 25 feet high, more than 25 feet in spread, and have a trunk girth of 42 inches. Plant your fruit trees in beds blasted with SSfiFARM POWDERS > i\ STUMPING — AGRICULTURAL and you will find, as experiment stations have found, that " trees planted in blasted holes develop deeper and stronger root sys- tems than trees planted in spade-dug holes," and will bear earlier and yield larger crops. The Giant Farm Powders are made especially to suit western farm con- ditions. They pulverize the soil instead of packing it. They are used by hundreds of fruit growers for planting and deep-tilling their orchards. Ask your dealer for one of the Giant Farm Powders — Giant Stumping Powder or Eureka Stumping Powder, and for other Giant blasting supplies. Be sure to get the genuine, bearing the Giant brand. If your dealer has only ordinary dynamites, we shall see that you are supplied. Free Book Coupon Trunk of tree planted in blasted bed Hard- pan broken up. giving roots ample room for development. I THE GIANT POWDER CO.. Con. I San Francisco. Send me your illustrated books on me subjects which I have marked X: D STUMP BLASTING D BOULDER BLASTING D SUBSOIL BLASTING O TREE PLANTING D DITCH BLASTING 202 I | Address Writt bttow your dtaUr't namt Book, " Better Orchard Tillage," FREE Every fruit grower will find valuable information in our illustrated book, "Better Orchard Tillage." It contains a complete analysis of how and why blasting soils increases growth and yields. It also tells how to do the blasting. We'll send you a copy free — mark and mail the coupon. Other books, on stump blasting, boulder blasting, sub- soiling and ditching, also free on request. THE GIANT POWDER CO., Con., Home Office: SAN FRANCISCO "EVERYTHING FOR BLASTING" Branch Offices: SEATTLE, SPOKANE. PORTLAND. SALT LAKE CITY. DENVrH Trunk of tree planted in same soil, without blastine. Note how hardpan has forced roots to surface and observe effect of lack of food. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 10 BETTER FRUIT September Make This Year's Apple Crop Fit the Market Third Article in Growers' Campaign to Meet the Apple Situation UNCLE SAM takes the keenest inter- est in this year's apple crop. For the fruit must be used to help save wheat and meats for our allies. The Food Administration is planning a con- sumer campaign of publicity through- out the country. This year's apple crop calls for intel- ligent handling. The latest government reports indicate a crop of about 190,- 000,000 bushels. That is a little below normal. Good prices are assured for all honestly packed first quality apples and also for honestly packed selected second grades, which government ex- perts say can be put into storage. When the crop is big it does not pay to store second grades, but this year, despite the fact that we cannot ship our usual 2,000,000 barrels of apples abroad, be- cause shipping space is precious, we should be able to get fair prices for all good apples at home. Careless packing of poor quality fruit has always been one of the chief causes of market instability and unsatisfactory prices to the growers. This year the whole apple industry is co-operating to remove this market handicap. There has never been an apple year such as this one is going to be. Growers have never been able to get together and engage and finance a national educa- tional campaign among consumers to increase apple consumption. This year the situation makes it necessary for the United States government, through the Food Administration, to conduct a con- sumer's campaign of publicity on behalf of the apple. This campaign will begin while the crop is being sent to market and will probably continue till the last apple is eaten up late next spring. So the grower has three great incentives for grading, packing and storing this crop with especial care. (1) It is a good crop and calls for care. (2) The government will encourage apple eating and apple storage and will discourage apple spec- ulation that raises the price abnormally. (3) We must eat up at home more than two million barrels of apples which would ordinarily be exported. To get the best of the crop to the market in prime condition it must be picked carefully at the time of maturity and promptly cooled in temporary stor- age, and then skillfully graded and packed. Second grade fruit should not go into barrels or boxes. If it cannot be marketed in bulk in nearby consum- ing centers, then it should be worked up into by-products along with the culls. There has been a gratifying improve- ment in apple marketing the past two or three years, Western apples are boxed to strictly honest standards by the great co-operative growers' organi- zations in Washington, Oregon, Cali- fornia, Idaho and Colorado. The East- ern barrel apple has also been wonder- fully improved in New York and other states. Because apples are honestly packed and give the best possible value for the money, there is an increase in the consumer demand. Retail merchants who were formerly almost afraid to buy apples in barrels, because they were not sure of getting marketable values for their money, are now buying freely and in confidence. This good work makes it possible for the gov- ernment to go further and encourage the use of apples as a war-time food measure. Because the bulk of the crop will be picked by volunteer workers this year, and put into common storage until the grower can find time to grade and pack, there will be an opportunity to give closer personal attention to the grading and packing than might be the case if the crop were handled as in peace times. For the grower who desires in- structions in apple packing the Depart- ment of Agriculture at Washington has information in bulletin form. These bulletins can be secured free by writing to the department. Growers will do well to obtain a few copies for their pickers and packers. GLASS When you are ready for a new pump, look deeper than tha paint, for paint soon wears off and has nothing what- ever to do with pumping water. Ask your deafer = show you a MYERS PUMP with Cog Gear .Handle and Non Corrosive Glass Valve Seat and have him explain why it pumps 33V'3% easier than (he ordinary kind, and why Myers Leathers stay soft and pliable and last longer than others. He will be glad to tell you about these and the ^f many other Myers fea- ^^ tures that make Myers Pumps better. Ask him, or write us. Attractive booklets on request. F.E.MYERS &BRO. ASHLAND OHIO i2Q ORANGE ST WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ioij BETTER FRUIT Page II \f:M ;,, lira Tffffi Hudson Super-Six Proves Endurance A Test That Never Fails to Reveal Every Weakness and Prove Every Strength of a Motor Car Stock Hudson Super-Six cars are deliberately sent through tests more trying, more destructive, than any the average driver could imagine. For one hour, a fully equipped phaeton with top and windshield up and carrying five passengers, was sent at top speed. It averaged 70.74 miles an hour and established the best time for such a perfor- mance with a stock car. The test, officially observed by the American Automobile Association, was one of the many similar tests to prove endur- ance. It was not a preconceived campaign of tests that we set out to make. Each test was thought suf- ficient in itself. But just as the giant is surprised as he realizes the ease with which he accomplishes each feat that he had felt would try his strength, so the Super-Six has so easily met every test that more trying and abusive trials have been devised. We were sure that in the 24-hour test a stock chas- sis would break all previous records. But no one thought it would go 347 miles farther than any other car had ever gone in 24 hours. The Super- Six covered 1819 miles. It broke all records for a traveling machine. So, too, when a seven-passenger Super-Six set out from San Francisco for New York it was with con- fidence that it would lower the time of all other transcontinental runs. It did so by 14 hours and 59 minutes. Then because the run had been made so easily and without special planning, the car was turned around and raced back to San Francisco. In the return trip it also did better than any other automobile had ever done in crossing the continent in either direction. Hudson's round trip required 10 days and 21 hours. There is hardly any quality of a car that is so important to the buyer as that of endurance. Safety, comfort, reliability, low maintenance cost are all dependent upon endurance. Every quality of motor car satisfaction is depend- ent upon power acceleration, speed and endurance. And every Hudson test proves that in these respects there is no car that equals it. Convincing as the official records are, there is still further proof that no other car has to offer equal advantages. These proofs are furnished by 37,000 Hudson Super-Six owners. They have added their experiences to the official tests. Others Have Increased Their Prices — Not Hudson Other makers are now announcing price increases which bring the former $1,200 and $1,300 cars into the Hudson class. Until present material sup- plies are exhausted Hudson prices remain unchanged. So you can get for a limited time a Super-Six at a price not influenced by present high material costs. When the present allotment is exhausted then Hudson, too, must go up in price. There are eight body types. The 7-passenger phaeton sells at $1,650 at Detroit. HUDSON MOTOR CAR COMPANY, DETROIT, MICHIGAN WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT September u EVERYWHERE IN THE NORTHWEST You will find an army of orchardists gathering their fruit "}•> crops on HARDIE Fruit Ladders These all spruce picking ladders merit your attention. While strong they are light in weight, giving your picker confidence by their strength, while their light weight does not tire him. The Design Increases His Working Range In these days of increasing wages the Hardie Ladders will aid greatly in keeping picking costs at the old figure through giving you a "Bigger Day's Work" from your picker. Stock Sizes Range from 4 to 14 feet. Price per foot 40c THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 49 North Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON Not Overprocuction of Apples, But Lack of Distribution THK subscribers of Better Fruit will recall the article entitled "Not Overproduction of Apples but Lack of Distribution" that appeared in the July edition of Better Fruit, giving the number of cars of apples sold in 1916 in towns of 3,000 to 5,000; the number of towns sold and not sold with a popu- lation of 5,000 to 10,000; the number of towns sold and not sold of 10,000 to 20,000: the number of towns sold and not sold of 20,000 to 50,000; the number of towns sold and not sold of 50,000 and over in each state. In addition to this the article contained statistics showing the names of the towns over 3,000 and the population of each in each state in the United States sold during 1916. In the August edition of Better Fruit we published another article entitled "More Information on Fruit Distribu- tion," giving names of the towns over 3,000 in Minnesota, Louisiana and Ohio that have not been sold. Attention is called to the fact that Ohio has 117 towns of over 3,000 poluation, of which ten have been sold and 107 not sold. In every state in the Union the number of towns of over 3,000 that are sold is comparatively small to the towns of over 3,000 unsold. It must be admitted, of course, that every town in the United States of over 3,000 population cannot be sold. The states that produce apples in large quantities do not afford so By E. H. Shepard, Editor of Better Fruit great an opportunity as the states where apples are not grown commercially. It must be borne in mind, of course, that some Northwestern States, like Minne- sota, the Dakotas and Wyoming; the Southwestern States, like Texas and Arizona, do not grow apples in a com- mercial way. In fact, very few apples are grown in the states mentioned. The Southeastern States are small producers of apples, although a few are grown in the mountainous regions of Georgia, North Carolina, some in Tennessee and Kentucky, but comparatively none are grown in South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi, con- sequently all of these states should be large purchasers of apples. Towns under 3,000 population deserve special attention. The editor has taken the list of towns reported sold during 1916 through the Fruit Growers' Agency and of the Northwestern Fruit Exchange from the time they commenced doing business up to December 31, 1916, giving the name of each town in each state under 3,000 that has been sold, with the population. A careful study of the list will not only give some wonder- ful surprises but some pretty big "jolts" in showing the possibilities of the small towns. The population as stated is taken from the Produce Beporter Credit Book, 1917, copyrighted, and in some cases are probably approximate esti- mates. The surprising feature in look- ing over the population of towns sold is that even towns of only 200 popula- tion have been sold, a greater number of 300 to 400 have been sold and a large number of towns sold around 1,000 to 2,000. One is led to believe that a town of this population is an excellent prospect for carlot shipments. The natural inference would be that a town of 300 to 400 would not buy carlots, but it should be borne in mind that such towns sometimes have a very large business tributary to them containing some very large general merchandise stores, handling fruits such as oranges, bananas and apples. There are over 33,000 towns in the United States under 3,000 population, of which only about 311 have been sold. I desire to impress upon everybody connected with the fruit industry the importance of selling Northwestern apples direct. The reasons for direct business are twofold. When a small or medium town is sold direct instead of through some big city, two extra cart- ages are saved and one extra freight bill and one intermediate profit, which may vary all the way from 20 to 40 cents. Three extra handlings are avoided, two cartages and one railway shipment, which means the apples can be delivered to the consumer in better condition. Another important reason is i9i7 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 that supplying towns under 3,000 direct the pressure will be relieved in the big cities, consequently a better level of prices maintained, which would also be a factor in maintaining a higher level of prices in the smaller cities. The average individual does not realize what it means to crowd the market. I will cite as an illustration the report on Bartlett pears during one week in New York City, as given in the Monthly Bul- letin published by the State Commis- sioner of Horticulture, Sacramento, in an article, "The Scientific Distribution of Fruit," by Harris Weinstock, Director State Commission Market, San Fran- cisco, probably for the year 1916: CHART SHOWING MOVEMENT OF BART- LETT PEARS FOR ONE WEEK IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK Dale Cars Boxes Av'ge Monday July 24 52 27,100 $2.04 Tuesday July 25 27 10,045 2.21 Wednesday .. .July 26 23 11,765 2.48 Thursday July 27 28 14,550 2.28 Friday July 28 31 16,195 2.57 It will be seen the price varied largely in accordance with the quantity offered. With 27,100 boxes on the mar- ket the price was $2.04, evidently an oversupply, breaking the market, be- cause on Wednesday, with 11,765 boxes, the average price was $2.48, or 44 cents difference; 44 cents less than when the market was crowded. Undoubtedly similar differences will prevail in any market when glutted with an over- supply of apples just the same as any other kind of fruit or any other com- modity. This of course would apply more to fruit because it is perishable, than to a non-perishable product. I hope that every fruit grower, every director in any marketing concern and all of the salesmanagers and salesmen of the Northwest will read the July and August editions of Better Fruit, as well as the others that will follow, be- lieving they can get some valuable in- formation and statistics, which if taken advantage of will be very helpful in spreading out the crop of the North- west and selling a greater number of towns that have not been sold, in this way maintaining a much higher level of prices. I believe it is the duty of every- one connected with the fruit industry to make the fullest effort possible to market the crop in the most effective way, so as to get sufficiently satisfac- tory remunerative prices for growing apples, because fruit growers must receive better prices for their apples than they have been receiving the last few years to pay them a satisfactory profit for their labor and on the capital invested. In fact we need better prices than we have been getting in order to make a decent living. Every state where apples are not grown extensively should be combed thoroughly by a well organized sales force. There is no rea- son why apple shippers and selling con- cerns should not have just as thorough a distribution as manufacturers or job- bers of any other line of business. If a sufficient number of salesmen are put on the job to cover the territory where business can be secured in a thorough manner and a business-like way, the crop will be widely distributed, no mar- Continued on page 17 ,\*s< 5^ Powerful as Five Horses Costs Less than Four Horses Here is the kind of a tractor you've been looking for — one that not only plows, but does ALL farm work that horses can do, besides supplying power for belt work. Not a big, heavy, cumbersome tractor, that plows while your horses loaf and eat, then leaves the rest of the work for your horses to finish; but a tractor that does EVERY job a horse can do — does it better — faster — easier and cheaper. It costs less than four horses, yet plows 4 to 12 acres a day; pulls a two prow gang» harrows, discs, plants and CULTIVATES corn or other hill and row crops — 16 to 20 acres a day. Is as easy to drive as a team— a REAL ONE-MAN TRACTOR. ORIGINAL M0LINE TRACTOR UNIVIRSAI fiiiiifi Note the big advantage of its two-wheel construction— ALL ITS WEIGHT IS TRACTION WEIGHT. ALL its weight goes into the PULL. That's why we can build it lighter; why we eliminate almost a ton of excess dead weight necessary on tractors of the three and four-wheel types. Notice how you operate both tractor and imple- ment from the implement seat. All your work is plainly in view. No craning or straining of your neck looking back to watch the farm tools— no extra man needed. Easy to back up with tool attached; easy to make quick and short turns; to work close to fences; to do all work as well and as easy as with a team. Write for our free catalog-folder today. MOLINE PLOW COMPANY * Dept. 64 Moline, III. «"»"*» *-. -* ■ mti^md ll- b?** Cutting Corn^M OREGON'S GREATEST EXPOSITION The Fifty-Sixth Annual Oregon State Fair Salem, September 24-29 More Agricultural, Horticultural, Industrial and Live Stock Exhibits than ever before and of better quality. More High Class Amusements and Entertainments. A Superb Racing Card and the Best of Accommodations for Both Exhibitors and Visitors. EXCURSION RATES ON ALL RAILROADS For Particulars write A. H. LEA, Secretary, Salem, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 14 BETTER FRUIT September BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER, OREGON Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers' Association A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the Interest of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallls WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thomber, Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Wlnslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States. $1.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27, 1906, at the Poatofflce at Hood River, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. More Cars for Apples. — The orange crop of Southern California, on account of drouth, has suffered very severely, and orange growers are entitled to the sympathy of the fruit growers through- out the country. It is stated the orange crop will be about 50 per cent of a normal crop. The average crop of oranges is 50,000 cars per year, conse- quently there will be 25,000 cars less of oranges to be shipped this year than ordinarily. As the total crop of apples of the Northwest will not exceed 20,000 cars there is every reason why urgent steps should be taken to have these fruit-express cars placed, as far as nec- essary, at the service of the Northwest- ern apple growers. Mr. J. Curtis Robin- son, chairman of the Transportation and Storage Committee of the Fruit Growers' Agency, has taken this matter very ably in hand and is conferring with the committee on car service of the National Board of Defense, the Agricultural Department of Transporta- tion Service, and through Senator Wes- ley L. Jones the matter will be called to the attention of the president and secre- tary of agriculture. a great many farmers and fruit grow- ers cannot resist the temptation and are even selling their brood sows; the con- sequence will be the supply of hogs in the Northwest will go down, so it seems wise not only to suggest but to advise every farmer and fruit grower in the Northwest, who can possibly take care of a few hogs, to get a few brood sows and go into the business, so far as he can without interfering with other farming and orchard work. This can easily be done by fruit growers, as a great many fruit growers sow alfalfa in the. orchard for cover crops, for the reason cover crops are found very beneficial in producing the necessary supply of humus and nitrogen at prac- tically no cost. Alfalfa makes excellent feed for hogs. Through the campaign and propaganda put up by the O.-W. R. R. & N. Co. a great deal of corn has been produced in the Northwest. It has been ascertained that corn can be grown successfully in many sections of the Northwest, consequently this sug- gestion in connection with hogs comes in appropriate for the reason that corn can be grown successfully, and corn is one of the best feeds in the world for hogs. Hogs. — Three or four years ago the editor of Better Fruit ascertained, through information compiled by the Union Meat Company, that immense quantities of hogs were being shipped from Kansas. Prices of hogs locally, so long as this condition continued, was the price of hogs in Kansas, plus freight to the Northwest. The Union Meat Company carried on a propaganda edu- cational campaign for the purpose of stimulating the raising of hogs in the Northwest with splendid results. The increased quantity of hogs has created an extra income for the farmer and fruit grower. The regrettable part of the hog situation at the present time is that, on account of the extremely high prices of hogs (20 cents last quotation), The Washington State Fair will be held September 17 to 22 at North Yakima, the center of fruit growing in the State of Washington. The ship- ments from this valley amount to many thousands of cars a year, making the horticultural department of the Wash- ington Fair a most prominent feature. The exhibits of fruit are always ex- tensive and at the same time magnifi- cent. Fruit growers attend the Wash- ington State Fair in large numbers, affording every fruit grower an oppor- tunity by personal contact with other fruit growers to learn many new meth- ods and improved ways of producing and handling his crop. Yakima people are very hospitable and the fair is made a great annual event, assuring everybody in attendance a splendid time. Farm Implements. — Farm implements, which naturally includes orchard im- plements as well, to a greater or less extent, have been estimated to increase the farmer's productive ability eighty times. This is a surprising statement and one that very few have any concep- tion of without having given the matter thought and study. A shortage of im- plements among the farmers or fruit growers naturally will affect the food shortage, and as the farming industry of the country is the basic structure of the life of the United States, everything should be done in the government propaganda being carried on to see that implement manufacturers can turn out sufficient implements for operating the farms. It would seem that the imple- ment manufacturers are entitled to priority, because no matter how much ammunition we have if we do not feed the army and the nation we cannot suc- ceed in ending successfully at an early dale the immense war that the United States is engaged in at the present time. BEST SERVICE- QUALITY a PRICES PERFECTION IN FRUIT vLABELS/ Simp 24 NORTHWESTERN BANK Bl PORTLAND, OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN WANAG E R WE CARRY -AND CAN SHIP »N 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES,CHERRIES & STRAWBERRIES. Distribution of Apples. — This issue contains an article by the editor on the "Distribution and Sale of the Apple Crop," with some statistics, showing all of the small towns in the United States under 3,000 population that have been sold direct in carloads. The surprising part of this investigation is that many towns under 1,000, some as low as 400 and even as low as 200, have been sold apples in carload lots. When you take into consideration that there are over 30,000 small towns in the United States, of which only about 300 have been sold, it seems reasonable to assume that if the Northwestern selling concerns would put salesmen in the states where the opportunity is best, covering the country thoroughly, that a great many more towns could be sold direct. By increasing distribution and increasing consumption a higher level of prices will be maintained. The editor, how- ever, wishes to state distinctly in con- nection with the articles that have ap- peared in Better Fruit and the edi- torials that it is a fact well known by apple shippers and the editor himself, that there are many small towns near jobbing centers which are supplied reg- ularly and probably more satisfactorily in small lots than they could be sup- plied in carloads. But the editor wishes to impress upon the apple growers of the Northwest and those interested in the industry that wherever small towns are not properly supplied by the job- bing trade or are too remote to be sup- plied to the best advantage where a carlot can be sold direct that it is the advisable policy. 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Government Statistics of the North- western Crop. — The following table gives the government estimate of Au- gust 1st of the total crop in bushels and the estimate of the commercial crop. By that is meant the crop that is packed and shipped in barrels or boxes. Con- verted into carloads, standard, 600 boxes to a car, gives Montana 695 cars, Colorado 3,350 cars, New Mexico 645 cars, Utah 705 cars, Idaho 1,190 cars, Washington 9,925 cars, Oregon 1,940 cars, California 5,980 cars, making a total estimate of the above box-apple states of 24,430 cars: INDICATED YIELD— GOVERNMENT REPORTS Thousands (000) omitted. August 1, 1917 Corn- Total mercial Bushels Barrels Montana 925 Colorado 4,013 New Mexico . . 648 Arizona 129 Utah 846 Nevada 216 Idaho 2,025 Washington . . 8,505 Oregon 3,329 California . . . 5,515 139 670 129 16 141 2 238 1,985 388 1,196 Final 1916 Coin- Total mercial Bushels Barrels 768 2,205 357 138 99 48 441 9,675 3,855 5,754 102 367 59 17 3 15 1,935 514 1,247 Total 26,151 4,904 23,340 4,259 This is somewhat at variance with the estimates of those who have investi- gated and are fairly well posted. Wash- ington is credited, on July 1st, with 16,955 cars, Oregon 2,500 cars, Idaho 2,000 cars, Montana 500 cars, making an estimate for the four Northwestern States — Washington, Idaho, Oregon and Montana — of 21,955 cars. A more con- servative estimate is given in the Au- gust edition of Better Fruit, and con- ditions have not changed much in that time, staling the Northwest would prob- ably have somewhere in the neighbor- hood of 18,000 cars. However, it must be admitted that many things may happen, from pests or disease, to reduce this quantity of first-class commercial shipping apples between now and har- vest time. The International Apple Shippers' Association met in New York City August 15-16-17. A few Northwestern managers present showed much inter- est in the proceedings and the good work accomplished. One of the im- portant matters before the convention is an educational campaign by the mem- bers of the International Apple Ship- pers' Association to increase the popu- larity and consumption of apples. Plans for the campaign were worked out quite thoroughly at the convention, which will co-operate with Mr. Herbert Hoover, the government food adminis- trator, and good results, a greater con- sumption of apples and a better demand is hoped for and expected. The Oregon State Fair will be held at Salem, September 24 to 29, inclusive. Horticulture is one of the main indus- tries of the state, consequently fruit growers should endeavor to make this department a success to the fullest pos- sible extent with exhibits — the best they can show in fresh fruits, also canned and evaporated. Fruit growers should attend this fair for its educa- tional value; to meet with the neigh- The Method of a Day *s Better Work in Picking Fruit — Equip Your Orchard with SECURITY LADDERS Rigid — Safe — Secure -every minute saved means Time waste eliminated- a saving of money. 2,000 Security Ladders in profitable use now in Wenatchee District orchards. I will soon be in your locality to give practical dem- onstartion of "Security Ladders" at work. Your name and address will bring me to your ranch. Until October 1 Address J. B. PATTERSON, Mfgr. HOOD RIVER, OREGON After October 1st, address me at factory 82 Franklin Street, Oakland, California FREE Autographed Pillow Tops of Motion Picture Stars Mary Pickford, Alice Joyce, Anita Stewart, Pearl White, Francis Bushman, or Jack Kerrigan. On old gold sateen 18x18 inches, produced by special process; washes without fading:; your choice sent free if you will send this advertisement and the names and correct addresses of all parents in your locality or else- where whom you know have children afflicted with club feet, infantile paralysis or curvature of the spine. Write names plainly, be sure to give street or rural route number and to state age and character of trouble. Supply of pillow tops limited. THE L. C McLAIN ORTHOPEDIC SANITARIUM, 829 Aubert Ave., St. Louis, Mo- NEW CROP — Vetches, Alfalfa, Clovers, Grains, Grasses Selected Recleaned Farm and Field Seed at Lowest Market Prices. Special Mixtures for Wet Land — Dry Land — Burns — Permanent Hay Crops and Pastures Cover Crops for Orchards-Dry Land Pasture Mixtures OUR SEED LABORATORYis in charge of a skilled analyst and all "DIAMOND QUALITY" Seeds are TESTED for PURITY and GERM INATION WRITE TODAY FOR SAMPLES puriW^eTcht Or send in your order direct. We guarantee full value for the money sent and will give your inquiries our prompt and careful attention Ask for Catalog No. Western Agents "CLIPPER" FANNING MILLS WHEN WRITINC ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 16 BETTER FRUIT The "Wells & Wade" Box Lidding Machine Here is a machine that is a "World Beater." Two of them pressed and lidded in one central packing house last year 123,000 Boxes Apples Without One Cent Outlay for Repairs and at the end of the season could have been repainted and sold for new. The machine has been improved this year to automatically receive boxes from conveyor (if used). The record these Lidding machines made last year is not equalled by any other lidding press made. It's the Quickest, Most Complete and Longest Lived Box Press Made and The Price is Only $25.00 where bank draft is mailed with the order. WELLS & WADE Wenatchee Avenue, near Courthouse WENATCHEE, WASHINGTON September manufacturers are endeavoring to assist the farmer who has land to clear with instructive booklets and circulars, which are very helpful. These can be obtained free upon request. bors and discuss their problems, and to learn what the other fellow is doing and how he does it. Nearly every man- ufacturer of equipment for the fruit grower and farmer doing business in this state will have an exhibit of ma- chinery that will be well worth seeing. Fruit growers and farmers, in order to get the fullest amount possible out of their crop, must be able to grow it and harvest it at a minimum expense. The Oregon State Fair provides camping ground and facilities for those who de- sire to camp out, which enables one to make a visit to the Oregon State Fair at very small expense. Clearing Land. — There is a critical shortage of all food supplies, largely due to the war, which will continue Walnuts. — The increase in price on all food commodities is undoubtedly due to the increased demand and the supply being somewhat short. The in- creased demand is probably due to the fact that so many people ordinarily engaged in producing foodstuffs are either at the front or making ammuni- tion. Inasmuch as it will be some time after the war is over, — and no one knows when that will be, — before the warring nations get back to productive- ness, every fruit grower and farmer should give special attention to increas- ing his crops in producing as much food as possible, particularly of non-perish- able nature. Nuts are considered very nutritious and at the same time an ex- cellent food, consequently it seems the following suggestion is well worthy of consideration. Every fruit grower and farmer should plant a few walnut trees to help create food for the family, and whatever surplus a farmer can produce he can sell to excellent advantage, as walnuts have been remunerative for several years in the past. The Monthly Crop Report of August 1st evidently believes that apples have increased in value, as indicated by the estimates under "Important Products" of July 15th, giving the following fig- ures: Apples, per bushel, estimated value July 15, 1916, 86%c; July, 1917, $1.25; apples, per barrel, 1916, $2.60; 1917, $3.14. Orchard Queen Cider Mill even after the war, as undoubtedly it will take the European countries sev- eral years to get back to their natural producing capacity. Consequently the government is urging increased pro- ductivity in every way possible. It is doubtful if the present amount of land under cultivation can be increased suffi- ciently in yield, so it seems advisable to suggest to every fruit grower and farmer that if he has any uncleared land that it would be a paying propo- sition to clear it this winter so as to get it producing at the earliest possible moment. There is no question but what it will pay well. Blasting powder is used extensively for this purpose. There are many different blasting pow- ders, some being especially adapted to clearing land. The blasting powder Grinds Does Not Crush MAKE CIDER This New Way Gets Every Bit of Juice by Clean, Sanitary Methods Orchard Queen grates or grinds apples into fine pomace— breaks fruit cells open— allows all the juice to be easily extracted in pressing- insures greatest quantity and highest quality ot cider, as juice is extracted in sanitary cloth-lined forms. (In ordinary crushing mills only half the juice is extracted and in a mussy, dirty condi- tion.) Operates easily by hand or power. Write today for information of this marvelously em- cient mill and how it turns your usual orchard losses into unusual profits. Puffer-Hubbard Mfg. Co. 3222 26th St., East MINNEAPOLIS. MINN WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiy BETTER FRUIT Page 17 The Orchard Ladder of Quality must bear the name "Northwest." Thousands are sold on their merits. Ask your dealer to let you „„„ »..- T Q/~l/-4f»r If your dealer does not carry our ladder in stock, oCC UU1 1_/<1VJ UC1 • write us direct for prices. No crushed fruit if you use the Barnett Fruit Picking Pail. PRICE $2.00 Information on our Orchard Supplies will be gladly given on request. N. W. Fence & Supply Co. Station A Portland, Oregon Not Overproduction, Etc. Continued from page 13 kets will be glutted, and from that time on there will be no more talk about overproduction or low prices. There are many towns properly taken care of by the jobbers in their territory which are regularly supplied. It is much bet- ter where a town cannot buy by the carload and sell it out in a reasonably short time for such towns to purchase from the jobbers in the nearest whole- sale territory as required, keeping fresh stock on hand. NUMBER OF TOWNS IN EACH STATE, HAV- ING A POPULATION OF LESS THAN 3,000, THAT HAVE BEEN SOLD APPLES IN CARLOTS DIRECT Kansas Pop. Ness City 950 Montana Pop. Malta 800 Miles City Norris 250 Pony 437 Rosebud Stanford 450 Sweetwater Townsend 800 White Fish 2,000 Wolfcreek Missouri Hall 700 North Dakota Alexander Antler 700 Anamoose 750 Arnegard Arthur 225 Beach 1,450 Berthold 700 Bowbells ....... 875 Carrington 1,500 Charbonneau . . . Crosby 850 Drake 550 Finley 700 California Pop. Dunsmuir 1,719 Montague 600 Weed Colorado Haxtum 520 La Mar 2,200 Brush 1,500 Fort Morgan .... Iowa Cumberland .... 552 Dike 280 Malvern 1,154 Strawberry P'nt. 1,052 Wolcott 416 Idaho American Falls.. 1,250 Arimo Arco 500 Blackfoot 3,000 Buhl 1,000 Emmett 1,400 Genesee 1,200 Gooding 1,000 Hazelton Minidoka 150 Middleton McCammon 500 Montpelier 2,500 Malad 1,200 Payette 1,948 Purcell : Parma 750 Picabo Rupert 1,000 Rexburg 1,600 St. Anthony 2,000 Smiths Ferry . . . Shoshone 1,500 Weiser 3,500 Wendell 850 Kansas Almena 800 Arlington 650 .Mtamont 610 Anthony 2,450 Brownwell 300 Clinton 700 Condon Eureka 2,412 Ellsworth Wainfield 350 Gorham 175 Herndon 350 Hoisington 1,414 Hoxie 430 Jamestown 900 Kingsley 1,700 Lurav 350 Marion 1,802 Morganville .... 500 Morgan 700 700 400 675 585 North Dakota Pop. Hamlet Hampden 425 Keane Leeds 1,025 Lignite 350 Lisbon 2,000 Medina 500 Noonan 600 Plaza 900 Portal Powers Lake . . . 550 Rock Lake Rugbv 2,000 Stanley 700 Tioga 625 Towner 1,125 White Earth 350 Wildrice 100 Wolford 400 New Rockford. . .1,800 Bowman Braddock 400 Chamberlain . . . Cando 1,500 Edison Flasher 450 North Dakota Pop. Ft. Clark Goodrich 750 Highmore Hazelton Hallinger Hebron 800 Kildeer Kenmore 2,000 Langdon 1,400 Lakota 1,250 Leith New Salem 1,025 Newberg 375 Oakes 1,875 Paishall Ragan St. Thomas 650 Sterling 200 Starkweather . . . 475 Sheldon 500 Turtle Lake 800 Werner Wahpeton 2,425 West Hope 1,100 York 475 Minnesota Pop. Breckenridge ...2,000 Dilworth 800 Glenwood 2,300 Graceville 1,100 Henning 1,000 North Redwood . Redwood Falls.. 1,806 Wadena Avon Black Duck 1,424 Brewster 300 Cass Lake 1,300 Dalton Detroit 2,500 Eagle Bend 600 Horton Lake Park 1,000 Minnesota Transfer Morris 2,003 Red Lake Falls.. 1,797 Twin Valley 750 Raymond 450 Wheaton 1,500 Pennsylvania Biglerville 350 De Bois Oakley 750 Olpe Osborne 1606 Phillipsburg ...1,285 Protection 800 Scott City 900 Sterling 2,013 Wakefield 725 Long Island 200 McDonald Norton 1, Norfolk Simpson . . . St. Francis . Traer Vulcan Whitewater Woodruff Louisiana De Redder 2,000 Maine Ft. Fairfield 1,620 Montana Bainville 425 Baker 400 Big Sandy 178 Bonner Brvan Buffalo Cascade 600 Conrad 1,200 Cutbank 500 Fairview 200 Gilford Glendive 1,725 Glasgow 1,275 Hinsdale Homestead Medicine Lake . . 350 Plentvwood 1,200 Poplar 230 Sidnev 600 Westbv Whitehall 450 Winifred Wold Point Bradv 150 Bridger 650 Belgrade 875 Rowman Browning 225 Chinook 1,211(1 Coffee Creek .... Deer Lodge 1,650 Dillon 1,885 Drummond Forsythe 1,100 Franklin Geraldine Laurel 1,100 ERNEST M. MERRICK ■WHOLESALE Fruit and Vegetable Commission Merchant Apples and Oranges A SPECIALTY 937-939 B St. N. W., Washington, D. C. Iplusl High - grade grease plus t i powdered mica makes { Mica Axle Grease gOj L twice as far as ordi- \ nary grease, and re- sults in far better ^ lubrication. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) AXLE GREASE WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCI" Page 18 BETTER FRUIT September J. & H.GOODWIN, LTD. Apple Exporters and Commission Merchants Offices: London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, England New York, Boston; also Maine, Virginia and California Address Correspondence: 60 State St., Boston, Mass. The Hardie Nail Stripper Made of heavily coated tin, this stripper is built for hard con- tinuous service. Its use means a cutting of packing house costs. It is but one of many practical orchard and packing house devices described in our free circular. Send for it. The Hardie Mfg.Co. 49 North Front Street Portland, Oregon Steel Box Strapping Used in connection with metal seals consists of encircling a package with a metal strap, draw- ing the strap very tight and interlocking the overlapping strap - ends within a metal sleeve (SIGNODE) in such a manner that the jointhas agreater tensilestrength than the strap itself. Nails, rivets and buck- les, with their attendant objections, are entirely eliminated. Write for Catalog Acme Strapping packed in bbls. of about 500 lbs. or larger pkgs. Metal Seals packed in cartons containing 2.000-2,500 seals. ACME STEEL GOODS CO. MFRS. Factory: 2840 Archer Ave., Chicago 311 California St., San Francisco Nebraska Pop. Danbury 550 Gothenberg 1,700 Giltner 550 Gering 800 Moorcfleld' '.'.'.'.'.'. 300 Kiverton 450 ScottsblufT 1,746 Upland 650 Watertown Oregon Enterprise 1,242 Bend 2,500 Klamath Falls . .2,325 North Bend 1,650 Niagara Oklahoma Clinton 2,781 Ojima Purcell 2,552 Woodward 2,018 Camonche 1,410 Herrington South Dakota Browning Gettysburg 1,100 Kodoka 350 Claremont 375 Corona 350 Eureka 1,000 Groton 1,275 Gregory 1,216 Hill City 250 Java Lemmon 1,255 Mott Parker 1,450 South Dakota Pop. Turton 350 Timber Lake 300 Vermillion 2,147 Webster 1,775 White Lake 950 Wolsey 700 Texas Llano 1,600 Bowie 2,500 Cisco 2,410 Comanche 2,070 Lockdale Lockhart 2,945 Mexia 2,393 Plainview 3,000 Rockdale 2,515 San Augustine. . .1,250 Dalhart Waurika Washington Sumner 892 Krupp 250 Wisconsin Naron 1,074 Boscobel 1,900 Osceolo 925 Broadhead 1,875 Wyoming Gillette 448 Hanna 1,500 Pine Bluffs 246 Upton 244 Basin 763 Cody 1,132 Douglas 2,246 Guernsey 274 Thermopolis ...1,524 23-Year Engine Record Witte's new catalog, the finest by the way, in the whole engine business of America, shows his complete up-to-date line of styles and sizes, from 2 to 22 horsepower — stationary, skidded, port- able and special saw-rigs, and quotes WITTE Engine used for more than 23 years by McBeth & Dallas, Garden City, Kan. his present remarkably low prices. All sold under a binding five-year guaran- tee, and subject to full 90 days' free trial. To get a new catalog and full in- formation, with latest prices, write Ed H. Witte, YVitte Engine Works, 1880 Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo.— Adv. Boiling Points Real Test of Gasoline, Says Expert "To start easily, accelerate quickly and smoothly, and have plenty of de- pendable power with economical mile- age, vou must use a gasoline having its boiling points in a continuous, un- broken, gradually rising series," is a statement made recently by a promi- nent Standard Oil man'. "Boiling points are what determine good gasoline, not gravity. And it is well to bear in mind that mixtures or blends cannot have the proper contin- uous chain of boiling points. There are so many connecting fractions in the chain that no mixture could be made to contain even approximately the correct number or character of links. Straight- distilled refinery gasoline is the only motor-fuel containing the correct chain of boiling points." — Adv. (HE» WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipl? BETTER FRUIT Page ip THE STATE AND NATION UNITE IN SUPPORT OF THE Oregon Agricultural College CORVALLIS, OREGON Where trained specialists with modern laboratories and adequate equipment give instruction leading to collegiate degrees in the following schools: AGRICULTURE, with fifteen departments. COMMERCE, with four departments. ENGINEERING, with six departments, including Civil, Electrical, Highway, Industrial Arts, Irrigation and Mechani- cal Engineering. FORESTRY, including Logging Engineering. HOME ECONOMICS, with four major departments, in- cluding training in the Practice House. MINING, with three departments, including Chemical Engineering. PHARMACY. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION a specialty. VOCATIONAL COURSES offered in all Schools. THE SCHOOL OF MUSIC offers instruction in the prin- cipal departments of vocal and instrumental music. THE MILITARY DEPARTMENT, established in 1872, en- rolled 1085 cadets in 1916-17, and won recommendation for O. A. C. from the Western Department of the U. S. War Department as one of the fifteen "distinguished institutions" of higher learning in the country. All cadets will be furnished complete uniforms by the U. S. Government, and the junior and senior cadets, enrolled in the R. O. T. C., will be given commutation for subsistence, as well as all transportation and subsistence at the six weeks' Summer Camp. Registration Begins October 8, 1917 INFORMATION ON REQUEST. ADDRESS REGISTRAR, OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, CORVALLIS, OREGON Pollination by Bees By A. Bowman THE necessity of bees in orchards as an aid to pollination has passed the experimental stage, and this phase of the question permits of no argument. It is interesting to know that in the large apple-growing districts what seems to be fabulous prices are paid to beekeepers for the use of bees for pol- lination purposes alone. In many in- stances five dollars per colony is willingly paid by orchardists, and this just for the use of the flying bees in the critical season of blossoming; and to such an extent is this practiced that frequently the demand exceeds the sup- ply. If the apple growers of New Jersey and other sections can afford to pay a price that is nearly equivalent to the price of the colony alone, and which is virtually a temporary pur- chase, we in our districts may be over- looking some of the kinks that might be helpful to us locally in securing better pollination and a crop of bet- ter fruit. Experiments of late years seem to in- dicate that the prune and cherry drop so prevalent some seasons may be largely due to insufficient or weak pol- lination, and more frequently blamed to bad weather conditions prevailing at the critical time when the blossom is receptive. This may be more or less true; but with bees on hand, even a few hours without rainfall permit their rapid flight, and the receptive blossoms awaiting the visitation of insect life are thoroughly pollinated and fertilized by the visitors, who in their turn are more or less recompensed for their labor with the small amount of honey gathered; and unless weather conditions are very unfavorable a single bee will visit hun- dreds of blossoms before she gets enough of a load with which to start homeward bound. Our conditions in the Northwest are somewhat different from those in the Eastern sections. Bees are not as numerous and the distances between apiaries are much greater. This being the case, thousands of trees are never visited by the blessed bees by whose agency man would be greatly benefited if these visitations could be assured. The past season being backward and ECONOMIC and MILITARY PR EPA REDNESS THE UNIVERSITY OF OREGON In addition to complete courses in general and scientific education, offers full opportunities in MILITARY DRILL, DOMESTIC SCIENCE ARTS AND COMMERCE Plan for effective future service. Your country needs it. Send for free illustrated book lets ."Train the Brain for Peace or War" and "The Woman and the University." Address Registrar, UNIVERSITY OF OREGON, Eugene, Oregon We Carry a Full Line of Nursery Stock Capital City Nursery Company AGENTS WANTED Address 1030 Chemeketa St., SALEM, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 20 BETTER FRUIT September BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails cold found the average orchardist totally unprepared to take advantage of bee insurance; and the same backward season kept the bees from breeding as rapidly as they otherwise would, it was impossible to secure big, strong, rousing colonies, and hundreds of dollars were returned to the would-be purchasers who, as usual, sent in their orders just as the blossoms were due to appear, without foresight as to conditions, and of course demanded immediate ship- ment. It is to the orchardist and for his benefit these lines are written. Really, not only disappointment but serious losses are his unless he plans in ad- vance and carries out his plans as a practical orchardist should. In the first place, while it is possible to ship or WITH ALL THE NATION FARMING and ARMING FOR STRESSFUL TIMES CITY AND COUNTRY ALIKE ARE URGED TO RALLY AROUND THE AGRICULTURAL FAIRS -SEND EXHIBITS— ATTEND WHERE POSSIBLE. Oregon State Fair SALEM September 24 to 29 Round Trip Fares to Salem From Central Oregon and from North Bank Road Points from Fallbridge to Rainier, inclusive, daily September 20 to 29. Oregon Trunk Ry. Central Oregon Line PORTLAND Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'i Cement Coated Nails transport bees at any and all seasons of the year it is neither best nor practi- cal to do so. Better by far to get the bees now, or this fall, and have them ready for business on the spot before next season's blossoming time. Winter losses need not be severe if they are properly cared for; and the investment is so trifling compared to benefits assured that to beekeepers it seems in- comprehensible that of all those who undoubtedly would be greatly bene- fited by the investment of a few dollars, still annuallly postpone or procrasti- nate until too late for prompt service. We would suggest a community co- partnership affair that all might be assessed and all reap benefits. No stock other than bees will keep themselves and store a surplus for their owner, who merely furnishes them a house. No sweets are as healthy or whole- some as honey, the very source of which must appeal to all interested in flowers, and to be able to eat in quanti- ties the very juice or extract of flowers is something to be devoutly wished for. Then consider the greatly increased crops of fancy fruit, all to be gained by getting and keeping a few colonies of bees. And to all orchardists we urge, get bees, and keep bees, and they will help keep you. Michigan: Good crop expected. Bald- wins, however, are light. Pears re- ported good, peaches light. Virginia: Crop estimated about the same as last year; however, about one- half normal. York and Ben Davis about 30 per cent of last year. Crop of the state estimated about 5,000 cars, com- pared with 10,545 last year. West Virginia: Fifty-five to sixty- five per cent of an apple crop is antici- pated; peach crop excellent. Late in July it was estimated West Virginia would ship 3,500 cars of peaches. Indiana: Apple crop anticipated 55 to 65 per cent of normal crop. Iowa: Apple crop promises to show about 20 per cent increase over last year. Fruit Crop Conditions of U. S. New England: The apple crop is re- ported comparatively light this year. New York: This is an off year for Baldwins, consequently the crop is very light. However, it is rather surprising, as this is the heavy year for Greenings, to find that the crop of Greenings is also lighter than normal. Western New York, a heavy producing section, is light, but the Hudson River Valley is pretty fair. New Jersey: Apple crop lighter than last year; peaches show an increase over last year and over normal. The New Jersey apple crop is mostly early varieties. Pennsylvania: No detailed report, but a possible increase over last year. Ohio: The crop is estimated at nor- mal, about 2,500 cars, compared with 2,100 last year. The peaches are un- satisfactory on account of unfavorable weather. Crop less than last year. As it is- TRUE -that— Caro Fibre FRUIT WRAPPERS Prolong the Life -OF- Apples You who Grow Apples with great Expense should Dress them Warm and Attractively. Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit. Give Your Apples a Fair Show. Get the Top Price. The Apple Buyer knows Caro Fibre — Wouldn't You Pay a little more for a box of apples if you knew that it Would Keep Longer. If Your Shipper Doesn't Use Caro Fibre Fruit Wrappers he is not giving your fruit a Fair Show Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. MANUFACTURERS F. B. DALLAM, Pacific Coast Representative 417 Market Street San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipir BETTER FRUIT Page 21 Let 'er Buck WE'LL MEET YOU AT THE ROUND-UP Cowgirls,cowboys,Indians,bronchos,ponies, "wild horses and wild cattle and wild men— all will be there— to play and to thrill with their feats of skill and daring. You who know the Round'iip we expect to see ; you who do not have our most cordial invitation. Remember where and when PENDLETON SEPT. 20-21-22 LOW ROUND'TRIP FARES SbSb VIA THE OWRR&N UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM WM. McMURRAY General Passenger Agent PORTLAND Missouri: Indications in July that the crop in the Ozarks would be heavy. Peach crop anticipated about 50 per cent of normal. Arkansas: Early reports indicate in- crease over last year. Colorado: In July Palisade, Clifton, Fruita, Grand Junction estimated 2,800 cars of apples, GOO cars pears, 900 cars Elberta peaches, being an increase in pears and peaches. Apples show an in- crease, estimated at about 1,000 cars over last year. Jonathan shipments ex- pected about September 15. Delta County expects about 800 cars of peaches, 1,500 cars of apples; Montrose County 500 cars of apples. These esti- mates on apples amount to 4,300 cars, which is above what is generally con- ceded to the state, which is conserva- tively placed at 3,500 cars. Utah: Probably a normal yield; last year almost an entire failure. Idaho: Various estimates at from 1,500 to 2,500 cars of apples, against almost an entire failure last year. California: Estimated around 5,000 cars; Pajaro Valley will ship possibly 4,000 cars or better. Texas: 450 cars apples, 300 cars of pears, 1,500 cars peaches, being a nor- mal yield for apples and pears, but only about 25 per cent of a peach crop. Peaches are light on account of late frosts. Montana: Probably about 500 cars of apples, principally in the Bitter Root Valley. Oregon: Hood River 1,200 to 1,500 cars of apples; the balance of the state about 1,000 cars, possibly more. Washington: Apple conditions vary a little from early reports. Conserva- tive estimate for Yakima district, 7,000 cars, possibly more; Wenatchee esti- mated about 8,000 cars, possibly more; Walla Walla about 500 cars; other dis- tricts 300, making a total of 15,800 cars for the state. July estimates for Yaki- ma were: 971 cars pears, 1,595 cars peaches, 187 cars plums; Walla 238 cars pears, 205 cars peaches, 305 cars plums. The apple crop of the Pacific North- west sizes up about as follows: Wash- ington, 15,800 cars; Oregon, 2,500 cars; Idaho, 1,500 cars; Montana, 500 cars; making a total of 20,300 cars. Of course it must be borne in mind these figures are only approximate estimates. Early estimates are frequently high, because when the final packing is done the cull- ing is frequently more extensive than anticipated. A safe estimate at present would be from 18,000 to 20,000 cars of apples. Economy in Land Clearing This is no time to use many men in land-clearing operations. Men are needed too badly in other important work for which there is no substitute for hand work, while the prevailing high rate of wages makes burning of stumps prohibitive even in spite of the high returns from crops. It is lucky that every farmer with idle land can turn so easily to the blasting method of taking out his stumps, for the liberal use of powder will enable him to ac- complish with little labor what would be almost out of the question by any other means. Bui there is blasting and blasting, and it is important that the right ex- plosives be secured, or even this method may be more expensive than it should. All powders on the market (there are dozens of different kinds and grades) have certain uses for which they are particularly suited by their nature. Each one has been designed for break- ing up some certain material in a cer- Page 22 BETTER FRUIT September WE OLD FELLOWS! lAPPRECIATE WHAT IT IS) | TO GET THE ORIGINAL [ GRAVELY f IT5 TOO BAD PEYTON GRAVELY COULDN'T HAVE] LIVED TO SEE THAT POUCH] USED FOR HIS PLUG L CRAVELY« CELEBRATED Chewing Plu£ S3. BEFORETHE INVENTION OF OUR PATENT AIR-PROOF POUCH GRAVELY PLUG TOBACCO MADE STRICTLY FOR ITS CHEWING QUALITY WOULD NOT KEEP FRESH IN THIS SECTION- NOW THE PATENT POUCH KEEPS IT FRESH AND CLEAN AND GOOD. A LITTLE CHEW OF GRAVELY IS ENOUGH AND LASTS LONGER THAN A BIG CHEW OF ORDINARY PLUG. J»J3. bravely 3b&accc Co. DawllcVa. "i81flMm ff?THERES"AN EYE FULL OF ' NEWS ON BILLY POSTERS BILLBOARDS THIS MORNING-, THAT5 A CINCHjj ■// u77J^i'iai«iHHmwf .ii.iiuil/{i»»»""<""J "^W^ tain way. On the selection of the pow- der for the use in view hinges a large part of the problem of economy in land clearing this year. Farmers who will have this work to do should make it a point to inform themselves on the subject. They should do it without delay, for the market is very uncertain, and unless the war is to stop very soon, the supply of any particular grade or type may be cut off from civilian users. More than that, the price is advancing each month or APPLES GINOCCHIO-JONES FRUIT CO. Kansas City, Mo. Apples, Pears Prunes, Fruits 32 Years Our Record PORTLAND WHOLESALE NURSERY COMPANY Rooms 6 & 7, 122 li Grand Are., Portland, Oregon Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Suppllos A very complete line of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Etc. SPECIALTIES Clean Coast Grown Seedlings Oregon Champion Gooseberries and Writs Now Perfection Currants Write Now P $50.00 oea? WITH THE Gaarless Improved Standard Well Drilling Machine Drills through any formation. Five years ahead of any other. Has record of drilling 130 feet and driving casing in 9 hours. Another record where 70 feet was drilled on 2te gallons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can operate. Electrically equipped for running nights. Fishing Joh. Engine ignition. Catalogue W-8. REIERSON MACHINERY CO.. Mfg.. 1 295-97 Hood St.. Portland, Ore. so, and the man who buys now buys cheapest. For work during the next twelve months, the explosives should be bought now and stored within reach. Since most stumps throughout the Northwest are large, it seldom pays to blast them out by firing the charges with ordinary cap and fuse. Any one charge that can be loaded under a big stump to take it out, even of the most modern, improved powder, will create a big cavity that takes time to fill. What is needed is a multiplication of smaller charges, located one under each of the main roots. The total cavity then made is no larger than a one or two-stick charge will make, because, though a great deal more powder may be used than one or two sticks, it is spread over a large area. The electric blasting machine as a labor saver is not yet fully appreciated. The difference between its use for firing charges and the use of fuse starts with the making of the holes for the charges. It is a comparatively quick and easy job to make inch and a half holes with a bar or auger to a depth of two or three feet, but to tunnel under a stump for the loading of a charge as big as a peck measure or larger is an- other matter. A still further saving results from the thorough splitting apart of the stump body and roots, so that they all may be handled easily by hand — not to mention at length the complete removal of all roots from the ground. Economy in land clearing this year is a matter of doing a clean, complete job in as little time and with as little man- work as possible. To accomplish it, blasting is the one available means, and proper blasting at that, with carefully selected powder. To Inspect Perishables The Food Production Act authorizes the Bureau of Markets, United States Department of Agriculture, to conduct an inspection service in order to certify to shippers the condition as to sound- WANTED Complete outfit of used box making ma- chinery, except boiler and engine. Must be in good repair. State price and shipping point in first letter. Address "Box Maker," care Better Fruit U/ontpH P"s't'on as managerof bear- ItdlllCU jng orchard. Understand thoroughly all kinds of orchard work. Can give best of references as to ability and character. At present employed, but want to make change. James F. Worst, Husum, Wash. Standard WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT k-HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT i9 1 7 ness of fruits and vegetables and other food products when received at import- ant central markets to be designated by the Secretary of Agriculture. The service should stimulate proper grading and packing of products in- tended for shipment and also should have a considerable effect in increasing next year's production, as it will tend to inspire confidence in the minds of producers and will cause farmers to send to the market certain highly per- ishable commodities which are not now shipped because of persistent reports of arrival in bad condition. This work still is in a more or less experimental stage, although experi- ments conducted at Fort Worth, Texas, in the fall of 1916 demonstrated its practicability and educational value to shippers. One or more inspectors will be placed in the more important mar- kets to handle cars regarding which complaints have been received from shippers or receivers. The number of inspectors to be stationed in each city will depend not only upon the size of the market, but upon the number of commodities to be covered by the ser- vice. It is contemplated that certain phases of this work will be conducted in co-operation with the United States Food Administration. BETTER FRUIT Page 23 Exchange Gives Returns on Berries Frederick W. Buff of the Fruit Grow- ers' Exchange, Hood River, Oregon, last week completed the closing of the season's strawberry pools. Some excel- lent returns were made to the growers, as follows:: June 4th, $5.20; 6th, $4.03; 7th, $3.50; 8th, $3.84; 9th, $3.60; 10th, $3.80; 11th, $3.49; 12th, $3.52; 13th, $3.52; 14th, $3.60; 15th, $3.56; 16th, $3.56; 17th, $3.44; 18th, $3.31; 19th, $3.33; 20th, $3.06; 21st, $2.82; 22nd, $2.76; 23rd, $2.90; 24th, $2.84; 25th, $1.99; 26th, $2.50; 27th, $1.66; 28th, $2.14; 29th, $2.10; 30th, $2.08. July 1st, $1.90; 2nd, $1.90; 3rd, $1.84; 4th, $1.80; 5th, $1.85; 6th, $1.93; 7th, $2.01; 8th, $1.99; 9th, $2.02; 10th, $1.91; 11th, $2.03; 12th, $2.10; 13th, $2.04; 14th, $2.09; 16th, $2.05; 17th, $1.99; 18th, $2.08; 19th, $2.35. Apple Growers' Association, Hood River, Oregon, prices on strawberries for 1917: June 1 and 2, $4.80; 3 and 4, $3.33; 5 to 11, $3.45; 12 to 15, $3.51; 16, $3.64; 17 to 19, $3.30; 20, $3.18; 21 to 24, $2.80; 25 and 26, $2.63; 27 to 30, $2.09. July 1 to 6, $1.81; 7 to 11, $1.87; 12 to 18, $2.02; 19 to 27, $2.25. Both dates given with each price are inclusive. Food Conservation. Mr. G. Harold Powell, manager of the Citrus Fruit Growers' Association, Los Angeles, probably the highest paid man- ager of any fruit association in the United States, has been given a leave of absence so that he could go to Washing- ton to assist Mr. Hoover in the food conservation campaign. No better man could have been sent for this purpose, for the reason that Mr. Powell is famil- iar and has been interested in the fruit industry from boyhood and understands the business as thoroughly as any man in the United States. The Portland Picking Bag The Safe Way for Fruit PRICES Single bag $1.75 Lots of three bags . 5.00 Lots of dozen bags 18.50 By insuring both a safe and speedy method of handling fruit, this bag has no equal. Its large opening at the top relieves any hesita- tion as to where fruit should be placed. The all-canvass sides and bottom prevent bruising. Its large capacity saves frequent emptying. It is carried by shoulder straps.leaving both hands free for picking. Its emptying arrangement is so simple and efficient that a dis- tinct saving in time and freedom from fruit injury is made. Its price is so moderate that they should be found in every orchard. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 49 North Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON CALIFORNIA ATTRACTIONS SAN FRANCISCO DEL MONTE MONTEREY PASO ROBLES SANTA BARBARA LOS ANGELES Very attractive at this season of the year. Automobiling, golf, tennis and all out of door sports. RniinH Trin TirLotc Now on sa,e to Southern California points nuuuu 1 rip 1 iineib will enable you t0 visit these places F Ask your local agent for information. John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent, Portland, Oregon Southern ific Lines WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT This Medford (Oregon) Ice and Storage Company Warehouse IS INSULATED WITH Cabot's Insulating "Quilt" at the lowest cost and with the greatest efficiency and permanence. Quilt is made of eel JrTsf the fiber that will not rot. will not burn, will not harbor insects or ver- min ft make a thick cushion of dead air spaces that keeps out heat better than rTthe'r insulators that cost much more and that are not permanent sanitary or safe £ f lavpr of Quilt is equal in insulating power (by actual test) to forty or fifty Payers of common bunding paper. It is elsy to apply, low priced and never goes to pieces in the work. Send for sample of Quilt, with catalog and prices, to SAMUEL CABOT, Inc., Manufacturing Chemists, Boston, Mass. or to the Northwest Distributors: S. W. R. DALLY, Globe Building, Seattle TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Portland Conservo Wood Preservative— preserves posts, planks and all other timbers. Cabot's Creosote Stains-for shingles, siding and other outside finish. United States Government Bureau of Standards tests show Cabot's Quilt more efficient than any other insulator, including cork board. jfie Gasoline of Quality Red Crown's con- tinuous chain of boiling points in- sures maximum power and mileage. Standard Oil Company (California) INCREASE THE FOOD SUPPLY Let hoed crops provide for the present and the high prices obtained pay for a walnut orchard to provide for your future Hoed crops, such as corn, beans and potatoes, grown between walnut trees will produce more food and income than grain grown on the whole ground. Walnut trees planted 40 feet apart use only a small part of the ground for the first few years. Plant our grafted Vrooman Franquettes. They have won a reputation for reliability and superior quality. Groner &|McClure, Hillsboro, Oregon September How to Can Tomatoes Select firm, well-formed tomatoes. Scald one and one-half minutes, or until skins loosen. Dip quickly into and out of cold water. Peel and remove stems and cores. Pack directly into cans or hot jars. Press down with a tablespoon (add no water). Add a level teaspoon- ful of salt per quart. Put the rubber rings and caps of jars into position, but do not tighten fully. Seal tin cans com- pletely. Place the packed containers on a false bottom in a vessel of water sufficiently deep to cover them by one inch and allow to remain at a boiling temperature for 22 minutes when using hot-water-bath canners. -Myrtle Point, Sep- -Heppner, September 13 to -Medford, September 17 to NORTHWEST FAIR DATES STATE Oregon — Salem, September 24 to 29. Washington — North Yakima, September 17 to 22. Idaho — Boise, September 24 to 29. Montana — Helena, September 24 to 29. California — Sacramento, September 8 to 15. OREGON COUNTY AND LOCAL FAIRS "Fan-'em-All" — Mitchell, September 3 to 5. Multnomah County — Gresham, September 11 to 16. Eastern Clackamas — Estacada, September 12 to 14. Coos and Curry Counties tember 12 to 15. Morrow County 15. Jackson County 22. Community Fair — Hillsboro, September 18 to 20. Lincoln County — Toledo, September 18 to 20. Local Fair — Tygh Valley, September 18 to 20. Polk County — Dallas, September 18 to 20. Douglas County — Roseburg, September 18 to 20. Malheur County — Ontario, September 18 to 22. Linn County — Scio, September 18 to 20. Clackamas County — Canby, September 18 to 21. Columbia County — St. Helens, September 19 to 21. Round-up — Pendleton, September 20 to 22. Local Fair — Sisters, September 25 to 27. Wallowa County — Enterprise, September 25 to 28. West Side Fair — Tumalo, September 28. Harvest Festival — Grants Pass, September 28 to 30. Washington County — Forest Grove, October 2 to 5. Lane County — Eugene, October 3 to 5. Interstate Fair — Prineville, October 3 to 6. Local Fair— Albany, October 12 to 14. WASHINGTON COUNTY FAIRS Southwest Washington— Chehalis - Centralia, August 27 to September 1. Interstate — Spokane, September 3 to 8. Grays Harbor County — Elma, September 5 to 9. Pioneer Pow-Wow— Walla Walla, September 13 to 15. , _„ Local Fair — Kelso, September 15. Cowlitz County— Woodland, September 19 to 22. Klickitat County — Goldendale, October 9 to 13. IDAHO COUNTY FAIRS Madison County — Rexburg, September 3 to 8. Power County— American Falls, September 12 to 15. Bingham County— Blackfoot, September 12 Twin Falls County— Filer, September 17 to 22. Latah County — Moscow, September 25 to 29. Minidoka County— Rupert, October 2 to 6. Washington County — Cambridge, October 3 to 5. OTHER EXPOSITIONS Manufacturers' and Land Products Show — Portland, November 3 to 24. Northwest Livestock Show— Lewiston, No- vember 8 to 15. Pacific National Dairy Show — Portland, No- vember 16 to 23. Pacific International Livestock Show — Port- land, November 19 to 24. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ig I? BETTER FRUIT Page 25 MONARCH CIDER PRESS Here's the right outfit for work- ing up the culls into profitable cider. Suitable for individual and merchant service. Ourcelebrated high pressure design with minute accu- rateconstruction, getsail the juicewithlow operatingex- pense. Builtinsizesfroin 15to400 barrelsaday 60-paye Catalogue free. Write today. # - »&1 *#—£ A C Y Weal/so reawSa Engines, ,^Sc**«jp Sawmills, 1 1 Thr. ahera, £ Ask/or Catalogue. 0-paye Catalogue H Wv. Write today. yF* \. B. Farquhar ^^F :o.. Ltd., Box IOC J i'ork, Penna. /, EXCLUSIVE SALES AGENTS FOR OREGON, WASHINGTON AND IDAHO Western Farquhar Machinery Co. 308 East Salmon Street Portland, Oregon BUY AND TRY White River Flour MAKES Whiter, Lighter Bread WlTTE ?« GET A KER0-01L" ENGINE Save $15 to $200 Have More Power— Do your work easier— Get a bet- ter engine— At less cost — I Make more money— Save more fuel— Immediate Shipment —No waiting — Five -Year Guarantee— 90-Day Trial— Hundreds of engines —2 to 22 H-P.— all styles— Ready to Ship— Suit your- self as to terms— Cash— or Payments— or NO MONCT'""^-^"-^ II V IflVlIU* rjBhted)-"How to Judge ¥\i\lI/\T Engines"— and latest wholesale fac- 11111/1/ « tory prices— Direct. 1 ship every- uu"" where in the U. S.— guarantee Bafe delivery— Save you $15 to $200— make yog the best price. I ship big engines — or small engines -on wire orders.-ED. H. WITTE. Pres. WITTE ENGINE WORKS 1888 Oakland Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 1888 Empire Bldg., Pittsburg, Pa. Packing Apple Ammunition Continued from page 6. encd to another box. A rubber cot is worn on the thumb to assist in picking up the paper. Wrapping apples is quite a trick. As the paper is held in one hand the apple is picked up with the other and placed, or rather thrown, into the middle of the sheet. As the hand closes over the apple the edges are caught by the other hand and given a slight twist, after which the apple is placed firmly in position in the box, folded side of the paper underneath. Nearly all sizes of apples go into two styles of diagonal packs, three-two and two-two. The former is so called be- cause three apples are placed across the end of the box, then two, and so on. Of the first three, one goes in each cor- ner and one in the middle. The next two tit into the spaces between them, while the next three are placed in a position to the first three. The third and fifth layers are packed the same, but the second and fourth layers are packed two-three. That is, only two apples are laid next to the end of the box, iitting into the spaces below, be- tween the apples in the layer under- neath. The two-two pack is started by plac- ing an apple in one corner and another midway between it and the other cor- ner. Of the next two apples, one is laid next to the space between the two just placed and the other in the space be- tween one of the apples and the side of the box. All the layers in this pack are started the same way, only the corner apple is placed in the opposite corner from the one which contains an apple in the layer below. Apples of which 104 or less fill a box are put into two-two packs, which have four layers, four rows to the layer, while all smaller sizes are packed three- two, having five layers of five rows each. A postal scales is a great aid in de- termining in what pack apples of a cer- tain size will go. This is found by dividing the weight of the apple into the weight of a box of apples, the lat- ter being 45 pounds, or 720 ounces. For example, apples weighing a half pound each go into the 88 pack; seven-ounce apples pack 104; six ounce, 125; five ounce, 150; four ounce, 175. The use of a scales makes it possible to pick out for the grader guide apples of exactly the right size. In exhibition packs the apples are all turned one way, but in commercial packs they are turned any way to make them fit closely together, so they won't work loose. In some packs, such as the 104 and the smaller three-two packs, the apples in each layer fit closely to- gether, while in others, such as the 112, they must be left quite loose, being held in place by the apples above and below. Given apples of a certain size, how can they be packed to "come out right"? It is all a matter of selection and know- ing which way to turn the apple when it is laid in place. An expert packer must be a good judge of form and size, able quickly and accurately to measure I Say "DontBuy this Tractor or Any Ot her Until You Get this Book" It tells all about the most wonderful little Tracklaying Tractor ever built for Orchard and Vineyard work. Write J me today, or send the "Tractor Oppor- p tunity" coupon. Lowest prices now. ■ My name is W. B. Raymond, and I am J the man in this concern whose job it is J to get the story of the wonderful little ■ Bean TrackPULL Tractor before orchard- J ists and vineyardists. And I say "Don't J buy this tractor or any other until you ■ get the TrackPULL story, because that 5 story may revolutionize your tractor ideas S to your great benefit. "There are some things that the Track- E PULL won't do, and you want to know 5 those things before you buy a Bean _ TrackPULL — and there are other things g it trill do that other tractors can't do, pj and those things are vitally important, B particularly to vineyardists and or- pj chardists. "The front drive principle — steering g with the track that PULLS — is just one pj of the features of this great little tractor pj that is patented. No other tractor is like ■ it. A patent, of course, always means a ■ big advantage. ■ "Look at the illustration. The Bean — ■ 6 h. p. at the draw bar — pulls instead of ■ pushes itself over the ground, and you ■ steer with the track that pulls. That I means you can do everything with the ■ Bean that you do with horses plus a lot I of things horses and other tractors never ■ have done — like going under tree-boughs ■ only four feet off the ground and pulling ■ full load on turns. The Bean works be- ■ tween seven-foot rows in vineyards — ■ that's another advantage. "But I couldn't begin to show you in ■ an ad all the advantages. They've got to ■ go into a book, and you ought to have ■ that book before you buy a tractor be- ■ cause it will save you money." BEAN TrackPULL Tractor ■ ■ Send me the coupon below and I'll 6end you I the book free. Bead about the "Fifteen Features ■ of the Bean." The price is $1150.00 now— the ■ lowest priced track-laying type of tractor built — but pj material costs are steadily going up so I suggest pj you act quickly before a raise. There's a real _ tractor opportunity in this low price. — W. B. K. Bean Spray Pump Co. Maters of tbe Famous Bean Sprayers and Pumps Patented Front Drive — No Other Like It WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT W. B. RAYMOND, BEAN SPRAT IH MP CO. 616 \V. Julian St-, San Jose, California. Without any obligation on my part, send ma vmir ! Bean Trackl'L'LL Tractor Book at once. Name | Streel I City State J Number of acres 5 Kind of crops grown.— ■ I expect to buy a tractor about | I ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT DISTRIBUTION Is the Question of the Hour in the Great Northwest (Read "Not Overproduction of Apples but Lack of Distri- bution," by E. H. Shepard, in July issue.) How to get the maximum of profit with a minimum of risk! You want to ship to the highest market. That means trad- ing with people you never had any dealings with before. Sounds risky, doesn't it? But, it is not— if you will use the BIG BLUE BOOK. By referring to it you can tell at a glance what experience other shippers have had with every receiver in the country AND INSTANTLY, just as surely as if each and every shipper in the country had personally told you of his experience. The BLUE BOOK will: (1) Enable you to find the highest market. (2) Enable you to deal only with honorable firms and steer clear of the Kickers, Rejectors and Rebaters. (3) Gives you the accepted definitions of grades and trading rules. The BLUE BOOK is our main feature— it helps Shippers avoid trouble — but there are other features of our Organization that help them out of trouble should they by any chance get into it. Want to know any more about it? Write to Produce Reporter Company 904 Bell Telephone Building, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS September the size and shape of an apple with his eye. Since most apples are wider than they are long, the following suggestions will he found useful: To make the rows come out longer, lay the apples on end or on the side, crosswise; to make the rows shorter, lay the apples on the side, lengthwise; to make the layer wider, lay the apples on end or ori the side, lengthwise; to make it nar- rower, lay the apples on the side, cross- wise— that is, with the stems pointing across the box. If the box is too full, lay more apples on end; if not full enough, lay more on the side. It is sometimes necessary to choose very flat or very long apples to fit certain positions. A similar application of the above principle is used to get the bulge on a box of apples, which is especially diffi- cult for a beginner. Not only are slightly larger apples selected for the middle of the box but wide, flat speci- mens are picked out for that position — if the apples are being packed on the side — and long, narrow apples for the ends. If the apples are being packed on the end this process is reversed, the flat apples being used at the end of the box and the long ones in the middle. When the boxes are nailed up the bulge or crowns should be about three- quarters of an inch on both top and bottom. Before the top is nailed on the apples project above the top of the box about an inch and a half in the middle and half an inch at the ends, when pressed down firmly with the hands. IF YOU would appreciate the services of old established, successful, responsible fruit distributors, keep the undersigned in mind when you have fruit to market. Write us for information. We give you con- servative opinion on market conditions. We can market your fruit where it will bring best results. DAPC SL CAM Portland Thirty-six years same location. rHUt PU PONT AMERICAN INDUSTRIES ffij ■a m m m> ft '/M '. V/A ft w/. VM w//A ft ■y.a -if ^ Sebastopol Gravensteins The crop of famous Sebastopol Gravenstein Apples is now moving. Season closes August 26th. The best apples from over 200 of our best orchards. Community packing houses insure uniform pack. See our representative or wire us. Sebastopol Apple Growers' Union SEBASTOPOL, CALIFORNIA when the temperature will be under control, it is desirable to adopt every means which experience has shown to be profitable for the safe carriage of the fruit. The age of the trees has an influence on the development of pit, and this was clearly stated in my second report under the heading of "Old Apple and Pear Trees": "It is a well-known fact that young and vigorous trees are liable to this disease, while old and well- established trees are comparatively free, and this is just what would be expected from a consideration of the factors contributing to it." An experienced shipper has given practical confirmation of this view in a letter recently received, and it is worthy of the attention of those orchardists engaged in the export trade. Mr. F. W. Moore, who was formerly Secretary to the Council of Agriculture in Tasmania and now belonging to a firm of Australian fruit merchants, Covent Garden, London, has kindly placed at my disposal his experience, extending over sixteen years. In 1900 he started shipping apples from Tas- mania and came over to London with his first consignment, which landed in good condition. Next year he shipped two consignments of apples by way of the Cape, and had not only seen these apples growing on the trees, but many of them were wrapped and picked in his presence, and he felt satisfied that no better fruit had been shipped. When the fruit was opened in London, he was astonished to find that a very large pro- portion of the Ribston Pippins were badly affected with bitter pit. It so happened that a very large proportion of this variety, which was the only one affected, had been grown on young trees. In 1902 he started the business in London of supervising the handling and sale of Tasmanian apples, and since that time his firm has had to do with the shipments of apples from all parts of Australia. As the result of this large experience he has come to the follow- ing conclusions: (1) That Ribston Pip- pins from older trees show less bitter pit than from younger trees, and in- stances the case of a Tasmanian grower who never ships this variety to England from trees under ten years old, and while bitter pit is never altogether absent from his consignments, it has never been very bad. (2) That fruit Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. Driver Agents Wanted Drive i your comnu Five-Pass Bl ,15-in Wheelbase Delco Ignition—Elect. Sts* & L*e BUSH MOTOR COMPANY.BushTemple.Chicago.lllinois . , Ship- nts are prompt. Bush Cars puar- anteod or money back. 1918 models ready. Write at once for my 48-paire cata- log an.f all partic- Bush, Bres. Dcpt-9MN WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 29 from young trees is more severely attacked is strikingly confirmed by the fact that fruit from Northern Tas- mania has shown a higher percentage of bitter pit than that from the south of the island. Fruit growing in North- ern Tasmania is comparatively a new industry and a very large proportion of the trees there cannot be more than ten to twelve years old in the orchards which have been planted for commer- cial purposes. In keeping with this view, West Australian fruit is often found to be badly affected, and it is known that a large proportion of the apple trees in that state are still comparativley young. It must not be forgotten that the fruit referred to, which was found to be badly affected on reaching London, had been placed on board comparatively free from any visible sign of pit. Kept at the proper temperature, it has been experiementally proved that the devel- opment of pit would have been re- tarded, but at the same time it suggests that many of these apples, if allowed to remain on the trees, would have become pitted. In the experimental orchard in West- ern Australia, the Cleopatra trees were only ten years old when the fruit was picked, and this will partly account for the high percentage of pit in a season particularly favorable for its develop- ment. Just as the proper regulation of the temperature controls the pit in cold storage, so will the proper system of pruning in the orchard control it in the fruit still growing on the tree. In seeking for the cause of this dis- ease, we are at the same time endeavor- ing to discover how to prevent it, for by removing or counteracting the cause the effect will not be produced. Even although the cause is discovered, it is not always possible to get rid of it, and then we seek to minimize its effects. According to the nature of the cause or the supposed cause, so will be the nature of the remedial measure. In France the insect origin of the disease is generally accepted, and ac- cordingly the measures recommended are those calculated to destroy in- jurious insects. But we have found that the disease is produced even when insects are excluded, as in the case of apples grown inside calico bags, so that the special disease of bitter pit does not originate in this way. In America it is sometimes mistaken for a disease caused by a fungus, and spraying with fungicides is resorted to, Attention, Fruit and Vegetable Growers CAN your Fruits, Vegetables, Meats and Fish in Sanitary Cans, with the H. & A. Steam Pressure Canning Outfits, built in Family, Orchard and Commercial size; seal the cans with the H. & A. Hand or Belt Power Double Seamer; they will save your perishable fruits and vegeta- bles at ripening time when nothing else will. Write for descriptive matter. Henninger & Ayes Mfg. Co. 47 S. First St., Portland, Ore. Fruit Labels When packed in a plain box or crate, fruit is fruit. It does not mean apples or other fruit until you label it properly —and just as good clothes make a favorable impression- give distinction— so well designed and printed labels dress your package, appeal to the eye and help the sale. Our Lithographed Labels will advertise your brand and help the dealer sell your apples. THE UNITED STATES PRINTING & LITHOGRAPH CO. 901 Hoge Building, Seattle, Washington 1 1 2 Market Street, San Francisco, California OVER SIX MILLION Bushe! Shipping Baskets SOLD SO FAR THIS SEASON Everybody is shipping fruits and vegetables in our bushel shipping baskets, simply because they are the best and cheapest package on the market. The demand for these baskets promises to ex- ceed the production this year. Therefore order now for quick shipment be- fore the advance in freight rates. Write for Prices Today. PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 1201 Advertising Building, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Best Insulation for Fruit Storage Houses Cabot's Insulating Quilt Building Papers, Roofing, Building Material, Paint Gravity Box Conveyors TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Inc., 184-6 Second St., Portland, Oregon LADD«TILTON ■ BANK • This Pioneer Bank invites you to make this your banking home Successful People never spend all they earn. They save not occasionally but regularly. Start a savings account now or add to your savings account regularly from now on. It will give you a new lease on life. LADD &TILTON BANK PORTLAND, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 30 BETTER FRUIT September Ridley, Houlding & Co, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON Points to remember when consigning apples to the London Market 1.— We Specialize in Apples 2.— All Consignments Receive our Personal Attention 3-The Fruit is Sold by Private Treaty CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON LESLIE BUTLER. President TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier Established 1900 Butler Banking Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON Capital . . $100,000.00 4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department WE GIVE SPECIAL ATTENTION TO GOOD FARM LOANS If you have money to loan we will find you good real estate security, or If you want to borrow we can place your application in good hands, and we make no charge for this service. THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY EWBALTESAND COMPANY Printers • Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON but the "bitter rot," for which it is mis- taken, is quite a different disease, and all attempts to associate a fungus with bitter pit have failed. If we cannot always decide definitely what the cause of a disease is, it is important to know what it is not, in order to save the application of useless remedies. Bitter pit is due neither to insects nor fungus, nor even to bacteria, and therefore it is not parasitic in its origin. In Australia it has been frankly con- fessed that the cause was unknown and that it required investigation. The result of this investigation goes to show that the primary cause of the trouble is the extra pressure of the sap in the outermost layer of pulp-cells to begin with, causing them to burst and collapse, together with the vascular net- work associated with them. A large number of well-established facts have been brought forward to support this view, which has suggested the best known means of reducing the amount of pit in the orchard, and these reme- dies are supported by experimental evidence. The cause having been considered, the control of the disease may now be attempted from a rational standpoint. Whatever tends to regulate the "flow of sap" and distribute it to the various fruit-buds so that each receives its due share without being over-gorged, will also tend to prevent pit. It is evident that pruning is the great factor here, and it has been proved experimentally that the pit in a susceptible variety such as Cleopatra may be reduced to 4-6 per cent by this means. But the fruit may be picked from the tree without any external trace of bitter pit and develop it afterwards. It was one of the main objects of this investigation to prevent the loss due to this cause in oversea shipments of fruit, and this serious loss may now be prevented by the exercise of common-sense methods. By keeping the fruit in cold storage at a uniform temperature of 30-32 degrees Fahren- hent, the development of bitter pit is retarded, and at the same time the ripening process is arrested. This is based upon the well-known principle that at that temperature there is a slow- ing down of the vital activities, and it is practically a case of suspended ani- mation. All these results have been obtained by the experimental method, which is the only sure and satisfactory way of advancing our knowledge and at the same time assisting the orchard- ists. The practical applications have already been given and reported upon. We are informed that a new booklet has just been published on reducing cider to boiled cider and apple jelly and the manufacture of apple butter by the steam process. Information on this subject will be of value to the fruit growers, especially this year, when all waste must be conserved to the fullest possible extent, and all perishable fruits converted into by-products for food use. This booklet, which is known as Catalogue No. 82, will be sent free on request by the Hydraulic Press Manufacturing Company, Mt. Gilead, Ohio. — Adv. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT =JtlltltlllllltIUIMlUlllltllllillMll!lirtllJimilllL>IMMIllllUllltlllII1l IIU^I* LTIJ Lt H I < 1 1 L i I : L M 1 1 ■ u t M I M I U 1 1 1 M I i M I i M 1 1 J 1 1 1 M I d 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 ] L M I b 1 1 1 1 ^ I L 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 ) I IJ [ 1 1 1 1 L n I P L « 1 1 L 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 J I r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 M 1 1 M 1 1 r 1 1 M 1 1 L M m M 1 1 1 ( M 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 « M r ( 1 1 1 1 > 1 1 1 1 1 1 » 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r 1 1 1 1 r ^ I The Ideal Fruit Grader j SIMPLICITY, ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY ABSOLUTELY NO BRUISING Two men, one an experienced machinest, the other an experienced cabinet maker, with many \ years' practical experience in the fruit industry in Hood River, combined their mechanical skill and | I practical knowledge of fruit handling in perfecting a grading machine— a model of simplicity, | economy and efficiency. There is no machinery— Nothing to get out of order or be fixed connected with the Ideal Fruit 1 | Grader. It is practically all wood. I The operation is simple, consisting of a belt for a conveyor, operated by electricity or gasoline | engine, and short elastic belts, which move each apple in the proper bin from the belt conveyor. The Ideal Fruit Grader divides the crop into Extra Fancy, Fancy and C-grade, all at one time. The | | Extra Fancy being divided into seven bins on one side, the Fancy into seven bins on the other side { | and the C-grade going into six bins at the end of the grader. Built for four sorters, the grader is 28 feet long and 9 feet wide built for eight sorters, 32 feet long. | In 1916 we packed 9,000 boxes with the Ideal Fruit Grader with two packers without the machine ever stopping once for repairs of any kind. Further detailed information, illustrated circulars and prices will be furnished upon request. IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO. HOOD RIVER, OREGON ^ii'imiiMirnimmiir imiimimimmiimimimiii inn ti. intuitu riiiiiiiitimiiiiiimimimiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiimimmmmiiiiimimii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitimtiimimimit miuiimmiimii iiuiiiminimiimiiiii; Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C. Pearson Co.jnc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bldg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON CONOMY DHESIVENESS E A R S o NAILS in buying is getting the best value for the money, not always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. or holding pow- er is the reason for PHARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now. more than ever. 1?T T A "RTT TTV behind the goods is mjMJYDLLil. 1 1 added value. Toucan rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATTCTT ATTTHM Is assured by our AJLlor AV^JLH-Jll long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. RTflTNAT.TTY P,us experience al- xv1Vi1HA1j±.1. * ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope Is. to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. A I L Richey & Gilbert Co. H.M.GILBERT.Presidentand Manager Growers and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON Z5/)e First National Bank HOOD RIVER, OREGON A. D. MOE - - President E.O.BLANCHAR - Cashier Capital and Surplus $125,000 Assets Over $500,000 Member Federal Reserve System WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS UKNTIDN BETTER FRUIT CI Jg^^ THE WORLD- QsBS^ OUR ORCHARD Kelly I NEW YORK I . UNQUESTIONABLY THE mam 111 THE DISTRIBUTION THE (?UNTRY'5 FflNQY AND OTHER. FRUIT J OUR MARKErT- THE WORLD WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERI MENTION BETTER fRUIT BETTER FRUIT Volume XII OCTOBER, 1917 Number 4 | SPECIAL FEATURES ^ iiiniiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiii inn imiiiiiiiimin iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiimimiiiiiiiiiniiinimii MI iiiiiiiiimiiiii IIUIIIII minimum I FEATURES OF THE I TENTH NATIONAL APPLE SHOW I SPOKANE, NOVEMBER 19-24 | 1917 ¥¥¥¥¥¥ I FRUIT- BUD FORMATION ¥¥¥¥¥¥ I GOVERNMENT ESTIMATES OF I THE APPLE CROP I ¥¥¥¥¥¥ I SHORT, INTERESTING I ARTICLES ON INTERESTING 1 SUBJECTS Are You Saving Your Money to Invest in a Second Liberty Loan? BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States ; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents More Than You Ask In a Car— But You Need It It is evident that Mitchells offer more than buyers ask. Were it not so, all fine cars would need to have these extras. The usual margin of safety is 50 per cent over-strength. Mitchells are built to the standard of 100 per cent over- strength. That is, each part is twice as strong as need be. That means costly steels. It means oversize parts. It means toughened steel in more than 440 parts. It means $100,000 yearly for radical tests and inspections. Gears are tested for 50,000 pounds per tooth. Springs are so tested that in two years not one rear spring has broken. But it means to you a lifetime car. Two Mitchells that we know of have al- ready been run over 200,000 miles each. And it means repair cost reduced by at least 75 per cent. Other Wanted Extras There are 31 features in Mitchells which nearly all cars omit. Things like a power tire pump, reversible headlights, shock-absorbing springs, etc. They are more than you ask, but every feature is something that you need. There is beauty and luxury in costly extreme. We build our own bodies, and thus save a vast amount. All of that saving goes into added luxury. In the Mitchell you find every known attraction. Yet a Lower Price Yet the Mitchell prices are far below other cars of like size and class. Note that $1250 buys a 40-horsepower Six, with a 120-inch wheelbase. The reason lies in a model factory, built under John W. Bate. By efficiency methods he has cut our labor cost in two. Every machine is designed to build this one type at the lowest factory cost. With our mammoth output, this sav- ing is enormous. Part of it goes into extra values — into over-strength, extra fea- tures, added beauty. And part of it shows in the lower price. Here is the greatest value to be found in the fine-car field. You can see that at a glance. But the years will show you more than you can see. Our latest models will amaze you by their beauty and completeness. For your own sake, go and see them. If you do not know our nearest dealer, ask us for his name. MITCHELL MOTORS COMPANY, Inc. Racine, Wis., U. S. A. $1525 lWit-/»h«all— a roomy 7-passen- lVlIfL-IlCll ger Sjs> with ]27_ inch wheelbase and a highly de- veloped 48-horsepower motor. Three-Passenger Roadster, $1490. Club Roadster, $1560 Sedan, $2275- Cabriolet, $1960 Coupe, $2135 Club Sedan, $2185 Also Town Car and Limousine. TWO SIZES $1250 MitchellJunior-ass2e-ser Six on similar lines, with 120-inch wheelbase and a 40-horsepower motor. }^-inch smaller bore. Club Roadster, $1280 Sedan, $1950— Coupe, $1850 All Prices f. o. b. Racine. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipir BETTER FRUIT Page 3 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS 8c CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND. OREGON W. H. DRYBJR 'W. W. BOLJ-^AM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT 8TREET PHONES: MAIN 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON MARK LEVY & CO. Commission Merchants Wholesale Fruits 121-123 Front St. and 200 Washington St. PORTLAND, OREGON The Portland Hotel PORTLAND, OREGON Broadway, Morrison, Sixth and Yamhill Streets Covers an entire block in the city's heart. Convenient to the newspaper, banking, shopping and theatrical districts. Homelike, refined, restful. European Plan. $ 1 .00 per Day and Upwards RICHARD W. CHILDS, MANAGER g^^^^^^^^^-^~^^^^— i^~^-^^—^^^— ^^^-^^^^^^^^^™ W. van Diem Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49, 51, 61 ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND European Receivers of American Fruits Eldest and First-Class House In this Branch Cable Address: W. Vandiem ABC Code used; 6th Edition Our Specialties Are Apples,Pears,Naval Oranges ARCADIA America's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. . Healthful Climate Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON ORCHARDISTS SUPPLY HOUSE Franz Hardware Co. HOOD RIVER, ORE. VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page -4 BETTER FRUIT October ST SERVICE - JTY& PRICES PERFECTION IN FRUIT j£^ 1423-24 1 PORTLAND.ORI E.Sheluey Mono an NORTHWESTERN MANAGER . WE CARRY -AND' CAN SrliPlN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERRIES. Driver Agents Wanted ■Drive an' i demonstrate the Baen Car. ray torii out oi ,/i ^mmi-ionaon Balea. My ageuta are <"«*£* "a^r^p. _15-in Wheelbase Delco Ignition-Elect. Stg.&Ltg, BUSH MOTOR COMPANY, Bush Temple, Chicago, Illinois back. 1918 models Write at once for log* and" all partic- ulars. Aridresn J. H. Bush, Pres. Dept. 10MN BUY AND TRY White River Flour MAKES Whiter, Lighter Bread The Hardie Nail Stripper Made of heavily coated tin, this stripper is built for hard con- tinuous service. Its use means a cutting of packing house costs. It is but one of many practical orchard and packing house devices described in our free circular. Send for it. The Hardie Mfg.Co. 49 North Front Street Portland, Oregon For tractors, Zerolene Heavy- Duty is especi- ally recommended. American Automobile Co. Tacoma "results secured in the hun- dreds of Stearns-Knight sold by us have been wonderfully satisfactory." CHEVROLET S. Dulmage Motor Co. Seattle ' 'we are finding Zerolene a very efficient lubricant." CADILLAC Western Auto Sales Co. Reno "we consider Zerolene partic- ularly adapted for use in high- speed "V" type motors." MAXWELL Lord Motor Car Co. Los Angeles "have used Zerolene in Max- well cars for over three years with excellent results." to Endorsed by Leading Car Distributors — because the records of their service departments show that Zerolene, correctly refined from California asphalt -base crude, gives perfect lubrication — less wear, more power, least carbon deposit. Dealers everywhere and at our service stations. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) fib ZEROLENE The Standard Oil for Motor Cars WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING Food Administration and Fruit and Vegetable Industry Address by G. Harold Powell at Twenty-third Annual Convention of the International Apple Shippers' Association, New York, August 16, 1917 IT is a pleasure to meet the mem- to the Allies since the beginning of spirit of co-operation, and with a con- bers of the International Apple the war. With an increase in the de- fidence that when the problem is ShiDDers' Association as a repre- mand for meat and a decrease in the clearly defined the industries will act "T is a pleasure to meet the mem- bers of the International Apple .Shippers' Association as a repre- sentative of the United States Food Administration, to discuss some of the questions that confront the apple in- dustry as a result of the war and to establish a relationship of mutual con- fidence between the Food Administra- tion and this organization. The Food Problem of America. The food problem of America is to send our Allies more foods of the most concentrated nutritive value in the smallest shipping space. These foods are wheat, beef, pork, dairy products and sugar. The solution is to eat less of these exportable foods, to substitute other foods, particularly the perish- ables, and to waste less food of all kinds. The food supplies of our Allies have been greatly reduced because the farmers are fighting at the front. Be- fore the war, the food production of the Allies was not equal to their con- sumption. They secured their surplus requirements from America, Russia, Roumania, South America, India, Aus- tralia and other countries. Now they can no longer obtain their food from most of the outside countries. There is a shortage in man power, in trans- portation, and there are other difficul- ties which they cannot surmount. Our Allies, therefore, ask America to sup- ply them with the necessaries of life that they may live and fight the battle — our battle, as well as their own, — for liberty and for democracy. America will of course supply the Allies with food, but it can be done only by the co-operative, patriotic ef- fort of every individual and every industry by producing abundantly, by handling food products wisely, by re- ducing the economic wastes in distri- bution, by simplifying the distributing machinery, by selling at reasonable prices without excessive distribution profits and by practicing economy and efficient management in the use and handling of food supplies. America must increase her normal exports of wheat from 88,000,000 to 220,000,000 bushels if the Allies are to be properly fed. It can be done by reducing the use of wheat one pound per person per week and by the sub- stitution of other foods. The food animals of the Allies have decreased 33,000,000 head since the war began. The needs of the Allied soldiers have increased the meat con- sumption abroad. The United States has already tripled the meat exports source of supply abroad, our exports must be greatly increased. If we will save one ounce of meat per person per day, the Allies can have what they need. There is a steady falling off in the dairy products of our Allies because of the loss in cattle and the increased cost of feed. Our exports last year reached three times as much butter and ten times as much condensed milk as we sent before the war. These ex- ports must be still further increased if the Allies are to be adequately sup- plied. The Allies will need 2,000,000 pounds more of sugar than they im- ported before the war. The supply must be drawn from the same source as our own supply. This can be done only by individual economy. Our pres- ent consumption of sugar per person is twice that of France. In meeting the war food problem, the Food Administration approaches the business interests of America in a quickly and directly in reaching the solution. But there are no miracles in prospect in the handling of perishable products. Taken in the large, we are dealing with millions of farmers most of whom are unorganized; with at least three hundred and fifty thousand wholesale and retail distributors who as a whole are equally unorganized; with the habits of twenty million fam- ilies whose individualism is not less pronounced than that of the producer himself; with systems of transporta- tion and of terminal distribution; with business methods and with buying and consuming habits that have grown up through generations of gradual evolu- tion. Yet we are confident that from national necessity the evolution in the methods of handling the nation's food will quickly effect a saving in food supplies and develop a more direct method of distribution at a lower cost to the prod u.c e r and consumer Through the co-operation of the pro- Continued on page 21 W00DR0W WILSON President of the United States SAYS TO THE MEN WHO RUN THE RAILWAYS OF THE COUNTRY— THE railways are the arteries of the nation's life and that upon them rests the immense responsibility of seeing to it that these arteries suffer no obstruction of any kind. THE GREATEST SINGLE OBSTRUCTION TO THE PROMPT handling of freight today is the shortage of cars. IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO BUILD NEW CARS IN TIME TO relieve the situation. THERE IS NO OTHER MEANS BY WHICH THE CAPACITY of the railways can be so economically and efficiently increased as by increasing the load per car. YOU CAN HELP WIPE THIS DIFFICULTY OFF THE MAP. It's easy! Listen! NO CAR IS LOADED UNLESS AND UNTIL FILLED TO FULL visible capacity, or to 10 per cent above marked weight-carrying capacity. A CAR LOADED TO FULL (10 PER CENT ABOVE MARKED) capacity can be moved just as fast as an under-loaded car and does not take up any more yard or sidetrack room. That's 110 per cent efficiency! AN INCREASE OF ONLY TWO TONS PER LOADED CAR WOULD be the same as adding 200,000 new cars to the supply available for public use. HEAVIER CAR LOADING WILL ELIMINATE. THE CAR SHORT- AGE OF THE NATION. JUST A LITTLE THOUGHT AND QUICK ACTION IS ALL THAT IS NECESSARY. HOW CAN YOU AFFORD NOT TO "DO YOUR BIT"? Page 6 BETTER FRUIT October The Fruit-Bud Formation Related to Orchard Practice Address Delivered by E. J. Kruse at Twelfth Annual Meeting of Washington State Horticultural Association, Spokane, Wash., November 15, 1915 IT is intended in this talk to deal with some of the possible methods for the modification of fruit pro- duction, especially a few of the main pruning practices in use, since they are generally and widely discussed, and viewpoints differ greatly. It is to be understood from the outset, how- ever, that any practice is a means to an end and not an end in itself. As soon as the fruit grower recognizes this he is in a way to make substantial progress in his work and not until then. It makes absolutely no differ- ence what system or systems of or- chard practices may be employed, nor can any one system be universally recommended as best; the power of control of the fruit bud or fruit spur system rests not upon a mere code of pruning or cultivation ideas, but upon principles and laws influenced by every practice. Since this is so one should be ready to adopt whatever of good there may be in any set of rules and discard that which is not accept- able. Orchard practices must be sup- plemented one by another. It is only by a rational combination of pruning, cultivation, fertilization, irrigation, cover-cropping, inter-cropping, or any other operation which has to deal with the change or modification of the functions of the tree, that ideal fruit- ing conditions can be maintained. To determine the exact adjustment of or- chard practices each man, to a large degree, must conduct his own experi- ments and determine not only what is best for his orchard as a whole but for each tree individually. The surest way to judge the needs of a tree is to carefully check over the treatment given it during the past and note the response. Having done this, modify the practice to conform to require- ments. It may be an increase or de- crease in cultivation to suppress or encourage growth; the application of manures or fertilizers, irrigation, or the combination of these and other agencies rather than a radical change solely in the pruning or any other one practice. Fruit-bud formation is di- rectly induced and the buds are de- pendent upon the conditions existing within the tree, and not by any system that may be hotly agitated today and abandoned tomorrow. In the past argument has waged around the ideal tree form but all are coming to realize more and more that tree-form is less essential than tree performance. It is folly to say that any one form is best; it may be best under certain circumstances, but cer- tainly not universally so. Whatever the shape chosen, however, under all circumstances it must be compatible with the basic idea of production, and in discussing production one is at once lead into a discussion of the fruit- producing machinery, the fruit-bud system. That misunderstanding may be avoided later, the several classes of fruit buds are mentioned. Those of perhaps most general occurrence and certainly the most widely discussed are those borne on fruit spurs. Now a fruit spur may be either simple or compound, depending on whether it bears a single terminal bud, as is the case when very young, or many buds, as is often true when several years old. The second most frequently oc- curring class of buds is the axillaries. They are borne on current-year wood in the axils or angles of the leaves and always close to the branch from which they arise. In apples it is often very difficult to tell them from the axillary leaf buds, in pears they are usually readily distinguishable by their large size and plumpness. This class of buds merits more attention than it has re- ceived in the past, though they are of rare occurrence in certain varieties, in others they are extremely abundant, and it is often from them that the ma- jor portion of fruit is produced on young, vigorous trees. The third class embraces the terminals, so-called be- cause they are borne at the tips or terminals of shoots or branches. Of course it is realized that in the case of fruit spurs the fruit buds are really terminal in position, but in the class now under consideration the shoots and branches are of considerable length, longer than would generally be considered a spur growth. In Ben Davis, for example, the spurs bearing a fruit may produce one to three very long laterals which in turn produce a fruit bud at the tip. If these laterals are very long the fruit bud would be considered "terminal"; if shorter, it would be regarded as forming part of a very loose, open spur. Actually, the difference is rather one of degree than of kind. The relation of each class of buds to the productivity of any particular va- riety is of greatest importance. All va- rieties of apples and pears produce fruit spurs, and after the tree comes to full bearing age the greater portion Home Life Industrial Life Na Armij The Basic Structure of our National Life Home, Industrial, Army and Navy Life all rest on the Food Supply, which in turn rests entirely on Crops that are dependent on Farm Machinery. ipl? BETTER FRUIT Page 7 of fruit is generally borne on them. The trees should be so managed, there- fore, that the spurs are well distrib- uted throughout the entire tree, and afforded the best condition for pro- ducing prime fruit. On the other hand, many varieties while young, particu- larly those that come into bearing at any early age, produce a very large proportion of the first few crops from terminals and axillaries. For such va- rieties a method of pruning which will tend to conserve and encourage as many as possible of these fruit buds should be adopted. As the trees grow older, and fruit spurs are developed and an increasingly greater propor- tion of the fruit is so borne, the method of pruning should be modi- fied in such a way as to encourage more fruit spurs, to maintain those present in good condition and also to provide some new shoots bearing axil- lary and terminal buds. Of course it is realized that some growers are con- fronted with the tendency of their trees to over bear, to produce fruit at the expense of shoot production. Such a state of affairs is really an exception to conditions generally encountered and special practices, largely cultural rather than pruing, would have to be employed for handling such trees. It is a more difficult task to counteract the habit to over bear due to pecu- liarly local environment than to man- age the average trees which fail to bear, unless circumstances are ex- tremely unusual. Briefly then, determine the type of production of the variety as limited by the conditions under consideration and adopt such methods as best apply to it. One of the first pruning prin- ciples to be learned is the difference in effect of heading back and thin- ning out the top. It may be regarded as virtually a universal rule that under like conditions a liberal heading back tends to produce vegetative shoots and thicken the top at the expense of fruit bud formation, both because of exces- sive vegetative stimulation and a shad- ing out due to an increased size and number of branches, while thinning out with no heading back means a generous number of fruit buds, a less- ened vegetative response and a pos- sible sacrifice of tree form. It would be easy to take a hypothetical case and compute the number of shoots and fruit buds resulting from the two methods of pruning, but it is suf- ficient to say that the result would substantiate the foregoing statement. Knowing the effects of these two prac- tices, the successful grower will com- bine the two for best success. In other words, neither method is the better, except that when trees have been neglected or pruned wholly ac- cording to one system or the other, as many orchards have been, it is fre- quently an advantage to completely re- verse the method for a year or two and thereafter follow both. The fruit grower is frequently con- fronted with the condition, where ap- parently, either he must sacrifice form or fruit production, as for example young trees which have set a number of fruit buds towards the tips of long branches, or which probably would develop fruit buds on branches left uncut. It will be found that instead of treating all branches on the trees alike and pruning to the best possible form, judged from the standpoint of beauty only, the tree would be more profitable and of exactly as good form eventually if some of the supernu- merary branches were not removed and either headed back very lightly or not at all; this to be done during the winter. It is the general experience that such uncut branches will go into the fruiting condition, especially if well exposed to light and air, sooner than those cut heavily. They may be removed later when the remainder of the tree begins to fruit. The advan- tages of such a system are at least two- fold: first, the truit which is har- vested from the branches and second, the tree as a whole receives a lighter pruning and goes into the fruiting con- dition more quickly than if severe pruning'is continued. Its disadvan- tages lie mostly in the fact that the pruner has difficulty in keeping the final form of his tree in mind unless entirely cut over; that the tree may be a bit unsightly; that there is a ten- dency to allow the tree to become too thick, and a hesitancy to remove the unpruned branches after the tree as a whole has come into bearing. The practice is better adapted to slender or open growing varieties such as Spitzenburg, Ortley, or Jonathan, than to the denser growing varieties as Newtown or Arkansas Black. It is worthy of trial on pears, but due to the very upright tendency of some va- rieties, it might be difficult to man- age them. Another way of inducing and main- taining a good fruit spur system is through summer pruning. There are A view of the- portable carrier in tin- precooling rooms. You will note that tin- carrier is handling packed boxes of oranges traveling in the direction Of ears for shipment. The temperature in this room is 38°. Gravity carrier systems have been used extensively throughout the Fast by large manufacturers for handling packages, and also by the citrus fruit growers of California. On account of the efficiency and economy in the use of the system it is going to be a great saving to all of the large apple packing houses in the Northwest, as well as all of the shipping con- cerns. Every concern handling box apples in quantity should investigate the carrier system if they want to do their business more economically and more efficiently. Page 8 BETTER FRUIT October many methods, all of which have their supporters; only a few will be taken up. It is now five years since the Oregon Experiment Station tried the first experiment on what may be called early summer pruning and first recommended it for limited trial pending its success. Personally, I be- lieve this idea can be recommended with confidence for use on young vig- orous trees and those just coming into bearing. Briefly, the method is as fol- lows: When the new growth has at- tained a length several inches more than the branch would be left after a winter pruning of it at the end of the season, cut it back into wood which is firm and on which the leaves are as far apart as they would be at full ma- turity. Usually this means the re- moval of several inches to a foot or even more of growth. Generally such a pruning will come from the fore part of June to the fore part of July, de- pending on locality. The effect of such cutting back varies according to variety and vegetative vigor of the tree. To be successful it is expected that two or three buds on each branch will break and form shoots from six to possible some thirty inches long by fall, while below these there will prob- ably be several shorter shoots or spurs pushed out. In other words, instead of having one very long shoot by fall, it will be in much the same condition so far as branching is concerned, as it would have been the year following. This early summer pruning then is similar to and takes the place of a winter pruning. In a sense two years have been combined into one. Of course such a statement is compara- tive, the result is not exactly the same. During the winter following such a pruning, the secondary shoots which have pushed out should be headed back, if long, to the desired length, and a liberal thinning given, while if but a few inches of secondary growth have been the result, either do not prune at all except for thinning out or merely tip back the terminals. This tipping back is unnecessary in the case of varieties which normally break sev- eral buds but should not be neglected with those, such as Spitzenburg, Ort- ley, and Spy, which tend to break at the terminals only and produce long, slender, willowy shoots. It may prove advisable to do such second tipping in the fall just as length growth is ceas- ing, but on this point data are now lacking. What are the results of such prun- ing? There are advantages and disad- vantages, the former seemingly over- balancing the latter. In the first place, as just pointed out, virtually two years so far as form building is concerned, are combined into one; excessive heavy winter pruning is avoided; it is possible to correct, to a very large de- gree, the willowy spreading habit of many trees; the shorter stock branches resist the effect of the wind to greater advantage, there is no production of "crow nests" which often result from pinching; and of greatest importance, there is a more advantageous placing and probably an increase of fruit buds. This latter result is brought about in two ways. First there may be and often is a development of fruit buds on the lower part of the pruned shoot during the summer that the pruning is done, and even more likely so during the summer following when this part of the shoot functions as if it were a year older than it actually is. And second, in the case of many of those varieties that tend to produce axillary buds far out toward the ter- minus and which would be removed, therefore, by the ordinary winter pruning, may be retained since they may have been induced to develop be- low the summer cut or develop as axillaries and terminals on the sec- ondary shoots, the shorter of which require no winter pruning. The method is also successful with pears. I have in mind a number of young pear trees on which virtually the only immediate response from such a summer pruning was the push- ing out of the axillary buds a short way and then producing fruit buds, and a number of older pear trees, which the owner tells me still show a beneficial effect in fruit production from such an experimental pruning given several years ago. The method is recommended also for use on trees that have been top worked, and are making a vigorous growth. For by it considerable time may be saved in shaping the new top and again bring- ing it into bearing. The disadvantages urged against it are that the secondary branches are apt to be weak and form a poor angle or crotch, that the tree becomes too dense and twiggy, and that the pro- cess is devitalizing. No one or all of these suggestions is sufficiently seri- ous to discourage the recommenda- tion of early summer pruning, as a general practice. It is true that on some varieties the crotches the first year are not so desirable as are those resulting from winter pruning, but this effect disappears in a year or two and neither crotch nor branch can be distinguished from any other except that there are more fruit buds or spurs present. The question of density is easily regulated by thinning out either during the summer or winter and in this connection attention is again di- rected to the relative merits of head- ing back and thinning out. It cer- tainly remains to be proven that the system as recommended is devitaliz- ing. It is true that excessive summer pruning can be made a detrimental practice, but there are many and sun- ipir BETTER FRUIT Page p This Tree was planted in a BLASTED Bed [This one was planted the ordinary way Herman H. Smidt, R. F. D. 3, Oregon City, Oregon, owner of these trees, read in Better Fruit that trees planted in blasted sod would grow faster and be better in every way than trees set in dug holes. He tried it, and on February 14, 1916, wrote as follows: "I intended to blast the whole orchard but ran out of powder and finished a small balance without it. I am glad of this now because it has enabled me to compare the growth of the trees and satisfy myself that the expense was justified. "My orchard was planted three years ago and all trees were selected and of even age and size. The trees that were planted in blasted ground show a growth of 75 to 100 per cent, over the trees in ground not blasted. They are healthier and more satisfactory in every way, and I have no hesitation in recommending IanSFarmPowders STUMPING — AGRICULTURAL to the prospective orchard owner. I have just bought 1100 more prune trees and would not think of planting them without preparing the ground with powder. "My method is very simple and expense per tree very small. I drive a bar into the ground about four feet and explode one-half to one stick of powder in each hole. I then spade out the hole for the tree on the spot that was blasted. "Thank you for getting the three boxes of Giant Powder for me so quickly." Hundreds of fruit growers have found, like Mr. Smidt, that trees set in blasted beds grow faster and larger and bear earlier than trees set the ordinary way. These men have found also that the Giant Farm Powders— Eureka Stumping or Giant Stumping— are the proper explosives to use in tree planting. They pul- verize the soil for several feet in every direction, instead of caking and packing it. When you use the Giant Farm Powders you save money and get better results. Be sure your dealer supplies vou with the genuine Giant Powders, made especially for Pacific Coast conditions. If your dealer has only ordinary dynamites, we will see that you are supplied with the real Giant Powders. THE GIANT POWDER CO., Con., Home Office: SAN FRANCISCO "Everything for Blasting " Branch Office.: SEATTLE, SPOKANE. PORTLAND. SALT LAKE CITY. DENVER WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Get the Giant Book "Better Orchard Tillage" It contains information worth many dollars to you. It tells and shows how to prepare the soil for planting. It explains how to secure better drainage and increased moisture-storage capacity in established orchards, and how to get larger yields and save money on fertilizers. Mark and mail the coupon — or a post-card — and this valu- able book will be sent free. Do it now — before you forget it. Other illustrated books on Stump Blasting, Boulder Blasting, Sub- soil Blasting and Ditching, will also be sent on request. Free Book Coupon The Giant Powder Co., Con. San Francisco Send me your illustrated hooks on the subjects which I have marked X. ~~]stump Blasting | |lree Planting |BoulderBlasting| [uitch Blasting ^Subsoil Blasting 202 Address ■ Write below your dealer's name. Page 10 BETTER FRUIT October MYERS HYDRO - PNEUMATIC PUMPS will furnish running water for your home whether it be a palace or just the ordinary homey home — location no longer counts — Myers Pumps, many styles and sizes, hand or power, are designed for city or country residences where a private water system is desirable or necessa- ry. Used in connection with a pres- sure tank they furnish water at the turn of a faucet for - Stop lugging water buckets long enough to sit down and write us about these wonderful labor saving MYERS PUMPS. Information and catalog on request. I sm < BATHROOM^ 1.0U Better Fruit Hood River, Oregon Distribution of the Northwestern Apple Crop By E. H. Shepard, Editor Better Fruit THE series of article on Distribution that appeared in the July, August and September editions of Better Fruit have created more comment and more favorable consideration than any series of article ever published in Better Fruit since Better Fruit commenced publication in July, 1906. Some managers of selling associations feel that it is the disposition of the Editor to find fault or criticize. Such has not been and is not the intention. The sole object the Editor had in writing these articles was to state the facts as nearly as possible, believing that in so doing it would stimulate the selling concerns to a greater effort of wider distribution. Every one must admit that if the crop can be so dis- tributed so as not to congest or glut any market that a higher level of prices can be maintained and better net results obtained for the grower, and that is what the growers want. While a great number of letters of ap- preciation have been received from many fruit growers and members of the different associations, commend- ing the editor for the valuable inform- ation furnished, the first of its kind ever published by the way, and assur- ing the editor it is their opinion that this series of articles will stimulate and create a greater and a better dis- tribution of the Northwestern apple crop than we have had, the editor de- sires rather to consider in Ibis article t lie letters of criticism rather than the letters of commendation. The main criticism comes from the salesman- ager of one of the large associations, who briefly comments as follows, "in checking up the list of towns sold by his association during the past year he finds that 20 towns of over 3000 popu- lation were sold by his association that do not appear on the list, and 41 towns under 3000 were sold by his as- sociation which do not appear on the list." The editor desires to call atten- tion to this fact in connection with this criticism. The list of towns sold :is stated in the article covered the cities reported, as handling carlots di- rect, by the Northwestern Fruit Ex- change up to December 31, 1916, and the towns reported by the Fruit Grow- ers' Agency only for the months of October and November, 1916. It is true there probably was a greater dis- tribution than the list of towns indi- cated for the reason the reports from the Fruit Growers' Agency only in- cluded October and November ship- ments. It also must be borne in mind that a number of other towns may have been sold during these months where cars were diverted from their orig- inal destination to some other point which would not appear on the Fruit Growers' Agency list of towns shipped. Another point of criticism worthy of comment and one which the fruit industry should have, is this salcsmanager's statement in connec- tion with the number of towns that can be sold. He has called attention to a mailing list furnished by mailing list agency, which states there are only 7000 names of wholesale fruit dealers and jobbers with $5000 capital; and therefore there are not dealers in all of the other towns and consequently it would be impossible to do business in many of them for this reason. The salcsmanager's contention is admitted. The editor does not claim that every town or every fruit jobber in the United States can be sold. The main contention is that a greater number of towns can be sold and a greater dis- WANTF-fl T^e manaKement °f an ilHIl I LU orchard, by a man with sev- eral years experience all over the North- west. Am employed at present but want to change. Best of references. T. 0., care Better Fruit. U/ANTf-il P°s'aon as superintendent or ri nil ILL) foreman of some orchard proposition by one who is competent through a life's experience (age 44) in all phases of fruit growing. References fur- nished. Address C. H. G., care Better Fruit. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. i9 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page r? TOWER'S FISH BRAND REFLEX SLICKER is a corker for stayihrt on the job. , FT- Waierproof Ahsoluh Satisfaction Guaranteed. t J '' L^ DEALERS EVERYWHERE. A. J. TOWER CO. BOSTON. Money in Walnuts There's money in walnuts — more than one Northwest grower has already dis- covered it to his profit and advantage. Best nuts to plant are Genuine Vrooman Strain Franquettes Grafted on California Black Roots This superb variety is noted for its qual- ity, uniformily large size and dependable crops. Most profitable walnut yet developed. Write for quotation on any quantity. Remember — we guarantee our trees to be genuine Vrooman Strain Franquettes. Elmer Bros. Nursery 82 S. Market SAN JOSE, CAL. tribution created in selling individual dealers in small towns in carlots. The editor realizes there are thousands of dealers who could not handle carlots, and on the other hand there arc many instances in some of the small cities where if one dealer could not handle a carload, three or four dealers com- bined could. This plan has been suc- cessfully used by some of the progres- sive fruit concerns of the Northwest. Manufacturers and jobbers frequently place carloads which are divided among three or four dealers in one city. Fruit shippers can do the same where such an arrangement is advis- able. The article on Distribution of the Peach Crop of New York City is very significant in connection with the distribution of the Northwestern apple crop. This article appears else- where in this edition. Special atten- tion is called to the fact that the N't w York peach crop amounted to about 5000 cars. The record shows that 4419 cars were shipped to 339 cities. As the apple crop of the Northwest is about five times as great as the New York peach crop it would mean that the apple crop of the Northwest could reasonably be expected to cover five times as many cities as the New York peach crop, or 1695 cities and towns, and it is reasonable to assume, as peaches are a perishable commod- ity and have to be sold in a limited time, that many dealers could handle a carload of apples where they could not handle a carload of peaches. In making a comparison on the dis- tribution of the New York peach crop with the Northwestern apple crop, please bear in mind that the distribu- tion of the New York peach crop, for reasons which every fruit grower well understands, was confined principally to New York State, the New England States, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New Jersey, Maryland and Indiana, in re- ality covering approximately less than one-tenth of the area of the United States. The editor of Better Fruit does not claim to be a prophet nor to be abso- lutely correct at all times, and even if some of his contentions or opinions are incorrect, the editor believes that much good will come out of the work already done along this line if the managers and salesmanagers will only give the matter of distribution their fullest and most careful attention. The very fact that this salesmanager crit- icised this article appearing in Better Fruit and took the pains to check up his list and secure a list of the fruit jobbers with $5000 capital, indicates that he realizes the possibility of a greater distribution, and has taken the trouble to look into the matter and find out just where he is at. If other salesmanagers will do the same care- ful work as this one has done it is just this kind of work that will result in a greater distribution. Save Your Own Vegetable Seed. Home gardeners as well as truck growers who find seed of favored varieties difficult to secure or high in price would do well to save their own seed, according to the United States Department of Agriculture. The saving of seed from beans, peas, corn, peppers, okra, egg plant, squash, cu- cumbers, muskmelons and watermel- ons is very simple, the chief require- ment being to select seed from good plants. Obtaining seed from tomato, radish, lettuce, kale, collards, cab- bage, kohl-rabi, beets, carrots and mus- tard, while not so simple, is not be- yond the ability of any amateur gard- ener. A newly published Farmers' Bulletin, "Saving Vegetable Seeds for the Home and Market Garden," (No. ScS I » which will be suypplied free by the United States Department of Agri- culture, explains in delail how to gather and cure seeds commonly needed by truck growers. As it is — TRUE - that— Caro Fibre FRUIT WRAPPERS Prolong the Life -OF- Apples You who Grow Apples with great Expense should Dress them Warm and Attractively. Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit. Give Your Apples a Fair Show. Get the Top Price. The Apple Buyer knows Caro Fibre — Wouldn't You Pay a little more for a box of apples if you knew that it Would Keep Longer. If Your Shipper Doesn't Use Caro Fibre Fruit Wrappers he is not giving your fruit a Fair Show Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. MANUFACTURERS F. B. DALLAM, Pacific Coast Representative 417 Market Street San Francisco, California Eastbound OR Westbound IF YOU'RE TICKETED OVER THE North Bank Road between Spokane and Portland, you will enjoy to the uttermost the scenic wonderland of the Cascade Range and the Colum- bia River. Water Level Grade Two Fine Observation Car Trains Daily Send for pictorial map of Columbia River. R. H. CROZIER, A. G. P. A. Portland. Oregon. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION DETTER FRUIT Page ii BETTER FRUIT October BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER, OREGON Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers* Association A \! >hti]v itinerated Magazine Published in the Interest of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittance* Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEFARD, Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist CoiralllB WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thornber. Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonvllle Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson. Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Wlnslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign. Including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27, 1906, at the Postoffice at Hood River, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3. 1879. The Tenth National Apple Show will be hekl in Spokane, November 19-24th, inclusive. Just think, this is the tenth year for the National Apple Show, and it seems but a moment ago when Spo- kane startled the world with the fa- mous announcement, the first of its kind ever made, they would hold an exhibit to consist of apples in car- loads. Nothing of the kind had ever been done before. Previous to that time apples had been exhibited, as everyone knows, on plates in count? and state fairs, in a small way box ex- hibits had been made under the aus- pices of the Northwestern Fruit Grow- ers' Association, an old organization consisting of growers, fruit dealers and railroad men and everybody in- terested in the business, who held an- nual meetings successfully in Oregon, Washington and Idaho along in the winter months. Hood River had put up a small local exhibit, called the Hood River Apple Fair at which were usually exhibits from 100 to 500 boxes of apples. The National Apple Show of Spokane has done more to promote the apple industry of the Northwest and to develop it than any other sim- iliar effort. It has provided a com- mon meeting ground for growers from all over the Northwest where they have had an opportunity to see what each other was producing; how they were packing it, and a chance to learn how to do things' better. Growers universally profited from the knowl- edge gained from the splendid ex- hibits of perfectly graded and prop- erly packed fruit. In addition to this, the Apple Show always held a con- vention at which was discussed all problems pertaining to the fruit grow- ing industry — in earlier years more particularly the growing and cultural methods, and in recent years market- ing, distribution prices, advertising and transportation. The National Ap- ple Show has done more to standard- ize the Norl Invest exhibit-more to bring the growers closer together and do away with petty jealousies that ex- isted between oilier fruit districts than any other public institution of the Northwest. It is entitled to the fullest support of every fruit grower. Grow- ers should be liberal in their exhibits. No grower can afford to miss attend- ing this show — it is of real value, of real interest, and affords a pleasant diversity for the fruit grower, a nice vacation with a splendid opportunity for a little sight-seeing in the beauti- ful and attractive city of Spokane, where there are many good theatres and many other public places of en- tertainment and amusement. It must be borne in mind that Spokane is en- titled to a great deal of credit, because the Editor knows that business men of Spokane have put up for this show every year, and each year the receipts were less than the expense — the Spo- kane business men digging down in their pockets to make up the deficit. Progressive Spokane business men are willing to do this on account of the importance of the apple industry of the Northwest to business interests. In the end, Spokane will not be the loser, because Spokane will profit by the increased business of the apple growers. The prizes this year are very attractive, consisting of 93000 in cash. Exhibits will consist of equip- ment for pruning, spraying, picking, packing, etc. Every implement, and every piece of machinery used by the apple growers in their business will be on exhibit, so every fruit grower will have an opportunity to see all of the different kinds and makes and judge for himself which is the best. DON'T MISS THE APPLE SHOW. because it indicates that this man is progressive enough to check up his list and obtain a list of all the pos- sible dealers with capital large enough to justify credit. If other sales man- agers will do as much the question of distribution will be solved in the near future. Mr. G. Harold Powell, assistant to Howard Hoover, delivered a most ex- cellent address before the Interna- tional Apple Shippers' Convention on Food Conservation, which appears elsewhere in this edition. The father of G. Harold Powell had a large or- chard in New York State where Mr. Powell learned the orchard business as a boy. After attending college he specialized in horticulture, taking a position in the Department of Agri- culture, at Washington. Many fruit growers of the Northwest have met Mr. Powell, who annually makes trips to the Northwest to study conditions. Afterwards Mr. Powell became chief executive in the Department of Agri- culture, Washington, later accepting a position with the Citrus Fruit Growers' Association at the highest salary paid any sales manager by a fruit concern anywhere in the world. Mr. Powell has secured a leave of absence to do his duty to the government and prob- ably at a very small salary compared with what he is paid by the associa- tion. The Editor knows Mr. Powell intimately, having known him for many years, and recognizes him as one of the ablest men in the fruit busi- ness in America, therefore unhesitat- ingly advises everyone to read Mr. Powell's article in this edition. Comment on Distribution. — A com- ment is made by one of the sales man- agers on the articles on distribution appearing in the July edition of Ret- teb Fruit, calling attention to the fact that nineteen cars appearing on his list are not included. The Editor does not question the statement for one mo- ment and in way of explanation de- sires to say that the report only in- cluded the concerns reporting to the Fruit Growers' Agency for October and November, and the Northwestern Fruit Exchange up to December 31st. Diversions are frequently made which would not appear on the list. In towns under 3000 he claims to have sold 41 that do not appear on the list. He also calls the attention of the Editor to the fact he has obtained a list of fruit jobbers with $5000 capital, and states there are but 7000 on the list. Admitting that this is correct we have sold less than one-tenth of the num- ber. The Editor desires to express his appreciation and thanks for this com- ment, and in addition desires to com- mend this manager and to say it is the best kind of evidence in the world that the articles on distribution are proving of value to the fruit growers Distribution of the Peach Crop. — The articles appearing in July, Au- gust and September editions of Retter Fruit on the Distribution of the North- western Apple Crop have proved ex- ceedingly interesting. In this issue is published the Distribution of the Peach Crop of New York. The crop amounted to about 5000 cars, a record being obtained of 4419 cars distributed in 339 cities. The apple crop of the Northwest last year was over 20,000 cars, being distributed to a little over 600 cities and towns. If the North- western apple crop had been as well distributed as the New York peach crop they would have sold to 1600 towns. The peach crop of New York was marketed in about one-tenth of the area of United States, whereas Northwest apples are marketed over the entire United States. Peaches are limited in distribution on account of their exceedingly perishable nature and for this reason only comparatively large dealers in large cities can handle peaches in carlots. On account of the longevity of apples and splendid keep- ing qualities, much smaller cities and much smaller dealers can handle car- lots, for reason of the very long time given to dispose of a carload before it begins to show decay or become over-ripe. ip 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Apple Prices. — There is an immense range in the price lists being sent to the trade by the different organiza- tions on some varieties of apples. For instance, Spitzenburgs, extra fancy, are being quoted at $1.65, $1.75, $1.85, $1.90, some have been sold as low as $1.50. There is also a wide range in the difference in the price of fancy compared to extra fancy — for instance, one concern (motes $1.75 for extra fancy Spitzenburgs, fancy at $1.65. Another concern quotes extra fancy $1.75, and quote fancy $1.50. One makes a difference of 10c between extra fancy and fancy. Another 25c. It would seem their idea ought to be nearer together on fancy as both agree on extra fancy. It was suggested last year that the sales managers connected with the Fruit Growers' Agency meet in conference and get each others' ideas of values. Of course, it is un- derstood they could not arbitrarily fix a price on account of the Anti-Trust laws, but it would seem they ought to become better informed and have a clearer idea of the value than is in- dicated by the great difference in prices being quoted, which range, for instance, on Spitzenburgs as already stated, for the following scale, $1.50, $1.65, $1.75, $1.80 and $1.90. Values of Apples. — The prices of ap- ples this year are considerably higher than in 1916, apparently due princi- pally to the difference in quantity this year as compared with last year. One point worthy of consideration with every fruit grower and every sales manager, and in fact every buyer as well, is that nearly every other com- modity has increased in price. All im- plements, tools and supplies cost the fruit grower a great deal more this year than last. All spray material, fer- tilizer and other materials have also increased in price. Wages have gone up — boxes have advanced, last year boxes cost 10% cents and this year 18 to 20 cents. This year growers es- timate the increased cost of apples anywhere from 25 to 40 cents per box, consequently fruit growers must get a much higher price this year for their apple crop to pay the cost of produc- tion and anything like a fair profit. Harvesting. — When the Editor was in Washington, I). C, a few years ago, he had the pleasure of being shown the hand colored paintings of apples that hail been placed on cold storage, show- ing the effect on the keep of picking at the proper time. In a word, all apples that are picked too early or too late either scald or show off-condition in a comparatively short lime after (•dining mil of cold storage. Experi- ments carried on in the Northwest, of which the Editor has seen many, all conclusively prove the same thing. The Editor of Better Fruit picked some Spitzenburgs in 1915 when the red had become a bright color and the basic color, whitish, not yellow, packed them promptly and placed them on cold storage, keeping them a year and GET THE DOPE ON THE New Myers POWER SPRAY RIGS Triplex Pump, 200 -Gallon Tank Duplex Pump, 150-Gallon Tank Send for Catalogue of Complete Line of Myers Sprayers East Morrison and East Second Streets PORTLAND, OREGON ten months in fine condition. So it be- hooves the apple grower not to pick too early or let them become too ripe, if he wants to have them in the best keeping condition and deliver them to the consumer in first-class condition. Shortage of Supplies and Equipment. — The shortage of raw materials in all lines and increasing prices, undoubt- edly will continue during the war and may continue for some time after- wards, making it important for every fruit grower to buy all articles he is going to need for the coming season at the earliest opportunity. If he does not, it is pretty certain they will be higher in price and it is quite probable if he puts it off too long he may not be able to purchase at all. A great many manufacturers have been unable to fill their orders this year on ac- count of the shortage of raw materials, consequently the fruit growers should not delay in securing such articles as I hey may require for the coming sea- son. NORTHWEST FAIR DATES ORKGON COUNTY AND LOCAL FAIRS Washington County — Forest Grove, October 2 to 5. Lane County — Eugene, October 3 to 5. Interstate Fair — Prinevillc, October 3 to 6. Local Fair — Albany, October 12 to 14. WASHINGTON COUNTY 1\!HS Klickitat County— Goldendale, October 9 to 13. IDAHO COUNTY FAIRS Minidoka County — Rupert, October 2 to i'>. Washington County — Cambridge, October 3 to :,. OTHKR F.XPOSITIONS Manufacturers1 and Land Products Show- Poi Hand, November 3 to 24. Northwest Livestock Show — Lewiston, No- vember s to IS. Pacific National Dairy Show — Portland. No- i i ber 16 to T.:. Pacific international Livestock Show Port- land, \"\ ember 19 to 24 Dutch Bulbs for Winter Blooming1 and Earliest Spring Flowers Hardy, Easily grown and sure) to bloom We import direct from the best growers the Inrpest, most complete stock carried on this coast, sel"rt"top-root" bu I bs of the fi nest qual- ity and our prices are low. The beet vn'ues offered any- where. Our New Autumn Catalog of Bulbs, Roses, Fruit and Ornamental Trees, erries, Vines, Ferns ami House Plants r Mailed Free on Request. Ask for Catalog No. 201 ORTLA Seevd PORTLAND, OREGONT„AO Page 1 6 BETTER FRUIT October The Orchard Ladder of Quality must bear the name "Northwest." Thousands are sold on their merits. Ask your dealer to let you Off* r\\ it" I QrlriPr " vol,r lll';ller "'flMl*J"* „«I«W^ Vf \~*xtf Bw\^ %-& California Playground of America Invites the world and you to come and enjoy this winter out-of-doors. Automobiling along num- berless miles of beautiful highways; golf, tennis, polo and all manner of out-door sports; places and vistas interesting and beautiful beyond compari- son or description. You must see for yourself. THE DIRECT ROUTE TO THE SUNNY SOUTHLAND IS Union Pacific System Go one way, at least, via Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Route through Redlands, Riverside, Pasadena and the vast ORANGE GROVES of Sunny California We will be glad to help plan your trip. Ask WM. McMURRAY, General Passenger Agent, Portland for illustrated booklets, information, etc. a peck. That same year raspberries were selling at twenty to thiry-seven cents a quart; blackberries were bring- ing seventeen to twenty. Now as to apples: the average prices in the period 1831 to 1840 were some- what below those of recent years. Sunn- three or four years ago Mr. H. lication, worked out the average wholesale prices of apples in New Yoik from 1893 to 1913. Though these figures are not strictly compar- able with tbc Boston prices for the earlier period, we have utilized some of them in an interesting table or two. Then, ;is now, Baldwin constituted the B. Knapp, in a Cornell University pub- bulk of the apple trade. In Table I. the average prices, month by month, for the earlier and later periods are compared: TABLE I.— AVERAGE PRICE OF BALDWIN APPLES. 1834-46 1893-1903 1903-13 September $1.93 51.75 J2.08 October 2.09 1.85 2.16 November 2.2:, 2.39 December 2.43 2.61 2.54 January 2.:.T 2.75 2.80 Pebruarj 2.::. 3.03 3.19 March 2.89 3.15 3.40 April 3.54 3.45 3.64 May l.i I 3.56 l. H7 June 5.00 3.57 4.03 These figures show, for that part of tlic season when trading is most ac- tive, a fairly uniform advance in price, though the falling off in May and June is noteworthy. This may be Page t8 BETTER FRUIT October Denney & Co. CHICAGO Specialize in Box Apples and Other Western Fruits WE'RE READY TO TALK BUSINESS WITH THOSE HAVING GOOD FRUIT Write or wire us what you have to offer Steel Box Strapping Used in connection with metal seals consists of encircling a package with a metal strap, draw- ing the strap very tight and interlocking the overlapping strap - ends within a metal sleeve (SIGNODE) in such a manner that the joint has a greater tensilestrength than the strap itself. Nails, rivets and buck- les, with their attendant objections, are entirely eliminated. Write for Catalog Acme Strapping packed in bbls. of about 500 lbs. or larger pkgs. Metal Seals packed in cartons containing 2,000-2,500 seals. ACME STEEL GOODS CO. MFRS. Factory: 2840 Archer Ave., Chicago 311 California St., San Francisco due to cold storage making a greater supply available for these months or il may be due lo increased competition with other fruits. In Table II. all varieties are aver- aged together. This is hardly an ap- proved statistical method, since Bald- win should be weighted more heavily in such a table than a less common variety, like Spitzenburg, but since no figures as to amounts of sales were available, all were averaged in alike. TABLE II.— ALL VARIETIES, BY MONTHS. 1834-46 1893-1913 August J2.11 $2.27 September 1.86 2.32 October 2.08 2.11 November 2.2:: 2.6fi December 2.31 2.81 January 2.39 2.91 February 2.49 3.26 March 2.:>8 3.35 April 2.77 3.56 May 3.31 :;.7l June 3.67 3.70 Both tables indicate a slight increase in the price of apples. Measured in terms of other commodities, however, the rise is slight indeed. On the other hand, considering the vastly increased production and use of other fruits, the apple shows a surprising ability to hold its own. Apples and lemons seem to be the only fruits to show any well-marked advance in price in sev- enty or eighty years; the lemon alone shows a sharp advance. The conclusion seems inevitable then, that fruits are cheaper, relatively and actually, than when our great- grandparents went shopping. To that extent the consumer is better off now than he was in the "good old days." Tenth National Apple Show By Ren H. Rice, Spokane, Washington. SPOKANE is preparing to stage the Tenth National Apple Show in that city November 19 to 24 inclusive. Pre- liminary plans and purposes have been announced, indicating that the exposition, while steadfastly carrying forward its original purposes of fos- tering and emphasizing the import- ance of the apple as a food product, will take on new lines of endeavor which are peculiarly appropriate to the spirit of the times. With the nation engaged in a long struggle re- quiring the utmost in food saving, the Apple Show trustees have quite prop- erly announced that the dominant fea- ture of the show this year will be con- servation of the apple, augmented by patriotic features calculated to inspire recruiting and aid the government in its various phases of war preparation. The show will be held on the grounds adjoining the Union Pacific- Milwaukee depot, which location has been found so admirably suitable c In ring the past three shows. The af- fair is being directed by thirty-five business and professional men, aided and advised by fifty practical grow- ers and shippers from Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana. Jake Hill, proprietor of the Hill Shoe Company, is president of the National Apple Show. He has been a resident of the Northwest nearly all his life, and has been identified with many movements WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT igi-j- BETTER FRUIT Page ip J. & H.GOODWIN, LTD. Apple Exporters and Commission Merchants Offices: London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, England New York, Boston; also Maine, Virginia and California Address Correspondence: 60 State St., Boston, Mass. LADDtflLTONI 1 • BANK • This Pioneer Bank invites you to make this your banking home Successful People never spend all they earn. They save not occasionally but regularly. Start a savings account now or add to your savings account regularly from now on. It will give you a new lease on life. LADD & TILTON BANK PORTLAND, OREGON East yia California Most enjoyable route. Beautiful moun- tain scenery. Liberal stopovers. See San Francisco, Los Angeles, Apache Trail, El Paso, New Orleans. Three daily trains from Portland connect- ing at San Francisco for the South and East. First and second class sleeping cars. Unexcelled Dining Car Service. Ask your local agent for tickets and booklets descriptive of this wonderful trip. John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent, Portland, Oregon Southern Pacific Lines for the advancement of the Inland Em- pire interests. In assuming the presi- dency of the Apple Show, he made the one stipulation that the exposition should be primarily one to exploit the apple, and that its leading features should be approved by the men who know the apple business and who re- alize its importance to the Northwest. President Hill promises plenty of amusement features and liberal enter- tainment programs, but he wisely in- sists that first, last and always this shall be an Apple show. Since the first National Apple Show was horn in Spokane in 1908, it has been a big factor, if not the biggest factor, in drawing the world's atten- tion to the wonderful adaptability of the Northwest to the production of the apple. At first the show was held largely to advertise this fruit and to encourage its consumption. This was during the time of the big carload dis- plays, a feature which has never been attempted by any other apple exposi- tion. Along with the advertising came the conventions of fruit growers and fruit shippers who annually have met for the exchange of ideas and who have constantly labored for a higher standard of commercial apple grow- ing, until now the Northwest virtually sets the pace for the entire country in fruit excellence. This feature alone has made the National Apple Show in- valuable. Marketing problems have grown even as the apple orchards have in- creased. They are far from solution yet but recent years have proven the futility of several marketing attempts, while at the same time they have proven the value of others. The ideal method is yet to be evolved and the annual conferences at the National Apple Show are most helpful in this respect. The National Apple Show has al- ways been a money loser. The people of Spokane expect it always will be. No such an exposition can be held on so big a scale, give the prizes which it does to stimulate competition and fur- nish such big entertainment programs without being conducted at a loss, be- cause it is impossible to charge an ad- mission price which will bring suf- ficient return to meet receipts and be within reach of the general pubic. But the people of Spokane believe the Ap- ple Show is a big advertising asset to the community and they realize that it brings much business to the city, indirectly making returns for the money they cheerfully put up each year. Consequently they are backing the Tenth National Apple Show with the same optimistic spirit that has characterized the nine previous ex- hibitions. WITTEKcro-Oil ENGINES. Immediate Shipment1 Direct. from Factory — SAVE $15 TO $200- Simple in i construction, strong and powerful, few working parts—easy to understand, easy to operate, easy to own. Buy practically on your own terms- Cash, Payments or No Money Down. 90-Day Trial— 6 Xear Guarantee. Writo for latest priccH.-ED.^l. WITTE. WITTE ENGINE WORKS 1887 Oakland Ava., KansaaClty. Mo.1 IH47 Empire Btdt- PlLtsburgrt, Pa. TTHEf ORIGINAL /^| CHEMICAL* Indoor Closet 30,000 SOLO-FIFTH YEAR More Comfortable. Healthful, Convenient Eliminates tho out- house, open vault aiul cess pool, which are breeding places for germs. Have a warm, sanitary, odorless toilet right i a your house. No going oat in 'cold weather. A boon to invalids. Endorsed by State Boards of Health. ABSOLUTELY ODORLESS Put It Anywhere In Tho House The germs are killed by a chemical process in water In the container. Empty onoea month. No more trouble to empty than *&h>-». Ploset ah- solutelv guaranteed. Guarantee on file In the office ofthls publication. Aak for catalog and price R0WE SANITARY MFG. CO. 1410 6ih ST., DETROIT, A«k about tba Bo-San Wa«hnUnd— Hot and Gold MICH. Running Wnlur Without I'luml.lng • WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 20 WONDERFUL EGG PRODUCER Any poultry raiser can easily double his profits by doubling the egg production of his hens. A scientific tonic has been discovered that revitalizes the flock and makes hens work all the time. The tonic is called "MORE EGGS Tf Giveyourhens a few cents' worth of "More Eggs and you will be amazed and delighted with results. A dollar's worth of "More Eggs" will doube this year's production of eggs, so if you wish to try this great profit maker, write E. J. REEFER, Poultry Expert 3897 Reefer Building KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI who will send you a season's supply of "More Eggs" Tonic for $1.00 (prepaid). So confident is Mr. Reefer of results that a million-dollar bank guarantees if you are not satisfied your dollar will be returned on request and the "More Eggs" costs you nothing. _ Send a dollar todav, or ask Mr. Reefer for his FREE Poultry Book that tells the experience of a man who has made a fortune out of poultry. yea°runcan $50.00 ^ WITH THE Gearless Improved Standard Well Drilling Machine Drills through any formation. Five years ahead of any other. Has record of drilling 130 feet and driving casing in 9 hours. Another record where 70 feet was drilled on 2% gallons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can operate. Electrically equipped for running nights. Fishing job. Engine ignition. Catalogue W-8. REIERSON MACHINERY CO.. Mfg., 1295-97 Hood St.. Portland, Ore. BETTER FRUIT classes. It would take some matema- tician to figure out just how much money the individual grower can win if he is lucky enough to carry off the blue ribbon in several of these com- petitions. Originators of slogans and creators of brilliant advertising ideas are to have special recognition this year. Six separate prizes are offered by the North Pacific Fruit Distributors and their affiliated shippers to stimulate gray matter fertility. Ten boxes of extra fancy apples, delivered to the home of the winner, will be given for the best slogan urging the use of apples during the war period. Com- petition in this event is open to the world and nobody barred from mak- ing any number of entries. Five other prizes are offered for ideas as follows: Five boxes of "Blue W" apples, furnished by the Wen- atchee-North Central Fruit Distribu- tors, for the best 250-word article on the subjejet, "Wheatless and Meatless Days Made Easy." Five boxes of "Blue I-O" apples, furnished by the Idaho-Oregon Fruit Growers' Associa- tion, for the best 250-word article on "Apples as Mr. Hoover's Ally." Five An attractive list of prizes has been issued, with some sweepstakes and championships which should appeal strongly to the growers. For instance, in the five-box competition there are fif- teen separate contests, ranging from Ar- kansas Black to Yellow Newtown. The best five boxes in each of the fifteen lots will draw $25 in gold; the second, $10, and the third $7.50, and besides each and every entry competing in the fifteen contests will be eligible for a sweepstakes of $100 additional. This means that the winner of the five-box contest on Grimes Golden, for ex- ample, will get $25 and, without mak- ing any additional entry, he stands a chance of winning $100 additional. Virtually the same proposal applies to the three-box contest, in which there are 20 varieties open, with a first-class prize of $15, a second of $10 and a third of $5, and a $75 King Pip Sweepstakes for the best of all entries in the 20 varieties and no special en- try required, all three-box exhibits competing. In a single box contest the lucky first prize winner will be given $7.50, the second $5 and the third $2.50, and all of the entries stand a chance for the $50 grand championship prize of- fered, as the trustees say, "for the best single box of apples in the world." There are 22 varities in which entries can be made, and in addition to these any exhibitor in the five-box or three- box contest may designate any one of his boxes in those exhibits to compete also in the single box division. Just to sweeten things a little more, the show offers $25 additional to the exhibitor who has the largest number of boxes of apples which win prizes in the one, three and five box classes. As a sister prize another $25 is offered to the exhibitor who has the largest number of entries in these three October boxes of extra fancy apples, furnished by the Western Oregon Fruit Distribu- tors, for the best 250-word article on "Apples the Wasteless Food." Five boxes of "Blue M" apples, furnished by Montana Fruit Distributors, for best 250-word article on "Apples as a Part of a Well-Balanced Ration." Five boxes of "Blue Selah" Yakima apples, furnished by Selah Fruit Distributors, for best 250-word article on "Apple Consumption a Patriotic Duty." General district displays are encour- aged by the offering of $125 first prize and a Gold Medal Banner, with $75 and Silver Medal Banner for second prize, and $50 third prize. The con- test is open to commercial clubs, asso- ciations, unions, counties, or districts (not by individuals). Novelty feature exhibits are sought for with prizes of $125, $75 and $50 for first, second and third prize win- ners. This contest will be open to commercial organizations, community and fruit growers' organizations and individuals. James A. Ford, secretary of the Spo- kane Chamber of Commerce, is the business manager of the show. MONTHLY CROP REPORT. ESTIMATED APPLE CROP CONDITIONS SEPTEMBER 1, 1917, WITH COMPARISONS. Condition Sept. 1. Forecast 1917 from condition. December estimate, 1916. 10-year Commer- Conimcr- STATE 1917. aver- Total Total cial Total. cial. age. Sept. 1. Aug. 1. Sept. 1. Pet. Pet. Bushels Bushels Barrels Bushels Barrels Maine 56 59 4,460,000 4,630,000 818,000 5,040,000 941,000 New Hampshire.. 52 61 1,170,000 1,350,000 175,000 1,596,000 250,000 Vermont .... 45 60 1,654,000 2,064,000 220,000 3,312,000 497,000 Massachusetts.... 52 65 2,343,000 2,623,000 359,000 3,450,000 517,000 Rhode Island 45 64 196,000 263,000 9,000 261,000 13,000 Connecticut 47 65 1,328,000 1,512,000 110,000 1,830,000 153,000 New York 31 55 18,445,000 22,186,000 3,075,000 37,800,000 6,930,000 New Jersey 55 61 1,977,000 1,977,000 363,000 2,250,000 413,000 Pennsylvania ... 57 58 12,690,000 14,310,000 1,269,000 18,621,000 1,862,000 Delaware 72 58 438,000 436,000 80,000 249,000 37,000 Maryland 62 62 2,610,000 2,610,000 365,000 2,544,000 297,000 Virginia ' ... 53 60 10,335,000 10,725,000 1,515,000 13,299,000 1,995,000 West Virginia .... 43 56 5,728,000 5,861,000 764,000 10,032,000 1,271,000 North Carolina 65 59 6,669,000 6,669,000 489,000 7,071,000 637,000 South Carolina... 82 55 849,000 859,000 5,000 588,000 4,000 Georgia . . 72 57 1,741,000 1,687,000 192,000 1,623,000 157,000 Ohio 38 47 7,367,000 8,724,000 736,000 8,601,0(111 860,000 Indiana 54 48 5,775,000 6,076.000 520,000 3,921,000 261,000 Illinois 64 42 8,294,000 8,233,000 968,000 4,818,000 566,000 Michigan'.'!;.'!... 32 53 6,470,000 8,803,000 820,000 12,180,000 1,414,000 Wisconsin 54 59 2,479,000 3.305,000 115,000 2,634,000 105,000 Minnesota 70 63 1,386,000 1,426.000 46,000 1,266,000 42.000 IovVa 58 49 5,963,000 6,169,000 198,000 4,725,000 110.000 Missouri'' 57 45 12,825,000 11,886,000 1,197,000 8,100,000 675,000 South Dakota .... 72 63 330,000 367,000 4,000 348,000 5,000 Nebraska . 64 50 2,146,000 2,436,000 163,000 1,701,000 142,000 Kansas 42 43 3,024,000 2,957,000 252,000 3,120,000 208,000 Kentucky 64 54 8,486,000 8,619,000 424,000 6,441,000 215,000 Tennessee".'.'.'.'... 51 53 5,118,000 5,018.0110 205,000 5.316,000 177,000 Alabama 67 52 1,411,000 1,390,0110 24,000 1,110,000 19,000 Mississippi .. 59 50 , 116,000 374,000 7,000 348,000 6,000 Texas 55 58 108 000 414,000 13,000 168.000 20.000 Oklahoma .'. 66 54 1,62-1. one 1,495,000 53,000 825,000 27,000 Arkansas 67 52 1,1 16.000 4,140,000 816,000 2,950,000 590,000 Momana .....::.: 65 78 897,000 925,000 135,000 708,000 102,000 Colorado 74 58 3,774,000 4,013,000 628,000 2,205,000 367.000 New Mexico .. 58 63 635, I 6)6,0110 127,000 357,000 59,000 Arizona 65 75 129, 129,000 16,000 138,000 17,000 Utah 90 07 S10.000 810,000 135,000 99,000 3,000 Nevada".! 83 64 194,000 216,00(1 2,000 48,000 Idnno 93 72 2.092,000 2,025,000 246,000 111,000 15.000 Washington' 84 78 13 435,000 3,583,000 13,825,000 3,467.000 Oreaon 66 76 3 322 000 3,329,000 388,000 3,855,000 514,000 California' ....... 83 79 sjsSS.OOO 5,515,000 1,210,000 5,754,000 1,247,000 Dnlted States.. 5l7l 5373 177,157,000 187,743,000 21,315,000 202,245,000 25,695,000 ig J 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 Food Administration, Etc. Continued from page 5. ducer, the distributor, the consumer and the government it is entirely pos- sible to give the producer a good price for his product, the distributor a rea- sonable return for the service which he performs and the consumer his supply at a fair cost. It is in this spirit of confidence and co-operation that I represent Mr. Hoover, the United States Food Administrator. Food Administration Will Encourage a Greater Use of Perishables. In the readjustment of the world's food supply, perishable foods are sud- denly thrown into national promi- nence. This, therefore, is the greatest opportunity for development that has ever been presented to the perishable food industries. Their increased use and substitution for other foods will liberate an exportable surplus of the more concentrated foods for our Allies. Therefore, the Food Admini- stration will encourage a greater con- sumption of perishable products such as fruits, vegetables, fish, poultry and eggs, as a means of sending our Allies more of the foods they must have to maintain their people at home and their armies in the field. The Food Administration will sup- plement the very efficient work of the Department of Agriculture, encourag- ing a better handling of perishable products in harvesting, in preparing them for market, transportation, stor- age, in the market, and in the house- hold in order that the enormous waste that annually occurs from bad hand- ling may be greatly reduced. Fre- quently one-half or more of a perish- able crop is lost by careless handling. The industries interested will, of course, need to work this problem out in a practical way. It cannot be done by discussion or the passing of reso- lutions. The Food Administration will en- courage organization among producers in order that the products of the farm may be shipped in standard packages, standard grades and in carload quan- tities. Only in this way can an equit- able distribution of farm crops be effected. Organization among pro- ducers is fundamental in intelligent, economical marketing. Otherwise, dis- tribution will be chaotic and costly to the producer and consumer alike, and frequently disastrous to the distrib- utor. The responsibility in taking this step is the farmer's responsibility. Unless he organizes to help himself no one else can solve his problem for him. Xor can the consumer's problem be met unless farm crops are standard- ized and merchandised either by the producers or by the distributor in quantity. The Food Administration will co- operate with the Bureau of Markets, through relations which it will de- velop with the organized perishable industries, in making its market news service more useful to the producer, the distributor, and to the consumer. Fruit Labels When packed in a plain box or crate, fruit is fruit. It does not mean apples or other fruit until you label it properly —and just as good clothes make a favorable impression — give distinction— so well designed and printed labels dress your package, appeal to the eye and help the sale. Our Lithographed Labels will advertise your brand and help the dealer sell your apples. THE UNITED STATES PUG & LITHOGRAPH CO. 901 Hoge Building, Seattle, Washington 1 1 2 Market Street, San Francisco, California RHODES DOUBLE CUT .PRUNING SH RHODES MFG. 520 s. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in alt styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. OUR 1917 CLUBBING OFFER Better Fruit offers the following clubbing lists to its subscribers. If any of our subscribers desire different clubbing arrangements we shall be pleased to quote them from this office. Western Farmer Country Boy Better Fruit . . . .$1.00 1.00 Total .¥2.25 All for 1.25 Girls' Companion. . . . Boys' Companion Today's Housewife . , Better Fruit , .S0..MI . .5(1 .75 . 1.00 Hoard's Dairyman. Better Fruit .S1.00 . 1.00 Total !?2.00 All for 1.30 Total $2.75 All for 1.50 Twice-a-Week Spokesman- Review $1.00 Mothers' .Magazine 1.50 Better Fruit 1.00 Total $3^50 All for 2.00 Western Farmer $1.00 Today's Housewife 75 Hitter Fruit 1 .00 Total All for 1.50 Weeklj Oregonian $1.00 Betteb Fruit , 1.00 Total *2.00 All for 1.25 Delineator $1.50 Better Fruit 1-00 Total *2.5o All for 1.80 Rural Spirit $1.00 McCall's Magazine 75 Better Fruit 1-00 Total $2.75 All for 1.50 WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT ( )ctober Q THE COOP OUDQE VISITS ABwy HEAC QUARTERS. ) { COLONEL. HOVV l_ f IS YOUR REGIMENT j TO ■ DAY 7 — | FINE. GENERAL BUT you KNOW THE BOys l„ , ..RANKS ARE WANTING W-B CUT-THAT REAL TOBACCO CHEW c nthe] tEALT GOOD TOBACCO *— |THE SOLDIER I COMFORTE OIS 1 YVfHEN you trim your outfit down to military * " bedrock, W-B Gut Chewing scores a bull's- eye. A soldier gets more from his pouch of W-B than from a bulky ordinary plug—rich leaf plump full of sap, all tobacco satisfaction, every shred of it. And the water-proof pouch keeps it clean and fresh in the pocket of his khaki. Made by V/EYMAN-BRUTON COMPANY, 1107 Eroadway, New YoA City The modem fireside PERFECTION OIL HEATER WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT II will co-operate with the railroads in securing the most efficient types of cars anil an adequate supply in order I hat our perishables may be more safely, widely and economically dis- tributed; it will encourage the storage of seasonable perishable products, such as apples, because the Food Ad- ministration recognizes the vitally necessary place which storage plays in the preservation of perishable foods and in equalizing their distribution throughout the year; it will encourage the development of the most desirable terminal facilities in order that the cost of inadequate distributing facili- ties may not unnecessarily burden the producer and the consumer; and it will promote those fundamental prin- ciples of merchandising by the whole- sale and retail trade which results in a wide distribution, an increased busi- ness, quick sales at a reasonable profit per turn over and a continuous supply of fresh, appetizing food for the con- sumer. The encouragement of a greater con- sumption of perishable foods presents an unusual opportunity to those who are engaged in the growing and dis- tributing of perishable products, and by enlarging the perishable food busi- ness the war food problem for our Allies and for America can be more easily solved. We are, therefore, firm in the conviction that there will be a mutual co-operation and a mutual un- derstanding of the aims of the Food Administration and of the perishable industries, the aim being to increase their consumption, eliminate the waste from bad handling, distribute them as directly as possible from the producer to the consumer at the least possible cost to both, with a reasonable com- pensation for the distributing services. To capitalize this unusual opportunity for self-interest, by unnecessary spec- ulation, by storage beyond the reason- able requirements of the merchant for the purpose of distributing a seasonal surplus over the year; to restrict the supply that should be liberated from week to week; or to enhance or di- minish the price or to exact excessive prices; to limit the facilities for stor- ing; to attempt to monopolize; to wil- fully destroy a perishable for the pur- pose of enhancing the price or re- stricting the trade supply or wilfully to permit preventable deterioration — these practices should make a mer- chant an outcast among his business associates, because the man who cap- italizes patriotism for his personal ends cannot be trusted to uphold the interests of America and her Allies wherever his personal interest is in- volved. I would, therefore, confidently ex- pect that such organizations as the International Apple Shippers' Associa- tion, the National League of Commis- sion Merchants, the Western Fruit Job- bers' Association and other regional or national trade organizations will stand shoulder to shoulder with the Food Administration in creating a patriotic sentiment among their members that will automatically regulate and con- ipl/ BETTER FRUIT Page 23 trol any abuses that might creep into the distributing system without the necessity of regulation and control through the law. If that sentiment is fostered and given definite direc- tion by such organizations as the In- ternational Apple Shippers' Associa- tion in co-operation with the Food Ad- ministration, the food control problem of America will be greatly simplified. Problem Suggested for Definite Consid- eration by Apple Distributors as an Aid to the War Food Problem. I would suggest that this organiza- tion give definite consideration to the following problems in handling the apple crop this year: (1) The reduction of waste from bad handling in harvesting the crop and in preparing it for market in co- operation with the State and Federal Departments of Agriculture. (2) The storing of apples in the quickest possible time after harvesting to prevent deterioration from decay and ripening. (3) A close co-operation with the Bureau of Markets and Food Admini- stration in order to effect an equitable distribution of the crop both for im- mediate sale and for storage purposes, to prevent temporary gluts, short sup- plies and fluctuating prices. (4) The equitable distribution of the storage stocks monthly throughout the year, taken as a whole, and by in- dividual dealers, taking the condition of the fruit and the varieties into ac- count, in order to eliminate specula- tion of an undesirable character. This should be done in co-operation with the Bureau of Markets and the Food Administration. (5) The direct sale by the whole- sale dealer to the jobber or retailer and by the jobber to the retail trade or by the auction mthod to the job- bing or retail trade and the elimina- tion of trading in storage stocks be- tween dealers of the same class, ex- cept for actual trade requirements, i. e., the reduction of the number of transfers between the producer and consumer to the smallest possible num- ber. (6) The handling of apples on reasonable margins by the wholesale and retail trade in order that exces- sive margins may not lessen consump- tion and restrict the markets; the mar- gin of the wholesale and retail trade to parallel their purchase price, in- cluding a fair and not excessive profit. (7) A definite, well directed cam- paign in co-operation with other trade organizations and with the Food Ad- ministration to establish fruit and vegetable departments in the grocery and special food stores throughout the country, as a means of wider distribu- tion. Make the campaign a definite business-getting one on the basis of new opportunities. From the retail standpoint the opportunities are ex- ceptional because the loss in the sale of dry groceries can only be met by pushing the sale of perishables. The consumer is asking what to buy in Do You Want to Sell for Spot Cash— F. 0. B. Loading Station? Did it ever occur to you that the Cash Buyer's salary and expenses come out of you? Well, they do— you will (as a rule) get a lower price than if you were to keep in touch with the markets and sell direct to reliable dealers in the highest market. Ever figure it out? Well, you can generally get anywhere from 10 to 25 cents a box more by selling direct. Watch the market, and judge for yourself. Sell by wire. 10 cents more per box on a minimum car of 630 boxes would give you $63.00 more per car profit— on 10 cars $630.00— on 20 cars $1,260.00, and so on. In this year of unusually high prices, don't make the mis- take of being satisfied with what may look like a high price to you -GET THE LAST CENT POSSIBLE OUT OF YOUR SHIPMENTS! Afraid to ship direct? Why? Because you may get into the hands of a Receiver who is a "kicker," "rejector," or "rebater." Don't let that bother you any more! Get the BLUE BOOK and see who they are! There are plenty of reliable Commission Merchants and Jobbers who will be glad to purchase by wire, or send their buyer if you prefer, but you can't expect them to pay as much when they do so. Want to know just how the BLUE BOOK will enable you to make this additional profit? Write Produce Reporter Company CHICAGO Pittsburgh Perfect Cement CO&tCCl NSJlS are of the highest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL, COMPANY, Pittsburgh. Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California Power Drag Saw does theWorK of 10 Men IVice ^Complete 145.£g One man can move machine from, cut to cut on log. Two men can carry it. Cuts through 3!4 foot log in three minutes. Approxi- mately 25 cords a day. 4 H. 1*. gasoline engine warranted. Steel wheel cart $10.00 Send for catalogue. manufactured by REIERSON MACHINERY CO. 1292 HOOD STREET. PORTLAND. OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT October U PONT AMERICAN 3f'4DUSTRSESl^\ tf BB HI RB Kr A ^ America Must Feed the World Europe is hungry. Ground, once farms, is now a raging battlefield. Women and children are starving. Millions of mouths cry out for food. The loss of each food ship is a tragedy. But the idle acres of America could grow more food per year than all of the enemy's ships can destroy. Every Idle Acre Helps the Enemy Hinder rations and you hinder victory. Other ships and more food must take the place of those destroyed. Clear Plow — Plant Remove the stumps and boulders-drain the swampy places. Culti- vate every available acre of land. Bumper crops are essential. Don't let labor shortage hinder you. (QjPDNT) and Repauno Stumping Powders will help one man do the work of many men — cheaper — better — quicker. GET OUR BIG BOOK FREE Learn the secret of easy clearing and drainage — the quick way — the labor saving way. Let bigger, better, heavier crops be your slogan. Write now for your copy of Developing Logged-Off Lands E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY SEATTLE, WASH. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. mm ^IIII11^Illll<>iIllE>lllllE>llll^lIlll-u'll ft w& ■s/a 5 va K» A ZSK S525 ■////. was iT'TM A T TTV p'us experience al- IUAxIINAIjII I ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope is. to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. Richey& Gilbert Co. H.M.GILBERT.Presidentand Manager Growers and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON A I L First National Bank HOOD RIVER, OREGON A. D. MOE - - President E. O. BLANCHAR - Cashier Capital and Surplus $125,000 Assets Over $500,000 Member Federal Reserve System Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' 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Oregon. £oOKA/Vf PORTLAND ITHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING The Pruning of Stone Fruit Trees OF all phases of orchard work, none is more interesting than pruning; and of all pruning, none is more fascinating than the pruning of those trees commonly known as stone fruits. It is safe to say that no class of fruit trees suffers more quickly from improper pruning, and none responds more promptly to proper treatment. Probably it is this ready response, a response which so clearly indicates whether the pruning has been right or wrong, that makes the work interest- ing. We are able to see results and to intelligently reason out causes for suc- cess or failure, before we have forgot- ten how the pruning was done. How- ever, the subject is a large one, and I feel it would be a mistake to attempt, in the time at our disposal, to cover the entire field. The ideas advanced are based upon personal observations and experience in pruning apricots, sweet and sour cherries, nectarines, peaches and plums; and, while of a general nature, and though to some of you they may seem far-fetched, I hope we may be able to get at some of the fundamental prin- ciples to be observed in pruning these plants. In the case of each fruit, or at least the more important ones of this class, I shall attempt to answer three questions: Where does the plant bear its fruit? What are the most desirable types of fruiting wood? And how can we best maintain these desirable types? To some this may seem an unusual man- ner of attacking the subject of pruning, yet I feel that these are things we must know if we are to prune intelligently. In other words, that the principles in- volved are important ones and that sys- tems of pruning are largely dictated by the fruit-bearing habit of the plant. The Nature Study idea has in recent years been much talked of in educa- tional circles. Probably nature study in its truest sense was designed for children, but many of w-e older people might profit had our faculties for ob- servation been quickened by such study. Did it ever occur to you that so much of our education is gained through ob- servation? And do you realize that most of us are such poor observers that two or three good educations might be overlooked in a lifetime? The doctor who is a leader in his profession is not necessarily the man who graduated at the head of his class. More likely he is the one who has done most to edu- cate himself. Such education has been acquired by accurate observation, and the opportunities for observation were afforded by his practice. We are accus- tomed to class such training as expe- rience, but I fail to see why such an By 0. B. Whipple, Bozeman, Montana important part of one's education should receive this commonplace classi- fication. "What I have to say to you, you may call nature study if you like; I shall not feel insulted. But how many are able to answer such questions as these? How many flowers will a single fruit- bud of the peach, plum or cherry de- velop? Does the fruit-bud of the peach, cherry or plum produce leaves as well as flowers? Where do these fruits really bear their fruit-buds? Yet the information is important if we are to be good pruners. The moral is, we should all be better observers. Anyone who has had any great amount of experience in pruning our common fruit trees realizes that these trees bear their fruit in certain posi- tions, each kind of fruit tree having a fruit-bearing habit more or less of its own. Possibly we have not stopped to think that many other plants, grown for flowers for instance, have their flower- bearing habit which must be consid- ered in pruning. The rose bears its flowers from certain types of wood and the gardener has learned to regulate flower-bearing by thinning to a certain amount of this wood. However, a sys- tem of pruning, such as is commonly practiced in pruning the rose, would leave a lilac bush without a flower. Even the cucumber and the canteloupe have a regular habit of bearing fruit. The pistilate flowers which develop into fruits appear in certain places, while the staminate flowers occupy all other positions where flowers are nor- mally borne. On the first main vine the first pistilate flower is generally well out in the axil of say the sixth, seventh or eighth leaf. On the branch vines a pistilate flower appears in the axil of the first leaf. This branch then commonly grows for some distance be- fore it bears another pistilate flower. If, however, another branch vine arises from this, the first flower is a pistilate flower and it appears in the axil of the first leaf. In these curcurbits, early setting of fruit may be induced by such pruning as encourages early branching. The gain is not so much in production as in securing an early set of fruit, and consequently the ripening of the nop over a shorter season. Among our common deciduous fruit trees, we have two types of fruit-bear- ing—from axillary buds and from true terminal buds. The axillary buds are borne in the axils of leaves along the side of the branch, and the terminal hods at the tip of the shoot or branch. When applied to buds the last term is confusing, for we must remember thai not every bud terminating the growth of the season is a true terminal bud. In the case of many of the plums and the apricot, the last bud, in fact all buds, are axillary. Each is developed in the axil of a single leaf, while the true terminal bud is usually subtended by two leaves, one on either side of the stem. The plant which bears its fruit from the axillary buds is naturally more productive than the one that bears only from terminal buds. One can see at a glance that a tree bears many more axillary than terminal buds. The stone fruits as a class bear from axillary fruit-buds, and we recognize them as more fruitful than apples and pears, which bear mostly from terminal buds. For this reason, the stone fruits require more vigorous pruning. But a fruit- bearing habit may mean more than bearing from axillary or terminal fruit- buds. These axillary fruit-buds may appear on certain types of wood, or those on certain types of branches may be more desirable. While all stone fruits bear from axillary buds, each has a fruit-bearing habit more or less pe- culiar to itself, and the pruning of each must be considered separately. The sweet cherry bears most of its fruit-buds axillary on short spurs. Each bud may produce from one to five or more flowers, but, if any at all, only rudimentary leaves. These spurs are always provided with a terminal branch bud which continues the growth of the spur in a straight line. The rate of growth will vary according to how well the trees are pruned. Spurs on poorly-pruned trees may not grow over a quarter of an inch, and under such conditions of growth are inclined to bear only alternate years. The tree in- sufficiently pruned bears so many of these spurs that during seasons when they are developing fruit, they cannot obtain enough food material to develop lateral fruit-buds. They simply mature a terminal branch bud which unfolds the following spring, and, under favor- able conditions, produces new growth long enough and strong enough to bear lateral fruit-buds. The most desirable type of sweet cherry fruit spur is one that grows at least three-quarters of an inch per year. Those that grow this much will produce annual crops of vigorous blossoms and large fruit. Spurs max live and produce fruit lor many years, but it is a question if it is wise io depend upon old spurs. It is better to prune the tree enough to secure each year some new growths from lour to twelve inches long. Such twigs are found in the lops of trees p I> pruned, but they can only be developed throughout the entire tree by vigorous pinning both in the way of Page 6 BETTER FRUIT \ ovember thinning-oul and heading-in. These new twigs will bear a few lateral fruit- buds near tbe base, while those nearer the tips will be branch buds. These branch buds will develop into vigorous and productive young fruit spurs. If the new growths are long and produce many lateral buds, it is best to reduce the number of branch buds to live or si\ by cutting off the tips during the dormant pruning season. If many buds are left, the resulting spurs will be weak and the best ones will be too far removed from the main branches of the tree. The sweet cherry then produces its fruit on short spurs and at the base of longer one-year-old twigs. Remem- ber that weak spurs with few axillary fruit-buds are the result of insufficient pruning which leaves too many branch buds. Remember that a few new spurs should be developed each year to take the place of older ones. Remember that these new spurs are the result of prun- ing, sufficiently severe to force the growth of new shoots which develop not only axillary fruit-buds, but axil- lary branch-buds. The growth of fruit- ing wood throughout the entire top may be encouraged by such heading-in and thinning-out as will force new growth in the center of the tree. If we neglect to watch this feature, we some day awake to the fact that all of our fruit is a long way from the ground and must be gathered with long ladders and at a heavy expense. Also remember that the sweet-cherry bud produces only flowers and that the fruits developed are, to a certain extent at least, dependent upon foliage of the spur for elaborated-food material. This means that fruiting wood cannot be shortened-in as a means of thinning fruit. The fruit upon wood with its terminal and axillary branch buds re- moved by pruning, would be at a dis- advantage, for it must either elaborate food material itself (this it could do during its early period of growth) or it must draw this food material from the limb from which the twig arises. Not only this, but the wood with all its branch buds removed by pruning is de- stroyed. It has no means of continuing its growth and must die at the close of its fruiting season. Pruning employed as a means of thinning fruit must re- move entire and not parts of fruiting branches. The sour cherry is much like the sweet cherry in its fruiting habit. It is more fruitful on the longer twigs, often all the lateral buds on twigs a foot long being fruit-buds. In fact, the trees can be depended upon to produce much fruit from these stronger new growths. Old spurs are less desirable than in the case of the sweet cherry. It is well to remember that fruiting branches can be shortened in only to branch buds, for like the sweet cherry, the sour cherry fruit-bud produces from one to five or more (lowers, but no leaves of real value. Contrary to the common impression that the sour cherry will not stand pruning, the tree really thrives with severe pruning. In the neglected tree all the axillary buds are fruit-buds. New fruiting wood can only be developed from terminal buds, and as a consequence the tree is filled with fine wood from one to three, four or even five feet in length bearing a half dozen fruit-buds on a half inch of new growths of sufficient length and vigor to bear axillary branch buds as well as fruit-buds. These branch buds develop into strong young spurs bear- ing well-developed fruit-buds, which will the next season produce the maxi- mum number of well-developed (lowers, 'the fruit-buds of the peach are nor- mally axillary and only very, very rarely do we see one terminating a twig. These buds open and produce a single flower, but no leaves. They are borne singly in the axils of single leaves or in pairs, one on either side of a branch bud, the three buds being borne in the axils of as many leaves. The first type of bearing is found in trees poorly pruned or on weak spurs in well-pruned trees. In most varieties shoots that do not make a growth of over ten or twelve inches bear their fruit-buds singly. The triple buds are found on the stronger one-year-old wood. The stronger type of fruiting wood with its triple buds is the most desirable. In the case of single buds it is impossible to thin the fruit by heading-in the fruiting wood. To do this would remove all the foliage from the twig as in the case of the cherry, and the fruit borne by this leafless twig would be poorly nourished. Where (he tree has made a poor growth and all the fruiting wood bears single buds, pruning can be employed as a means of thinning fruit only so far as entire branches can be spared. Surplus fruit on the remaining branches must be re- moved by hand thinning. The buds at the base of these twigs are usually branch buds, and it is well to remember that those to be removed may be made a source of desirable new fruit wood if spurred back to one or two of these branch buds. The fruiting wood with its fruit-buds in pairs with a branch bud between may be cut back even to its last pair of fruit-buds. The branch bud will continue the growth of the twig. With this type of fruiting wood, practically all of the thinning can be done with the pruning shears. It may not be desirable to cut this close when doing the general pruning, but after the fruit is set and danger of frost is past, the fruiting wood may be shortened-in to remove the oversupply of fruit. Thinning is a small task as compared with that on a tree bearing single fruit-buds. Such a type of fruiting wood can only be developed by severe pruning. As in the cherry, some of these strong twigs will grow in the tops of the poorly- pruned trees, but to grow them in the center of the tree the top must be pruned back severely. Remember that it is almost impossible to maintain a fruiting area over seven or eight feet in depth. Little is gained by growing a peach tree fifteen feet in height when the bottom seven feet is barren. It is better to keep .the trees down to a height of ten feet with fruit wood within three feet of the ground. A well-pruned tree will grow three feet of new top each year; but, if the tree is to continue productive, practically all of this must be removed each year. Prune according to the wood growth you get, and set the standard of twig growth to be desired at from fourteen to twenty inches. It is safe to say that in a well-pruned peach tree four-fifths of the one-year-old growth is removed at each pruning season. Pruning that is too severe will produce strong twigs with the first fruit-buds, near the middle or farther out on the year's growth. Such pruning not only causes the tree to expend energy in the pro- duction of needless wood, but necessi- tates the leaving of fruit-spurs long. This makes the tree bushy and hard to work in, and develops a type of fruiting wood that must be early replaced by newer arms forced from the main limbs. Wood with the triple buds near the base may be spurred back close each year and may be maintained sev- eral years before they are long enough to become undesirable. The nectarine is really a peach and the trees so much like a peach tree that it is unnecessary to outline a special system of pruning. Prune the tree as you would prune a peach tree. The fruiting habit of the apricot is much like that of the peach, or at least a system of pruning adapted to the peach would do very well for the apri- cot. The tree is inclined to bear more of its fruit upon short spurs, but it also bears abundantly on longer new growths. On the weaker spurs espe- cially the fruit-buds are often borne singly in the axils of single leaves. On the longer twigs they are found in groups of two, three or four, and on these stronger growths, branch buds are more often found in the clusters with the fruit-buds. Unlike the peach, the apricot twigs bear no true terminal buds. All the buds are axillary and those at the tips of branches may be either fruit-buds or branch buds. The fruit-buds normally bear a single flower and no leaves. As in the case of the peach, fruiting wood bearing its fruit- buds single, cannot be headed-in as a means of thinning the fruit. The most desirable type of fruiting wood is the longer growth bearing fruit-buds in groups. In these groups there is nearly always a branch bud, and the twig may be headed-in to any point without destroying the spur or leaving the fruits without foliage. The shorter spurs on poorly-pruned trees are apt to bear only fruit-buds. As a result, the spurs die at the end of the fruiting season, for they have no means of continuing their growth. Such trees are inclined to bear heavily only alter- nate years; at least they bear heavy crops in the main body of the tree only once in two years. Even if poorly pruned the stronger branches in the top of the tree bear every year. The apricot tree should be pruned severely. Prune until the tree makes as much growth as the well-pruned peach. The growth should be strong enough so fruiting wood will bear some branch buds in the clusters of axillary- buds. The twig may then be headed- back to any one of these groups of buds, I9I? BETTER FRUIT Page 7 as in the case of the peach. The branch bud will continue the growth of the spur and furnish elaborate food mate- rial for the developing fruit. Heavy pruning will not by any means do away with bearing from spurs, but it will tend to develop strong spurs that will produce new growth each year and bear annually. Pruning will not take the place of hand thinning entirely, but will greatly reduce the amount of thin- ning necessary. The tree may as well be headed low and kept low like the peach, for fruiting wood soon smothers out below if the tree is allowed to grow high. In some sections, summer prun- ing after the crop is off may develop a desirable type of fruiting wood. Fruit-buds formed upon this later growth are tardy about opening in the spring and may escape late spring frost injury. The different plums vary consider- ably as to their fruiting habits, but as a class they are more like the apricot in their manner of bearing fruit. On the weaker growths the buds are borne singly and on the stronger growths in groups, either all fruit-buds, or part branch-buds. At least the great ma- jority of plums bear no true terminal buds and weak spurs are objectionable for the same reason that weak apricot spurs are undesirable. Some varieties, especially those of the Japanese group, bear almost like a peach and can be pruned like a peach. Others, as those of the Domestica group which you know as prunes, will not stand such severe pruning. The plum fruit-buds produce only flowers and no leaves, or at best only very rudimentary leaves. Each fruit-bud may bear from one to four or five flowers, the larger number of flowers indicating more vigorous growth and better pruning. Generally speaking, the best types of fruiting wood are spurs vigorous enough to bear some branch buds, or if the tree bears well on longer growth, twigs bearing groups of fruit-buds well mixed with branch-buds. The first type of fruiting wood is supplied with means of continuing its growth to de- velop fruit-buds for another year. If the branch bud is not present, the fruit spur dies at the close of the fruiting season and becomes a thorn. And yet we sometimes wonder why plum trees have thorns. Spurs cannot be depended upon for very long service. The best spurs are those one year old. To keep up an annual supply of these one-year- old spurs, one must grow each year a good supply of new twigs from twelve to eighteen inches in length. In most varieties, these twigs will bear some fruit the following year, and will also develop, from axillary branch buds, strong spurs that may be depended upon for the next crop. In many vari- eties, these stronger new growths are a very good type of fruiting wood. If the tree is pruned vigorously enough to get new wood twelve or eighteen inches long, this may be shortened-in as a means of thinning the fruit. Nearly every cluster of buds will have one branch bud which may be depended upon to continue the growth of the twig. One should study the variety of plum he is growing, and prune to get these desirable types of fruiting wood. If the tree bears heavily and requires much thinning, or if it bears fruit through- out the head one year and only in the top the next, the pruning has not been severe enough. Head the tree in from the top each year, for little is gained by growing a tall tree. It is to be hoped that we have gained something by a discussion of this phase of pruning. If I have not made myself entirely clear, maybe you have the most important points. The time has not been wasted if we only see the im- portance of being better observers. We must know our plants if we are to care for them well. The Walnut— Cultural Methods— Top Grafting WALNUTS should be planted only on good deep soil, not underlaid by hardpan, nor where the water will stand on the surface for any considerable length of time. A deep sandy loam is to be preferred, but wal- nuts will do well on heavy soils that are fertile. Good drainage is always necessary, as well as freedom from late- spring and early-fall frosts. The dam- age which might occur from late-spring frosts can be largely avoided by plant- ing late-blooming varieties, but a very early-fall frost is sometimes fatal to the next year's crop. The greater part of the orchard planting has been 40 feet apart in squares. This has proved to be too close on good land and 60 feet apart in squares is not too far in most cases. The planting is too often done with the object of getting a large num- ber of trees to the acre instead of get- ting the maximum production of wal- nuts and increasing the length of life of the tree. An orchard can be made to pay a good income early in its life by planting 00 feet apart in squares with a tree in the center of each square which can be taken out after twelve to fifteen years. In this way the nuts pro- duced by the inter-set trees will often be enough to pay for the land and the planting by the time they will have to be removed. Plant only grafted trees, and these should be on roots which are known to succeed well in the locality where the orchard is to be grown. Stocky trees of six to eight feet in height with good root systems should be selected. The planting should be done soon after the By J. B. Neff, Anaheim, California trees have been taken from the nursery. All broken and bruised ends of roots should be cut clean with a sharp knife. Plant at the same depth the tree stood in the nursery, placing the soil around the roots by hand and giving them all the space they will occupy conven- iently. Walnut trees do not require the heavy pruning that is needed by most deciduous trees, and if there is a good root system carefully taken up with the tree it is not necessary to cut back the single stem of a walnut tree when planting. The lower branches should start at four to five feet from the ground and in such position as to have the heavy side of the tree to the south- west. A good rule for the early prun- ing is to cut off only those branches in the way of the team when cultivat- ing, or that tend to draw the tree too much away from the prevailing winds. No general heading back should be done as this causes the tree to become brushy, which is a condition to be avoided. When the trees are eight to ten years old there will be small branches in the center which shut out the sunshine. These should be taken out, together with all branches that are crossed, as there will be no walnuts in the centers of the trees unless there is sunlight through the trees. A good deal of labor and time can be saved if the trees are gone over in June and the long and useless shoots taken out. It may also be necessary to go over them in July, but much less work will be needed then. The young trees should be supported by stakes during the first two or three years. A convenient stake is made by using redwood 2x2 inches by 9 feet long. In addition to making a support for the body any drooping branches can be raised to the proper angle by using short lengths of light rope tied to the top of the stake. A walnut orchard which has received good care will begin to produce paying crops after the fifth year from plant- ing and should increase in production for many years. Walnut trees will live to a great age in suitable localities and with proper care. Trees in the south of France and in Spain which are be- lieved to be more than 300 years old are producing heavy crops. Much thought should be given to cultivation and pruning as these assist in pro- ducing larger crops and giving longer life to the trees. Frequent cultivation keeps the moisture in the soil for use in filling the nuts and making strong buds for the next crop. Proper prun- ing promotes growth of wood, gives light through the tree and produces larger walnuts. Instead of pruning to take out dead wood the pruning should be done to keep the wood from dying. If the grower will but remember that walnuts measuring one and one-eighth inches in diameter are almost one-half larger than walnuts measuring only one inch in diameter, and that walnuts measuring one and one-fourth inches in diameter are almost twice as large as those measuring only one inch in diameter he will do much better prun- ing, since the better pruning produces the large walnuts. Continued on page 19 Page 8 BETTER FRUIT November Nitrate of Soda for Fertilizers [Weekly News Letter, U. S. Department of Agriculture] THE Department of Agriculture has for some time been giving careful consideration to the problem of secur- ing nitrate of soda for fertilizer use. Under a recent authorization of Con- gress there is available an appropria- tion of .$10,000,000 to be used, at the dis- cretion of the President, to secure nitrate of soda and to supply it to farm- ers at cost for cash. It is proposed to co-ordinate all the Government purchases of Chilean ni- trate for this country through the pur- chasing committee of the war indus- tries board, under the immediate super- vision of Mr. Baruch, so that there will be no competitive bidding for this ma- terial. This should very much simplify the problem and make it feasible to secure the best possible terms. The price of Chilean nitrate on board ship in Chile has greatly increased within recent months without justification. Shipping rates also have increased. The increase in price is due in part to un- founded statements regarding the de- mand for Chilean nitrate for munitions purposes and for fertilizers, especially in connection with the 810,000,000 re- cently appropriated by Congress to pur- chase nitrate of soda. As a matter of fact, the demands of this country for nitrate of soda will be smaller than heretofore. The navy already has placed contracts for this material to satisfy its needs for the next twelve months. The war department an- nounces that practically all the sodium nitrate which it has been planned to procure for the gradual building up of the war reserve already has been con- tracted for. The quantity which may be purchased for fertilizer use under the special appropriation of Congress will not be an addition to the quantity normally used. Any quantity purchased by the Government and sold to farmers will simply take the place in part of quantities heretofore supplied to them through private agencies. As a matter of fact, unless satisfactory prices can be secured it is probable that the farm- ers will not seek as large a quantity of this material as has been used in the last year or two. Some contracts al- ready have been made by farmers for nitrate of soda. In view of all these facts, it is probable that the aggregate demand for the next five or six months will be below the normal. It is certain that unless the market prices, which are now in the neighborhood of $100 a ton, fall the farmers' demand for ni- trate will decrease. As has been stated, the purchasing will be handled directly through the war industries board. The department of agriculture will co-operate with the purchasing committee in the effort to procure nitrate of soda. It is author- ized by law to secure facts as to the demand for fertilizers, including nitrate of soda, their supply, consumption, costs and prices, and the basic facts relating to their ownership, production, transportation, manufacture, storage and distribution. This inquiry is now being prosecuted through the bureau of markets. In connection with this the needs of farmers will be ascer- tained and all amounts purchased for their use, after the shipments reach the ports, will be taken charge of by the department and will be distributed through the department to farmers at cost for cash. The collections will be made by the department and will be turned into the treasury. To assist the department in its activities in this direction the services of Mr. Mell R. Wilkinson of Atlanta, Georgia, have been secured. He will be given such assistants as may be needed and will have available the services of the ex- perts of the bureau of soils and the bureau of plant industry. Authority has been given the Presi- dent, if necessary, to license the im- portation, manufacture, storage and distribution of fertilizers, to require the licensees to submit reports, and to per- mit entry and inspection of their places of business. The President is further authorized, if he shall find that any storage charge, commission, profit or practice of any licensee is unjust, or unreasonable, or discriminatory and unfair, to cause such charge, commis- sion, profit or practice to be discon- tinued, and in lieu of such charge, com- mission, profit or practice may deter- mine what is just and reasonable, and his finding shall be prima facie evi- dence in any court in which proceed- ings may be brought. It is also pro- vided that licenses may be revoked for cause. If it becomes necessary to exer- cise the licensing power, the depart- ment of agriculture, through a special agency, will utilize the services of the licensing division of the food admin- istration. There have been available no thor- oughly satisfactory data as to the yields of crops, due solely to the application of nitrate of soda, and therefore as to the price at which farmers can afford to use it. Realizing this fact, the Secre- tary of Agriculture directed the bureau of plant industry last spring to make 100 experiments. These experiments are being made with corn in five South- ern States— Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama— in ten counties in each state, and on two farms in each county. It is hoped that the results of the investigation will be available within the next six weeks. When information is secured it will promptly be given publicity. ig ij BETTER FRUIT Page p Trees in BLASTED soil bear better Fruit growers have proved — by planting some trees in blasted beds and others in ordinary ground — that trees planted after the use of explosives root deeper, grow faster and better — that they are thriftier in every way, bear earlier, and yield larger crops. They have proved also that when the soil of established orchards is properly blasted the trees immediately take on new vigor and bear better fruit thereafter. Orchardists know that this condition is due to the increased moisture-storage capacity induced by blasting and to the consequent release of plant food from the subsoil. Fruit growers in every Pacific Coast State have used tons of ARM POWDERS STUMPING — AGRICULTURAL Fruit Growers Say: "My orchard has made excel- lent growth, due to the fact that I used dynamite, breaking up the soil and making excellent beds for the roots. If I were to set another orchard I would not think of doing so without blast- ing each tree hole." T. A. JOHNSON. Boise. Idaho. "Generally speaking, the growth of plants depends upon the condition of the soil into which the roots penetrate. If the depth of loose soil is too limited or the surface water is permitted to stand too long, the growth is impaired. Explosives properly used have invariably resulted in excellent growth. The yield is often three times as great on blasted soil as from thosei un- treated in the sam,e vicinity." ROSECROFT FRUIT FARM. Summer, 'Wash. " We consider the use of explo- sives an important factor in plant- ing orchards. It is important to secure good drainage and the roots should be able to penetrate deeply into the subsoil. Young fruit trees newly planted should make at least one foot of new growth the first year, and this is hardly possible unless the land is put into good mechanical con- dition, with plenty of room for the roots to spread in the loos- ened subsoil." A. LINGHAM. Puyallup. Wash. " Giant explosives are of great benefit for blasting beds for orch- ard planting. The difference in growth between unblasted trees and trees in blasted ground is so much in favor of the latter than no adequate comparison can be made." DONALD NURSERY CO.. Donald. Ore. for planting trees and deep tilling their orchards. These powders are made in two brands, Eureka Stump- ing Powder and Giant Stumping Powder, and are prepared especially for farm and orchard work. They are more effective and do their work more economically than ordinary dynamites. Eureka Stumping Powder pulverizes the soil instead of caking and packing or throwing it high in the air. This is the action that is wanted in stump and soil work, and the action that the so-called " high strength" dana- mites will not give. When you use Eureka Stumping Powder the finished job costs you less money. Giant Stumping Powder, which is also used for subsoil blasting, is the most efficient explosive for many other kinds of farm work, including blasting dead trees or stumps in wet soil. Make this test of Giant Powders By using the Giant Farm Powders you can demonstrate their superiority for tree planting and orchard tillage. Mail today a trial order with your book coupon. We will have our nearest distributor supply you — at lowest market price — with a 25-or 50-pound case of either of the Giant Farm Powders. Test this in comparison with any dynamite. The results will show you why fruit growers in every section insist upon having the Giant Farm Powders for orchard tillage work. Giant Farm Powders and other Giant blasting supplies are sold by distributors everywhere. Your own dealer has them or can get them for you. If he offers you a substitute, write us and we will see that you are supplied with the genuine. Giant Pow- der is the trade name of explosives manufactured by The Giant Powder Co., Con. Because Giant Powders are best known everywhere, many have assumed that all high explosives are Giant Powders. Insist upon having the genuine. THE GIANT POWDER CO., Con. HOME OFFICE: SAN FRANCISCO "Everything for Blasting" Distributors with magazine stocks everywhere in the West Book "Better Orchard Tillage" FREE Our valuable illustrated book, "Better Orchard Tillage," tells and shows how to plant trees and im- prove established orchards. Our books on Stump Blasting, Boulder Blasting, Subsoil Blasting for all crops, and Ditch Blasting will also be helpful to land owners. All were written to meet iveitern farm conditions, by a Pacific Coast com- pany with 50 years' experience. Choose the books that you prefer and mark and mail the coupon. Free Book Coupon THE GIANT POWDER CO.. Con. San Francisco. Send me your illustrated hooks on the subjects which I have marked X : □ stump blasting □' boulder blasting □ subsoil blasting □ tree planting □ ditch blasting 202 Name- I I I Address : l ■ Write below your dtaitr'i name WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page io BETTER FRUIT November J. C. Butcher Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON MANUFACTURERS OF Lime and Sulphur Bordeaux Paste Miscible Oil Recent Car Shipments from the Northwest THE following list of towns to which carloads of apples have been shipped from the Northwest is made up from reports of the Fruit Growers' Agency, October 1 to 22 inclusive. The reader should bear in mind that this list does not reperesent the entire number of towns shipped, for the reason that many of the towns are diversion points from which the cars are shipped to a number of other cities, and therefore it cannot be an exact record, but never- theless contains valuable and interest- ing information. One large apple dealer in the Middle West calls particu- lar attention to the fact that Jamestown, South Dakota, is a diversion point, to which his firm has shipped 55 cars of apples, which haVe been diverted from Jamestown to various cities, and that every town in their territory has been sold. We are certainly glad to have this information, for the reason it shows the trade is anxious in serving the Northwest to establish as wide a distri- bution as possible. The editor is also pleased and feels complimented over the fact that dealers, shipping concerns, as well as individuals, have given suffi- cient attention to the series of articles appearing in the past few issues of Better Fruit to write the editor, com- plimenting and criticising him. The editor is glad that the articles are of suffiicent interest to command attention and appreciates the fact Better Fruit is read and its articles criticised as well as complimented. The list con- tains 394 towns, to which 4,217 cars were shipped direct, not including apples going to diversion points for other cities. This list is from October 1 to October 22. Last year the list pub- lished in the November edition was from October 1 to October 26, four days more, showing 415 towns shipped to, or 21 towns more than have been shipped in the list for this year, but this year would undoubtedly equal last year on the same number of days. But the reader must take into consideration that the season is very late this year and that shipments to date are about 25 per cent less than last year. When these facts are taken into consideration it shows a decided improvement for 1917: Aberdeen, S. D. . . . 23 Alexandria, La. . . 2 Anderson, Ind. ... 1 Ardmore, Okla. ... 1 Ashton, Idaho .... 2 Australia Adrian, Wash.... 1 Akron, Ohio 5 Albany, N. Y 2 Alexandria. Minn. 4 Appleton, Wis. ... 2 Arco, Minn Arlington, S. D. . . . 1 Altoona, Pa 1 Altus, Okla 1 American Falls, Idaho 1 Alexander, N. D... 1 Auburn, N. Y 1 Astoria, Oregon. . . 1 Aneta, N. D 1 Bakersfield, Oregon 1 Baltimore, Md. ... 11 Beach, N. D 3 Billings, Mont 9 Bismarck, N. D... 22 Boston, Mass 39 Beaumont, Texas. 7 Buffalo, N. Y 18 Bellingham, Wash. 6 Berham, Minn. ... 1 Birmingham, Ala. . 13 Brandon, N. D-... 2 Bridgeport, Iowa. . 5 Banlap 1 Bucyrus, Ohio.... 1 Butte, Mont 24 Bozeman, Mont... 4 Brandon, Canada. 1 Bridgeport, Conn. 8 Browning, Mont ... 1 Burlington, Iowa. . 2 Brownvalley, Minn 1 Burlington, Iowa. . 1 Bisbee, Ariz 3 Brookings, S. D. . . 1 Baker, Mont 1 Bellefont'ine, Ohio 1 Belle Fourche, S. D. 1 Bangor, Maine... 1 Berthold, N. D 1 Brantford, N. D. . . 1 Council Bluffs, la. 2 Calgary, Canada.. 21 Canton, Ohio 2 Chattanooga. Tenn. 4 Cedar Rapids, la. 3 Clainw orth 1 Cheyenne, Wyo...l21 Chicago, 111 509 Cincinnati, Ohio.. 19 Columbus, Ohio.. 18 Cleveland, Ohio... 32 Crawford, Neb .... 4 Casicana, Texas. . . 1 Crookston, Minn.. 2 Cutbank, Mont. ... 27 Candalls, Kansas. 1 Charlestown, W.V. 2 Chester, Mont 1 Chippewa Falls, W7is 2 Conrad, Mont 3 Council Bluffs, la. 1 Canwood 1 Carrington, N. D.. 1 Churchsferry .... 1 Concora, Wyo 1 Cogswell, N. D 1 Clarendon, Texas. 1 Centerville, Iowa. 1 Condi, S. D 1 Creston, Wfash.... 1 Cherokee, Iowa ... 1 Camrose, Canada. 1 Carlton, N. Y 2 Clinton, Iowa 1 Dallas, Texas 29 Denver, Colorado. 108 Duluth, Minn 37 DesMoines, Iowa.. 30 Dayton, Ohio 4 Detroit, Mich 40 Deer Lodge, Mont. 2 Dickinson, N. D. . 2 Danville, Ohio.... 1 Deadwood, S. D. .. 1 Devil's Lake, N. D. 2 Davenport, low a . . 3 Dillon, Mont 1 Drake, N. D 1 Douglas, Arizona. 1 Dubuque, Iowa... 1 Dekatur, Iowa. ... 1 Enterprise, Oregon 1 El Paso, Texas 4 Enid, Okla 8 Everett, Wash 2 Evansville. Ind... 1 Everson, Pa 1 Eau Claire, Wis. . . 1 Edmonton, Canada 11 Ellsworth, Kansas 1 Esbone, Kansas... 1 Ellwood, Minn. ... 1 Embden, N. D 2 Emporia, Kansas. 1 Eschbach 1 Elmira, N. Y 2 Erie, Pa 1 Fairfield, Neb 4 Fargo, N. D 25 Ferndale, Wash. . . 1 Fairfield, Iowa. ... 1 Fort Worth, Texas 14 Fosston, Minn.... 1 Freemont, Neb.... 2 F'arrell, Nevada.. 1 Ferndale, Minn... 1 Flasher, N. D 2 Farmers City, 111. 1 Ft. Wayne, Ind. . . 1 Freeport, Neb 1 Faith, S. D 1 Forsyth, Mont. ... 1 Faul'kton, S. D 1 Geneve, Neb 1 Grafton, Texas. ... 1 Great Falls, Mont. 14 Glendive, Mont... 3 Grand Island, Neb. 4 Grand Forks, N.D. 18 Greton, S. D 1 Gooding, Idaho... 1 Greenville, Texas. 2 Gackle, N. D 1 Glasgow, Mont .... 3 Groton, S. D 1 Gr. Prairie, Texas. 1 Galesburg, 111 1 Glenullin, N. D. . . 1 Garden City, Kan. 1 Grafton, N. D 3 Helena, Mont 3 Hartford, 111 1 Hilton, S. D 1 Houston, Texas... 35 Havre, Mont 4 Hilton, Wash 2 Houlton, Maine... 3 Huntington, Texas 1 Hutchinson, Kans. 1 Hoquiam, Wash. . Harvey, N. D 1 Hastings, Neb 3 Hartford, Conn. . . 5 Harwood, N. D 1 Hettinger, N. D. . . 1 Hunter, N. D 1 Harlowtown, Mont. '. Hope, Idaho 1 Huron, S. D 2 Harris, Minn 1 Heaton, N. D 1 Hilton, Neb 1 Huntington, Neb. . 1 Indianapolis, Ind. 25 Isabel, S. D 1 Independence, Kail. 1 Junction City, Kan. 1 Jackson, Tenn. ... 1 Jamestown, N. D. . 13 Joplln, Mo 4 Jacksonville, Fla.. 3 .loliet. 111 2 Kansas City. Mo. . 7fi Kimmerer, Wyo. . 2 Kimball, S. D 1 Kent, Wash 2 Kerrobert, Canada 1 Kitchner, Canada. 1 Louisville, Ky. ... 2 I.akala, N. D 3 l.ongdon, N. D. . . . 1 Laramie, Wyo. ... 3 Laredo, Texas .... 3 LeRoy, N. Y 27 Lincoln, Neb 27 Los Angeles, Calif. 59 Laurel. Mont 19 Little River, Kans. 1 Livingston, Mont. . 3 Lewiston, Mont. . . 3 Lindsay, Okla.... 1 Lethbridge, Can. . . 2 Lewisville, Idaho. 2 Lexington, Ky 2 Lewiston, Idaho . . 4 Lima, Ohio Lake City, S. D.. . 1 Lake Preston. S. D. 1 Laramie, N. D. . . . 2 Logansport, Ind. . Malvern, Iowa .... 1 Mason City, Iowa. 1 Medina, N. Y 14 Millette, Wyo 1 Milwaukee, Wis... 23 Minneapolis, Minn. 3 13 Minot, N. D 87 Minnesota Tr'nsfer 5 Monroe, La 2 Moosejaw, Canada 1 Millette. S. D MacRorie, Canada. 1 Missoula, Mont.... 14 Mobile, Ala 1 Mobridge, S. D 1 Muskegon, Okla ... 5 Miles City, Mont. . fi Manchester, Mont. 1 Mayville, N. D.... 1 Memphis, Tenn... 4 Mitchell, S. D fi Morinville, Canada 1 Manchester, Iowa. Mandan, N. D 1 Mobridge, Minn. . . Manville, Canada. 1 Montreal, Canada. 4 Minden. Neb 1 Marshalltown, la. 2, Mow bridge, S. D. . Milfort, Mo 1 Marion, Ohio 1 Marcus. Iowa 1 Medicine Hat, Can. 2 Milton. Oregon 1 Norfolk, Va 3 Nashville. Tenn. .. 9 New London, Wis. 1 New Orleans, La.. 22 New York, N. Y.. .459 North Bay, Canada 1 Norfolk, Neb 7 North Platte, Neb. 39 New Haven, Conn. 4 New Rockf'd, N.D. 1 Newberg, Oregon. . Newport, R. I North Battleford. . New Salem, N. D. . 1 New Bedf 'rd, Mass. 1 Ogenia, Wis 1 Oklahoma City ... 10 Omaha, Neb l'fi Ogden, Utah 1 Olvmpia, Wash. . . 1 Ottaw a. Canada ... 1 Oshkosh. Wis 2 Orient, S. D Othello, Wash 1 Peoria, 111 3 Philadelphia, Pa. . 34 Pittsburg, Pa 121 Portland, Oregon. 34 Providence, R. I. • 14 Payette, Idaho. ... 4 Pocatello, Idaho . . fi Princeton, Minn... Prescott, Wis 1 Phoenix, Arizona. 2 Portal, N. D Phillipsburg Prince Albert 1 Total towns 394 Peach, Wash 3 Paris, Idaho 1 Portland, Maine . . 4 Pittsfleld, Mass... 1 Quebec, Canada. . . Quincy, 111 1 Rugby, N. D 2 Regent, N. D 1 Regina, Canada... 21 Rockford, III 2 Stafford, Canada.. 1 Richland Center, Wis 1 Redfleld, S. D 1 Rocksprings.Mont. 1 Biverton, Wyo. ... 1 Red Deer, Canada. Rolla, N. D 1 Roundup, Mont. . . 3 Ray more, Canada. 1 St. Louis, Mo 76 St. Paul, Minn. ... 60 Salt Lake City 2 San Antonio, Tex. 11 San Francisco, Cal. 38 Seattle, Wash 82 Selah, Wash 2 Shrevesport, La... 20 Sioux City, Iowa. . 40 Spokane, Wash... 85 Springfield, 111 3 Strasburg, N. D. . . Slreator, 111 1 Sumner, Wash. ... 14 Susp. Bridge, N. Y. 16 Swift Curr'nt, Can. 8 Shelley, Mont Scottsbluff, Neb. .. Sault Ste. Marie. . . Stockton, Calif. ... 1 Sacramento, Calif. 3 San Bernardino, Calif Santa Barb'ra, Cal. 1 San Diego, Calif. . 2 Shelby, Mont 3 Sioux Falls, S. D.. 14 Saskatoon, Canada 23 Stanley, N. D 1 Sherburn, Minn. . . 1 Springfield, Ohio. . 1 Springfield, Mass.. 5 Sheridan, Wyo. ... 4 Sterling, 111 1 Svracuse, N. Y. . . . 1 Sidney, Wyo 1 Scottsbluff, Neb. . . 1 Spiritwood, N. D. . 1 Texarkana, Texas. 6 Thorne, N. D 1 Tulsa, Okla 12 The Dalles, Oregon 7 Topeka, Kans 5 Toronto, Canada. . 2o Tacoma, Wash. ... 8 Terry, Mont ! Trinidad. Colo 1 Temple, Texas 1 Tulsa, Arizona. ... Tyler, Wash Tracy, Mont ' Tripp, S. D 1 Temple, Arizona. . Tabor, Canada. ... 1 Toppenish, Wash. 2 Toledo, Ohio 2 Tunis, Mont 1 Vancouver, Canada 23 Velva, N. D 1 Vergas, Minn 1 Valley City, N. D. 3 Vermillion, S. D. . Vulcan, Wash 1 Walla Walla, Wash • • 4 Washington, D. C. 31 Waterbury, Conn.. 7 Waterloo, Iowa. . . 1 Whiteflsh, Mont. . . 33 Williston, N. D. . . 7 Wilson, N. Y...... 1 Winnipeg, Canada 30 Winona, Minn. ... 1 Wasco, Texas 12 Wallace, Idaho... 3 Weyburn, Canada 7 Wapato, Wash. ... 2 Wahpetom, N. D . . 3 Warren, N. D 1 Wolf point, Mont. . Worland, Wyo .... 1 Wichita, Kans 4 Watertown, S. D. . 2 Winfleld, Kans. . . . 1 Worcester, Mass.. 6 Wilson, Idaho 1 Walford, N. D 1 Wells, Wash 1 Xenia, Ohio 1 Yakima, Wash. ... 24 Yorkton, Canada.. 3 Yoakum, Texas... 1 Zilla, Wash 8 Zanesville, Ohio.. 1 ; total cars 4,217. The person who wastes food during war time is helping the enemy. 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page II Sen- V. S. tat. Off. Reg. U. S. Pat. Off. The hustle and bustle of farm and freight station never stop for rain. Men must be outdoors in the worst of weather. But — Raynsters have come to rob rain of its annoyances. This new word "Raynster" is the name of the United States Rubber Company's entire line of weatherproof clothing. And to make sure that you get a Raynster when you buy, each coat is labeled. The Raynster label is your assurance that you are getting a water- proof coat that is serviceable and comfortable and made of the best of materials. Buy by this label— it's your protection. These practical storm-coats are madewithampleroomtowork. They 're made strong and durable. They're made to fit every purpose and person. Raynsters are of so many different styles and kinds that to say these storm-coats are obtainable to fit the needs of all men, women, boys and girls just starts to tell the story. ' Stop at your dealer's and you'll learn the rest about Raynsters. And if you do, it's ten to one you take one home. Send a postal today for interesting book of styles. It shows Raynsters for men, women and children. United States Rubber Company Clothing Division, New York and Boston WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT November. Store Box Apples in Indiana on Storage-in-Transit Basis We are advised that the storage-in -transit privi- lege has been extended, effective October 27th, to Central Freight Association territory. Our modern fire proof facilities served by four trunk line railroads, together with the sales service of F. H. Simpson Fruit Company, are at your ser- vice. Rates furnished upon application. Ebner Ice and Cold Storage Company VINCENNES, INDIANA Distribution of the New York Peach Crop [Editor's Note. — This article contains some valuable and interesting data on the distribu- tion of the New York peach crop, which every- one should read who is interested in the dis- tribution of the Northwestern apple crop, as it indicates a very broad distribution for the quantity marketed.] In the past the great problems of peach-growers, as of those who grow other agricultural products, have been cultural in their essential character. Attention to problems of distribution have had to do with the opening up of new regions of production — the ex- pansion of the agricultural domain; with developing means of transporta- tion— railroad lines, steamboat service, canals; and in developing centers of consumption in habitable parts of America. Until recent years, little has been done in studying the commercial disposition of agricultural products. Now, however, studies are being made everywhere of the distributive sys- tems by which products get to market and to determine what share of the consumer's price should go to the pro- ducer and what to the distributor. Everywhere the importance of these economic studies is recognized and no producer sees more clearly than the New York peach-grower the need of improvement in handling products to distribute risks, reduce risks, decrease the number in the vast armies of mid- dlemen and in every way improve de- fective distribution. But these ques- tions belong to specialists — econom- ists. We wish here only to furnish a few fundamental data which may be of use to all concerned in the distri- bution of the peach-crop. In the economic study of the peach- industry in the state it is essential to know the volume of the product in the state; what proportion of the total dif- ferent sections produce; how the crop is distributed in consumption; and the movement of the peach-crop from competing peach-states. These data we undertake to furnish for the year 1915, a normal peach-year, taking the figures from the transportation lines handling peaches in New York so far as obtainable. The volume of the product for Western New York is shown by figures taken from the New York Central Railroad and the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Peaches were shipped from towns as follows: Cars Adams Basin .... 26 Albion 41 Appleton 108 Ashwood 19 Barker 261 Barnard 72 Brice .- ,24 Brighton 3 Brockport 116 Buffalo 2 Burt 214 Carlton 25 C.avwood 16 Charlotte 88 Covert 21 E. Williamson... 52 Elberta 24 Elm Grove 1 Fancher 17 Fruitland 48 Gasport 108 Geneva 19 Greece 14 Hamlin 216 Hector 28 Hilton 314 Holley 27 Junius 61 Kendall 70 Cars Lewiston 432 Lockport 119 Lodi 3 Lindcnville 171 Medina 76 Middleport 36 Millers 87 Model City 156 Morton 188 North Boad 2 Ontario 43 Pittsford 2 Bansomville 38 Bochester 214 Bushville 3 Sodus 126 Spencerport 91 Trumansburg ... 11 Union Hill 1 Valois 5 Walker 168 Waterport 15 Waverlv 1 Webster 3 Williamson 371 Wilson 126 Wolcott 15 Total 4568 These figures include plums, but the shipment of plums in 1915 was so in- significant as to be negligible and more than offset by shipments of peaches not accounted for by the car- riers' names. In addition to the above the American Express Company took out of this territory about 175 cars, mostly in less than car-lot shipments. No. Pet. Cars of Crop 1628 36 Accurate figures could not be ob- tained from the Hudson River Valley and Long Island shipping points as so much of the fruit is shipped by water, but basing the yield in 1915 on the census reports of 1909 as to yields and number of trees as compared with similar data for these years from Western New York, a rough approxi- mation of the number of carloads in Eastern New York is GOO. From re- ports received from the chief Hudson River navigation lines it would seem that they probably carried about one hundred carloads. Practically all of the 600 carloads grown in Eastern New York were con- signed to New York City or nearby towns. From the above table we may assume that about 5000 carloads were produced in the rest of the state and we are fortunate in having a record as to where 4419 of these were con- signed. The New York Central Rail- road distributed the number of car- loads named as follows: No. Destination Towns Buffalo and points west, including Pittsburg... 96 Pennsylvania and points south of Newberry^Jct. 72 Points east of Albany. . . 25 Points north of New York City 145 New York City 1 339 Analyzing these figures we find that 4,419 carloads reached 339 destina- tions grouped as follows: 9 cities took 2,378 cars, over one-half of the crop; 21 cities took 3,018 cars, two-thirds of the crop; 59 cities took from 4 to 10 ST SERVICE UALITY& PRICES f PERFECTION IN FRUIT VLABELS/ 906 222 986 677 4419 20 5 22.3 15.7 trlf Simp 1? ER CO. -24 NORTHWESTERN BAl^ PORTL.AND.OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY-AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERRIES. \ WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ip/7 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 cars each; 231 cities took from 1 to 3 cars each; 62 per cent of the crop went outside of the state; 22.3 per cent went to points in New York north of New York City; 15.7 per cent went to New York City. The nine cities which took over one- half of the crop are: Cars Cincinnati 116 Syracuse 109 Columbus 109 Detroit 103 Total 2378 While these nine cities took over one-half of the 1915 peach crop, twenty-one cities took 3,018 carloads. In addition to those already named, these cities are as follows: Cars New York 677 Pittsburg 555 Philadelphia 418 Cleveland 156 Boston 135 Cars Newark, N. J. . . . 77 Dayton, Ohio 69 Albany 67 Utica 64 Baltimore 55 Troy 52 Wilkes-Barre ... 50 Cars Schenectady 46 Watertown 44 Indianapolis .... 43 Toledo 37 Providence 36 Total 3018 Remarks — The New York peach crop for the year 1915 was 5000 cars, with actual destination obtained for 4419 cars. The statistics show that 4419 cars were distributed in 339 cities. If the Northwest apple crop susceptible to as wide a distribution in carlots for the reason that many towns are too small to consume a carload of peaches in a limited time before they would spoil, whereas a carload of ap- ples would keep sufficiently long to afford every small city a much longer period for consumption, which is suf- ficient evidence in itself to show that apples can be sold in carlots to much smaller cities than peaches. Particu- lar attention is called to the fact that 231 cities, evidently small ones, ap- pear in the distribution taking from one to three cars each. It must be borne in mind in connection with this article that the peach crop of New York is only one of many of the large districts producing peaches exten- sively. It would seem if the Fruit Growers Agency would collect data in was distributed equally as well in pro- portion to quantity the distribution would cover 1695 cities. However, in making this statement it must be noted that peaches are far more perishable than apples, and consequently not so reference to the shipment of apples from the Northwest during the com- ing season they could present some very valuable information on distri- bution for future years. In as much as the work on the distribution of the peach crop was largely done by the Experiment Station of New York it would seem that the Experiment Sta- tions of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and other states could do some similar work on the apple ship- ments of the 1917 crop, and by proper analysis of the data present some sug- gestions that would be well worthy of consideration. As the number of cars of apples shipped from the Northwest is about five times greater than the number of cars of peaches shipped from the state of New York, and as the peach crop was distributed in 339 towns, it would seem that the apple crop of the Northwest should at least be distributed in 1625 cities — and then some, which would be a big increase over the past distribution of about 611 cities — the number known so far as reported. A 25,000 Box Apple Sale at Wenatchee. Officers of the Wenatchee Heights Unit have sold the apple crop of the Heights, approximately 25,000 boxes, the sale including almost all of the fruit of Wenatchee Heights. The con- tract calls for the delivery of the fruit at South Wenatchee Avenue. The Heights fruit this year, as in years past, grades high, and the extra fancy prices particularly are very satisfac- tory to the growers. The growers get pay for the fruit on delivery at the warehouse and the burden of furnish- ing cars is on the buyer. The follow- ing are the prices for the different va- rieties and grades: Winter Banana, $1,75, $1.50, $1; De- licious, $1.70, $1.45, $1; Spitzenbergs, $1.50, $1.25 and 90c; Jonathans, $1.15, $1 and 75c; King David, $1.10, 95c and 75c; Black Bens, $1.10, 90c and 75c; Staymen, $1.10, 95c and 75c; Black Twigs, $1.05, 90c, 75c; Wine- saps, $1.45, $1.20, 80c; Rome Beauty, 88 and larger, $1.40, $1.20, 90c; Rome Beauty, smaller, $1.20, $1, 75c; Yellow Newtowns, $1.25, $1.10, 75c; White Winter Pearmains, $1.20, $1 and 75c; Ben Davis, $1.05, 90c and 75c— "The Packer." RIGHT NOW Begin to investigate NOW the sprayer you are going to use this next season. When you decide, be sure you are making an invest- ment of permanent value— that you will get an outfit that will do what others cannot do, and will save time and trouble, and make money for you for years to come. That is just what you get in the 80% POWER SPRAYER 7/?e lO-poini sprayer You should know about Bean Porcelain Lined Cylinders, the Bean Pressure Regulator, the Pump without a stuffing box, Bean Underneath Suction, the Bean Refiller, Bean Eccentrics, the Bean Rocking Bolster, Bean interchangeable parts and Bean threadless ball valves. You owe it to your orchard and to your pocket book to learn all about Bean Power Sprayers and the Bean complete line of hand and barrel pumps and accessories. You get Bean dura- bility—reliability— efficiency— sturdiness in any Bean out- fit you buy. See your nearest Bean dealer at once or send coupon to us for the big Sprayer Catalog. Bean Spray Pump Co 213 West Julian St. SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA Page i i BETTER FRUIT November BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER, OREGON Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers' Association A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the Interest of Modem Fruit Growing aud Marketing All t'orumunlcations Should Be Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist Corvallis WASHINGTON Dr. A. I,. Melander. Entomologist Pullman " M Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thornber, Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E P. Tajlor, Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist .. .t Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States. 11.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign. Including postage. $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906. at the Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3. 1879. Fall Spraying. — A great many dis- tricts throughout the Northwest are troubled with anthracnose. The most effective time to spray for anthracnose is in the fall immediately after harvest- ing. The best remedy known is bor- beaux treatment, which can be bought already prepared or made by the orchardist. Every grower as soon as he harvests his apple crop, if he has any anthracnose, or if there is anthrac- nose in his neighborhood, should imme- diately spray his orchard, not stopping until the job is completed. The sooner the orchard is sprayed after harvest- ing the better. It is equally important to spray orchards to the fullest extent possible before the fall rains com- mence; but even if a few showers occur do not stop spraying with bordeaux until the whole orchard has been sprayed. Codling Moth. — A great many grow- ers got the idea this season that worms were not going to be bad, others felt like economizing, omitting some of the sprays and failing to spray thoroughly in the balance. Whenever a grower omits any spray or fails to do his work thoroughly he can rest assured that, whether a good year or a bad year for worms, he will have a large percent- age. There is no reason in the world why an apple crop should not be cleaner and more free from worm stings than it is, which is all due to a lack of spraying. It seems timely to call the attention of the fruit growers to this subject right now, when the loss is apparent and before they forget it, with the hope and belief that by so doing growers will do better work in 1918 and have a smaller percentage of wormy apples. There is nothing that hurts the apple grower or prevents con- sumption more than the marketing of wormy and badly-stung apples. National Apple Day. — Thursday, No- vember 1, was National Apple Day, which was pretty generally observed throughout the United States. All kinds of advertising publicity should be given the apple during the coming year for the purpose of increasing consumption and for the further purpose of having people eat apples instead of non- perishable foods. The dealers in the city can continue National Apple Day publicity in a great many ways, which will be big factors in increasing con- sumption. Apple shows can be held; occasionally special sales can be put on by the retailers; window decora- tions can be made by retail grocers; street-car advertising can be utilized to excellent advantage. Newspaper ad- vertising is the best method in the world. The subject can be brought before the schools by the school teach- ers; electric signs can be displayed in the various prominent public places: "An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away." "Health's Best Way — Eat Apples Every Day." "Eat Apples and Conserve the Non- Perishable Food." From time to time special menus can be served in hotels, restaurants and clubs. The retail trade can hang out signs, banners and distribute dodgers, and in a thousand and one ways the wholesaler, the retailer and the public in general can help to increase the con- sumption of apples this year. Nothing contributes more to the health and the digestion than an apple a day. Nothing will contribute more to the prosperity of the apple growers — a big factor in the United States — than increased con- sumption of apples. Increased con- sumption of apples is highly desirable in the United States this year on ac- count of the embargo on export trade, which means the United States will have to consume about 10 per cent more apples than in previous years — very easily accomplished if everyone would do his share. Car Shortage. — Criticism is being made by the Northern Pacific Rail- road about shippers along that line loading cars too light. There has al- ready been a shortage of cars in the Northwest this season. If all shippers would load their cars to the maximum in accordance with uniform conditions, instead of loading to the minimum, it would require 10 per cent less cars, and probably 10 per cent would cover the shortage that exists this season. Distribution. — The Northwestern Fruit Exchange, one of the large ship- ping associations of the Northwest, has announced they are selling apples to an increased number of cities and towns this year, stating in connection with the announcement that advertising has been a big factor in enabling them to open up new territory. A number of district associations have also an- nounced they are selling to towns which they have not sold before. This is very gratifying. There is no ques- tion if the Northwestern apple crop is properly distributed, and it can be done, there will be no further talk about overproduction. Better Fruit has repeatedly claimed that the years of low prices have been more a factor of lack of distribution than overpro- duction. Wormy Apples. — The same old com- plaints are bobbing up this year about growers shipping wormy apples. How- ever, Better Fruit is glad to say the complaints have not been very exten- sive and the number of offenses com- paratively few. The growers are not always to blame, particularly this year when they have had to put up with a great deal of inexperienced help, and help is inclined to be more or less care- less and extremely indifferent. There is only one way in which a grower can prevent this — that is by always being on the alert and continually watching the packers, and if not always present in the packing house instructions should be issued to the foreman of the packing house to guard against wormy apples going into any of the boxes. Good Prices. — It usually follows when the movement of apples is active in the early part of the season and prices reasonable that consumption is greatly increased, and a good fair average price obtained for the grower throughout the season. On the other hand, when the opening prices are un- necessarily high consumption and activ- ity in the trade is prevented in the first half of the season, — the result being that too many apples are held for the last half of the season and a slump occurs. The average price is always bad under such conditions. If the grower will accept and the dealer will pay a reasonable price at the open- ing and continue on this basis through- out the season, then there will be no more complaint of the growers getting low prices for their apples. Movement of the Northwestern Apple Crop. — The movement of the North- western apple crop to date amounts to a little more than half of the quantity shipped up to date last year, largely due to the fact that the Northwestern apple crop is about two weeks late. Selling has been comparatively active, although it is claimed by some that speculators who bought at reasonable prices are prohibiting apples going into consumption at figures higher than the trade will justify at the present time. Growers have been disposed and ready to accept a reasonably good price for their apples. Large quantities have been disposed of at satisfactory figures by the growers and at a figure which would afford the dealer a fair profit at the same time. Small Apples. — The sizes of the apples in the Northwest are smaller than usual this year, due to several causes, mainly the continued long dry spell throughout the entire summer, and also due to the lack of pruning. It is generally more or less true throughout 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 the United States that too little pruning has been done, consequently the tree has too much top and sets too many fruits for the root system, consequently apples are small. The great trouble seems to be the average fruit grower puts off pruning until spring instead of beginning early enough in the winter to prune the whole orchard thoroughly. I think there are very few of us, if we are frank, who will decline to admit this is the case. San Jose Scale continues to be more or less prevalent all over the North- west. Growers who are seriously affected should use sulphur sprays this fall, particularly if the pest is serious, and again next spring. Fungus. — The Northwestern apple crop is comparatively free from fungus this year for the first time in many years. Never before in the past his- tory of the business have growers sprayed so thoroughly or so effectively for fungus as in the year 1917. Their excellent success in not only control- ling but practically eradicating this pest this year ought to be sufficient evi- dence, consequently it is hoped that every fruit grower will begin spraying for fungus in the semi-dormant and omit none of the applications of the sulphur sprays in the spring of 1918. Storage-in-Transit The following special announcement in reference to storage-in-transit speaks for itself, and is certainly appreciated by the fruit growers of the Northwest, as well as the dealers in Central Freight Association territory. This announcement is very significant inas- much as it affords the Northwest an opportunity to store apples close to the large consuming centers in the large manufacturing districts, where there is an immense trade for Northwestern apples. By storing Northwestern apples close to consuming centers in readi- ness for supply as consumption re- quires, the trade can be increased and greater consumption created. Equally if not more important is the fact that this additional storage-in-transit terri- tory opens up a new field for storage, enabling the Northwest to store large quantities early in the season, thus avoiding the dangerous cold weather that occurs later in the year: SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT Storage-in-Transit. Rochester, N. Y., October 20, 1917. We take pleasure in announcing that the Storage-in-Transit Tariffs on Box Apples will become effective in Central Freight Association territory (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Ohio) on and after October 27th on shipments from Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington. The tariffs will go into effect on the transcon- tinental basis of five (5) cents per hundred over the through rate. We hope to be able to make a definite an- nouncement the first of the week with reference to the effective date of tariffs in Trunk Line territory. Very truly yours, R. G. Phillips, Secretary. International Apple Shippers' Association, 522 Mercantile Building, Rochester, New York. R. S. French, General Manager. National League of Commission Merchants, 90 West Broadway, New York. W. D. Tidwell, Secretary, Western Fruit Jobbers* Association, P. O. Box 1349, Denver, Colorado. RUNNING WATER IN THE COUNTRY HOME For Less Than City Rates A man told us at the State Fair that his cost of operating his Mitchell Pneumatic Water System was about $2.00 per year. We were surprised, but upon fur- ther inquiry among owners found that the operating cost of the average Mitchell System, using the Stover Engine for power, is 25c per month. Can YOU afford to let this small sum stand between you and the comfort and convenience of water under pressure in your home and about the place? Water Systems are Successful because simple, dependable, easy to operate. There is"nothing about the Mitchell System that is complicated, delicate.^^P' or that will cause trouble and expense. ^r "YoXJ P*""' NOW is the time to install your system. Drop us a line for our free book "Through the Eye of the Camera' Ask for Book No. 22 MITCHELL, LEWIS & STAVER CO. PORTLAND, OR. SPOKANE, WN. a Keep your harness oiled. Leather is so porous that unless you protect it, sweat, moisture and dust attack the fibre and your harness gives out years before its time. The preservative oils in Eureka protect your harness. Keeps it jet black. / \ ) \ Eureka Harness Oil/ Standard Oil Company (California) ,/.- Further recognition for motor oil made from California asphalt-base petroleum was brought to light re- cently when a prominent Peerless dealer showed a group of newspaper men a letter from the Peerless factory. This letter stated that after testing sev- eral kinds of oil, the technical depart- ment was able to secure uniformly bet- ter results with a certain widely- known advertised motor oil made here on the Pacific Coast from California asphalt-base petroleum, than from any of the oils which they tested. Page 16 BETTER FRUIT Professional Knowledge By Professional Knowledge we mean exact information, the kind thai is gained by scientific re- search, by laboratory experi- ments, by proving theories in practice. Success in fruit raising demands professional knowledge. So much depends upon exact and positive information. Guess-work is ex- pensive anywhere. It is particu- larly so for the fruit raiser. We maintain a department for the dispensing of professional knowledge, of scientific informa- tion. It is in charge of Mr. S. W. Foster, an entomologist of eleven years' practical experience, six of them in the United States Bureau of Entomology, stationed on the Pacific Coast. We know of no man better equipped by thorough college training, and wide experience, to counsel the fruit grower. He is at your service. He travels exten- sively in orchard sections to keep informed, and to ascertain the best methods of insect and fungus control. Definite and reliable directions for treatment of your trees no doubt will be of great value to you. The results obtained by the use of different spray materials, and under varying conditions, are yours for the asking. The time and method of applying spray materials are all-important. If you are uncertain what to do, or when to do it, write to us and Mr. Foster will reply. We publish from time to time bulletins giving the best available information concerning insects and diseases. Write for the one in which vou are interested. spray MATERIALS ORCHARD BRAND SPRAY MATERIALS are scientifically pre- pared. There is one for each pur- pose required on the Pacific Coast. Write for bulletin: (1) How to control the prin- cipal insect enemies and fungus troubles on deciduous fruit trees during the growing period; (2) The dormant spraying of deciduous fruit trees west of the Rocky Mountains; (3) Orchard Brand spraying materials. ORCHARD BRAND SPRAYING MATERIALS are warehoused by the following distributors, who can supply dealers and fruit growers : GILBERT & DEWITT, Hood River, Oregon. C. J. SINSEL, Boise, Idaho ROGUE RIVER CO-OPERATIVE FRUIT GROWERS' ASSOCIATION, Medford, Oregon. MORGON, McKAIG & CO., North Yakima, Washington. WELLS & WADE, Wenatchee, Washington. SAMUEL LONEY & CO.. Walla Walla, Washington. McGOWAN BROTHERS HARDWARE COMPANY, Spokane, Washington. Insecticide Department, General Chemical Company, Dept. G-1, San Francisco, Cal. Please send me free bulletins re- garding the control of orchard pests and diseases. I have acres apples acres peaches acres pears acres apricots acres prunes acres cherries acres grapes acres almonds Name Address Mail this Coupon to Dept. Gl General Chemical Company San Francisco, California November Tenth National Apple Show War posters and relics will be shown in great numbers on "Liberty Street" at the coming National Apple Show in Spokane, November 19 to 24. Through the assistance of the War and Navy Departments and by appeal to United States consuls in foreign ports, the management has received the biggest collection of war posters ever gathered. Every week new consignments arrive, and what was originally intended to occupy a small corner of the buildings has now been changed, and a large department to be known as "Liberty Street" will be used to show these posters and relics. Every feature of war service is depicted in brilliant pic- torial issues. * * • The woman who can prepare the best, well-balanced meal composed of from five to ten dishes, for one person, all made wholly or in part from apples and carrying out the Hoover idea of food conservation as far as possible, will be awarded $50 in gold at the National Apple Show in Spokane, No- vember 19 to 24. This prize is the big feature of the women's department this year. It is open to any woman and no entrance fee is required. Each meal must be complete. Judging will be on food value, palatability, attractiveness and economy. The four women whose meals are rated second in value will each be given a $10 prize. • • • "Maiden Blush" and "Col. Newtown Pippin" will be joined in wedlock on the opening night of the Tenth National Apple Show in Spokane, November 19. The ceremonv will be performed by the "Rev. Ben Davis." The bride will be given away by her father, the "Sen- ator," while her mother, the "Duchess," is expected to mourn. The bride will be attended by "Miss Delicious" and "Miss Borne Beauty." "Col. Newtown's" best man will be "Mr. Wagener." The groom's only relative, "Brother Jona- than," may be late in arriving, but his lifelong friend, "Mr. Winesap," is ex- pected in plenty of time and in his customary inebriated condition. The wedding spectacle is a pantomime, planned on an elaborate scale. It will be staged by Miss Marguerite Motie, director of elocution and expression. Miss Motie is more generally known as "Miss Spokane," a tital bestowed by civic bodies in recognition of her as the city's formal representative on many occasions. The many apple char- acters made famous by Morris' cartoons will be faithfully reproduced. • • • Four big feature parades, each dis- tinctly different from the others, will be the principal street attractions dur- ing the National Apple Show in Spokane November 19 to 24. A dominant note of patriotism, appropriate to the war- time spirit of the hour, will be empha- sized in all of the street demonstrations. The biggest parade of the week will be Thursday night. It will be historic and patriotic, illustrating scenes from Amer- ican history, beginning with the land- WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT I9IJ ing of Columbus and extending through to the present day. Instead of soliciting floats to be prepared by the several stores and societies, the committee in charge has arranged that each line of business shall have a representative float, the various merchants pooling their funds for this purpose. All of the floats are being built under the direc- tion of the parade committee, -which assigns the subjects to be represented and takes full responsibility for con- struction. The result expected is a beautifully harmonious spectacle. Only organizations in complete costumes or uniforms will be permitted in this procession. BETTER FRUIT Page 17 What Your Are Asked to Do for Your Country THE men of the Allied Nations are fighting; they are not on the farms. The production of food by these coun- tries has therefore been greatly reduced. Even before the war it was much less than the amount consumed. The differ- ence came from America and a few other countries. Now this difference is greater than ever, and, at the same time, but little food can be brought in from the outside except from America. Therefore, our Allies depend on America for food as . they have never depended before, and they ask us for it with a right which they have never had before. For today they are our- com- panions in the great war for democracy and liberty. They are doing the fight- ing, the suffering, and dying — in our war. Why we must send more wheat. — England, France, Italy and Belgium, taken together, import in peace time 40 per cent of their breadstuffs. But now, with their reduction in harvest, they must import 60 per cent. We must increase our normal export surplus of 88,000,000 bushels to 220,000,000 bush- els. It can be done but in one way: by economizing and substituting. The peo- ple of the Allies cannot substitute corn alone for bread, as we can. They are using other cereals added to wheat flour to make war bread, and can thus use up to 25 per cent of corn for wheat. We have plenty of corn to send them, but, except in Italy, whose people normally use it, our Allies have" few cornrnills, and corn meal is not durable enough to be shipped by us in large quantities. Moreover, the Allied peoples do not make their bread at home; it is all made in bakeries, and corn bread can- not be distributed from bakeries. There is but one way: we must reduce our use of wheat. We use now an average of five pounds of wheat flour per person per week. The whole problem can be met if we will substitute one pound of corn or other cereal flour for one pound of wheat flour weekly per person; that is, if we reduce our consumption of wheat flour from five pounds a week to four pounds a week. Why we must send more meat. — The food animals of the Allies have de- creased by 33,000,000 head since the war began; thus the source of their meat production is decreasing. At the same time, the needs of their soldiers SAVE TIME, LABOR, MONEY Makes the Biggest Power Sprayer a One-Man Outfit Simple, Efficient, Dependable Takes entire capacity of the largest sprayer through one line of hose. One man with this Spray Gun does the work of two or three men with ordin- ary nozzles. Full Solid ^^^\ Made in Two Sizes Fog to Long Distance SPRAY Tops same trees as 10 or 12 foot bamboo extension or sprays full solid fog by half turn of handle. Bean Spray Pump Co. 213 W. Julian Street SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA ^■■■■■■■^■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■\S1^\S1H,1 best value for the money, not always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS SM^n for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. T?T T A T-ITT TTV behind the goods is Jli.LiLtt-DXJLu. ± ± added value. You can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. A TTQT? A PTTn'N Is assured by our A L 1 Or J\\j A 1 \jrt long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. ■RinfrV A T TTV Plus experience al- IV11TJLL1IAJUJ.I. 1 ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. A I L Richey& Gilbert Co. H.M.GILBERT.Presidentand Manager Grower! and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON First National Bank HOOD RIVER, OREGON A. D. MOE - - President E.O.BLANCHAR - Cashier Capital and Surplus $125,000 Assets Over $500,000 Member Federal Reserve System BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s Cement Coated Nails WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT DP2S THE WORLD - ORCHARD W^^ OUR ORCHARD ^X frnwm & Kelly I NEW YORK I bilOUE^TI^M^BLY THE D.5TRIBUTCTI *F UNTRY'3 Fancy OTHER. FRVITJ OUR MARKErT- THE WORLD WHEN WITTING ADVERTISEES MENTION BETTER FBUIT ^ BETTER FRUIT Volume XII DECEMBER, 1917 Number 6 {MIM r IIIHIIIIIIII llllllllt llllltlllllllllllllllHIIIIIIIt I I II lllllllll I> The Spitzenburg apple is universally conceded for excel- lency of flavor as an eating apple and for dessert to have | no superior and few equals. It has a spicy flavor, very juicy, with a beautiful red color. The Spitzenburg is usually at its best for consumption from October t.i 1 January, keeping in prime condition cm cold storage considerably longer. It glows to perfection in Oregon, Washington and some parts of Idaho. Miiiiiiimiiiimmiiiiiiniiiiiii iininiiui iiiiiiiimiiiiii iiiiiiiiimiimi iiiiiimiini ■ ■■ iiiiiiiuitiiiiuiiiiii^ BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISH ERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents Box Strapping That Satisfies Order "Acme Dot Embossed." A strap applied with nails. 300 feet to a coil— 20 coils in a case. Protect your fruit Acme Strapping. Other styles as well. Write for Catalog. M'F'D BY Acme Steel Goods Co FACTORY 2840 Archer Ave., Chicago BRANCH 311 California St.. San Fancisco xojr your* bathroom Chases the chills in a jiffy — you bathe or shave in comfort. Portable. Fuel con- sumed only when heat is needed — no waste. No smoke or odor. STANDARD OIL COMPANY PERFE/CTION OIL HEATER If you are going to plant trees this sea- son, you will want a copy of Roeding's New Illustrated Catalogue and Practical Planter's Guide (revised and combined). Important features in this book will be— Advice to Planters, Best Methods of Planting, Proper Pruning for Big Crops, Soils, Cultivation, Irrigation, etc.; also New Varieties of Trees you will want to know about. Sent free on request. Fancher Creek Nurseries 602 Holland Building Fresno, California Driver Agents Wanted " >i r^ A T^T A Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49, 51,61 A Kl f\ I A\ ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND i\l\v> Hillsdale. Wyo... Heaton, x. D Hurdsfleld, N. D. Hutchinson, Kan. Hamilton, Canada Havana, Cuba. . . . Henryetta, Okla. . Harden, Mont. . . . Hoxie. Ark Hailey, Idaho . . . Hasl ings. Neb. . . Heglar, Idaho . . . Aberdeen, S. D. ... 14 Akron, Ohio 3 Altus, Okla 1 Anaconda, Mont... 4 Agra, Okla 3 Albertlea, Canada. 1 Aldersyde, Canada 1 Anier. Lake, Wn.. . 1 Anderson, Tex. ... 1 Arkansas City, Ok. 1 Alexandria, Minn. 6 Abelind. Kan 1 Alger, Wyo 3 Alliance, Neb 1 Almont. N. D 1 Amer. Falls, Ida.. 2 Almena, Kan 1 Atlanta, Ga 3 Ashtabula, Ohio.. . 3 Astoria, Oregon. . . 1 Ardmore, Okla. ... 1 Albion, Neb 1 Alder, Minn 1 Ann Arbor, Mich.. 1 Armour, Neb 1 Aurora, 111 1 Baker, Oregon.... 1 Iiellefourche, S. D. 2 Bellingham, Wash. 2 Hillings, Mont. ... 33 Birmingham, Ala.. 7 Boston, Mass 28 Bridgeport, Conn. . 7 Baltimore, Md. ... 16 Bismarck, N. D. . . 19 Buffalo, N. Y 13 Burlington, la. . . . 2 Butte, Mont 23 Bayfield, Wash 1 Beaumont, Tex. . . 7 Benedict, Kan. ... 2 Blue Island, 111... 2 Brandon, Canada.. 7 Buffalo, Wyo 1 Bloomington, 111.. 3 Bottineau, N. D. .. 1 Battleford, Canada 1 Beilah, Wash 1 Bakersfleld, Cal. . . 1 Brookings, S. D. .. 1 Brenhan, Tex 1 Brainerd, Minn.. . . 4 Beaver City. Neb.. 1 Beatrice, Neb 1 Ballard, Wash 1 ISyrum, Tex 1 Burley, Idaho .... 2 Buffalo Sp'gs. N.D. 1 Brownwood, Tex.. 3 Broadhead, Wis. . . 1 Bisbee, Ariz 3 Bozeman, Mont. . . 2 Bedford, Oregon . . 1 Brantford, N. D. .. 1 Bow man, S. D 2 Bellefoutaine, Ohio 1 Brookings, S. D.. . 2 Bluefleld, W. Va. . 1 Bancroft, Wis. ... 1 Brush, Col 1 Basin, Mont 1 Berlin, Wash 1 Bison, Mont 1 Camoose, Canada. 2 Canada, Kan 5 Casper, Wyo 6 Charlestown, S. C. 2 Chevenne, Wyo. ..119 Chicago, 111 449 I leveland, Ohio . . 27 Crawford, Neb. . . 7 Columbus, Ohio . . 10 Cresco, N. M 1 Cutbank, Mont. . . 22 I liateau, Mont. ... 1 Calgary, Canada.. 14 Cincinnati, Ohio.. 11 (rite. Neb 1 ('.orbing, N. D. . . . 1 Cozad, Neb 1 Carlton Sta., Mich. 1 Creston, Wash. ... 1 Chadron, Neb. ... 1 Centralia, Wash.. . 1 ( anby, Minn l Correctionville, la. 1 i ody, Wyo 1 Clayton 1 Clarenden, Tex.. . . 1 (intervillc, la. . . . 1 Carlton Sta., N. Y. 3 Cor! icana, Tex. . . 1 Canda, N. D 1 Champaign, 111. . . 1 ade, Mont. ... l Cedar Rapids, la. . 3 Council Bluffs, la. 2 ChlppewaFalls.Wis. 2 Hinton. W. Va 1 Hugo, Wash 1 Huntington, W. V. 1 Indianapolis, Ind. G Idaho Grove, la. . . 1 Indian, Wash 1 Independence, Kan. 2 Ithaca, N. Y 1 Jamestown, N. D. . 6 Joliet, 111 1 Judith Gap, Mont. 1 Jacksonville, Fla.. 1 Jackson, Mich 3 Knoxville, Tenn. . . 3 Kansas City, Mo... 48 Keene, N. H 3 Klamath Falls. Or. 4 Kimmerer, Wyo... 2 Kildeer, N. D 1 Kerrobert, Canada. 1 Kinsall, N. D 1 Kulm, N. D 1 Keokuk, la 1 Kimberly, Idaho. . 1 Kingston, Idaho . . 1 Laramie, Wyo.... 2 Leiumon, S. D 8 LeRoy, N. Y 88 Lewiston, Mont. . . 4 Livingstone, Mont. 4 Los Angeles, Cal.. 57 Lake Charles, La. 1 Lethbridge, Can.. . 2 Lincoln, Neb 17 Louisville, Ky. ... 16 Letcher, S. D 1 Leonard, N.D 1 Lerado, Tex 2 Long Prairie, Minn. 1 Laurel, Mont 8 Lead, S. D 1 Lavina, Mont 1 Law ton, Okla 1 Lima, Ohio 1 Laurel. Miss 2 Lake Preston, S. D. 1 Las Animas, Col.. 1 London, Ont 2 Liberal, Kan 1 Long Island, N. Y. 2 Lakeview, Ohio . . 1 Median, N. Y 9 Meridian, Idaho... 17 Milwaukee, Wis.. . 30 Minneapolis, Minn. 30 Manhattan, Kan... 1 Minot, N. D 32 Malvern, la 8 Moline, 111 2 Moosejaw, Canada 21 Marysville, Kan... 1 Manchester, Mont. 1 Missoula, Mont.... 3 Muskogee, Okla... 5 Marion, Ohio 2 Marshall, Minn.. . . 1 Mpls Trans., Minn. 3 Moorecraft, Wyo. . 1 Middlesboro, Mass. 1 Montpelier, Idaho. 1 Marshfleld, Wash.. 1 Mabscott, W. Va. . 1 Montgomery 1 Moccasin, Mont. . . 1 Milner, N. D 1 Memphis, Tenn... 2 Marvsville, Wash. 1 Mile's City, Mont. . 1 Malta, Mont 1 Montreal, Canada. 2 Murphysboro, 111.. 1 Merican, Idaho.... 2 Moulton, la 1 Malvernia. N. Y. . . 2 Monitor, Wash. ... 1 Mott, N. D 1 Mitchell, S. D 3 Marion, la 1 Miles City, Mont. . 2 Murray, N. D 1 McAllister, N. D. . 1 Mandan, N. D 1 Montpelier, Minn.. 1 Minden, Neb 1 Mongelia City, Pa. 1 Muscatine, la 1 Marshalltow n, la.. 1 Mason City, la. . . . 1 New York 309 North Platte. Neb. 60 Nashville, Tenn. . . 13 Nekoma 1 Nampa, Idaho .... 4 New Castle, Wyo.. 2 New Salem, N. D. 2 New Orleans, La.. 7 Norcater, Kan. ... 1 New Rockford ... 2 New Batllefd. Can. 1 Northwood. N. D. . 1 New berg. Oregon., 5 N. Battleford 2 Nacogdoches, Tex. 1 New England .... 1 Newberg, N. D. . . . 2 Nevada, Mo 1 Norris, Mont 1 New Haven, Conn. 1 Olympia, Wash. . . 1 Omaha, Neb 218 Ogden, Utah 4 20 15 1 Oklahoma City . Oshkosh, Wis... Ottumwa, la. ... Okmulgee, Okla. Oakland, Cal Owatonna, Minn Oakley, Kan Orrville, Ohio . . . Orland, Cal ( ksceola, la Oronaque, Kan.. . . Ottawa, Canada . . . Owensboro, Ky . . . Osnabrack, N.D. . Ocean Park, Wash. Odessa, Wash Pittsfleld, Mass.. . . Pecos, Tex Prussia, Canada . . Peoria, 111 3 Pensacola, Fla. ... 2 Poplar, Mont 2 Pocatello, Idaho., s Pueblo, Col 1 Palestine, Tex 1 Paris, 111 1 Pasadena, Cal 1 Pr. Albert, Canada 4 Puyallup, Wash.. . 1 Payette, Idaho. ... 5 Parkers Prairie... 1 Parker, S. D 2 Parkston, S. D. . . . 1 Phoenix, Ariz 3 Pittsburgh, Pa 54 Portal, N. D 10 Portland, Oregon.. 61 Philadelphia, Pa. . 60 Peterborough, Can Palisade, Wash. . Ptg La Prairie, Can Pipestone, Minn.. . Prelate, Canada. . . Providence, R. 1. Boundup, Mont. . , Rawlins, Wyo 2 Roy, Mont 1 Begina, Canada... Rochester, N. Y. . . Red Lodge, Mont. . 3 Rock Spr'gs, Wyo. 7 Raymond, S. D . . . 2 Rapid City, S. D. . 4 Radcliffe, la 1 Ritzville, Wash... 1 Rockford, 111 2 Rossell, Canada. . Reed Point, Mont I'ivciton, Wyo. . . Bainsen, Iowa . . . Rochester, N. Y. . Bock Valley, La. Bed Deer, Canada Rock Island, HI... Roston, Wash 1 Quinter, Kan 1 St. Louis, Mo 106 St. Paul, Minn. ... 57 Sacramento, Cal... 23 Salt Lake City, Ut. 16 San Antonio, Tex. 20 San Diego, Cal. ... 7 San Francisco, Cal. 56 Saskatoon, Canada 7 Seattle, Wash 121 Shreveport, La 13 Sioux City, la 28 Sioux Falls, S. D. . 9 Spokane, Wash... 105 Streator, 111 1 Sunnyside, Wash.. 1 Susp. Bridge, N. Y. 74 Swift Current, Can. Sheridan, Wyo. . . . Sweetwater, Wash. Stockton, Cal South Bend, Wash. Stettlcr Soda Springs, Ida. Shav nee, Okla .... Sulphur Snr., Tex. Superior, Wis Sykeston, N. D.... Seeword, Neb. . . . Suiuus, Mont 1 Sanliei naidino.Cal. 1 Salesville, Mont. . . 1 Superior, Wis 2 Sepeter 1 Srotts Bluff, la 2 Santa Barbara, Cal. 1 San M:ncils. Tex. . 2 Stockton, Kan 1 Sidney, Nel> 1 San .lose, Cal 1 Saco, Mont 1 Sumner, Wash. ... 7 Shephard, N. D. . . Starkwater. N. D.. S\ keston, N. D. . . . Stanley, N. D Shelby, Mont Selah, Wash SI. Cloud, Minn. . . San Angelo, Tex . . si. Marie, Idaho. . Sheboyan, Wis.... Sherbrook, Canada Spearville, Kan . . . Springfield, 111 Springfield, Mass.. 1 Page 8 BETTER FRUIT Syracuse, N. Y. . . . 5 Stanton, N. D 1 Stearnvillc, Wash. 1 Stockton, Cal 3 Texarkana, Tex... 4 Toppenish, Wash. 6 Tacoma, Wash. . . . 13 Toronto, Canada.. 19 Trinidad, Col. ... 5 Tulsa, Okla 16 Topeka, Kan 2 Tyler, Wash 1 The Dalles, Oregon 18 Tyler, Tex 8 Toledo, Ohio 1 Trair, la 1 Terry, Mont 1 Toledo, Ohio 1 Twin Falls, Idaho 1 Turtle Lake, N. D. 3 Twin Bridges, Mt. 1 Tiffin, Ohio 1 Trenton, N. J 2 Taft, Mont 1 Tremonton, Can. . . 2 Terry, Mont 1 Thief River Falls. 1 Three Forks, Mont. 1 Tyler, Minn 1 Tucson, Ariz 1 Thompkins, Can. . 1 Temple, Ariz 2 Terrell, Tex 1 Townsend, Mont. . 1 Utlca, N. Y 2 Vancouver, Can... 10 Vermillion, S. D. . . 1 Vein, Okla 1 Valley City, N. D.. 3 Vetrain, Canada.. 1 Vancouver, Wash. 10 Volga, S. D 1 Watertown, S. D.. 2 Warm Sp'gs, Mont. 1 Waterloo, la 1 Wellsvllle, N. Y... 1 Wichita, Kan 1 Weiser, Idaho .... 1 Wahpeton, N. D. . Wallula, Wash Whiteflsh, Mont.. . Winnipeg, Canada. Wilson, K. Y Waldram, Kan. . . . Weatherford, Tex. W. Somerset, N. Y. Wevburn, Canada. Whitewater, Wis. . Wolcott, N. D Whitethorst, Can.. Wallace, N. D Wahoo, Neb Wamego, Kan. . . . White River Sp'gs . Wchlen Winfleld, La Willmar, Minn.. . . Wolfpoint, Mont. . Winfleld, Kan Wynne, Ark Total number of Total number of 4 Wheatland, N. D. . 1 1 Wilwood, Canada. 1 57 Witchita Falls.Tex. 1 15 Wapato, Wash. . . . 7 1R Wilson, N. Y 1 1 Willsal, Mont 1 1 Waco, Tex 10 o Worcester, Mass. . . 5 (I Wallace, Idaho.. . . 2 1 Walla Walla, Wn. 2 1 Washington, D. C. 2b ?. Williston, N. D. .. 4 1 Wing, N. D 1 1 1 1 Yakima, Wash. . . . 73 1 1 1 Yrorkton. Canada.. 1 1 Yellow Grass 1 1 Yoakum, Tex 1 1 Xenia, Ohio 1 1 Zillah, Wash 12 1 ZanesviUe, Ohio.. 3 towns supplied 550. cars 4,280. Cold Storage of Apples in Pacific Northwest More Satisfactory Keeping of Fruit Discussed by THAT the responsibility for the keep- ing qualities of Northwestern apples must be shared practically equally be- tween growers and handling organiza- tions on the one hand, and cold storage warehousemen on the other, is the con- clusion reached by specialists of the United States Department of Agricul- ture as a result of investigations to determine the factors of greatest im- portance in successful storage of the fruit. The investigations disclosed that if the fruit is to be stored most satisfac- Specialists of U. S. Department of Agriculture torily, and is to be got into the hands of the consumer in excellent condition, the grower's part should be, first, to produce the healthiest possible fruit, sound, well colored and free from decay or skin blemish; and second, to have it carefully harvested at just the proper degree of maturity. The handler's part should be to so handle the fruit in har- vesting, hauling, grading and packing that it will not be bruised, scratched or injured. Growers, shippers and ware- housemen should co-operate to get the fruit into cold storage as soon as pos- December sible after it is harvested. The ware- housemen should then hold the fruit at as low a temperature as possible with- out subjecting it to the danger of freez- ing and should carefully watch it so that it may be disposed of while in good condition. The factors making for successful storage are discussed in detail in De- partment Bulletin No. 587, "Storage of Apples in the Pacific Northwest," re- cently published by the United States Department of Agriculture. It was found in the investigations, in regard to the factor of health and soundness, that apples from orchards badly infected with Northwestern an- thracnose are likely to decay early in their storage life, and that well colored portions of the skins of apples seldom if ever develop scald. These facts indi- cate the desirability of proper care of the orchards, including spraying and pruning. Keeping the trees open by pruning will admit the sunlight more freely and so facilitate coloring. The fact that scald develops generally on uncolored portions of the apple empha- sizes the importance of allowing fruit to develop high color before it is picked for storage. Only gross negligence on the part of the shipper or warehouse- man can nullify the effect of good color and sanitary orchard practices, the specialists point out. On the other hand, if fruit is poorly grown or dis- eased, the utmost care on the part of the warehouseman cannot prevent the development of storage troubles. Apples were stored under similar conditions when picked immature, ma- ture and overmature. In all cases the apples picked at maturity kept best. The best degree of maturity, it was found, was somewhat short of eating ripeness. The importance of keeping the skins of apples unbroken was demonstrated. Every bruise and scratch furnishes a possible point of entrance for fungous organisms causing decay. The promptness with which the fruit is stored and cooled after it is picked is the most important single factor in retarding natural decay, it was found. The more or less common practice of permitting the fruit to remain out of storage for several days in the orchard or packing house may shorten its cold storage life considerably, especially if the weather is warm. In the experi- ments, apples stored immediately kept in good condition in storage one month longer than apples held two weeks in packing houses before storage. In the temperature experiments, some apples were held at 31 to 32 degrees F., and others at 35 to 36 degrees F. In all these experiments the fruit held at 32 degrees was in better condition and could be held through a longer storage period than that held at the higher tem- perature. The practical effect of the higher temperature was the same as that of delay before storage. The life activities of the fruit advanced with greater rapidity than that stored at 32 degrees, and all fruit taken out of stor- age from time to time was found to be duller, yellower and riper than that held at 32 degrees. Thirty-two degrees ig 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 Five Books Free DO YOU WANT your fruit trees to grow faster, yield sooner and bear bigger crops. Our Tree book, "Better Orchard Tillage" shows how you can secure these results by blasting when planting. OR DO YOU want to save money on your stump blasting? Do you want to get the stumps out cleaner — split them up better — and cut down the quantity of powder required? Our Stump book, "Better Stump Removing," tells and shows how to do it. IF you want to save fertilizer and grow bigger crops, send for our Crop book, "Better Farm Tillage." It tells how blasting will make the subsoil mellow several feet deep and release new plant food for your crops. ARE there rocks on your farm? Our folder, "Better Boulder Breaking," shows how a few minutes' work will get them out of your way forever. DOES your farm need draining ? Our Ditch book shows how to blast clean, smooth ditcbes of any size — the easiest, quick- est way of making them. Mall the coupon below or a post card and get one oi all of the Giant books. You wilt find them valuable. They contain illustrations of the most economical ways ot doing farm work with Ciant Farm Powders. Make This Test Get i 25- or 50-pound case of either of the Giant Farm Powders. Get at the same time a case of any other dynamite or stumping powder. Blast with each. Keep track of the quantities used. Figure the cost. You will find — as farmers everywhere have found — that the Giant Farm Powders save farmers time, work and money. To make it easy for you to secure Giant Farm Powders, we print a trial order form in the coupon at the right. Fill it out, and we will have our nearest distributor supply you with a trial case at the lowest market price. STUMPING — AGRICULTURAL made in two brands — Eureka Stumping and Giant Stumping — are used by thousands of farmers and fruit growers in Pacific Coast States because: 1. They are made especially to suit Western farm and orchard conditions. 2. They are the genuine Giant Powders — the product of the manufacturers who originated the name. 3. They go further than ordinary dynamites, cracking, splitting and heaving out stumps, roots and all, rather than shattering and throwing them high in the air. 4. They will not freeze at ordinary temperatures. 5. Thousands of farmers state that the Giant brands "give better results" — "save money" — "have wider breaking power" — "shoot the roots" — and "are always uniform in action." A alr Your D^al^r He probably has Eureka rtiK 1 our UCdlcr. and Giant Stumping Pow- ders and other Giant blasting supplies. If he does not, write us. We will see that you are supplied promptly. THE GIANT POWDER CO., Con. HOME OFFICE: SAN FRANCISCO "Everything for Blasting" Distributors with magazine stocks everywhere in the West. . WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER IKl'll . i TO was found to be a sale temperature, since the freezing point of apple juice is several degrees lower. The experiments showed the Rainier apple In he the best keeping variety. It remained in prime condition for mar- kel until May or later. In length of time in which they could be kept in such condition the remaining varieties tested ranked as follows: Hyde King and Arkansas Black, May; Winesap and Yellow Newtown, last of April; Rome (Home Beauty), Northern Spy and Mis- souri, middle of April; Delicious, last of March; York Imperial, Ben Davis, Win- ter Banana and While Pearmain, first of March; Esopus ( Spil/.enburg), last of February; Gano and Black Ben, Stay- man Winesap and Salome, middle of February; Ortley, February; King Da- vid, first of February; Mcintosh, middle of January; Tompkins King and Wag- ener, January; Jonathan, first of Jan- uary; Arkansas (Mammoth Black Twig), January; and Grimes, middle to last of December. BETTER FRUIT December Southern Pacific Adopts "Hoover Corn Cake" The Southern Pacific Railway sends a menu for corn-meal cakes, made ac- cording to this recipe: 4 cups of corn- meal, 3 cups of boiling water, 1 cup of cream, 3 eggs, 1 tablespoon of sugar, 2 teaspoons of baking powder; salt to taste. Mix well meal and water (do not let it lump), add the cup of cream, into which the three eggs have been beaten; then add sugar, and last, the baking powder. Bake on hot griddle. BEST SERVIC QUALITY S PRICE PERFECTION IN FRUIT VLABELS 1riE Simp oellerCo. -24N0RTHWES PORTLAND.OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY^AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERRIES. 1 JHisslon San'BueHaveHtura,~f/entura, (?alifbrnia..Tbuneted1782 CALIFORNIA MISSIONS add the romance of California's early days to the infinite variety and charm of California life today. We can't begin to tell you here, but will send booklets of how and where to go— and what to do and see— in this wonderland. Jtsk any Agent of the Union Pacific System or write WM. McMURRAY, General Passenger Agent, Portland Founded 177^ Apple Scald a Preventable Disease Department of Agriculture Discovers that Occasional Renewal of Air in Storage Houses Is An Effective Remedy APPLE scald of green and ripe fruit in storage can be entirely and easily prevented by an occasional re- newal of the air of the storage room, according to a discovery of the United Stales Department of Agriculture, just reported by Charles Brooks and J. S. Cooley in the Department's Journal of Agricultural Research. The basis of the discovery is the fact the apples are living organisms which breathe and, like other living things, have ventila- tion requirements which if not met lead to other smothering. The report stales that accumulations of carbon dioxide (carbonic acid gas) produced by the apples in storage, the lack of air movement in the storage rooms, and the depositing of moisture on the fruit, are all factors that may play a part in the production of scald. The relative importance of these fac- tors is a matter for further investiga- tions. The experiments indicate that high humidities may be maintained in storage without the development of scald, and prove conclusively that an occasional remedy of the air of the WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 Out Vicious Pests with FRUIT-FOG Protect your Fruit! adds thousands of If you want a big yield, drive out all the vicious pests and diseases that invade your orchard ! Ordin- ary spraying.which merely controls the outside pests is not enough to insure a maximum yield. Millions of eggs and germs infest the microscopical niches and crevices in your trees, where no ordinary, coarse spray can reach them. These are the pests that destroy millions of dollars worth of fine fruit each year! These are the vicious hidden pests whichFruit-Fog,the scientifically atom- ized Super-spray, seeks out and kills. Over 50 Styles We manufacture over 50 styles of Hand and Power Sprayers and a complete line of fittings. Hayes spraying equip- ment is the accepted standard of thor- oughness, speed in application and low solution cost, on thousands of orchards and farms. There is a Hayes outfit especially designed for any of the fol- lowing uses: Orchards Potatoes Gardens Cotton Field Crops Flowers \ ni'-vards H >ps Nurseries Poultry Cemeteries Disinfecting Greenhouses Whitewashing Shade Trees Painting 300 Lbs. Pressure Guaranteed Fruit-Fog Sprayers are tested to 500 lbs. They are positively guaranteed to maintain 300- fb, working pressure at full rated capacity. Every part of the equip- ment is built to give enduring service under high pressure. This requires not only the finest of mechinical construc- tion, but the highest grade of hose, fittings, etc. Uinrl Pnwar The smaller outfits "dim ruwei are built to give maximum pressure with a minimum of power to operate. Whether you own a few trees or a large commercial orchard there is a Hayes outfit for you. Find out about Fruit-Fog Sprayers at once. PRISE T POP *s produced from any solution by rnUII-TUU the 300-lb. pressure of Hayes Fruit-Fog Sprayers and the Hayes Nozzle. Its thoroughness is due to vapory fineness and ad- hering power— not to force. Fruit-Fog seeps into the most minute niches and crevices— most dense foliage; reaches under sides of leaves; works un- der bud scales and beneath fleshy stamens of apple blossoms. Positively will not knock off buds of leaves like coarse, heavy sprays. Itenvelops everything— like a mist. Nohidden pest or disease can escape it. Thorough control and glorious crops is the result. Fruit-Fog being so vapory deposits only a light film of solution— just enough to exterminate all diseases and insects. There is no danger of injur- ing foliage. With This Super-fine Spray dollars to fruit crops! Thousands of growers now credit their clean orchards and bountiful yields to the thoroughness of this remarkable fog-like spray which controls all diseases and pests. Read below why Fruit-Fog will help you harvest a wonderful crop of clean high-priced fruit. FRUIT-FOG SPRAYERS FRUIT FflP no solution is wasted. It is so fine of texture rnUII-rUU tnat no drops form. Thus the usual heavy loss of solution is saved. Naturally, Fruit-Fog uses much less solution than coarse, heavy sprays. It reduces spraying cost by a big percentage- Growers everywhere testify to the quickness with which Fruit-Fog can be applied. This is very important when you have few days for spraying. No coarse, heavy, „ -- ^ifvX* — " /-e^ a low pressure spray can give you these advant- ages. High pressure is ab- solutely neces- sary. $?s^ #*££* ■ FREE IMPORTANT SPRAYING BOOK For thirty years we have been making Spraying apparatus for all pur- poses. During these years our experts have analyzed scores of spraying problems. One result is Fruit-Fog— foe of hidden pests. Another is Suc- cessful Spraying- a guide which shows how to rid trees of vermin and disease. This guide tells you how and when to spray— and what to use* It gives valuable data about different diseases and pests in simple terms — tells how to buy solutions and how to make them. It's a book that every fruit grower should have. Merely mail the coupon. We will send it. with our beautiful 68-paee catalog of Fruit-Fog Sprayers without cost or obligation. Mail the coupon now. i5ti4 *A 3 V? Hayes Pump & Planter Co. Dept. K, GALVA, ILL. Specialists on Spraying and Spray Apparatus Established 1881 Hayes Pump & Planter Co. Dept. K.Galva. III. Please send me your Spraying Guide and beautiful 68-page catalog of Haves Fi nit -Fog Sprayers, without cost or obli- gation. I am interested in: ind Sprayer Large Hand Sprayer I Small Power Sprayer U Large Power Sprayer D Nozzles and Fittings (Check item which interests you) Name Post Office R- F. D .. Street and No State WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT December SPBSf MATERIALS ORCHARD BRAND SPRAY MATERIALS are scientifically pre- pared. There is one for each pur- pose required on the Pacific Coast. We maintain a department for the dispensing of professional knowledge, of scientific informa- tion. It is in charge of Mr. S. W. Foster, an entomologist of eleven years' practical experience, six of them in the United States Bureau of Entomology, stationed on the Pacific Coast. We know of no man better equipped by thorough college training, and wide experience, to counsel the fruit grower. He is at your service. He travels exten- sively in orchard sections to keep informed, and to ascertain the best methods of insect and fungus control. Definite and reliable directions for treatment of your trees no doubt will be of great value to you. The results obtained by the use of different spray materials, and under varying conditions, are yours for the asking. The time and method of applying spray materials are all-important. If you are uncertain what to do, or when to do it, write to us and Mr. Foster will reply. We publish from time to time bulletins giving the best available information concerning insects and diseases. Write for the one in which you are interested. (1) How to control the prin- cipal insect enemies and fungus troubles on deciduous fruit trees during the growing period; (2) The dormant spraying of deciduous fruit trees west of the Rocky Mountains; (3) Orchard Brand spraying materials. General Chemical Company Dept. G-2 San Francisco, Cal. storage room will completely prevent the disease. This had been demon- strated in repealed experiments with several varieties of apples. Well aerated apples remained free from scald, while in all cases poorly aerated 'Hies handled in the same way from the lime they left the tree, throughout Storage, became badly scalded. Scalded fruit was found to be more mealy and poorer in Davor than un- sealded. Scald, in addition to render- ing the fruit unsightly and reducing its market value, rendered the apples ex- tremely susceptible to storage rots. Apples were apparently little harmed by several weeks' storage under poorly ventilated conditions if better aeration was provided before the fruit reached a certain critical period in its storage ripening. The maximum length of time that the fruit can remain in poorly ventilated storage without incipient in- jury, however, has not been deter- mined for many varieties. Final recom- mendation in regard to the frequency of ventilation, therefore, cannot be given as yet, but the investigators state that the fundamental fact that ventila- tion will prevent disease has been established, and advise storage men to avoid taking chances of smothering the fruit. Scald, it was found, increased with an increase in temperature from 41 de- grees F. to 68 degrees F. Higher tem- peratures were unfavorable to the de- velopment of the disease, and with cer- tain varieties such as Grimes Golden 32 degrees F. was more favorable to the development of the disease than 41 de- grees F. Investigations of this disease by the department specialists are still going on, but the facts already obtained indi- cate the necessity of important changes in storage methods. Savory Potatoes for Home Supplies When all the family gathers around the comfortable supper table every housekeeper takes pride in the substan- tial hot dishes she places before them. Nowadays an all-meat dish is out of the question, but a combination with potatoes will stretch the meat flavor and make an equally satisfactory offer- ing. Here are some potato combina- tions that will please a hungry supper crowd : Potato Pie — To one quare of hot boiled potatoes add enough hot milk to moisten. Season with butter and salt. Mash in kettle in which they were boiled and beat with a fork until light. Stir in half cup of minced ham. Have ready four hard-boiled eggs and half cup of stock or gravy. Arrange pota- toes and sliced eggs in dish in alternate layers with potatoes forming top and bottom layers. Moisten with the gravy. Brush over the top with milk or egg and brown in hot oven. This dish can be arranged in three layers with the middle layer some kind of meat hash bound together with egg or thickened gravy. Potato Turnovers — Boil and put through the ricer enough potatoes to measure a pint. Add one well-beaten COG GEAR SPRAY PUMPS ARE AT THE BOTTOM Higher and higher go fruit prices. Greater and greater becomes the demand for it More and more the im- portance of spraying is brought home to everyone, for marketable fruit must be perfect fruit and perfect fruit must be sprayed fruiL Spraying results are therefore important, and MYERS COG GEAR SPRAY PUMPS will be found at the bottom of successful spraying operations everywhere for they are wonderfully efficient sprayers which operate 33'A::< easier than others, are brass built, equipped with proven hose and nozzles, and — throw a uniform, powerful, penetrating spray that gets "Spraying Results" They come in so many sryles and sizes that a big 64 page catalog is necessary to show them. We want you to ask for a copy of it, and when you spray next Spring, spray for results, with a MYERS PUMP. dJ.'.m* 120 ORANGE ST. ASHLAND. OHIO. The Highest Honors ever conferred at any Exposition were awarded to \ egg, one tablespoon of flour and season with salt. Turn on floured board, roll out and out in circles size of saucer. Place on each a large spoonful of dry hash seasoned with onions and pars- ley chopped fine. This hash should be dry or bound together with thickening. Double over and pinch together like a turnover. Place on greased baking sheet and brown in hot oven. Serve with a thickened sauce made from the gravy in which the meat was cooked or with a tomato sauce. Family Potatoes — Use six cold or freshly-boiled potatoes. Cut into quar- ters and put in saucepan with a pint of gravy or soup stock. Add one chopped onion, salt and a little red pepper. Simmer on back of stove half an hour before serving. Bed pepper, or paprika, is preferable to black pepper in these potato dishes. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 1 9 17 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 The Hardie Hillside Triplex The choice of a power sprayer is of the utmost importance to your success in fruit raising. The Hardie Triplex is full of essential features which insure proper spraying to every user. Among them are: First— EFFICIENCY— This being its ability to always do effective spraying which will produce a good clean crop. Second— RELIABILITY— The ability to do first-class spraying contin- uously day after day. Third— OPERATING COST— A design and construction which enables you to run your machine at the lowest possible cost. By incorporating in the Hardie Triplex, the manufacturing experience of years, a thorough knowledge of orchard requirements, together with the necessary skill and energy, we give you the very utmost of power spray value for your money. You should send today for our latest catalog. This will give you all the details of the pump, engine and other parts of the complete machine. The Hardie is filled with time and labor saving devices; is free from complicated parts, and back of it nearly ten thousand satisfied users. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 49 N. Front Street Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page J I BETTER FRUIT December BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER. OREGON Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers' Association \ Monthly illustrated Magazine Published In [nteresl of Modem Fruit Growing and Marketing All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPABD, Editor ami Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lenls. Horticulturist Corvallls WASHINGTON Dr. A. I.. Melander, Entomologist Pullman 0 \t Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thornbcr. Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. n CI lei of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C, W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley W II. Volck, Entomologist Watsonville Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson. Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA It. M. Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States. $1.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27, 1906. at the Postofflce at Hcod River, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1S79. Fruit Products. — Better Fruit has been advocating for years past, edi- torially and otherwise, the value of canneries, evaporators and by-product factories. "Fruit products" is a name that has recently been coined, which should always be used instead of by- products. By-products has a suggestion of something made from .waste mate- rial, whereas fruit products indicates something more wholesome and far more attractive. The Northwest in 1917 for the first time made wonderful advances in the by-product business. All of the old canneries and evaporators have been busy — many new ones have been built and are running to the full limit of capacity, most of them working overtime. A new field is being devel- oped for the fruit grower. Apples below grade, which have only realized $4, $5 or $6 per ton for the fruit grower in the past, this year have been selling pretty generally at the following prices: Culls for vinegar, $8 per ton; all apples below C made, $10 to *13.50 per ton; apples below C grade, not loo small in size, in good condition, suitable for can- ning or evaporating, have sold for $12.50 to $15. We are advised that Idaho growers were offered $9 per ton f.o.b., with freight rate to factory of $9 per ton, making the price equivalent in districts where any factories are lo- cated of *18 per ton. In Watsonville, California, a few years past, evapo- rators have paid for good stock fre- quently as high as $18 to $20 per ton. It looks as if the fruit growers of the Northwest had developed a new busi- ness in one year that will take care of all apples below grade at a price that will pay the grower some profit. And equally, if not more important, is the fact that canneries and evaporators will this year establish a business that will enable them to take care of all the surplus of perishable fruits. In Cali- fornia fruit growers have been growing peaches, apricots and pears and mak- ing big money al prices paid by the canneries, frequently selling all their crop in this way without shipping any fresh. Pruning for Size. — The Northwest fully realizes that in competing with oilier apple sections, particularly in the East, it is necessary to produce a high- class product in every respect. That the Northwest can do this is beyond question or argument. They grow a greal many varieties to perfection, which are nol equalled in other sec- tions of the United States, for which there is always a good demand for a reasonable quantity. It is generally ad- mitted there is no question about the fact that consumption can be largely increased on Northwestern apples by proper diversity, salesmanship and publicity. But the very small apple can never be expected to pay a profit worth while on top of the freight charges that all apple produced in the West have to hear that are shipped to Fastern markets, consequently it is up to the grower to do away with the excess in small sizes. It is found upon a very thorough investigation that pruning is one of the most important factors in connection with the small apple. Professor V. B. Gardner of the Experiment Station, Corvallis, has given the matter of pruning for size special attention, and for the benefit of the fruit growers delivered and address on this subject at the Tenth National Apple Show in Spokane, which is pro- duced in this edition. The article is so valuable and instructive that every fruit grower should read it carefully and learn how to decrease the amount of small apples produced in his orchard. many growers". It loosens up the soil down to a depth of several feet, permit- ling the roots of the apple trees to go down. In loosening the soil it also makes better drainage. Some orchard- ists who have been troubled with win- ter kill seriously in past years, by blast- ing under the roots of the trees in con- nexion with the use of tile draining and cover cropping have eliminated practically all winter kill. A little com- mon sense on the part of the fruit grow- ers— a little more careful attention in regard to pruning and the condition of the soil will result in a splendid im- provement in increasing size, increas- ing productivity. Fair-sized apples is a mighty important factor in returns on the apple crop — the larger the apples the less the cost of harvesting, sorting and packing, and the larger the apples the better prices obtained. Size and Yield. — The apple crop of 1917 ran more largely to small sizes than usual, probably due to a number of causes. The season was not a rapid- growing season — the weather unusu- ally dry. A great many fruit growers have allowed their trees to become too thick with limbs, consequently the tree sets too many fruits — too much of a top for the root system, which has a tendency to make small apples. The proper supply of plant food is also a large factor to be taken into considera- tion. Growers of strawberries and vegetables and all kinds of prdoucts that root very shallow find the yield continually decreasing. They are able to maintain a fair yield usually by two methods — fertilizing and subsoiling. Cover crops are also helpful inasmuch as they root deeply, bringing up the soil fertility from below, which can be cul- tivated into the top soil by plowing under. Cover cropping has been found very helpful to orchardists in increas- ing production by size. In addition the cover crop has an additional advantage of putting additional humus in the soil, which is quite a necessity. Boots from apple trees will go down several feet. It is a well-known fact there is a suffi- cient supply of plant food in the lower depth to supply an apple orchard for a great many years if made available. Blasting is reported very helpful by The Liberty Loan. — The complete success of the Second Liberty Loan, although expected, is an indication of the wealth of the United States and the patriotism of its citizens. The excel- lency of the selling organization is beyond praise, but more important than this is the cheerful and ready manner in which the bonds were bought. Capi- tal and large business concerns sub- scribed liberally, but the most impor- tant factor in connection with the sale of Liberty bonds is the fact they were bought by millions of people in mod- erate circumstances. Many people have become bond owners who were prob- ably never investors before the war. Great good will come out of all this in the future in making the working people more saving and creating in them a desire for investment. The Third Liberty Loan will probably be offered early in 1918, and we must all in tike ready to assist the government and the administration in every way possible to the fullest extent. Increasing Farm Products. — The United States, during the war and for several years afterward, will have to supply the world with an increased percentage of food. The reasons for Ibis are generally well understood. There are two ways — to increase our output, by intensive cultivation and by increased acreage. Every fruit grower and farmer who has uncleared land should clear all the additional land pos- sible this winter to help feed those whom we will have to take care of in the future. In doing this you will he doing a humane act, and will also con- tribute to the prosperity of the country, and at the same time will improve your own financial condition and bank account. Small Apples. — Small-sized apples this year may prove a blessing to many con- sumers, for the reason that the pur- chasers of a box of small sizes can supply all of his family, give each of the children an apple for their lunch basket, at a very small cost, which is quite important in these days of ad- vanced prices on nearly all food com- modities. JQI/ California Fruit Growers' Exchange. — Elsewhere in this edition is published an article which relates briefly to the achievement of this fruit growers' organization. It is very convincing and proves the value of fruit growers' asso- ciations, where properly organized and ably managed. It is pretty generally known that the orange growers of Cali- fornia were in despair about the future when the California Fruit Growers' Ex- change was organized. The first mis- sion of the Exchange was not so much to obtain increased prices for the fruit as lo find the necessary markets to con- sume the quantity produced, which was necessary to save the industry. As everyone knows, the Exchange has been successful. While the condition of the fruit growers of the Northwest has shown much improvement in the last few years, there is still room for more improvement. The article re- ferred to shows pretty conclusively the value of organization, also what or- ganization can do. In "Union there is strength," — organization can accom- plish wonders, individuals can do but little. BETTER FRUIT Page J- Purchasing Equipment. — The war has caused unexpected and unusual condi- tions, for the reason that exports have increased, and for the further reason that many factories now are making munitions and war material and army supplies, consequently many manufac- turers are unable to take care of their regular business. Many are unable to secure sufficient raw material. The condition has every indication of be- coming even more stringent, conse- quently it seems wise to suggest to every fruit grower the advisability of purchasing and securing what addi- tional equipment he will need for the coming year at as early a date as pos- sible. There is not very much prospect of prices going down, with every rea- son lo expect that prices will increase; and there is every reason to expect some articles may be very difficult to obtain if purchasing is deferred too long. Y. M. C. A. — The subscription to the Y. M. C. A. fund for war purposes is exceeding the quota — surpassing expec- tions, which shows the splendid appre- ciation on the part of the people of the good work that is being done for the benefit of our soldiers at the front, in providing comforts for them, an appre- ciation of the splendid service they are rendering their country. Strikes. — The November 10th edition of the American Industry in War Time has some interesting articles on strikes in connection with business prosperity and war conditions. The leading article is beaded "Stop the Strikes or Lose the War." A map is published showing that important strikes have occurred in thirty-four states since the outbreak of tin war. The United States has gone into the war, which everyone must concede, for the purpose of winning for reasons too well known lo be neces- sary to explain in a brief editorial, and in order to win the war there must be 11 RUNNING WATER IN THE COUNTRY HOME For Less Than City Rates A man told us at the State Fair that his cost of operating his Mitchell Pneumatic Water System was about $2.00 per year. We were surprised, but upon fur- ther inquiry among owners found that the operating cost of the average Mitchell System, using the Stover Engine for power, is 25c per month. Can YOU afford to let this small sum stand between you and the comfort and convenience of water under pressure in your home and about the place? Water Systems are Successful because simple, dependable, easy to operate. There is nothing about the Mitchell System that is complicated, delicate^^^ or that will cause trouble and expense. J^ iOXir*^ NOW is the time to install your system. Drop us a line for our free book "Through the Eye of the Camera" Ask for Book No. 22 MITCHELL, LEWIS & STAVER CO. PORTLAND, OR. SPOKANE, WN. a the fullest co-operation in every re- spect. The armies of the United States and of the Allies cannot win unless properly supplied with food, ammuni- tion and equipment. In order that these supplies may be available to the fullest extent it is necessary to have the fullest co-operation of the entire population of capita] and labor must co-operate and the United Slates. All lines of business, make main sacrifices. No differences should be permitted to arise if possible In avoid that will interfere with the success or postpone success. Canadian War-Cake No recipe has been more popular than the one for Canadian war-cake. .Manx people like this plain cake better [ban the cakes that call for butter, eggs and milk: 2 cups of brown sugar, 2 cups of hot water. \ tablespoons of lard, 1 teaspoon of salt, 1 teaspoon of ground cinnamon, 1 teaspoon of ground cloves. 1 cup of raisins. Boil all these ingredients for live minutes after they begin bubbling. When cold add three cups of Hour and two teaspoons of soda, dissolved in one teaspoon of hoi water. Bake in two loaves in slow oven an hour and a quarter. Tasmanian Apple Crop By S. O. Kranlz. Manager School of Commerce, U. of O. WE are informed that the apple crop in Tasmania for the present sea- son was the smallest in recent years. It is reported that this year's exports will not exceed one million cases, while exports for last year aggregated two million cases. The cases contain about a bushel of fruit. England will take about 15(1,(111(1 cases this year, and on account of the shortage in the crop the prices have advanced lo $2. 12.") per case at the home markets. As you know, the producing season in Tasmania comes at a time of the year when it is spring here, so Ibis shortage it seems has left thai country without sufficient apples for its own use, anil reports from there indicate that there will be a demand now for American apples. The growers, however, are expecting a big increase in the crop nexi year and already are trying lo arrange with the government to finance schemes for dry- ing and preserving the surplus. The University School of Comn is in touch with the markets in all parts of the world and will lie | leased at all limes to furnish information on Ibis subject. Page 16 BETTER FRUIT sum niiiiiiiiiiiii inn i inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiimmmiiimiiiiiiiiiiiimmiimiiiimiimmiiiiii iiimiiiiii For Quick, Effective Spraying THE experienced orchardist, the man who understands the difficul- ties ordinarily encountered in efficient spraying work will appreciate the prac- tical, sturdy construction of the Alpha Power Sprayer. Your careful analysis of the operation of each feature will show why the Alpha is a dependable HIGH PRESSURE spraying machine and a safe, permanent investment. BUILT IN FIVE SIZES THE PUMP Equipped with the Alpha Auto- matic Pressure Regulator, which holds the pressure steadily at the desired point and relieves the en- gine and pump of unneccessary strain when nozzles are closed. All parts of pump are readily accessi- ble and interchangeable. SEND NOW FOR THE ENGINE The power behind the pump is the de- pendable high class Alpha Engine. When spraying you have no time to lose tinker- ing with an unreliable engine. Intelligent handling of the Alpha guarantees you free- dom from troublesome delays. No crank- ing necessary; no batteries. A vigorous, full-powered engine that will last for years COMPLETE INFORMATION DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO, 61 Beale Street, San Francisco, Cal. Potash and Plant Diseases IT is a well known fact that all plants, including apple and other trees, are more subject to the attacks of fungus diseases and even of insects when not plentifully supplied with potash. This is particularly true when the nitrogen supply is kept up while the potash sup- ply becomes exhausted. The present situation, therefore, may be studied from this angle with a good deal of interest. For several seasons now potash has been almost impossible to obtain on an economical basis for fertilizing pur- poses. Little advance has taken place in the price of phosphorus-bearing fer- tilizers. Nitrogen, though high in price, has been continued in fertilizers to as large an extent as ever. Viewed hastily, the results over the country in crops grown have called out remarks to the effect that potash may not be of so December much importance as a fertilizing ele- ment after all. Observed with more care, new phases of the matter present themselves. In many places crops apparently con- tinue to grow well without getting much new potash, which goes to prove only that they are securing a liberal amount from the native and usually insoluble supply in nearly every soil. Elsewhere, or on other farms not so well taken care of, the crops seem to start well, but to pause in their growth when nearly matured, and from then onward to become stunted. Rust of wheat and grasses, and many other troubles, have been noted with increasing frequency. The various fungus diseases of fruits certainly have shown an increase in those orchards which formerly had ap- plications of potash along with other plant foods. The connection between potash and the resistance of plants and trees to disease is easily seen, as also is the fact that an excess of nitrogen at the same time tends to decrease resist- ance to the troubles and to make the plants and trees more liable to them. The fertilizer situation still is as badly out of balance as ever, for there seems to be no immediate relief in sight re- specting a potash supply. The only thing that can be done is to give thor- ough, deep cultivation, and to provide plentiful supplies of organic matter in the lower soil. If this is done moisture and heat conditions will be good, and bacterial activity will liberate much insoluble potash. Those fruit growers who recently blasted their orchard ground are for- tunate, as they probably are experienc- ing less trouble- than others. Good orchards that have not been subsoiled should be treated to that kind of inten- sive tillage just as soon as the ground is dry enough, and in preparation for it heavy-rooted cover crops might be sown at once. The later blasting will not hurt the plants, while the roots will be ready to penetrate the loosened and crumbled lower soil at once. A quantitative analysis of almost any ordinary soil in a recognized orchard section will show many thousand pounds of actual potash in each acre to a depth of four feet. Most of it is of the native supply, dissolved out of minerals present in the original rock from which the soil is derived. Some of it, however, is simply potash that was applied in commercial fertilizers, and which re- verted to insoluble forms owing to im- proper or unfavorable soil conditions prevailing at the time. There is enough in the top foot of ground to last many years — if it would by any means be released fast enough to supply trees properly. As it cannot be, a second and third and fourth foot of soil must be put to work and sub- jected to the action of the right amount of moisture, to heat, to the effect of organic matter decaying, and to bac- terial activity. Enough potash then i9 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 may be derived from the soil to keep the trees going. There is do practicable way of get- ting organic matter deeply into the soil of an orchard except through roots that grow down. Annuals — plants which live one year and then die — have masses of roots, some of which penetrate sev- eral feet. The breaking up of the soil is only the beginning of the process of liberating unavailable food elements. It must be followed by the penetration of these roots, so that each succeeding season, as a crop dies and another comes, there will be more and more vegetable matter accumulating and de- caying. Even the best informed agriculturists as yet understand too little about the feeding of plants. It seems to be well established, however, that the lack of any one of the three important foods will cause troubles, and that these trou- bles may not take the form of simple starvation or refusal of plants to grow. Perhaps some day we may be applying fertilizer and giving intensive tillage as a partial substitute for spraying, just as fresh air and exercise sometimes may be substituted for medicine in the treat- ment of a sick man. — Contributed. Breakfast Fillers — The Potato Leads Count over your breakfast fdlers — hominy, potatoes, apples. Cross off hominy for the present. The new crop of corn is not yet hominy, and when it is, it will keep for winter and spring. That leaves you apples or potatoes or both. The big crop of potatoes calls for the service of all housekeepers. The growers stood by the flag, and now — the housekeepers must stand by the growers. That is their service. Fried potatoes, hashed brown, creamed? Cross off fried potatoes. Try some new ways. Frying means fat, trouble, and often a poor food product. And fats must be conserved carefully. Hashed- brown potatoes please everyone, and, though they are usually regarded as a hotel luxury, you can turn out a better dish at home. Hashed-Brown Potatoes — Chop six boiled potatoes and season with butter, salt, and onion and parsley chopped fine. Moisten with milk and mash lightly. Place in a hot greased pan, preferably an iron skillet. Spread po- tatoes evenly over the pan. Cook until golden brown. Fold over like an omelet and serve. Savory Potato Loaf — Three cups hot riced potatoes, half cup of sausage meat, two tablespoons of milk, one teaspoon chopped parsley, half teaspoon salt, half teaspoon grated onion. Mix to- gether all ingredients. Place in a bak- ing dish, and bake half an hour. Serve from dish. Red Cross. — The very generous sub- scription to the Bed Cross fund is splen- did evidence that our people are eager in their desire to give our boys who happen to be wounded or sick at the front the very best care possible. i 99 When made into apple butter, even the ugly windfall has a glory of its own. Be "U. S. Protected For Winter Barnyard Tasks When the ground is shrouded in deep snow and the thaws bring ankle-deep, oozy mixtures of mud and slush, keep your feet warm, dry and comfortable in U. S. Rubber Footwear Built for heavy service, double duty, this rubber footwear is impregnable to assaults of wet and cold — made to defy storm, sloughs and snags. Not only does greater comfort make this footwear most desirable, but sturdiness and long wear mean money saved. Every pair bears the U. S. Seal — the trade mark of the largest rubber manu- facturer in the world. Look for this seal, it is your protection. "U. S." is for sale everywhere. Your dealer has just the style you want or can quickly get it for you. United States Rubber Company New York -.ryirr - y... .... ■.:!::;:::::.:...:..:.;:■■:.:.■ U. S. Rubber Footwear WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS U ITER FRUIT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT The Hilly Places Cultivate more of your land— do it all quicker and cheaper with a Cleveland. This wonderful little tractor plows 8 to 10 acres a day — the work of two to three 3-horse teams and three men. SERVICE— We maintain a service department that starts you right with your CLEVELAND and is forever after at your service. McNeil Tractor Company 226 Pitlock Block, Portland. Oregon Unloading one of the four carloads of CLEVELAND TRACTORS at Portland/Oregon (They -are .all sold) We recently shipped a carload into Hood River. Order yours now-we have some on hand. $1285 f.o.b. Portland, Oregon Here is a tractor that is small enough to go under your orchard trees, yet so pow- erful that it does the work of 10 horses in any weather, on any soil — the Cleveland 12-20. It goes anywhere in all soils, be- cause it crawls on its own tracks. December not been taken to remove this or im- prove this condition, there would have been congestion. Advertising tied to necessary proper selling and trans- portation effort has made innumerable rivers of apples flowing from this great Northwest to innumerable markets, when before we had a few large rivers flowing only to a few large centers and threatening to flood them." Markets Opened by Advertising In a circular sent out last year the Northwestern Fruit Exchange called attention to the fact that new apple markets were being opened in the United States and Canada, Northwest apples being taken hold of by jobbers and retailers in communities which had in a sense never before heard of the wonderful fruit of this section. It ap- pears that this season this process has further developed in a remarkable degree. In a word, scores of new mar- kets, many of course of limited capac- ity, have this season placed their orders for Northwest apples for the first time. In examining this situation the North- western Fruit Exchange calls attention to an effect of it that might ordinarily be overlooked, namely, that the wider distribution of Northwest apples in smaller markets takes off the pressure of oversupply from the larger markets. Use the soft-shelled eggs at home. They ship poorly and may lower the grade of the others. Tractors are the busy Berthas of agriculture. Thus not only is there a larger demand, an outlet for a larger output, but the result is also steadying as to prices, and withal an important factor in ob- taining full or higher prices. "This is undoubtedly a very salient feature of the Northwest apple deal this season, and it is a very important one," states W. F. Gwin, manager of the Ex- change. "It is primarily due to adver- tising. The "Skookum" national cam- paign last year is having further effect this year; our this year's campaign, just now getting under way, will be heard of as much next year as this, and in coming years. We anticipate that when other Northwest apple growing and shipping interests get together and ad- vertise, as undoubtedly they will, the effect will be of almost incalculable economic benefit. Northwest apples were at one time known only in the big markets. New York, Chicago, Bos- ton, and so forth. If some means had Pull Bi£ Stamps Jy ttanar Clear your stump land cheaply — no digging, no expense for teams and powder. One man with a ft can rip out any stump that can be pulled with the best inch steel cable. Worts by leverage — same principle as a jack. 100 pound pull on the lever gives a 49-ton pull on the stump. Made of the finest steel— guaranteed against breakage. Endorsed by U. S. Government experts. /^V^\ HAND POWER. ©BiffiP Write today for special offer and free booklet on Land Clearing. Walter J. Fitzpatrick Box 190 182 Fifth Street San Francisco California 130-Acre Orchard Practically immune from frost, principally Winesaps, Jonathans, Y. N. Pippins and Rome Beauties, with Elberta and Salway Peach fillers. One and a half miles average distance from depot, packing house, school, church and stores. The land is platted park style and can be sold in tracts of one acre and upward. S.J.HARRISON Benton City, Washington . Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH Boys You Can Earn Money rifle, skates, sweater, tool kit, etc., tak- ing subscriptions iur Americas great- est iruit paper. Every fruit manshoul.lreadit. Your neigh- bors will want it Write today for sample copy and illus- trated list of Rewards full of Christmas suggestions. Address: Green's American Fruit Grower 3 1 2 Plymouth Court Chicaeo. III. 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT The Farmer's Responsibility of the Great War By Clarence Dubose, Department of Agriculture THE war has given to the American farmer the greatest responsibility, the greatest privilege and the greatest task any man or any class of men have ever known. The American farmer in large degree will determine the trend of human history for all time to come, because the enormous ultimate conse- quences of this conflict rest primarily upon the farmers' production of food and feed to sustain the fighting forces. They might fail even with an adequate food supply; without it they are certain to fail. But in his field, far from the fury of battle, far from either the ad- ventures or the horrors of the firing line, the American farmer will say whether autocracy or democracy shall rule the world during the seasons that are to come. In a sense the war will be won or lost in the fields, gardens, orchards, pastures and hog lots of the American farmer. The hope of the American citizen, not a farmer, also hinges upon adequate agricultural production. Our aeroplanes are useless, our guns are spiked and our rfles jammed, our shells are but as harmless baubles, if the farmer fails. This must be understood in all its grim force by every man, woman and child in America; by farm- ers and by those who are not farmers. With food we can win the war. Lack of food will lose the war. Whether or not we produce the food depends upon whether or not each and every individual farmer does his level best on his farm — produces its max- imum. But the "agricultural problem" means not merely the production of food- stuffs and feedstuff's and live stock. It means the conservation of the food after it is produced. That puts the "agricultural problem" squarely up to everyone from the man on a forty-acre field to the man whose fertile lands run farther than he can see; from the tene- ment cave-dweller to the occupant of the costliest mansion. The agricultural problem today means to every American, and indeed to every civilized person on earth, simply whether he shall, when this strife ends, be .a free person in a free land or whether he shall be bossed from Berlin. That is the precise interest that you, now reading these lines, have in the agricultural problem in America today. You may have been a farmer all your life or you may not know the difference between a straight furrow and a thresh- ing machine — no matter what your con- dition may be, one of the two divisions of the agricultural problem is yours: to produce food or to conserve food. Manx people have thought of the war as "far away," as a remote, impersonal thing, a sort of dreadful nightmare hut not as a spectre menacing our im- mediate persons and property. Our appreciation of the actuality is more poignant now, with our own flesh and blood upon the firing line. That firing line is in Prance today. It will come to America if the farmer fails. No mat- ter what course military strategy may take, the final battlefield of the war is already fixed. The Waterloo of the Prussian autocrat and all he stands for, or the Waterloo of American liberty — the end of autocracy or the end of democracy — the end of Prussianism or the end of freedom — will be wrought on the battlefield of the American farm — every American farm. But even victory there will not avail if we lose in another equally fateful battlefield — the American kitchen. If we produce to the limit of farm re- sources and energies and do not con- serve what we produce we may lose Page ip by waste. No conceivable responsi- bility could be more grave, no privilege more proud, no opportunity more rich for significant service than the Ameri- can farmer has today. The war has sounded a call to duty to every indi- vidual throughout civilization. The course of the individual life is not now to be considered in terms of self. The question dominating every individual is for what service can he be used — what can he best do to help win the war. To some the call comes to march away with uniform and gun, to some it comes for the organization and administra- tion of parts of the great war ma- chine— to the American farmer comes the call to feed the forces fighting for liberty. To every other man, woman and child comes the call to save. This 15~Feature Tractor Will Almost Run Your Place 1 K FEATURES — invalu- ^ able in orchards— make this the needed tractor. No other tractor of the track-laying type sells at so low a price. And no other has such advantages as the patented front drive. The Bean TrackPULL Tractor turns clear around inside a 10- foot circle (5-foot radius) , and it has full power even on so short a turn. It plows and harrows close up in the corners, and right up to the tree trunks. It goes under branches only four feet off the ground. The fuel is far less than other types doing the same amount of work. When not in the field this tractor's 10 h. p. pulley runs your stationary machines. Sooner or later you'll de- cide, without doubt, that you want a tractor to do these things. So don't buy a tractor until you know all the facts about this remarkable agricultural aid. Before you turn this page send for full information about the Bean TrackPULL Tractor. BEAN TrackPULL Tractor 6 H. P. at Drawbar : ^ s% Don't Wait Name. Material costs are rising every day be- cause of the great demand for metals. / Our low price of $1216 may have to be / again increased. So don't wait; sen in the coupon now. / strcet Sending it doesn't obligate you It simply brings full information. mty Win N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Bean Spray Pump Co. w Julian SI . Without any obi! on ;m . i , .: i'! I.i Tractot ' Page 20 BETTER FRUIT ORANGES APPLES PEARS For European Distribution. Boxed Apples and Pears a Specialty. GERALD DA COSTA 100 & 101, Long Acre, Covent Garden, London, W. C. 2, England Cables: "Geracost, London." Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Private. Shipping Agents: Lunham & Moore, Produce Exchange. New York. t: gal T3*«f w^ m f R?M THE R,°°TJ UP Plant Fruit Trees Increase the value of your land. Every horticulturist on the Pacific Coast should have a copy of our new catalogue. WRITE FOR OUR CATALOGUE It contains information about all varieties of fruit bearing trees. SENT FREE ON REQUEST FRESNO NURSERY COMPANY Address Dept. H., Fresno, California Apples for America and Europe W. E. Aughinbaugh in Leslie's Weekly [Editob's Note— This article, which appeared in Leslie's Weekly October 6, 1917, was sub- mitted to Better Fruit by the Service Depart- ment of Leslie's Weekly with permission to publish it, which we are glad to do for the valuable information it contains for the bene- fit of the fruit growers.] DURING the season of 1914-1915, American apples to the extent of 2,667,873 barrels and 1,423,132 boxes were exported to Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In addition it is conservatively estimated that more than 500,000 boxes and barrels of this fruit went to such countries as Porto Rico, Hayti, Santo Domingo, Hawaii, the Philippines, Mexico and parts of Canada, of which no record was made. Since this date it has not been possible, due to the demoralized condition of shipping facilities, to obtain accurate data regarding this industry. These figures take no account of shipments of dried and evaporated apples, a spe- cial field of this business which is yearly increasing, the product being in great demand in Europe and Latin America. Apple growing and shipping is prop- erly entitled to be designated as one of the major industries of this country, involving annually from 50,000,000 to 75,000,000 of barrels, an output valued at approximately $100,000,000. These figures relate only to apples handled in a commercial manner and do not take into account those grown and consumed otherwise. Some idea of the impor- tance of this business may be formed when I state that at the last meeting of the National Apple Growers' Associa- tion a resolution was adopted urging the Government to devise some appro- priate method for obtaining statistical information on this young and impor- tant industry. Apples are destined to form an im- portant item in the diet of this and other nations. The present economic condition of the world is bound to give a great stimulus to the use of this fruit and its future as an article of export is assured. Mr. Louis B. Magid, president of the Appalachian Corporation, which operates the largest apple orchards in the world, having more than 350,000 trees in bearing, and an authority on apple shipping, expects that the next few years will see this industry develop materially, and believes that the foreign trade in this fruit will far surpass that of any similar line. The war in Europe will benefit the American apple grower materially, due to the fact that the three years of hos- tilities have resulted in the destruction and neglect of apple orchards through- out that continent, with the obvious result that buyers can look only to this country for their needs. Northern France, for example, before the war produced fine apples, most of which were exported. Today that territory is virtually destitute of apple as well as other orchards. Such trees as were not blasted by gunfire, or ruined by poison- ous gases and conflagration, have been cut down by the retreating Germans. The hills and mountains of northern Italy were prior to the conflict in that country productive of a high grade variety of apples, which were eagerly purchased by dealers. These orchards have suffered as have those of France. Russia was a producing power in the apple trade of Europe and its climate and soil are especially adapted to rais- ing this fruit. Industrial and political December demoralization, together with a heavy depletion of the man power of this wonderful land, have eliminated Russia from this line of endeavor. China does not grow apples, neither is the fruit raised for commercial purposes in any parts of Asia. In the Latin-American nations Chile alone raises apples, but enough only for home consumption. Incidentally I may state that the Chil- ean apple is without a peer anywhere, and, being ripe at a time when our apples are out of season, the possibili- ties in this line alone are really won- derful, but up to the present no one has taken advantage of the situation. As competitors in the apple industry the United States had only Canada and New Zealand to consider. The produc- tion of the former is small and railway freights from interior points are liable to prohibit the exportation of apples to a great extent, while the long distance that New Zealand has to bring her fruit to market militates against her ever being a serious factor in the trade. As a consequence our position today is ideal and if we take advantage of con- ditions there is no reason why this country cannot dominate this trade for years to come. Through proper advertising and mar- keting campaigns, which should be started immediately, the entire world can be made to eat American apples. The nature of the fruit makes it an admirable article for exporting to any part of the globe, and American apples Attention, Fruit and Vegetable Growers CAN your Fruits, Vegetables, Meats and Fish in Sanitary Cans, with the H. & A. Steam Pressure Canning Outfits, built in Family, Orchard and Commercial size; seal the cans with the H. & A. Hand or Belt Power Double Seamer; they will save your perishable fruits and vegeta- bles at ripening time when nothing else will. Write for descriptive matter. Henninger & Ayes Mfg. Co. 47 S. First St., Portland, Ore. Cherry Trees Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,_ Vines, etc. Free Catalog. AgentsWanted. Special Terms. MILTON NURSERY COMPANY MILTON. OREGON WALNUTS Can be grown on a great many farms in the North- west. If you had planted grafted walnut trees a few years ago you could be selling the world's finest nuts today for from 25c to 30c per pound. Will you have any to sell a few years from now.' Our grafted Franquettes are the best on the market and are sold as low as many seedlings. 6 to 10 ft. trees $1.25 each Dozen lots 1.15 Hundred lots 1.00 Thousand lots 90 Special prices to the trade. GRONER (Sb McCLURE Hillsboro, Oregon I'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT igiy BETTER FRUIT Page 21 BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' Cement Coated Nails are accepted today as the standard for all purposes. The possibilities for creating demands for dried fruits in overseas markets never were better, and excess crops could be conserved for future use, for the entire world is fruit hungry. The great apple-producing states of the Pacific Coast and the Atlantic and middle sections of the country prior to the war developed a remarkable export trade for their choice fruit with the nations of Europe now engaged in the terrific conflict for supremacy. This trade has fallen off very materially be- cause of the high freight rates, which have been almost prohibitory. But our apple growers, by turning their atten- tion to the nearer markets on our own • ■I X _ J Thoroughly competent VVSllTctJ working foreman, single ""*•""*** man preferred, for large orchard and vineyard property. Must be able to run all branches of business with economy and snap. Address with full particulars as to age, training, experience, personal data and salary expected, GROWER, care Better Fruit. FURS IN STRONG DEMAND Coyotes, Moles, Lynx, Cats, Muskrats and Martins bringing record prices. Send for Price List and Tags. OSCAR GARD 75 Marion Street Seattle, Washington FABMIMG is PLEASANT in the "Sunny Sooth for Natnre has bleaaed thla favored section with mild, healthful climate, productive soil and all that makes li/e worth living. You can buy good farm land la Virginia, West Virginia and North Carolina at §16 per ncre and up. Fruit, truck, poultry and general farming will prove successful bore. Writs for information. Illustrated literature, etc., today. F. H. LaBAUME. Agr. ft 1ND. Act. N. & W. Ry., 228 Ry. Bldg., Roanoke, Virginia Richey& Gilbert Co. H.M.GILBERT, President and Manager Growers and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON continent, while the opportunity pre- sents itself, can open a wider and per- haps a richer field for the enlargement of their trade. The one thing lacking, of course, is a mercantile marine, and most unfortunately this is lacking be- cause of the anti-subsidy feeling on the part of some representatives in Con- gress from the Pacific Coast and the farming regions of the interior. Ways to Reduce Car Shortage Office of Information, U. S. Dept. Agriculture While much has been done to relieve car shortage, the fall movement of crops puts a heavy strain upon trans- portation facilities. Each autumn wit- nesses a sharp increase in rail tonnage, and the conservation of the country's transpprtation facilities and the most ellicient use of cars by shippers of perishable farm products is just as im- portant at this time as during the spring and summer, according to the Bureau of Markets of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Between May 1 and September 1 of the present year the Special Committee of the National Defense of the American Bailway Asso- ciation succeeded in reducing the num- ber of unfilled-car requistions by more than 78 per cent, but there is still no surplus of cars. Cars, packages, commodities, time in transit, and seasons are variable, and the department has no accurate data from which rules can be laid down as to the exact quantity of a given com- modity of a certain degree of maturity which can be loaded into a car for a definite haul to a particular market; but cooler weather makes refrigeration less necessary and makes it possible to run more commodities under ventila- tion and to load cars more heavily than during the summer. The following thirteen commodities are now moving to market in carload lots: Apples, cabbage, cantaloupes, celery, grapes, lettuce, onions, peaches, pears, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, water- melons and white potatoes. The move- ment covers thirty-two states, with an average of more than three of the com- modities from each of the thirty-two states. The transportation situation is still serious, and shippers of these com- modities are reminded that patriotism demands of them the heaviest loading possible consistent with the safe car- riage of the goods. The failure of one shipper to load cars to the maximum may prevent other shippers from get- ting any cars at all, with a consequent loss of those foodstuffs on which the winning of the war depends. The present is a time for the closest co-operation of all interests for the most efficient utilization of cars. Ship- pers also should load and unload cars promptly and should place diversion orders at diversion points before the arrival of cars to be diverted. WREN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BKTTER FRUIT LAND CLEARING In an article on "Land Clearing," by Thos. Cunningham, farm manager for the Western Fuel Co., he says: "Tak- ing up the question of stump-pullers. These are divided into several classes, gasoline, stumping outfits, steam donkey logging engines, horse-power stumping machines and hand-power stumping machines. Gasoline and steam donkey outfits have their use in sections where labor is not easily procurable, but I consider them to be costly. The cost of the outfit is heavy. Their bulk and weight makes their transportation from one point to another extremely costly. There are several hand-power stump pullers on the market that seem to answer every requirement and operate economically. I recently saw a demon- stration of the "K" HAND-Power Stump Puller that was most interesting. It is manufactured by W. J. Fitzpatrick, of San Francisco, California, weighs 171 pounds and can be wheeled around like a barn truck. The agent attached it to a standing tree (fir) about 36 inches in diameter, placing the cable about 12 feet up the tree. I took hold of the lever and pulled the tree down myself in eight minutes. I bought the machine on the spot and have pulled the stumps from 30 acres of land with it since, the machine costing not one cent for re- pairs.— Adv. Portland Wholesale Nursery Company Konnisii.V 7, 122'; Grand Ave., Portland. Oregon Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies A very complete line of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Etc. SPECIALTIES Clean Coast Grown Seedlings Oregon Champion Gooseberries and Perfection Currants Write Now — Write Now WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 23 BETTER FRUIT December Which is Yours? Two great tasks stand out today : The FEEDING OF THE PEOPLE and the FEEDING OF THE GUNS. Maximum food production is obtained by the use of Nitrate of Soda which contains 15% of nitrogen immedi- ately available. It is nature's indispens- able plant food and energizer. Information gladly furnished on request. Nitrate Agencies Co. 210 Leary Building, Seattle ,t„«_ t ! Leather is honeycombed with pores, t That's why sweat, moisture and dust • so easily weaken your harness. Eureka Harness Oil prevents this - I protects the leather fibre - keeps | straps and tugs soft, pliable and t strong. Keeps harness jet black. | Eureka Harness Oil \ -— !■ Standard Oil Company (California) .1* Making Old Trees Bear A tree is simply a big plant. It is fed through its roots and leaves the same as the tiniest clover plant. The fact that it is large and sturdy looking leads many to believe a tree can be neglected; that it doesn't need the cultivation, fer- tilization and general care that must be bestowed on smaller species of plants to make it thrive. However, this belief is fallacious. To be sure, many trees will do fairly well even if neglected. But the same is true of more fragile forms of vegetation. Some will die, others will continue to live, but will not show healthy growth; nor will they bear well if they are fruit trees, unless they happen to be favored by especially favorable natural soil conditions. Hard, impervious soil is the tree's greatest obstacle to maximum thrifti- ness. Plowing the surface, between and around trees, helps some, but when a tree is eight or ten years of age or older its roots go down several feet. The plow cannol break up the hard subsoil and thus little or no relief is afforded the feeding roots by plowing. In fact, surface plowing encourages shallow rooting, which every horticul- turist knows is bad for a tree. To date the only practical remedy that has been found for hard soil is blasting with dynamite. Its use enables the orchardist to deeply stir and break the subsoil. The blasting is quickly and easily done. Usually an inch and a half soil auger is employed to put down holes to a depth of about three to four feet. One-quarter pound charge of a slow dynamite, five or six feet out from the trunk, is generally sutlicient for a tree under five years old. For larger trees, from two to six charges, planted at different points around the trunk, will be required. The proper point to place the holes for the older trees is out at about the edge of the foliage line. The effect of the blasting is to break up the hard soil, enabling the roots to advance easily into new feeding beds; also to increase the water-storage capacity of the subsoil so that the tree may not suffer from lack of moisture during periods of drought. Apple Shipments. Up to November 26, this year, 13,129 carloads of apples had been shipped from the Northwest. Up to the same date in 1916 11,552 cars had been shipped. The licensing of fruit and produce dealers will increase the confidence of producers as well as consumers. It will be an incentive toward greater produc- tion. Fresh air and sunlight combat disease in the stable. Dairy barns should be airy barns. Ventilation is conservation. Fly a flag on the farm and teach the children what it stands for. of Spray as The Hardie Orchard Gun saves your time and muscle— no long, heavy rods to hold. Turns a big job into a little one. One man with a Hardie Gun will do more work and do it better than two men with the old-fashioned rods. Hardie Orchard Gun $12 Low price made possible by big production — send for the Hardie Catalog today. Hardie Sprayers and spraying de- vices standard for 18 years. THE HARDIE MFG. CO. Hudson, Mich. Also Portland, Ore. 19 1 7 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 Northwest Fruit in Brazil Horace A. Cardinell. Department of Agriculture, Rio Janeiro. Brazil. ON December 30, 1916, nine men, contracted by the Minister of Agri- culture of Brazil, sailed from the port of New York, accompanied by Mr. A. V. d'Oliveira Castro, representing the De- partment of Agriculture of Brazil. Three of these men are under the Climatology Division, working mainly on deciduous fruits, which as yet are practically unknown to the fruit grow- ers of this semi-tropical country. The Pomological Division is composed of O. T. Clawson, formerly inspector at large of the Wenatchee Valley; William Johnstone, of the University of Ken- tucky, and myself. As we stepped aboard the Lloyd Brazilian steamer "Minas Geraes" that cold December morning in New York we were greatly surprised to sec several hundred boxes of Wenatchee Valley and Blue Diamond Brand Hood River apples being loaded into the hold. Three days after leaving New York City we reached what would corre- spond to a typical middle of May day in the Northwest and two days more brought us to very warm weather at Porto Rico. I am trying to give com- parative climatic conditions in order that Northwest growers may realize the extremes and sudden changes of temperature and humidity to which this fruit was subjected, for after accom- panying this fruit to its destination we were all surprised at its condition, which I will describe later. Twelve days from New York we entered the Tocantins River, a branch of the Amazon, and after a half-day run up this jungle-banked river we came to the wonderful City of Belem, Para, the richest rubber center in the world. That afternoon, ashore, we happened upon a prominent merchant of Para, and Mr. Castro learned for us, as none of the rest of us could speak Portu- guese, that this merchant had pur- chased the larger part of this cargo of apples and pears. Learning our inter- est in this shipment of fruit, the owner volunteered to meet us the next after- noon in the customs house, where he would allow us to open several boxes. Also I might state that quite a friendly rivalry had occurred between Mr. Clawson and myself, for I had spent seven years in Hood River on my uncle's ranch, the late Mr. H. S. Butter- lield. Hence Wenatchee and Hood River had it out twenty miles from the equator over the keeping quality of the fruit from the two districts. Much was the surprise of all concerned on open- ing many boxes of Spilzenbergs from Hood River and Home Beauty from Wenatchee to And the Homes compara- tively free from storage scald and only one specimen among the Spilzenbergs thai showed any decay. We reached Rio de Janeiro January 25, 1916, and on the 2,Slh we were in- vited as a guest of Dr. Besara, Minister of Agriculture of Brazil, to attend the "Third Grand Horticultural Exposi- tion," held in the capital. Here we saw displays of imported as well as native J. C. Butcher Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON MANUFACTURERS - OF— Lime and Sulphur Bordeaux Paste Miscible Oil ORCHARDISTS Begin to investigate NOW the sprayer you are going to use this next season. When you decide, be sure you are making an invest- ment of permanent value— that you will get an outfit that will do what others cannot do, and will save time and trouble, and make money for you for years to come. That is just what you get in the 8*% POWER SPRAYER TAe. lO-poini spray er You should know about Bean Porcelain Lined Cylinders, the Bean Pressure Regulator, the Pump without a stuffing box, Bean Underneath Suction, the Bean Refiller, Bean Eccentrics, the Bean Rocking Bolster, Bean interchangeable parts and Bean threadless ball valves. You owe it to your orchard and to your pocket book to learn all about Bean Power Sprayers and the Bean complete line of hand and barrel pumps and accessories. You get Bean dura- bility—reliability— efficiency— sturdiness in any Bean out- fit you buy. See your nearest Bean dealer at once or send coupon to us for the big Sprayer Catalog. Bean Spray Pump Co. 213 West Julian St. SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.PearsonCo.jnc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bldg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON DHESIVENESS E A R S o NAILS rrnVrnVTV 'n buying is getting the ^V^l^l VJ1TX i. ijest value for the money, not always In getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. or holding pow- er is the reason for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. X?l T A Till ITV behind the goods la CjljLlXDLLill. X added value. You can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. A TTCP A r'T'TnNT 19 assured by our AllOrAUllvll long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. 1? IT1 1"W A T TTV Plus experience al- KllxlH ivLill 1 Ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. A I L December fruits ;mi the fruit on display scored unusually high. Page 6 BETTER FRUIT January industry. Cherries in season are an- other fruit that should be used freely, even at the current prices of the last two years.' Pears are next to the apple in their food value in proportion to prices. They should not only he used freely while fresh, but every family should can plenty of them in season. I hope I have not made this talk too technical. What I wanted to accom- plish is to impress upon you the value of a fruit and vegetable diet; not only of its value as to health, but in its eco- nomical value from the pocket-book side. But above all else, I would say to you now, of the vegetables eat more potatoes, more carrots, more parsnips, more spinach, more celery than you have been in the habit of doing, and above all and everything else, eat more apples, then still more apples and you will be healthier, wealthier, wiser and more eflicient mentally and physically in the future than you are today. o house ins Packing House at Apple Show. in lull operation at the Tenth National Apple Sho\ in Spo . oicnarci. ^nd^nV/ne'a'eoU^ ««« ^ned out in commercial pack »^en&^ food value. Bananas at 7% cents per pound cost 1.7 cents per 100 calories, and grapes at 20 cents a pound cost but 4.0 cents per 100 calories, less than the cost of round steak. Oranges cost 4.3 cents per 100 calories. There is no reason why there should be so manv oranges consumed in the City of Seattle or in the State of Wash- ington when it is remembered that we produce the finest apples in the world, and that the apple possesses more than double the food value and tonic value of the orange. Instead of serving an orange on your breakfast table, serve an apple and help home industry as well as helping your stomach for its day's work. Eat another apple at night before you go to bed. It is the best thing you can do. Leave out the cake and the sweets and the coffee. Take an apple and a glass of water. Even dried apples are not to be de- spised. I can remember when the aver- age farm wife in the Middle West dried her own apples in the fall, and the family were very glad to have mother's dried-apple pie along in the late spring and early summer, and dried apples at 20 cents a pound, the present retail price in Seattle, cost 1.5 cents per 100 calories. Dried apricots at 25 cents a pound only cost 2 cents per 100 calo- ries; prunes at 17 % cents per pound cost but 1.3 cents and raisins at 15 cents a pound cost but 1 cent for 100 calories, and that brings me to pointing out the value of nuts and fruits in your daily diet. Such nuts as peanuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, almonds, walnuts, hickory nuts, take the place of meat better than any other foods, not excepting beans, which hitherto have been the best-known sub- stitute for meat. Have you ever been out on a hunting or fishing trip and noticed how well satisfied you felt after eating a few nuts to assuage your hunger. They contain the fats the body- needs, in a condensed form, and even at the present prices, they are cheaper than meats. Soft-shelled walnuts at 30 cents a pound cost but 2 cents per 100 calories and almonds at 25 cents per pound cost but 1.6 cents per 100 calo- ries, while the humble peanut at 12% cents per pound cost but .75 cent per 100 calories. Nuts and raisins make as fine a lunch as anyone could ask for because they possess all the nutritive elements of wheat and meats and fats combined. Even canned fruits and canned vege- tables are as cheap and in many cases cheaper than meats, particularly such vegetables as canned beans, corn, sweet potatoes and peas. Don't be afraid to use the humble prune either, and in so doing vou are not only using a useful and healthful fruit, but helping a home Jams, Jellies and Preserves. Possibly the price of butter has al- ready suggested the use of jams, jellies and preserves in larger quantities than usual. But aside from the saving in cost, there is a national service as well. Butter is readily transported and exported, whereas these other products, which are usually put up in glass jars, lend themselves best to home or local consumption. Eat as much as possible of the home-grown products, thus releasing foods which naturally flow in large commercial channels for shipment abroad. This policy has the endorsement of the United States Eood Administration and is essentially sound. Jams, jellies and preserves do not have the same kind of nutriment as butter and are not a substitute, but the judgment of the American housewife and mother is sufficient safeguard against an exces- sive reduction of butter consumption. California Deciduous Fruit Shipments [From the Packer] It now appears perfectly safe to place an estimate of $35,000,000 on the decidu- ous fruit crop of California for 1917, shipped in the fresh state to markets outside of the state. Already the car- load shipments have passed 23,000 car- loads, which is 3,000 carloads above early estimates. It is figured roughly by local fruit men that these carloads of fruit should be placed at a value of $1,500 each. The figure is not large for this season, though a definite check would require an enormous amount of bookkeeping, Cherries Apricots Peaches 1913 231 158 2,339 1914 ' 166 382 2,144 191? 205 392 1,«89 lolfi ' " 1«4 290 1,909 }gi7 ;;;;;; 29s 103 2,431 The following is a comparative state- ment of the deciduous fruit movement from the state, issued by Charles E. Cherries Apricnls Peaches iq17 295 403 2,430% 1916 :;:;::::.. 104 239% 1,909% for prices have been by far the best on record. A figure of $1,300 a car was taken as a basis for the figures of last season, the total of which was some $12,000,000 below that of this year. A truly marvelous growth has taken place in the deciduous industry. For the sake of the comparison, the ship- ments for five years are given here- with. It must be remembered in glancing over this table that the 1017 season is not yet through. If rain holds off long enough it may be pos- sible to ship 1,000 carloads of grapes vet. The table follows: Pears 2,496 2,725 2,646 3.701 4,76(5 Plums 1,70(5 1,907 2,225 1,999 2,(551 Grapes (5,363 8,773 9,563 9,722 12,349V. Misc. 19 49 58 107 47 Totals 13,332 16.146 1(5.778 17,891 22,954 Virden, general manager of the Cali- fornia Fruit Distributors, for the sea- son up to and including November 10: Pears Plums 4.768% 2,650% 3,699 Vi 1,998% Grapes 12,(500 9,331 % Misc. 61 101% Totals 23,209 17,193% igiS BETTER FRUIT Page Tenth National Apple Show, Spokane, Washington TWO big outstanding features marked the Tenth National Apple Show held in Spokane, November 19 to 24, 11117. Patriotism was the dominant note throughout all the plans for entertaining the big crowds, in the decorations and in the speeches deliv- ered at the growers' conferences. Prac- tical instruction for grower, shipper and user of fruit, along the latest lines, was the other big feature. The show was a success in every way. In spite of the fact that nearly every section of the Northwest had a reduced crop; in spite of the fact that campaign after campaign had been carried on in Spokane for various war and civic pur- poses; in spite of the fact the show was held at a time when attention was uni- versally focused on the war, still the apple show drew an attendance of 46,000 in six days. So successful was the show from every standpoint that it is now regarded as certain that the big annual exposi- tion will be continued from year to year without even a thought of its abandonment. An example of the close competition is illustrated in the pictures shown in Better Fruit of the exhibits made by the Yakima district and the Deer Park district. On quality, commercial value, pack and attractive arrangement, the judges were puzzled between the two exhibits. Eventually the prize was given to Yakima on the narrowest of margins, the second award, of course, going to Deer Park, with the frank ad- mission by the judges that it was a hair-line decision. The Yakima Commercial Club conse- quently carried home the gold medal banner and a check for $125, and the Deer Park Commercial Club rooms are adorned with a silver medal banner and the treasury is enriched $75. In the feature displays wherein or- ganizations were competing on unique- ness of design, originality of concep- tion and attractiveness of display, the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce car- ried off $125 and the gold medal ban- ner lor its exhibition of a Ferris wheel. The wheel was eighteen feet in diam- eter with the radiating spokes in alter- nate red and blue colors and each of the sixteen cars consisted of a box of Mcintosh Red apples from the Bitter Hoot Valley, Montana. The wheel was constantly in revolution. The judges' award met universal approval, although the Walla Walla Commercial Club's Hag, composed of apples, and Hie Spokane Valley growers' display in the shape of a Washington monument,, were close contenders. The latter two were awarded second and third prizes, re- spectivelj . The Upper Columbia Company of Marble, Washington, took lii'st honors in the apple shippers' brand contest; the Arcadia Valley Fruit Growers' Association of Deer Park, Washington, won second; and the Fnlial Fruil Growers' League of Entiat, Washing- By Ren H. Rice, Publicity Secretary, Spokane Chamber of Commerce ton, won third. This contest was lim ited to bona fide shippers of apples, whose showing of brands were judged upon their effectiveness as worked out through the use of fruit. Each entry was required to be not less than 75 and not more than 100 boxes, with the addi- tion of 30 boxes allowed for decorative purposes. This was another contest in which the judges grew a lew more gray hairs in making their awards. In the straight commercial exhibits by individuals the sharpest rivalry cen- tered over the championship of $50 in gold for the highest scoring box of apples and the $100 gold champion for the highest scoring five boxes. In the single-box classes 22 varieties were allowed, each one competing only against other entries of the same vari- ety. H. S. Bugdell of Yakima won the single-box championship, scoring 95.7 on his box of Arkansas Blacks, which, of course, was also first-prize winner in the regular single-box Arkansas Black contest. H. Van Marter of Opportunity. Wash- ington, captured the $100 championship in the five-box contest. By an unusual coincidence this contest was also won on Arkansas Blacks, Mr. Van Marter's entry scoring 95.9. This entry also won the first prize of $25 in its class. The exhibitor making the greatest number of entries in all classes was offered an "Exhibitor's Sweepstakes" dl' $25. The same amount was also offered to the exhibitor who won prizes in the one, three and five-box classes. A. L. Smith of Brewster, Washington, went home with both prizes in his pocket, lie came to the show with all kinds of exhibits anil announced his in- tention of giving every one a close run. He kept his word. He won first prize en five-box display of Spitzenbergs, Jonathans and Winesaps; first on three- box showings of Mammoth Black Twig and Spitzenberg; first on one-box dis- plays of Crimes Golden, Mammoth Black Twig. Winter Banana and Wine- sap, and just to fatten up his average a little he grabbed second and third prizes in several other contests. Unusual attention was attracted to the women's department this year, be- cause in this was given the most practi- cal lessons on food conservation, both from the standpoint of necessity to the nation during the war period and for general health and economical pur- poses at all times. Federal Food Ad- ministrator Herbert Hoover had given special approval of the plans lor food conservation demonstrations and had made a number of suggestions which were faithfully carried out. He laid special emphasis on the value of con- tests in the home-made by-products classes, with particular emphasis on the desirability of illustrating the making of apple butter, apple syrup and apple cake. The "Hoover Special Dinner" at- tracted more attention than any feature given of the women's department at I ll< Huge Red Cross In Apples. Deer Park Commercial Club, "i Deer Park, Washington, had :i most effective display ;it the Tenth National Apple show in Spokane. An enormous red cross w In addition the ilis|ihiy consisted "I :> quantity <>l apples from the 1 1 ;ii mill-., tin- Big A" brand. shoM n a^;i i iisi ;i white Held. Arcadia seel ion »l Deer Pai k. Page 8 BETTER FRUIT any previous shows. This dinner was to Mrs. A. C. Dukelow, N. 2209 Perry required to be a complete, well-bal- Street, Spokane, who carried away S50 anced meal for one person, composed in gold with first honors. In making of from live to ten dishes, all made up the dinners contestants were al- wholly or in part from apples and all lowed such combinations as apple but- carrying out the Hoover idea of food ter served with muffins, counting as one conservation. Each contestant was re- dish, or cookies served with apple fluff, cpiired to bring in everything pertain- counting as another. The complete ing to her entrv, including cloth, dishes, meal as prepared by Mrs. Dukelow cost silverware, food and all table appoint- less than 22 cents per person served, ments. The judging was done upon Her menu and its scoring record fol- food value, palatability, attractiveness lows: Proteins Fats Carbonates Calories Cost Cocktail J. II 3.0 118.0 12.",. 0 .021 SoSn 12-0 19.0 08.0 99.0 .006 Bean Loaf 00.0 189.0 112.0 397.0 .04 Po?ant() ::::..: 10.0 9.0 m.o 130.0 .ooo Onion Patties 0-0 »■« 57-° 77u -°L c.Tb^el.ndApp.;: ::::::.: m 20.6 «.o ™ . &en»mnealMufflns .::::::::::: : S3 lII:S SiS $3 A eSa'ul ■■■■■■ 20.0 118..", 93.0 257.5 .04 rookies 20.0 107.(1 110.0 207.0 .01 ^?°Kies 119.0 119.0 .02 sssl :::*.'. '.::::: 0.5 99.0 .... 100.0 .02 Ryecnsps:::::::::::::::::::: j* _o _34.o jm .005 Totals 222.0 07 1. 0 1185.0 2081.0 .217 and economy. So extensive was the Other exhibits in the food-conserva- competition that it was necessary to set tion classes embraced 33 separate by- aside a special division, and this divi- products, ranging from apple mamalade sion was added to from time to time, to apple jelly. Liberty bread was in crowding other displays into the back- demonstration, also economical apple ground. As one of the judges said, "It pies and another Hoover special show- makes a man ravenous to look at those ing products made strictly from cores dinners " an£l skins of apples. This contest was another poser for At stated hours through the day prac- the judges. The decision finally went tical demonstrations in economical January cooking were given in a lecture room adjoining the women's department. These lectures and demonstrations were given by representatives of the Wash- ington Slate College faculty and of the United Stales Board of Food Economy. A new and highly appreciated educa- tional feature was the showing of an accounting department run in connec- tion with the daily demonstrations of a packing house. The accounting de- partment was under the supervision of the Bureau of Markets of the United Stales Department of Agriculture, which has become so impressed with the value of going direct to the fruit men thai instructions were given to put in a complete office demonstration at the apple show. J. H. Conn, assistant in market busi- ness practice, was assigned to the man- agement of Ihe office as a special repre- sentative from Washington. He had a trained staff at his disposal, provided with every modern equipment re- quired to illustrate the proper account- ing systems in fruit handling. The demonstration was run in connection with the operating packing house. The apples were checked in when they en- tered the warehouse and followed throughout all of their handling up to the time they were billed out to the Spokane Growers' Company, which concern bought all the fruit used in the packing house. Mr. Conn and his assistants went into complete detail showing how each and every item of cost should be properly entered and explaining the value of modern equipment and up-to-date meth- ods as applied to every branch of the fruit industry. The booth was crowded all the time during the show and ex- pressions of approval were heard on all sides. It is probable that the De- partment of Agriculture will install a similar feature at each of the future shows. The packing hous<\ in full operation, was again of especial value. The big grader and sorter was running morn- ing, afternoon and evening with a full crew of packers, handlers and superin- tendent. Instead of having a quantity of selected apples to be repeatedly used in the demonstration, the packing house handled the fruit from several orchards on a regular commercial basis. The apples had been bought in the orchards by the Spokane Fruit Growers' Com- pany and when put through the pack- ing house, they were sent out as a regu- lar commercial product. The advan- tage in this system was that the grower saw the full actual operation and not merely a demonstration with selected fruit. ' There was an unusually large line of orchard appliances on exhibition. These included several varieties of spray pumps, pruning implements, spray ma- terial, trucks, tractors, picking bags, ladders, etc. All of them were given prominent positions in proximity to the packing house and orchard accounting room, an arrangement which pleased every one interested. Many growers spent their entire time in the section of the building devoted to the practical Continued on page 26 BETTER FRUIT Blast holes for trees and give the roots more pasture A tree in a blasted bed (at left) roots deeper, grows faster and bears earlier than a tree set in an ordinary dug hole (at right). " The soil is the pasture in which the roots of the tree feed," says the Wyoming Experiment Station. "Blasting enlarges the root pasture, breaks up the hardpan and subsoil and permits the roots to go down and get plenty of food." Plant your fruit trees in beds blasted with STUMPING^— ^AGRICULTURAL — Eureka Stumping or Giant Stumping — which are made espe- cially to meet Pacific Coast farm and orchard conditions. They pulverize the subsoil better than ordinary dynamites which often act too quickly and pack the earth. Because the superiority of Giant Farm Powders is so generally acknowledged, other explosives are frequently offered as " giant powder." Insist upon having the genuine — always bearing the Giant brand. THE GIANT POWDER CO., Con. HOME OFFICE: SAN FRANCISCO "Everything for Blasting" Distributors with magazine stocks everywhere in the West Book "Better Orchard Tillage," FREE It tells and shows how to give your trees more pasture ; how to blast for planting and how to increase the crops of bearing trees. Other books — on Stump Blasting. Boulder Blast- ing. Ditch Blasting and Subsoil Blasting for farm crops — are also sent frt-e. Mark in the coupon the books that you prefer. * Tree planted >, in a blasted £ bed- Tree planted in a spade dag hole. FREE BOOK COUPON The Giant Powder Co., Con. ban Fiancisco. Send me your illustrated books on the subjects which I have marked X : D Stump Blasting D Boulder Blasting D Subsoil Blasting □ Tree Planting □ Ditch Blasting m 202 Name- Address W'IMjI' vME Write below your dealer's name. 2 WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 10 BETTER FRUIT January Compatibility Table— Insecticides, Fungicides rEniTO^s Note.— II is frequently necessarj to combine different sprays lo spraj for different disuses and pests at the same rime. For the reason that in order to get proper control "I two . ,„ irouiles it Is necessary h spray with two or more materials at the same time, n addi- , , combining sprays is econ y. ta doing so two or three spray materials can be put on at „,!„„.. instead of going over the orchard two or three times. Just what sprays can be mixed and wha can not be is a subject that many growers are not thoroughly familiar with. Informa- tion on U.is subject has not been in very definite form nor arranged in a practical way for the fr I grower. It is frequently difficult to Ond out and necessitates the asking of many questions. Mr G* orge P. Gray, of the Experiment Station of the University oi I alifornia, has arranged this Information in a vV, x practical way in tabular form, xvl.ichjwin be of assistance to the growers.] Fungicides Walla Walla district. . . Spokane district Yakima Valley district. Wena tehee district White Salmon district.. Cars urn 30 3060 1125 2 m E 3 £ Paris Green A-l D A-l STS Calcium Arsenite.... ADA &M ,-£ Lead Arsenate A-l ? A-l IE (Acid) g<: Lead Arsenate ABA g~ (Neutral) S Zinc Arsenite ? D A-l Lime-Sulphur ? - - f A C D C C Emulsions ? D C A-l A - i D D n u 1" Soaps 1 nr b fC c A - - A C -T- u i C or Tobacco -, j) Cyanid Fumagation D A A A B A Acids D C D C C D Class A-l— Better results by mixing. Compatible. A— Properties not changed by mixing. B— Efficient, non-injurious C— Inefficient, non-injurious. Incompatib] e, chemically. D-DANGEROUS MIXTURE. [Arranged by Geo. P. Gray] Washington State Department of Horticulture By M. L. Dean, Chief Division of Horticulture The State of Washington takes the lead in the production of apples for the year 1917. Government and other re- ports show that the comercial apple crop for the state is greater than that of any other state in the Union. The quality of the fruit as a whole is up to the average, yet the codling moth At the Grade and Pack Conference held at Spokane November 23, 1917, it was recommended that the 1917 regula- tions be adopted for the 1918 pack. There seemed to be much demand for a Federal uniform grade, in order that the uniform grade may become a fixed standard in all states. Total 4317 Reports from the fruit commissioner of Canada, Donald Johnson, shows about 132,800 barrels, or about 630 car- loads, in storage in Canada, Decem- ber 1. Fruit Products The demand for fruit at the canning establishments, evaporating plants, cider and vinegar factories has made a good market for all cull fruit, making it pos- sible for the growers to receive a much larger revenue for this grade of fruit than ever before. There seems to be a market for every grade of apples .mown in the state at a profitable price. In 1913 the fruit products plants in the state used about 150 tons of apples. In 1915, 4,302 tons. There were about 270 prune evaporators at that time which consumed the bulk of the crop. The canning of small fruits was becom- ing to be a prominent industry in the state. In 1916 there were more than 8,500 tons of apples and other fruits canned in the State of Washington, more than 3,400 tons evaporated and 9,100 tons used for cider and vinegar, besides 140 tons of grapes which were used by the grape-juice factories. In 1917, nearly all fruit-product plants in the state were increasing their output, some many times, while the number of fac- tories have been greatly increased. This has made an unprecedented de- mand for the cull fruit at prices which have turned a good profit to the grow- ers and has solved the problem of the disposition of cull apples. It also re- moves them from competition with the good fruit in the open market. Some plants are already reporting a shortage of stock and. they will not be able to fill their orders. This should encourage all growers to conserve every apple and not allow any to go to waste in the orchards, packing sheds or elsewhere, because there is a good market value in them, and as a food product they should be saved. CARLOADS ESTIMATED. 1 1815 Jona- than 1590 1131 150 150 8 3329 Wine- Rome District »«P Beauty Yakima Valley 2509 899 Wenatchee 1553 529 Walla Walla 21 311 Spokane Western Washington 1 Totals -4087 Total number of carloads, 19,815. has been very active and the larvae was found entering the apples as late as the middle of October, which increased the percentage of wormy fruit over that of former years. In some sections the yields are over- running earlier estimates. The bulk of the fruit is already sold, returns from early shipments showing good margins of profit. Scarcity of boxes, shortage of labor and limited shipping facilities at times seemed alarming, but where prop- er storage facilities were provided the crop was secured with a minimum of loss. New- town 548 140 30 19 737 Esnpiif Spilt 508 884 34 1180 lleli- ciotts 201 569 23 Wag- ener 230 210 3 443 Arkan sas 201 51 3 255 - Other Varieties 3503 2142 09 115 699 6828 Reports show that there were 2,112 carloads of peaches and 1,465 carloads of pears shipped, beside those used by the fruit products factories. Cherries, prunes, plums, apricots, strawberries and other small fruits showed an aggre- gate of 965 carloads. Apples in Storage Careful investigation shows that there were about 4,317 cars of apples left in the apple-producing sections of Washington December 1st, distributed as follows: FURS IN STRONG DEMAND Coyotes, Moles, Lynx, Cats, Muskrats and Martins bringing record prices. Send for Price List and Tags. OSCAR GARD 75 Marion Street Seattle, Washington RABBITSKINS ARE VALUABLE We will pay from 4 to 16 cents each for dry J^ck and faim*- rabbit skins ond will bike millions of them. Mole Skins waited Rid orchardsandtrardenaof these pests. Let us know what quantity of rabbit skins you can gather and we will make you special prices. Write today. .. Get our price list on all kinds of furs— muskrat, mink, skunk, etc. FUNSTEN ^r^ST.LOulS.Mo-. 561 Funsten Bids. ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page ii Be "U. S. Protected" When Chilling Rains Pelt Sloshing around in pneumonia-breeding weather, your feet need the rubber footwear that will keep them warm, dry and comfortable and keep you healthy. U. S. Rubber Footwear meets the situation — "U. S. Protection" is the all 'round comfort, long wear and economy which you are sure of in every pair of "U. S." Protection for your feet, your health and your pocketbook. Made for heavy service, double duty, reinforced where the wear is greatest, they are bound to give utmost satisfaction. There are styles suited to every outdoor worker. Every pair carries the "U.S. Seal," the trade mark of the largest rubber manu- facturer in the world. This seal is your protection. Look for it and be sure of it. For sale everywhere. Your dealer has the style of U.S. Rubber Footwear to meet your needs, or can readily get it for you. United States Rubber Company New York WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT January BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' Cement Coated Nails Spraying Problems and the Outlook for 1918 By Leroy Childs, Entomologist and Plant Pathologist, Hood River Branch Experiment Station, Hood River, Oregon THOUGH it is several weeks before spring spraying activities will be in order, growers should neverthe- less be looking forward and making their plans for the coming campaign, in order to satisfactorily cope with the many irregularities that will have to be faced on account of the disturbed economic conditions. Chief among these irregularities, and which will probably prove most annoy- ing to many of the orchardists, will be that of available labor. Spraying, in order to be effective, must be attended to at very definite, well defined periods, or results measured in degrees of con- trol will be very poor, accompanied by the wasting of much valuable time and costly spray materials. In the face of this labor scarcity, growers should take every precaution in the arrangement of a workable spraying scheme or outline before the season arrives, in order that no unnecessary delays occur when the time arrives for operations to start. The machines should all be overhauled and tested, rotten hose replaced by new, new discs for the nozzles obtained — in fact, get all of the machinery connected with the spraying work in readiness while there is plenty of time to attend to it. The apple growing sections have all lost many men, men trained in the art of spraying, the loss of which can not help but influence the aggregate results obtainable in pest control in the different communities unless extra pre- cautions are taken. An expert rod man is not made through intuition, nor does he become proficient from observations or demonstrations. He only becomes efficient and valuable through actual experience and days of practice. The novice must go through the spray-in- the-eye period; he must learn how to manipulate his rod against the wind, and, above all, he must be taught to leave nothing uncovered, for upon his thoroughness, even in the form of over- sight in a single spraying, hinges the fruits of the season's tedious work. What, then, should the orchardist, dependent upon green, untried help, do? In the first place, before it is time to actually begin the spraying, conduct a little school; take a little time off, or discuss it with the help while attending to other labors, but at any rate try to get them interested in the why's and wherefore's of spraying. Tell them of the codling moth, its life history and behavior, and why it is necessary to fill the calyx cups with the poison in order to obtain best results. In the control of apple scab tell them how the fungus lives over the winter on the fallen leaves, from which spores are dis- charged over a period of two or three months after the foliage conies out in the spring. How, in order to prevent infection and keep all parts of the trees coated, it is necessary to use lime-sul- phur at intervals not to exceed fifteen days from the time foliage appears, and that it is necessary to continue this practice until the spring rains, which favor spore germination, cease. Im- press upon these men the fact that apple scab fungus grows upon both upper and under surfaces of the foliage as well as the fruit, and that after in- fection once takes place it cannot be destroyed. That it soon begins produc- ing more spores and thus continuing the spread of the disease. If the foliage is kept clean early in the season little trouble will be encountered later, if the regular spraying practices are followed. If, on the other hand, neglect or some other factor has permitted the occur- rence of infection on the foliage, even if this is apparently only slight, control operations for the remainder of the season are severely handicapped. Such a condition existing, extreme care in the application of the remaining sprays accompanied by some good fortune in the way of weather conditions will only make possible effective control. The only way to fight apple scab is to get the jump on it early in the season and stay ahead of it with the spray wagon until the spring rains are over. The grower must often remind his new men of the need of giving particu- lar attention to the spraying of the tops of the trees. We have found in suppos- edly well sprayed orchards that there is a definite progression in the degree of scab infection from the ground to the tops of the larger trees. On the trees studied there occurred seven to ten times as many scabby fruits be- tween a height of fifteen and twenty- eight feet as there was between the ground and fifteen feet. The failure to keep to tops protected with spray is the only possible explanation for the difference. Theoretically, there should be much more scab nearer the ground, owing to the proximity of the overwin- tering spores being discharged from the fallen foliage, and, later in the season, the washing down of myriads of sum- mer spores upon the lower foliage and fruit. During the first few days at least, and most of the time if possible, the orch- ardist should watch and follow his green crew. No new man can be ex- pected to begin and spray his trees thoroughly from the start. He will not do it, regardless of the fact that he is expected to. The chances are 100 to 1 that during his early endeavors the work is extremely poor. You must re- member that he must go through the agonies resulting from the presence of lime-sulphur in his eyes, not once, but many times, before he learns how to avoid it. Though he gamely stays with the rod, he is unable to see just what he is doing. The orchardist should be on hand, pointing out overlooked limbs. He should see to it that the rod men turn over their nozzles in order to cover the under surfaces of the leaves; in fact, there are dozens of little points that are entirely unknown to the new man, who will not find them out for days if left alone, and all at your ex- pense. The early sprays are more important than the later ones usually, so make your crew a veteran one just as soon as possible. The failure in the excessive develop- ment of apple scab in the Northwest during the past season should mate- rially assist in its control during the coming season. In Hood River this natural factor, combined with very ef- fective work on the part of many grow- ers, reduced infection in numerous orchards to 1 per cent or even less. The foliage likewise was kept free from infection. This latter condition, there- fore, reduces materially the chances of new infection in the spring, owing to iprS BETTER FRUIT Page is Bean Double Giant Capacity 25 gallons per minute, 400 lbs. pressure. Supplies 10 or 12 lines of hose. Bean Giant Triplex Capacity Sl/2 to 11^ gallons per minute, 200-250 lbs. pressure. Supplies 2 to 4 lines of hose. Bean Giant Duplex Capacity 6 gallons per minute, 250 lbs. pressure. Supplies 2 lines of hose. Bean Power Sprayers Bean Little Giant Duplex Capacity 5 gallons per minute, 200 lbs. pressure. Supplies 2 lines of hose. Bean Pony Duplex Capacity 5 gallons per minute, 200 lbs. pressure. Supplies 2 lines of hose. (Overhead suction.) Bean Eureka Sprayer Capacity 2l/2 gallons per minute, 200 lbs. pressure. Supplies 1 line of hose. A one-man, one-horse outfit. Bean Midget Sprayer Mounted on skids. Capacity 2J4 gallons per minute, 200 lbs. pressure. Supplies 1 line of hose. THE GROWERS IN YOUR SECTION WHO ARE PRODUCING THE LARGEST, CLEANEST AND MOST PROFITABLE CROPS ARE THE GROWERS WHO ARE EQUIPPED WITH THESE STURDY, EFFICIENT, HIGH-GRADE SPRAYERS The almost universal use of Bean Power Sprayers throughout the Northwest is not merely a matter of chance. It's because the growers of this wonderfully productive section have learned that the Bean is an indispensable factor in the growing of the most and the best fruit. Clean trees are of vital importance — and nobody knows it better than the apple grower himself! It's such advantages as these that have made "Bean" and "best" synonymous with Northwest apple men : Many other Constant Pressure-uB^RnegSr holds pressure at any desired point. When not spraying engine runs free, thus sav- ing gasoline and wear and tear on engine and pump. No Stuffing-Box-satnudffi^b-etvr bles. Our cylinders are equipped with cup plungers. No Loss of Time— For ex,amPle- be removed from pump under full press- ure while engine is running. time-saving features. The Bean is built low down and compact. It is easy to handle under all conditions. Bean parts are inter- changeable. Wornparts quickly, easily and cheaply replaced. Heavy Pressure-*" Sorrow the liquid at heavy pressure so as to do effective work. Pressure guaranteed. Flexible- handle und> Economical- It Pays to Buy the Best Cheap outfits can always be had, but the best outfits are diffi- cult to get at this time, as the demand for them is stronger than ever before. Therefore if you want a Bean investigate at once. We are placing extra large stock of repair parts and extras in Port- land and other Northwest points, so as to take care of all of our customers and avoid delays in shipping. Send for Our Complete New Catalog of Hand and Power Sprayers, Spray Hose, Accessories, Etc. It illustrates and describes the entire Bean line, explains the many distinctive exclusive Bean features, and tells you every- thing you ought to know about spray pumps. Send the coupon — now. Also, see your nearest Bean dealer. We have representatives in all fruit-growing sections. Pump Co. 213 W. Julian Street SAN JOSE, CAL. 12 Hcsmer Street LANSING, MICH. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page j i BETTER FRUIT January BEST SERVICE- QUALITY & PRK Spraying for mildew during the remain- der of the season should be timed the same as thai for scab control. Our experimental work during the past two years has included the use of more dilute mixtures of lime-sulphur in the different applications. Due to the fact that the ]>;ist season was not a fav- orable one upon which to draw conclu- sions, we are not in a position to alter the recommendations that were given out last season. Preliminary results indicate that the strengths of several of these applications can be materially reduced without destroying the effec- tiveness of the spray. The accompany- ing spray program, based on experi- mental results obtained at Hood River, has been arranged. (To be continued) 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDO. PORTLAND, OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY -AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES & STRAWBERRIES. the fact that the disease overwinters on the old leaves. This natural advantage does not warrant the neglect of proper spraying. The following of the regular schedule, especially in the early sprays, will be absolutely necessary, in order that control be obtained. The early sprays in 1918 will be the important ones for scab control. The delayed dormant, pink, and calyx applications of lime and sulphur cannot under any condition be dispensed with, and this will also probably be true of the ten- day application. Local conditions will dictate further procedure. In the almost complete lack of infection, which we can expect provided the earlier applica- tions have been well timed and thor- ough, it will undoubtedly be possible to omit the thirty-day spraying of lime and sulphur. In connection with scab control work that of mildew should receive con- sideration. Powdery mildew in many sections, especially those in which the regular lime-sulphur applications have not been used, causes a great deal of damage to fruit spurs, terminal growth and to the leaves. In orchards where mildew has not been allowed to become thoroughly established the regular lime- sulphur applications will keep mildew well in check. When once thoroughly established, the addition of iron sul- phide mixture will materially assist in cheeking the advances of the disease. The mildew fungus begins activities as soon as the buds burst in the spring, and for this reason spraying should be- gin at that time or when the trees have reached the delayed dormant condition. Stretching the Meat It is possible to make a little meat go a long way. Meat pies and meat stews otter a variation for every day in the month. In these combinations a small piece of meat can be stretched to flavor a big dish. Try these hot savory dishes, the whole family will like them. Fish Chowder. — Rabbit, fowl, or any meat may be used instead of the fish, or tomatoes instead of milk. Carrots may be omitted: 1% pounds fish (fresh, salt or canned), 9 potatoes peeled and cut in small pieces, 1 onion, 2 cups carrots cut in pieces, 3 cups milk, pepper, 3 tablespoons flour, 1 table- spoon fat. Fry chopped onion in fat for five minutes. Put fat, onions, car- rots and potatoes in kettle and cover with boiling water. Cook until vege- tables are tender. Mix flour with one- half cup cold milk and stir in liquid in pot to thicken. Add the rest of the milk and the fish which has been removed from the bone and cut in small pieces. Cook until the fish is tender, about 10 minutes. Serve hot. Tamale Pie. — 2 cups cornmeal, 1V-2 teaspoons salt, 6 cups boiling water, 1 onion, 1 tablespoon fat, 1 pound Ham- burg steak, 2 cups tomatoes, half tea- spoon cayenne pepper or 1 small chopped sweet pepper. Make a mush by stirring the cornmeal and 1% tea- spoons salt into boiling water. Cook in a double boiler or over water for 45 minutes. Brown the onion in fat, add the Hamburg steak and stir until the red color disappears. Add the tomato, pepper and 1 teaspoon salt. Grease a baking-dish, put in a layer of cornmeal mush, add the seasoned meat and cover with mush. Bake 30 minutes. New Marmalade Without Sugar Now the papers are calling for fifty- fifty marmalades. The recipes below, though not of the fifty-fifty variety, re- duce sugar to zero and introduce other surprises. Prune Conserve. — 2 dozen prunes, % pound raisins, 2 oranges, Mi cup corn syrup, V-i cup water, % cup nut meats. Dried apricots, peaches or canned plums may be used in this recipe. Wash and cut prunes in pieces; add chopped raisins and orange pulp and peel, cut Make more Money Pull life stumps kr hand Clear your stump land cheaply — no digging, no expense for teams and powder. One man with a K can rip out any stump that can be pulled with the beet inch steel cable. Wor!:s by leverage — same principle as a jack. 100 pound pull on the lever gives a 48-ton pu!I on the stump. Made of ihe finest steel — guaranteed against breakage. Endorsed by U. S. Government experts. ^^9^\ HAND POWEH '47 Puller Write today for special V\ offer and free booklet on Land Clearing. Walter J. Fitzpatrick Box 330 182 Fifth Street San Francisco California very fine; then add corn syrup and water. Cook slowly until it is the con- sistency of marmalade. Add chopped nuts five minutes before removing from fire. Carrot Honey. — Take one pint grated raw carrot, two cups white syrup and two lemons. Mix ingredients and add the grated rind of one lemon. Heat slowly and simmer the mixture until it is thick and clear. Turn into scalded jelly glasses and when cold cover with hot parafflne. Serve with cold meat or as a sauce for puddings. Scotch Orange Marmalade. — To two pints ground oranges (pulp, rind and juice) add two pounds or honey, and cook to a thick marmalade. Breakfast Spoon-Breads Virginia Batter-Bread. — 1 cup white cornmeal, 1 ¥2 cups boiling water, 1 cup sweet milk, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 teaspoons baking powder, 2 eggs. Sift meal into a bowl. See that the water is boiling vigorously, pour over the meal, stirring at the same time. When lukewarm, add the sweet milk, the well-beaten egg yolk and beat thoroughly. Add the baking powder and last fold in the stiffly-beaten whites. Pour into a hot, well-greased baking dish and bake in a moderately-hot oven thirty minutes. If baked in a shallow pan, twenty minutes will suffice. Hominy Bread.— 2 cups boiled homi- ny grits, 2 eggs, 1 cup sweet milk, Vs cup flour, 1 teaspoon baking powder, 1 tablespoon fat. Cook hominy with four times the bulk of water. Cool and add the sweet milk and well-beaten eggs. Sift in the flour and baking pow- der. Last add the hot fat and pour into greased baking dish and bake in hot oven until firm and brown, but not stifT. io 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page !~i REVOLUTIONIZED BY A NEW SYSTEM "Frioi.iT' iwac Firct an(i sPent thousands of dollars to rllcllU Wd5 rllol develop and place it on the market. Tuirlanro of "FRIEND" priority in this new system is found V LVIUCIILC in this FRUIT GROWER advertisement and the \ thousands of "FRIENDS" spray guns used in 1916 and 1917. Towers and Spray Poles had annoyed Horticulture long enough so "FRIEND" invented the SPRAY GUN A small, light device that one man could hold and distribute the entire capacity of the largest power sprayer alone — with ease, FASTER and BETTER than two men with towers and long poles and so constructed that it could be used equally well on all power sprayers. The Gun was soon Characterized sprAgun and the System or Method called NU TM Are You A Grower? Then you want the best there is; when you buy a sprayer or spray-gun, you want it for business; you want the kind that always makes you feel that you made the right choice. Arn Vnn a (laslar? Then you want the line that will enable you to LOOK HIC IUU d UCdlCI . YOUR CUSTOMERS SQUARE IN THE EYE when you talk "spray-gun" to him. If you are not a "FRIEND" dealer, you should apply NOW. This has proven to be the world's greatest horticultural achievement and the "FRIEND" line is a live wire, business-getting proposition. The "Friend" sprAgun: «jg *"g£ durability and simplicity— are thechief features of the gun. Light enough to be held in one hand; quick action for uny kind of spray desired; dura- ble, by special materials and ingenious design; simple in construction, only one working part. All who used the "FRIEND" gun say that it not only saved 25 of spray solution but did much bet- ter work -owing to the great project iveness of fine spray; some prominent growers have said that they would not take $1,000 for their sprAgun. Don't spray again without a "FRIEND" gun; there will be many substitutes but— only one "FRIEND." "I will take any power sprayer that will main- tain 200-lbs. pressure and with one line of hose and the "FRIEND" gun, will do more work and a better job during the day, than three men can do with the old system."— Grand Rapids, Michigan- The "Friend" Power Sprayer raenvyo^ bought a "FRIEND" Power Sprayer, you will talk like all the other owners: They say— "It's a won- der; so handy; so convenient to work around, goes anywhere, doesn't upset, draws easily, so powerful, so well designed, every part built for its place and best of all— puts the spray where I want it, etc." These wonderful sprayers are now built in three sizes; small, medium and large. Our Ser- vice Department will help you decide which to buy. DO NOT WAIT— this season's output is going fast; you will find the "FRIEND" a TRUE FRIEND and a MONEY-MAKER. "Our nuSYStm power sprayer has proved to have twice the capacity of any other sprayer we have ever used; we are ordering one more and with these two nuSYStm rigs and four men, we will do the work formerly requiring four rigs and twelve men."— Waterville, Ohio. THE "FRIEND" MANUFACTURING COMPANY has a reputation for square and honest dealing and has chosen its representa- tives with the greatest possible care. "FRIEND" products are made only by THE "FRIEND" MANUFACTURING COMPANY and can be obtained only from its authorized representatives. This remarkable service is now close at hand; the Western distributors are: The California Rex Spray Co., Benicia, California The Payette Valley Rex Spray Co., Payette Valley, Idaho The Medford Rex Company, Medford, Oregon The Rex Company, Omaha, Nebraska The Wenatchee Rex Spray Co., Wenatchee, Wash. The Toledo Rex Spray Co., Toledo, Ohio Local dealers in all sections Cut out and mall to nearest "FRIEND" dealer With this peerless organization to carry "FRIEND" blessings to the Western fruit growers, all horticulture will rejoice. Fill out the coupon and mail today to nearest "FRIEND" dis- tributor. A limited output, going fast, write today The "Friend" Manufacturing Company Gasport, New York, U. S. A. I am in the market for power sprayer, large medium small sprAgun I have acres of fruit. Name Addresss ■ B.F.118 WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page i 6 BETTER FRUIT January BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER, OREGON Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers' Association A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the Interest of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallls WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thornber, Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville Leon D, Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson. Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States. $1.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27. 1906, at the Postofflce at Hood River, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. President W. J. Kerr.— The State of Oregon is to be congratulated on the decision of Mr. Kerr to remain as presi- dent of the Oregon Agricultural College. Mr. Kerr deserves the appreciation and thanks of every resident of the state for his loyalty to the state and for his affection for its inhabitants, indicated by the fact he remained at a lesser salary than he was offered elsewhere. Under President Kerr the Oregon Agri- cultural College and the Experiment Station has made a most wonderful ad- vancement. Through his guidance the institution has accomplished the great- est amount of good for the farming in- dustry in the state that it ever accom- plished since the beginning. Under Mr. Kerr's guidance, I speak more par- ticularly of horticulture, although the same is true of all other departments of farming carried on in connection with the Experiment Station, an insti- tution has been built that is second to none anywhere in the world, with no superiors. The work in the horticul- tural department stands out pre-emi- nently compared with all other horti- cultural institutions in the world. In fact the success has been so marked that other states, being aware of the great work being done by the Oregon Agricultural College, have persistently and continuously been endeavoring to take away its ablest professors and in- structors, offering them larger salaries than the State of Oregon thought it could afford to pay. Quite a number of very valuable men, attracted by higher salaries, left, which is to be regretted. Many others, including Mr. Kerr, have been offered higher salaries, but their sense of loyalty to the State of Oregon, connected with the hope, in which we think they were justified, that the state in its growing prosperity would appre- ciate the work being done by the Ore- gon Agricultural College to the fullest extent, and in the near future be able to pay a salary that is equal to that offered by other states. President Kerr, and others who remain, have the heart- felt thanks of every fruit grower, every farmer, and, we believe we can hon- estly say, of every resident of the State of Oregon. G. Harold Powell. — Nearly every fruit grower in the Northwest is acquainted with Mr. G. Harold Powell, who for many years was chief executive in the Horticultural Department of the De- partment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, during which time he visited the Northwestern fruit sections annually, making friends wherever he went. Mr. Powell is now assistant to Mr. Hoover in the food conservation. A very nice account of Mr. G. Harold Powell's life is printed in the Literary Digest of December 15, being extracts from an article appearing in the Country Gentle- man. Mr. Powell is 45 years of age. A few of his achievements that signify his ability in a most emphatic way will be of interest. He entered Cornell at nineteen years of age, paying his own way by running a boarding house for students. He entered the Department of Agriculture, rapidly advancing and becoming chief executive of the depart- ment. It was Mr. Powell who, in his research work, discovered that thou- sands and hundreds of thousands of dollars lost on the decay of oranges in transit was due to rough handling in picking and packing — a fact unknown up to that time. It was Mr. Powell who discovered that the great loss on peaches in transit from Georgia and other localities was due to the peaches being shipped too warm, and who dis- covered the loss could be prevented by pre-cooling. It was Mr. Powell who discovered that the great loss on apples in shipment and poor keeping when stored was due to rough handling, too late picking and too long a delay after being picked before being placed on cold storage. It was Mr. Powell who was called on to become general man- ager of the California Citrus Fruit Growers' Association, which handles about 70 per cent of the oranges in California, and under the able man- agement of Mr. Powell the Citrus Fruit Growers' Association has been success- ful, and under his administration the orange growers made more money than they ever made before. Appreciation of his ability is shown by his success in all of these affairs, and it is due to his success in these matters that he was chosen as assistant to Mr. Hoover. Apples on Cold Storage. — A report issued by the Department of Agricul- ture, Washington, D. C, December 12, shows a decrease of apples on cold storage in the United States compared with December 1 last year of lfm per cent. The total number of box apples on cold storage in 1916 was 796,620 boxes; in 1917, 939,838. Barreled apples show a decrease; however it is true that the amount of box apples on com- mon storage is considerably larger than last year. Prices during the month of December have been depressed. This is undoubtedly due to the very heavy shipments. During October cars were short, but on the first of December the number of cars shipped exceeded the number of cars shipped last year by 20 per cent. Cars were loaded fully 20 per cent heavier, which in reality makes an increase of 40 per cent, prob- ably more, in the quantity of apples shipped, going onto the markets during the month of November, over the same month last year. It is stated the loss has been pretty heavy from freezing weather. The heavy shipments have resulted in some pretty low prices, which undoubtedly has caused a very heavy consumption, indicated by the fact that the amount of box apples on cold storage is very little in excess of last year. Some of the big factors in the business seem to think that the big shipments have resulted in a very heavy consumption. The loss in common storage will be heavy, consequently there will be no over-supply on hand after the first of the year. There is a general opinion there will be a good demand commencing the latter part of January or the first of February, with no excess supply, and consequently there is every reason to assume that prices will be fair a little later on during the year. Spraying. — The fruit growers of the Northwest have suffered a severe loss for many consecutive years from fun- gus on apples. Strange to say, it took several years before they became in- formed and fully appreciated the neces- sity of a rigid spraying program, but it is a pleasure to announce that in 1917 the fruit growers got the right idea and did the work right. They began with sulphur sprays — lime and sulphur was used extensively; application was made in the semi-dormant, sometimes called the pre-pink spray, or when the leaves are one-quarter to one-half an inch long. This was followed by another application in the pir.k, another appli- cation just after the petals dropped, known as the calyx spray, and another two weeks later. Those who sprayed, following this program, doing it thor- oughly with the proper strengths, had crops that were entirely free from fun- gus. In some sections additional spray- ing was necessary. No grower who wants a clean crop, free from fungus, can afford to take any chances in 1918, by omitting any sprays. But one word more of advice. On account of the shortage of supplies and the uncertain advancing prices, it seems wise to sug- gest to the fruit growers that they pur- chase their fungicidal sprays as early as possible. Thrift Stamps are intended to enable those people who cannot spare the amount necessary to purchase Liberty Bonds to help carry on the war and at the same time to help themselves by becoming saving and thrifty. These stamps will be on sale from December 3, 1917, to January 31, 1918. A thrift card is furnished to all purchasers of 25-cent stamps. This card has space for sixteen stamps. When all the spaces are filled the thrift card may be exchanged for a $5.00 stamp at the 1 9 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 bank, postoflice or other authorized agency, by adding 12 cents in stamps prior to February 1, 1918, and 1 cent additional each month thereafter. Those who prefer may buy a $5.00 stamp out- right. These will be on sale from De- cember 3, 1917, to January 31, 1918, for .$4.12. They automatically increase in value until January 1, 1923, when the United States Government will pay $5.00, at any postoffice or at the Treas- ury in Washington, for each stamp affixed to a war-saving certificate. War saving certificates contain 20 spaces. If these are filled with war-saving stamps between December 3, 1917, and January 31, 1918, the cost to the pur- chaser will be $82.40. On January 1, 1923, the United States Government will pay the owner of the certificate $100, a net profit to the owner of $17.60 — a mighty good way to help one save and at the same time help the Government carry on the war. Codling Moth in 1917. — In previous years the growers have had varying degrees of success with codling moth. Where conditions were favorable ap- parently they got through with slight damage. It is almost invariably true that following clean crops growers felt that the codling moth had been almost completely eradicated and more or less failed to apply sufficient num- ber of sprays or put them on at the proper times. The man who wants a clean crop of apples cannot afford to miss any one of the arsenate of lead sprays during the entire season; put- ting on every spray is the only sure road to success. Equally important is the selection of some well-known brand, one that either you or your neighbors used and obtained good re- sults. The price of arsenate of lead undoubtedly will be higher this year. It is also possible that it may be diffi- cult to obtain the necessary quantity if the grower postpones purchasing until late in the season. The Government has issued instructions that arsenic should be conserved, hoping to prevent any possible shortage in the supply needed by the fruit growers. Land Clearing and Increased Produc- tion.— The administration, realizing the condition fully in Europe, and in this country as well, understands that the United States must feed the Allies, knows also that the food supply next year will be very short unless super- human efforts are made to increase production. It is a well-known fact that production can be increased in two ways — intensified farming and more planting. That everyone will endeavor to increase by intensity goes without question. It is the duty of everyone to increase his output by increasing the EARN $50l00!)AY WITH I UK Gearless Improved Standard Well Orilling Machine Drills throuuh any formation. Five years ahead of anv olher. Has record of drilling 130 feet and driving casing In 9 hours. Another record where 70 feet was drilled on 2H gallons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can operate. Electrically equipped for running nights. Fishing Job. Engine Ignition. Catalogue W-8. REIERSON MACHINERY CO.. Mfg., 1295-97 Hood $).,Porlland,0re. ERSMWAY Your Uncle Samuel Says: — "Conserve all food so that our Sammies at the front can be abundantly fed, and the folks at home still have plenty." This message is of such importance to owners of orchards and fruit bearing trees, vines and bushes, that Fruit Growing Associations, Farmers' Clubs, Grange and other State and National Organizations, are urging and insisting that each member fake an active part in an earnest endeavor to increase and improve his fruit and vegetable crops for 1918, and thus place within easy reach of the general public such fruits, berries, and vegetables for preserving, canning, drying and bin storage, as will take the place of grains and other food supplies that are easier to ship and transport. MYERS Says— "Good Gospel— Follow it to the letter." It will pay- Pay in the satisfaction of knowing you are doing your part— Pay in a more material way through larger crops and better prices. So prune your trees and spray them MYERS WAY with a Myers Knapsack, Bucket, Barrel or Power Spray Pump or complete Spray Outfit. You will know your spraying work will be done right, for Myers Spray Pumps-All Styles-All Sizes-are tried and proven. They get spraying results many times where others have failed by killing the numerous pests which attack your trees and eat your profits. Write for late catalog — 54 pages— devoted to MYERS SPRAY PUMPS, NOZZLES, HOSE and ACCESS- ORIES for Spraying, Painting and Disinfecting— and be ready for action when Spraying Time comes around. ASHLAND. OHIO. acreage wherever possible. It is the duty of everyone who has uncleared land to clear as much as his financial condition will permit. Time is short and quick action is necessary, conse- quently land owners should use quick and effective methods to clear land. Special blasting powders are made for this purpose. Full instructions can be obtained from any company manufac- turing blasting powders. There are a number of good stump pullers made which can be obtained at a moderate price. Fruit growers should use every man-saving factor possible in doing the work. Spray Outfits. — Spraying for fungus and San Jose scale will begin in most districts in March. The grower must bear in mind if he uses the right spray at the right time he cannot get satis- factory results unless he has efficient equipment. It is foolish for a grower to spray with a worn-out spray outfit. A grower can save money by throwing away the old rig and getting a new one, buying one that is high-class in every respect. There are several first-class power outfits manufactured. Some growers may like one, others another, but when you buy a spray outfit be sure you purchase one that is abso- lutely first-class, and when you buy from a high-class and well-known man- ufacturer you can generally feel assured that you will get something that is first- class in every respect. You cannot buy anything good these days cheap. Auto and Motor Trucks. — The auto- mobile is no longer a luxury with the fruit grower and farmer. For some time fruit growers and farmers have realized that the automobile was al- most a necessity. Since war was declared, on account of the shortage of men, it is absolutely necessary that every fruit grower should economize and conserve his time in every way possible. The automobile fills the bill and enables the fruit grower to come to town, transact his business and get back in the least amount of time. The automobile truck, on account of quick- ness and capacity, enables the fruit grower lo d(i his hauling to and from the depot in much less lime, and where larger crops are to be moved the auto- mobile truck will do the work of sev- eral teams. Page iS BETTER FRUIT APPLE SEEDLINGS A surplus in all grades. Grown on new land. Strong, healthy Stocks that will please. APPLE GRAFTS Made to order. Satisfaction guaranteed. If short of labor, let us make you Grafts for you. A Complete Line of General Nursery Stock for the Spring Trade Always pleased to quote prices. Ask for Price List. Mount Arbor Nurseries E. S. WELCH, Pres. SHENANDOAH, IOWA MORE WORK™™ YOUR HORSES/ Heavy spring work takes the surplus flesh from the horse. His collar no longer fits. His neck and shoulders chafe and gall. He can't do his full share of work and you lose money. Prevent these evils by using TAPATCO Pads. A NEW AND BETTER HOOK ATTACHMENT Consisting of wire staple, reinforced with felt washer (note where arrows point). This gives the hook a better hold and prevents pulling off. The weakest point is made strong and life of pad greatly lengthened. Found Only on Pads Made by Us. Look For The Felt Washer. SOLD BY DEALERS EVERYWHERE The American Pad & Textile Company GREENFIELD, OHIO Canadian Branch: Chatham, Ontario. TAP (i) Pat. InU S.Dec. 1.1814. Pat.lnCaa.Apr 6.1915. Steel Box Strapping _~ Used in connection with metal seals consists of encircling a package with a metal strap, draw- ing the strap very tight and interlocking the overlapping strap -ends within a metal sleeve (SIGNODE) in such a manner that the joint has agreater tensilestrength than the strap itself. Nails, rivets and buck- les, with their attendant objections, are entirely eliminated. Write for Catalog Acme Strapping packed in bbls. of about 500 lbs. or larger pkgs. Metal Seals packed in cartons containing 2.000-2,500 seals. ACME STEEL GOODS CO. MFRS. Factory: 2840 Archer Ave., Chicago 311 California St., San Francisco January Spray Guns. — A new spray gun is being put on the market by spray-outfit manufacturers, which is being found very eflicient and economical. One spray gun with sufficient power back of it in a spray outfit will do the work of two spray rods. By using a spray gun which is adapted to present ma- chines one spray outfit with one man can do the work of two men. Large machines of greater power are being made at a moderate increase over the average power outfit, which are made with sullicient power to operate two spray guns, which will do the spraying in half of the time required by the ordi- nary spray outfit. A large orchardist should get a large machine and use two spray guns. A moderate-sized orchard: ist can use his own machine and use one spray gun instead of two spray rods. Spray guns, while they have not been used generally, give every evi- dence of doing satisfactory work. Nitrate of Soda. — Many fruit growers, who had complained of light yields, have been using nitrate of soda for two years, with wonderful results. In cases where the supply of nitrate had become deficient many orchards bloomed but failed to set a crop. One orchard in Hood River blossomed well for several seasons but failed to set a crop. Nitrate of soda was applied at the proper time, about March, and in the same year the grower produced a crop of about 500 boxes to the acre. Nitrate was used again the next year and a crop of more than 500 boxes to the acre produced. It seems to be generally conceded by the fruit growers that where apples have failed to set, due to the deficiency of nitrate contained in the soil, that by judicious application of nitrate a good set and increasing yield results in a most wonderful way. Professor C. I. Lewis, one of the most eminent horticulturists in the United States, Professor of Horticulture of the Oregon Agricultural College, has a very interesting article in the December 22nd issue of the Country Gentleman, entitled "Northwestern Apples and Other Fruits." Professor Lewis is ap- preciated for his splendid knowledge of fruit growing and is recognized as one of the most practical men that ever filled a chair of horticulture in any of the agricultural colleges. Professor Lewis is so well known and is so popu- lar with the fruit growers that anything we might say would be of faint praise. Winter Short Courses. — Winter short courses will be held this year at the Washington State Agricultural College, Pullman, Washington: The Idaho Agri- cultural College, Moscow, Idaho, and the Oregon Agricultural College, Cor- vallis, Oregon. Every fruit grower and farmer who can possible get away should write for a schedule and plan his work so as to be able to attend. WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page ip Here's the Catalog for Northwest Farmers — And it's free The farmer is the most important of Uncle Sam's soldiers because, as Napoleon said: "An army fights on its stomach/' Every seed sown helps win the war — choose your seeds then by the select draft system. lUfig seeds, acclimated for northwest soils and conditions — best for the west — are tested for germi- nation and purity. Our catalog is complete and contains the accumulated experience of thirty years in the selection of seed for Pacific Northwest farmers. Write for free copy and buy your seeds early [ij£S The Chas. H. Lilly Co., Seattle Established 1885 Tractors. — Already a large number of men have volunteered, a large number have been drafted, and in addition to this the Government has to supply am- munition, war machinery, clothing, food and all kinds of supplies, not only for the men at the front but for our Allies, consequently every industry should use all the machinery possible in this way, relieving men for work that cannot be done by machinery. There is no line of work on the farm that takes more time or more men than cultivating. One tractor will do the work of many men and many tractors can be bought at a very moderate price. Where they are used they not only save the cost of extra men but the cost of capital invested in extra horses, extra cost of feed. They have proved effi- cient, and economical and by using them the United States will be able to produce a greater amount of food, which is absolutely necessary. is a serious mistake, because cows will be very high after the war and possibly be very difficult to get. With the in- creased production of feed undoubtedly in the near future feed will be much cheaper. The Government is urging everybody, and wisely too, to keep the family cow. Keep the Family Cow. — On account of the war, the shortage and high cost of feed in foreign countries, the num- ber of cows will be reduced to a mini- mum. The same is true to a great ex- tent in this country. A great many people arc selling off their cows. This Horticulturist J^S^e orchard company. 8 years' experience in orcharding and farming; college edu- cation; married; age 31. Can furnish best of references as to ability and char- acter. Address "C. A. "care Better Fruit. Page 20 BETTER FRUIT January The Question of Fruit Marketing After the Great War By Gordon C. Corbaley, Seattle, Delivered Before Northwest Fruit Growers' Conference, at Tenth National Apple Show, Spokane we have used the foreign markets to help have an outlet to make possible and furnishing of a more even supply to the really important markets within the country. After the war this will be different. The whole world has been brought closer together. The United States has become the financial and industrial cen- ter of the world. We have shown our- selves much too big to ever be able to again stay within our own boundaries. We will certainly sell to the rest of the world and buy from the rest of the world on much larger volume and in a much more direct way than we ever have in the past. Perhaps the greatest single influence in bringing that about will be the new American Merchant marine now in process of creation as a war-time necessity. At the beginning of the war we were forced to depend on the ocean-trade channels of other countries. Very little business moved direct from the United States to distant lands, and hardly any ocean transportation was handled by American lines. Under the war shipbuilding program, the United States by the end of 1919 will have as great a tonnage afloat in foreign trade as will Great Britain, and we will surpass Great Britain as a peace sea power, because more than 90 per cent of our tonnage will be Government owned and available to be operated for the purpose of developing American trade lines to every corner of the world. This will present an indeed fortunate situation for us, coming at a time when we will want to do business with every country in the world and every country in the world will want to do business with us. Now, just what will this mean to the apple business? In general terms, it will mean an enormous possibility for expansion that will depend in a consid- erable measure upon our being organ- ized to take advantage of it. It is diffi- cult to say just what it will mean in terms of business with individual coun- tries. At the present time we have practically no export business. There is plenty of demand for our fruit, but, for various reasons, we cannot get the fruit there to supply the demand. Pros- perous England could use any quantity THE best answer to the question under discussion has been fur- nished by Mr. W. E. Gwin, general manager of the Northwestern Fruit Ex- change. He says: "I don't know. All precedents have been swept aside and rendered worthless. We face an en- tirely new situation, the complexion of which and the exact development of which no man can foresee. We have our opinions of how things are likely to develop, and that is all." The effect of peace on the apple in- dustry depends largely on the condition of business in the United States. Our Northwest apples are largely sold as a luxury, and are therefore peculiarly liable to business depression and hesita- tion. Nobody has any real idea as to what will be the exact condition of business during the first days follow- ing the coming of peace. It will be a period of hesitation and uncertainty. That will be because nobody will know what is going to happen. This uncer- tainty will be particularly marked be- cause about half of the entire produc- tive capacity of the United States will be devoted wholly to war purposes. The release of the billions of money and millions of employes from this war work will naturally make unsettlement. The period of hesitation and unsettle- ment is capable of almost any outcome. A great deal depends on the financial condition and the mental condition of the people. They perhaps will be so depressed and worried and scared that capital will run to cover, and we will have a smash. I, personally, do not think so. I be- lieve that the wide distribution of Gov- ernment bonds will be one of the most valuable of influences during these first Fruit Tree Stocks Apple, Doucine, Paradise, Mahaleb, Maz- zard, Peach, Plum, Quince, Japan Pear and Kieffer Pear Seedlings. We can ship Mahaleb and Mazzard direct from Oregon Apple and Pear Grafts ANY STYLE Complete Assortment of General Nursery Stock There is a small stock of apple seedlings this year, and with the increasing de- mand for apple trees, it will pay to put out a plant. But act now, do not wait until the top of the market has been reached. SHENANDOAH NURSERIES D. S. Lake, Pres. SHENANDOAH, IOWA few months of uncertainty. The return of peace will mean an immediate strengthening of the value of Govern- ment securities. There will not be a boom in Liberty Bonds, but there will be an appreciable strengthening of value that will put confidence into the many millions of citizens who will have their liquid capital tied up in these se- curities. All that we will need as a people to bring us out of this period of uncertainty in an aggressive, forceful frame of mind will be a reasonable measure of encouragement. Once we are no longer in doubt, business will go ahead more rapidly than ever, because we will have untold billions of capital available to invest in development. I refer not only to the capital that has been engaged in war industry, but also to the many billions of capital that will have stored up in Government bonds. The whole world is on an inflated basis. I think that we are going to travel on an inflated basis for many years to come. That means high prices for everything, and high prices with plenty of money form the ideal condi- tions for our fancy apple market. I think that Mr. Ford asked me this ques- tion with the idea of leading the way to a discussion of foreign markets, rather than for the purpose of giving me an opportunity to discuss econom- ics. He knows our tremendous interest in Seattle in foreign trade, and he nat- urally judges that the foreign market is to become a constantly increasing factor in the distribution of our boxed apples. The best analysis that I have been able to get of the general foreign situa- tion comes from our old friend, H. M. Gilbert, of the Yakima Valley, who says: "The world is going to be much more of a family of nations after the war. In rebuilding and reconstructing I look for a very active demand for fruit, as well as for all other food products. There will certainly be a big demand for labor and we shall have good times, I take it, much as they do when a city is rebuilding after a big fire. This will be especially important on the Pacific, because Japan and China are now awakened and will want to trade with us more than ever. They will want all the modern improvements of railroads, electric machinery and the other inven- tions of the West." When I spoke of the former foreign market for our apples as having been of little importance, I have in mind no disrespect to our export apple business or the men who are engaged in it. It is true, thus far, we have sent abroad only a small percentage of our fancy apples, say 5 to 10 per cent of the fancy and extra fancy stock, depending on the year. The foreign trade has been noth- ing but a safety valve to help take the pressure off the domestic markets. This is not alone true of the apple business. It pretty accurately describes the condi- tion of almost all American exports, except the great staples. As a people, POSITION WANTED As manager of a fair sized apple orchard proposition by a competent and exper- ienced man with a small family. Either salary or salary and commission propo- sition will be considered. Two years Horticultural Department, University of Illinois, fifteen years practical experience in bearing orchards, one of which was in the Payette Valley, Idaho. Have had considerable experience with gasoline and kerosene engines and thoroly under- stand all phases of apple orchard work. Open for employment on or before March 1, 1918. HENRY 0. HINKLEY, Dubois, Illinois WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 of small red apples and Yellow New- towns, if the English government could be persuaded that our apples are not a luxury and would lift the embargo. The Scandinavian countries and South America are literally crying for apples and offering all sorts of inducements, but there is practically no ship space to be had. Australia, always heretofore a dependable outlet for our early Jona- thans, is closed with an embargo. The individual markets open to our apples in the different countries will depend in a large measure on the con- ditions in those countries. Personally, I think that nearly all these markets will be favorable. Europe offers the largest question of doubt, because Europe is so intensely in the middle of the war that nobody knows what it is going to look like when the struggle is over. Personally, I believe that the re- leasing of men and capital from war occupations, and the turning of Govern- ment finances to the spending of any- where from ten billion to twenty bil- lion dollars in reconstructing the dam- aged places, will produce a condition of great activity. One element very much in our favor will be the fact that European orchards have been neglected during the war, and those that have not been entirely destroyed will show a low efficiency in production. Another pleasant element will be found in Rus- sia. Some day in the not distant future Russia is going to complete its present occupation of blowing off steam accu- mulated during years of repression, and will move into a period of expansion and development that will draw much of the money and man power of the world. Russia will be a good market for our apples. Personally, I look for a tremendous expansion in the Orient and in Austra- lia. We will see a great outpouring of capital and of men to the new places of the world. That has come after every great war. The greatest new places of the world are Siberia, with its billions of acres of untouched resources, and China with its hundreds of millions of undeveloped labor reserves. Perhaps also in this list should be specificclly included Australia, which is due to ex- pand, although not in as great a meas- ure as Siberia and China. Australia, you will remember, is bigger than the United States, and is capable of some expansion and development, even if it does not approach Siberia, which is more than twice as big as the United States. Northwestern part of the United States, and Australia is a mar- ket in which we have a direct interest. They take our low-colored early Jon- athans that are mighty hard to market any place else, and we wish they would have a period of development that would cause them to take many thou- sands more of them. As I look at this entire world situa- tion, I find that it is impossible for me to be pessimistic. Perhaps I am so con- stituted that it is not practical for me to be pessimisitic very long at any time. But it is pretty hard for an American citizen to be pessimistic at this time, when the center of the world is swing- Tifission Satt'Bi^enayeniura,"f/entura., CahYbrn/a,. Tbunefedl782 CALIFORNIA MISSIONS add the romance of California's early days to the infinite variety and charm of California life today. We can't begin to tell you here, but will send booklets of how and where to go — and what to do and see — in this wonderland. Jtsk any Jtgent of the Union Pacific System or write WM. McMURRAY, General Passenger Jtgent, Portland Founded 1776 ing to the Western hemisphere; when we are about to become the old world and when Asia is about to become the new world. We Americans, in this day of change and stress, are getting a bet- ter understanding of each other, and I believe we are developing a greater efficiency. We are going out collective- ly to serve the markets of the world. I believe that the question as to what foreign markets will mean to the boxed- apple business during the days imme- diately following the war wiil depend in a very large measure on our ability to organize collectively to develop these foreign markets in a big way. Big things will have to be done if we are going to develop these markets rapidly. Chances will have to be taken and some mistakes will be made. These chances will be much better taken and we will do business much more effi- ciently if all the big factors in the boxed-apple business will pool their foreign trade into one big export cor- poration. That is a lesson that the European nations learned before the war. It is a lesson that the war is teaching to America. The big factors in the apple business of the Northwest will please take notice. Page 22 BETTER FRUIT January Study of Fruit-Bud Formation — Relation to Pruning WHAT often amounts to one of the most difficult problems that con- fronts the orchardist is thai of securing a good amount of bloom in the orchard. In many eases it seems almost impossible to secure blossoms in trees that have reached the age at which they should begin bearing. Trees eight or ten years of age, that have never borne even a partial crop, are only too familiar to many fruit growers. Not only do we have difficulty with a failure to produce fruit buds, but often- times in our old orchards we are troubled with their overproduction. Trees Jow in vigor will often produce so many fruit buds that the tree is simply a mass of bloom in the spring, but lacks the ability to set and mature a crop of first-class fruit. Especially is this true of old pear and prune trees. A third condition which the orchard- ist has to combat, and which is closely linked with fruit-bud formation, is that of alternate bearing in many varieties of apples and pears. Many fruit buds are formed one year, with such a heavy crop of fruit following that apparently the whole energies of the tree are ex- pended in maturing the fruit, and no fruit buds are formed for the following year. Consequently, a heavy crop is followed by no crop at all, and the orchard, instead of producing a fair BUY AND TRY By J. R. Magness, Assistant in Research Laboratory, Oregon Agricultural College crop year after year, produces very 10 to 15 inches in length. If these heavily, but only once in two years. short shoots are .systematically cut Tor a number of years, investigations from young trees of certain varieties, have been carried on at the Oregon Ex- periment Station to determine where fruit buds are formed on different kinds of fruit trees and for different varie- ties; the time of the first appearance of flower parts in the buds in different positions; and the conditions in the tree that are associated with, and which apparently control fruit-bud formation. It is proposed to present in this article some of the things that have been learned in regard to fruit buds, in order that the troubles in connection with fruit-bud formation may be more readi- ly dealt with. The first subject to consider is that of the positions of fruit buds in the different kinds of fruit trees. Apples and pears may be considered together, since their methods of fruiting are al- most identical. By far the greatest number of fruit buds in mature trees of all varieties are borne on spurs. The terminal bud on the spur produces the flower parts, an entire cluster of flowers being formed in a single fruit bud. During the following season, if fruit is produced from the fruit bud, one or more leaf buds will develop at the sides of the spur at the base of the flower cluster. These leaf buds con- tinue the growth of the spur, and will usually form fruit buds during the sea- son following the one in which they are . formed. Thus a spur normally pro- nrriTTII PTQ T T 11 duces fruit buds every other year. This J* A|&X"AII t* Xadxl!! varies greatly, however, for fruit buds it may delay the time of bearing very materially. In the case of cherries, the fruit is borne mainly on spurs. Each spur is terminated by a leaf bud, about which a number of fruit buds are grouped. The leaf bud continues the growth of the spur year after year, so the cherry spur is straight, and unbranched. Nor- mally, fruit buds will be formed on the spur every year. A small amount of fruit in most varieties is also produced from buds on the one-year wood. When such buds are formed, they are usually toward the base of the shoot, rather than near the terminal, as in apples and pears. Consequently, they will usually not be removed by a winter heading back. In prunes and plums, considerable variation occurs as to the proportion of the buds borne in different positions. In prunes and other European-Ameri- can varieties of plums, most of the fruit buds are borne on spurs. The spurs are terminated by a leaf bud, which makes a certain amount of growth each year. The fruit buds are produced in the axils of the leaves along the new growth made by the spur. So what the spur really amounts to is a short shoot, with fruit buds in the axils of the leaves. In most varieties, a few fruit buds are pro- White River Flour MAKES Whiter, Lighter Bread Driver Agents Wanted Drive an., who will send you a sea- son's supply of "More Eggs" Tonic for $1.00 (prepaid). Ho confident is Mr. Reefer of tlv results that a million-dollar bank guar- antees if you are not absolutely satisfied your dollar will be returned on request and tile "Mole Eggs" eOSt VllU liotllillg. Send 0. dollar to. lay or ask Mr. Reefer for his Free Poultry book that tells the experience at ■< man who has made a fortune out of poultry. Portland Wholesale Nursery Company Rooms 6 & 7, 122' j Grand Ave., Portland, Oregon Wholesalers of NurHery Stock and Nursery Supplies A very complete line of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shruba, Vines. Etc. SPECIALTIES Clean Coast Grown Seedlings Oregon Champion Gooseberries and Perfection Currant Write Now — Write Now A Masterpiece of Simplicity with Patented Front- Drive SEND the coupon below for our new catalog which describes the Bean TrackPULL Tractor— a masterpiece of simplicity, with patented front-drive which no other tractor has. It is built by an old-established concern, the Bean Spray Pump Co., makers of the famous Bean Sprayers and Pumps. A life-long reputation is staked on this tractor. Note some of the things it does, then get the enitre story. Don't make the mistake of buying an- other type and then decide too late that you need the Bean. Think of a tractor that turns clear around inside a 10-foot circle (5-foot radius)— that weighs only 3100 pounds, but that will plow from 4 to 7 acres or cultivate from 10 to 15 acres in 10 hours. Learn all about its 15 vital features. You'll want them all in your machine. BEAN TrackPULL Tractor What Other Does These Things? I. Pulls instead of pushes itself over the ground. !. "Gees" and "haws" out of holes and soft places like a team. !. Turns clear around in- side 10-foot (5-foot radiusj circle with full power on turns. 1. Cultivates as close up in corners as a team. j. Goes under tree- branches only 4 feet off the ground. There are 15 features. ** Read about the rest »* in the catalog we ,.••' Bean Spray send vou. Mail & _ « us the coupon J rlMip I/O. now. %.o%' 613 W. Julian Street San Jose, Cal. -..•'* Without any obligation rf* on my part, send me Tractor Book. ,,«-' Name Street Price Now $1215 F.O.B. San Jose, California City County State • No. of acres Kind of crops WHEN WRITING AIIVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 28 BETTER FRUIT January Did You Ever Stop To consider how congested and over-popu- lated Europe feeds its hundreds of millions? Look ,nto the reason for tne neavy y>eW of the Ha_ waiian Sugar Plantations? I ittPTI To tne successful rancher and farmer explain I^IMCH the source Qf Ws profits? THE ANSWER IS t4Ni*r»»t«» t\i ^ClAa" with its I5 Nitrogen — equal is urate 01 ooaa to , a% Ammonia _ immediateiy available. "KIi+»*«ktA f\f Q/**I»" is imported from Chile; through imraie 01 aoaa lack of tonnage it is becoming increasingly difficult to secure;— place your orders for spring requirements NOW. Literature upon request. NITRATE AGENCIES CO. Leary Building, Seattle, U. S. A. Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.PearsonCo.,inc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bldg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON E A R S o NAILS Pri"MniVrV ln buying is getting the vl/11 KJi.ll. X Dest value for the money, not always ln getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS £ SftKson for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. T?T T A TITT TTY behind the goods Is IUIjL±\.£»m.1j± J. J. added value. Tou can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATTdTf A r'TTnftf Is assured by our AllOrAl/llUll long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. ■RTnTN^AI TTV Plus experience al- IVJLUir'l.rl.JUlX x ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope Is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson— meantime you play safe. A I L Hooverizing the Small Apple As the crop of Northwestern box apples is being matured and harvested, it is realized that sizes will run much smaller than expected. This will re- sult in a big shrinkage in the estimated number of boxes and cars, and actually means a greater shortage of apples than early figures indicated. When apple prices are relatively high every student of marketing knows that the retailers are inclined to shift to the smaller sizes. The reason is simple — the price per apple can be kept within the range of the pocket book of the common people. Every storage operator knows that the small-sized apples keep the longest in storage and shrewd operators are fig- uring this season that the best and safest buy will be the small-sized fruit. Prices of apples in general seem high, but sellers believe the prices are fully justified by the shortage existing not only in apples but in the California and Florida citrus crops, together with re- stricted importation of bananas. The Northwestern Fruit Exchange is shaping its advertising campaign to the consumer through magazines, newspa- pers and other media, strongly stimu- lating the demand for the smaller-sized apples, which will probably be denomi- nated as the economy apples for chil- dren, "School Apples," etc. Hooverizing the special advantages of the smaller apple in eliminating waste. Everybody knows that the average youngster's "eyes are bigger than his stomach." He naturally reaches for a big apple whether he is hungry or not, overesti- mating his capacity and perhaps half of the big apple may be wasted. The smaller apple is just his size and will be consumed without waste. This is a year, above all others, when "There ain't a-goin' to be no core" in efficient apple consumption. Every lunch box of every school child should contain at least one apple every day. With this year's prices fairly well up on the larger sizes, many a housewife would hesitate to supply the kiddies with this fruit regularly, but the small apple solves the problem. Boxes of 175s and 225s, consisting of beautifully colored perfect specimens at an average low cost per apple, will solve the problem. With this special line of educational advertising directed to the consumer by the Exchange in its "Skookum" apple advertising, there is an added reason why the trade should realize the special values existing in the small sizes this year. — Produce News. California Fruit Growers' Exchange Following are related some interest- ing achievements by the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, which prove very conclusively the value of fruit growers' associations: At the moment when the subject of farmers' co-operative associations again has come to the front because of un- usual conditions and because of the necessity for economical marketing of agricultural products, the announce- WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page 29 ment is made by the California Fruit Growers' Exchange that in the year closed August 31, 1917, it returned to citrus growers the enormous sum of $33,611,000. The California Fruit Growers' Exchange long has been recog- nized as the largest co-operative organization of farmers in the world, and has been the model held up to the agriculturists of America. Such authorities as Sir Horace Plunkett, Harbert Quick, Charles Holman and Charles Mc- Carthy have made studies of its success and have sought to have its methods adapted to other localities. According to the report for the year recently closed, the Exchange now markets 09 per cent of all oranges, lemons and grapefruit grown in California, a business which last year totaled 15,492,990 boxes of citrus fruit. This tre- mendous volume of fruit was marketed at a cost of 4% cents a box, and not a single penny was lost through bad debts or other causes. The annual report points out that in the last 14 years the business of the growers' organiza- tion has amounted to $226,100,000, on which losses from bad debts and all other causes have been less than $8,000, or 35/10,000ths of 1 per cent. The total California citrus crop of last season amounted to 53,830 carloads. The Exchange is composed of 8,000 growers and acts as a clearing house for the bulk of the California crop. Growers pool their fruit, which is then graded in 150 packing houses, and, under the direction of the central office, is distributed through the organiza- tion's sales offices to all parts of the country. The service is performed at absolute cost. The citrus industry has virtually been organized upon a manufacturing basis. For advertising in newspapers and other periodicals each box of oranges is assessed two and one-quarter cents and every box of lemons four cents. Last year this netted a fund of nearly half a million dollars for publicity work. According to the report, the growers look to advertising to increase the con- sumption of oranges and lemons and thereby make room for the rapidly- increasing crops. During the ten years in which advertising has been done, the consumption of citrus fruits has in- creased 80 per cent, or four times as rapidly as population. The growers in the Exchange have their own mutual insurance compact. They operate a supply company which last year purchased for its members packing house and orchard supplies worth $5,459,574, A large tract of tim- ber land, with saw mills and lumbering equipment from which box wood is made, is owned and operated by the growers. In order to dispose of the unmerchantable lemons a by-products plant has been constructed which last year converted 6 per cent of the lower grades into citric acid and other by- products. The interests of the growers MOLES HAVE NO EYES.SOj THEY CAN'T READ MY r BILLBOARDS AND GET WISE. DON'T YOU BE A MOLE! Pittsburgh Perfect Cement C02lt6Cl NdllS are of the highest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California East Through California When you go East via California you may visit San Francisco, all the resorts along the Road of a Thousand Wonders, Los Angeles and Sunny Southern California, The Apache Trail of Arizona. Liberal stopovers are permitted at various points en route. Four trains a day from Portland offer ample accommodations. Inquire at any S. P. agency, or address John M. Scott, General Passenger Agent Portland, Oregon Southern Pacific Lines WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 30 BETTER FRUIT Ridley,Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON Points to remember when consigning apples to the London Market Specialists in Apples CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON LESLIE BUTLER. President TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier Member Federal Reserve System Butler Banking Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON Capital . . $100,000.00 4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY EWBALTESAND COMPANY Printers • Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON January are guarded by a traffic department, a legal department and other staffs of experts. The crops of oranges and lemons last year were the largest ever shipped, and California provided 71 per cent of the lemons consumed in America. The bal- ance were imported. In order to provide an efficient mar- keting medium for California farmers, who have planted vegetables exten- sively in response to the requests of the government, the Exchange is tempo- rarily opening its marketing facilities to vegetable shippers. One Hundred Cars of Apples for Our Soldier Boys at the Front. The International Apple Shippers' As- sociation deserves the sincerest thanks of the public and every fruit grower for their wonderful appreciation of the service being rendered by our boys at the front by raising a fund with which to purchase one hundred cars of apples, which will cost approximately $100,000. Every member of the International Ap- ple Shippers' Association is being called on for a donation to this fund. Nothing is too good for our boys at the front. Everyone should contribute freely and generously for their comfort and wel- fare in every way possible. The cam- paign has just commenced, it already being reported that before the cam- paign even started Mr. Wayne M. French, as treasurer, commenced the list with $500. Immediately subscrip- tions from members of the Association began to pour in at the rate of $100 apiece. The car shortage, which of course is more or less general, has delayed the movement of the Northwestern apple crop, the delay being more in the early part of the season than recently. On account of the shortage of refrigerator cars fruit shippers have been compelled to use box cars very extensively. We- natchee has been shipping out train- loads of box cars and refrigerator cars combined, regularly using about 56 cars to the train, with a number of specials being sent in addition to the regular fruit trains. The Apple Growers' Asso- ciation of Hood River has also shipped in trains, usually sending 25 cars at a time, using box cars quite extensively. Mr. Sam Campbell, who went East in charge of the first train from Hood River, reported the fruit arrived in ex- cellent condition. The fruit was care- fully watched all the way through and sufficient heat maintained by the use of Perfection oil heaters, so no damage from the cold weather. Unless a num- ber of refrigerator cars are built during the coming year, with next year being a heavy crop, growers will have to use more box cars in the future than they have in the past. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH WHFN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Pests Easily Conquered _ ^B£^^? £Ml(f0F°Q IfRV ■ It Brings I Amazins: Yields From Amazing Yields From Ordinary Trees!! Millions of dollars worth of fine fruit is destroyed ' ^ annually by hidden pests and diseases. Some experts ' even claim that as much as 47% of the damage is done by those insects and diseases which infest the minute niches, cracks and crevices about the trees. For years these dangerous hidden pests and diseases have laughed at your best efforts to reach them with coarse, heavy, low-pressure sprays. Thus they have caused a heavy loss even in supposedly thoroughly sprayed orchards. The increased yields from Fruit-Fog Trees is due to the fact that this superfine, fog-like, high pressure spray absolutely stamps out all hidden pests. By this treatment many ordinary trees have been known to produce amazing yields. FRUIT-FOG is made from any standard solution by the high pressure of FRUIT-FOG SPRAYERS FRUIT-FOGeasilyfiltersintothemost and insects, without injury to the minute crevices of bark— works under foliage! FRUIT-FOG is so vapory bud scales— beneath fleshy stamens of that no drops form. No solution apple blossoms. It seeks outthehidden is wasted, pests, penetrates into the innermost sec- tions of the foliage— gets at the bottom of the leaves as well as the top. FRUIT-FOG literally envelopes everything— like the finest mist. It FRUIT-FOG uses much less solu- tion than coarse, low-pressure sprays and is more economical. It is easily directed and quickly ap- plied. This is very important Guaranteed!! deposits a light film of solution— when you only have a few days for enough to exterminate all diseases spraying. ; Hayes Power Sprayers are tested to 500 lbs. and are GUARANTEED to maintain 300 lbs. working pressure at their full rated capacity. These Sprayers are built for constant opera- tion at high pressure and for enduring service. This requires not only thorough mechanical construction but finest materials and fittings. HAYES HAND SPRAYERS are built to give maximum pressure and capacity with minimum power to operate. The complete line contains nore than f-/\ C*«»l*»^ We manufacture large and small Hand 3U 9iyiC3 and Power Sprayers for orchards, field . — crops, shade trees, hops, poultry, disin- fecting, painting, whitewashing, farm, home and garden use. Complete outfits or separate spray pumps, hose, nozzles, fittings, bamboo rods, etc. FRUIT- FOG SPRAYERS Spraying Manual FREE!~* Tells all about spraying— how to spray: when tospray, what solutiontousefordifferent rests and diseases- and in different seasons Now being used by thousands of growers and prominent agricultural colleges. We will mail you a copy free of charge, with our beautiful CS-page catalog on Hayes FRUIT-FOG Sprayers, upon receipt of the ^coupon FRUlT-FOGand this Spraying Guide are a big crop combination that can't be beaten MAIL COUPON TODAY HAYES PUMP & PLANTER CO. Specialists on Spraying and Spray Apparatus Dept. K, GALVA, ILLINOIS Mail this Coupon Hayes Pump & Planter Co. Dept. K, Galva, Illinois. Gentlemen: Please send me Free Spraying Guide and complete catalog of Hayes Sprayers. I am Interested In — □ Large Hand Sprayer £] Small Hand Sprayer Q Lai. Power Sprayer □ Nozzle and Fittings POST OFFICE R. F. D. No STATE- STREET No. WHBN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT A MESSAGE In conformity with the suggestion and at the request of the National Food Administration under the direction of MR. HERBERT C. HOOVER ASSISTED BY Messrs. G. Harold Powell and E. W. J. Hearty IN THE FRUIT DIVISION Steinhardt & Kelly NEW YORK desire to advise the trade in general, and their out-of-town customers in particular, that their entire holdings of purchased apples and other fruits, will, during the dur- ation of this war, be only sold within the limits of the Metropolitan district for consumption and use by the people of Greater New York. Under no circumstances will we allow any of our salesmen to sell to speculators, our sincere intention being to get as close to the actual consumer as legitimate business tactics will permit. Being unquestionably the largest holders of box apples in the country, it will be our earnest endeavor to keep prices on an even, equitable basis of values and we will permit no manipulation of our holdings that might tend to create abnormal prices. To prove our sincerity at this critical time in our country's history, we will not, during the war, allow a single car of our holdings, no matter where stored, to be diverted from New York to other markets for speculative purposes. The pyramiding of prices as practiced in some industries at this time is a crime against the nation of which we trust no firm in the fruit and produce trade will be guilty. We feel certain that our stand in this matter will result in stabilizing values, thereby bringing fruits, which are so necessary and healthful, to consumers at a fair and reasonable price. Steinhardt & Kelly NEW YORK WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT l-tb BETTER FRUIT Volume XII FEBRUARY, 1918 Number 8 These are the leaf buds taken from a typical tree at the time the delayed dormant spray was applied in 1915. The third twig from the left shows approximately the ideal development. At this time the rosy apple aphis can be destroyed. BETTER FRUIT IT BLISITT.XC CO.MI'AXV, IM KhlSH KKS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON Subscription .$1.00 per Year in the United Stales: Canada and Fori ign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents TO EVERY ORCHARDIST! The Hardie Hillside Triplex The choice of a power sprayer is of the utmost importance to your success in fruit raising. The Hardie Triplex is full of essential features which insure proper spraying to every user. Among them are: First— EFFICIENCY— This being its ability to always do effective spraying which will produce a good clean crop. Second— RELIABILITY — The ability to do first-class spraying contin- uously day after day. Third— OPERATING COST A design and construction which enables you to run your machine at the lowest possible cost. By incorporating in the Hardie Triplex, the manufacturing experience of years, a thorough knowledge of orchard requirements, together with the necessary skill and energy, we give you the very utmost of power spray value for your money. You should send today for our latest catalog. This will give you all the details of the pump, engine and other parts of the complete machine. The Hardie is filled with time and labor saving devices; is free from complicated parts, and back of it nearly ten thousand satisfied users. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 49 N. Front Street Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT P*e< 3 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA. JACOBS 8c CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT STREET Phones: Main 2348 rw-»r»*ri aviin nncr/ui a 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON MARK LEVY & CO. Commission Merchants Wholesale Fruits 121-123 Front St. and 200 Washington St. PORTLAND, OREGON Pittsburgh Perfect Cement C!03tfifl N91IS are of the highest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California W. van Diem Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49, 51,61 ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND European Receivers of American Fruits Eldest and First-Class House in this Branch Cable Address: W. Vandiem ABC Code used; 5th Edition Our Specialties Are Apples, Pears, Naval Oranges ARCADIA America's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON ORCHARDISTS SUPPLY HOUSE Franz Hardware Co. HOOD RIVER, ORE. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BFTTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT February DO YOU KNOW That nitr°gen is the real energjzer in practically all 1 fertilizers. That in most rertilizers the nitr°gen is not available * a until changed to a nitrated form, resulting in your having to wait for nature to act. That in NITRATE OF SODA already in nitrated form, no delay is experienced, the 15% nitrogen— equal to 187' ammonia— being Immediately Available. TRY IT THIS SPRING Remember— Food Will Win the War NITRATE AGENCIES CO. LEARY BUILDING, SEATTLE Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.PearsonCo.,inc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bldg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON CONOMY E A R S O NAILS in buying is getting the best value for the money, not alwavs in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. or holding pow- er is the reason for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. behind the good is added value. Toucan rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. is assured by our long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. plus experience al- ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. DHESIVENESS ELIABILITY ATISFACTION RIGINALITY A I L LADD^TILTON ■ BANK • Ladd & Tilton Bank Announces Its Membership in the Federal Reserve System That our patrons will indorse our judgment in becoming a member of the Federal Reserve and will fully appreciate the importance which such action attaches, is our belief. Any inquiries which you might wish to make, relative to the Federal Reserve or any matters of a financial nature, will be welcomed by us. Ladd & Tilton Bank Established 1859 Portland, Oregon Total Resources over $21,000,000 r. ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■ ^fj f WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING Banking the Fruit Crop By J. J. Rouse, Cashier Fidelity National Bank, Spokane, at Washington State Horticultural Convention, Kennewick, Wash., January, 1918 WHEN the harvest days are over and the pay check is in sight, this subject of mine ceases to be a problem. The H. C. or L. and the nu- merous calls for Red Cross and Liberty Bond subscriptions, and other worthy causes which have to be supported at this time, point the way for rapid dis- bursements of the crop proceeds, so you do not need any suggestions from me as to final disposition of the proceeds via the check-book route. If I am to in- terest you at all, I take it that it must be by a discussion of ways and means of making, not only the crop itself, but the crop prospects from soup to nuts — or from blossom to loaded car, and in transit to market — a basis for bank credit, in order that the necessary ex- penses of operation may be met as they accrue. The ideal loan, sought by commercial banks, is one of definitely fixed ma- turity date — not too far in the dim future, with an absolutely known and proven self-liquidating power attached. While live-stock loans have greatly in- creased in volume and popularity with Northwestern banks during the last few years, as have loans arising from the production and distribution of various other products of this favored section, yet wheat was for so a long a time king of our agricultural products that the term "Good as the wheat" still has a real significance. If the horticulturist would like to coin a new commercial phrase, "Good as an apple in the box," he must strive for the standardization of his product and stabilize his market- ing methods to an extent that will approach "King Wheat" in sureness of returns at harvest time, on capital in- vested and labor and expense involved. It seems to me that the various stages of development through which the fruit industry has passed and is passing, cor- responds somewhat to like stages of development through which wheat farming has passed in this country, as well as in the Middle West. There is, however, undoubtedly one striking dif- ference. Whereas the wheat farmer's plant equipment — his land was obtained partially by homestead entry, and the balance at raw material prices, which when developed into a producing plant gave him, in the rise of land values, compensation for the labor, time and money expended in bringing it to a pro- ductive basis, the orchardist, in many cases, paid for raw lands and water rights, which were simply the raw ma- terials necessary for the construction of a productive plant— a price equal to the value of the plant when fully equipped and running on a productive basis. If we regard a farm or an orchard as a plant for the production of food, this state of affairs is comparable to a man- ufacturer, who pays as much for his site and the materials with which to build his factory, as his factory is worth when completed and ready for productive operation. He is then faced with a loss equal to the cost of labor in constructing the plant, which loss must be written off his books, or he is forced to sell his output at a price sutlicient to pay dividends on watered stock to the extent of this increased plant cost. If his product is highly specialized and non-competitive, he may for a time be able to successfully follow the latter course, but if he must compete with other factories operating on a fair value capitalization, whose stock is not watered, and who are not forced to earn dividends on excessive plant cost, he will sooner or later find a readjust- ment necessary. If Northwestern boxed apples are to compete with other food products — and by this I do not mean other apples alone, but other fruits or foods which can be made to take their place on the table and in the dinner pail — then, in my opinion, they will, after the close of this war and the general fall in com- modity prices, which is bound to fol- low, have to be sold at prices to net the grower, after cost of production and marketing is met, a fair return — not on what he may have paid for his land, but on what it is worth. Of course, a good part of decreased prices, which I believe is bound to come, may be absorbed in correspond- ingly decreased cost of production, when labor and all materials will doubtless be cheaper, but I do not be- lieve you can successfully compete in after-war markets, at prices which used to pay reasonably fair interest rates, for a few banner years only, on in- flated land values. This inflation is one of the principal reasons why the fruit industry has been viewed with more or less suspicion by the bankers in the past, and is one obstacle in the way of easily banking the crop, in the sense of obtaining advances at the various stages of progress from blossom to warehouse. The grower who is the victim of this inflation is more to be pitied than blamed, and the early promoters and exploiters of the fruit industry are no more truly representative of the men upon whom the future of the industry depends than is the unscrupulous bank promoter and organizer representative of the men who have developed and arc handling the banking business of this country. Both are fly-by-night parasites looking for easy-money com- missions, and there is no more place in the general scheme of eternal fitness of things for either than for a fifth wheel for a wagon; and why chambers of commerce and civic organizations the country over, who had the good of the fruit industry at heart, should have been so completely led astray by the wily orchard-land promoter as to assist his game passeth understanding. The only criticism that can be made of the grower who sacrificed to the promoter who sold him raw land at the price of a bearing orchard six or seven years of hard toil necessary to bring the orchard to bearing is an apparent bull- dog determination to insist that the pro- moter was right and that the land is really worth two or three thousand dollars per acre, because during a few banner years when few orchards were in bearing and crops were poor else- where and our big, red apples were a new thing in the markets, he was able to sell his crop at fancy prices which paid dividends on his investment. It is no more fair to judge the fruit business by these few exceptional years, and fix orchard-land values ac- cordingly, than it would be to infer that we will always have two-dollar wheat and adjust wheat-land values accord- ingly. Your banker, if he is a safe man to handle the finances of your community, is not going to be so much influenced in his judgment of what he may reason- ably expect you to do, by what you did at a brilliant start, as by the general average of what you can do over a period of years. He will also have more confidence in your good judgment if you list your land at sane values on your financial statement, even though your net worth appears smaller than heretofore, for he will see that you have had the nerve to face and admit your loss, if you paid too much for your land, and will have better hopes of you for the future if he sees that not only are you not trying to fool him as to land values, but that you have stopped trying to fool yourself. Another thing that will tend to in- crease his confidence in you is a well- kept set of books and records showing exactly what you have been able to do with your orchard since it first came to bearing. Estimates and figures fur- nished from memory in round, even amounts are one thing, but actual black-and-white figures are another thing, 'l'he production of food is by far and away the biggest industry in this country, but undoubtedly the one about which the least is known by accurate, detailed bookkeeping. Page 6 BETTER FRUIT February The farmer would no doubt be too shrewd to deposit his money in a bank in which he knew no accurate book record was made of each and every transaction, or even in one in which the bookkeeping sytsein was a little faulty, admitting of numerous errors. Yet, with the best of face, he asks the banker to put the money instrusled to his care into his business and when asked for a financial statement, par- ticularly if full details are required, complains of red-tape and seems to feel that his honesty is at question when simple information is all that is sought. I venture the guess that not one wheat farmer in live hundred knows the average cost of production and average selling price of wheat per bushel from his own farm over a period of the last five years. He can, perhaps, tell you something of the high and low spots, as, for instance, how he used to sell for thirty cents and how in 1893 he got nothing, and he knows that this year the Government didn't pay him quite $2.00 in the field, but as to what his average net returns have been for several years, between the high and low price, he is guessing in the dark or trusting to memory. All are agreed, however, that the farmer gets skinned at every turn of the road, although he has no figures to prove it other than the fact that he hasn't much left. Per- haps if accurate records were kept, it would be shown that his business pays him as good or better returns than is paid by some of the alleged soulless corporations. Perhaps his business is not to be blamed if he doesn't keep any of the profits after he gets them. A banker cannot form accurate opin- ions regarding other lines of business and the ability of the men engaged in them except from books and records which show what has been done in those businesses, and farming, the big- gest business in this country, is cer- tainly no exception. It seems to me that in the fruit business the keeping of records to show the cost per box of producing and delivering the crop, the price received and the net gain or loss ought to be a simple matter. If you want your hanker to form a good, sound opinion of your business and your ability to successfully handle it, show him the recorded facts and fig- ures, rather than give him estimates from memory. He doesn't dare trust memory in his own office, and would rather have your records than your memory. Well-kept records of what is actually being accomplished will go far toward putting the fruit industry on a solid foundation and toward overcom- ing the idea that it is a risky business jecause of the perishable nature of the product. There is a risk involved in every com- mercial transaction, but the fear of apples spoiling in transit or in the hands of brokers and selling agencies has perhaps been one of the principal reasons why they have not heretofore been regarded "as good as the wheat." Yet I presume that if the percentage of the crops produced which has actually been lost was published and compared with the percentage of loss in the banana industry it would he too small to be noticed. I think you ought to cackle a good deal about this. You know when you say "eggs" everyone thinks of hen eggs, yet the duck egg is just as good and twice as large. The difference is the hen cackles and the duck doesn't. Perhaps the banana in- dustry, which is quite firmly estab- lished, is the hen and the fruit industry is the duck — which ought to wake up and advertise. I am a strong believer in printers' ink and the white light of publicity, and believe that the men en- gaged in the fruit business ought to take advantage of every opportunity offered to educate the public to the value of the Big Red Apple as a food product, to the end that the variety of uses to which is is adapted may be better known and appreciated and its consumption increased and your mar- kets consequently widened. I venture the guess that the average American family makes a great many more daily purchases of bananas, shipped from the tropics, perishable as they are, than of Northwestern boxed apples. ^Vhen you have a firmly knit- together selling organization covering the entire United States, with a per- fectly organized distributing system which makes the sight of your apples at every fruit stand and grocery store quite as common as the sight of oranges and bananas, so that it is as easy for the shopper to get a sun-tinted apple a day to keep the doctor away for every member of the family as it is for him to get the sun-kissed oranges, and when by educational advertising you have taught him to think in terms of apples as he now thinks in terms of bananas and oranges you will have, without reference to export markets, a demand which will go far toward absorbing your output and allaying the fear of overproduction, even with all the or- chards in bearing, of the many that have been planted, which will ever see the productive stage. This fear of over- production and the uncertainty of your limited markets, as well as the fear of decay in transit, is largely responsible for the unfavorable light in which the fruit industry has heretofore been held by a great many people. It is a well-known financial maxim that "The higher the rate of return the greater the risk involved." Here, again, the big returns of the banner years in the infancy of the fruit in- dustry have acted as a boomerang to discredit the industry to some extent in the minds of financial men, who, before committing themselves to support the marketing of the fruit crops, wanted to be shown the sureness of your mar- kets in the big-crop years and the sure- ness of the percentage of returns in the poor-crop years. The man who has gone through the ups and downs of the business for several years and has records to show that he did not become over-intoxicated with success in the good years, nor had his heart broken in the poor ones, is now, in my opinion, in a better position to talk "turkey" to his banker, when he needs assistance, than ever before. The industry is yet new, compara- tively speaking, and while there is yet a great deal to be done much has al- ready been done toward solving your problems and placing the industry upon a proven basis, and it is quite refresh- ing to take stock of the progress made, just as when climbing up a long hill it is refreshing to occasionally stop and look back to see how far you have gone. If you will contrast present market- ing conditions with what they were a few years ago when the commission men and consignment houses had it all their own way, you will certainly have cause to congratulate yourselves upon your good judgment in the organiza- tion of your co-operative selling agencies. Necessity perhaps mothered this invention and forced you to get together when it was every fellow for himself and the devil wasn't very far from the heels of any of you, but you must not forget to give co-operation the credit due for what has been done and stay together for all time, despite any and all petty jealousies which are so apt to creep into organizations of this kind. No doubt some mistakes have been made, and others will be made, so long as you have only human beings to man- age your affairs, and perhaps you have some men in your co-operative associ- ations who are blessed with the spirit of criticism and can tell you of many things that have been done that ought not to have been done, and of many more things which have been left un- done that ought to have been done — and, oh Lord, a thousand things that need fixing. Russia today is a shining example of the handiwork of men, strong on de- structive criticism but weak on con- structive program; so before giving too much heed to the calamity howler and crepe hanger, perhaps it would be well to ask him for a well tried and proven remedy for the ills he so loudly be- moans. Co-operative marketing associations, being institutions of your own crea- tion, are just what you make them, and if they don't suit you it is up to you to help steer them in the way they should go. Their success or failure is abso- lutely up to you. The future of the fruit business in this country, in my opinion, entirely depends upoii these institutions, and their success will be measured exactly by the measure of your hearty co-operation and support. Based upon our observation and ex- perience of the last few years, I should say, if asked to point out the princi- pal weaknesses of co-operative selling agencies and prescribe remedies, that the chief faults are two — lack of capital to properly handle a task of such mag- nitude and a tendency to stray into other fields of activity than that in which they are best fitted to serve. Re- garding the latter, while I am a strong believer in co-operation, I like to see it halt a safe margin this side of pater- nalism. I do not believe your co-opera- tive association should attempt to do everything for its members and leave them nothing to do for themselves, any more than every member should at- IOl8 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 tempt to do everything for himself, unless we are to return to the pre- commercial age, when there were no specialists in any line, but every man used only that which he produced or fashioned with his own hands. If the fruit growers attempt to estab- lish not only their own lines of com- munication to all markets, but from all markets as well with an idea of eliminating all middlemen, then these middlemen will have to raise their own fruit in the back yard, and you will have to eat your own fruit. So, while I believe that you must hang together in your co-operative selling agencies or be hanged separately outside of them, I believe it is in the marketing of your output in which these agencies have been most useful and in which they are most likely to continue to be useful, rather than in co-operative buy- ing of all the necessities of life, al- though there are doubtless some things of common use to all growers which can be purchased to advantage in quantity lots and satisfactorily dis- tributed through the association to its members, such as spray materials, paper and boxes, but I believe that it would be poor business to attempt to cover too wide a field and take in too many lines of activity, if for no other reason than the enormous amount of capital required. Regarding the lack of adequate capital for handling the tasks you have assigned to your associations, I see no reason why the grower should hesitate to reinvest in the stock and surplus of these organizations some of the money they have undoubtedly saved him since their establishment. If he is afraid to do so and does not want to support with his own money, his own organization, which is supposed to be working for his cwn good and using the funds for his own benefit, then he should not criticise the banker for taking a tip from him- and refusing to risk the hank's money where the grower is afraid to risk his, where the ratio of benefit is 92 to the grower to 8 to the banker. I therefore feel that after the capital stock of your co- operative organizations is paid in, every box of fruit passing through its hands should bear a lax equal to a small part of the increased net price the grower is getting by co-operative selling, to the end that a surplus working fund may be built to help take care of the in- creasing volume of business the asso- ciation must do each year, and that your business at bank may be backed up by a combined capital and surplus capable of absorbing the occasional losses that are bound to creep into your business, just as they will creep into any other business involving the handling of perishable products and the exten- sion of credit. This is equally true of the individual grower. He ought to at least set aside in a surplus fund part of the returns from the good years to absorb the shock of the poor years. These shock absorbers of capital and surplus in your business are quite as essential as springs and shock absorb; ers on your machine, and if you don't have them someone is going to get bumped when yon bit the rough places in the road. Your banker will be more willing to ride with you if you have them. To sum up this somewhat rambling argument, I would say that with the progress that has already been made and is being made toward standardizing the grade and pack of Northwestern fruit, and the safeguards that have been put around the moving of it to market, it is quite possible to so widen the markets and increase consumption as to reasonably insure a ready sale of the output each and every year and place the industry on such a basis of sureness of returns as to make paper arising out of the commercial transactions involved in the marketing of the product quite as attractive to banks as the paper of various other industries now freely circulating through trade channels. Keep in mind that it is products rather than prospects that must back up a loan, and that if you must have help when prospects are all you have you need facts and figures to demon- strate your ability to turn prospects into products. You must also be will- ing to tie your product to your paper and let it follow through to market, so that when maturity date arrives the automatic self-liquidating power will be also present. A beautiful method of operation cov- ering this has been provided by the federal reserve act in the trade ac- ceptance. The national bank act de- clared and the federal reserve act re- affirmed a preference for bills of ex- change drawn in good faith against actually-existing values. The most ac- ceptable form of such a bill of exchange is the trade acceptance, which, briefly, is a draft drawn by the seller of mer- chandise on the buyer, payable at a definitely fixed future date and accepted by the buyer. This must be accom- panied by evidence, or bear declara- tion on its face that it arises out of a commercial transaction between the parties, involving the sale of merchan- dise, and in order to be eligible for dis- count at bank must be accompanied by signed financial statements of the par- ties showing satisfactory responsibility and a reasonable proportion of quick assets to current liabilities. All the fruit growers must do to put their paper in this favored class is to be able to demonstrate to the federal reserve board that apples in warehouse and in transit to market are actual- existing values that are sure to con- tinue to exist to the end of the chapter, and that the market is sure and steady enough to insure payment for the apples by the buyer upon arrival at destination, and that all parties to the paper are financially responsible and proper safeguards are employed for protection of the apples, such as ware- house facilities to avoid loss from freezing, proper cars for safely ship- ping and adequate fire-insurance pro- tection, and perhaps a few other little things like that. Hut believe me, all this, and more, is worth while, for the old days of hap- hazard jawbone style of credit are at an end, and the man who wants it now must be able to cite book, chapter and verse for the faith that is in him, or that he wants the banker to have in him; and the fellow who is conducting a farm or an orchard on a business basis, and has recorded facts and fig- ures with which to illustrate his story, is more likely to get a respectful hear- ing and live happily ever alter than the fellow who approaches the custodian of the long, green alfalfa from the "You know me, Al" standpoint. The Labor Problem Among Fruit Growers By Dr. Suzzallo, President University of Washington, Chairman State Council of Defense THE State Council of Defense is aware of the great seriousness of the labor problem for the horticul- turists. The last season was difficult because of a shortage in the labor sup- ply and strikes. Since then there has been one complete military draft and another is coming about the month of April. In addition, the large growth of war industries in this state and in Ore- gon has drawn still further numbers from the ranks ordinarily available for agricultural labor. Still larger numbers will be drawn into industrial estab- lishments the next three months. All this forecasts still further labor short- age. The situation is menacing and must be met because the food situation is crucial. The policy of the State Council of Defense is to plan early to meet this situation. It has already held several conferences on the subject with govern- ment officials. Thus far its organized win k covers the following points: First, the United States Employment Service, which is now established in a few places in this state without adequate co-ordination, is to be extended and co-ordinated under the supervision of paid government olficials. This ma- chinery is being set up now for the shipbuilding industry's use this winter, and it can be utilized for the ranchers this spring and summer. We under- stand a Federal appropriation will soon he available for this purpose. Second, the public service reserve is now being organized to tap previously unused labor resources. The Council of Na- tional Defense has already issued sug- gestions for this work, and a state director has been appointed. The im- mediate co-operation of this organiza- tion will be with shipbuilding, but its mechanism will be tinned over lo agri- cultural needs as soon as the present ei-isis has passed. Pari of its machinery is specially devised lo aid the rancher. The work will cover: The men's working reserve; the women's working reserve; the boys' and girls' working reserve. Each county will have a county director with two associates, probably some school official represent- ing boys and girls, and one oilier per- son representing women, 'these county officers will work in direct connection with the United States Employment Service and will perform Iwo services: Page 8 BETTER FRUIT February mm 3 3? We make lis Labels with a purpose ' I.A-.^-i'k PROPERLY ARTiniOAUY PLANNED EXECUTED ra&ti appealing picture* that attract the consumers attention and remain as a symbol of your fruiis quality lon§ after it is eaten Send fbr sampler — {hey {ell ike story 5sS v*S Main OfTiee & Factory 2?,d& Bryant % Kdiimda l3rnnckch, fertile soil that responds tolntelliccntcultivation. Long prowin* season makes crop rotation profitable. Close to markets, schools, churches and congenial neighbors Farm crops aroacUine double normal prices, but no advance yet in our lands. ''COME SOUTH- AND PROSPER*'. Write for Informa- tion and (lluBtrated literature now. F. H. LaBAUME, Agr. &. Ind. Agt. N. & W. Ry. 228 N. & W. Bldg., Roanoke, Va. 19 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page p J Be "U. S. Protected" When the Snow's Piled High Deep drifts or slushy mud hold no terrors to the outdoor worker who is "U. S. Protected" — whose feet are kept warm, dry and comfortable in rugged, staunch U. S. Rubber Footwear. Everyone will find the pair to suit his needs. Every pair is built to give heavy service and double duty — which means economy as well as comfort. Reinforced where the wear is greatest, to help them win the daily battle. The U. S. Seal, the trade mark of the largest rubber manu- facturer in the world, is on every pair. Look for it. It is your protection. For sale everywhere. Your dealer has the style of U. S. Rubber Footwear to meet your needs or can get it for you. United States Rubber Company New York WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 10 BETTER FRUIT February Irregular Emergence of Codling Moth at Hood River By Leroy Childs, Entomologist and Plant Pathologist, Hood River Branch Oregon Experiment Station The breeding-cage information gained by the writer during the past four years has on many occasions proved decidedly perplexing, and was only of value when carefully weighed with [Editor's Note.— The following observations on codling moth in Hood River, by Leroy Childs, entomologist in charge of the Experi- ment Station, during the years of 191 1-15-10-17 will prove very interesting and valuable. It should be borne in mind very distinctly thai the conditions refer to Hood River climate, which is very different from almost any other section in the Northwest, being subject to great changes and more variation in weather and nerally cooler throughout the entire season. However, some very important facts are well established by Mr. Childs, as indicated in the article. It certainly seems important to call the fruit growers' attention in the Northwest in general to the fart that if the great varia- tion at the time of the emergence in Hood River is due to climatic conditions it is quite likely that more or less variation occurs in other districts. The editor does not mean to say this is a fact, but it looks very likely. The damage from codling moth in several districts was very excessive in the years 1916 and 1917, par- ticularly in 1916, with a heavy damage in 1917. It is the editor's impression that a great many have followed a set spraying program, spray- ing on the same dates every year. Possibly this is the cause of the severe loss. It is quite evident from Mr. Childs' investigation that, owing to the weather conditions, the contiau- ation of the brood may cover a longer period. A great manv fruit growers have believed they can control codling moth by three sprays. In- vestigation as given here is quite conclusive evidence that in some years in Hood River it will take four sprays, possibly five. It is also quite probable that the same conditions may prevail in other districts, and instead of three sprays being sufficient, four or five may be necessarv to effect a satisfactory control of the codling moth. As before stated, the investiga- tion of the codling moth in this article is con- fined to Hood River. It seems reasonable to assume that by reading this article the fruit grower in other sections of the Northwest will be put on his guard and will watch the devel- opment of codling moth more carefully. One other very important feature put forth in this article is "that the average orchardist, for some reason, is frequently not able to determine the proper time for spraying for codling moth, and therefore it is suggested that every district that has not already a trained man to deter- mine the proper time for spraying for codling moth would do well to make arrangements for putting in a sort of experiment station to carry on the work.] THIS article includes a brief resume of the observations that have been made relative to the behavior of the codling moth at Hood River, Ore- gon, during the years 1914, 1915, 1916 and 1917. The work has been con- ducted for its applicable value chiefly in order that the local orchardists might be supplied with first-hand information on the seasonal progression of this in- sect's activities which would enable them to more intelligently and satis- factorily apply their lead sprays. Not being a major project the investigation lacks many details that would more clearly demonstrate the very wide sea- sonal variations in the life history of this apple insect from one year to another. The two most important points that have been brought out in this study are, first, the very decided variation in the emergence of the broods from one sea- son to another and its necessary in- fluence on the timing and applying of sprays in order that control may be en- tirely successful. Secondly, the inves- tigations indicate that sweeping recom- mendations given out often in the form of spring bulletins from a central or distant station are far from meeting the requirements in codling-moth control in the different apple-growing sections of the Pacific Northwest, where vast ranges of conditions are found at rela- tively short distances. These ranges, due probably to temperatures varying on account of altitudinal, coastal and interior influences, are such as to war- rant seasonal studies of the insect in the different sections in order that a comprehensive knowledge of the in- sect's activities be available for the use of orchardists in their control measures Until such stations of study are main- tained we can expect a great deal of trouble from the codling moth in the different apple-producing districts. The variation in the life history of the moth, which influences the timing of sprays, has been found to be of more importance in the control of the second generation of worms than the first brood, as in the case of the latter, con- ditions which retard vegetative growth usually directly influence insect activity with a result the standard spring appli- cations— usually a combination insecti- cide and fungicide — can under most conditions be effectively applied by fol- lowing a prearranged spraying pro- gram. The information gained and the points herein discussed have been ob- tained through yearly breeding cage studies and field observations of the different stages in the life cycle of the codling moth. Properly prepared and watched, the breeding cage can be used by the investigator as a good index for the successful timing of sprays in order to get maximum control. How- ever, in the hands of the novice, par- ticularly one who is not very familiar with insect life information gained from the cage can lead one astray. The writer has found some growers who can draw sound deductions, others the following of the information divulged would prove disastrous. surrounding general field conditions. As an example of this: In 1915 we ob- served several moths issuing in the breeding cages as early as April 27, due to the fact that about a week of very warm weather occurred at that time. This was followed by cold, rainy weather during the remainder of the spring. No more moths issued in the cages for nearly a month and no eggs were found until May 28. This is only one of many similar observations. When problems arise that puzzle the trained investigator — who can make de- ductions of value only upon consider- ing the problem from all angles — the orchardist stands little chance of gain- ing more than approximate information at best. In the absence of expert advice, however, breeding-cage studies on the part of orchardists are to be encour- aged. Its maintenance not only keeps them more keenly interested in habits and control but if carefully attended to serves as a very good indicator where developments are normal. Rreeding cages employed by the writer have been of two kinds: One a box 14x16x20, screened in on jthree sides by ordinary window screening, and the other the actual screening in of the trunks of apple trees which were known to be harboring codling moth; in order to insure a good supply trees were often banded before the brood left the fruit, following which the cages were attached. For spring study of the insects' de- velopment, cages were always prepared and stocked with worms during the fall of the year. In so doing no unnecessary Spraying up to cover under surfaces of foliage. An angle nozzle is an important attachment, and also aids materially in covering this portion of the foliage. ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page ii Bean Double Giant Capacity 25 gallons per minute, 400 lbs. pressure. Supplies 10 or 12 lines of hose. Bean Giant Triplex Capacity S'/2 to 11^ gallons per minute, 200-250 lbs. pressure. Supplies 2 to 4 lines of hose. Bean Giant Duplex Capacity 6 gallons per minute, 250 lbs. pressure. Supplies 2 lines of hose. NOTED FOR DOWNRIGHT DEPENDABILITY Bean Little Giant Duplex Capacity 5 gallons per minute, 200 lbs. pressure. Supplies 2 lines of hose. Bean Pony Duplex Capacity 5 gallons per minute, 200 lbs. pressure. Supplies 2 lines of hose. (Overhead suction.) It Pays to Buy the Best Cheap outfits can always be had, but the best outfits are diffi- cult to get at this time, as the demand for them is stronger than ever before. Therefore if you want a Bean investigate at once. We are placing extra large stock of repair parts and extras in Port- land and other Northwest points, so as to take care of all of our customers and avoid delays in shipping. You will find the Bean at work wherever good fruit is grown the world over. Th s is a tribute earned because of the downright depend- ability of Bean Spraying Machines. In the orange-growing sections of the Transvaal, South Africa— in the lemon groves of Southern California— in the vineyards and fruit-grow- ing sections of the old New York State -in the grapefruit groves of Florida— in the orchards of Australia— wherever fruit is grown and spray- ing is required there you will find BEAN POWER SPRAYERS There are 33 years of experience back of the Bean line— 33 years of steady improvement and constant betterment. They have many distinct- ive, important advantages found on no other outfits. We call your attention especially to the following: Bean Patented Automatic Pressure Regulator-which ends all safety-valve troubles. Absolutely safe and certain. When nozzles are shut off, the liquid is simply pumped back into the tank, without being put under pressure. Saves fuel and much wear and tear on engine and pump. Bean Patented Threadless Ball Valves with Reversible Seats Simply bell metal balls which cannot stick, corrode or give trouble. Reached in two minutes without stopping engine and withdrawing liquid. Porcelain-Lined Cylinders— Cannot be injured by any liquid. No Stuffing Box— Hence the source of much sprayer trouble is entirely eliminated. Underneath Suction— Which greatly increases capacity; never requires priming, and makes it possible to empty tank in a few seconds. Bean Refiller— Fills 200-gallon tank in five minutes. Eccentrics Instead of Cranks-More durable than cranks and wear can be easily taken up. Bean Rocking Bolster— Wheel on either axle can be in rut without tipping tank or springing frame. Direct Connected Engine and Pump-Saves Power. Pump and engine are bolted direct to axle, saving six inches in height and 150 pounds in weight. Interchangeable Parts — All parts can be quickly and economically substituted for those that become worn. / Bean Spray Pump Co. 213 W. Julian St. San Jose, Cal. 12 Hosmer St., Lansing. Mich. Novo Engine— The simplest, sturdiest, most efficient little engine^ on the market, and unsurpassed for sprayer use. Bean Sprayers Made in AH Sizes Send for Our Complete New Catalog of Hand and Power Sprayers, Spray Hose and Accessories. / your new comp.ete catalog It illustrates and describes the entire Bean line, explains the many distinctive exclusive Bean features, / No. 30. i have and tells you everything you ought to know about spray pumps. Send the coupon - now. Also, see/aCTes of your nearest Bean dealer. We have representatives in all fruitgrowing sections. BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. 213 W. Julian St., San Jose, Cal. 12 Hosmer St., Lansing, Mich. ami am interested in HAND PUMPS ACCESSORIES. POWER SPRAYERS WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT February stimuli, showing itself cither in the form of increasing or retarding emer- gence, occurred. A much greater vari- ation in the emergence of the moths has been noted where transfers from the tree trunks were made during the spiiiii,' of the year. The mortality of spring transfers is also much higher. making it often iliflicult to gather ac- curate information. To facilitate the stocking of cages, trees are usually banded before the worms leave the fruit. Many of the insects establish themselves in the folds of the burlap which is used and transferred to the (aye, without disturbing them if their cocoon has already been spun. Others can be readily removed from the trunk and be placed in the cages which have been provided with bark, chips and decaying bits of wood in which the larvae readily establish themselves. To determine development from some of the worms which have not suffered transferring, worm-infested apples are placed in the cages; these are removed as soon as the worms have left the fruit. The cages are distributed throughout the valley at different altitudes. Com- mercial apple orchards are found at heights ranging form 100 to nearly 2,000 feet. The average seasonal variations in the two extremes given has been found to be from fifteen days to three weeks for the first brood and about ten days for the second. In the emergence of the first brood a very definite pro- gression from the lower to the higher elevations occurs; it is much less pro- nounced for the second, due probably to the fact that summer temperatures during the day at least are more nearly uniform throughout the valley than are the spring temperatures. As near normal orchard conditions as can be determined are taken into con- sideration when establishing the cages. This particularly refers to sun ex- posures, wind and rain that emergence may be as nearly uniform to the sur- rounding orchard conditions as pos- sible. As far as time has permitted breeding-cage observations and notes have been checked against field obser- vations. In comparing the dates of emergence of the moths of the first brood over this series of years there occurred a varia- tion of a full month and a half. A rec- ord was not obtained in 1914, but in 1915 the first moths issued in the cages on April 27. In 1910 this phenomenon occurred on May 26 and in 1917 on June 15. The question that immediately presents itself is: What factor or group of factors is responsible for that very marked variation. A study of the exist- ing weather conditions during these years assist to a large degree in supply- ing the answer. Owing to the fact that the writer did not arrive in Hood River until the middle of July, 1914, observations were not taken relative to the weather con- ditions during the early season. How- ever, a study of the daily weather re- port indicates that the temperatures for April, May and June for this year were exceedingly mild. The mean average temperature being much higher than in any of the other three years under con- sideration, and is largely due to the fact thai the average minimum temperatures were uniformly higher during the three months. The result was that codling moths issued in large numbers early in the season. This was followed by fa- vorable weather conditions for egg deposition and hatching. Mr. G. F. Moznette, who made observations at Hood River on the activities of the cod- ling moth during the spring of 1914, found eggs hatching in large numbers in several orchards on June 5. On this dale many of the worms had entered the fruit. Summer weather during July and August continued favorable for de- velopment. The first worms were found leaving the apples on June 24; pupae were noted on July 7 and moths emerged July 19. On July 27 the first eggs of the second brood were found on the fruit. The station gave out at this time notices for growers to begin their spraying operations for the control of the second generation of worms. In 1915, during the months of April, May and June, there was much more fluctuation in the daily temperatures than in the corresponding time during 1914. The average maximum tempera- ture for 1915 was practically the same as for 1914, but the minimum tempera- tures were very much lower. In 1915, due to this fluctuating daily tempera- ture, breeding-cage observations seemed of little importance when correlated with liming of sprays for the control of the first generation of worms. The latter part of April and the first few days of May were very warm, resulting in the emergence of numerous moths in the breeding cages on April 27 and the days immediately following. At the time the calyx spray was being applied in an orchard in which the writer was carrying on experimental work many moths were flushed from the trees when the spray was thrown into the foliage. Following the 0th of May and continu- ing throughout the remainder of the month rainy, cold weather occurred. The influence of these conditions not only prevented emerged moths from depositing eggs, but checked — practi- cally stopped — emergence which had begun on April 27. Eggs of the codling moth were not found until May 28, one month after the emergence of the first insects. These were found plentifully during the month of June and early in July. The first hatching eggs were noted on May 31. The average maxi- mum temperature during July was about six degrees below normal, which apparently retarded the development of the insects during this time. The first moths of the second generation issued July 26 and eggs were first noted August 10, fourteen days after the egg hatching of 1914. Growers were advised to have their spray on by the 12th, or fifteen days later than was recommended the preceding year. The year 1916 proved to be one of more irregularities in the habits of the codling moth than of any ever previ- ously studied by the writer. Spring and summer seasons were very far from normal. The spring and early summer was cold and accompanied by many rainy days, and late summer, though fair weather prevailed, at no time did it become warm. The first moths issued in the breeding cages May 26, or at practically the same lime eggs were present on the trees during the two preceding seasons. Emergence of moths was at its height between the 6th and 15th of June. On June 10 the first eggs of the season were observed. Begin- ning with the 17th of June (at which time egg deposition should have been at its height) rainy-weather conditions set in, which continued until July 4. During this time temperatures were very low, there being only five days during this period at which time the thermometer registered above 60 de- grees at sunset (the theoretical mini- mum temperature required by the cod- ling moth for the deposition of eggs). Of these five days, three registered 62 degrees. Eggs of the first generation were found present on the fruit as late as the 8th of August, but at no time dur- ing the summer were they numerous. Moths of the second generation were found for the first time on August 18, exactly one month later than in 1914 and twenty-two days later than in 1915. But very few second-brood moths ap- peared in 1916; for the most part but one generation occurred. This definite statement can be made due to results of breeding experiments conducted to determine this point. Those worms which resulted from eggs deposited prior to the cold, rainy weather which extended from June 16 to July 4 pro- duced second-generation insects; those insects resulting from eggs deposited following this cold period failed to un- dergo any changes after they left the fruit and remained as larvae on the trees until the spring of 1917. The year 1917 was productive of still different irregularities in codling-moth behavior. The past season has been one accompanied by heavy losses in many Xorthwestern apple-growing sec- tions due to the great numbers of worms. Hood River was apparently more fortunate than most of the sec- tions in this respect, but nevertheless losses resulting in a good many or- chards were serious. In 1917 the early season was very backward; March, April and May were quite cold, accompanied by many days of rain. This prevailing condition had a very marked influence on plant de- velopment; leaf buds on the apple trees did not begin to burst till the first of May. At this time during the years 1914 and 1915 the petals were falling, followed shortly by the calyx spray. Even after this late date foliage devel- opment continued to be very slow ow^ ing to the continued low temperatures. The average maximum temperature for the month of May was but 62 degrees. A temperature of 70 degrees was not reached until the last day of the month. With the arrival of June weather condi- tions changed; continued warm, settled weather following June 4. The first moth, however, did not emerge in the cages until June 15. This observation was checked up with orchard condi- tions during this period and no moths found to have issued under field condi- tions up to this time. This date was 19 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page is Every Pa^e is of Interejrt To Northwest Farmers If you can't put a gun on your shoulder, sow a seed or raise a hog — never has the need been so great for crops and food. [!i£££ seeds are Best Jor the West and you'll find our catalog a com- plete compendium and real guide to seed buying and planting. Contains Field, Farm and Flower Seeds, Fertilizers, Poultry Supplies, Stock Foods, Bee Supplies, etc. Buy early— write for your copy today ,yUXs jgoyrm^-o \V 1 nearly a month and a half later than the first emergence in 1915 and twenty days later than in 1916. From June 15 on, however, activities of the moth progressed in war-time speed. Favored with ideal weather conditions the large numbers of worms which established themselves on the tree trunks and pro- tected locations throughout the summer of 1916 issued as moths and apparently deposited their full quota of eggs. The first egS were found on June 25, practi- cally one mouth later than in 1915 and fifteen days later than in l!)l(i, which was in itself a late season. Hatching eggs were noted on the 27th, and on July 2(i, or at the same time noted in 1916, worms were found leaving the apples to undergo their normal changes. On August 3 the first moth of the sec- ond brood issued and eggs were noted on August 8, seventeen days earlier than in 1916. In other words, codling moth activities started off one and a half months behind that of 1915, and by the time eggs of the second generation were deposited were just two days behind. The first brood of 1017 started off twenty days behind that of 1916, and by the lime eggs of the second genera- tion were deposited it had gained sev- enteen days. Prevailing warm weather continued throughout August, September and October, during which time the second brood of insects were very active in 1017. Hatching of the eggs reached its height during the middle and latter part of August, hut continuued until the fruit was harvested. Eggs on the fruit in the boxes were found while cheek- ing up experiments as late as October 16. This continued activity made it ad- visable for our station to recommend an Continued on pa Page 14 BETTER FRUIT February BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER, OREGON Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Grower*' Association A Mi-nthiy Illustrated Magazine Published In the Interest «T Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing All ConununiiMtioius should Be Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallis WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thornber, Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor, Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson. Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States, $1.00 per year In advance Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27, 1906, at the Postofflce at Hood River. Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Produce all you can — save all you can — waste nothing. Keep healthy by eating apples. Help win the war by buying Liberty Bonds. People who are not able to buy Liberty Bonds should by Thrift Stamps. Use fruit that requires less sugar. All fruits contain sugars in the most digestible form. Drink coffee and tea with very little sugar — better without. Produce more by intensified farming and clearing more land. Spray regularly and thoroughly and produce a clean crop of fruit — only clean fruit pays. You cannot do a good spraying job with a poor outfit — buy the best. Put an apple in every child's lunch basket. A box of small apples costs less and will supply a greater number of chil- dren with an apple apiece. Every dinner pail should contain an apple. Sharpen your tools in the winter and have them ready when the spring work begins. It is wise to overhaul and clean the spray outfit. Be sure the spray outfit is in first-class condition in advance of the spraying season. Spraying. — Last year weather condi- tions were especially favorable, conse- quently the growers had very little fungus. However, codling moth was serious. The growers who followed the spraying program, spraying in the right way at the right time, had com- paratively little loss from codling moth. Those who did not suffered severely. The aphis in 1916 caused a heavy loss; in 1917 the loss was much lighter. The loss from San Jose scale and the dam- age done to the trees, which is always more or less prevalent, makes it nec- essary for the grower to watch his orchard very closely. If any scale is present the orchard should be sprayed. To sum up briefly — because one season a man suffers very little from any pest or diseases he must always bear in mind that next year the conditions may be favorable to the development of diseases or pests, consequently the only one safe method is to follow the spray- ing program, omitting none of the sprays for any of the diseases or pests that infest orchard communities. One word more of caution seems advisable, that is in reference to the spray mate- rials used. There are a sufficient num- ber of good makes of arsenate of lead on the market so there is no reason for a fruit grower to take any chances on buying an unknown brand or a brand that is questionable. Advertising the Apple. — "Good as an apple in the box" should be made a slogan, and it should be made just as effective and just as strong as "Good as the wheat." "Good as an apple in the box" can be brought about by superior product, packed absolutely according to standard grades, careful handling and being placed on cold storage early in the season promptly after packing, so that none of the life of the apple has left. Under these conditions, with proper demand and satisfactory values, then the fruit grower will be entitled to say when asking credit, "Good as an apple in the box." This demand can be created by proper salesmanship, proper publicity, wide distribution. Every other well-known mercantile commodi- ty that we use, eat or wear, that is ex- tensively sold, has an established repu- tation brought about through adver- tising and salesmanship, coupled with quality. There is no question about the fact that advertising is one of the great big factors in increasing the demand for a first-class commodity. Illustra- tions are too numerous and too well known to mention them in detail in re- gard to general commodities, but it might be worth while to call the fruit grower's attention to a few publicity campaigns that have been carried on in connection with the fruit industry that have proved extremely successful. By advertising, the Sunkist orange has cre- ated an immense demand that consumes 50,000 cars a year, whereas 1,400 cars a few years ago was considered an over- supply. Sun Maid raisins have raised the raisin industry of California out of stagnation and put the business on a proper paying basis. Bananas a few years ago could only be had in a few of the large cities. By the greatest salesmanship ever carried on a demand for bananas has been created and bananas are now sold in every city and every village in the United States. The advertising carried on for Skookum apples by the Northwestern Fruit Ex- change has been a big factor in se- suring satisfactory prices. The adver- tising campaign carried on by the Hood River Apple Growers' Association on the Blue and Red Diamond brands has shown splendid results in establishing these brands and has been a big factor in selling them at satisfactory prices. The advertising campaign carried on by the Yakima Valley Fruit District Grow- ers' Association with the big "Y" brand during the year 1917 has been of great value in creating a reputation and a demand for that brand and increasing the consumption of apples. Loganberry juice was little used and seldom heard of until this delightful drink was given publicity through the advertising of Loju. Comparatively little cider was drunk until in the last year or two and now cider is being sold extensively, one of the popular brands being Appleju. The Pheasant Fruit Juice Company of Salem, Oregon, by advertising and pub- licity coupled with good salesmanship, built up a splendid business on their fruit juices. Loss From Wormy Apples. — Does it pay to omit one spray? Emphatically no, even though the cost of spray has advanced. Just take a piece of paper and do some figuring on the cost of spraying, the value of a crop of fruit, and the damage from worms. If you are not handy with figures consult the information contained in the table pre- pared by Mr. S. W. Foster appearing elsewhere in this edition. If the loss is 3 per cent, at SI. 00 per box, and the crop averages 300 boxes per acre, the loss will pay the cost of spray material of four sprays at 300 gallons to the acre for four times. Every grower will admit that 3 per cent is a small loss, as many growers lose 10 or 15 per cent, and growers understand fully, in addi- tion to this, that there is an extra loss from healed-over stings which are worth less in value on account of hav- ing to be packed in lower grades. The editor advises all fruit growers to give the matter a little thought and a little study and to do a little figuring, feeling sure if they will do this they will omit none of the sprays or fail to spray thoroughly. Fruit Growers' Associations. — The fruit growers' association is expected to do two things for the fruit grower — sell his crop at satisfactory prices and furnish him the necessary supplies, such as boxes, paper and spray mate- rial. To do the latter, especially, re- quires capital, more so now than ever before, when the time limit on credit is being shortened on account of war con- ditions. Therefore it is more important for the fruit grower than ever before to help create a surplus for his selling organization. A small amount per box in a few years will build a splendid surplus. Fruit growers should not hesi- tate in being willing to contribute to this surplus — in fact it is a necessity. Goods that are bought must be paid for. A small amount per box of one or two cents per year will soon build a splen- did surplus in a very few years. With good equipment in the way of ware- houses, cold storage plants, etc., paid for, or being paid for, and a good sur- plus, an association is in a position to borrow money, but if the fruit grower is afraid to contribute to this surplus how can he expect the bank to have sufficient confidence to be willing to ad- vance money to the association. ip 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 THE MYERS AUTOMATIC POWER SPRAY OUTFIT With Automatic Pressure Governor VERTICAL CYLINDERS — NO RELIEF VALVES — MACHINE CUT GEARS Automatic Control. Insures Safety. Secures Uniform Pressure and Eliminates Unnecessary Wear. Plunger Guide above Plunger Eliminates all Side Thrust and Reduces Wear. Belt Driven. Brass Fitted Throughout. Forged Steel Crankshaft. All Boxes Babbitted. Improved Oiling System. The Myers Power Spray Pump With patent Automatic Pressure Governor, has all the desirable features found in any Spray Pump, viz., vertical cylinders, renewable brass valves and seats, large stuffing boxes fitted with brass glands and followers, large air chamber, machine cut gears, ample crankshaft and connecting rod bearings, etc. In addition it is fitted with a patented Automatic Pressure Governor which eliminates the trouble-causing relief valve, and briefly, has the following advantages over the ordinary construction. Safety — Pressure relief is not dependent on the oper- ation of a sluggish or defective relief valve. Uniform pressure regulation — The governing mechanism is not exposed to the clogging or corrosive action of the spray liquid which always effects the operations of the relief valve. Elimination of unnecessary wear — Plungers and valves are in action only when spray material is passing through the nozzles. Fig. 1739 In operation the Automatic Pressure Governor has for its object the positive control of the pump pressure. This is accomplished by a simple arrangement of a combined lever and spring on each plunger connecting rod. [See A and B, Fig. 1739] which, when the pressure reaches a predetermined limit, automatically stops the operation of the plungers without interrupting the driving power, and again permits them to resume operation when the pressure falls below this limit; also removes the entire load on engine causing it to run idle [saves gasoline]. All wearing parts thoroughly lubricated. YOU CAN USE YOUR OWN ENGINE AND'TRUCKS IF YOU HAVE THEM The Myers Automatic Power Spray Outfit A Stover Good Engine AND THE Havana Steel Wheel Farm Truck MAKE UP A Most Efficient, Reliable and Economical Sprayer Mitchell, Lewis & Staver Co. PORTLAND, OREGON SPOKANE, WASHINGTON 'Br- "A" — Position 'of Plunger Connecting Rod un- locked from'crankshaft while not pumping. "B"— Position of Plunger Connecting Rod locked into position while pumping. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 1 6 BETTER FRUIT J. C. Butcher Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON MANUFACTURERS OF— Lime and Sulphur Bordeaux Paste Miscible Oil February gation in the different sections by a thoroughly competent investigator. It is the belief of the writer that the losses due to the activities of the cod- ling moth in the Northwest can only be reduced to the minimum through the establishment of observation stations in the widely - separated apple-growing sections. An investigator located in some of these sections during the past year could have saved his community enough to maintain a station for at least twenty-five years. Selling the Apple Crop. — A few years ago a prominent banker informed the writer that it was a well-established fact the wheat farmer who sold his wheat at harvest time made more money than the farmer who speculated by holding his wheat. It seems there is a mighty good reason to believe this is true in regard to almost every product that the farmer or fruit grower pro- duces. It certainly seems to be true in the fruit industry, especially apples, as it is true in reference to wheat. There is an occasional year when late prices show a considerable advance over early prices, but when the loss in condition, the loss in claims and repacking charges are figured it is the editor's opinion that the fruit grower is no better off than if he had sold early. Taking it all and all, on the average five or ten years, there is no question, in the editor's opinion, but what the fruit growers do well to sell extensively at harvest time. Spray Outfits. — Eyery grower who has an orchard should own a spray outfit, but what is equally important, he should own a first-class spray outfit. If his old machine is out of date and partially worn out there is only one safe course to pursue, that is to buy a new one. When you buy a new one be sure to buy one that you know does effective and satisfactory work. Irregular Emergence of, etc. Continued from page 13 extra moth-spray suggestion, the appli- cation of which was given out for September 5. At this point the question might be asked whether it was not a partial third brood of insects which caused the deposition of eggs found late in Octo- ber. A series of the earliest-matured larva? of the second generation were caged and their activities watched dur- ing the remainder of the season; in not a single instance did pupation occur. A stud> of this character has been con- ducted during some of the other sea- sons, but up to the present time no in- dications of the occurrence of a partial third generation has been observed at Hood River. As a general practice in the past in most of the sections of the Northwest spraying for the control of the second generation of worms has been supposed to be necessary between the 25th of July and the 1st of August. This was the belief of local orchardists at the time the writer began the study of this insect in Hood River. In 1914 the study checked up nicely with these supposi- tions; the 27th of July being the time recommended for spraying. In 1915 the spray was applied most effectively August 12; in 1916, where it was neces- sary, August 28; and in 1917 on August 12. In two years out of the four the recommended date for applying the summer application of arsenate of lead was the same; with the extremes there was more than a month's difference. Those of you not entirely familiar with codling-moth control might ask the question: What material difference would it make if the spray were applied even ten or twelve days before egg hatching? The answer would be in terms of obtainable results; in ordinary seasons of infestation the difference between complete control as against one-half, or even less, control. In other words, an application of spray cannot be completely effective during a period not to accede twenty days at this time of the year owing to the rapid growth of the fruit and its necessary partial uncovering. If a spray is applied ten days in advance of the brood hatch, one-half of its complete effectiveness is forfeited at the time the application is made. Effectiveness in codling-moth control rapidly decreases at the end of twenty days. Egg hatching, on the other hand, under normal conditions, is usually approaching its height ten to twelve days following the hatching of the first eggs. At this time, then, a maximum need for protection is de- manded and the effectiveness of the application of spray is rapidly decreas- ing. A large percentage of the losses that result and poor control obtained on the part of orchardists can be traced to this source. The reduction of time of application of a spray to the shortest safe period preceding egg hatching will only be productive of good results. Very close timing, in the case of protracted egg hatching, will often save an extra appli- cation of spray and much unnecessary expense. To accomplish this end it is necessary to obtain a very intimate knowledge of the insects' seasonal be- havior and demands a careful investi- Steinhardt & Kelly, who have always been a big factor in handling North- western box apples, is one of the firms that is not only progressive, but great advertisers and great believers in pub- licity. Rut even in the rush of their big business season they never forget their many friends or the people with whom they have done business, one of the last evidences being a large thermometer, about eighteen inches in length, which Retter Eruit desires to acknowledge, with many thanks, receipt of one of these thermometers, which is certainly very attractive and very useful in our office. POSITION WANTED By man who is not afraid to work. An exper- ienced orchard man wants position as superin- tendent or foreman. Understands irrigation thoroughly; also stock raising and truck gard- ening. 18 years' practical experience. Can make good anywhere. Address F.A. D..care Better Fruit Foreman or Superintendent Wants position on large ranch or orchard where he can buy home and small tract of land. Thoroughly competent to handle place of any size. Have put several losers on paying basis. References furnished. W. F., care BETTER FRUIT. ATTENTION This May Interest You We offer for sale a highly improved, well equipped, 70-acre commercial apple or- chard in full bearing, located one-half mile from shipping point in Grande Ronde Valley, Oregon. This orchard has had the best of scientific care and is in splendid condition. It represents a profitable in- vestment for a live man. For particulars address The United States National Bank LA GRANDE, OREGON 130-Acre Orchard Practically immune from frost, principally Winesaps, Jonathans, Y. N. Pippins and Rome Beauties, with Elberta and Salway Peach fillers. One and a half miles average distance from depot, packing house, school, church and stores. The land is platted park style and can be sold in tracts of one acre and upward. S.J.HARRISON Benton City, Washington WHM WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page 17 BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' Cement Coated Nails Pruning Stone Fruit Trees THERE has been a great deal more experimental work clone in prun- ing the apple tree than in pruning the stone fruit trees. There has been a good deal of helpful information writ- ten on the latter subject, and the work has not been without very careful study and observation, but very little careful experimental work has been recorded and published. Stone fruit trees are very regular and bountiful in their blos- som production, and if the climate and soil permit the securing of a regular crop is assured. The trees have several undesirable characteristics. They have short lives, inferior fruit borne on old trees, and trees develop in such forms that fruit is out of reach and diflicult to gather. Correct pruning practices have eliminated to a very great extent these undesirable features. The fruit of the tree is borne on the side of the last year's season growth of wood. Very few fruits are borne on spurs, and Hie vigorous shoots, as well as the shoots of more moderate or even slow growth, will bear their normal crop of fruit. This distribution of the fruit makes it possible to control to a very large extent the amount of the fruit crop by the character of pruning that is given the tree in late winter and early spring. To cut away one-half of the fruit crop means that one-half of the length of last year's growth of wood should he removed. This may be done by taking away one-half of each twig, or by removing one-half of the twigs. If the latter process is followed, it means thai more hand thinning must be done under ordinary circumstances to insure a crop of fail' size fruit. On the other band, if the crop is thinned by heading back Hie twig's growth over the entire lice lop the results of a few years of such practice develops a bush rather than a tree, with an outside growth of wood that is vers' dense. The resull is the death of a greal por- tion of short. Iwigs and stubs and an unsatisfactory development of tree lops. The ideal peach tree is one with an open top or center so that the light maj Biter through, and some sunlight will reach the ground through the entire By Professor 0. M. Morris, Horticulturist Washington Agricultural College. Pullman, Washington branches, and a much less ability to de- velop a vigorous but stocky side-wood material. It is often necessary to cut out branches from the center of the tree and open out the top, but this is seldom done with the idea of develop- tree top. The small twigs of the peach are not able to endure heavy shading, and when so enclosed in the top of the tree soon dies. The fruit borne on weak twigs are always small and in- ferior. The tree responds well to prun- ing, and renews its vigor quickly when severely pruned. The new crop of shoots sent out from previously de- veloped or adventitious buds soon lose their waterpsrout characteristics and become normal fruit-producing branches. There is a much greater tendency in the peach than in the apple to grow only from central or leader ing fruit throughout the entire head of the tree, as is done with apples and pears. One branch may be taken out of the tree top and let in more light. The following year, or within a short time, part of the remaining tree top is cut away, so that new shoots start nearer the base of the tree, and the Continued on page 18 Arsenate of Lead Costs for Spraying Apple Orchards Comparison of costs in paste form at average price in 1917, and at anticipated prices for 1918. Showing cost per acre and cost per box. according to production for three and four applications each season. By S. W. Foster, Entomologist for General Chemical Company, San Francisco. Gallons of Spray No. Tnt. Gals. Ami. Lead Boxes Per Acre and per Acre of Appli- Spray Per 100 Per Price Cost Cost Per Box Each Application cations per Acre Gals. Acre per lb. per Acre 700 500 300 1917—0. 300 3 900 4 36 .09 3.24 .0046 .0064 .0108 b. 300 4 1200 I 48 .09 4.32 .0001 .0085 .0144 r. 300 1 1200 5 60 .09 5.40 .0077 .0108 .0180 d. 000 4 2400 4 96 .09 8.64 .0123 .0173 .0288 e 600 4 2400 5 120 .09 10.80 .0154 .0216 .0360 1918— a. 300 3 900 4 30 .15 5.40 .0077 .0108 .0180 b. 300 4 1200 4 48 .15 7.20 .0103 .0144 .0240 c 300 4 1200 5 60 .15 9.00 .0128 .0180 .0300 d. 600 ........ 4 2400 I 96 .15 14.40 .0206 .0288 .0480 c. 600 4 2400 5 120 .15 18.00 .0257 .0360 .0000 iiii.tcs Per Acre ])cr i(|(| gallons, or 1211 pounds per acre With a Crop of 100 500 300 , ■ ,, vear__iess (|r,m f0Ur per cent 1 ', wormy means a loss of.... 753 ,"= .,, ,■ .111 a •j wormy means a loss of 14 10 6 ol the crop will pay lor the lead used, :;■ ; wormy means a loss of ... . 21 15 9 jf |]le orchard produces 500 boxes per 1 wormy means a loss of.... 28 20 12 ... , u.,,.,1 , iM.ac 711(1 Imvnc 5% wormy means a loss of.... 35 25 15 acre, [f the orchard produces 700 DOXes 101 wormy means a loss of 70 50 30 per acre, less than three per cent ot the wormy means a loss nf. . . .105 75 45 jj, . f(),. .,,, Uu, ],..„, ,,st.(1. 20 '. wormy means a loss of . . . .140 100 bo ' ' • . , . ,, For the man who thinks he may omit Take for example an orchard sprayed one or more of the late applications to four limes, using 300 gallons per acre save money, he should seriously and ai eaeli application, or l,2ii() gallons carefully compare the cost nf the appli- during the season, ami using ."> pounds cation with the cost in the loss ol of paste lead to each Kin gallons of apples, if by omitting the application water, or lid pounds per acre during the any of the apples may become wormy, season, and producing 500 boxes per When we remember that one per cent acre. Two per cent of the crop al $1.00 of the crop will paj for Hie arsenate of per box will more than pay for all the lead used for om- application, il is dan arsenate of lead used. If [he orchard gerous business to try to save expenses produced only 300 boxes per acre, about when the loss at the other end may be three per cenl of the crop will he re- many limes the amount supposedly mired lo pay for the lead used in 1918. saved. The difference between three Then consider (he large trees, re- and four applications is only about quiring 600 gallons of dilute spray per $1.80 per acre lor lead costs on the acre, or 2,1(111 gallons for four applira- small trees and ahoul $3.80 per acre on lions, and using ."> pounds of paste lead the largest trees. Page 18 BETTER FRUIT February OIM\l\/ Your Trees' Bushes, Vines, Shrub- AUUAi bevv' Flowers, Plants and Vege- Vrnnl tables with if* 3§ .TAKE OFF YOUR f^y*} HAT TO^q ILA HAY TOOLS & DOOR HANGERS ^7 MYERS SPRAY PUMPS WHITEWASH and Pm the Inside or Outside of Your Buildings, Greenhouses, Fences, Cellar Walls, Etc., with MYERS SPRAY PUMPS IMCIklFEY*T Your Henneries, Pig Pens, Barns, U I O I IN I LU I Sheds, Stables, Toilet and Closets with MYERS SPRAY PUMPS A ^ %jf Your Dealer or Write us Direct about Myers Cog Gear Easy MOl\ Operating— Require 33i% Less Power to Pump — Knapsack, Bucket, and Barrel Spray Pumps and Complete Spray Outfits for Hand Operation. Myers Automatic— They Automatically Control the Pressure and Do Not Re- quire a Relief Valve— Power Spray Pumps and Complete Power Spray Rigs for Extensive Spraying Operations in Large -Orchards or for Custom Work. Myers Proven Nozzles and Fittings, -Reliable Hose, and Spraying Accessories. ATC Catalog, Showing Complete Line — Myers Bucket, , Barrel L ^\ I L and Power Spray Pumps, Nozzles, Hose and Fittings, for Every Spraying Requirement, and Giving Reliable .Spraying.- Information, Spraying Calendar and Standard Formulae for Best Spraying Mixtures, Mailed Free to Anvone on Reauest. " ■ tC'.-i . . FE.MYERS & BRO. MSm& ASHLAND, OHIO. iNp. 120 ORANGE ST. branches. The trees are vigorous and grow rapidly, but are generally short- lived. The young trees respond to pruning and cover the wounds well, but the old trees do not. It is generally better to grow a new orchard than to attempt to rejuvenate an old one. The American and European varieties of plums require very little pruning. The dead branches should be cut out and the strongest shoots cut back. The top is often thinned out like peach trees. The Japanese plum grows and fruits very much like apricots and should be pruned in about the same way. The prune trees belong to the Euro- pean plum class, and while they re- quire comparatively little pruning, that pruning should be regularly done, and should be severe enough to prevent the formation of long and drooping branches. The general growth of the tree should be in an upward direction, and should be of stocky, vigorous wood. This tree has a good ability to renew its top with watersprouts when severely cut back, and good progress will be made if such work is done. This tree is able to care for its wounds in good shape, and if the wounds are reason- ably cared for it is very seldom that rot gets started into the heart of the trees through such openings. The sweet cherry bears most of its fruit on the side of small spurs. The blossoms are produced from buds on spurs of the previous season's develop- ment. Spurs more than one year old often produce fruit, but the blossom bud is produced on the growth of the BEST SERVICE- JALITY & PRICES Continued from page 17 outer and older wood growth is later removed. In this way the tree top is kept down within a definite limit. Peach pruning is a comparatively simple process of pruning trees, al- though it requires careful judgment and thought, there is less difference of opinion about the systems than with the apples. The tree responds well to pruning, both in the production of new wood and in the healing of the wounds made by pruning. There is a great tendency in pruning peaches to do the work rapidly and carelessly, leaving stubs as an invitation for disease to take hold of the tree. This invitation is usually accepted, especially on the larger branches, and in the smaller branches, the wood is killed back from the edge of the wound, usually in a greater area than is true with many other plants. However, the pruning process that can be practiced on peaches does not of necessity weaken the vitality of the plant and is a neces- sily for the maintenance of the pro- duction of satisfactory crops of good fruit. The apricot can be pruned very much the same as the peach. The trees grow in very much the same fashion. It bears more fruit, however, on spurs, and also bears a large proportion of its crop on the side of the last year's twig branches. The same general type of tree and general method of pruning can be practiced on this plant. It is, how- ever, very susceptible to ill effects, age of wood, and good fruits are seldom produced on old woods. In apricot- growing sections, it is a very common practice to head back very severely, sometimes to the extent of dehorning, and losing one or two crops on the trees, for the sake of renewing the top. But it is profitably done. There is a strong tendency in the apricot to de- velop only a few terminal buds on the strongest branches, and for these few to make all of the wood-lengthening growth of the tree. This tendency un- checked by cutting back produces the tree top composed of several long poles with only a few very small twigs and short spurs for fruit production. The life of a spur varies from two to five years in extreme cases. It does not average above three years, and the largest and finest fruit is produced on the one and two-year-old spurs and on the side of the vigorous, growing PERFECTION IN FRUIT vLABELS 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN SANK 31DG. PORTLAND.OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWE5TERN MANAGER WE CARRY-AND CAW >HIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS APPLES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERRIES. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page ip THE The Labor Saver Use Only Niagara Dusting Sulphur AND Dusting Mixtures They have been PROVED and approved by those who have made a success of dusting. A Ieadingfruit growerof White Salmon Valley (Washington) says: "It took three men fifty hours to apply one spray of liquid in mv orchard, while two of us DUSTED it with equal thoroughness in eight hours." Reports like these come from Hood River, Yakima, We- natchee and every place where the Niagara has been used. The Niagara Dusting Machines WITH NIAGARA DUSTING MATERIALS are responsible for the Success of Modern Dusting They make possible the best DISTRIBUTION in the most effective form. Niagara Dusting Machines and Dusting Materials Are distributed from supply stations at Oakland, Los Angeles and Portland F. A. FRAZIER, Western Distributing Agent, 325 13th St., Oakland, California Use Niagara Soluble Sulphur for Dormant and Spring Spraying previous season. A few rudimentary leaves are borne in each winter blos- som bud, and each spur bears its own terminal leaf bud. Fruits are produced also from winter buds on the side of the previous season's growth of twigs, but these form a relatively small pro- portion of the cherry crop. The sour cherry, however, very commonly bears a large proportion of its crop from these side buds of the twig and branch growth. The sweet cherry tree is ordi- narily a very vigorous grower, as the young trees, and even in middle life. The young trees grow very vigorously and very tall. Constant cutting back and heavy pruning appears to simply extentuate this characteristic. Ordi- narily the best process of handling the tree is to so modify its tillage and gen- eral cultural condition that a smaller amount of stimulus is given to wood production and to encourage the com- ing into fruit production at an early date. As young trees they can be handled more nearly the same as pear trees than any other of our fruit plants. After fruit production is begun the trees normally assume a broader and more open oval type. However, the general tendency of the tree is to grow very tall, making the fruit picking a very difficult task unless very great care is exercised to keep the trees down within reach of normal operation. This plant is not able to endure heavy shade, and the small fruit spurs become weak and unproductive if severely shaded, and will bear irregularly or only one or two crops and then die. The best pro- cess is to cut back and prune out the top constantly so that the fruit spurs may be productive for a period of three or more years. The general plan of operation would be to so prune the tree in its early life that a good framework from three to five main branches will be formed, and that in later life this can carry a load of well-distributed wood. Constant cutting back and thin- ning of the tree top is required. This plant can be pruned more to suit the ideal of the pruner or grower, and still have good results, than can the peach tree. The most difficult point of the work appears to be for the average grower to make up his mind that the tree will endure pruning. After he has fully satisfied himself on that, the gen- eral type of the tree that he has and the type of the tree that he knows he should produce will normally solve to a very large extent the type of work that should be done. The tree responds well to pruning, being invigorated by it, and the general character of the fruit crop produced is improved. The wounds made by priming usually heal over well and seldom result in any disease or trouble to the tree. Sour cherries are very frequently en- tirely neglected and not pruned at all. In fact, it is frequently advocated that they require, or need, no pruning. The facts are, however, that they respond quite as well to pruning as most of our other fruit plants, and in careful or- chard work it is a profitable operation. The plants can be pruned very much after the same fashion as the peach tree, although it requires less vigorous work. In all of the stone fruits the plants have a normal capacity to reproduce their new tops after the old is cut away, particularly if this cutting back has not extended into wood more than four or five years old. The same general prin- ciple applies, however, to these plants as to others. That the influence of pruning extends only a relatively small district from the part pruned. Pruning one side of a tree does not ordinarily directly nor indirectly affect the devel- opment of the other side. The stimulus developed from cutting otf a branch is seldom distinctly noticeable more than three feet from the point at which the cutting was done. In the treatment of wounds on fruit trees, it may be worth while to state that paint and washes are seldom nec- essary or advisable. About the best paint that can ordinarily be used is some antiseptic material. A good, heavy coating of lime-sulphur or bor- deaux mixture, or a solution of cor- rosive sublimate is probably as good as can be used. In the pruning of most of the stone fruit trees, less care is ex- ercised generally than in the longer- lived trees. The work is done more rapidly and more frequently in a sort of cut-and-slasli method. Rapid work should not be discouraged, but careless work should always he discouraged. Page 20 BETTER FRUIT maximum Nutrition V minimum cost That's the cry of the world today. The food that qualifies is the food for every home. Drink a cup of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate every day in place of more expensive foods. Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate is made of pure cocoa and sugar, the two great nutrimental foods, and blended in the right proportions to insure its distinctive taste-appeal, its easy assimilation and / unusual nourishment. A tablespoonful, lc. worth, with milk added, makes a cup— a true conservation food beverage Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate Comes in %-\h., l-lb„ and 3-lb. sealed cans. D. GHIRARDELL1 COMPANY \\ February a living and doing as well as the aver- age other fellow. Bookkeeping for the fruit grower is a simple business, showing the cost of production, different prices received and net gain or loss. Well-kept records in bookkeeping will put the fruit in- dustry on a solid foundation. Fruit growers should advertise. Duck eggs are just as good as hen eggs, but the hen cackles, the duck does not. This is advertising. The banana and orange people advertise— the fruit grower of the Northwest does very little. The average American family buys a great many more bananas and oranges than Northwestern box apples. When the Northwest is knit together with good selling organizations and proper dis- tribution and proper advertising so that it is just as easy for the consumer to get "An apple a day to keep the doctor away" as it is to get sun-kissed oranges, then a demand will be created, which will go far toward allaying fears of overproduction. The fruit grower who has gone through ups and downs, who is not in- toxicated with success of the good years or broken hearted over the poor years, is in better position to talk '"'turkey" to his banker when he needs help than ever before. Co-operative marketing associations, the fruit growers' own property, are what the fruit growers make them. If they do not suit you it is up to you to correct them. Their success or failure is up to you. The future of the fruit industry in the Northwest is entirely Banking the Fruit Crop THE article by Mr. J. J. Rouse, cashier of the Fidelity National Bank, Spo- kane, appears elsewhere in this edition. It is the most valuable contribution by a banker to the fruit industry that has ever appeared in print. Every fruit grower should read the article, re-read it and carefully study it. The editor of Better Fruit has made a few extracts, not in the writer's words, but some- what condensed, of a few the most im- portant facts and advice. A new phrase, "Good as an apple in the box." Standardizing the fruit pro- duct so that "Good as an apple in the box" will mean "Good as wheat." Do not judge the fruit industry by occasional years of good prices, but take the average to size up the business. Your banker will not be influenced in granting credit by one year's good re- sults— it is the average he wants. A well-kept set of books showing the an- nual income and expense will create confidence with your banker. The production of food is the biggest industry, but less is known about it from accurate bookkeeping. Not one farmer in five hundred knows the aver- age cost of production and selling price for a period of five years. This applies to fruit growers as well. All are agreed that the farmer (fruit grower) gets skinned, but there are no figures to prove it, other than the fact he has not much left. Perhaps if he kept books he would find he is making Trees and Shrubs Prune, Cherry, Apricot, Pear, Apple and Peach in all the staple varieties, besides small fruits, etc. Buy now. ROSES — Over one hundred varieties. Two-year hardy field grown. SHRUBS— Of the favorite kinds, such as Spirea, Althea, Deutzia, Lilac, Hyd- rangea, Snowball, Weigela and many others. SHADE TREES— To suit every need. Vrooman Franquette Walnuts Both second generation and grafted. The proven hardy nut for Northwestern conditions. Our stock is grown on clean new vol- canic ash soil in the heart of the Yakima Valley. It is free from disease or pest, stocky, splendidly rooted, fully matured. It is well grown, carefully packed and delivered to customers all charges pre- paid, backed by our guarantee as to gen- uineness, quality and condition. For fifteen years we have served our customers with first-class stock. Our field work is in charge of a Nurseryman with 40 years' experience. V, Write us for prices. Washington Nursery Company Box 2067, Toppenish.Wash. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 m Great Little Tractor for Orchards A Masterpiece of Simplicity with Patented Front Drive Send Now for the Book Horses are 143% higher than during past decade. Feed is 100% higher. Labor is more scarce. There's a double need now for tractors. Don't take chances. Tractor ma- terial is becoming harder to secure and the demand for tractors is con- stantly increasing. If you expect to have a tractor this spring, order now for future delivery and thus be sure of getting this tractor. No other tractor meets the needs of orchardists like this. Note these Features: Pulls instead of pushes itself over the ground. All power goes to pull. Can be "gee-eil" and "haw-ed" out of holes and soft places like a team. Has full-power pull on turns as well as on the straight-away. Turns clear around in a 10-foot circle (5- luot radius). Plows or harrows as close up in the comers of fields as a team. Plows as close to vines and trees as a team. Goes under branches of trees that no team can get under. Pays for itself in what it saves. Light weight — 3100 pounds — on long track sur- face. Less weight to square inch than man's foot. Simple 4-cylinder automobile type engine. Burns engine distillate. Runs stationary machinery up to 10 h.p. when not working in fields. BEAN Track PULL Tractor Patented Front Drive For Orchards The Bean is built for kind of work. 1 1 1 1 1 (rations in advertisement are true reproductions of photographs. BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. 713 W. Julian St., San Jose, California KUd me *'"ir Tractor Book with full in- formation about the Bcaji TrackPULl* Tractor. ' i SI reel _ County State _ ... dependent upon these institutions. Their success, your success, will be measured through co-operation — your support. The two principal weaknesses of co- operative selling agencies are, lack of capital and straying into other fields of activity. If the fruit grower attempts to establish his own line of communica- tion direct to the consumer, eliminating all middlemen, the middlemen will have to raise their own fruit in their own back yards and the fruit grower will have to eat his own fruit. The fruit grower should reinvest in his own association to create a surplus for carrying on the business part of the money the association has made or saved for him. If he is afraid to do so how can he expect his banker to do so? With the progress that is being made in standardization and the safeguards being put into elfect in moving the crop it is reasonable to expect a ready sale for output each year, and the industry will soon be placed on a sound basis. Omission of the General Chemical Company Advertisement in the January Edition Fruit Better desires to say that it is with sincere regret, through an over- sight in the advertising department, the advertisement of the General Chemical Company, which has been appearing regularly and will continue to appear for some time, was omitted in the Jan- uary edition. TENTH ANNUAL NATIONAL APPLE SHOW, SPOKANE, JANUARY 14, 1918. Editor Better Fruit: I want to thank you on behalf of the trustees of the National Apple Show for the splendid publicity you have given our institution in the January issue of your magazine. You are cer- tainly a splendid friend to this institution and I want you to know how thoroughly we appre- ciate what you have done in this instance and also in the advance articles which you have printed from time to time. When I agreed to accept the presidency of the Apple Show, I was told that I would find co-operation among the business men, fruit growers, and especially the publishers of horti- culture papers. In this case this promise has certainly been more than fulfilled and I am frank to say, Mr. Shepard, that it has only been through the thorough willingness of everybody, like yourself, to do his share, that the 1917 show has been made a success. I am told that in the years past you have always been a staunch friend of this annual exhibition, and it seems to me this is showing a fine, big spirit on your part to give such val- uable publicity as you do. Very truly yours, Jakf. Hill. President Tenth National Apple Show. SPOKANE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. Spokane, January 12, 1918. Editor Better Fruit: That was a dandy layout you gave the Na- tional Apple Show in your January issue. I don't know how to express our appreciation because you have done the whole thing on such a magnificent scale that it is difficult to say just how we feel about it. You even put one of the cuts on the first page and, of course, added that much more to the usefulness of the story. I distributed copies among our trustees and each and every one of them wanted me lo try and express his appreciation of what you have done. However, it is the old story — Shepard always has come through and given the most valuable space to anything connected directly, indirectly or even remotely with the fruit industry. I sincerely hope Bbttbb Fruit will have a good year and that its good-fellow publisher will have more time to keep acquainted per- sonally with his old friends this year. Your sincerclv. Ren H. Rice. MATERIALS ORCHARD BRAND ARSENATE OF LEAD IS USED FOR KILLING CODLING MOTH AND CHEWING INSECTS. This is one of the important materials used in spraying trees. The Mechanical or Physical condition of Arsenate of Lead is of more importance than usually realized. Coarse, gummy mater- ials cannot be easily mixed or kept in good suspension in the spray tank. A fine Mechanical or Physical condition is one of the great merits of our Arsenate of Lead. As now manufactured, it can be readily stirred in the orig- inal container into a creamy con- sistency and put directly into the spray tank, without the trouble of rubbing to a thin paste, as is necessary with other makes. This saves TIME in preparing, insures good suspension in the spray tank, which means an even distribution of a thin film of poison over the surface of the sprayed area and obtaining satisfactory results. Orchard Brand Powdered Ar- senate of Lead is double the strength of the Paste, and when used in water only one-half the quantity of the preparation is re- quired. It is finely divided, fluffy, white powder that mixes readily with water and remains in good suspension when diluted in spray tank. To control Codling Moth and similar insects, use 2 pounds to 100 gallons of water. It may be used for dusting truck crops and other plants by combining it with Land Plaster, air-soaked lime or flour. When combined with these, care should be exercised to thoroughly mix the materials in order to get a uniform coating of poison. General Chemical Co. Insecticide Dept. SAN FRANCISCO WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT February Fruit Tree Stocks Apple, Doucine, Paradise, Mahaleb, Maz- zard, Peach, Plum, Quince, Japan Pear and Kieffer Pear Seedlings. We can ship Mahaleb and Mazzard direct f romOregon Apple and Pear Grafts ANY STYLE Complete Assortment of General Nursery Stock There is a small stock of apple seedlings this year, and with the increasing de- mand for apple trees, it will pay to put out a plant. But act now, do not wait until the top of the market has been reached. SHENANDOAH NURSERIES D. S. Lake, Pres. SHENANDOAH, IOWA FISH!! FISH!! 100 lbs. salmon in brine, shipping weight 165 lbs $11-00 Smoked salmon, 20 lbs. net 3 25 Dried True codfish, 10 lbs 1 75 Ask for our fresh and cured fish price list. T. A. BEARD, 4322 Winslow Place, Seattle, Wash. Cherry Trees Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, etc. Free Catalog. AgentsWanted. Special Terms. MILTON NURSERY COMPANY MILTON. OREGON DAW FU DC I am in the market to "n" * w"w buy large quantities Mole, Muskrat, Coyote and Rabbit Skins. Send for Price List and Tags. OSCAR GARD 75 Marion Street Seattle, Washington A 10-acre orange grove in Florida sold recently for $10,CC0--five years ago the land brought $100 an acre. Present value is based on earning capacity of grove. If vou own or contemplate buyit>(f land in Flori- da adapted to citrus why not plant oranges or grapefruit? 'Write us today for "Florida Facts," free. Bnckeye Nurseries, 1214 CITIZENS BK.. TAMPA, FLA. Richey& Gilbert Co. H.M.GILBERT.President and Manager Growers and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON Cheese Playing Center Now that we are "doing sums" in short division with American food, we are ready to profit by the hard-earned war experience of Europe and her struggle on short rations. For instance, in Europe cheese is a very real part of the diet and not, as with us, the "some- thing extra." However, with meat at present prices the American house- keeper thinks hard when told that cheese has about one and one-half as much muscle-building value as beef, pound for pound. She cuts out the "something extra," combines cheese with milk and eggs and makes a dish that rules out the roast, leaving beef for the soldiers and the Allies. Here are a few substantial cheese dishes that may be served sometimes instead of meat. They call for any hard commer- cail cheese, cottage cheese or the cheese like your grandmother used to make, now being revived in the farm kitchen: Duchess Soup — % onion, 2 table- spoons fat, 2 tablespoons flour, 3 cups milk, % cup grated cheese, salt and pepper. Cook the onion in the fat until tender but not brown. Add the flour, then the milk gradually. Cook until smooth, add seasoning to taste. When ready to serve, put one tablespoon of the grated cheese in each plate and pour over it the hot soup. Cheese Roll — % cup rice, 1 cup milk, 1 tablespoon chopped onion and pars- ley, % cup grated cheese or cottage cheese, Vi cup mashed potato, pepper and salt to taste. Cook the rice in the milk with the chopped onion and pars- ley, then add the mashed potato, pepper and salt. Form into a roll, brush with fat drippings and brown in oven. This roll can be made up with many varia- tions. Bread crumbs, beans and cheese may be combined, using enough of the liquor in which the beans were cooked to moisten the mixture so that it can be made into a loaf. The beans should be mashed. Still another combination is made by substituting for the beans spinach or chard chopped fine. Cheese Fondue — 1 cup milk, 1 cup bread crumbs, 1 cup grated cheese, % teaspoon salt. Boil the milk and pour over the bread crumbs, cover and let stand on the stove fifteen minutes. Mix in the grated cheese and add salt and, if desired, a little red pepper or papri- ka. Pour into a greased baking dish and bake twenty minutes. A richer dish may be made by adding two or three eggs. Add the well-beaten yolks, then fold in the whites beaten until stiff. Bake thirty minutes in moderate oven and serve at once. This is really a souffle. Cooked rice may be used in place of the bread crumbs in making this dish. Macaroni and Cheese — Besides the familiar dish of macaroni and cheese there are many others not so well known to the average housekeeper. Macaroni boiled in salted water drained and served with either grated cheese or cheese sauce is an easily prepared dish. Be sure that the macaroni is piping hot. Macaroni with cheese custard is par- ticularly good. Place in a greased pud- ding dish two cups of cooked macaroni, a Cloiiil The Hardie Orchard Gun saves your time and muscle— no long, heavy rods to hold. Turns a big job into a little one. One man with a Hardie Gun will do more work and do it better than two men with the old-fashioned rods. Hardie Orchard Gun $12 Low price made possible by big production — send for the Hardie Catalog today. Hardie Sprayers and spraying de- vices standard for 18 years. THE HARDIE MFG. CO. Hudson, Mich. Also Portland, Ore. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH Everbearing Strawberries Nekoma variety from first year runners, $1.00 per 100— $6.00 per 1000. Also Marshal and Ozark at 60c per 100— $4.00 per 1000. Madrona Grove Farm, Big Harbor, Wash. Portland Wholesale Nursery Company Rooms 6 & 7, 122 ' i Grand Ave., Portland. Oregon Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies A very complete line of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Etc. SPECIALTIES Clean Coast Grown Seedlings Oregon Champion Gooseberries and Perfection Currant Write Now — Write Now True-to-Name Nursery Offers for spring planting all leading varieties of apple, pear, cherry, apricot and peach trees. Address all communications to TRUE-TO-NAME NURSERY H S.Galligan, Prop. Phone 4796. Hood River, Oregon RABB1TSK1HS ARE VALUABLE We will pay from 4 to 15 cents each for dry Jack and tame rabbit skins and will take millions of them. Mole Skins waited Rid orehardsandtfardensof these pests. Let us know what quantity of rabbit skins you can gather and we will make yoo Bpeeial prices. Write today. Get our price list on all kinds of furs— muskrat, mink, Bkunk. etc. FUNSTEN •"«-«!. a company ct miHS Mo 562 Fyn.ten Bids, d I .LUUIO, IflU. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT igiS BETTER FRUIT Page 23 cover this with a cheese custard made as follows: Press through a colander or mash smooth one cup of cottage cheese, add one well-beaten egg, one- half cup of milk and salt and pepper to taste. Pour over the top of the maca- roni and bake in a moderate oven thirty minutes. Cheese Sauce — 1 cup milk, 1 table- spoon cottage cheese or M cup grated cheese, 2 tablespoons flour, salt and pepper. Thicken the milk with the flour. Just before serving add the cheese, stirring until it is melted. This sauce may be used on hard-boiled eggs, toast, cabbage, cauliflower, macaroni or rice. Double the quantity of cheese when it is to be eaten with macaroni or rice. Wider Distribution by One Association For several years the editor of Bet- trh: Fhuit has carried on an aggressive campaign in an editorial and advisory way to increase distribution. In 1916 a number of articles appeared on this subject, causing a great deal of favor- able comment and some criticism. It is a pleasure to note that the articles have had a wonderful influence in stimulat- ing and increasing distribution. This is evidenced by the fact shown in Nocem- ber and December issues of Better Fruit. In 1916, for a period of two months, the total number of towns shipped to were 611. In twenty days during the month of November, 1917, the distribution covered 550 towns, al- most as much in twenty days in 1917 as in the sixty days in 1916. It must be borne in mind that in connection with this statement that more fruit rolled to diversified points this year than ever before, consequently the full number of towns is not shown, and during twenty days in November the number of towns exceeded the total number of towns shipped last year. A very significant and much appreciated letter has reached this office from one of the sales organizations through the courtesy of the sales manager. This concern up to the time reported had shipped about 500 cars of apples, dis- tributed to 187 different towns. A very significant feature in connection with the information contained in the letter is the immense number of towns that have bought in carloads. There is no question if all the selling organizations will put on a sales force sufficient to cover their territory thoroughly to cul- vate trade ill small towns, distribution will continue to increase, relieving the pressure in the big cities and maintain a high average price, and the fear of overproduction will have passed. Again we repeat, we do not believe it is a case of overproduction, but a lack of distri- bution. This year's results have been conclusive evidence — the Northwest has moved by far the heaviest crop of box apples ever handled in less time, with the widest distribution, bringing more satisfactory prices than for several past seasons. Put the farm machinery in first-class order during odd times this winter. An hour spent in repair may prevent later on a day of despair. Save Your Crops The labor of an entire year may be swept away by one night of frost. The one sure and absolutely depend- able way to save your crops from ruin by frost is to install the "Bolton" Orchard Heater Burns cheap fuel oil. The Bolton can be lighted quickly. Produces maximum heat, evenly distributed. Bums long time on one filling. No waste— you light only as many heaters as required to maintain desired temperature. Send for Booklet B Tells you how to save your crops the Bolton Way. Filled with valuable frost prevention information. AMES-IRVIN CO. Irrigation Pipe, Orchard Heaters, Etc. 8th & Irwin, San Francisco, Cal. ^La n ufact'u. red DUST SPRAYER MANUFACTURING CO. PIONEERS OF THE DUSTING METHOD AND MACHINES IN THE UNITED STATES. Johnson Dusters used and endorsed by leading Universities and Growers in all sections. A com- plete Illustrated Catalog of Johnson Dusters sent free on request. Address DUST SPRAYER MFG. CO. 1226 West 9th Street, KANSAS CITY. MO. Johnson's Rex Duster for Orchards SEEDS This Tear 7 efully plan /our =^=^=^== plantings — choose varieties for food value and productiveness. Plant GOOD SEED — Strive for big returns. Our standing of over a quarter century as the SEED HEADQUARTERS of the Northwest Guarantees that We can Serve You to Your Profit and ' Satisfaction "BUCKEYE" Incubators. Standard Brooder Stoves. Diamond Poultry Foods. LEE'S Foods & Remedies. Special Catalogs — NURSERY stock POULTRY supplies BEE supplies FERTILIZERS "BUCKEYE" and LEE BOOKLETS Mailed on Request. for Cata/ojJfla 200 WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2 l BETTER FRUIT TODAY versus YESTERDAY Little more than a decade ago, giant steam tractors represented the highest achievement in mechanical farm power— and Holt steamers then held a place in the lead. Today, the old steamers have been al- most entirely displaced by gas tractors, but Holt still holds the lead. Thirty-five years' manufactur- ing experience, combined with correct design and choice of materials, have made the "Caterpillar" Tractor first in strength, power and endurance. This superiority results in longer tractor service, lower operating and upkeep costs, larger profits. The "Caterpillar" Tractor's achievements on European battlefields and the satisfaction it has given thousands of farmers, freighters and con- tractors are your safest guide to the right choice. Send today for complete "Caterpillar" Tractor information Reg US Pat Od SOLDIERS OF THE SOIL ! ! Are YOU going to be a soldier of the soil and join the war garden brigade? Uncle Sam needs your help. "Do Your Bit." Our 160-page 1918 Annual Catalog and Guide for Western Planters NOW READY. Gives full description and prices of all kinds of Seeds, Plants, Roses and Trees; Garden, Poultry, Bird and Rabbit Supplies; Sprayers, Sprays, Fertilizer, etc. 20 years practical experience here enables us to serve you intelligently. Ask for Catalog No. 27. Free on request. Routledge Seed and Floral Co. ^!S£?do?£5i Power Drag Saw does the WorK of 10 Men Weight 285 lbs^ itfiL Price ''Complete 145.£s One man can move machine from, cut to cut on log. Two men can Jcarry it. Guts through ZV2 foot log in three minutes. Approxi- mately 25 cords a day. 4 H. P. gasoline engine warranted. Steel wheel cart $10.00 Send for catalogue. manufactured by REIERSON MACHINERY CO. 1292 HOOD STREET. PORTLAND. OREGON February The Washington Shite Horticultural Meeting held at Kennewick, Washing- ton, in January was a most successful meeting. Unfortunately the editor of Better Fruit was unable to be present, but the secretary, in a personal letter, has staled that the address on pruning by Professor Gardner was unquestion- ably one of the best on this subject ever given. The address on transportation by J. Curtis Robinson of the Northwest- ern Fruit Exchange was highly in- structive and valuable. Incidentally, the editor wishes to call attention to the fact that no matter how clean your crop is or how large, if transportation facili- ties are not adequate the fruit grower is up against it. Therefore transporta- tion is primarily the first consideration of the fruit grower. The subject "Al- falfa as Conserving Moisture," by Mr. P. S. Darlington was especially good, and "The Abuse of Water," by Mr. Fisher gave the fruit grower some valuable information, so that these few talks, not mentioning any others on the program were so valuable that the expense of attending was only a small item, comparatively. Unfortu- nately weather conditions and flood damages prevented many growers from being present. One hundred and fifty had bought tickets at Yakima, but on account of the washouts were unable to reach Kennewick. The orchardist, especially if he has young trees, or where the orchard is in cover crops, should watch out for go- phers this spring, because they do dam- age that cannot be repaid, frequently eating off the roots of the tree so that the fruit grower loses the tree. When- ever a grower is troubled with gophers he should make it a point to rid his place of them as rapidly as possible. There are two ways to get rid of go- phers— by the use of poisons or the use of traps. There are a number of good traps on the market and a few brands of gopher poison that have given the growers who have used them excellent results. If you buy poison for killing gophers be sure and get a first-class brand, one that is known to do the busi- ness. If you buy traps be sure to buy a kind that has proved effective. The Great Northern Railway Com- pany of St. Paul has issued a very at- tractive booklet, "The Silo, a Mark of Progress," which gives some very val- uable information about silos in gen- eral, which can be secured by any of the fruit growers in Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and Montana by having their banker inform the Great Northern Rail- road of St. Paul that they are thinking of purchasing a silo. Mr. Gerald Da Costa of London, through Fruit Better, sends very hearty greetings to his friends in the Western States wishing them a prosper- ous New Year, and fervently hopes that the promise of brighter times may be fulfilled in order that business may be resumed with America, as previously. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ioi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Studies in Fruit-Bud Formation By J. R. Magness, Assistant in Research Laboratory, Oregon Agricultural College. Continued from last issue In considering the conditions in the tree associated with fruit-bud forma- tion, it is necessary to have clearly in mind how the tree is nourished, and the functions of the different parts of the tree. The roots absorb water, with dissolved minerals from the soil, trans- port them to the trunk, and serve as a storage place for the products of the leaves. They also, of course, serve to anchor the tree. The trunk, branches and twigs support the leaf area, serve to carry the water and mineral foods from the roots to the leaves, and foods from the leaves to all parts of the tree, and act as a storage place for elabo- rated food from the leaves. In the leaves, air is taken into the plant, to- gether with the carbon dioxide con- tained in it. Water and mineral foods from the soil are supplied by the roots. The substances are all brought to- gether, and in the presence of light from the sun, are combined by certain of the leaf organs into sugars, starches, etc. These so-called elaborated foods formed in the leaves, are the only ones which are directly available to the plant for tissue building. The kind of growth made by the tree at any particular time, varies very largely with the relative amount of the different kinds of food it has available for use at that time. For example, if there is a large amount of the unelabo- rated food from the roots being sup- plied, and a relatively small amount of elaborated food from the leaves, vege- tative growth in shoot length is stimu- lated. When a -relative abundance of elaborated food is present, fruit-bud formation and increase in thickness of shoots occurs. Fruit-bud formation is apparently associated with a relative abundance of elaborated food in the immediate region of the bud. This con- Built Right in material and construction. No weight for team to carry. You get perfect results and long wear with a . Single Action K^m^y Disk Harrow Disks are forged sharp.' has reversible gangs, separate levers, dust-proof oil-soaked hardwood bearings. Sizes for one to four horses. _ Also with extension head. Weight boxes built in. No tongue truck necessary. Perfect balance, light draft. Write for new catalog and free book "The Soil and Its Tillage :" also for name of nearest dealer. The Cutaway Harrow Company 66 Main Street ^^/-\ ■ ■ ■ ■ Hiutfanum, Conn. -»%%^T?=^ Maker of the oritl- -*%* not CLARK „*%» Disk Hat rows and PIOtDi. *' Mr. Fruit Grower: The 1918 apple crop will, in all probability, be the largest yet recorded. Also, there is certain to be the greatest scarcity of labor yet experienced, especially of experienced packers and sorters. With a CUTLER GRADER you can teach inexperienced help to pack and sort and handle your crop quickly and at the least cost. We are giving discounts for early orders and shipments. WRITE NOW^for circular and prices. CUTLER FRUIT GRADER CO. New Address: 351 East Tenth Street, Portland, Oregon MOREWORKfMB YOUR HORSES/ The use of collar pads is humane. Again, your horses will do more work if properly protected by the right kind of pad. TAPATCO is the right kind. A NEW AND BETTER HOOK ATTACHMENT Consisting of wire staple, reinforced with felt washer (note where arrows point). This gives the hooks a better hold and prevents pulling off. The weakest point is made strong and life of pad greatly lengthened. Found Only on Pads Made by U». Look For The Felt Washer. SOLD BY DEALERS EVERYWHERE The American Pad & Textile Company GREENFIELD, OHIO Canadian Branch: Chatham, Ontario, TAP (2) Pit. tnU. S-Oec. 1. 1914. Pat.fn Car: Apr. S. 1915. APPLE SEEDLINGS A surplus in all grades. Grown on new land. Strong, healthy Stocks that will please. APPLE GRAFTS Made to order. Satisfaction guaranteed. If short of labor, let us make you Grafts for you. A Complete Line of General Nursery Stock for the Spring Trade Always pleased to quote prices. Ask for Price List. Mount Arbor Nurseries SHENANDOAH, IOWA E. S. WELCH, Pres. elusion is supported by the following facts: 1. The time of initial fruit-bud for- mation, and the position in which it occurs, shows a correlation to the amount of elaborated food present It has been mentioned before that fruit buds do not begin to form before late June and July, and they may not form until much later than this. The leaf area of the tree, and hence the food manufacturing area, is at its maximum expanse by this time, while usually the intake through the roots is less than earlier in the season, due to dryer con- ditions. Thus the elaborated food is coming into relatively greater abun- dance. Also it was mentioned that in spurs, on the average, this initial flower part formation occurs earlier in the season than on the one-year-old wood. On each spur, we have a number of WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 Nitrate of Soda California soils need available nitrogen. Get it as cheap as you can. Write us for "Cost of Available Nitrogen." DR. WM. S. MYERS Chilean Nitrate Committee P.O. Box 248, Berkeley, Cal. Get the Weeds Weeds and profits cannot grow in the same orchard. Weeds sap moisture and steal pl-int food. Destroy them with tha fast-working, light-running "Acme" Foot-Lift Weeder The sharp-ground knife edges cut all weeds -till deep or shallow as desired. Foot lift lever clears trash and makes transportation easy Guards at end pro- tect trees Sizes, 1 horse to 3 horse. Writeto hy for our free book "The Acme Way to Crops That Pay." Duane H. Nash Inc. Use Your Ford! ' GRIND YOUR FEED ' FILL YOUR SILO ' SAW YOUR WOOD ' SHELL YOUR CORN ' PUMP YOUR WATER ELEVATE YOUR ORAIN Ward Work-a-Ford Gives you a 12 h. p. engine for less than the cost of a 2 h. p. Ford builds the best engine in the world- it will outlast the car — and you might as well save your money and use it to do all your farm work. No wear on tires or transmission. Hooks up in 3 minutes. No permanent attachment to car. Cannot injure car or engine. Friction Clutch Pulley on end of shaft. Ward Gover- nor, run by fan belt, gives perfect control. Money back if not satisfied. Ask for circular and special price. WARD TRACTOR CO., 2073 H St., Lincoln, Neb. BETTER FRUIT leaves intimately associated with a single bud. while on the year wood there is but a single leaf subtending each bud. Consequently, il is to he ex- pected that the elaborated food supply would become abundant al an earlier dale in the region of the larger leal' area. Hence, the fact that these buds arc formed at an earlier date indicates that their formation is associated with the elaborated food supply. In our deciduous tree fruits, regard- less of whether the fruit buds are formed on one-year wood or on spurs, they are usually found in that region of the tree in which the largest leaf area has the best exposure to the light. This is the region in which the greatest elaborated food manufacture is going on, and is another indication of the association of elaborated food manu- facture and fruit-bud formation. 2. The influence of removing a ring of bark, or partially girdling the tree, upon the formation of fruit buds in the tree is another indication of conditions in the tree essential to fruit-bud forma- tion. When we cut through the bark, it becomes impossible for any elaborated food from the leaves to pass down into the roots, since the elaborated food is transported through bark. Consequent- ly, such a treatment will usually soon lead to the accumulation of elaborated food in the top of the tree. In such trees, a large number of fruit buds are almost invariably formed. We have often seen trees almost girdled by win- ter injury, which during the following summer formed flower parts in almost every bud on the tree. 3. Finally chemical annalysis has shown that fruit buds are formed on those spurs and branches which show the highest percentage of starch stored during the winter. While this work has been carried on only on a very limited scale, results that have been obtained in those instances in which it has been done entirely bear out the theory that fruit buds are formed when the elabo- rated food supply is abundant. From a consideration of all these facts, we reach but one conclusion, namely, that whatever the real cause of fruit-bud formation may be, it is very closely associated with the elaborated food supply. We must emphasize again, however, that it is a relative abundance of elaborated food as compared to the raw food from the roots, rather than the absolute amount, that is correlated with fruit-bud formation. The question that naturally arises then in connection with such a dis- cussion is this, What is the practical application of this study of fruit buds? How, if at all, is orchard practice to be regulated by this knowledge of condi- tions in the tree associated with fruit- hud formation? 1. How are we to induce fruit-bud formation in very vigorously growing trees that have reached bearing age, but do not produce blossoms? We must work for a relative abundance of elabo- rated food in the tree. The methods of regulating elaborated food supply may be grouped under two heads. (1) Regu- lating leaf area, and its exposure to the light. (2) Regulating the intake of raw February "Pumps For L Every Service is the tide of our very latest book \ onfarmpumps.Desrribespumps k for farm water supply, irriga- , tion, mechanical milking sys- i tern and many other uses- one for every purpose and for ' every kindof power. Send for jt. And ask our Service Dent, —free — tohelpyou seleetthe 1 ptimp for your needs from the 300 styles and sizes of »J ommms Guaranteed. Backed by 65 years'pump-niakirtir experience. Write to- day to Dept. 44 t TheGonldsMfg.Co. Main) >ifk<_-,v\\ ork' i SeaecaFalU.N.Y. Branches- New York Boston FnUadelphia Chicago I Pittsburgh , Houston 1 Atlanta Fi^. JSP gpSfS Hamilton Made HAYING HQSQ "The Standard "f America" Will spray your trees for several years at one cost. A trial will convince you. 1/ //Doffor»t Spray Hose in 50 ft. lengths /2 rerietl coupled. 6ply. ^''Sterlingworth.^Pe^s0561" Either kind stands 600 lbs test. For any power or hand sprayer. $15.00 for lOO Feet Cash with order Express prepaid. Immediate shipment. HAMILTON RUBBER MFG. COMPANY 203 Meade Street, Trenton, N.J. rlONORBtlT WORK SHOES Ask your dealer for Mayer Shoes. Look for the trade-mark on sole. F. Mayer Boot & Shoe Co. Milwaukee, Wis. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ip iS BETTER FRUIT Page 2j material from the soil. Leaf area will be regulated by the pruning which the tree receives. This pruning should be such as to stimulate as far as is consistent with tree form, the formation of that portion of the tree which produces the greatest leaf area relative to the amount of wood growth. With most kinds of fruit, this is the spurs. Any type of pruning which tends to reduce the number of spurs, tends to reduce the relative leaf area, and reduces the tendency to form fruit buds on spurs. Winter pruning reduces the potential leaf area by removing buds that would otherwise have formed leaves, hence tends to delay bearing. No pruning at all will usually result in the largest leaf area, and consequently an entirely un- pruned tree will usually come into bearing first. Needless to say, however, we cannot afford to allow our trees to become badly out of shape to get a small amount of fruit somewhat earlier. Our pruning should be such as to allow the largest number of leaves possible, per unit of wood present, with the best possible light exposure, and still keep the tree in shape. Pruning is not the only consideration in bringing about the formation of fruit buds. One of the easiest ways to in- crease the relative amount of elabo- rated food is to lessen the intake through the roots. If irrigation is prac- ticed, allow the ground to dry out somewhat during late summer. If clean cultivation has been given, dimin- ish it for a year or two. If the soil is very rich, and the trees vigorous, it may be advisable to plant a grain crop for one or two years. Anything that will cut down the moisture supply for the trees will tend toward fruit-bud formation. This kind of treatment, with pruning that will leave a good leaf area, should be successful in in- ducing fruit-bud formation in trees that do not bloom. 2. But how about the treatment for those trees which tend to produce a great crop of bloom, but lack vigor to mature a good crop of fruit? Usually in such trees we find a large number of spurs, with a considerable leaf area, while the soil is somewhat depleted. The leaves receive enough raw food from the roots to manufacture some elaborated food, and fruit buds are formed, but the large number of buds with the small raw food intake renders the elaborated food supply too small to mature fruit. Again, the treatment must be two fold. The number of buds must be reduced, and the root intake must be stimulated. Rather than re- moving all the buds from certain parts of the tree, it is essential that we re- move some of the buds from nil over the tree. In other words, instead of removing a few big limbs, we must re- move a large number of small twins and spurs from all parts of the tree. The stimulous of the pruning comes in that part of the tree in which the prun- ing is given, and if the buds thai are lel'l are to receive more food from the roots, other buds adjacent to them rnusl be removed. The Final Test Are you producing clean fruit at low cost? This is the final test of your methods. In the fall it is too late to repair errors. Now is the time to review last season's results and plan for the future. Latimer's Dry Arsenate of Lead Will help you produce cleaner fruit. We can convince you of this. Use Latimer's Dry on only a part of your orchard the first year. Compare your results. Then you will know. High combined arsenate makes Latimer's Dry quick to kill. Extreme fineness gives covering power and adhesiveness. Uniformity in composition assures uniform results. The Latimer Chemical Company GRAND JUNCTION, COLO. Box Strapping That Satisfies Protect your fruit Acme Strapping. Other styles as well. Write for Catalog. NI'F'D BY Acme Steel Goods Co FACTORY 2840 Archer Ave., Chicago BRANCH 311 California St.. San Fancisco Order "Acme Dot Embossed." A strap applied with nails. 300 feet to a coil— 20 coils in a case. ^StrelGooMC. »I[| ., 'ITER FRUIT Page 28 BETTER FRUIT EL -E5L GRAVE LYS fif CELEBRATED Real CHewing Plug Made Strictly for its Qtcwtncj Qualify Before the Invention of our Patent Air Proof Poucft Many Dealers Could Not Keep tbe Flavor and Freshness In REAL GRAVELY PLUG TOBACCO. Now the Patent Pouch Keep? U Fresh and Clean and Good. A Little Chew of Gravely Is Enough and Lasts Longer than a big chew pf ordinary plug. J?S3.9rawtyTo0accoCo, Am/f.ft.-"?gJgHtp f */ "•//// W^> w HERE IS THE SLOTH-THE ANIMAL THAT SHUTS HIS EVES TO EVERYTHING. HE MISSES A LOT- AND SO DOES THE MAN WHO SHUTS HIS EYES TO MY GOOD NEWS ABOUT . — T03ACCO. 1 ' LOOK FOR THE PROTECTION SEAL IT IS NOT REAL GRAVELY WITHOUT THIS SEAL The progressive fruitgrower is interested not so much in the idle claims made in advertising Arsenate of Lead, but he is intensely interested in the actual results to be obtained from the use of the various brands. Read the label on a Eeg of Dow Lead Arsenate Paste and then compare the GUARANTEED analysis with that of any other brand. Also ask the man who used it. For a product that goes easily into supension, remains longest in suspension, for the lowest per cent of soluble Arsenic Oxide (the burning property) and for persist- ent uniformity, compare the DOW BRAND with any other make. Write for booklet. THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY MIDLAND, MICHIGAN U. S. A. Turn siump land into Money HAND POWER. 1^4 Stump ! 4^ Puller Increase your acreage and thereby increase your income. Clear your stump land cheaply. No expense for teams or powder. One man with a can outpull 16 horses. Works by leverage — same principle as a jack. 100 lbs. pull on the lever gives a 48-ton pull on the /" stump. Made of the finest steel— guaranteed against f*' breakage. Endorsed by U. S. Government experts. k Write today for special offer and free booklet on Land Clearing Works eqally well on hillsides and marshes where horses cannot operate WALTER J. FITZPATRICK Box 104 182 Fifth St., San Franciico. CaL ■>• Si February In connection with the reduction in the number of buds in all parts of the tree, the soil must be so managed that root intake will be stimulated. If any element of fertility is lacking, it should be supplied in the form of fertilizer. Barnyard manure is always good for trees in this condition. Especially are cover crops valuable to improve the condition and fertility of the soil. If the orchard has been in sod, cultivation will be advisable. Soil treatment for such trees is fully as essential as the pruning given. 3. Finally, how does this knowledge of fruit-bud formation help us to deal with the alternate bearing habit of many varieties of apples and pears? It is essential that we maintain condi- tions in the tree such that fruit buds will be formed every year, if the tree is to bear every year. If the tree is al- lowed to produce a very heavy crop one year, it is extremely likely that so much elaborated food will be used up in de- veloping the fruit that very few, if any, fruit buds will be formed. Hence, it is essential that we so thin the fruit that an excessive crop is never produced. It is also essential that in thinning, all the fruit be removed from many of the spurs, for a spur will usually not pro- duce fruit buds during the same year it matures a fruit. Finally, the thinning should be done as early as possible. Fruit-bud formation begins by July 1, and thinning should be completed as soon after this as possible. This method of thinning, with regular pruning and cultural treatments, should go far to- ward preventing trees from assuming the alternate-bearing habit. When the habit is once firmly established, it is very hard to break. In conclusion, then, we may say that in all our orchard operations we should bear in mind how they will affect the conditions of nutrition in the tree, and how these conditions will affect fruit- bud formation. Each orchard, and in fact, each tree presents a different problem. We must bear in mind the conditions we are seeking to bring about in the trees, and regulate out- pruning and cultural practices accord- ingly. Unload Freight Quickly Mr. McAdoo, Director General of Railroads, has just issued a most ear- nest appeal to shippers and to everyone in any way interested in freight trans- portation to unload and release cars with all possible expedition. He calls attention to the circum- stance thoughtlessly overlooked by the average shipper that every hour a car is detained unnecessarily adds danger- ously to freight congestion and is more instrumental than any other one thing in causing disastrous freight blockades. Individual shippers are apt to feel that an hour or two, or possibly a day, does not amount to much, while the haste necessary would inconvenience him considerably and entail additional cost. He forgets that a hundred thou- sand others are feeling and acting the same way, that the aggregate delay means hundreds of thousands of days WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT IQlS BETTER FRUIT Page 29 of lost efficiency, and that this stupen- dous waste causes the congestion that finally breaks down the system. Mr. McAdoo is not making this appeal through any considerations of personal gain or profit to the railroads, but as a matter of patriotism and national safety. The highest possible efficiency of the railroads of the nation is abso- lutely necessary to put this country where it must stand if it is to carry on successfully the great struggle in which it is now involved. Every thoughtless citizen, merchant, shipper, business man who takes one hour needlessly out of the combined force necessary for success is just as guilty — possibly with- out realizing it — as the criminal who pulls a brick from the foundation of a great structure. Comparatively few need be thus removed to bring the whole mass down in terrible wreck, and this is what, by the Director Gen- eral's appeal, he is earnestly struggling to avoid. Every patriotic citizen in the nation should get behind him with earnest and vigorous support, and it can be done in no more effective man- ner than by exercising the utmost effort to unload and release freight cars with- out an unnecessary moment's delay. Rice Recipes Left-Over Rice Although rice has remarkable food value, it has little individual taste, and so takes on the flavor of the dish with which it is combined. This quality makes rice an excellent foundation for milk and cheese dishes, or combination with meat, chicken and fish in stews. Rice can be combined with any vege- table, made into a variety of desserts, used to thicken soups or mixed with wheat flour or cornmeal in bread mak- ing. Even a spoonful left over can be stirred into bread, mixed in chicken stuffing or dropped in the soup pot. Left-over rice may be browned in fat for breakfast or made into cakes by adding an egg, a little milk, flour to thicken and a teaspoon of baking pow- der. These rice cakes are delicious with syrup. Rice Cornbread Cooked rice can be used in any corn- bread dough. It adds lightness to the bread. From the rice growers of Louisiana comes this recipe for rice cornbread: 3 eggs, 1 pint milk, IV2 cups boiled rice, 1% cups cornmeal, 2 teaspoons fat, 1 teaspoon salt, 1 tea- spoon baking powder. Beat eggs very light, add milk and other materials. Beat hard and bake in shallow greased pan in hot oven. Rice Hash Put in a pan one cup each of boiled rice, cooked meat cut fine, and hot water. Season with one teaspoon each of salt, chile pepper, and chopped onion. Boil fifteen minutes. Baked Hash of Rice and Meat Put in a stew-pan one cup each of chopped meat, cooked rice and milk, two tablespoons of fat, one teaspoon of salt, one-fourth of a teaspoon of pep- REX Lime Sulphur Solution Soluble Spray Oil Arsenate of Lead, Paste Arsenate of Lead, Powder Sul-paste (for Mildew control) Friend Spray Guns The big 6, the most efficient agents for control of insect life and all essential to the production of Perfect Fruit. Write your nearest company for prices and information. Payette Valley Rex Spray Company, Ltd., Payette, Idaho Yakima Rex Spray Company, Yakima, Wash. Wenatchee Rex Spray Company, Wenatchee, Wash. ORANGES APPLES PEARS For European Distribution. Boxed Apples and Pears a Specialty. GERALD DA COSTA 100 & 101, Long Acre, Covent Garden, London, W. C. 2, England Cables: "Geracost, London." Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Private. Shipping Agents: Lunham & Moore, Produce Exchange, New York. Get My New Prices for 1918! On Spreaders —Tractors— Engines— Separators Q Find out and satisfy yourself how much you can save by getting your farm imple- ments direct from Galloway— the maker. This direct dealing is actually buying at wholesale, and even less, and saves you 25C& to 50% oneverything you need on the farm —Spreaders, Tractors, Engines, Separators, Wagons, Implements, Vehicles. 1 11 tell you why you can save by direct buying in my big, free book. I'll also tell you where the extra money goes— the money you save by dealing direct with the manufacturer. WriteforMyFreeBookThatKeepsthe Prices Down It's the greatest bargain book ever published, and will save my farmer Wends thousands and thousands of dollars. Write me for the book today. A postal will do. Let this book be your buying guide and save you $200 to $500 on your summer purchases. Don't hesitate. Dont put it off — but send tonight for my big money-saving book. Advantageous shipping points save you freight. KM. 6»U.0rY,',r, Pell., KM. CALLOWAY CO..[Cb7CAU0W«r STATION, WATERLOO, IOWA HftaMta '2-4 to IS H.f. RHODES DOUBLE CUT .PBUNING SHI „ rRHODESMFG. L S20 s. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. THE only * pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and docs not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 30 BETTER FRUIT Ridley,Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON Points to remember when consigning apples to the London'Market Specialists in Apples CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON February per. Stir for one minute, then add a well-beaten egg. Turn the hash into a baking dish and bake twenty minutes. Roast Goose or Duck Stuffing Four onions, four apples, four leaves each of sage and thyme; fry these in two tablespoons of fat till brown; add boiled rice until of a desired stiffness. Season with salt, pepper and cayenne. Codfish Balls With Rice One pint of codfish, two pints of po- tatoes, one cup of boiled rice, one table- spoon of fat, two beaten eggs, three teaspoons of milk. Mix together and make into balls and fry in deep fat. Serve hot. Rice Stew Boil together one can of English peas, one-half cup of rice, one teaspoon of salt, pepper to taste, one tablespoon of fat, and one cup of sweet milk. Thicken with flour. Serve very hot in a hot dish. Cover the top with grated cheese before sending to the table. LESLIE BUTLER. President TRUMAN BUTLER. Vice President C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier Member Federal Reserve System Butler Banking Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON Capital . $100,000.00 4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VALLEY EW.BALTESAND COMPANY Printers ♦ Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON "The Housekeepers' Apple Book," by Miss L. Gertrude Mackay, published by Little, Brown & Company, Boston, price 75 cents, postage extra, is a very inter- esting and valuable book for every housekeeper. If a large sale and dis- tribution of this book could be made it would certainly be a factor in increas- ing the consumption of apples. The average family, properly supplied with apples for eating fresh and as dessert, will consume two boxes a month during the winter months. There are from ten to twelve thousand fruit growers in the Northwest. If every fruit grower would buy three or four of these books and send to his friends or relatives in the cities in the East, such a method could easily be a factor in creating a sale for nearly half a million boxes extra. Those who receive the book would undoubtedly speak of it to others and in this way consumption would still further be increased. It is sur- prising to see how many apples a family will eat when they learn to serve them many different ways. The editor's family consume about a box of apples every week during the season. Cull potatoes make profitable pork. earnCAN$50i00day WITH THE Gearless Improved Standard Well Drilling Machine Drills through any formation. Five years ahead of any other. Has reeord of drilling 130 feet and driving easing in 9 hours. Another reeord where 70 feet was drilled on 2% gallons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can operate. Electrically equipped for running nights. Fishing job. Engine ignition. Catalogue v\-8. REIERSON MACHINERY CO.. Mfe-, 1395-97 Kood St., Portland, Ore. 00D SEEDS GOOD AS CAN BE GROWN Prices Below All Others I will give a lot of new sorts free with every order I fill. Buy and test. Return if not O. K.— money refunded. Big Catalog FREE Over 700 illustrations of vege- tables and flowers. Send yours and your neighbors' addresses. R. H. SHUMWAY, Rockford, ML WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 300 Pounds Pressure Guaranteed Fruit-Fog Sprayers are tested to500 lbs. They are posit ively guaranteed tomaintain 300 lbs. working pressure at full rated capacity. Every part of the equipment is built to give en- during service underhigh pressure. Hand Sprayers The smaller outfits are built to give maximum pressure with a mimimum of power to operate. Whether yon own a few trees or a large ■■■ re i.^ a HayL-a .r you, Hinil out FRUIT-FOC Sprayen Amazing Yields from FRUIT-FOGGED Trees! Rid your trees of life-sucking insects and diseases! Keep them clean with FRUIT-FOG! Behold your ordinary trees producing bountiful yields of clean, sound fruit! Some experts claim that 47 of the fruit damage, due to diseases and pests, is done by hidden pests. Ordinary, heavy, low-pressure spraying can't reach those hidden lairs, where crop-destruction breeds. FRUIT-FOG, the super-spray, produces such amazing results because it roots out all these hidden pests and diseases that infest microscopical crevices and niches in bark, foliage and buds. Look for a FRUIT-FOG orchard in your locality and prove it. Hayes Fruit-Fog GUN f (Fully Patented) Big success where time and speed is the impor- tant factor. One man handles full capacity of power sprayer. Combines convenience and labor saving with the wonder- f u 1 thoroughness o f FRUIT-FOG, the super- fine high pressure spray. One man does 4 dayfl work in 1. Simple twist shoots long spray to top of trees or wide spray for close work. Half turn opens wide or shuts tight. Made of high grade brass. Mechanic- ally perfect. Fully (Tl O guaranteed. t^^ FRUIT-FOC SPRAYERS FRUIT-FOG is like a fog or mist. Its amazing results are due to fineness— not to FORCE! Gives greater capacity with the same size nozzle. Being super- tine it will not knock off leavesor flowers like heavy, coarse, low-pressure sprays. FRUIT-FOG envelops everything with a fog of solution. It works in and around the foliage— filters into tiniest crevices in bark; gets under bud scales; beneath fleshy stamens of apple blossoms; reaches both top and bottom of leaves! FRUIT-FOG deposits a light film of solu- tion over everything— enough to quickly exterminate all diseases and pests without injury to the trees. Will not form drops which run off. This means a big saving. FRUIT-FOG is most economical. It re- quires only a small amount of solution. A season's saving in solution cost alone will amaze you! 68-PAGE CATALOG AND BIG SPRAYER MANUAL FREE! For many years we have specialized on this work. One result of our experience is Fruit-Fog. the superfine spray that is working wonders iii American orchards. Another is our remarkable Spraying Manual. This book tells all the newest ideas of spraying. Explains what to use! — when to spray!— how to make solutions, etc.! The man who uses Fruit-Fog and this Guide will get wonderful results. We will send this manual free— with a copy of our beautiful, new 68-page catalog, the very latest book on modern spraying apparatus— to any grower who mails the coupon. There is no obligation. Sign and mail the coupon now. HAYES PUMP & PLANTER CO. Dept. K, GALVA. ILLINOIS Specialists on Spraying and Spray Apparatus HAYES PUMP & PLANTER CO. Dept. K, Galva, III. Please send me your Spraying Uai beautiful 69 page satalofi on Hayes Fniit-Fog Sprayers. ,i i„: r ■ i . Sprayer !..■! ■ ii. i ■ sprayer [~\ Small Powei Large PowerSprayer i Mm'! and So WHEN WRI : TSERS MENU >KUIT A MESSAGE In conformity with the suggestion and at the request of the National Food Administration under the direction of MR. HERBERT C. HOOVER ASSISTED BY Messrs. G. Harold Powell and E. W. J. Hearty IN THE FRUIT DIVISION Steinhardt & Kelly NEW YORK desire to advise the trade in general, and their out-of-town customers in particular, that their entire holdings of purchased apples and other fruits, will, during the dur- ation of this war, be only sold within the limits of the Metropolitan district for consumption and use by the people of Greater New York. Under no circumstances will we allow any of our salesmen to sell to speculators, our sincere intention being to get as close to the actual consumer as legitimate business tactics will permit. Being unquestionably the largest holders of box apples in the country, it will be our earnest endeavor to keep prices on an even, equitable basis of values and we will permit no manipulation of our holdings that might tend to create abnormal prices. To prove our sincerity at this critical time in our country's history, we will not, during the war, allow a single car of our holdings, no matter where stored, to be diverted from New York to other markets for speculative purposes. The pyramiding of prices as practiced in some industries at this time is a crime against the nation of which we trust no firm in the fruit and produce trade will be guilty. We feel certain that our stand in this matter will result in stabilizing values, thereby bringing fruits, which are so necessary and healthful, to consumers at a fair and reasonable price. Steinhardt & Kelly NEW YORK WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT \~s BETTER FRUIT Volume XII MAKCH, 1918 Number 9 1-wheat use more corn 2-meat use more fish Sr beans 3-fats use just enough 4-sugar use syrups and serve the cause of freedom U. S. FOOD ADMINISTRATION EAT MORE FRUIT AND SAVE OTHER FOODS BETTER FRUIT PUBLISH 1XG COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, HOOD RIVER, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents SP8££ MATERIALS ORCHARD BRAND ARSENATE OF LEAD IS USED FOR KILLING CODLING MOTH AND CHEWING INSECTS. This is one of the important materials used in spraying trees. The Mechanical or Physical condition of Arsenate of Lead is of more importance than usually realized. Coarse, gummy mater- ials cannot be easily mixed or kept in good suspension in the spray tank. A fine Mechanical or Physical condition is one of the great merits of our Arsenate of Lead. As now manufactured, it can be readily stirred in the orig- inal container into a creamy con- sistency and put directly into i he spray tank, without the trouble of rubbing to a thin paste, as is necessary with other makes. This saves TIME in preparing, insures good suspension in the spray tank, which means an even distribution of a thin film of poison over the surface of the sprayed area and obtaining satisfactory results. Orchard Brand Powdered Ar- senate of Lead is double the strength of the Paste, and when used in water only one-half the quantity of the preparation is re- quired. It is finely divided, fluffy, white powder that mixes readily with water and remains in good suspension when diluted in spray tank. To control Codling Moth and similar insects, use 2 pounds to 100 gallons of water. It may be used for dusting truck crops and other plants by combining it with Land Plaster, air-soaked lime or flour. When combined with these.care should be exercised to thoroughly mix the materials in order to get a uniform coating of poison. General Chemical Co. Insecticide Dept. SAN FRANCISCO ix Hardie Orchard Gun $12«-° Here it is, the new Hardie Spray Gun that is revolutionizing spraying methods. Does the work quicker and easier than ever before. This device shoots an enveloping spray, carrying the spray to the tree tops. Takes the place of the cumber- some spray rods and tower. With the Hardie Orchard Gun you can spray all day and hardly notice it. Spray easily regulated. No complicated parts to get out of order. Lasts for years. Made by Hardie Manufacturing Company, manufactur- ers of Hardie hand and power sprayers and spray- ing devices for over 18 years. See one at your dealer's or send direct to us. Guaranteed satis- factory or money back. Hardie Spray Pump Without question the simplest pump ever put on a sprayer; gives high pressure and big capacity — smooth- est working, saves gasoline. Many growers are increas- ing the capacity of their sprayers by pu tting on Hardie -pray pumps. Easy to install and made in sizes to fit your needs. Same design pump as used on the famous line of Hardie Power Sprayers. Contains all Hardie fea- tures such as Manganese steel crankshaft, phosphor bronze bearings, threadless valve cages and pressure legulator— an integral part of the pump. The one pump that has made good everywhere. "Write for Hardie Catalog. Describes Hardie 1918 sprayers and spraying devices. Know about the Hardie line before you buy. THE HARDIE MANUFACTURING CO. Hudson, Mich. Branches in Portland, Ore.; Kansas City, Mo.; Hagerstown, Mi.; Brockport, N. Y. Get My New Prices for 1918! On Spreaders —Tractors— Engines— Separators "> Find out and satisfy yourself how much you can save by getting your farm imple- ments direct from Galloway— the maker. This direct dealing is actually buying at wholesale, and even less, and saves you 25C« to 50% on everything you need on the farm —Spreaders, Tractors, Engines, Separators, Wagons, Implements, Vehicles. 1 11 tell ■ you why you can save by direct buying in my big, free book. 1 11 also tell you where the extra money goes— the money you save by dealing direct with the manufacturer. WriteforMyFreeBookThat Keepsthe PricesDown iw. *v. neatest bargain book ever published, and will save my farmet friends thousands and thousands of dollars. Write me for the book today. A postal will do. Let this book be your buying euide and save you $200 to $500 on your summer purchases. Don't hesitate. Dont put it cT — but send tonight for my biff money-savins book. Advantageous shipping points save you freight. WM. GALLOWAY, Prtfc, WM. CALLOWAY CO., II S7GAUQWAT STATION, WATERLOO, IOWA H. P.. -Ilp*^0' THE GOLDEN GATE WEED CUTTER Greatest Weed Cuttor on the Market Today Cuts seven feet or less, weighs 230 pounds and Is all made of steel. The Golden Gate Weed Cutter is the greatest of its kind on the market. For workmanship, simplicity and durability it cannot be excelled, as it does its w»rk to perfection. Those who are using it say that no money could buy it if they could not get another. It not only cuts all kinds of weeds, but culti- vates the ground as well. One user said that It has saved him $20'i 00, as he did not have to plow after using. Write for free descriptive circular and list of testimonials from those who have purchased machines and praise it in every way. Manufactured by C. C. SIGURD Capital Ave. and McKee Road San Jose, Cal. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT STREET Phones: Main 2348 a 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON MARK LEVY & CO. Commission Merchants Wholesale Fruits 121-123 Front St. and 200 Washington St. PORTLAND, OREGON Pittsburgh Perfect Cement COfttfid NdJlS are of the njgnest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY. Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California W. van Diem Lange Franken Straat 45,47,49, 51,61 ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND European Receivers of American Fruits Eldest and First-Class House in this Branch Cable Address: W. Vandiem ABC Code used; 5th Edition Our Specialties Are Apples, Pears, Naval Oranges ARCADIA America 's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON ORCHARDISTS SUPPLY HOUSE Franz Hardware Co. HOOD RIVER, ORE. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 4 BETTER FRUIT March DO YOU KNOW That nitr°8en is the real ener6'zer in practically all 1 lkU fertilizers. That in most fertilizers tne nitro2en is not available lll<*1 untii changed to a nitrated form, resulting in your having to wait for nature to act. That in NITRATE OF SODA- already in nitrated form, no delay is experienced, the 15% nitrogen— equal to 18% ammonia— being Immediately Available. TRY IT THIS SPRING Remember— Food Will Win the War NITRATE AGENCIES CO. LEARY BUILDING, SEATTLE Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.Pearson Co.jnc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bldg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON E A CONOMY in buying is getting the ^ ^ *. . « best value for the money, not always in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS °r S^son for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. T7< T IADTI ITV behind the good is HiLiliiDlljll 1 added value. You can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. A T'TQIT" A r'TTAXT Is assured by our Allor A^lll->X> long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. RIGINALITY ^.^SKiS tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson — meantime you play safe. R S o NAILS A I L THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Was created mainly to help business men and farmers. To provide plenty of cur- rency at all times. To effect a steadier supply of credit. Secure these benefits by banking with us. Ladd&Tilton Bank PORTLAND, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING Growing Vegetables for the Cannery and Evaporator By A. G. B. Bouquet, Division of Horticulture, Section of Vegetable Gardening, Oregon Agricultural College TIME was when vegetables were of minor importance in the packing of various horticultural products in canneries, and more recently in evaporators. The packing of a few vegetables was done between the hand- ling of fruits and so helped to keep the plant running more uniformly and somewhat enlarged the output. This situation has now been considerably changed, for the quality of Oregon pro- ducts being more widely and favorably known and with vegetables playing an important part in the feeding of the warring nations, there has been an in- creased activity in the vegetable mar- ket and the packs in all canneries have been greatly enlarged. At the present time the Oregon output is of consider- able importance, and offers to the vege- table grower a market for all or part of his crop which formerly did not exist. Vegetable growers are interested in the welfare and advancement of the can- ning and evaporating industries, for they have made it possible for them to grow many tons of perishable produce and many growers have been in a large measure dependent upon the factories for the sale of their products. In view of the somewhat limited opportunities for marketing fresh vegetables in the markets of the state, the cannery and evaporator have stimulated production in districts where they are operating and elsewhere, and in case of a glut on the market of a certain vegetable this crop could be diverted to a factory handling it for the purpose of process- ing it. With some crops such as celery there is a great amount of waste due to the strippings of the stalks in the prepara- tion of the bunches for the crates. I saw in a celery field recently strippings which I later figured to be worth not less than two hundred dollars to the grower at the price ordinarily paid for celery, namely, thirty dollars per ton. In the case of some other crops such as onions, the smaller bulbs which may be graded out for lack of size would make just as good onions for dehydrating as the larger bulbs. Cabbage that is burst slightly will be as fully acceptable as that which is solid if the cabbage is going to the kraut factory. Oregon has already made a reputa- tion for itself in the vegetables which it has packed and is packing. A letter to me recently from a cannery manager here in the state reveals the fact that, according to one of the best authorities on the subject, the Northwest will be looked for in the future for the largest amount of string beans in the country. What is true of the quality of the beans is true of practically all of our canned vegetables. Premium prices, or prices above par, have been paid for Oregon products. The growth of the industry is on an upward grade and undoubtedly will continue in its growth. As far as the success of the cannery or evaporator is concerned it is neces- sary, for the greatest economy, to have the same located in an area where vege- tables of all kinds may be suitably grown. A strictly fruit-growing area may not be well suited to vegetables and vice versa. Some of our best vege- table-growing districts in the state are at the present time producing little fruit, so that the factory may not al- ways be able to be so located as to be supplied with both kinds of products from nearby territory. Growers should be able to receive more money if the majority of the produce is nearby grown, so that the factory is not put to the expense of paying costly freight bills, as some of our factories are forced to do, going even into other states in order to get their raw material. Our problems in regard to this business do not lie in the ability of the soil and climate here to produce quality vege- tables, if the grower will do his part in proper production and delivery. Where one knows the price that he will obtain for a certain crop and he is sure of the market where it is to be sold, growing a vegetable under con- tract will be found satisfactory and ordinarily profitable, provided, how- ever, the grower meets the conditions that are necessary for producing vege- tables of good quality, obtains no less than a normal yield, and delivers the product in suitable condition. The suc- cess of the grower in these particulars and the prosperity of the factory are, therefore, two correlated factors. The success of the one cannot be accom- plished without the success of the other. Two important factors in profitable vegetable gardening on a contract basis or for a co-operative concern are: (1) The securing of a normal yield or more than a normal yield, and (2) the re- duction of the items in the cost of pro- duction to a minimum When no more than the contract price is to be ob- tained it can readily be seen that, to put this business on a profitable basis, there must be obtained a certain ton- nage which will offset the cost of pro- duction and give the grower a reason- able profit. I will refer to this propo- sition a little later on. One of the greatest problems in the relation of the factory to the grower at the present time, or at any other time, is the amount of raw material that will be delivered to the factory by the grower. Very often this is a shortage rather than an oversupply. The fac- tory management is never certain of their possibilities of securing their needs of the raw products. This uncer- tainty was well exemplified by this last season's pack, when, due to the dry summer season and the late spring, many vegetable areas failed entirely to deliver anything near a normal yield. One acreage of beets, for example, that normally would have given an average yield from forty-five acres produced no more than would be obtained from ten acres. In a similar way, another can- nery found that the pack of string beans this year did not equal the output of last year, although the contract of acre- age was almost twice as large as in 1916. This shortage of delivery may be due to classes of factors — one control- able and the other uncontrolable. Un- favorable weather conditions are be- yond our dictation, but we can have something to say about soil selection, soil fertilization, maintenance of moist- ure, planting and caring for the crop, and the conditions of the vegetables at delivery. Crop shortage is unprofit- able to the grower and disappointing to the factory which relies upon him to fill a contract delivery, the plant in turn being looked to for a definite supply by the brokers or jobbers. The con- trolable factors affecting what kind of a delivery will be made and whether vegetable growing for the factory is profitable or not are some of the im- portant problems which I have in mind. Concerning the distribution of seed to growers, I do not doubt but that considerable care is used in getting the best that can be obtained. It is well to bear in mind, however, that merely the question of what variety is to be dis- tributed is not entirely solving the seed problem from the grower's standpoint. Of great importance is the question of the seed strains, the quality of which may be good, bad or indifferent. Recent field trials by experiment stations show that the differences in the yield and type of different strains of the same variety are caused entirely by the quality and breeding of the strain to such an extent that in grow- ing cabbage, for instance, the market- able value of one strain would be worth twice as much as that of another, the poor strains not paying the cost of pro- duction of the crop grown from them. Just what plan is to be followed in buying seed to secure the best is not for me to say here, but it is of the utmost importance that more attention be given to seed quality and seed strains which are to be given growers to plant. The question of what beets your grower Page 6 BETTER FRUIT March delivers to you is not so much of one whether he is growing Detroit Dark Red or Early Model or some other vari- ety, but more of a question of uni- formity of color and shape and quality, which are not characters of any one variety any more than may be brought about by the care in selection of a good strain. It cannot be too strongly urged upon factory managers to use every possible precaution to select seed of the highest quality for their growers. This part of the business lies in the hands of the factory. We must educate the farmer also to be willing to pay more money for seed that costs more money to grow and upon which is spent extra time and money in selection. It is well to realize that in growing a vegetable for market the cost of the seed is from one- twentieth to one-hundredth of the gross receipts. Here, then, is one of the smallest items in the cost of production and yet one of the most important. It is unreasonable for us to expect a high- grade product at an unreasonably low price. It may not always be that the price charged and the quality of the commodity are commensurate, but as a general rule there is usually a suitable degree of parallelism between the two. Going back for a moment to the ques- tion of a proli table yield, it is noticed that this has always been one of the reasons why in many eases growers have not made money in growing vege- tables on a contract basis or for co- operative concerns. With beets at .$25 to $30 per ton, it is necessary that there be a yield of two tons before the crop is paid for and profits are begun to be realized. It will cost approxi- mately eight dollars per ton to raise the crop. If cabbage is grown there must be a yield of five tons before a profit is started, for it will cost approxi- mately six dollars to grow the crop. Ordinarily half of the gross receipts of a normal yield will equal the cost of production, although this will vary with the individual vegetable, but when the yield is above normal there is less cost per ton in production and the net receipts are greater. If good yields are necessary to put the vegetable business on a profitable basis, they can only be obtained by an observation of the fol- lowing: (1) The proper choice of a crop for the soil or a soil for the crop. (2) Fertilization sufficient for the crop needs. (3) The best preparation of the ground for the seed. (4) Proper seed- ing and maintenance of the crop. (5) Giving the crop due attention and not considering it of minor importance with other crops that are being grown in such a way that the vegetable is neglected. In any community where farmers are solicited to grow a few acres of vegetables for the factory, there are a number who, beyond the fact that they have had a home vegetable garden, have never produced vegetables on an acre basis. They do not realize the in- tricacies of vegetable growing as a busi- ness and possible underestimate the necessary conditions under which a vegetable will best grow. Possibly it is taken for granted that farmer A or B knows just the best method of growing so many acres of beets, beans, carrots, or what not. Alter seed is furnished him he may or may not be left to his own resources of selection of land, best methods of fertilization and cultivation, etc. Is it not a wonder that our fac- tories do as well as they do in getting a uniform product in view of the vari- ation in conditions of growing? The discrepancies, therefore, that are to be noted in the yield of vegetables and the profits made by a grower are largely determined by the personal ex- perience, and the attention he gives to his vegetable growing and the condi- tions which he has provided for grow- ing the crop. Fortunately vegetable growing is no more than a one-season business, at the end of which mistakes which have been made can be rectified in the next year's work. I was talking recently to a traveling man who is in the habit of observing field conditions closely, and who mentioned an instance of the difference in yield which he ob- served where the same crop was grown under like conditions. In this case the railroad cut a certain field in two parts. On one side of the track the yield was twice that on the other side. This was due to nothing more nor less than the way in which the land had been farmed on the two respective portions of the tract. If the farmer is not a gardener by profession he may not fully understand the soil requirements for vegetables. He must study closely the relation of the soil to the vegetable and endeavor to harmonize the two. A Willamette Valley soil in good fertility may pro- duce satisfactory yields of grain, but planted to string beans, beets or cab- bage, or the like, the yield might be light and possible unprofitable. Land that has been built up with manure or cover crops is the only suitable soil for vegetables outside of those lands that are naturally fertile. There must be quality, size and appearance and yield in the crop, which cannot be done with soils of ordinary fertility. Commercial gardeners of the state, you will notice, are today operating on land that is slightly, if not very much, superior to the ordinary run of farm land — superior in texture and either in natural fertility or by actual fertiliza- tion. Many general farms have pieces of richer land than found on the rest of the farm, areas of swale and organic matter, which if well drained and utilized will make big yields of the best crop. These are the parts of the farm that can be made most profitable by growing vegetables. There are many hundreds of acres of land of organic nature in the state which will in the future be largely used for vegetables marketed fresh or delivered to can- neries or evaporators. Such land is exemplified by the Lake Labisch dis- trict near Salem, and the many acres in Northwestern Oregon from Portland to the Astoria coast. These lands, to- gether with other Columbia River acre- ages, are highly productive, are easily worked, and have unusual moisture- holding capacity The amount of vege- tables that could be produced on these lands ought to be fully sufficient to take care of the demand for such stuff by the factories. Cabbage, spinach, onions and celery can be safely counted on to produce large yields of these vegetables. Under most circumstances it would be possible to get two crops off the same area, using spinach, followed by cab- bage or celery. Such double cropping is possible when the soil is fertile and the first crop is a short season one. Early peas or beets make a good first crop, to be followed later by late cab- bage or late string beans, or possibly fall cauliflower. Fruit growers and farmers who have as their specialty crops other than vegetables but who are putting in a small acreage for the factory will have to consider the factors which I have mentioned in regard to a crop for the soil and what they can best grow with the cheapest labor. Crops that can usu- ally be grown between trees or that can be handled somewhat cheaply on land implanted to orchard are potatoes, cabbage, squash and possibly roots and onions. In a recent visit to the cabbage-grow- ing districts of a certain county I noticed many soils which were planted to this crop which, in my estimation, should never have seen a cabbage plant set on them. Many of these soils were lacking in moisture-holding capacity and general fertility. If possible to select such a soil, the land for vege- tables should be easy working, inex- pensive to prepare, given to holding considerable moisture and reasonably fertile. If the soil of a farmer who is figuring on growing vegetables for a factory does not begin to compare favorably with these characters, it had better be planted to something else. Last summer furnished a good illustra- tion of the fact that, no matter how rich the soil may be, its moisture was the determining factor in the yield of the same. With our dry summer the pos- sibility of supplying the crop with suffi- cient moisture is the dominating factor. In looking over the various cabbage fields which I mentioned there were but few in which there were normal yields of the same, the exceptions being in those cases in which the soil was of such a character so as to hold an unu- sual amount of moisture. In some cases, it was the inability of the farmer, due to the season, to put the land in proper condition that was responsible for the losses. If moisture is the potent factor then thorough spring preparation of the land is necessary. Clods must be crushed if the fullest value of the moist- ure is to be held. The soil that will not crush and pulverize will not ordinarily make vegetable growing profitable. The style of soil preparation for a grain bed will not suit a vegetable seed. Fall or winter plowing is to be en- couraged and the soil in the spring should be stirred constantly from the time that it is workable until planting time. It is necessary to use skillful cul- tivation if big yields are to be obtained. Soil fertility is one thing from the vege- table grower's standpoint and another thing from that of the general farmer. Good beans cannot be grown with the ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 best quality and yield on prairie land. It takes a fifty-bushel crop of wheat per acre to equal the amount of nitro- gen and phosphoric acid removed by an average crop of cabbage, turnips or onions, and the vegetables remove five times as much potash as the wheat in addition to a much larger amount of water. This means, therefore, that the yield is proportionate to the amount of available plant food that the soil has and its ability to conserve moisture. In the delta regions cabbage yields have been running this year as high as twenty-five and thirty tons per acre, the cabbage selling for fifteen dollars f.o.b. shipping point. This high yield is due to combination of the soil qual- ities that I have just mentioned. Manure is getting scarcer than it formerly was, which makes it almost necessary that more vegetable land be cover-cropped and built up by green manures. In this way we can use much less manure than we have been using in the past. In a discussion of the sub- ject "Can Vegetables Be Grown Com- mercially Without Animal Manures" at the recent meeting of the Vegetable Growers' Association of America, which I attended at Springfield, Massachusetts, it was the conclusion of the speakers, after visiting many acres where vege- tables are grown for canneries, etc., that when the manure supply is short, light applications are wonder- fully effective in rotting the organic matter of the green manures and in- creasing the availability of the plant food which they contain. A limited amount of manure, a cover crop, and fertilizers have brought results in num- bers of cases. An answer to the above question was, "Yes, for truckers and cannery growers. All over the country we find men who are doing it." There seems to be somewhat of an aversion by some regarding the use of commercial fertilizers, but I do not agree with such an attitude, provided the soil conditions are studied and care is taken in obtaining a standard fer- tilizer. I am not here to say that the artificial fertilizer will make for in- creased yields in every case, but I know that in many regions where the land is being fertilized with cover crops the yields are being brought up through proper applications of some fertilizer that particularly fits the needs of the crop. It will be necessary, in every case, to check up on the value of the fertilizer to the crop. Very often the use of a small fertilizer will make all the difference between half a crop and a full crop or nearly so, with a result- ing net profit which will be satisfactory after deducting the cost of the fertilizer. Time will forbid me from going into this part of the crop growing to any length. The requirements of some vegetables as regards the amount of labor neces- sary to handle them is of considerable importance in determining what crop will be grown. The cost for labor in handling a crop will vary with the in- dividual crop. One man, for example, can take care of twice as much acreage of cabbage as of onions, and possibly one-third less celery than onions. The labor item considers not only the cost in growing the crop but also whether the labor is possible to be obtained. This is true in the case of growing string beans for the factory, in which case the profits of the crop are reduced to a comparative small amount if an expensive wage must be paid to pickers. There must be careful inspection on the part of the farmer as to the charac- ter of the vegetables which are deliv- ered. Toughening of fiber through long standing in the field or elsewhere causes the vegetable to lack the de- sirable quality. There is, in some cases, a tendency among some growers to allow their products to become too mature before delivery. Fancy stock for processing, therefore, is impossible to be obtained. If the majority of farmers do not pay strict attention to this factor in delivering there must of a necessity be a lowering of the entire grade and a cheapening of the product. This is not just to the grower who is careful about his stock at delivery time. The production cost is practically the same for either first or second grade, while the gross receipts may be twenty- five or fifty per cent less. In this re- gard, therefore, there must be the strict- est co-operation. The grower must be given a fair price for his vegetables that will enable him, with a normal yield, to pay the cost of production and receive a fair interest on his invest- ment. Likewise the grower should en- deavor to deliver good quality produce rather than try to get rid of poor, un- marketable vegetables. In matters of this kind, some growers have not al- ways been fair, for they have had a tendency to try to unload some stuff on the cannery which would not be de- sirable to process. I have in this article only touched upon some of the many phases of crop production. We can confidently expect that if care is taken in obtaining all available data before the choice of vegetables is made and if the grower will give them the proper care, there should be not a great deal of difficulty in getting satisfactory returns in the growing of one vegetable or another. I have endeavored to emphasize par- ticularly the fundamentals underlying the success of vegetable production, hoping that these points mentioned may furnish subjects for discussion. The Codling Moth Trap By Alfred M. Wilson, Clifton, Colorado THE following are some of the rea- sons that should commend to apple growers the codling-moth trap thought out and perfected by E. H. Siegler, the codling-moth expert of the United States Department of Entomology: (1) The traps will do the work they are designed to do. The worms can get into the traps, but the moths cannot get out. They are trapped for good and die in the traps for lack of sustenance. (2) The traps reinforce the bands. They do not do away with the bands, but they do make the bands more effective by removing the element of uncertainty in the running of the bands. If they are not properly cared for, the bands, as too many growers know to their cost, may become sources of in- festation; but that source of danger is The Codling Moth Trap entirely removed when the bands are reinforced and strengthened by the use of the traps. (3) The traps do away with the necessity of running the bands. In other words, the traps, if they are properly attached to the trees, do their work automatically and with- out further assistance from the grower. (4) The traps are, therefore, great time savers. This at the present time when labor is so scarce and so costly is an important consideration. (5) The traps can be made by the growers themselves. The only unavoidable expense is that for material. (6) The traps can be at- tached to the trees at any time in the year most convenient to the grower. For example, the traps can be attached to the trees in the fall and winter when the work is somewhat slack. (7) The traps need not be renewed oftener than every two years. (8) The cost for the material and the expense involved in making the traps and in attaching them to the trees should not exceed the cost for labor to run the bands during one season. The traps are simple contrivances made out of twelve-inch wire mesh screen cloth. The mesh is first cut into strips six inches wide. The strips are then "crimped" and cut into the desired lengths. The crimping may be done either by band or by means of a crimper such as is used by tinners in crimping stove pipe. But the main thing is to attach the traps properly. So important is this matter that the ex- perls emphatically state that unless the bands are attached as they should be, the growers have no right to expect the traps to do the work they are designed to do. In the first place colored bands, folded once, are put on the trees. Then over the bands the traps, which, by the Page 8 BETTER FRUIT March ■a ■ ■ We make »S6 Labels with a purpos c=3 rhlrffl ••s^a •«1 s$&*a PROPERLY MTIHICAUY PLANNED EXECUTED appealing picture? that attract the consumer/ attention and remain as a ,r ytnfool o/ your fruits quality lon§ after it is eaten Sendwrrama/er— ihey {ell the story m srnm Main Office m m - ypst & Factor _ 2?,a& Bryant to. Kchiida \UTH0/ } \ rn / Los Andelex A^^NcVVfAT* Portland Honolulu WMmL iW^^^^M^i'&^^&i^r^^^ way, should preferably be made out of the wire mesh known to the trade as Japan wire. In attaching the traps to the trees the following points should be carefully observed: (1) The upper and lower edges of the trap must be tacked to the tree in such a way that they both fit snugly against the bark. (2) There should be a free space of at least one and one-half inches between the upper edge of the band and the upper edge of the trap and an equally free space between the lower edge of the band and the lower edge of the trap. (3) The trap must have a bulge which shall raise the trap at least an half inch above the band. It is vital that the trap must not at any point come in contact with the band; otherwise the moth, if it should at the point where the band is in contact with the trap, emerge from the chrysalis state, might be able to escape from the trap. And if it did, that, to use an homely phrase, would be to "spill the beans." Hence the necessity for a lasting bulge to the trap. The desired bulge can be secured by driving the proper distance into the tree through the band a certain number of nails such as are used in nailing down slate roofing. (4) The strip of wire mesh out of which the trap is made should be long enough to allow for an overlap of at least two inches. An overlap of three or four inches would be better. For two years Mr. Siegler carried on, in the fruit section of the Grand Val- ley, Colorado, investigations into the habits and life history of the codling moth. During the second year he had the assistance of H. K. Plank, also of the Department of Entomology. The third year (1917) Mr. Plank was in sole charge of the work. But it was Mr. Siegler to whom credit for the dis- covery of the trap is due. In October, 1916, Mr. Siegler published the results of his investigations in the Journal of Economic Entomology. In December of the same year he read a paper on the same subject before the American Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists. During the past year two of the most prominent growers in the Grand Val- ley, J. Lee Morse and C. E. Wixon, tested out the traps in their orchards near Grand Junction. During the same year Mr. Plank, Mr. Siegler's assistant, was experimenting with the traps in the orchard of Charles Lamb, a success- ful orchardist in Highland Park, mid- way between Clifton and Grand Junc- tion. These three orchardists are con- vinced that the traps are invaluable. South America's Taste in Dried Fruits Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Washington, D. C. THE failure to sell important quanti- ties of American dried fruits in South America is due in part to the native's preference for dried fruits that may be readily eaten out of hand with- out further preparation, according to a bulletin entitled "South American Mar- kets for Dried Fruits," issued today by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the Department of Com- merce. The predominance of European dried fruits (prunes, raisins and figs) is espe- cially marked in Brazil, and only slightly less so in Argentina and Uru- guay, says the report. Home-produced fruits practically displaced all others in Chile, with the United States ranking second only to the United Kingdom in the small trade in imported fruits. Peru is the only country considered in this report in which California fruits outrank those from all other sources. Chilean fruits practically monopolize the markets of Bolivia. During the last year or so there has been a decided tendency in South America to buy in the United States certain lines of fruits that formerly were purchased almost exclusively from Europe, and it is thought that proper attention to the re- quirements of the market will make permanent at least a part of this trade. The report points out the shortcom- ings in American methods of competing with European countries in the South American markets and offers construc- tive suggestions for making more of our opportunities in the future. Copies can be obtained at the nominal price of five cents from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, or from the district or co-operative offices of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com- merce. "Principle and Practices of Prun- ing," by M. G. Kains, is the title of a very interesting and instructive book which is well worthy of every fruit grower's reading. The price of the book is two dollars. Published by Orange Judd Company, New York. Howard Ewarts Reed of Beaverton, Oregon, has published a small book, "Profit From Spraying," which contains much information about spraying of the different kind of insects and pests that infect orchards and vegetable gardens. The price is 25 cents. Liberty Bonds. — The next Liberty Bonds will probably be offered in April. A word of advice seems timely. It is the duty of every citizen of the United States to begin saving and pre- pare to participate in the Liberty Bond sale in February. ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page o r0^ONA Z)a. +\ys Arsenate of Lead^ W^\ ^^^ Patented June 30, 1913 ^ The "Standard" for Convenience, Economy, Efficiency One Pound of "Corona Dry" Does the Work of Three Pounds of Paste Arsenate and Does it Better OUICKLY AND EASILY MIXED-No working up; no straining needed; no sediment; no lumps; no waste— never clogs nozzles. No evaporation— no leaks— no loss of strength. But an absolutely standard spray mixture,the uniform strength of which you can depend upon— and know that you have the highest per cent of killing power. "Corona" is safe — it will not burn foliage SOLD IN NET WEIGHT PACKAGES 200 lbs., 100 lbs., 50 lbs., 25 lbs., 5 lbs., 1 lb. H^Sr^'Corona Dry" means— No guess work, but a Standardized Spray in which the Mixture is Always the Same Strength and Efficiency Trade Mark "Corona Dry" and "Corona Dusting Sulphur" FOR THE Vegetable Garden A safe, inexpensive, easily applied and effi- ient remedy for alt chewing garden pests — and for use on fruit trees, berry bushes and plants — that will insure perfect fruit and clean vegetables. Garden Pests and Their Control, The Art of Dusting and the Corona Spray Calendar — mailed by our Sales Agents— on request. CORONA CHEMICAL COMPANY Sole Makers "Corona Dry" 'Corona Dry" is used by the big apple growers of Hood River, Medford, North Yakima, Wenatchee and Spokane Districts Corona Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin N ORTHWESTERN SALES AGENTS Portland Seed Co. I Portland regon Spokane Seed Co. w^^n Fruit and Its Effect on the War By W. F. Gwin, of Fruit Growers' Agency THE exclamation of the food editor of an important newspaper after reading an article recently issued by the Fruit Growers' Agency which dis- cussed the food value of the apple was: "Who would have thought that of the lowly apple !" One might wonder why a food editor should have confessed to ignorance in so important a food as the apple, but there are further won- ders "coming up" on the apple, for here now comes a great and serious authori- ty warning the military authorities of Great Britain that her soldiers must have apples for proper "nerve nutri- tion" and health. The authority in question is Dr. Josiah Oldfield, Senior Medical Ollicer to the Lady Margaret's Fruitarian Hospital of England, and his essay is "Fruit and Its Effect on the War," and is as follows: "In the early weeks of the war I gave an interview to one of the London dailies, and ventured to prophesy that the end of the contest would be influ- enced largely by dietary problems, anil in these problems I did not consider that the question of protein and scale calorific values for muscular substance would he ill so much importance as those of foods which supply nerve nu- trition, i. e. fats and salines. It is very difficult to deprive any besieged coun- try—or even any besieged city — of all sources of muscular nourishment so long as any other cellulose remains to be transformed by chemical agencies into a more digestible form of carbo- hydrate. The difficulty for Germany as a bleaguered country was therefore not really either meat, or cereals, or potatoes, but fats and fruits and salads. The joining up of Turkey threw my prophesy out of gear as to time, because it opened up the great stores of oil and figs and other fruits of Asia Minor. This source is slowly failing, and today, in spite of a complete calorific dietary, the people of Germany are beginning to develop the disease of mal nerve nutri- tion. There are beginning in Germany MORE WORKeH YOUR HORSES/ Heavy spring work takes the surplus flesh from the horse. His collar no longer fits. His neck and shoulders chafe and gall. He can't do his full share of work and you lose money. Prevent these evils by using TAPATCO Pads. A NEW AND BETTER HOOK ATTACHMENT Consisting of wire staple, reinforced with felt washer (note where arrows point). This gives the hook a better hold and prevents pulling off. The weakest point is made strong and life of pad greatly lengthened. Found Only on Pads Made by Us. Look For The Felt Washer. SOLD BY DEALERS EVERYWHERE The American Pad & Textile Company GREENFIELD, OHIO Canadian Branch: Chatham, Ontario. TAP (i) Pit. in I) S Dec. 1.1914. Pat.lnCM.4pr 6,1915. WHEN WRITING A1A IHTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 10 BETTER FRUIT March Those neglected fruit trees — you will find them every- where— perhaps you have them in your own yard or out in the orchard, that for some reason or other you have failed to take care of in years gone by and now class them as non-producers, worthless except for shade. You are surely going to give them attention this spring as well as every other tree, vine, shrub, bush or plant about the place, on which you depend for your fruits, berries and vegetables. Start early with this work before gardening and planting time. Trim up your trees and plants and put new life into them, so they will amount to something and do their bit when the time comes. Whether you raiae fniita or vegetables, you will need a spray pump of Borne kind so we recom- mend the MYERS LINE of Bucket, Barrel and Power Spray Pumps to jour attention— the Easy Operating Cog Gear Bucket and Barrel Pumps for hand use, and the Myers Automatic Power Pumps and Complete Outfits that do not require a relief valve for extensive power operations. Go where you will, you will find these Spray Pumps doing things in|the spraying world — spraying trees and plants, 'whitewashing and painting, disinfecting and innumerable other jobs — because they are recognized for their easy operation, speed, capacity and economical use of mixtures, and for these reasons are the choice of fruitmen and gardeners everywhere — Veteran or novice, you will appreciate the efficient spraying service of Myers Spray Pumps. Ask your dealer or write us immediately about them — Time is limited until you must get busy, and when you start we want you to have a real fighting machine in a Myers Spray Pump. Beautiful catalog by return mail on request. For Quick Attention Address Your Letter or Card, Spray Pump Department, No. 120 Orange Street. F.E.MYERS & BRO. Ashland,Oh.'o. PUMPS FOR EVERY PURPOSE-HAY UNLOADING TOOLS-DOOR HANGERS ALBANY-HARRISBURG-MILWAUKEE-CEDAR RAPIDS-ST. LOUIS -KANSAS CITY already grave manifestations of the basic origin of many diseases. The latest is a widespread oedema in the legs and feet and face, of which par- ticulars are given in a late issue of The Lancet. This will steadily get worse and worse as another winter comes on unless fresh fruit, and salads and seed oils, can be introduced largely into Germany. I have dealt at length with Germany and her fate, to empha- size the great importance of avoiding a similar catastrophe for England. Eng- lish stamina, courage, endurance and heart for the war depend on complete nerve nutrition. Now for this the calorific values of wheat, or beans, or beef, affords no criterion. The danger is that laboratory scientists will meas- ure the comparative importance of cargoes by calorific values, and will on this ground tend to debar juicy fruits as being very light cargo compared with legumes or cereals. Every effort should be exercised to prevent this, or else, when the mischief is done, there will be a panic importation of anti- scorbutic fruits. I note that a small number of ships are still allowed to run to the West Indies for bananas, and this is excellent, but weight for weight and bulk for bulk, the most important fruit to be imported during the winter and early spring of 1918 is apples. Were I food controller in Germany and allowed the choice of free import of one article of food from November to April, I should select the apple. So, in England, while for importation pur- poses legumes and peanuts are the most concentrated form of proteid; rice and wheat and maize, the most important of the cereals; olive oil, sesame oil, pea- nut oil and almond oil, the finest forms of fat; apples, lemons, oranges (and onions) are immeasurably the most im- portant of fruits, which are nerve foods, and without the presence of whose salts physiological functions fail. It will be a grave risk to Eng- land's home stamina if her supply of apples is cut off, because during win- ter conditions in this climate they are superior to either lemons or oranges, and cannot be replaced by any other fruit." That there is a vast message to hu- manity in the above article is apparent on its face. Slowly but surely we are beginning to understand "physiological chemistry," of which science "nutritive salts thereapy" is a most interesting and most vital branch. The old simile of the human body being like a ma- chine may again hold good roughly here when it is said that no machine can function without all its parts and all its offices being served — and just so the human body cannot live unless those cells which compose it are all fed with the "chemicals" they need for their life. Without the mineral salts which are in apples or other fruit there will be nerve cells and other cells which will not function. Pellagra, due to continuous corn and syrup diet, scurvy, a foul disease in its worst form, and other such diseases are caused by false diet, and there would be no such ailments had the victims apples to eat. In a word, when Dr. Old- field warns the British military to look out for its apples, he not only talks deep science, but just common horse sense. Loyalty in Little Things The whole great problem of winning the war rests primarily on one thing, the loyalty and sacrifice of the Ameri- can people in the matter of food. If we are selfish or even careless, we are dis- loyal; we are the enemy at home. Now is the hour of our testing. — U. S. Food Administration. SOLDIERS OF THE SOIL ! ! Are YOU going to be a soldier of the soil and join the war garden brigade? Uncle Sam needs your help. "Do Your Bit." Our 160-page 1918 Annual Catalog and Guide for Western Planters NOW READY. Gives full description and prices of all kinds of Seeds, Plants, Roses and Trees; Garden, Poultry, Bird and Rabbit Supplies; Sprayers, Sprays, Fertilizer, etc. 20 years practical experience here enables us to serve you intelligently. Ask for Catalog No. 27. Free on request. Routledge Seed and Floral Co. KftlSSSTl^ WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page ii A Meat Stretcher Many recipes for combinations of rice and meat have come to us from those parts of Europe where meat is used mostly for the flavor it gives other foods. In our efforts to cut meat con- sumption rice becomes interesting as the most useful meat stretcher. It can be used freshly cooked or as a left- over. In its many varieties Pilaf is most popular among the Oriental people and is frequently served at dinner as the principal dish. Rice Stew. — Wash a knuckle of beef and place in three quarts of cold water for an hour. Put it on the stove and let it gradually heat, then simmer for two hours. Any scum rising when it first begins to boil should be skimmed off. Prepare one-half cup each of chopped onions, carrots, cabbage, to- matoes, one-fourth cup of turnip, three cloves, a pinch of cayenne, black pep- per and one and one-half teaspoons of salt. Add these to the simmering meat and let boil for one hour; then add a cup of rice and a bay leaf. Boil, stir- ring occasionally until the rice is cooked. When the kettle is closely covered there is little need of adding water. Add boiling water if needed. Scalloped Rice. — To prepare this eco- nomical dish use two cups of boiled rice, one cup of white sauce and one- Yakima County Horticultural Union FRED EBERLE, General Manager Growers' Agents Yakima Valley Fruit General Offices, Yakima WAREHOUSES: Yakima, Naches, Selah, Wapato, Exchange and Tieton COLD STORAGE IN CONNECTION Cloud The Hardie Orchard Gun saves your time and muscle — no long, heavy rods to hold. Turns a big job into a little one. One man with a Hardie Gun will do more work and do it better than two men with the old-fashioned rods. Hardie Orchard Gun $12 Low price made possible by big production — send for the Hardie Catalogtoday. Hardie Sprayers and spraying de- vices standard for 18 years. THE HARDIE MFG. CO. Hudson, Mich. AUo Portland, Ore. Uniform blasting - results in every stick cup chopped peppers, 1 table- spoon minced onion, 1 teaspoon salt, M teaspoon paprika. Rub the tomato through a sieve and heat, then add the rice, chopped celery, seasoning and other ingredients and boil for five min- utes. Then put it on the side of the range and simmer for one hour until the ingredients are thoroughly blended. Spanish Rice. — This is a deservedly popular dish and, like rice farcie, is ex- cellent to serve with beans for meatless dinners: 4 teaspoons fat, 2 green pep- pers, 1 onion sliced, 1 cup rice, Vi table- spoon paprika, bit of bay leaf, 4 large ripe tomatoes or % can tomatoes, 2 tablespoons sugar, 2 teaspoons salt, % teaspoon white pepper, ground thyme. Heat the fat in a heavy frying pan, and in it brown delicately the peppers and the onions. Remove and brown the rice. Add all other ingredients. Cover and let simmer on the back of the stove until rice is soft; add boiling water as the rice swells. These numerous ways of using rice recipes do not cover the usefulness of rice. Soups and desserts have not been touched. A whole volume could be fdled with recipes on rice cookery. Less meat and less wheat, more rice might be adopted as the conservation program of America while the world shortage of food lasts. Get acquainted with rice, the food of millions. The Pacific Northwest Tourist Asso- ciation is an association embodying the States of Oregon and Washington and British Columbia. The association is formed for the purpose of acquaint- ing Eastern people of the wonderful scenery of the Northwest, and its mag- nificent climate — the object being main- ly to give the tourists some idea by illustrated booklets in order that more people may be induced to spend their vacations with us, feeling that in doing so frequently many will be sufficiently impressed as to come to the Northwest to live. The association has issued several very handsome booklets or folders, as follows: Mountaineering in the Pacific Northwest, Golfing in the 1'acilic Northwest, Fishing in the Pa- cific Northwest, Yachting in the Pacific Northwest, and The Pacific Northwest. These booklets can be obtained from the Pacific Northwest Tourist Associa- tion, 1IH7 L. C. Smith Building, Seattle, Washington. BETTEB Fruit takes this opportunity of suggesting to the sub- scribers and readers of BETTER FRUIT that thej Mint for one or all of these booklets, mail them to Eastern friends and relatives who they think would be interested, particularly those who might be induced to make a tour of the .Northwest during the coming year. Be "U. S. Protected" From Dawn to Dark and know that your feet will be warm, dry and com- fortable, however wet and cold the weather, or rough the path. Greater comfort would alone be sufficient inducement to the outdoor worker to wear U. S. Rubber Footwear Longer service which this heavy service, double duty rubber footwear assures you makes the wearing a money-saving proposition. Comfort and economy go hand in hand in "U. S. Protec- tion" and every pair of the many "U. S." styles bears the U. S. Seal — the trade mark of the largest rubber manu- facturer in the world — placed there for your protection. Look for it. For sale everywhere. Your dealer has the style you need, or can get it for you. United States Rubber Company New York U. S. Rubber Footwear WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION better FKVIT Page 14 BETTER FRUIT March BETTER FRUIT HOOD RIVER, OREGON Official Organ of The Northwest Fruit Growers' Association A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published In Hie Interest of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing AH Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist Corvallis WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris. Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thorn ber. Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House. Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball. Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O. B. Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth, Entomologist Berkeley W. H. Void*. Entomologist Watsonvllle Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson. Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Winslow. Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27, 1906, at the Postofnce at Hood River, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3. 1879. Growing Vegetables. — Last year on account of the Government propaganda for increased production of vegetables as well as many other products, fruit growers very extensively increased their garden patch, many of them plant- ing sufficient to have a surplus for sale. Those who did were successful in sell- ing the surplus at splendid prices. The propaganda was a big factor in stimu- lating fruit growers to conserve vege- tables for winter use by canning or evaporating. The amount saved by canning your own vegetables is not gen- erally realized by fruit growers. The editor has in mind one particlar in- stance where the grocery bill of a family was around $50 per month. In this instance the mother of the family canned sufficient vegetables and fruits to last the entire winter, the result being it made a difference in the gro- cery bill of $20 per month. The editor takes pleasure in advising every fruit grower to plant a good-sized vegetable garden this year, and to urge the can- ning or evaporating of enough vege- tables to last during the winter. Steam pressure canning outfits for this pur- pose, which will make the work much easier and enable the canner to do it in much less time, can be purchased at a very reasonable price, running from fifteen dollars up. The increased num- ber of canneries in the Northwest will mean an increased demand and an in- creased market for the surplus supply which the grower has to sell. With the object of stimulating an increased pro- duction of fruits and vegetables with fruit growers for canning purposes and a surplus for marketing during the sea- son and for the many canneries in ex- istence, Better Fruit is publishing one of the most excellent articles for grow- ing vegetables by Professor A. G. Boquet, of the Experiment Station, Cor- vallis, that has ever appeared. The 1917 Apple Crop and Prices. — To February 23 there had been shipped 20,143 cars of apples from the North- west. II is estimated there are 3,000 more to go. This crop is about double the 1910 crop, the heaviest previous crop. So far as can be determined at the present time it appears thajt the crop will average the growers about 25 cents more per box. Our selling or- ganizations are certainly entitled to the credit and the fullest appreciation of the fruit growers, at least those who rendered good returns, for the reason that the crop was the largest we have had, which made it more difficult. War conditions and saving have been factors in effecting the market, and the em- bargo preventing export, so it was nec- essary for the marketing concerns of the Northwest to market a great many more apples in the United States this year than ever before. Undoubtedly results are due to improved salesman- ship, better energy, and certainly wider distribution. The subject of distribu- tion has been covered in a series of articles in Better Fruit, appearing in 1016 and 1917. The distribution for twenty days in 1917 was 550 cities, while the distribution in 1916 was 611 cities in sixty days. Thrift Stamps.— While it must be ad- mitted there are some people who can- not afford to buy Liberty Bonds and pay cash for them, it is unthinkable to imagine there is a grown person in the United States who cannot buy a Thrift Card. A Thrift Card holds sixteen thrift stamps costing 25 cents each. The Thrift Card when full represents a value of four dollars. When the Thrift Card is filled take it to the post- office, or almost any bank, and ex- change it for a War Savings Stamp, paying the few cents difference be- tween the four dollars represented by your filled Thrift Card and the selling price of the War Savings Stamp. Up to March 1 the difference is thirteen cents. After that date the price ad- vances one cent each month. This Thrift Card will have a cash value on January 1, 1923, of five dollars. If the time should arise when you need money and simply must have it, you can get it back with interest by simply taking the War Savings Stamps to the nearest money order postoffice and present them for redemption. The interest will be paid you on the sum already de- posited even if it is but one War Sav- ings Stamp. Income Reports. — Offiical announce- ment is made that the time for filing income reports from individuals and corporations is extended to April 1, 1918. The income tax law, as passed by Congress, is a just and equitable law. It is the duty of every single citizen having an income of $1,000 to file a re- port, and every married man with an income of $2,000. It is a duty required by law that everyone must comply with, and one that everyone should cheerfully comply with. Additional taxes, on account of the war, are levied, which every true American should feel mighty glad to pay, because every true American must and should feel that it is the prime duty of the United States to win this war and win it as quickly as possible. If the Allies are successful this war will make democracy safe for the world. Every American citizen should bear in mind we are fighting for self-respect and self-protection, the freedom of the seas and many other things too numerous to mention in a brief editorial. The longer the war continues the heavier the loss of life and the greater the expense will be, so it is purely a matter of business to go at it in the most forceful way and end the war in the quickest possible time. In order to do this it is necessary that every American should contribute lib- erally to every request of the Govern- ment, but a good deal more is neces- sary— production should be increased in every way possible and saving should be practiced to the fullest ex- tent. Some Orchard Crops. — To win this war it is absolutely necessary that the United States must produce the largest and fullest crop possible. Among our Allies so many are already engaged in fighting or manufacturing ammunition that labor on the farm and orchard is very much reduced, consequently it is the duty of the United States to supply them. It is estimated the United States will have to feed 30,000,000 to 50,000,000 people this year in addition to our own population. This means increased pro- duction. The fruit grower can do his share, because there are many crops which the fruit grower can grow be- tween the trees. Valuable information is given in a most excellent article on the subject by Professor C. I. Lewis of the Experiment Station, Corvallis, whom everyone recognizes as the most able and practical horticulturist in the United States. Fruit and Effect on War. — A very in- teresting article, "Fruit and Effect on the War," appears in this edition, which is of immense importance in connection with the fruit industry as well as the war. It is the opinion of Dr. Oldfield, one of the ablest physicians in England, that some of the nations at war at the present time are suffering from a cer- tain disease due to lack of fruit. There is no question but what a great many people do not eat enough fruit, and in all probability more or less people suffer from a lack of sufficient fruit, which is shown by Dr. Oldfield to be a vital necessity to keep one in perfectly good health. Advertising. — Advertising the apple, without any doubt in the editor's mind, was the big factor in helping to dis- pose of the largest crop the Northwest ever produced, at better prices than re- ceived for some years. Therefore the editor urges every organization to be- gin now to plan for an advertising cam- paign. In order to do so it will be necessary to tax growers the small sum of two to five cents per box, which they can well afford, as they get much more back than they contribute, through in- creased prices. ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 THE MYERS AUTOMATIC POWER SPRAY OUTFIT With Automatic Pressure Governor VERTICAL CYLINDERS — NO RELIEF VALVES — MACHINE CUT GEARS Automatic Control. Insures Safety. Secures Uniform Pressure and Eliminates Unnecessary Wear. Plunger Guide above Plunger Eliminates all Side Thrust and Reduces Wear. Belt Driven. Brass Fitted Throughout. Forged Steel Crankshaft. All Boxes Babbitted. Improved Oiling System. The Myers Power Spray Pump With patent Automatic Pressure Governor, has all the desirable features found in any Spray Pump, viz., vertical cylinders, renewable brass valves and seats, large stuffing boxes fitted with brass glands and followers, large air chamber, machine cut gears, ample crankshaft and connecting rod bearings, etc. In addition it is fitted with a patented Automatic Pressure Governor which eliminates the trouble-causing relief valve, and briefly, has the following advantages over the ordinary construction. Safety — Pressure relief is not dependent on the oper- ation of a sluggish or defective relief valve. Uniform pressure regulation — The governing mechanism is not exposed to the clogging or corrosive action of the spray liquid which always effects the operations of the relief valve. Elimination of unnecessary wear — Plungers and valves are in action only when spray material is passing through the nozzles. Fig. 1739 '£.---- "A" — Position 'of Plunger Connecting Rod un- * locked from'crankshaft while not pumping. "B" — Position of Plunger Connecting Rod locked I into position while pumping. In operation the Automatic Pressure Governor has for its object the positive control of the pump pressure. This is accomplished by a simple arrangement of a combined lever and spring on each plunger connecting rod. [See A and B, Fig. 1739] which, when the pressure reaches a predetermined limit, automatically stops the operation of the plungers without interrupting the driving power, and again permits them to resume operation when the pressure falls below this limit; also removes the entire load on engine causing it to run idle [saves gasoline]. All wearing parts thoroughly lubricated. YOU CAN USE YOUR OWN ENGINE|AND?TRUCKS IF YOU HAVE THEM The Myers Automatic Power Spray Outfit A Stover Good Engine AND THE Havana Steel Wheel Farm Truck MAKE UP A Most Efficient, Reliable and Economical Sprayer Mitchell, Lewis & Staver Co. PORTLAND, OREGON SPOKANE, WASHINGTON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page i 6 BETTER FRUIT .March A Year of Hard Labor LOST By an Hour of Frost! More than one orchardist and truck gardener has learned this by hard experience! To make certain of a full crop, install the "Bolton" Orchard Heater Gives maximum heat, evenly distributed. Burns cheap fuel oil. Can be lighted quickly. Burns long time on one filling. No waste — you light only enough heaters to hold temperature above the frost point. Send for Booklet "B" Tells you how to save your crops from frost. Filled with valuable information for the grower. AMES-IRVIN CO. Irrigation Pipe, Orchard Heaters, Etc. 8th & Irwin, San Francisco, Cal. Cherry's Dependable Seeds DIRECT FROM GROWER TO PLANTER PRICE LIST FOR 1918 NOW READY Never before has there been such a shortage of seeds as this year. Never before has there been such a necessity for everyone to plant a garden. You will save money by ordering "Cherry's Dependable Seeds" from our special list Realizing that everyone must plant a garden this year, and in view of the fact that present seed shortage necessarily makes higher prices, we are not getting out an elaborate illustrated catalog this year. Instead, we will send you an advance Price List in which the Price is at Least 25 per cent Lower than would have been possible had we published a big book. We are grateful for your past orders, and hope you will appreciate our effort to give you low prices. Write for special Wholesale Price List. CHAS. J. CHERRY & CO., Rockford, Illinois Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc. Required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912. of "Better Fruit," Published Monthly at Hood River, Oregon for October, 1917 State of Oregon, ) County of Hood River, ) ss' Before me, a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid, personally appeared E. H. Shepard, who having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says thar he is the editor and business manager of "Better Fruit," and that the follow- ing is. to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, (and if a daily paper the circulation), etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912. embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor and busi- ness manager are: Publisher, Better Fruit Publishing Company, Hood River, Oregon. Editor, E. H. Shepard. Hood River, Oregon. Managing editor, E. H. Shepard, Hood River. Oregon. Business manager, E. H. Shepard, Hood River, Oregon. 2. That the owners are: (Give names and addresses of individual owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding one per cent or more of the total amount of stock.) Better Fruit Publishing Company, Inc., Hood River, Oregon. E. H. Shepard, stockholder, Hood River, Oregon. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding one ner cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there are none, so state.) None. 4. That the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners, stockholders and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, but also, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given: also that the said two paragraphs contain statements em- bracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under Which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the com- pany as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capa.city other than that of a bona fide owner; and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds or other securi- ties than as so stated by him. 5. That the average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or dis- tributed through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date shown above is: (This information is required from daily publica- tions only.) (Signed) E. H. SHEPARD, Editor and Business Manager. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 13th day of February, 1918. ALTON W. ONTHANK, (Seal) Notary Public for the State of Oregon. (My commission expires May 29, 1919.) Government Inspection. — One of the best moves ever made in behalf of the vegetable grower and the fruit grower is Government inspection which is being carried on in a number of cities in the United States. A list of the cities and the names of the inspectors, is pub- lished elsewhere in this edition. In previous years the fruit growers and fruit-shipping concerns have been largely at the mercy of the man at the other end, if he is inclined to be other- wise than straightforward. By this sys- tem of Government inspection the fruit grower is given protection. If the Gov- ernment inspector passes on the fruit the buyer is compelled to carry out his contract and does not have an oppor- tunity of making a claim or rejecting on account of off-condition, if the Gov- ernment inspection is O. K. Codling- Moth. — In this edition ap- pears an article on "Trapping Codling Sloth," by Alfred M. Wilson. Growers frequently have appreciated the value of banding the trees and killing the cod- ling moth under the bands. Mr. Wil- son's method is an improvement, as the trap holds the codling moth after they have emerged and prevents them from getting away. While the editor has never seen one of these traps and can- not say how successful they may prove to be, he is inclined to believe the sug- gestion is well worth trying, and there- fore has published in this edition a contribution from Mr. Wilson showing how the traps are made, with the hope it may be a benefit to the fruit growers. Spraying. — The spraying season for some diseases and pests will commence in March or April, according to the weather conditions. Ordinarily spray for San Jose scale should be applied late in March or early in April. The first spray for fungus should com- mence about this time; therefore if the fruit grower does not already possess a first-class power outfit he should buy one immediately. It does not pay to depend on hiring your neighbor to spray your orchard, because if you do he sprays his own orchard first and yours afterward, and yours is some- times sprayed too late. Pruning. — Strange to say pruning is one of the subjects the least understood by growers. Most growers have had a vague idea of what they ought to do, but comparatively few have had a com- plete understanding of just why they pruned in a particular way. The im- portance of thinning out and heading back in connection with production is very ably covered in an article by Professor V. R. Gardner, appearing in this edition. Professor Gardner's article is not one of opinion, but is founded on actual observation and practical expe- rience. Sugar. — All fruits contain more or less sugar. The system requires a cer- tain amount of sugar, and the more fruit you eat the less sugar you will have to buy. What is equally impor- tant, the sugar in fruit is in a far more digestible form than ordinary sugar which you buy. 19 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' Cement Coated Nails A Rapid Method of Tree Planting By Harry Gough, Maryland SO many people make hard work of tree planting that I believe a de- scription of my rapid and economical method will be of interest. I will de- scribe how I planted a thousand fruit trees for Mr. L. B. Schram of Elberon, New Jersey, in April, 1913. There were fifty Stumps on the or- chard site. These were disposed of by blasting. That part of the work was finished in less than a day. After the field had been cleared, the ground was staked off to show where the trees were to stand. Cross furrows were then made with a plow, the intersection coming at the points where the stakes were set. While the man was doing this plow- ing, I occupied my time in cutting fuse into 2 }<> -foot lengths and in crimping each length of fuse onto a No. 6 blast- ing cap. As it was intended to use a « RACING HOSE ^P^HAMILTON MADE , "THE STANDARD OF AMERICA" Sa, Spray your trees with hose made to withstand the chemicals and acids which cause ordinary fruit hose to deteriorate quickly. Hamilton Fruit Spray Hose will give several years' service for one cost. Used by leading fruit growers who recognize Hamilton quality and ulti- mate economy. in. Perfect Hose n 50-foot pieces coupled. 6-ply fabric and fine rubber Vz in. Sterlingworth Hose Reel Spra^ Hose in 500-footlengtKs, the best. , 118,438 boxes of apples. The 513 storages that reported for Feb- ruary 1 of this year and last show a present stock of 2,091,03(5 barrels and 4,962,898 boxes, as compared with 2,121,200 barrels and 3,790,499 boxes last year, a decrease of 1.4 per cent in the barreled apples and an increase of 30.9 per cent in the boxed apples, which is the equivalent of the total increase of 361,229 barrels, or 10.7 per cent. For the purposes of this comparison, it is considered that three boxes are equiv- alent to one barrel. The 511 storages that reported for both December 1, 1917, and February 1, 1918, showed a de- crease of 16.9 per cent in the barreled apples and 12.3 per cent in the boxed apples, or a total decrease of 15.0 per cent during the month of January, while the 448 storages reporting their holdings for both December 1, 1916, and February 1, 1917, showed a de- crease of 18.6 per cent in the barreled- apple holdings and 8.3 per cent in the boxed-apple holdings, or a total de- crease of 15.3 per cent during January, 1917. As a few storages have not re- sponded to our inquiries, this report does not include all holdings. Upon re- quest any or all of the information con- tained in cold storage reports will be telegraphed immediately upon its re- lease. These reports are free except for the telegrams, which are sent charges collect. Number of Storages Reporting Rarrels Holdings reported on Feb. 1, 1918. Comparison of holdings — February 1, 1917 February 1, 1918 Comparison of holdings — ■ December 1, 1916 February 1, 1917 549 513 513 448 448 2,202,808 2,121,200 2,091,630 Roxes Combined Holdings Expressed I in Rbls.* 5,118,438 3,790,499 4,962,898 2,615,174 3,62G,401 1,732,831 3,322,220 I 3,908,954 3,384,706 3,745,935 3,823,974 2,840,238 Comparison of Holdings on a Pet. Rasis 100.0 110.7 100.0 74.3 • Three boxes to the barrel. COMPARISON OF HOLDINGS BY SECTIONS New England Middle Atlantic . . . South Atlantic North Central (E) . North Central (W) . South Central Western (N) Western (Si Number Storages Reporting 26 106 .-,1 95 87 70 39 34 December 1, 1917 Rarrels Roxes 162,225 784,117 040,903 76G,620 447,027 239,641 37,884 506,821 92,704 522,945 581,428 373,901 1,343,046 968,760 February 1. 1918 Barrels Roxes 131,794 493,951 424,099 613,796 327,431 136.299 47,778 907,322 89,197 717,017 614,319 198,277 971.1 13 903,702 Increase or Decrease —15.5 —16.4 —32.4 —9.4 —17.0 —17.0 —27.5 —6.7 Total. ■ I 511 3,040,533 | 4,427,489 I 2,127,370 | 4,751,755 —17. PERCENTAGE OF DECEMBER 1 HOLDINGS MOVED FROM STORAGE MONTH December January . , February , March April May Season 1915-1916 Season 1916-1917 Season 1917-1918 Rarrels j Boxes | Comb'd [ Barrels | Boxes | Comb'd Barrels | Boxes | Comb'd 12.2 11.5 12.0 15.1 14.2 16.5 14.7 18.6 19.9 20.9 20.1 18.6 20.4 18.1 20.0 19.4 17.3 14.6 16.7 12.0 12.2 11.5 11.9 11.3 0.1 8.3 30.9 28.1 12.3 15.1 10.4 15.3 22.4 22.2 12.2 12.4 13.1 16.9 + 19.6 12.3 2.2 15.6 Distribution of Cars for Food and Feed Director-General McAdoo and the Food Administration have arranged to co-operate in the distribution of cars for the food and feed trades: (1) The grain and grain product and feed ship- pers are to first apply for cars in the usual way through railroad agents; in case of not being furnished within a reasonable time they may then apply to the Zone Representatives of the Food Administration Grain Division at the WANTED! A wideawake, active man to buy one of the finest commercial orchards in Oregon, consist- ing of 70 acres of ten-year-old, clean, vigorous, full bearing apple trees. 42 acres Rome Beauty, 18 acres Gano. 10 acres Jonathan. Soil of highest quality. Good dwelling house, barn and frost- proof warehouse of 25,000 boxes capacity. Com- plete equipment, including one of the latest model Cutler Apple Grading machines. Every- thing ready for immediate possession and oper- ation. A bargain if sold before May 1st. Will give terms. For particulars address The United States National Bank LA GRANDE, OREGON various terminals, stating the cars re- quired, point at which it is desired cars should be set, character of the product to be loaded, the destination of ship- ment and the consignee. (2) The ship- pers of sugar, beans, rice, vegetables, live stock, meat and perishables gener- ally, should first apply for cars in the usual way through railroad agents; in case not being furnished within reason- able time they may apply directly to the Food Administration in Washing- ington, stating the cars required, the point to be set, the character of the commodity to be loaded, the consignee and destination. (3) Diversion of ship- ment in transit except for perishables will not be permitted from destination given by the shipper to the forwarding agent of railroad where cars have been placed and loaded on the specific re- quest of Food Administration as out- lined above. (4) The Food Administra- tion does not undertake to secure cars nor can the Director General of Rail- roads in these uncertain times of bliz- zards and winter storms undertake to supply all cars applied for, but it is hoped that the new arrangement will Fruit Buyers "Caro Fibre" Fruit Wrappers "Prolong the Life of Fruit" Buy "Caro" Wrapped Fruit Fruit Growers! The above ad appears in the leading fruit buyers' journals throughout the United States. Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit Take Advantage of Our Advertising You can prove what we say. We can prove it by letters from the largest fruit buyers in the United States. Use "Caro" Fibre Print your own name on your fruit. Use our "slogan" on every wrapper: "This is a 'Caro Fibre Wrapper.' Caro prolongs the life of fruit." Samples FREE at Union Waxed Parchment Paper Co. MANUFACTURERS F. B. DALLAM, Sole Agent 112 Market Street San Francisco. California HOMES and FARMS IN THE "SUNNY SOUTH" Nature has blessed this favored section with mild, healthful climate, produc- tive soil and all that makea life worth living. You can buy good farm land in Virginia, W. Va. and North Carolina at J16per acreondop. Fruit, track, poul- try and general farming willprove suc- cessful here. Write for Information, Illustrated literature, etc* F.H.LaBaome, Ag. & bid Agt, N. & W. Ry. 228 Ry Bdg. RoanokcVa. N. Z. Fruitgrowers' Federation, Ltd. The Third National Apple Show WILL BE HELD IN THE Harbour Board Store Auckland 2nd to 4th, May, 1918 This Exhibition offers an unique opportunity for displaying Orchard Requisites For terms of Advertising in Catalogue or exhibiting at the Show apply: THE EDITOR Better Fruit Publishing Co. Hood River, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page ip give the Food Administration definite information, which it can give in turn to the Director General of Railroads for his assistance in the distribution of cars into the territories and trades of the most acute needs. Farm Diary, Business Record and Ac- count Book has just been published. The publishers state the book was prepared after the plan outlined by Mr. E. H. Thompson, Department of Agriculture, with an introduction by Mr. W. J. Spillman, Chief Office of Management, United States Department of Agricul- ture. The title page is a splendid rec- ommendation for the book. The book is so arranged for keeping accounts of expense and receipts for each day of the year. Published by Book Company, Yonkers New York. Price $1.50. The World on Hudson, Government Inspection of Fruits and Vegetables The Food Products Inspection Serv- ice is now available to shippers in the markets named below and it is expected that within the next thirty days the service will be established also in San Francisco, Denver, Detroit, Indian- apolis, Atlanta, Birmingham, Buffalo and Omaha. Applications for inspec- tions in any market should be addressed to the inspector in charge of that mar- ket, or to the Bureau of Markets, Wash- ington, D. C. Baltimore, Maryland. — Washington office. Boston. Mass. — C. E. Merrill, Inspector, 408 Fidelity Building. 148 State Street. Chicago, Illinois. — B. B. Pratt, Supervising Inspector, fiOl Distributors' Building, 236 N. Clark Street. Cincinnati, Ohio. — Howard E. Kramer, 307 Johnson Building. Cleveland, Ohio. — B. C. Butner, Inspector, 8 Exchange Building. Dallas, Texas.— Forth Worth office. Fort Worth, Texas. — L. G. Schultz, Inspector, 305 Moore Building, Tenth and Main Streets. Galveston, Texas. — Houston office. Houston, Texas. — Wesley V. Stephens, In- spector, 307 Southern Pacific Building. Jacksonville, Florida. — T. C. Curry, 909 Bis- bee Building. Jersey City, N. J. — New York office. Kansas City, Missouri. — F. E. DeSellem, Su- pervising Inspector, 202 Produce Exchange Building. Memphis. Tennessee. — L. J. Weishaar, In- spector, 80 I Exchange Building. Minneapolis, Minnesota. — W. F. Selleck, In- spector, 300 Market State Bank Building. New Orleans, Louisana. — F. H. Lister, In- spector, 314 Metropolitan Building. New York. N. Y. — E. L. Markell, Supervision Inspector, 707 I'ruit Trade Building, 204 Frank- lin Street. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.— F. A. L. Bloom, Inspector, Bureau of Markets. Philadelphia, Pa. — R. J. Russell, Inspector, 315 Insurance Exchange Building, Third and Walnut Streets. Pittsburg, Pa.— F. G. Robb, Inspector, 303 Kellerman Building, Eighteenth and Pennsyl- vania Avenue. Providence, R. I. — Boston office. St. Louis, Missouri. — Fred T. Bryan, spector, 400 Old Custom House, Third Olive Streets. St. Paul. Minnesota. — Minneapolis office. Washington, D. C. — Supervision: W. Scott, C. T. More, BureaB of Markets. In- and H. I PER I DAY KftN$50.00 WITH THE Gearless Improved Standard Well Drilling Machine Drills through any formation. Five years sihead of any other. Has record of drilling 130 feet and driving casing In 9 hours. Another record where 70 feet was drilled on IVi gallons distillate at 9c per gallon. One man can operate. Electrically equipped for running nights. Fishing Job Engine ignition. Catalogue W-8. REIERSON MACHINERY CO., Mfg., 1295-97 Kood $1., Portland, Ore. The New Fruit-Fog Catalog IS READY! Send Postal for Your Free Copy y This new catalog of Hayes Fruit-Fog Spray- ers should be in every fruit grower a hands, it means thousands of dollars in added fruit yields. , .„ „ Tells all about Fruit-Fog, the scientifically atomized super spray which is producing phe- nomenal yielus by stamping out nil hidden pests. Pictures and describes the complete line of HAVES FRUIT-FOG SPRAYERS including the highly perfected HAYES FRUIT- FOG GUN. Send a postal at once for a free copy of this com- plete catalog. We will include "Successful Spray- ing." a guide that shows how and when to spray and what to use. Now being used by thousands of growers and by prominent agricultural schools. Mail the coupon at once! Get these books which tell how to increase your fruit yields by stamping out all hidden pests. There is no obligation. Write today! HAYES PUMP & PLANTER CO. Dept. K, GALVA, ILLINOIS ~\-&2ttfP ■ i A Message for Fruit and Vegetable Growers We desire to get in touch with Fruit and Vegetable Growers in all parts of the country in order to establish Fruit and Vegetable Drying Plants for single firms that want to build new and up-to-date drying plants for themselves and with two or more Growers that would favor the con- struction of a drying plant on a co-operative basis. There are many millions of dollars worth of Fruit and Vegetables left to rotten on the ground and many more millions of dollars are paid in freight rates, tin cans and boxes that can and must be saved. We will invest some of our own capital, if you wish, as we are sure that it is to our mutual benefit, if you write us today for particulars. All information on this subject will be given cheerfully and free of charge. If you are in business for making the best profits write now. The A. A. A. Evaporator Manufacturing Co., Inc. 2371-73 Market Street, San Francisco, California J. C. Butcher Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON MANUFACTURERS — OF— Lime and Sulphur Bordeaux Paste Miscible Oil WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 20 BETTER FRUIT March 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLOC PORTLAND, OREGON. E.5HELLEY MORGAN NORTHWESTERN - MANAGER Mr. Fruit Grower: The 1918 apple crop will, in all probability, be the largest yet recorded. Also, there is certain to be the greatest scarcity of labor yet experienced, especially of experienced packers and sorters. With a CUTLER GRADER you can teach inexperienced help to pack and sort and handle your crop quickly and at the least cost. We are giving discounts for early orders and shipments. WRITE NOW for circular and prices. CUTLER FRUIT GRADER CO. New Address: 351 East Tenth Street, Portland, Oregon There is Profit in Poultry Raised by the "Buckeye" System SBUCKEYE [; w HOT -TVATE/R llncubators^ PH atch Every Hatchable Egg Keep the Lamp Burning and turn the eggs. The "Buckeye" does the rest. Seven Sizes— 60 to GOO Eggs No experience needed to successfully hatch chicks in a "Buckeye." Maintains its temperature in any location, from freezing weather up to 100 degrees, and once adjusted will not vary. ■a-S^You can heat any "Buckeye" to 103° in LESS THAN ONE HOUR and the temper- ■P3&5 ature is guaranteed to be uniform_to the fraction of a degree at all times "Buckeye" Brooders The new way Raises bigger, better chicks at one-quarter the cost of old style brooders. Will brood 100 to 1,000 chicks. Can be set up any place and will burn coal, coke, gas, briqu- ettes or charcoal. Nothing to wear out or break. Buckeye" Portable Brooders come in 3 sizes— 60, 100 and 150 chicks— See Catalog OUR POULTRY SUPPLY CATALOG lists everything necessary for the profitable production of poultry; tells how to care for and raise chickens— a useful reference for all who are interested in poultry. ftsk fof Cata|og No. 202 Manufacturers of Diamond Poultry Foods ORTLAN seed co: . ?oRlUii?» Western Agents Lee's Foods and Remedies OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL ADVERTISERS, INC. Rochester, New York, December 1, 1917. Editor Better Fruit! Perhaps it is because I was once a farmer and am now an agriculturist that I have been called into this matter, but, at any rate, I have promised Dr. Dunn, of the Conservation De- partment of the Fuel Administration, that I would write you, asking for editorial help. We want to get a message over to the whole people, impressing the necessity for the con- servation of fuel. And we want to talk to every man in terms that he can understand, and that is why, instead of sending you a "mat" story, I am giving you some facts and suggestions and asking you, through your paper, to talk to your people. The facts are that we need a hundred million tons of coal more than in a normal year. Pro- duction has been increased fifty million tons. There is, therefore, a fifty million tons short- age. The people can save that fifty million tons if they will. All classes of people are being asked to help. A kitchen shovelful of coal per day saved by every householder means an annual saving of twenty-five million tons. More careful firing can bring this about. Again, Americans, as a rule, have their houses super-heated. Sixty-eight degrees is the health- ful heat. This will be preached. Americans keep their houses too dry. A pan of water on the stove or register, giving off a little moist- ure, will make for health and comfort at a considerably lower temperature than is agree- able in a dry room. Unused portions of the house should be closed off. Storm windows and weather strips should be used more than ever. In many cases a distinct saving can be made by the use of oil stoves. Hundreds of thousands of houses have fireplaces that can be used with wood on cold evenings instead of booming up the furnace. This will be widely advocated. In many localities the farmers especially are in a position to conserve coal by burning more wood — perhaps in the kitchen. Where this can be done it makes a double saving: It saves coal and saves the coal that is burned to transport that coal, saves cars and engines that are needed for other work. There are dead trees, dead limbs and old rails that can be burned now to the betterment of the farm. There are trees that can be selected, that should be cut and piled now against next winter's shortage. In many parts of the coun- try farmers can accumulate a surplus of such wood for next winter's use. Your readers can save money for themselves and help in the proper equipment and care of the boys "over there." May we hope for an early editorial from you, urging the present necessity upon them and impressing them with the fact that every little bit helps. Your very truly, L. B. Jones. TREASURY DEPARTMENT Internal Revenue Service, Portland, Oregon. I wish to inform you that I have been noti- fied by the Treasury Department at Washing- ton, D. C, that the time for filing the 1917 INCOME TAX RETURNS, including individuals and corporations, has been extended to April 1, 1918, thus giving an additional month to that provided by the War Tax Act of October 3, 1917. As soon as the blanks are received each corporation will be notified. I should greatly appreciate the EARLY filing of returns in order that the work of this office may not be unduly congested. Very respectfully, Milton A. Miller, Collector. War bread is wholesome, likeable, saves for our Allies. It For Sale One Deming Power Sprayer, "Victory," three h. p. Novo Engine, Duplex pump, 200-gallon tank, two 50-foot leads of hose, pressure gauge and tank filler. Used very little; in good condition. Cost $380.00. First check for $175.00 gets complete outfit, f. o. b. this station. A. F. PAGE Stevensville, Montana WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 The Orchard Ladder A Pruner 4«f OimEii'v nnisl 'H';ir tne name Ul yUdlDiy "Northwest." Thous- ands are sold on their merits. Ask your dealer to let you see our ladder. which does the work twice as fast as any other make, and costs no more. Why not use the best? It's the Bastian If your dealer does not carry our Ladder and Pruner in stock, write us direct for prices. Information on our Orchard Supplies gladly given on request. N. W. Fence & Supply Co, PORTLAND, OREGON Prune Evaporation By F. R. Brown, Marion County Agricultural Agent, Salem, Oregon A DISCUSSION of prune evaporation and all factors affecting such must necessarily commence with the harvest- ing methods. The normal season for harvesting prunes in the Willamette Valley is from September 10 to October 5. We find, however, that during the past few years there is an increasing tendency on the part of the growers to hurry the season. In other words, a great many growers are beginning as early as the 1st of September and fin- ishing as early as the 25th, or ten days in advance of the normal season. With these facts before us, then let us con- sider the effect of this early harvesting. Through experiments carried out at the Oregon Agricultural College it has been found that the following figures are fairly accurate, showing the loss due to this early harvesting: There is a loss in weight of fresh fruit because the sugar contained increases very rapidly during the last three or four days that the prunes remain on the tree. Expe- rience covering two years give the fol- lowing figures: A loss in weight due to shaking 6 per cent. Since the sugar contained in the prune vitally affects the drying quality it is natural to find that prunes which are shaken from the tree dry lighter than those which drop naturally. The average difference over a period of three years shows a gain in weight in favor of prunes dropping nat- urally of 4.5 per cent. This means, then, that the grower annually loses 10.5 per cent of the weight of his dried prunes by harvesting too early. Add to this the cost of shaking, which runs from .$3.00 to $0.00 per ton, and estimating the price on a basis of $125 per ton of dried fruit, we find the total loss due to harvesting amounting to be from $18 to $20 per ton, or more than enough to pay the cost of cultivating, pruning and spraying the orchards. To further sub- stantiate this fact, observations were made during the seasons 1912-14 and 1917, those seasons which were particu- larly noticeable on account of the diffi- culty experienced in getting the prunes from the trees. These observations re- veal the following facts. First, that after resorting to severe shaking and clubbing there still remained on the trees at the end of the season a num- ber of prunes. An inspection, however, ten days later revealed the fact that not a single prune remained on the trees, but scattering prunes on the ground in- dicated that at the proper time prunes dropped of their own accord. Let us now take the question of fray- ing. There are many ways in connec- tion with the traying of prunes where greater efficiency can be obtained. For instance, it is found in one case by careful experiments and substantiated in many others by observation that enough rotten prunes were placed in the trays to show a net loss of $2.73 per The Final Test Are you producing clean fruit at low cost? This is the final test of your methods. In the fall it is too late to repair errors. Now is the time to review last season's results and plan for the future. Latimer's Dry Arsenate of Lead Will help you produce cleaner fruit. We'can convince you of this. Use Latimer's Dry on only a part of your orchard the first year. Compare your results. Then you will know. High combined arsenate makes Latimer's Dry quick to kill. Extreme fineness gives covering power and adhesiveness. Uniformity in composition assures uniform results. The Latimer Chemical Company GRAND JUNCTION, COLO. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT March THE TheLaborSaver Use Only Niagara Dusting Sulphur AND Dusting Mixtures They have been PROVED and approved by those who have made a success of dusting. A leading fruit grower of White Salmon Valley (Washington) says: "It took three men fifty hours to apply one spray of liquid in my orchard, while two of us DUSTED it with equal thoroughness in eight hours." Reports like these come from Hood River, Yakima, We- natchee and every place where the Niagara has been used. The Niagara Dusting Machines WITH NIAGARA DUSTING MATERIALS are responsible for the Success of Modern Dusting They make possible the best DISTRIBUTION in the most effective form. Niagara Dusting Machines and Dusting Materials Are distributed from supply stations at Oakland, Los Angeles and Portland F. A. FRAZIER, Western Distributing Agent, 325 13th St., Oakland, California Use Niagara Soluble Sulphur for Dormant and Spring Spraying ton, due to the fact that after drying these must be picked out. When left in they injure the quality of the product. Another factor is the tendency not to fill the trays to their greatest capacity. This has been found to account for a loss in the drying cost of $4.27 per ton. This is based on the fact that it costs just as much to send a tray through the dryer filled to 80 per cent of its capaci- ty as it would to send it through com- pletely filled. I was glad to hear Mr. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH True-to-Name Nursery Offers for spring planting all leading varieties of apple, pear, cherry, apricot and peach trees. Address all communications to TRUE-TO-NAME NURSERY H.S.Galligan, Prop. Phone 4796. Hood River, Oregon Portland Wholesale Nursery Company Rooms 6 & 7. 122' ■ Grand Ave.. Portland. Oregon Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies A very complete line of Fruit and Ornamental Trees. Shrubs, Vines. Etc. SPECIALTIES Clean Coast Grown Seedlings Oregon Champion Gooseberries and Perfection Currant Write Now — Write Now WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Paulus make the statement that the prune which has been lyed heavily does not process as nicely as do those dried without the use of lye. I have this same statement from all of the principal prune-packing plants in Oregon. From experiments carried out on a commer- cial scale we have found out that with proper drying methods the use of lye is not necessary and not only affects the processing quality of the prunes but the appearance and quality of the pro- duct itself. I think some steps should be taken to grade the prunes into two sizes before they go into the evaporator, since it is a well-known fact that the small prunes on the same tray with the larger ones will not dry in the same length of time. This mean that either the small prunes will be over-dried or the large prunes under-dried, or both. In either case hand sorting will be necessary. There are a number of factors which influence the evaporation of prunes. For the most part growers are content to base their conclusion as to the effi- ciency of any particular evaporator on the time required to dry a tray of prunes. This is not necessarily a cor- rect basis, since the difference in drying time very often is not sufficient to war- rant the difference in dried weight. In other words, since we are selling by the pound it would seem the more logical way to base our conclusions on the weight of dried fruit obtained from any given amount of green fruit. Climatic conditions assert a marked effect under our present conditions. Experiments and observations covering a period from 1911 to 1917 shows that the aver- age weight of dried prunes per bushel of fresh is 17 pounds for rainy seasons and 19 Vi pounds for dry seasons. Care- ful experiments during the same period brought to light the fact that where conditions could be controlled 20.3 pounds for rainy seasons and 24.4 pounds per bushel, for dry seasons could be obtained. An average increase of 4.1 pounds per bushel, or 22.5 per cent. This is no doubt too high, but shows that a great saving may be made. Spray Hose "GUARANTEED" BRAND Buy something good, it pays, If your merchants do not carry it, we will sell you direct, express charges prepaid, 25c per foot. Gutta Percha & Rubber Mfg. Co. 544 1st Ave. So., SEATTLE NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1918 CATALOG. FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 iS BETTER FRUIT Page 23 The effect of drying time on the drying percentage or weight per bushel is not very marked. For instance, a difference in drying time from 29 hours to 77 hours gave a difference in dry per cent of only 4 per cent in favor of the shorter time. There seems to be little or no difference in drying percentage so long as the drying time is kept below 30 hours and above 15 hours. An addi- tional advantage of the shorter time is noted in the more attractive appearance of the finished product. In order to obtain a drying time within the limits noted above the following conditions were found essential: A temperature in the beginning not lower than 120 and preferably as high as 140 degrees. A finishing temperature not higher than 180 degrees and not lower than 165 de- grees. The maximum temperature for the finish would depend largely on the circulation of air. At no time should the circulation of air drop below 660 feet per minute, and while we have no definite figures to give as to how high a circulation would be desirable, we have found that with the air circulation as rapid as 1,000 to 1,200 feet per min- ute, very excellent results were ob- tained. Another interesting fact in con- nection with the circulation of air is to the effect that the humidity of the air as it passes out is not sufficient to hin- der its use a second, third or even greater number of times. In other words, there is no reason from a moisture standpoint why the air should not be returned to the furnace pit again and again. Since in most cases this could be returned at a temperature fully twice as high as that of the out- side temperature. By reheating, with perhaps a small amount of new air added, a great saving of fuel would be made. The question in connection with this, however, is, can a means be ob- tained of returning this air to the fur- nace at a cost small enough to warrant its adoption? Summing up, then, some of the facts in relation to prune evapo- ration we find it possible to decrease our cost of harvesting and increase our profits by allowing the prunes to ripen more fully. We can make more at- tractive products by omitting the use of lye and substituting a more rapid cir- culation of air in the evaporator. Be- yond this there is still considerable experimental work to be done, and we trust that the Oregon Agricultural Col- lege, with its new facility for carrying on the work, will be able to render some valuable assistance to the prune growers in the near future. Order Spray Material Now Insect pests and fungous diseases arc always with us and must be combatted. Due to transportation difficulties and a possible shortage of spray material, growers are urged to consider their seasonal needs and order their insecti- cides and fungicides now. Traffic con- gestion and freight embargoes threaten seriously to interfere, if not largely to prevent the timely shipment of large quantities of fungicides and insecti- cides for use in seed treatment and early summer spraying and (lusting. Hook Up a "High Speed" Sprayer With Your Farm Engine Has direct connection with engine shaft — no troublesome gears. Operates at the full speed of engine — from 450 to 550 strokes per minute. Maintains very high pressure — 250 lbs. — enabling you to cover every inch of bark with a fine misty spray. The capacity —6 gals, per minute — makes it easy to spray a big orchard on time. Vacuum and air chambers in- sure steady flow of liquid For real sprayer satisfac- tion, use r* PULPS SPRAYERg —50 styles. Our Service Department will guarantee every one to perform satisfac- torily the work for which recommended. All rigidly tested and backed by 69 years' pump-making experience. "We also make a complete line of Power, Wind- mill and Hand Pumps for water supply and other services. £6P You need our ft ee book, "Hand and Power Sprayers, ' Contains informa- tion of great value to every fruit grower. Write us today for your copy. Address Dept 44. The Goulds Mfg. Co. k Main Offi -e and Works: Seneca Falls, N. Y. Branches: Boston New York Philadelphia Chicago Pittsburgh Atlanta Houston ^ [."§35^ Goulds Fi£. 1662 High Speed" Power Sprayer — operates at speed of engine — no gear reduction whatever. sS53Ryy4 Bsi^fcr* Box Strapping and Tie Buckles HOLD WHERE OTHER METHODS OF PACKING FAIL Cold rolled flat wire, lacquered finish or galvanized, for use with tin seals. No nails used in this application. Packed in bbls. of 500 lbs. Acme Steel Box Strapping in coils of 300 feet, 20 coils to a case. Larger coils of 3,000 feet. This strapping is used with nails and is lacquered finished. Acme No. 4 Bale Tie Fastener, used with No. 17-18 round wire. Holds securely and has no prong to break off. Packed 50,000 to a bbl. Write for Catalog Acme Steel Goods Co., rvtfrs. 2840 Archer Avenue, CHICAGO Branch and Warehouse, 311 California Street, San Francisco Dot Embossed Strapping WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ■' -I BETTER FRUIT March ■ Right Back in the Same Row ■( ■ and Right Up to the Trees 5 — ■ ■ J Under the Low Branches! ■ gl Patented § 1 ■ Turning Feature" Immensely Important in Orchard Tractor I jjj Will the tractor vou buy turn In a 10- 5 5 foot circle (5-foot radius i pulling as 5 S strong on the short turns as on the _ •S straight away — and will it do that with- „ ^2 out straining 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 3 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS 8c CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. DRYER W. w. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT STREET Phones: Main 2348 a 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON MARK LEVY & CO. Commission Merchants Wholesale Fruits 121-123 Front St. and 200 Washington St. PORTLAND, OREGON Pittsburgh Perfect Cement C03tGd N^ilS are of tne njgnest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California W. van Diem Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49, 51,61 ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND European Receivers of American Fruits Eldest and First-CIass House in this Branch Cable Address: W. Vandiem ABC Code used; 5th Edition Our Specialties Are Apples, Pears, Naval Oranges 1 ARCADIA A merica 's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON ORCHARDISTS SUPPLY HOUSE Franz Hardware Co. HOOD RIVER, ORE. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISFRS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 4 BETTER FRUIT April DO YOU KNOW That nitr°6en is the real ener6'zer in practically all I lkU fertilizers. That in most rertilizers the nitr°6en is not available II lcU until changed to a nitrated form, resulting in your having to wait for nature to act. That in NITRATE OF SODA already in nitrated form, no delay is experienced, the 15% nitrogen— equal to 18% ammonia— being Immediately Available. TRY IT THIS SPRING Remember— Food Will Win the War NITRATE AGENCIES CO. LEARY BUILDING, SEATTLE Pacific Coast Agents United States Steel Products Co. San Francisco Los Angeles Portland Seattle J.C.Pearson Covinc. Sole Manufacturers Old South Bldg. Boston, Mass. PEARSON CONOMY E A R S o NAILS in buying is getting the best value for the money, not alwavs in getting the lowest prices. PEARSON prices are right. DHESIVENESS £ M^n for PEARSON nails. For twenty years they have been making boxes strong. Now, more than ever. T7T T A TJTT TTV behind the good is CiLilADlljl 1 1 added value. You can rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. A T'Ta'P A fTTn'M Is assured by our AllftfALllUl^ long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want: we guarantee satisfaction. Uir'TAI AT TTV Plus experience al- KHjrliNALill I ways excels imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to sometime (not now) equal Pearson— meantime you play safe. A I L THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM Was created mainly to help business men and farmers. To provide plenty of cur- rency at all times. To effect a steadier supply of credit. Secure these benefits by banking with us. Ladd & Tilton Bank PORTLAND, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING The Abuse of Water on Fruit Trees By D. F. Fisher, Office of Fruit Disease Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture— Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Association, Kennewick, Washington, January 3, 1918 IT may be somewhat surprising to hear that irrigation water, which is so essential to the production of fruit in many parts of the Northwest, can be and often is harmful both to trees and fruit. The indictment of water, however, cannot be limited to its use in irrigalaion, for water is water, whether applied in furrows or gratui- tously supplied from the clouds. Per- haps it would be putting it too strong to say that fruit diseases due to soil moist- ure conditions are more prevalent in irrigated districts than elsewhere, but certainly we may say that they appear to be more aggravated and they have been more closely studied. It is also true that such diseases can be more nearly controlled under irri- gation than under conditions of natural rainfall, since the water supply is more nearly under the control of the grower. If irrigation practices were standard- ized it would be comparatively easy to point out in a general discussion such as this just what phases of irrigation are objectionable and the manner in which they could be corrected. But irrigation pracitces cannot be standard- ized; different conditions require dif- ferent treatment and growers are re- quired to exercise their own judgment in irrigating their orchards. This per- mits of a wide variation in practice and we find growers who would flood their orchards continually if they could se- cure the water, and others whose orchards are in a constant state of drouth, while in between the two ex- tremes the balance of the growers fol- low individual ideas, many scientifically founded and highly beneficial, but some positively harmful. Injury from the use and abuse of water, however, is not always a direct result of methods of irrigation. But if other environmental factors, dependent on, or caused by soil moisture conditions, are concerned, they are usually within the power of the orchardist to remedy. While more progress is being made in irrigated districts in the correction of this class of diseases than elsewhere, there is still a woeful lack of general knowledge concerning these problems and a failure to apply many of the prin- ciples which have been established. In every section we may still find the clean cultivation "crank," who continues to deplete his soil of plant food and ex- haust the humus essential to the reten- tion and penetration of irrigation water. His trees become yellowish in appear- ance, the foliage thin and sparse, the new growth stunted and weak, while the fruit crop constantly diminishes in size and quality. In his attempts to correct these conditions he pours on more and more water, but usually with- out avail unless he resorts to subsoiling, and then the relief is only temporary. The surface of the soil may become sat- urated, but without humus the water will not penetrate to the roots. The "plow-sole" becomes a kind of "hard- pan" and is so cemented as to exclude the water and starvation of the trees very naturally results. We still find plenty of rosette in apple orchards, usually under the conditions just described, even though it is a gen- erally accepted fact that an alfalfa shade crop planted in such orchards Announcement The publication offices of Better Fruit nave been removed from Hood River to Portland, Oregon. This ckange was deemed expedi- ent owing to better facilities for publication at Portland. Address all communications to BETTER FRUIT E. H. Sriepard, Editor and Publisher 407 Lumber Exchange Building Portland, Oregon will in a short time correct this condi- tion. While no definite study of this disease is available for report it seems probable that rosette is merely the re- sponse to a soil moisture condition, pos- sibly complicated by nutritive problems or the poisonous effects of concentrated soil solutions which are corrected by the culture of alfalfa among the trees. Alfalfa roots penetrate deeply and, in decaying, humus is distributed through the area occupied by the tree roots. Channels for the penetration of irriga- tion water are thus provided through the "hardpan" and a balanced supply of plant food for the trees is insured. By this re-establishment of normal growth conditions the tree affected with rosette is soon able to overcome the disease. j There are numerous other diseases which are affected by the supply of soil moisture, some of which are gen- erally understood, but which it may be profitable to review. The first class of such diseases which conies to mind is that caused by a lack of water or drouth. A state of chronic drouth is responsible for a lack of tree growth and small-sized fruit. Water is essen- tial to the proper nutrition of the trees, since all of the plant food obtained from the soil is used in a water solu- tion. Drouth, then, is starvation as well as acute thirst. Water is essential to the maintainance of turgor and activ- ity of all the parts of the growing plant, so that when the water supply fails the plant not only starves but its cells dry out and die. A chronic drouth may not immediately kill the tree, but it causes so much devitalization that even after the return of proper soil moisture con- ditions the tree remains for a long time sick. Drouth kills the fine feeding roots which supply the tree with food so that the balance between roots and foliage is destroyed. The leaf surface is then reduced and new wood growth stunted. Due to the destruction of the delicate feeding roots the tree will require care- ful nursing for a considerable period if it is to completely recover from a pro- longed drouth. Soil moisture condi- tions must be carefully watched, for the tree is then much more susceptible to drouth than before. The reduced foliage also invites sunscald and proper shading should be resorted to in order to prevent this injury. It sometimes happens that a sudden and acute drouth is encountered fol- lowing normal conditions of growth. In this case the tree invokes the law of self-preservation and extracts moisture from the fruit for the maintenance of its foliage and vegetative, parts. It is more concerned in saving itself than in propagating itself. We find that the apples shrivel on the tree before the leaves show signs of wilting. With the early return of adequate soil moisture conditions many varieties of apples will recover their normal size and, appar- ently, be none the worse for the expe- rience. But in the case of certain vari- eties, of the Winesap and Ben Davis groups especially, the drouth is accom- panied by a spotting of the fruit which we have termed "drouth spot." Atfer a certain stage in the drouth is reached irregular reddish, water-soaked spots appear on the apples and a sticky yel- lowish exudate is formed on the spots. This is sweetish to the taste and has sometimes been mistaken as a sign of blight infection on this account. But the taste of the apple tissue from the spot itself is extremely bitter, and this has caused some people to regard it as bitter rot. I know of cases where growers have sprayed for this disease, thinking it must be bitter rot because it tastes bitter, and of others who were on the point of pulling out their trees because they were sure it was a case of Continued on page 18 Page 6 BETTER FRUIT April A Spray Program for the Northwest Apple Orchards By Leroy Childs, Entomologist and Plant Pathologist, Hood River Experiment Station THE accompanying spray calendar is so arranged that it will ade- quately cover the needs of the orchardist in most of the apple growing sections of the Pacific Northwest. It must be understood that this is not a blanket recommendation, for there are indeed but few localities that would demand all of these applications of spray listed in order to effect control of the different apple pests. The orchard- ist must determine, first, the pests that must be controlled in his orchard, and secondly in his procedure, with the as- sistance of his local adviser, determine whether seasonal conditions warrant the alterations of the program. The calendar presented is arranged to meet maximum adversities from the stand- point of weather conditions and pest development, with a result that during many seasons decided alterations may be necessary. In the alteration of these arranged sprays the advice of an expert orchard investigator should be obtained if possible. Seasonal development is the most im- portant factor is making the necessary alterations in any spray schedule. Usually a late spring is a decided ad- vantage to the orchardist from the standpoint of the number of sprays that will be necessary during the season. This is especially true in the control of apple scab. In order to completely pro- tect the orchard from the disease it is necessary to keep the foliage protected from the delayed dormant stage (Fig- ure 1) until the spring rains are over. Under the conditions which exist at Hood River rains can be expected until about the first of July. Two applica- tions a month are necessary to keep the foliage and developing fruits coated, so that if the delayed dormant stage is reached by April 1, which often hap- pens, it would be necessary to make five application of a fungicide in order to obtain complete protection. If, on account of delayed plant development, this is applied April 15, four applica- tions will be effective, and should this be delayed until May 1, as was the case in Hood River in 1917, three applica- tions in many cases gave excellent results. Discussions of Different Applications. In connection with the different ap- plications given in the calendar there are a few important factors that should be discussed somewhat at length; lack of space prevents this in the tables. For the sake of clearness, a discussion of each application follows, the para- graph number corresponding with the spray number given in the calendar. 1. Dormant Spray. The oil applica- tion is a dormant spray and is only advised in orchards where the leaf roller is present. When used for this insect it is incidentally effective in con- trolling both San Jose scale and brown aphis. However, under Northwestern conditions, rains following the applica- tion of spray within three to five days, its effectiveness is greatly reduced. Warm, settled weather conditions are absolutely essential to insure the leaf roller eggs being destroyed by the oil. The best results have been obtained by waiting until the buds are well swollen and the tips of the first leaves are just beginning to show. For the control of San Jose scale and oyster shell scale lime-sulphur used 1-8 will be found less expensive and more effective, pro- vided rainy weather follows the appli- Ficube 1 — Delayed Dormant Spray. cation. If the lime-sulphur is used as an early dormant application (before the buds swell) use Rlack Leaf for brown aphis control in Spray No. 2. 2. Delayed Dormant Spray. The de- layed dormant spray is primarily a scab spray. Protection is needed at this time as spores of the fungus are being dis- charged in large numbers from the old fallen leaves. In orchards where the brown aphis is troublesome (the insect which causes the small, knotty clusters Spray Program for Northwest Apple Orchards Application Dormant Spray. 2. Delayed Dormant Spray. 3. Pink Spray. 4. Calyx Spray. Ten-Day Spray. 6. Thirty-Day Spray. 7. July Spray. Insect and Plant Disease Material and Time of Application Tpaf roller For the leaf roller, miscible oil, 6 to 100. ... . c t „ Rrnw n aiihi's Use only in orchards where leaf roller control is desired or where San Jose San Jose scale. scale is serious. Apply as late as possible in the spring, under warm, settled Oyster shell scale. weather conditions. (See discussion for Spray 1.) Annie scab For scab, lime-sulphur 32°, 1 to 25.* Annie mildew For mildew, add iron sulphide mixture, 10 to 100. Krmvn anhis For brown aphis, add tobacco (nicotine sulphate) 1 to 1200. Apply at time the crown apms flrst ,eaves are unfoldjng about the bud clusters on the fruit spurs. (See discussion for Spray 2.) 1 to 30. Annie scab For scab, lime-sulphur 32°, _ Miklew "".'.. For mildew, add iron sulphide mixture, 10 to 100. Und moth " ' For bud moth, add arsenate of lead, 4 to 100 (powder 2 to 100). ..j :„ .i,„ dusters (Figure 2). Do not apply Apply as soon as petals fall. until the fruit buds stand separated in the cli (See discussion for Spray 3.) Annie scab For scab, lime-sulphur 32°, 1 to 35. Miklew For mildew, add iron sulphide, 10 to 100. Codlin" moth' ' For codling moth, add arsenate of lead, 4 to 100. Codling motn (See discussion for Spray 4.) Annie scab For scab, lime-sulphur 32°, 1 to 40. Mildew For mildew, add iron sulphide mixture, 10 to 100. Apply 10 to 15 days follow- ing calyx application. (See discussion for Spray 5.) ADDle scab For scab, lime-sulphur 32°, 1 to 50; or self-boiled lime-sulphur, 6-6-504 For codling moth, add arsenate of lead, 4 to 100. For green and woolly aphis, add tobacco, 1 to 1200. Apply 30 days following the calyx application. (See discussion for Spray 6.) Codling moth (if present) Green aphis 1 Woolly aphis I (Advisable in certain sections Cnd/ine moth For codling moth, add arsenate of lead, 4 to 100. kS.»r, f nhU . . . ) For green and woolly aphis, add tobacco, 1 to 1200. In applying this spray con Green aphis Woolly aphis } For green and woolly aph._, suit with your nearest expert. (See discussion for Spray 7.) Third Codling Moth Spray. Codling moth For codling moth, add arsenate of lead 4 to 100. For anthracnose and late scab, add bordeaux mixture, 3-4-50.+ Anthracnose Woolfvaanhis ' .' .' .' '.'.'.?.'. '■ '■ ■' •' •'• For woolly aphis, ac 9. Fall Spray. If lime-sulphur does not test 32 Anthracnose see accompanying table f ipplication can only be told by seasonal development of codling moth breeding cage studies. Get in touch with nearest entomological m- (See discussion for Spray 8.) Apply as soon as fruit is harvested. Date of a through vestigator For anthracnose, bordeaux mixture, 6-6-50 t Write Oregon Agricultural College for particulars in the piepa t Three pounds bluestone, four pounds lime, fifty gallons water. the proper dilution, ration of self-boiled lime-sulphur. ipiS of apples), tobacco (nicotine sulphate) 1-1200 should be added. Compared with past years, we have made a reduc- tion in the strength of lime-sulphur to be used, and further experimental evi- dence will probably permit the making of greater dilutions for this application. The spray should be applied when the average fruit spurs show the condition us given in Figure 1. In orchards where lime and sulphur has been regularly used in the control of apple scab for several years, mildew is incidentally kept in check by this fungicide. The trouble is usualy more pronounced in young unsprayed orchards or in sec- tions where lime-sulphur has not been extensively employed. In orchards where the disease is prevalent it can be more specially brought under control by adding iron sulphide mixture 10-100 to the lime-sulphur. The fungus which causes powdery mildew begins activi- ties as soon as the foliage appears in the spring, and demands the same atten- tion in controling it as does apple scab. 3. Pink Spray. The pink spray is em- ployed chiefly for the control of apple scab. In sections where the bud moth is present arsenate of lead used in the standard dilutions should be added to the lime-sulphur. Owing to the fact that the entire developing apple cannot be completely covered with spray, and thereby given complete protection, until the young fruits have separated in the clusters, this spray should be delayed until the condition found in Figure 2 presents itself. In large orchards, how- ever, it will not be possible to wait until all of the spurs are in this condition. The orchardist should arrange his spraying so that the greatest proportion of the crop is sprayed while in this con- dition. If mildew is severe add the iron sulphide mixture. 4. Calyx Spray. All orchardists are familiar with the value of applying arsenate of lead at this period in the development of the young apple. Apply the spray a few days following the dropping of the petals, as shown in Fig- ure 3. Owing to the fact that it is nec- essary to protect the fruit from further scab infection, lime-sulphur must be used. In orchards where mildew con- trol is a problem, continue the use of the iron sulpide mixture. 5. Ten-Day Spray. The so-called ten- day or two-weeks spray is primarily used for furthering scab protection. It is through the use of this application and the following one that "shot fun- gus" or the appearance of numerous scab spots on the fruit, usually early in July, is prevented. It is a very import- ant spray during most seasons and must not be omitted. 6. Thirty-Day Spray. This applica- tion is made just previous to the hatch- ing of the first brood of codling moth and is therefore a very important appli- cation. During certain seasons it is necessary to use a spray in order to prevent further scab development. The use of lime-sulphur is dangerous at this time, due to the possibility of burning, and before using it consult with the nearest investigator. We have been ex- perimentinng for two seasons with self- boiled lime-sulphur in this application BETTER FRUIT Figure 2 — Pink Spiny. Figure 3 — Calyx Spray. and the preceding, and the results that have been obtained are very encourag- ing. Scab control has resulted with practically no fruit burn. The greatest difficulty so far encountered is that of preparation. Both the lime and the sulphur must be of good quality or the resulting product will contain many fine particles which clog up the nozzle. The work which is to be continued along this line during the coming sea- son will clear up many of the difficul- ties so far encountered in the use of self-boiled lime-sulphur. For the prep- aration of this material write the Ore- gon Agricultural College, Corvallis. 7. July Spray. This application is Page j needed in some sections of the state for the control of codling moth. Keep in touch with your fruit inspector or in- vestigator. At Hood River and most of I he interior apple districts the hatching of the second brood of worms docs not take place until August. During some seasons the green and woolly aphids become injurious during this month. Watch them closely and if they become injurious spray. 8. August Spray. In many sections of the Northwest the lead spray for the control of the second brood of codling moths must be applied duriing this month. The exact date can only be de- termined by carefully conducted breed- ing observations, carried on by one familiar with the insect's activities. If your section is badly infested with worms, get an expert to carry on some breeding studies. To be effective dur- ing the time the eggs are hatching the spray must be applied at a time not to exceed a few days before the hatching of the first eggs, or the spray will lose its effectiveness before the later eggs are hatched. A lead spray at this time of the year is entirely effective for a period not to exceed 21 to 25 days. If an application, therefore, is applied a couple of weeks before the eggs begin to hatch its extended effectiveness is greatly reduced. During some seasons eggs continue to hatch for a month or more, with a result that it is very essen- tial to put the spray on at just about the right time. Bordeaux 3— 1-50 can be added to the arsenate of lead. This, however, is only advised in orchards where anthracnose is causing consider- able damage. Bordeaux has a tendency to mottle red apples, due to the fact that the sunlight is prevented from reaching the surface of the fruit and the apples do not color uniformly. 9. Fall Spray. For the control of an- thracnose the fall application of bor- deaux mixture should immediately fol- low the harvesting of the fruit. If this disease is once put under complete con- trol in a given district, spraying every other year thereafter has been found sufficient in the Hood River sections to keep the trouble in check. This would probably be true of the activities of the disease in other sections. Spores be- come active following the early fall rains, and to get complete control the application should be made before these occur. DILUTION TABLE FOR LIME-SULPHUR AT DIFFERENT (This table is prepared considering lime-sulphur at 32° Beaume testing higher or lower are arranged so that they wi same amount of sulphur in the diluted sp Degrees Beaume 36... 35... 34... 33... 32... 81... 30... 29... DEGREES BEAUME* as standard. Concentrates 11 contain the ay.) 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. Delmjed Dor- Pink Calyx Ten ■Dan Thirty-Day mant Spray Spray Spray Spray 1 to us.;: 1 to 34.1 1 to 40.0 1 to 45.6 1 to 57.4 1 to 27.5 1 to :;:;a 1 to 38.8 1 (o 44.2 1 to 55 6 1 to 26.7 1 to 32.1 1 to 37.5 1 to 42.8 1 to 53 7 1 to 25. S 1 to 31.0 1 to 36.2 1 to 41.3 1 to 51 9 1 to 25.0 1 to 3O.0 1 to 35.0 1 to 40.0 1 to 50.0 1 to 24.2 1 to 28.9 1 to 33.7 1 to 3S.6 1 to 48 2 1 to 23.3 1 to 27.8 1 to 32.3 1 to 37.1 1 to 46.4 1 to 22.5 1 to 26.7 1 to 31.0 1 to 35.6 1 to 44.5 1 to 21.6 1 to 26.7 1 to 29.7 1 to 34.2 1 to 42.7 1 to 20.8 1 to 24.5 1 to 28.3 1 to 32.8 1 to 41.0 1 to 20.0 1 to 23.5 1 to 27.0 1 to 31.3 1 to 39.0 1 to 19.1 1 to 22.4 1 to 25.7 1 to 30.0 1 to 37.2 .1 to 18.3 1 to 21.3 1 to 24.3 1 to 2S.7 1 to 35.4 1 to 17.4 1 to 20 " 1 to 23.0 1 to "7 " 1 to 33.5 1 to 16.5 1 to III. II 1 to 21.6 1 to 25 v 1 to 31.7 1 to 15.8 1 to 18.1 1 to 20.3 l to 24.5 1 to 30.0 1 to 15.0 1 to 17.0 1 to 19.0 1 to 23.0 1 to 28.2 •This iMl.lr kindly prepared by Mr. R. H. Robinson, Experiment Station. Assistant Chemist, Oregon Page 8 BETTER FRUIT April We make ®»m Labels with a purpos1 ^^)r >(.f ire Hardening and planting time. Trim up your trees and plants and put new lift 'into them, so thej 'will amount to something and do their bit when the tune eoraes. whether vou raise fruits or vegetables, you will need a spray pump of some kind so Wf recom- livrK BE Bucket Barrel and Power Spray Pumps to your attention— the Easy Ope a inn C^ogGei Bucket and Barrel Pumps for hand use, and the Myers Automat c Power Pumps "nd Complete Outfits that do not require a relief valve for extensive power operations. Pa where vou will vou will And these Spray Pumps doing things in the spraying world— spraying ,J p°lr ", ,,h,,s "iVewash g and painting, disinfecting and innumerable other ,obs-because hey trees and Plants. » ™- '7,„',i, ,, SDeed capacity and ei-ononiical use of mixtures, and for these ££f%^V*£«%^i™6Vri™<& everywhere-veteran or novice, you will appreciate the elli.-ieul rprailng servhv of Myers Spray Pumps. Ask vour dealer or write us immediately about than—time is limited until you must get busy, and when sou start we "want you to have a real lighting machine .., a Myers Spray Pump. Beautiful catalog by return mail on request. For Quick Attention Address Your Letter or Card, Spray Pump Department, No. 120 Orange Street. Pumps for Every Purpose, Hay Unloading Tools, Door Hangers Albany, Harrisburg, Milwaukee, Cedar Rapids, St. Louis, Kansas City u •II 120 ORANGE ST.| I ASHLAND. OHIO. RHODES DOUBLE CUT .PRUNING SB RHODES MFG. 520 s. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. 'THE only A pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. April short time by the regulation of the ven- tilators; the temperature ranges from '.VI to 40 degrees. On examination of several boxes of Winesap and Rome Beauty apples a few days ago I found them in excellent shape. Savory Stews Try them. They can be a whole meal ami a nutritious one. These recipes serve live people. Here is an English stew that is especially good: Hot Pot of Mutton and Barley.— 1 1 pound mutton. Vz cup pearled barley. 1 tablespoon salt, 4 potatoes, 3 onions, celcrly tops or other seasoning herbs. Cut the mutton in small pieces and brown with the onion in fat cut from meat. This will help make the meat tender and improves the flavor. Pour this into a covered sauce pan. Add two quarts water and the barley. Simmer for \Vi hours. Then add the potatoes cut in quarters, seasoning herbs, and seasoning, and cook one-half hour longer. Beef Stew. — 1 pound beef, 4 potatoes cut in quarters, M peck peas or 1 can, 1 cup carrots cup up small, 1 teaspoon salt. Cut the meat in small pieces and brown in the fat from the meat. Sim- mer in two quarts of water for one hour. Add the peas and carrots and cook for one-half hour, then add the potatoes. If canned peas are used, add them ten minutes before serving. Serve when potatoes are done. Meat Pies. — Another good way to use a little meat. Have you ever used rice, cornmeal mush or hominy for a crust? This is less work than a pastry crust and saves wheat: 4 cups cooked corn- meal, rice or hominy; 1 onion, 2 cups tomato, Vs teaspoon pepper, 1 table- spoon fat, 1 pound raw meat or left- over meat cut up small, V-i teaspoon salt. Melt the fat, add the sliced onion and, if raw meat is used, add it and stir until the red color disappears. Add the to- mato and seasoning. If cooked meat is used, add it with the tomato and season- ing, after the onion is browned, and heat through. Grease a baking dish, put in a layer of the cereal, add the meat and gravy, and cover with the cereal dotted with fat. Bake for half an hour. square and equipped with two shutters spaced two feet apart in the ventilator, which are opened or closed by a single rope from below. The sides and roof being covered with wire netting, they were then covered with a heavy layer of straw, evenly dis- tributed, and then covered with four or six inches of dirt. The dirt was hoisted by the use of a hay derrick and a spe- cially made box with a trip buttom, which facilitated the work. The floor of the storage was con- structed with 2x4's laid in rows on the dirt floor flat, with 8-inch pieces of 2x4 set upright for posts and another row of 2x4's laid flat on top. There is about 20 inches between these rows, which allows us to tier the packed boxes so as to economise in space. This flood con- struction raises the apples a foot from the dirt floor and allows free circula- tion of air under and up through the tiers. With plenty of room in such a storage, the tiers would be six high and fourteen deep for convenient handling. There is room in the above described storage for seventy-two tiers of eighty- four boxes. However, this year we tiered eight and nine high and utilized all the space in the ten-foot driveway through the building. Two sets of doors are provided at each end of the storage and three thermometers, one near each end of the building and one in the middle. We are able to raise or lower the temperature several degrees in a very Get rid of the rats and gophers and all unnecessary pests that destroy the crops. Do not fail to spray for fungus, com- monly called scab. In some sections two sprays are enough, but in wet cli- mates of the Northwest it is usually necessary to put on the semi-dormant, the pink, one in the calyx, one in two weeks after, according to weather con- ditions. Many do not understand why the Allies do not eat some flours and meals which we are asked to eat. One reason is that many of them are apt to become wormy in shipment abroad. The food situation among our Allies is grave, yet there will be plenty in America to spare, if we conserve more and increase production. ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page ii BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.'s Cement Coated Nails Hood River Apple Prices Highest Since 1911 DESPITE the unfavorable condi- tions created by the war, prices received for apples this year by the association have reached the high- est mark since 1911, according to the report of General Manager Stone at the members' meeting Saturday. The aver- age price for the three standard grades this year is $1.40 a box, compared with 81.13 last year. The low mark was reached in 11115, when the average was 76 cents a box. The percentages of Extra Fancy, 1913 Apples 575,500 Pears 12,800 Peaches 1,100 Cherries 10,026 Strawberries 61,500 Blackberries 750 Raspberries 14 Plums and prunes 50 Crab apples None Loganberries None Gooseberries None Currants None Quinces None [Hood River News, March 13, 1918] Fancy and "C" grades are as follows: Extra Fancy, 52 per cent; Fancy, 32 per cent; "C" grade, 16 per cent. The per- centage in tiers were as follows: 4 tier, 40 per cent; 4% tier, 36 per cent; 5 tier, 24 per cent. Comparative Statement of Yield for Years 1913*to 1917, Both Inclusive. A comparative statement of the num- ber of packages of fruit handled by the association for the past five years is as follows: Total packages 661,740 ^Yhile there is larger variation in the amount of fruit handled in the different years by the association, the percentage handled lo that grown in the Valley has nol changed materially, as the years thai show a small amount of tonnage weir the years in which the crop was small. Extra I rade. . . l tier i' The following is a list of price; re ceived 10 date on the principal varieties of apples. These figures will vary somewhat when the returns are all in. Prices quoted arc the average per box price which have been received I" dale Experienced Orchardist with record for BUCCC88, open for employment as superintendent March 15. Can handle work- men advantageously. Thoroughly reliable. In position to go anywhere. Box 134, Darby, Montana 19U 1915 1916 1917 545,800 373,200 979,741 646,787 12,156 24,797 38,154 18,135 175 407 88 None 7,862 7,826 9,017 8,401 84,390 87,495 85,200 48,876 496 403 102 105 147 119 20 61 617 249 75 71 186 274 205 137 10 10 9 1 8 9 4 3 15 17 None None None 29 15 2 651,842 494,834 1,112,660 722,579 In order that we may become familiar with the crop conditions and thereby put ourselves in a position to correct the errors of pasl years, we give below a table showing the percentages of Extra Fancy, Fancy and "C" grade for five years last past, and also the per- centage of tiers handled by the asso- ciation: 1913 r.n'i 191S 1916 191 :!7 37 30 38 52 13 37 .-.7 32 20 20 33 25 16 58 57 61 12 Hi 2S :;i 23 37 36 1 1 12 13 21 2 1 mi the different varieties, grades ami sizes specified. The per cent column shows the portion of the varieties, grades and sizes collected I'm' to date: SpH/enburg Extra Fancy Price Per Cent 4 tier |1.76 83 41 . tier 1.56 78 1.31 21 Fancy l tier 1.56 80 l ' •. tier 1.35 64 5 Her 1.16 36 "C" G I tier 1.31 90 i' Her 1.11 mi 5 Her 91 70 Average si . 15 70 Total crop of Spitzenburgs handled, 222,605 boxes. Charges: Commission, 10 cents; storage, 8 cents; advertising fund, 2 cents; and purchasing fund, 1 cent. Newtowns Extra Fancy Price Per Cent 4 tier $1.57 59 4% tier 1.37 36 5 tier 1.17 1 Fancy 4 tier 1.37 62 4% tier 1.22 30 5 tier 1.02 1 "C" Grade 4 tier 1.17 63 li • tier 1.02 41 5 tier 87 1 Average §1.39 35 Wanted, Apple Orchard Assistant Superintendent Having Eastern practical experience. Must have ability to handle men. Turkey Knob Orchard Mt. Jackson, Shenandoah Co., Va. a Cloud *«>i The Hardie Orchard Gun saves your time and muscle — no long, heavy rods to hold. Turns a big job into a little one. One man with a Hardie Gun will do more work and do it better than two men with the old-fashioned rods. Hardie Orchard Gun $12 Low price made possible by big production — send for the Hardie Catalogtoday. Hardie Sprayers and spraying de- vices standard for 18 ; jrs. THE HARDIE MFG. CO. Hudson, Mich. Also Portland, Ore. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT IING ADVERT! MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT April Kill Apliis BeforeTtpfffsf?/ Kills Your Prof i?s ^This tiny.sap-sucking insect, 5 scarcely larger thanapin-head,| s destroying apple profits all^fc over the country. Feeding with :$. its sharp, mosquito-like bill, it causes dwarfed, deformed, un- marketable fruit, Weakens trees. M> iid highly "C" Grade 4 tier 4% tier 5 tier Price $1.05 .94 .84 Average price Total crop of 25,107 Curls foliage. Spray with Black Leaf 40 "***0 % NICOTINE and control Aphis.RedBug.Leaf Hopper and other soft- i|h ,phiSt , bodied, sucking insects. Aphis ismakmg its appearance in Best , me manysectionsforthefirsttime. Regarded by many grow- to spra»y ers as the most destructive apple insect. One aphid pro- duces thousands in a few weeks. Spray with Black k\\ Leaf 40 and save your profits. Can be used with lime- 1 sulphur, arsenate of lead, bordeaux and other sprays as recommended, or may be used separately, if desired. Mixes perfectly with water. Costs only about 1c per gallon diluted for the trees. Recommended by agr. cultural colleges and experiment stations, bend F"ree Spray Chart and Leaflets showing when and how to spray and how to protect fruit trees, vines and vegetables horn these proEt-killmg insect pests. The Kentucky Tobacco Product Co. Incorporated Louisville, Kentucky .-/ for Total crop of Newtowns handled, 275,384 boxes. Charges: Commission, 10 cents; storage, 8 cents; advertising fund, 2 cents; purchasing fund, 1 cent. Arkansas Blacks Extra Fancy Price Per Cent A tier §2.00 ^1 U tier 1-80 24 5 tier l-« 32 4u7 l.|0 66 4t£Grade 1-35 90 4% «ier I-" »» 5 tier -95 ™ Average 51.64 37 Total crop of Arkansas Blacks han- dled, 15,078 boxes. Charges: Commis- sion, 10 cents; storage, 8 cents; adver- tising fund, 2 cents; purchasing fund, 1 cent. Ortleys Extra Fancy Price Per Cent 4 tier $1-74 72 4% tier 1-54 67 5 tier I-29 J Fancy 4 tier 4% tier 5 tier "C" Grade 4 tier 4y2 tier 5 tier 1.29 1.09 .89 $1.58 83 90 20 69 Price $1.75 1.55 1.55 1.35 1.25 1.05 .85 $1.08 Jonathans handled, boxes. Charges: Commission, lu' cents; storage, 5.5 cents; advertising fund, 2 cents; purchasing fund, 1 cent. Delicious Extra Fancy 4 tier 4y2 tier 5 tier Price $1.98 1.73 1.33 F:""Cy 1.73 4 tier 4% tier 5 tier "C" Grade 4 tier 4M. tier 5 tier 1.48 1.13 1.38 1.13 .88 Average price $1,666 Total crop of Delicious handled, 2,620 boxes. Charges: Commission, 10 cents; storage, 7 cents; advertising fund, 2 cents; purchasing fund, 1 cent. Winter Bananas Extra Fancy 4 tier 4% tier 5 tier Per Cent 81 60 27 24 38 32 1 33 HOMES and FARMS IN THE "SUNNY SOUTH" Nature has bleesed thlB favored section with mild, healthful climate, produc- tiveeoiland all that makea life worth living You can buy pood farm land In Virginia, W. Va. andNortbCarolina at Sl&per acre and np. Fruit, truck, poul- try and eencr.,1 farming wlllproveauc- cessfol bare. Write for Information. Illustrated literature, etc F.H.LaBaame,A8.&lnil Agt.N.&W.Ry. 228 Ry Bdg.Koiinoltt.Va. 5 tier 1.20 1.08 .95 Price $1.93 1.73 1.33 Fancy . .„ 4 tier 4% tier 5 tier "C" Grade 4 tier 4y2 tier 5 tier 1.48 1.13 1.23 1.08 .93 Average price S1-60 Total crop of Winter Bananas han- dled, 7,381 boxes. Charges: Commis- sion, 10 cents; storage, 5.4 cents; adver- tising fund, 2 cents; purchasing fund, 1 cent. Oregon Reds Extra Fancy 4 tier 4% tier 5 tier Price $1.57 1.39 1.09 Average price $1.47 Average . Total crop of Ortleys handled, 32,464 boxes. Charges: Commission, 10 cents; storage, 7.8 cents; advertising fund, 2 cents; purchasing fund, 1 cent. Red Cheeks Extra Fancy 4 tier 4% tier Fancy 4 tier 4V2 tier "C" Grade 4 tier 4% tier 5 tier Average $1.54 Total crop of Red Cheeks 5,956 boxes. Charges: Commission, cents; storage, 8 cents; advertising fund, 2 cents; purchasing fund, 1 cent. Jonathans Extra Fancy 4 tier 4% tier 5 tier Fancy 4 tier 4% tier Western Agents A.I. R001 CO. rORUAND SttD COMPANY handled. 10 Price $1.34 1.23 1.10 KEEP BEES! HONEY IS THE BEST SUBSTITUTE FOR SUGAR and is more Wholesome and Delicious IF you own an orchard or keep bees, you should have a copy of our Catalog. It lists everything for the successful handling of bees and the production of honey. We are pioneers in the bee supply busi- ness in the Northwest, are thoroughly familiar with local requirements and carry a large and complete stock. Ask for Catalog No. 204 You can keep bees any place where they can forage within a mile. ORTLAN SEED OO WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Total crop of Oregon Reds handled, 3,562 boxes. Charges: Commission, 10 cents; storage, 8 cents; advertising fund, 2 cents; purchasing fund, 1 cent. Miscellaneous Varieties The average price received on the miscellaneous varieties not listed above, for the three standard grades, consist- ing of 21,333 boxes, is $1.15 per box. Paid 68 per cent. To recapitulate, the following are the prices received by the association for the following varieties and grades, re- spectively : Extra 'iC" Fancy Fancy Grade Spitzenburgs $1.62 $1.-13 $1.15 Newtowns 1.49 1.32 1.10 Arkansas Blacks 1.73 1.69 1.26 Ortlevs 1.69 1.49 1.23 Red Cheeks 1.68 1.47 1.17 Jonathans 1.19 1.05 .92 Delicious 1.86 1.59 1.20 Winter Bananas 1.88 1.64 1.18 Oregon Reds 1.47 Returns to March 1, 1918, have been received on 55 per cent of the crop, viz.: $517,034.91 in settlement of 367,827 boxes of apples, or an average on all varieties, grades and sizes on which the association has received payment, of $1.40 per box, against a like average a year ago of $1.17 per box, with 55 per cent of the crop paid for this year against 47J/2 per cent paid for at the same time last year. The percentage of grades on which we have received pay up to the present time is as follows: Extra Fancy, 51 per cent; Fancy, 59 per cent; "C" grade, 73 per cent. The percentage of tiers on which we have received pay up to the present time is as follows: 4 tier, 74 per cent; 4V> tier, 60 per cent; 5 tier, 23 per cent. In considering the returns this year it is well for us to investigate the re- turns we have received for previous years. We therefore give below a state- ment of the amount received by the association from its organization down to the present time, which is as follows: ALPHA POWER SPRAYERS EFFICIENT SIMPLE DURABLE THE ALPHA possesses every feature necessary for quick efficient spraying. No complicated parts to give trouble. The Alpha is easy to handle, compact and strong. Five sizes, including Triplex and Duplex Pumps. It's Time to Spray— Do the Job Well If you have no sprayer or your old machine is not capable of good effective work YOU NEED A NEW ALPHA SPRAYER. The quality of your product is at stake. Don't Buy An Outfit Until You Investigate the Alpha Constant Pressure SS^^ sure control holds the pressure steadily at any desired point. No part of this regula- tor is exposed to the corrosive action of the spray solution. Engine runs idle when not spraying. All parts of pump readily accessible and replacements easily made. A Reliable Engine The Alpha is perfectly bal- anced and delivers a smooth flow of eco- nomical power to the pump. Requires practically no attention and is insurance against expensive delays when spraying. Magneto equipped. No batteries needed. Starts easily without cranking. SEND FOR COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OUR STOCK IS COMPLETE— IMMEDIATE SHIPMENT Shipments made from Seattle. North Yakima, Portland or Wenatchee. De Laval Dairy Supply Co. 61 Beale Street, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Past Averages Are Given For the 1913 crop the average price of the three standard grades was $1.23, for 1914 76 cents, for 1915 $1.27, for 1916 $1.13, and for 1917 for the fruit MORE WORKUP YOUR HORSES/ The use of collar pads is humane. Again, your horses will do more work if properly protected by the right kind of pad. TAPATCO is the right kind. A NEW AND BETTER HOOK ATTACHMENT Consisting of wire staple, reinforced with felt washer (note where arrows point). This gives the hooks a better hold and prevents pulling off. The weakest point is made strong and life of pad greatly lengthened. Found Only on Pads Made by U«. Look For The Felt Washer. SOLD BY DEALERS EVERYWHERE The American Pad & Textile Company GREENFIELD, OHIO Canadian Branch: Chatham, Ontario. TAP (2) Pit. toll. S.Dec. 1.1914. Pat.lnCan.Apr. 6. 1915. on which we have received pay up to the 1st of March (being 55 per cent of the crop) $1.40 per box. These are the highest returns received in the Valley for the crop since 1911. This could only be accomplished by the best of teamwork and the fact that we have in the different districts in which we have representatives men who are especially adapted and fitted to secure the best results in those markets. Amount of Business Is Shown The amount of business done by the association for the season of 1917, com- mencing with June 1, 1917, and May 31, 1918 (from March 1 to May 31, 1918, being estimated), is as follows: Stores $250, 000.00 Apples 875.000.oo Strawberries 118,960.12 Pears 31,103.02 Cherries 1 4,045.85 Raspberries 111.42 Loganberries 1.75 Gooseberries 1.35 Prunes and plums 30.49 Blackberries 181.06 Crabapples 182.27 Quinces 4.76 Ice 8,400.00 Total ? 1,298,022.09 The amount of business done by Hit- association for the four years last past was as follows, viz.: 1914, $671,559.82; 1915, $947,754.73; 1916, $1,609,295.50; 1917 (part estimated), $1,298,022.09. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER i RUIT i 'age j j BETTER FRUIT April BETTER FRUIT PORTLAND, OREGON Official Organ of Ti Qrowei I a Monthly Illustrated Magazine rublishod in the i Growing ami .Marketing All Com I Should Be id In oed and Remittances ■ Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. II SHEI'AHIi. E.I r iblisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I- Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallis WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris, Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Iboraber, Horticulturist Tollman ■ . I] ORADO C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist Port Collins E. B. House, Chief of Department of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, State Agricultural College: Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA 0. B, Whipple. Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist Berkeley Yv*. II. Voi.k, Entomologist Watsonville Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Winslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States. $1.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter December 27, 1906, at the Postofflce at Hood River, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Cold Storage. — A very instructive ar- ticle giving directions for the erection of a cool storage warehouse appears in this edition, which will be of much interest to a great many growers. It is very evident from past years' experi- ences, and particularly 1917, there is very apt to be a shortage of cars, there- fore it is up to the growers to protect themselves by having the proper storing facilities to prevent the deterioration of apples while awaiting shipment. It is also true that a great many of the ship- ping concerns have cold storage plants wlinst capacity is not sufficient to care for the entire crop of the district where there is a shortage of cars. Conse- quently it seems wise to suggest that the growers should protect themselves to the fullest extent possible. This they can do by creeling cool storage ware- houses, and although the Editor has never seen the Wilson storage ware- house, Ihe Wilson orchard is a very large fine near Boise, and without any doubt his directions for a cool storage plant will be found very practical and advisable. Even when cars are supplied in ample quantities, it is important that the whole crop should not go on the market at once, for the reason thai when the shipments are too heavy the markets bee e glutted and prices are demoralized, so the grower as well as the association must be protected by sufficient and proper holding capacity for carrying the apples so they wilt keep in first-class condition and nol deteriorate in any way by becoming overripe or scalding. Changes in tem- perature affect the keep of apples more than any other one particular thing, except exceedingly high temperature. "With good cool storage plants or cold storage plants a temperature can be regulated and maintained moderately even. In addition to lliis, during the coining year, with the .shortage of cars prevailing, which is very likely, it is going to be necessary for fruit growers to be equipped with considerable excess warehouse capacity or cool storage plants in their own orchards, for the rcoson that those belonging to your shipping organization may not be suffi- cient to care for the whole crop. Abuse of Water on Fruit and Trees, by I). F. Fisher, Office of the Fruit Dis- ease Investigations, Department of Agri- culture, is one of the most important articles that has appeared in Better Fruit for a long lime, for the particular reason that il deals with a subject less understood, re the abuse of irrigation on fruit and trees. While growers have been troubled for many years with a disease in some sections called rosette, and in other sections' winter kill or die back, a great many growers have not understood the cause of this disease. Other troubles like Jonathan spot, drouth spot, Baldwin spot and cork rot have been more or less prevalent over the Northwest for a number of years. A number of reasons have been assigned for the cause, but the real causes have not been thoroughly understood by many of the growers. The effect of ex- cessive watering, lack of watering, or too long intervals between watering is in a large measure responsible for these troubles. The article embraces a re- search experiment wTork carried on by Mr. Fisher for a period of years and is very valuable because he arrives at some very definite conclusions. It is one which every grower should read, because it is very evident that by the proper use of water and other sugges- tions made in this article most of these diseases are troubles that can be elimi- nated and in nearly every case they can be controlled. Small Apples. — The prices on 4 and 4%-tier apples have been very satisfac- tory this year in nearly all districts, taking into consideration conditions with which marketing concerns have had lo contend with. Bui prices on small apples like 5-tier, and particularly smaller sizes than 5-tier, are not very encouraging and pay the grower very little, if any, profit. While sellers suc- ceeded in getting fair prices for small apples this year, even though no export, il must lie borne in mind that the crop in the Fast was considered very light, especially in New York Slate, so it looks reasonable to assume the crop in the East will be large next year, and the wisest thing for [he fruit grower to do in the West who tins apples lo ship East is to produce as much size as possible by proper pruning and thinning, and keep his apples growing by maintain- ing a good soil moisture condition with sufficient supply of irrigation water throughout the season. made very little if any money on very small sizes or ordinary varieties. This is particularly true of the lower grades. It won't take long for any man who can do a little plain arithmetic to find out he could make more money by selling his small sized apples and ordinary varieties, particularly the low grades, to the vinegar factory or to the evaporator. These companies paid pretty fair prices last year. Vinegar apples brought about $8 per ton in most districts, evaporated apples selling in various districts at dif- ferent limes throughout the year all the way from $12 to S18 per ton. Eighteen dollars per Ion is nearly 40 cents per box; adding the cost of packing would be about as follows: Boxes 17 cents, packing 5 cents, paper 7 cents, making and nailing up boxes about 2 cents, association or selling organization charges from 10 to 20 cents, making a total of 81 to 91 cents. So it ought to be very evident you can do your own figuring that these varieties have to sell for 80 to 90 cents per box in order to beat out the evaporator prices. You know they won't do it, if you have your returns and look over your prices. Codling Moth. — The fruit grower must bear in mind, if we have a large crop in 1918, that only (lean fruit will bring good money. Therefore it is up to the grower to spray thoroughly and fre- quently for codling moth. It seems more or less evident from experience and results obtained that in most dis- tricts three sprays are not sufficient; many districts requiring four or five sprays. When the growers followed the good old fashioned method, but rather expensive, of spraying every three weeks for codling moth, then the cod- ling moth was a very negligible trouble. This year's prices on small sizes and ordinary varieties should certainly teach a lesson to the fruit grower. If every fruit grower who will take the pains to look over his return sheet carefully and figure out his cost of producing, har- vesting and packing, will find he has WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCIT 19 18 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 For Continuous Dependable Efficient Work —get a Bean. It is the 42-centimeter gun in the fruit grower's fight against orchard pests — and it is pounding down the ob- stacles that stand in the way of bigger crops, better fruit and more profits. That's why the growers of the Northwest unite in their praise of Bean Power Sprayers The spraying season is on. There's no time for delay. We carry a complete stock of repair parts at seven centrally located Northwest points and can make immediate delivery. You will make no mistake in choosing a Bean. It will do your work, do it right, and still be doing it long after cheaply built rigs would have been consigned to the scrap heap. There are scores of rea- sons why "The Bean is the Best"— let your dealer tell you or read them in our complete sprayer catalog. Send the coupon today. BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. 213 West Julian St. ===== SAN JOSE, CAL. Bean Spray Pump Co. 213 West Julian St., San Jose, Cal. Please mail me your complete catalog of hand and power sprayers. No. of trees kind of trees Name Address I am not interested in your Bean Spray Gun. Please send descriptive literature. Wrapping Paper. — On account of the increased cost of all kinds of paper, the expense of wrapping apples will be con- siderably more than in the past. Willi the increased cost of production and with the uncertainty about increased selling prices, it seems wise to suggest that the different districts endeavor to economize in paper wherever possible, and therefore the following suggestion seems in order, which is being adopted in some districts, that growers pack their Fancy in plain paper, instead of printed paper, using only printed paper for the Extra Fancy grades. In all probability the Fancy grade will bring as much money in plain paper as it will in printed paper, because the person who buys a box of apples at a moderate price docs not desire to pay for any unnecessary fancy trimmings. Standard Box. — The dimensions of a standard box are contained in a short article appearing in this edition. Every grower should insist upon having stan- dard sized boxes, for the reason that the fruit industry is extending more and more towards standardization in all respects. A Message for Fruit and Vegetable Growers We desire to get in touch with Fruit and Vegetable Growers in all parts /of the country in order to establish Or rrtLlt and Fruit and Vegetable Drying Plants for single firms that want to build new and up-to-date drying plants for themselves and with two or more Growers, that would favor the con- struction of a drying plant on a co-operative basis. There are many millions of dollars worth of Fruit and Vegetables left to rotten on the ground and many more millions of dollars are paid in freight rates, tin cans and boxes that can and must be saved. We will invest some of our own capital, if you wish, as we are sure that it is to our mutual benefit, if you write us today for particulars. All information on this subject will be given cheerfully and free of charge. If you are in business for making the best profits write now. The A. A. A. Evaporator Manufacturing Co., Inc. 2371-73 Market Street, San Francisco, California FOR SALE! Immediate Possession West Virginia Apple Orchard No Irrigation Cheap Transportation to Markets 188 acres; $100 per acre. Red sandy loam soil. Fine air drain- age. 4.000 trees, 500 15-year-old, 1,000 8-year-old, 2,000 4-year-old. 500 peach. Wine Sap, Grimes Golden, York Imperial. Two good dwelling houses, barn and out buildings, full orchard equip- ment and horses. Changing oc- cupation. Selling at sacrifice. For further details write. C. W. TABLER Martinsburg, Vest Virginia WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 1 6 BETTER FRUIT foasseltf ^•E Ol IMPROVE = PROTECT YOUR FRUIT CROP Arsenate of Lead For twelve years the GRASSELLI BRAND has been used throughout the fruit growing sections of the Northwest where it has given unvarying satisfaction to the user because of its all-round good qualities: IT kills the worms. IT sticks well to the foliage. IT is high in suspension qualities and will always be found dependable and uniform. THE FRUIT GROWERS' STANDARD Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Paste Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Powder NEW YORK PHILADELPHIA BOSTON The Grasselli Chemical Co. Established 1839 CLEVELAND, OHIO BRANCHES: ST PAUL DETROIT PITTSBURGH CHICAGO MILWAUKEE NEW ORLEANS CINCINNATI ST. LOUIS BIRMINGHAM Gross Receipts^Gross CostsNet Profit April Pacific Coast Land and Industrial Exposition Jean Loughborough, Director of Publicity. ONE of the most far-reaching of en- terprises ever held west of Chicago has been planned to take place in Oak- land, California, opening August 15 and continuing until October 15. It is the Pacific Coast Land and Industrial Ex- position, and is planned to include representation both in land and manu- facturing industries from Washington, Oregon, Nevada and California. The exposition will be held at the Civic Auditorium in Oakland, which faces beautiful Lake Merritt, and will occupy as well the space surrounding the Audi- torium and park of thirty acres. Pavil- ions will be erected for state and county exhibits, manufactures, automobiles, tractors, livestock and poultry, a sta- dium where out-of-door events such as "round-ups" will be staged, and an amusement zone. Historic pageants, fireworks and other spectacular events will be given on the lake. Indoors there will be amateur sports in the big arena of the Auditorium, where ten thousand people may be seated at one time. Assembly halls, the theater, the ball rooms, rest rooms, public telephone stations of the Auditorium will be turned over to the visitors. The exposition will be Mission in architectural style and the buildings will be kept in light gray, while foun- tains, moss and flowers will beautify the board walks. More than fifteen hun- dred head of livestock will be housed at one time, and generous space is also being arranged for poultry, displays of fruit and dairy products, miniature farms, rice and strawberry fields. The exposition is planned and fos- tered by a group of one hundred and forty men of California, identified with the industries and finance of the West, as well as a number of civic workers, and is planned for exploitation of the West. It is not a personal profit-making venture, but a patriotic and philan- thropic one, for every assistance is pledged the Federal Government in spreading the food conservation propa- ganda, as well as public information. There will be special lectures along these lines and demonstrations by pub- lic school students throughout the ses- sion on special war-time dishes. The headquarters of the exposition are at the Civic Auditorium, Oakland. Ship your Fruit and Vegetables in the Bushel Shipping Basket The Universal Package and obtain The Best Net Profit. WRITE FOR PRICES. Package Sales Corporation 106 E. Jefferson St., South Bend, Ind. UNITED STATES FOOD ADMINISTRATION. Federal Food Administrator for Washington Charles Hebberd. To Fruit Growers, Shippers, and Associations: After carefully reviewing the work of the joint conference of fruit growers, shippers and box manufacturers from Idaho, Montana, Ore- gon and Washington, held in Spokane Novem- ber 24, 1917, I wish to call attention to some very vital points and urge that you co-operate in every wav to meet the situation. The one big problem of the day is labor, and it must be dealt with under present conditions and the conditions confronting the industrial world. The lumber industry has been mate- rially affected by the lack of labor in the woods and, as a result, fewer logs were secured by the mills than in previous years; inefficient labor in mills and factories has had its effect in slowing up production. This, coupled with the fact that the demand for lumber from all sources is gradually increasing, with shipments heavy for this time of year, and that govern- WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 18 BETTER FRUIT Page ij VIJEE SUPPLIES Keep Bees this Summer nteresting there is mom 3ur line is complete. W ForlEWIS BEE WARE JheChas.H. Lilly Co. Seattle. Till Your Orchard as thoroughly as you culti- vate your cornfield. Inten- sive tillage conserves the moisture and sets plant food free. For more and better fruit, use an "Acme" Orchard Harrow Works right under the branches. The sharp-ground coulters work the soil easily, cutting r.utweeds and leaving a loose dust mulch at the top. Extension and reg- ular styles — 1 horse to 4 horse sizes— 3 ft. to l7'/2 ft. wide. Our free book, "The Acme Way to Cri pa That 1 ay," prints the road to bifger orchard prohts. Send today. Duane H. Nash Inc. j* 343 A E. Morrison St. '■ff .o, Portland, Oregon A Patriotic Duty " Serve by Saving. Can fruits, vegetables and meats. Let nothing go to waste. Every mouthful is needed. The wonderful, simple "NATIONAL" Steam Pressure Canner makes this work quick and easy. Prevents spoil- age. Cans anything in glass or tin. Mslce big profits. Home outfit Slo, Commercial outfits up to $2,000. Write fur FRkE catalog. Northwestern Steel & Iron Works 82U Spring St. Eau Claire. Wis. FRED EBERLE, General Manager Growers' Agents Yakima Valley Fruit General Offices, Yakima WAREHOUSES: Yakima, Naches, Selah, Wapato, Exchange and Tieton COLD STORAGE IN CONNECTION ment contracts are being accepted by some of the box-producing mills, prompts me to urge all growers and shippers to co-operate with one another, ascertain their requirements, or at least S0% to 90% of same, and place their orders with the box factories, making arrangements for storage and delivery as soon as cars are available. In this connection I might mention that the Car Service Commission of Washing- ton, D. C, promises no relief from the present situation for next spring and summer. By accepting shipments from now on you are not only protecting yourself from a box shortage, but assuring yourself that your supply will be on hand when wanted. Standard specifications for the coming year were adopted at the conference after careful consideration, sample containers for all fruits and vegetables being on exhibition, which in no way conflict with state or national laws or vary from containers heretofore used by grow- ers and shippers so far as inside measurements are concerned. The changes deal entirely with the thickness and width of the various pieces used in the construction of a box. These changes appear to work to the best advantage of all concerned in the effort to meet the de- mand of the coming season. The specifications adopted for the standard apple box are as follows : Standard Apple Box — Two ends, one or two pieces, H%XlO%xlVi«; two-piece ends securely fastened with three corrugated steel fasteners. Two sides, one piece each, 19%xl0%x%. Two tops, one piece each 19%x5%x%t. Two bot- toms, one piece each 19^x5^4x^i6- Four cleats ll%xi%6x%. To meet the unusual situation forecasted for 1918, the following exceptions to the standard specifications were permitted in emergencies: Exception No. 1 — Two ends, one, two or three pieces, ll%xlO%xHie; two or three-piece ends securely fastened with three corrugated steel fasteners at each joint. Two sides, one piece each, 19%xl0%x%e« Two tops, one piece each 191/.x514^6' Three bottoms, one piece each 19V»x3Vox3'16. Four cleats ll%xiy16x%. Exception No. 2 — Same dimensions as Excep- tion No. 1 with %-inch sides, which can be 50% two pieces when dressed and matched. Other containers were approved as displayed. The box manufacturers will endeavor to meet all requirements along the lines of the adopted standards and can do so if you will place your orders immediately, so that they can take advantage of the slack season in other depart- ments to divert regular employes to making these boxes. The purpose in calling the conference of November 21th was to avoid the uncertainties of last season as to deliveries and to prepare for the condition of labor shortage, which will undoubtedly be most serious in 1918. Will you not co-operate by placing orders for boxes and accepting deliveries as early as possible? UNION PACIFIC SYSTEM. Oregon-Washington Railroad & Navigation Company. General Passenger Department. Portland, Oregon, January 29, 1918. Editor Better Fruit : "War Gardens" is a little pamphlet issued by this company for the purpose of stimulating food production this coming season. I am pleased to enclose a copy. This is in continuation of our efforts along the same line in past years. Under the auspices of the extension departments of the Oregon Agricultural College and State College of Washington last season our campaign through- out Oregon and Washington resulted in the formation of "garden clubs" in nearly all of the places visited, and, according to reports, in a largely increased acreage in gardens and field crops. We aim to continue the work this year in the hope of still greater increase, and this pamphlet is the "first gun." It is free for distribution. Such mention as you may see fit to make of it to that end may, we trust, be regarded by you as co-operation in behalf of a good cause, and will be much appreciated by all concerned. Wm. McMurray, General Passenger Agent. Subscribe to the Y. M. C. A. and keep on subscribing. They are adding cheer and comfort to the lives of our soldier boys in Europe. The United Stales will have 1,000,000 men in France, maybe more. Keep the lines open and the food moving. 5PPAY MATERIALS Orchard Brand Standard Ar- senate of Lead (paste) is guar- anteed not to contain less than 15% Arsenic Oxide, not to ex- ceed 50% water, and not to exceed 0.5% soluble arsenic. It is a soft, creamy paste, so man- ufactured, by chemical and mechanical processes, as to give the best possible results under orchard conditions. Orchard Brand Powdered Arsenate of Lead is double the strength of the paste, and when used in water only one- half the quantity of the prepar- ation is required. It is a finely divided powder that mixes readily with water and remains in good suspension when diluted in the spray tank. To control Codling Moth and sim- ilar insects, use 2 pounds to 100 gallons of water. A full line of other materials for con- trol of aphis, etc., ready for shipment Responsibility of the maker of insecticides is so important that you should be most care- ful of the brand you buy. Re- liable sprays will save the crop, while unworthy ones may ruin it. To get your sprays when needed buy of the dealer hand- ling Universal and Orchard Brands. Write for full information and directions. General Chemical Co. Dep't F-5 777 Royal Insurance Bldg. SAN FRANCISCO WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page iS GROWERS! "Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit" STOP! THINK! "CARO FIBRE" Fruit Wrappers LOOKS BEST PACKS BEST PICKS UP BEST "CARO" DON'T TEAR STRONG DRY STRONG WET THE BUYER "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit KNOWS Don't Be Fooled by PRICE. Don't Be Penny Wise Give Your Fruit a Chance INSIST on Getting "Caro Fibre" Your Shipper Can Supply You, or Write to Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. F. B. DALLAM. Agent Santa Maria Building, 112 Market Street San Francisco, Cat. Fine Oregon Orchard (or Sale Trees 9 Years Old 13 acres, tile drained and irrigated, water costs $2.50 per acre, of which about 3 acres are in pears, one acre peach fillers, balance some Newtowns and Jonathans, but mostly Spitzenbergs. Trees in fine condition, showing an abundance of fruit spurs. A few loganberries, blackberries and raspberries. 4-room house with porch; fine barn and sheds; 4 chicken houses, about 20 booder houses; good well; electric lights and telephone system; on paved street about one mile from station. The tract is sprayed, pruned and plowed. Title clear. Price $500 per acre on easy terms. No trades. Can give immediate possession. The city has good schools, a fruit drying plant for culls, also a Fruit Growers' Association, with large warehouse and a Spray Manufacturing plant. MARK N.TISDALE, Sutherlin, Oregon BETTER FRUIT A Good Mixer Rice has little individual taste and takes on the flavor of the dish with which it is combined. Whether freshly cooked or left over, it can be mixed with the other ingredients in bread making in proportions varying from a 50-50 ratio in cornbread and a two-to- one ratio in wheat bread down to the few left-over grains that should be dropped in somewhere. Don't be afraid to use cooked rice in any kind of bread you are making. One part rice flour to three parts wheat flour makes a loaf of fine texture similar in appearance to the all-wheat loaf. Housekeepers, how- ever, need not w^ait for rice flour to be manufactured. All they have to do is to combine one-third of steamed rice, well mashed, with two-thirds of wheat flour, made up according to the usual formula for white bread. Cornmeal and Rice Waffles.— Mix to- gether a half cup of cornmeal, a half cup of flour, a cup of boiled rice, a teaspoon of salt, a teaspoon of baking powder, tablespoon melted fat, two beaten eggs and a pint of milk. Beat well and bake in well greased hot waffle irons. Rice Gems.— One egg, one cup milk, one cup cold boiled rice, one cup flour or three-fourths cup of cornmeal, one teaspoon salt, one teaspoon baking pow- der, one tablespoon of melted fat. Bake in greased hot gem pans. Rice Batter Cakes.— Add to one cup of cooked rice a beaten egg, one-half cup of milk, one teaspoon fat, enough flour to make it hold together and one- half teaspoon baking powder. Cook on griddle and serve with syrup. April For Sale One Deming Power Sprayer, "Victory," three h. p. Novo Engine, Duplex pump, 200-gallon tank, two 50-foot leads of hose, pressure gauge and tank filler. Used very little; in good condition. Cost $380.00. First check for $175.00 gets complete outfit, f . o. b. this station. A. F. PAGE Stevensville, Montana A Cheerful Thought Be cheerful. Mental depression checks digestion. Poor digestion wastes food. Wasted food helps the enemy. Cheer- fulness is conservation. Don't kick over the meatless and wheatless days. Thep are helping sup- ply our Allies with food, which means winning the war. It is better to go without a little and save now than pay indemnity to Germany. Abuse of Water on Fruit, Etc. Continued from page 5. blight. In reality it was in all cases easily traced to drouth. We first produced this disease experi- mentally in 1913 at Wenatchee by sub- jecting Winesaps to a sudden and severe drouth following a period of normal growth. The following year the dis- ease was occasionally met with, but, as many will recall, the year 1915 was especially unfortunate for growers in the Wenatchee country who were served by a certain irrigation canal. It had been allowed to get into such a state of disrepair that frequent inter- ruptions of wain- supply were encoun- tered which varied from a day or two to more than two weeks in extent. Nat- urally orchards on shallow soil or very open" soil suffered severe drouth and Technical Service m in graying PA1AR0 VALLEY IS ONE OF THE CLEANEST HORTICULTURAL DISTRICTS IN THE UNITED STATES This condition is due largely to the State and County investigations that have been conducted there by Mr. W. H. Volck. Mr. Volck is now Director of Research of the California Spray Chemical Co., and his recommendations are of the highest authority. Success in orcharding depends upon the orchard management, and one of the serious factors of orchard management is spraying. Expert opinion can be readily obtained by writing Mr. Volck. ORTHO DRY Arsenate of Lead, in competition with other brands, received the highest award ever conferred on sprays at any exposition. ORTHO DRY Arsenate of Lead is a light, finely divided powder, equally suitable for either wet or dry application. The conven- ience and ease of handling should recommend it to any progressive fruit grower; only half the weight to haul; no rubbing or or mixing; just put it in the tank and start the agitator. ORTHO DRY Arsenate of Lead has been used in all the fruit growing districts of the Pacific Coast, and has an army of friends who maintain that it is vastly su- perior to any other lead arsenate. Successful control of pests depends largely upon the sprays used. You get the best results when you use ORTHO DRY Ar senate of Lead. California Spray Chemical Co. Seattle— Watsonville-New York KHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING APV ERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT igi8 BETTER FRUIT Page ip many fine crops of Winesaps and Stay- mans were ruined. The series of drouths which were encountered that year produced no less than four differ- ent sets of drouth spots on the same apples. In many orchards trees were killed before the end of the season and many more died during the following summer. The fine feeding roots had been destroyed by the drouth and the trees were unable to recover. Apples affected with drouth spot sel- dom fall from the tree and with the resumption of irrigation will continue to grow. The drouth spot itself is simply a collection of cells from which the water has been extracted to such a degree that they are killed. When irri- gation is resumed the other cells start to grow again and the apple expands around the dead portion, producing a misshapen fruit covered with depressed spots. The dead tissue is quite shallow, but may be of considerable lateral ex- tent. Apples affected with such acute drouth as described do not usually attain the size of normal fruit and do not properly mature. In storage they appear to keep as well as other apples, but the flavor is flat and something like that of a green apple. As a result of drouth during the latter part of July and early August there results a condition of apples which we term "punk" for lack of a better name. But this term is quite descriptive. The apples appear mottled in color and when pressed are found to be somewhat rubbery and elastic. The interior is streaked and spotted with brown punky flesh which is rather dry and mealy. This condition has been met with only in isolated sections of orchards in the Northwest, but in the East whole or- chards are reported to be involved. York Imperial seems especially sus- ceptible, but it is also found on Ben Davis, Gano and Spitzenberg as well as other varieties. There are numerous other drouth troubles, so called because drouth en- ters largely into their cause, but it must be understood that these diseases com- prise disorders due in part to other causes, since, as was pointed out earlier, drouth may interfere with the proper nutrition of the plant. A drouth trouble does not necessarily mean that a physical lack of moisture alone is con- cerned. Different effects follow drouth at different times of the year and on different varieties. Another drouth trouble which might be mentioned is cork, which is a dis- ease often mistaken for bitter pit, or Baldwin spot, and which has been very prevalent in some sections of the North- west. In this disease the flesh of the apple is filled with brownish corky spots usually spherical in shape and often confined to the region of the core. They are often found in connection with the main vascular about the core. Sometimes there is no external evidence of the disease, but the surface of the apple over a spot may be depressed and at times there is a sticky yellowish exudate on this area similar to that found in the case of drouth spot. When cut the apple appears to have a cheese- Orchard Diskin&Pays! AND THIS ORCHARD FOLDER TELLS WHY Bigger and better crops this Season will result from proper and deep cultivation with Cutemr&%r orchard *2g£i£gy IMPLEMENTS We make extension head disk harrows — double with rigid frame — single and also California Orchard Plow with reversible feature; at least one special orchard tool that fills your needs. Write for this special folder on orchard tillage. rfT7\ ->/"N The Cutaway Harrow Co. 71 Main Street Higganum. Connecticut Maker of original CLA RK Disk Harrows and Flows. EW.BALTESAND COMPANY Printers • Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON LESLIE BUTLER. President TRUMAN BUTLER, Vice President C. H. VAUGHAN, Cashier Member Federal Reserve System Butler Banking Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON Capital . . $100,000.00 4% Interest Paid in our Savings Department THE OLDEST BANK IN HOOD RIVER VAULEY WHEN WRITING \DVERTISBRS MENTION' BETTER FRUIT Page 20 BETTER FRUIT April The Orchard Ladder A Pruner of Quality must bear the name "Northwest." Thous- ands are sold on their merits. Ask your dealer to let you see our ladder. which does the work twice as fast as any other make, and costs no more. Why not use^the.best? It's the Bastian If your dealer does not carry our Ladder and Pruner in stock, write us direct for prices. Information on our Orchard Supplies gladly given on request. N. W. Fence & Supply Co, PORTLAND, OREGON like consistency. The disease is very prevalent on certain open types of soil. Sandy or gravelly soils which are de- ficient in humus and which have very free underdrainage are usually found in connection with this disease. Our investigations lead to the conclusion that this trouble is a drouth reaction resulting from a water shortage early in the season. Where irrigation is ade- quately given from the time of blossom- ing on the disease is eliminated or greatly reduced. Cork was formerly quite prevalent in certain sections which have only recently established irrigation systems. Reports from such sections indicate that since irrigation has been practiced the losses from the disease are much less. The remedy for this class of diseases is, of course, prevention of drouth. After the disastrous season referred to The Final Test Are you producing clean fruit at low cost? This is the final test of your methods. In the fall it is too late to repair errors. Now is the time to review last season's results and plan forJthe future. Latimer's Dry Arsenate of Lead Will help you produce cleaner fruit. We'can convince you of this. Use Latimer's Dry on only a part of your orchard the first year. Compare your results. Then you will know. High combined arsenate makes Latimer's Dry quick to kill. Extreme fineness gives covering power and adhesiveness. Uniformity in composition assures uniform results. The Latimer Chemical Company GRAND JUNCTION, COLO. in the Wenatchee country the growers assumed control of the canal themselves and have since operated it most suc- cessfully. But with the most reliable irrigation service it may sometimes happen that a portion of the orchard will become very dry. There may be spots which are difficult to cover, or the soil may be very open. In either case the remedy is largely in the hands of the grower. He can rearrange his flumes to cover the high spots and he can put more humus into his soil to help hold the moisture. If there is a water shortage, the supply should be spread out as far as possible. Begin- ning with one furrow to a row as many rows as possible should be covered. After the entire orchard is gone over with this furrow the process should be repeated with another, and so on until the entire space is covered. At such times it is better to irrigate with one furrow and do it thoroughly than to wet the surface only of several furrows. Passing now to the other extreme we find several diseases caused by an over- abundance of water. Possibly the one which first occurs to us is the one caused by alkali. It so happens that the soil in our arid and semi-arid fruit districts is filled with a number of soluble salts popularly spoken of as "alkali," and that some of these salts when present in excessive amount are harmful to vegetation. It would seem that knowledge of this fact, which is so generally recognized, would lead to more precautions than are ordinarily met with to guard against the injury. Only this last summer I visited a promi- nent and widely advertised irrigation project where hundreds of young trees had been killed by alkali. They had been planted in a pocket on low ground and no drainage was supplied. Seepage from higher ground had carried down among the trees quantities of injurious salts and there was only one result pos- sible in the absence of a drainage out- let. It was an expensive object lesson, for not only was there the loss of the trees in question and of several years' effort in growing them, but a rather unsavory reputation for the project was established. Growers should always see that there is no possibility for the accumulation of seepage or drainage water on their orchards. In the irriga- tion scheme of orcharding there is as WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 1 9 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 2i When you're on the lookout for sab- marines, a chew of Real Gravely helps to pass the long, dark hoars. Whether He's Fighting on Sea or Land Send him a pouch of Real GRAVELY Chewing Plug If he doesn't chew yet, he'll slice It up and mix it with his pipe tobacco to give it flavor and improve his smoke. You will send your friend more tobacco comfort and satisfaction in one pouch of Real Gravely Plug than in half a dozen plugs of ordinary tobacco. Give any man a chew of Real Gravely Plug, and he will tell you that's the kind to send. Send the best! Ordinary plug is false economy. It costs less per week to chew Real Gravely, because a small chew of it lasts a long while. SEND YOUR FRIEND IN THE V. S. SERVICE A POUCH OF GRAVELY Dealers all around here carry it in 10c. pouches. A 3c. stamp will put it into his hands in any Train- ing Camp or Seaport of the U. S. A. Even "over there" a 3c. stamp will take it to him. Your dealer will supply envelope and give »ou official directions how to address it. P. B. GRAVELY TOBACCO CO., Danville, Va. The Patent Pouch keeps it Fresh and Clean and Good — It is not Real Gravely without this Protection Seal Established Is:: I much importance to getting undesirable water off the land as in getting neces- sary water onto it. You have heard considerable about bitter pit, or, as it is more generally known in the Northwest, Baldwin spot. Every grower has undoubtedly experi- enced some loss as a result of this dis- ease. It is prevalent wherever apples are grown, but certain varieties are especially susceptible. In the past the Baldwin was badly affected, from which fact the name Baldwin spot was given to the disease. Here in the Northwest several of the best varieties are com- monly affected, Grimes, Jonathan, De- licious, Winter Banana and Yellow Newtown among others. It most often appears after the fruit is picked and packed. When the grower thinks he has packed an especially fine lot of large apples he is liable to discover that bitter pit has appeared and it is neces- sary to repack and sort out some of the finest specimens. If the grower does not discover the disease before the fruit is shipped there is a disaffected buyer. The Department of Agriculture began an investigation of this disease in the Wenatchee Valley in 1913, the work being in charge of Dr. Charles Brooks and the writer. We were convinced by earlier investigations that bitter pit is not due to fungi or bacteria. The theory of arsenical injury was un- tenable in light of the fact that the disease occurs on both sprayed and un- sprayed apples. The question of the influence of soil moisture seemed to be an extremely important one and it has been very carefully investigated. At the beginning of the experiment it was necessary to differentiate between sev- eral spot diseases which superficially resemble bitter pit, as pointed out in a paper read before this association in 1915. A complete report of this experi- mental work is soon to be issued so that it will not be necessary to antici- pate this publication except in a gen- eral way. Working on Grimes Golden in 1915 we obtained results as follows two weeks after picking and storing in an ordinary cellar: (1) From heavy irri- gation all season, 43 per cent. (2) From medium irrigation all season, 17 per cent. (3) From light irrigation all sea- son, 14 per cent. (4) From medium irri- gation until August 24, then heavy, 49 per cent. The fruit was continued in cellar storage and by November 9 the per cent of diseased apples had in- creased from 9 to 27 per cent above the amount shown on September 29, but the relative amount of bitter pit from the different treatments was not changed. After November 9 there was very little increase of the disease. In 1916 we endeavored to obtain fur- ther data on the effects of soil moisture late in the season, and on abrupt changes in the amount of soil moisture. Besults secured on October 18, or about one month after picking and storing Box Strapping and Tie Buckles HOLD WHERE OTHER METHODS OF PACKING FAIL Cold rolled flat wire, lacquered finish or galvanized, for use with tin seals. No nails used in this application. Packed in bbls. of 500 lbs. Acme Steel Box Strapping in coils of 300 feet, 20 coils to a case. Larger coils of 3,000 feet. This strapping is used with nails and is lacquered finished. *&S Acme No. 4 Bale Tie Fastener, used with No. 17-18 round wire. Holds securely and has no prong to break off. Packed 50,000 to a bbl. Write for Catalog Acme Steel Goods Co., Mfrs. 2840 Archer Avenue, CHICAGO Branch and Warehouse, 311 California Street, San Francisco Dot Embossed Strapping WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Paga 22 BETTER FRUIT April 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BAMK BLDG. PORTLAND, OREGON. E.5HEUEY MORGAN NORTHWESTERN ■ MANAGER Turn stump land into Money J^J^^\ HAND POWER I 'AStump I Increase your acreage and thereby I increase your income. Clear your stump land cheaply. No expense for teams or powder. One man with a can outpull 16 horses. Works by leverage — same principle as a jack. 100 lbs. pull on the lever gives a 48-ton pull on the y stump. Made of the finest steel — guaranteed against Puller breakage. Endorsed by U. S. Government experts. Write today for special offer and free booklet on Land Clearing Works eqally well on hillsides and marshes where horses cannot operate WALTER J. FITZPATRICK Bon 56S 182 Fifth St.. San Francisco, Cal. Mr. Fruit Grower: The 1918 apple crop will, in all probability, be the largest yet recorded. Also, there is certain to be the greatest scarcity of labor yet experienced, especially of experienced packers and sorters. With a CUTLER GRADER you can teach inexperienced help to pack and sort and handle your crop quickly and at the least cost. We are giving discounts for early orders and shipments. WRITE NOW for circular and prices. CUTLER FRUIT GRADER CO. New Address: 351 East Tenth Street, Portland, Oregon J. C. Butcher Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON MANUFACTURERS _ OF— Lime and Sulphur Bordeaux Paste Miscible Oil the diseased apples in the cellar, were shown to he ;is follows: (1) From heavy irrigation all season, 20 per cent. (2) From medium irrigation all season, 10 per cent. (3) From light irrigation all season, 12 per cent. (4) From me- dium irrigation until August 1, then heavy, 29 per cent. (5) From medium irrigation in June, followed by heavy irrigation in July and light in August and September, 5 per cent. (0) From heavy irrigation in June, followed by light irrigation in July, but heavy there- after, 35 per cent. The apples were held in storage until the following March without affecting the relative contrasts above reported, and which are seen to be in general agreement with the results obtained the year be- fore, and which further emphasized the importance of heavy late irrigation in the production of the disease. Data were also obtained in both years on the amount of bitter pit appearing in the various sizes of apples secured from the different plots, but the details of this work need not be given here. In general we may say that we found large apples more susceptible to bitter pit than the small ones, but size could not be taken as a measure of suscepti- bility since we found the small apples on the heavily-irrigated plots often de- veloped more disease than the large apples on the lightly-irrigated ones. The results of the various experi- ments have been uniformly consistent in showing that heavy irrigation favors the development of bitter pit. Heavy irrigation throughout the season has given less of the disease than medium irrigation followed by heavy, and light irrigation throughout the season has resulted in more bitter pit than heavy irrigation followed by light. The amount of irrigation in August and September has apparently largely de- termined the amount of disease. Sud- den changes in the amount of soil water do not appear to have had any effect on the amount of disease. Large apples have been more susceptible to bitter pit than small ones, but the increase in the disease from heavy irrigation has been almost as great on the small and medium-sized fruit as on the large. Apparently apples are susceptible to bitter pit not merely because they are large, but rather because of conditions that may sometimes accompany an in- creased growth. The results as a whole point to the harmful effects of heavy True-to-Name Nursery Offers for spring planting all leading varieties of apple, pear, cherry, apricot and peach trees. Address all communications to TRUE-TO-NAME NURSERY H.S.Galligan.Prop. Phone 4796. Hood River, Oregon Portland Wholesale Nursery Company Rooms 6 & 7, 122'- Grand Are., Portland, Oregon Wholesalers of Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies A very complete line of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Vines, Etc. SPECIALTIES Clean Coast Grown Seedling's Oregon Champion Gooseberries and Perfection Currant Write Now — Write Now WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 late irrigation regardless of the size of the fruit. Large apples command the highest prices and growers are naturally anx- ious to produce a maximum of the large sizes and hence the practice of pouring on the water late in the season to "swell" the fruit. This is a positive abuse of water. If the variety is sus- ceptible to bitter pit the apples are ren- dered more susceptible. All varieties when grown to excessive size are no- toriously poor keepers. As a rule the larger the apple the shorter is its storage life. The result of another abuse of water on trees is found in winter injury. There are two types of winter injury, both more or less dependent on soil moisture. The first type is found in cases where irrigation is continued late in the fall, continuing a state of vigor- ous wood growth until freezing weather is encountered. In this case the new wood is not allowed to mature and harden enough to withstand the low temperatures and the tender growth is killed. Another type of winter injury is found in cases where the trees are allowed to dry out too early in the fall, — when irrigation is discontinued too soon. Last year this type of injury was quite common in certain parts of the Okanogan country. It appeared most frequently on trees growing on open gravelly knolls and where irriga- tion was suspended as early as Septem- ber 1. Nearby trees on heavier soil and those which had received later irri- gation showed no signs of injury. Possibly much of the foregoing dis- cussion is an old story to most of you, but it cannot be emphasized too often that in the use of irrigation less rule of thumb and more intelligent application of established principles will bring best results. If irrigation were more often considered for its effect on the health of the trees and not merely as a neces- sary substitute for natural rainfall we would have fewer mysterious tree ail- ments. I venture to say that not one grower in a hundred uses a soil auger to determine the adequacy of his irri- gation, and that not many more have any other reliable means of knowing what the soil-moisture conditions in their orchards may be. It is a very im- portant matter and one that should not be left to guess work. In preparing this article I was asked to take up the subject of "collar rot," FISH!! FISH!! 100 lbs. salmon in brine, shipping weight 165 lbs $11.00 Smoked salmon, 20 lbs. net 3 25 Dried True codfish, 10 lbs 1 . 50 Ask for our fresh and cured fish price list. T. A. BEARD, 4322 Winslow Place, Seattle, Wash. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or leas. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. "Refreshments will be served" [~T makes little difference whether -*- it's a dance, a school or church social, a Red Cross Chapter meeting, a "get-together" meeting of the Farm Bureau or a big rally — Chances are Ghirardelli's will be "among those present." And — for very good reason: It promotes sociability. It provides added cheer and comfort. It is a delicious, refreshing food-beverage that is always in order at any social function. In Yz lb., 1 lb. and 3 lb. cans; a table spoonful— one centos ivort/i — makes a cup. D. GHIRARDELLI CO. San Francisco I Ground Chocolate AND COCOA ... Get 'em Quick! Rid your place of squirrels, gophers, prairie dogs, etc. Do it now when the young ol these crop-destroying pests are being born. It's easy and cheap— when the ground is full of moisture to Exterminate Squirrels and Gophers and other rodent pests. Just gas them with Carbon Bisulphide. Used and recommended by U. S. and State officials lor its oil i ciency and economy. Simple to handle— sale. Write today tor prices and tofder telling how Carbon Bisulphide works, Wheeler. Reynolds & Stauffeh 627 California St., San Francisco, (al. CARBON BISULPHIDE^ WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT -fc Holt" STOC KXO N Callferni • PEORIA tOS ANGELES C.flform. PORTLAND 5 PO KANE i Second Line of Defense Behind our Army and Navy is our second line of defense — the farms of this country — which must provide the food necessary at home and abroad. The "Caterpillar" Tractor's important share in this work is to cultivate and harvest the crops more cheaply and more efficiently, to economize in man power, to increase production. Because it will stand up to continuous, severe ser- vice, because its cost for operation and upkeep is low, because it will work under any and all condi- tions, the "Caterpillar" Tractor stands supreme. Holt manufacturing experience of more than three decades and Holt high standards of design, materi- als and construction have established and main- tained this supremacy. What the "Caterpillar" Tractor has done for others in reducing costs and increasing profits it can also do for you. Write today for complete "Caterpillar" Tractor information. CATERPILLAR REG. U.S. PAT. OFF. / The House of Rex The Institution in Spray Manufacturing Founded Upon Quality and Developed by Experience The Right Articles The Right Service The Right Price Write your nearest "REX" Company for prices and service. Remember, from them you can obtain a " 'REX' FOR EVERY ILL." Yakima Rex Spray Company, Yakima, Wash. Wenatchee Rex Spray Company, Wenatchee, Wash. Payette Valley Rex Spray Company, Ltd., Payette, Idaho April which is generally regarded as associ- ated with an abuse of irrigation water. I am not sure that I can agree that it is due to an abuse of water, primarily, but it is of so much importance to the or- chard industry, not only of the North- west, but of the whole country as well, that we can well devote some discussion to it. We have heard many theories as to the cause of the disease. We have heard that it is due to alkali troubles; that it is due to irrigating too close to the trees; that it is due to winter in- jury; and that it is due to a dozen other causes, but really there has been very little knowledge about the disease in the Northwest. No doubt I shall startle many of you when I say that a large proportion of the cases of "collar rot" are in fact "collar blight" and due to fire blight directly. The other factors cited above as causes may contribute to the prevalence of the disease and in some cases may afford the blight bac- teria an easy entrance for the further progress of their work, but it is certain that much of the trouble can be traced to fire blight. Why the blight should appear in this localized part of the tree and not in the tops is not known. Vari- eties known to be susceptible to blight, such as Spitzenberg, Grimes and Jon- athan, are also most subject to collar rot. Aside from the regular form of fire blight, if one may be permitted to assign it a "regular" form, the collar rot disease is undoubtedly the most serious menace to the orchard industry of the Northwest. It should be dealt with most vigorously, and systematic attempt made to hold it in check. Where it is found in time it may be controlled by cutting out the infected portions and disinfecting the wounds in the manner you are familiar with in the case of blight in the tops of the trees. Covering the wounds with melted grafting wax after disinfecting them will facilitate healing, but in small cuts this is not necessary. In case a tree is girdled more than half way around it is a large question whether it is worth while to bother with it, as the chances are that it will not recover. The practice of planting small trees NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1918 CATALOG. FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" Spray Hose "GUARANTEED" BRAND Buy something good, it pays, If your merchants do not carry it, we will sell you direct, express charges prepaid, 25c per foot. Gutta Percha & Rubber Mfg. Co. 544 1st Ave. So., SEATTLE WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT i p 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 around the trunk of a girdled large tree, and bridge grafting is not worth the trouble. Bridge grafting will save many trees if they have enough roots left to graft to, but a better practice is to systematically examine all of the trees in the orchard to detect the dis- ease before it has progressed so far as to require such treatment. I recall one orchard with a number of collar-rotted trees which the grower was endeavor- ing to save by bridge grafting. Most of them had progressed too far to expect any results. It occurred to me that where so many advanced stages of the disease were found there must be a number of incipient cases. On the five acres we found six trees showing visible signs of collar rot in the sparse, yellowed and sickly foliage, the small apples produced in such abundance, and the slight new wood growth. I suggested to the grower that he un- cover the crown of every tree, carefully removing the soil so as not to injure the trunk or roots, and that in case any early stages of the disease were found that the infected parts be cut out and treated the same as for blight. This was done and fifteen such cases were found and successfully treated. In none of these cases could the presence of the disease be detected in the tops as no symptoms of collar rot were shown. It would appear that this should become a regular orchard practice if collar rot is known to exist in the orchard or on neighboring tracts. The disease has become so widespread that it is now difficult to find a single orchard where some evidence of the collar rot cannot be found. Careful examination to de- tect the early stages of the disease in- volves considerable labor, but if the value of the trees is considered it is a small effort comparable with the re- sults secured. "Brer" Rabbit Can Do His Bit The rabbit has such possibilities that you can hardly go wrong when you have once caught your rabbit. What can you do with a rabbit? Exactly what you can do with a chicken — roast, pan, fry, fricassee, and a dozen ways besides. Try one of these for your Sunday dinner: Roast Rabbit. — Wash the rabbit with soda water. Lay in salted water for an hour. Stuff the rabbit with onion, celery or chestnut dressing and sew up. Line a baking pan with the following: One onion and one carrot cut up, a few cloves, whole peppercorns and one bay Richey& Gilbert Co. H. M. GILBERT. President and Manager Growen and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON ^4. "The Best for Small Fruit Growers" "I believe the Goulds 'Pomona' Barrel Pump is the best for small fruit growers," writes W. B. Nissley in charge of Vegetable Gardening at the New York State School of Agriculture, Long Island. "It is of sufficient strength and# ia large enough to maintain a high, even pressure, which ia one of the most important things to keep in mind for suc- cessful spraying." Ask your dealer to show you mm GOULDS SPRAYERQ — 50 styles—one for every spraying n^edL All thoroughly tested. Our free bouk, "HandandPowerSprayers," gives val- uable hints on spraying and de- scribes sprayers for every pur- pose. Wrif today for your copy. Address Dept. 44a The Goulds Mfg. Co. Main Office and Works: Seneca Falls, N. Y. BRANCHES: Philadelphia Chicago Boston New York Pittsburgh ^"!|TTi^^Ml Atlanta Houston h n Godds Fig. 1100 "Pomona" Barrel Sprayer Power Drag Saw does theWorK of 10 Men [ Weight 265 lbs.Kl IVice ^Complete 145. One man can move machine from, cut to cut on log. Two men can )carry it. Cuts through 7>% foot log in three minutes. Approxi- mately 25 cords a day. 4 H. P. gasoline engine warranted. Steel wheel cart $10.00 Send for catalogue. manufactured by REIERSON MACHINERY CO. 1292 HOOD STREET. PORTLAND. OREGON Statement of the Ownership, Management, Circulation, Etc. Required by the Act of Congress of August 24, 1912, of "Better Fruit," Published Monthly at Hood River, Oregon for April, 1918 State of Oregon, } _. County of Hood River, ( BB> Before me, a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid, personally appeared E. H. Shepard, who having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the editor and business manager of "Better Fruit," and that the follow- ing is to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of the ownership, management, (and if a daily paper the circulation), etc., of the aforesaid publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443, Postal Laws and Regulations, printed on the reverse of this form, to wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor and busi- ness manager are: Publisher, Better Fruit Publishing Company, Hood River, Oregon. Editor. E. H. Shepard, Hood River, Oregon. Managing editor, E. H. Shepard, Hood River, Oregon. Business manager, E. H. Shepard, Hood River, Oregon. 2. That the owners are: (Give names and addresses of individual owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and addresses of stockholders, owning or holding one per cent or more of the total amount of stock.) Better Fruit Publishing Company, Inc., Hood River, Oregon. E. H. Shepard. stockholder. Hood River, Oregon. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding one per cent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are: (If there are none, so state.) None. 4 That the two paragraphs next above giving the names of the owners, stockholders and security holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, but also, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting, is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements em- bracing afhant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the com- pany as trustees, hold stock and securities In a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner- and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association, or corporation has any interest direct or indirect in the said stock, bonds or other securi- ties than as so stated by him. 5 That thf average number of copies of each Issue of this publication, sold or dis- tributed through the malls or otherwise, to paid subscribers during the six months preceding the date shown above is: (This Information is required from daily publica- tions only. I (Signed) E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Business Manager. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 21st day of March, 1918. ALTON W. ONTHANK, (Seal) Notary Public for the State of Oregon. (My commission expires May 29, 1919.) WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT A Piano House of High Ideals In the last quarter of a century Sherman, Clay & Co. have occupied a position on the Pacific Coast second to none, building carefully from day to day a reputation for selling only goods of merit, of true musical worth and asking only fair and consistent prices. Our customers and friends are legion. We are most careful what we recommend and when we do recommend, it is with the desire to serve the customer and serve him well. We study his needs with the desire to place in his home the instrument that best suits his purpose without it being an undue strain upon his pocket book. We have only one price— the price tag on every instrument is in plain figures — there is positively no deviation from that price. We offer no "special" inducements, no insurance, no"club" prices, no free music or scarf (bench or stool of course are con- sidered part of the piano). We do not have "sales" on one pre- text or another. Our prices are fair. We aim to be consistent — to sell good reliable instruments at a reasonable price. We pay the freight anywhere in our territory. We gladly arrange convenient payment terms on any instrument. If you are in the market for a Piano or a Player Piano, it is to your interest to call upon us or write us for information — to see what we have to offer. We invite you to call at any of our stores— or write us asking for illustrated catalogues and prices We are dealers in Steinway and other Pianos, Pianola Pianos, Aeolian Player Pianos, etc. Sherman,llW& Co. Kearny ancKSutter Streets, San Francisco Sixth and Morrison Streets, Portland Third Avenue, at Pine Street, Seattle 928-30 Broadway, Tacoma 808-10 Sprague Avenue, Spokane Stores also at Oakland. Sacramento. Stockton, Fresno, San Jose. Santa Rosa, Vallejo Ridley,Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON Specialists in Apples CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON April leaf. Rub rabbit with salt and pepper and lay it upon this dressing, putting fat of oleo here and there over the rab- bit. Sift a little flour over the top and pour a cup of stock or hot water into the pan. Cover tight and roast, basting frequently. When ready to serve, put on a hot platter and garnish with slices of lemon and cranberry jelly or cur- rant jelly. Spiced Rabbit. — Wash rabbit in soda water. Disjoint hind legs; cut off the saddle; remove the forequarters, mak- ing in all nine pieces. Lay in salt water about an hour. Place rabbit in dish with vinegar poured over it and let it remain over night. Remove from pickle, salt each piece lightly and arrange in baking pan. Cut up an onion in it, add- ing one bay leaf, a dozen pepper corns, part of a celery root, a cup of stock and a little vinegar from the pickle. Cover with another pan, put in a quick oven and bake an hour. Remove upper pan, and brown, basting frequently. When brown, remove and arrange pieces on a hot dish. To the pan add a tablespoon of flour browned in fat drippings and a cup of stock. If not spiced enough, add pepper and a very little mace. If desired, add a can of mushrooms that have been drained and washed. Pour the gravy over the rabbit, dust with chopped parsley, and send to the table. Boiled Rice One-half the battle in teaching people to eat rice lies in giving instructions for its proper preparation. In the Southern States and Chinese restau- rants it comes to the table with each snow-white grain distinct and separate from the rest. Rice can be successfully cooked either by boiling in a large quantity of water and draining, or by boiling with just enough to swell the grains perfectly. Let "Rlack Man" de- scribe the first process: Boiled Rice No. 1.— "Black Man's" recipe to prepare rice is, "Wash him well, much wash in cold water, the rice flour make him stick. Water boil al- ready very fast. Throw him in, rice can't burn, water shake him too much. Boil quarter of an hour or little more; rub one rice in thumb and finger, if all rub away him quite done. Put rice in colander, hot water run away; pour cup of cold water on him, put back rice in sauce pan; keep him covered near the fire, then rice all ready. Eat him up!" Boiled Rice No. 2. — Always wash the rice until all cloudiness has disappeared from the water. Sprinkle gradually a cup of rice in a pint of vigorously boil- ing water, salt to taste, boil for fifteen minutes, then place on the back of the stove where it will finish swelling with- out burning. If a gas stove is used, turn the gas low and put an asbestos mat under the kettle. Cook in a covered vessel. Steamed Rice. — To one pint of washed rice add one pint of water and one-half teaspoon of salt. Place in a covered steamer and cook with live steam for one hour. Stir and take up with a fork to prevent gummy and lumpy appear- ance. Never stir rice with a spoon. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT wnn KD The Greatest Car Sold at $1250 Today YOU will find no car like the Mitchell Light Six which sells at $1250 now. It is big and roomy, with a 120-inch wheelbase. Its 40-horsepower motor exceeds every requirement. It is a marvelous car in its strength and en- durance. All safety parts are oversize. The parts which get a major strain are built of Chrome -Vanadium steel. To every part we apply the most radical tests. Every part and process gets the most exact inspection. The Car of Today This is the coming type of car. Men are ask- ing and expecting more than they used to get. Today they buy a car to keep, and they want immense endurance. They want ample pow- er and room. They want a lasting finish. So the finish coats on Mitchells are fixed by electric heat. They want a car to be be proud of —hand- some and impressive. A hundred details in this Mitchell adds some luxury or beauty. They want comfort on a country road, so we equip this car with shock-absorbing springs. They want smoothness and capacity— econ- omy in tires and gasoline. They get that in the utmost in this highly-developed Six. The Best We Know This car sells below any comparable car, but nothing has been skimped. It represents the best we know after 14 years of car building. The price is due to factory efficiency. We build the complete car— chassis and body — in a mammoth, model plant. Waste has been eliminated. Production cost has been minimized by countless expert ways. Years have been spent to equip this plant to build this type economically. Write for our catalog, then see this car— our latest — at your nearest Mitchell Show- room. It comes in five body styles. Write today, for we cannot guarantee this price against advance. MITCHELL D-40 MITCHELL C-42 120-Inch Wheelbase 40-Horsepower Motor 127-Inch Wheelbase 48-Horsepower Motor Touring Car $1 250 3-Passenger Roadster $1250 Touring Car $1 525 Club Roadster $1560 Club Roadster $1280 4-Passenger Surrey $1625 All prices f. o. b. Racine— Subject to change without notice. MITCHELL MOTORS COMPANY, Inc., Racine, Wis. (602) WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT The World Our Orchard PRIVATE SALE vs AUCTION Experience has demonstrated clearly the manifold advantages of sale by private treaty, which method is now acknowledged on all sides to show more satisfactory results than the auction. Assuming that you are anxious to dispose of your fruit in the best possible manner and to the best possible advantage we, as PRIVATE SALESMEN, have no hesitency in laying our claim before you. Whether you prefer to sell your fruit on an outright f.o. b. basis or prefer to have it handled for your own account on a consignment basis, both of which methods are entirely agree- able to us, the fact remains that the firm of Steinhardt & Kelly 101 PARK PLACE NEW YORY is in position to give you the best possible service. Our reputation of "Never Having Turned Down A Car" although practically 90% of our business is don~ on an outright purchase basis, is a recor. of which we feel deservedly proud. Our Market The World WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 5*V -*U BETTER FRUIT Volume XII MAY, 1918 Number 11 food 1 - buy it with thought 2 -cook it with care 3 -use less wheat & meat 4 -buy local foods 5 -serve just enough 6 -use what is left don't waste it U.S. FOOD ADMINISTRATION BETTEB FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, IT HLISI1 ERS, PORTLA X J), ORECON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the Dnited States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy L0 Cents 'Chain' 'Usco' True Tiro Economy The most economical tires you can buy are First — Tires that will travel the greatest number of miles per dollar of cost. Second — Tires that will give you the greatest use of your car. United States Tires are long mileage tires. They reduce your tire expense by the mile and by the season. United States Tires are sturdy tires. They are built for endur- ance. They will give you contin- uous, uninterrupted service, en- abling you to get the most out of your car. Both factors are more than ever important in these times of war. Economy is a national duty, — the nation demands utmost service from every car, — -the country is calling on every farmer to further increase his magnificent efforts of last year toward supplying food for the World. Equip with United States Tires. There is a United States type and tread to suit every car, every road, every service. The nearest United States Sales and Service Depot will be glad to help you in selecting right tires for your needs. For passenger cars — 'Chain,' 'Usco/ 'Royal Cord,' 'Nobby' and 'Plain.' Also tires for Motor Trucks, Motorcycles, Bicycles and Aeroplanes. United States Tubes and Tire Accessories Have All the Sterling Worth and Wear that Make United States Tires Supreme. United States Tires WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT jpi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 3 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS 8c CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON Richey& Gilbert Co. H. M. GILBERT, President and Manager Growers and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON W. van Diem Lange Franken Straat 45, 47, 49. 5 1, 61 ROTTERDAM, HOLLAND European Receivers of American Fruits Eldest and First-Class House in this Branch Cable Address: W. Vandiem ABC Code used; 5th Edition Our Specialties Are Apples, Pears, Naval Oranges ORCHARDISTS SUPPLY HOUSE Franz Hardware Co. HOOD RIVER, ORE. W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT STREET Phones: Main 2348 A 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON Pittsburgh Perfect Cement CO&tfiCl NdHS are of tne highest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY, Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California ARCADIA America's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 4 BETTER FRUIT May The Logical Tractor for Orchard Wsrk THIS Avery 5-10 H. P. Tractor gives you the ideal power for orchard culti- vating. Low enough for good clearance under the trees — powerful enough to pull the usual size cultivator — built throughout with sturdy Avery construction, which means long service at lowest cost. In addition, this tractor can do lots of your other farm work. It is just the size for doing all the work on small farms or all the light belt and trac- tion work on large farms. It's the smallest and lowest priced tractor made. Operates on kerosene. Avery Tractors are made in 6 sizes— from this small 5-10 h. p. up to a large 40-80 h. p. There is also an Avery Tractor Plow in light and heavy styles to fit every size tractor, and an Avery Grain Saver Thresher to fit every size run, and an Avery Motor Planter and Cultivator for planting and cultivating corn, potatoes, or any row crop. Write for the 1918 Avery Catalog showing these machines in their actual colors and giving the facts on motor farming. AVERY COMPANY 10712 Iowa St. Peoria, Illinois Branch Houses and Distributors covering every State in the Union and more than 60 Foreign Countries. There is a size Avery Tractor £or every size farm and every kind of work. THE GOLDEN GATE WEED CUTTER Greatest Weed Cuttor on the Market Today Cuts seven feet or less, weighs 230 pounds and la all made of steel. The Golden Gate Weed Cutter la the greatest of Its kind on the market. For workmanship, simplicity and durability It cannot be excelled, as It does Its work to perfection. Those who are using It say thai no money could buy It If they could not get anether. It not only cuts all kinds of weeds, but culti- vates the ground as well. One user said that it has saved him $200.00, as he did not have to plow after UBing. Write for free descriptive circular and list of testimonials from those who have purchased machines and praise It In every way. Manufactured by C. C. SIGURD Capital Ave. and McKee Road San Jose, Cal. Technical Service in raying PAJARO VALLEY IS ONE OF THE CLEANEST HORTICULTURAL DISTRICTS IN THE UNITED STATES This condition is due largely to the State and County investigations that have been conducted there by Mr. W. H. Volck. Mr. Volck is now Director of Research of the California Spray Chemical Co., and his recommendations are of the highest authority. Success in orcharding depends upon the orchard management, and one of the seiious factors of orchard management is spraying. Expert opinion can be readily obtained by writing Mr. Volck. ORTHO DRY Arsenate of Lead, in competition with other brands, received the highest award ever conferred on sprays at any exposition. ORTHO DRY Arsenate of Lead is a light, finely divided powder, equally suitable for either wet or dry application. The conven- ience and ease of handling should recommend it to any progressive fruit grower; only half the weight to haul; no rubbing or or mixing; just put it in the tank and start the agitator. ORTHO DRY Arsenate of Lead has been used in all the fruit growing districts of the Pacific Coast, and has an army of friends who maintain that it is vastly su- perior to any other lead arsenate. Successful control of pests depends largely upon the sprays used. You get the best results when you use ORTHO DRY Ar- senate of Lead. California Spray Chemical Co. Seattle— Watsonville- New York WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING Essentials of Air-Cooled Storage Houses THE term "air-cooled storage" is used to designate that method of storage which utilizes the natural atmospheric temperature for cooling. It differs essentially from cold storage in that no mechanical means of refrig- eration is supplied to cool the fruit or to maintain it at storage temperature. It does not and cannot take the place of cold storage, but it does supply a satis- factory method for the keeping of cer- tain varieties of apples which go onto the winter market. Having in mind the recent car short- age which the country has experienced, I think it is not necessary for me to point out the pressing need for storage facilities in the apple producing regions. I do want to call your attention in pass- ing, however, to the use that can be made of the air-cooled storage in solv- ing our labor difficulties at harvest time. The shortage of labor has been serious during the past two years and promises to become more serious with the con- tinuance of the war. Air-cooled storage will help to solve the problem in this way: Fruit can be stored loose in boxes, thereby deferring the labor of packing from the rush of harvest time when laborers are scarce to the dull months of winter when laborers are compara- tively plentiful. Where the storage house is situated on the ranch, the labor of packing is often performed by the rancher and his family or hired man at a time when they would otherwise be unemployed. The plan, therefore, has the double advantage of releasing pack- ers for other work during the busy har- vest season and of furnishing employ- ment for the rancher and fruit laborers during the dull season. The Department of Agriculture began an investigation of air-cooled storage houses in the Northwest in 1915. Be- lieving that apples keep best at a tem- perature of 32 degrees, we hoped to learn what lype of storage house could be cooled most rapidly in the fall, what provisions are necessary for the main- tenance of storage temperatures, and what provisions are necessary to pre- vent shriveling of the apples in conse- quence of dry atmospheric conditions. In order to learn about the necessity for ventilation, we placed recording thermometers in a number of storage houses. These instruments were placed in a representative part of the storage room, neither in the coldest nor in the warmest part. The instruments were left from the lime the fruit was put into storage until it was taken out in the spring, and they kept for us a contin- uous record of the air temperature within the house. Some of the thermo- W. C. Quick, Yakima, Washington graphs had humidity recorders attached to them. We have used electrical ther- mometers for recording fruit tempera- tures within large blocks of fruit. They were necessary to determine whether there was a uniformity of temperature throughout the storage room. But we wanted to compare the fruit stored in one house with the fruit stored in some other houses which were built after a different plan. This we did by placing comparable lots of fruit in dif- ferent houses and making withdrawals from storage at three times during the winter for the purpose of comparison. WM) profound corroffl tot announce the iic.itl) of Cbtoarbi). depart! on fflonBap, tbc tmrntp=ntntb of Spril jrainrtrrn hun&rrt anS eighteen ■iSettrr JFrutt }3ubliBbtng; Company JJorJlann, ©rcpn From the investigations we have con- cluded that the three features of para- mount importance in the construction of air-cooled storage houses are ample provision for ventilation, for insulation, and for humidity control. In order to emphasize the necessity for such pro- visions let me call your attention to the condition which existed in some poorly constructed basements on December 10 of the past year. At that time we in- spected the fruit and took temperature records in a number of storage houses. In poorly constructed basements we found the temperature ranging from 47° to 52° in the greater part of the fruit. Needless to say, the apples were riper, softer, greasier and in some cases more shriveled than they should have been. It is evident that such condition was avoidable, because on the same date, in the same valley, the apples in well ven- tilated houses were firm and bright. The one feature that we have found most important, and at the same time least understood, is ventilation. In the Yakima Valley in 1915 I think there was one house with adequate ventila- tors. The greatest misconception was held in regard to the capacity required in the ventilation system, probably be- cause the builders had not considered the amount of air necessary In cool a house full of fruit. At best the fruit in air-cooled storage cools very slowly. The statement has been made that apples in this type of storage ripen more during the first three or four weeks than they do in all the rest of the storage period, lasting ordinarily until March 1. Probably such is the case; at least it is true of poorly ventilated stor- age houses. The New Hampshire Ex- periment Station reports indicate that the ripening processes of apples go on about three times as fast at tempera- tures of 45° to 50° as they do at 32°. In general, the quicker the cooling and the lower the temperature at which the fruit is held, provided it is not below freezing, the more effectively are these life processes retarded, and the longer the fruit can be held at maximum des- sert quality. Another object of quick cooling is to prevent the germination of fungus spores and to retard the growth of fungus organisms which cause the de- cay of fruit. Quick cooling also retards the development of scalds and spots which occur in storage and which greatly depreciate the value of the fruit. We must, therefore, conclude that rapid cooling is desirable. To cool a large mass of fruit requires the circulation of immense volumes of air. The amount of course varies with the temperature of the incoming air and with the tem- perature and amount of fruit. The air must pass through the building in such a way as to come in contact with all the fruit. In order to secure a free and abundant flow, a free and unobstructed passage must be provided. A free and uniform distribution of air throughout the storage room demands that the house be supplied with numerous large windows in all four walls for the ad- mission of air, a false (slat) floor under which the air can spread, and one or more outlet flues leading up from the ceiling and out through the roof. Large doors in the walls of an above-ground storage are beneficial on windy nights. The same principles are applied in the ventilation of a storage house by the gravity method as are employed in securing a draft through a furnace. Warm apples take the place of the fire, windows take the place of dampers, and a flue takes the place of the smoke slack. The cold air outside the build- ing is heavier than the warm air inside, and pressing in through the intake win- dows it crowds the warm air out through the flues. The difference in the weight of the incoming and outgoing air is not great and the circulation is slow. It is therefore necessary that the windows be large and direct. The necessity for capacious ventilators can- not be over-emphasized. In the fall of the year, when it is desirable to cool the fruit rapidly and the atmospheric temperatures are not below 29°, often much higher, an ideal Continued <>n page 23 Page 6 BETTER FRUIT May By-Products Investigations — Need of Evaporators By Professor C. C. Vincent, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho ACCORDING In reliable data, com- It is therefore up to every large fruit the main building, where all business is piled by the Stale Horticultural grower, co-operative orchard company transacted, such as receiving and weigh- Inspection Department, the fruit or small farmer in every community to ing the fruit, preparing for drying, etc. acreage in Idaho is approximately as prevent the waste that annually occurs Conveniently located to this building follows: \pples. 110,1100 acres; prunes, through windfall, cull and unmarket- and facing the dry grounds are the sul- 12,0110 acres; peaches, 5,000 acres; mixed able fruits and vegetables. This can be phur houses. These houses, which are fruits 10 000 acres. In 1915 there were done by the construction of small evap- air-tight, are made of wood, tongue and shipped out of the state 1,125 cars of orators or canning plants. By so doing grooved, and the joints are filled with apples, 1,115 cars of fresh prunes, 175 we all become important factors in this, while zinc. Houses of this kind are cars of peaches and 20 cars of pears. our national crisis. necessary, because most of the fruits With this large acreage coming into That these small plants will add ma- are treated to the fumes of burning bearing, it shows the necessity of evap- terially to the net profits of the farm, sulphur before exposing to the sun. orating 'plants, or a large central plant and that they are a success in the East, Tracks consisting of light rails run in'each locality to take care of the fruits is pointed out by Mr. Seeley of New into the sulphur houses, so that the and vegetables that cannot be marketed York. He says that the small unit size trucks containing the trays of fruit can or utilized as they ripen. That the dried makes the finest stock, and that be pushed in and out. To facilitate the people of Idaho have not been utilizing there are hundreds of them in Wayne handling and reduce the cost to a mini- their food supply is shown in Mr. Samp- County, New York, while in the vicinity mum, tracks run the full length of the son's report to the Byproducts Congress, of Sodus one can see a dozen in about drying grounds. Wooden trays three when he stated that Idaho in 1913 any direction he may look, and in these feet by six feet are used. When the shipped out 175 tons of dried apples, plants the best grades of evaporated business is conducted on a commercial 50 tons of prunes and 75 tons of other stock are made. scale, much of the equipment as de- dried fruits while the same year the Believing that there was a future for scribed above is needed. On the other imports amounted to 185 tons "of dried the small evaporator in the State of hand, if a grower wishes to go into the apples 75 tons of dried prunes, 150 tons Idaho, as well as opportunities for business on a small scale, very little of dried peaches and 100 tons of other sun drying, and realizing that possibly equipment, aside from trays, is needed, dried fruits. Similar conditions have through this medium commercial lines In Idaho there are a great many fruits also existed throughout the other states of work would be further developed, and vegetables that can be utilized by in the Pacific Northwest, as shown in the horticultural department of the sun-drying. It is very evident, as dem- his report University of Idaho has been gathering onstrated by the experiments conducted Since the entrance of the United data on the following problems: at the University of Idaho, that such States into the world war the prob- (D The sun drying of fruits and veg- fruits and vegetables as apricots, dur- ability of a food shortage the world etables. ries, peaches, raspberries, loganberries, over, labor shortage, and car shortage, (2) Relative merits of different types dewberries, peas, beets, turnips, beans, many farmers of the'state have seen the of evaporators, such as cook stove, hot carrots and corn can be dried success- necessity of utilizing as many of their air and steam. fully. In the table following are shown products through the evaporator as pos- (3) Time required to evaporate dif- a number of different kinds of fruits sible During this past year there have ferent products, temperature required, and vegetables that have been sun-dried, been erected four large evaporating number of pounds of fresh fruits and and the length of time required to dry. plants, two at Meridian, Idaho; one at vegetables to make one pound of dry, weight M'eight Time Weiser Idaho and one at Payette, and moisture content of dried products. products Fresh Dry to Dry Idaho.' Mr. Guy Graham, state horti- Sun-Drying. g£?s ;;;;;;;;;;;;; inS 11 "hours cultural fruit inspector, estimates that jn vjew 0f the fact that California Turnips loo 8 7 hours there will be approximately 350 car- growers have been so successful with ^^0sts \°0°0 15 l? hour! loads of apples evaporated in these sun-clricd fruits, it was thought that in corn 100 28 30 days plants this fall. There are at the portions of Idaho fruits and vegetables Currants too 28 4 hours present time the following byproducts couid also be sun-dried successfully. A pfecSa.. ! ! ! ! ! ! 100 20 8 days plants operating in Idaho: few remarks, therefore, concerning the Sweet cherries too 25 9 days Byproducts Plants. methods followed in sun-drying fruits APricots 10° 46 hours inland Empire Canning Co., vinegar, canned in California may be of value. "While a The length of time it takes to sun-dry products, Cceur d'Aiene. large number of growers dry their own fruits and vegetables depends largely Freepons & Son, cider, Kellogg fruit the majority sell their products upon climatic" conditions, size of the Leo Bros. Vinegar Co., vinegar, Moscow. ■■ i_ 1 • u ,„; "H"" , ., , ,., Ti «x. »i_ Juliaetta Cannery, canned products, Juiiaetta. to second parties whose exclusive busi- pleces and the locality. If the weather Oregon Packing Co., canned products, Lewis- ness js drying. The main reason why js unsettled it will take much longer to ""idaho Vinegar & Pickle Co., vinegar and fruit can be so successfully sun-dried dry the products. The fruits and vege- pickies, Payette. in California is due to the tact that in tables indicated in the foregoing table penney& Co., dried apples, Payette m districts of the state there is no -were dried under the most favorable Idaho Products Co., dried apples and prunes, • , ,, . , ._ „ ,... payette. dew and very seldom any rain during conditions. Weiser Food Products Co., dried apples, the Summer, SO that it is safe to leave Weiser. the fruit out continuously until dried Cook Stove Evaporator. Idaho Canning Co., canned products, Payette. the HUH out continuously until UI1LU. forl1:,„ tW ivishp* tn rlrv Winn Bros., dried apples, Fruitiand. In case of rain, the trays are piled one For the family that wishes to dry New Plymouth Evaporator, prunes, New Ply- upon the other. only enough fruits and vegetables for m°sUouhth Idaho Fruit Co., dried apples and Most of the large drying grounds, con- their winter's supply the small cook prunes, Meridian. sisting of several acres in extent, are stove evaporator is recommended. Sun- idaho Products Co., dried apples and prunes, worked on a co-operative basis, which drying in the humid sections of the M'MiQdieion Fruit Products Co., cider, Middle- insures the best available prices to the state, where there is more or less rain ton. members for their fresh fruits. It is during the summer, should not be at- John Steele, dried prunes and apples, Parma. uncommon sisht to see twenty to tempted. As it is our duty at the pres- Overland Beverage Co., sweet cider, Nampa. "u uiitunmiuii aigm iu occ in^uij i^ r ______« <-„„j Twin Falls vinegar & Cider Co., vinegar, twenty-five acres covered with one kind ent time to conserve the present tood Twin Falls. of fruit spread on trays. Probably the supply, every family in the Northwest A glance at the map of Idaho will largest drying ground in the world is should own one of these small cook- show that these plants are not sufficient located in the Santa Clara Valley. The stove evaporators. The products dried to prevent the enormous waste that is arrangement of the drying grounds in in the sun, on the stove or in the larger bound to occur as our fruit trees come practically all districts of California are evaporators require no sugar no special into bearing and our farms become similar. The equipment necessary to containers, and will keep indefinitely, more productive. operate a plant of this kind consists of Continued on page 19 ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 The Strawberry Root Weevil ( Otiorhynchus Ovatus) By A. L. Melander. Entomologist, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. Read at Thirteenth Annual Meeting Washington State Horticultural Association, North Yakima, Washington IT was in May, 1904, that the experi- ment station first received intima- tion that the dreaded strawberry root weevil, Otiorlujnchus ovatus, had reached Washington. A bundle of dead plants was sent in from the extensive berry fields on the shores of Lake Wash- ington near Seattle, and in the midst of the package were two or three weevils. A couple of years later Fruit Inspector Pendleton of Seattle informed us that the insect had destroyed several hun- dred acres of berry plants from this infestation. Since that time we have received specimens from several places near Spokane, from Walla Walla to the Milton-Freewater district, from Kenne- wick, North Yakima, Everett, Anacortes, Puyallup and Olympia. There are also two closely related sister species, 0. sul- catus and 0. rugifrons, which occur in Washington, sometimes living with the small root weevil and sometimes work- ing in new territory. We have seen these larger weevils from Pullman, White Salmon, Everett, Anacortes, Port Townsend, Puyallup, Kelso and Wash- ougal. The strawberry root weevils have thus already invaded the principal berry regions of the state. The small root weevil of the straw- berry is a European emigrant which first reached the Atlantic shore about fifty years ago. The writer collected it in Illinois and Indiana twenty years ago, which was at that time about its most western distribution. In the mean- time the insect has spread by jumps, probably through the sending of in- fected nursery stock, until now it occurs in the northern states all the way across the continent. The experiment stations of Maine, Connecticut, Michigan, Min- nesota, Montana, Oregon and British Columbia have experimented with the insect and published accounts of its behavior, but none has had any very practical suggestions to offer toward a solution of its control. Weevils of all sorts are notoriously resistant and hardy insects. They do not readily succumb to poisons or contact sprays, and the fact that this weevil lives under- ground for practically the whole year makes the problem especially difficult, flie Kennewick-Piichland district has 400 acres in strawberries whose crop is worth $100,000 a year. The advent of the insidious root weevil was a just cause for alarm, for although the insect has only just obtained a foothold in a few fields, its past reputation was known' and its present work already resulted in the utter ruin of the infested spots. One field thai had produced 205 crates to the acre was being plowed up; another that had sold 300 crates had its output drop to 20 crates to the acre; still other fields were entirely gone and were lying idle. Such is the work of the weevil that a field which this year showed only the slightest signs of infes- tation might have the plants dead and worse than worthless the next year. Through the generosity of the Commis- sioners of Benton County $500 was made available this spring to the ex- periment station for an investigation of the pest. In undertaking the study, of course, we held out no hope of discov- ering a solution. Our first experience was with a farmer whose berry field had been de- stroyed by the weevil. "No, you can't experiment here," said he. "There is too much bedcvilment of the farmers by you state-paid men. Leave us alone and we will work out our own prob- lems." When asked what solution he had found for the weevil he explained that he was going to plow out his field and grow alfalfa. Now, plowing out a ruined field is the best possible means of sending the weevils out over the country. The insects cannot be killed by the plowing and when there are no longer berry plants they will move on to new fields where they can find their desired food. It would be comparable to a system of fighting smallpox by turning all the patients out of the pest- house and letting them go where they will. It is a safe bet to say that this respected citizen of Kennewick, with all his notions for state economy, scat- tered weevils enough to cost his neigh- bors future losses that will be measured by many, many thousands of dollars. To make a long story short, we may outline enough of the life history of the root weevil to make intelligible why we undertook certain experiments. At Kennewick the insect hibernates in the white grub or larval condition, among the roots of the plants on which it had been feeding, from two to four inches down in the soil. A very few of the grubs live in the crowns of the plants, which then become riddled by their hurrowing. In the spring, preceding the blossoming period, the larvse change to the soft pupa state in cells or cham- bers in the soil. With the maturing of the crop of berries the adult weevils transform from the pupae. By the time the crop is picked the weevils are de- positing eggs for the next generation of larvre. The work of these summer and fall larva? kills the roots, so that in the spring infested plants appear sick or dead and can be readily dislodged and pulled up, but the weevils remain be- hind. The adults have the habit of playing 'possum and feign death for many minutes when disturbed, drawing in their legs and feelers so as to be quite difficult to discern among the plants and in the soil. Boot weevils are wingless and so spread only slowly through a field. The customary system of mowing and harrowing the plants in midsummer undoubtedly serves to scat- ter the weevils broadcast, as il is clone at the height of the normal migration season. As the insects are known to he able to subsist on many dozens of com- mon plants they cannot be starved out of a field by plowing out the plants We have found them living in the ground in a clean cultivated apple orchard several blocks removed from the nearest berry field. As the insects at the time of the experimentation last May were all beneath the soil the prob- lem of their control was limited to sub- terranean treatments. It will be of in- terest to not what was tried, even though without success, for the hardi- ness of the weevil can then be better appreciated. First — Crushing the insects in the ground. Since the weevils in all their stages are scarcely ever more than four inches down it has been thought that disking, hoeing, harrowing, plowing, rolling or tamping the soil should kill them. Accordingly, to make a test we secured a ten-pound sledge hammer and dropped it ten inches, twenty inches and thirty inches; in each case having little effect on the insects beneath the ground. So the writer buried his hand under three inches of Kennewick soil and permitted the sledge to be dropped as before. He was surprised to find that the cushioning effect of the soil made the impact of the weight scarcely felt. A quantity of weevils was then put in the ground and the sledge swung overhead with all possible force time and again on them. The ground was pulverized, the berry plants were torn to shreds, but actually half of the wee- vils were unharmed and were still alive in the cages far weeks afterwards. It was concluded that mashing the straw- berry root weevil in the soil was im- practicable. Second — Drowning the weevils. It is often possible to flood a strawberry field, so to make a test of its value against the root weevil, some of the beetles were held under water for sev- eral hours. When they were permitted to dry they revived unharmed from the bath. As a matter of fact, we have found weevils abundant in the wet soil about the intakes for irrigation water, where they are periodically submerged for days at a time. It was concluded that the strawberry root weevil could not be killed in a practical way by drowning. Third — Killing in the soil by contact insecticides. It ought to be perfectly possible to pour over the worst infested spots some materials which would soak in and kill the weevils; but it isn't. We soaked the ground with strong soap- suds, oil emulsions and solutions of borax and of copperas, hut with no apparent discomfort to the weevils or their larvae, although in most cases the plants were completely killed. Such treatment was accordingly judged im- practical. Fourth — Killing by poisonous fumes and gases. We placed in holes different measured quantities of standard insect killers, such as carbolineum, cenol, kreso, carco and crude petroleum oil; we used gasoline, kerosene, turpentine, chloroform and carbon disulphid; we generated the poison gases chlorine, sulphur dioxide, acetylene and cyano- Page 8 BETTER FRUIT May turn We m*zike Labels with a purpose l^y mm ill if? mm Ml, i§ HP PROPERLY MTiniOAUY PtXNNED EXECUTED M appealing pictures? that attract the con^tuneEf attention and remain as a symbol of your frmis quality lon$ after it is eaten SendR)i.romn(er — /hpy {oil {no j-fory Main OfTice & Faciorv KSchmidi vLITHQ. I3rnncK , Ton DENISON HOLLOW INTERLOCKING TILE for FRUIT STORAGE HOUSES is FROSTPROOF -FIREPROOF-PERMANENT Costs but little more'Jhan wood Write us for typical warehouse details DENISON INTERLOCKING TILE CORP. 401-2 WhitelBuilding, Seattle, Dept. A Factories at Seattle. Tacoma. Spokane, Portland. Eugene and Vancouver. B. C. nary plants, brings up other elements of planl food ami makes them available at the surface. II has been estimated .it the New Jersey Experiment Station that the amounts of planl I' I gathered h\ ;i tesl acre of alfalfa in two years were equivalent in nitrogen to 3500 pounds of nitrate of soda in phosphoric acid lo 600 pounds of hone black super- phosphate, and in potash to 1200 pounds of muriate of potash. This amount of fertilizers before the war would cost about $124, the nitrogen alone being worth about $105; and Ibis was taken almost entirely from the air. 'flic water requirement is usually the first question thai interests mosl -rowers in the discussion of this subject. The water requirements depend almost en- Continued on page 13 Page 12 BETTER FRUIT PORTLAND, OREGON Official Organ of Tlie Northwest Fruit Growers' Association A Monthly Illustrated Magazine Published in the Interest of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing All Communications Should Be Addressed and Remittances Made Payable to Better Fruit Publishing Company E. H. SHEPARD. Editor and Publisher STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist Corvallls WASHINGTON Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist Pullman O. M. Morris, Horticulturist Pullman W. S. Thorober, Horticulturist Pullman COLORADO C. P. Gillette, Director and Entomologist Fort Collins E. B. House. Chief of Department of CI* and Irrigation Engineering. State Agricultural College Fort Collins ARIZONA E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist Tucson WISCONSIN Dr. E. D. Ball, Director and Entomologist Madison MONTANA O. B. Whipple, Horticulturist Bozeman CALIFORNIA C. W. Woodworth. Entomoloiast Berkeley W. H. Volck. Entomologist Watsonville Leon D, Batchelor. Horticulturist Riverside INDIANA H. S. Jackson, Pathologist Lafayette BRITISH COLUMBIA R. M. Wlnslow, Provincial Horticulturist Victoria SUBSCRIPTION PRICE: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance Canada and foreign, including postage, $1.50 ADVERTISING RATES ON APPLICATION Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postofflce at Portland, Oregon, under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. EDWARD HENRY SHEPARD. Mr. Shepard is dead. There is sorrow in his home. Friends and business asso- ciates mourn. The announcement from St. Vincent's Hospital Monday morning, April 29, of his passing came as a shock. Cheerful even in his illness, his friends had believed he was soon to be with them again, and their grief is keen. Mr. Shepard sacrificed his life in a conscientious devotion to his work. Fruit growers in the Pacific Northwest, in whose interests he labored for more than fifteen years, owe him a debt that never could have been paid. It was said of Mr. Shepard that no one man did more to make fruit growing a busi- ness enterprise and to direct the mar- keting to profitable channels. Sixteen years ago Mr. Shepard pur- chased an orchard in Hood River Val- ley. Years before that he had devoted his studies to horticulture, and with the purchase of a farm he put his theories into practice. The fruit growers of Hood River soon recognized his ability, and he was made manager of the Hood River Apple Growers' Union. One of his first acts was to improve the grade and pack of apples, and he drew up the original rules for grading and packing which were adopted throughout the Northwest. For twelve years he was a director of this association, which later became known as the Apple Growers' Association of Hood River. He was manager for six years of the Hood River Fruit Growers' Union, which shipped strawberries and small fruits. The Hood River Fruit Growers' Union later was merged into the Apple Grow- ers' Association. In 1903 he established Retter Fruit, a magazine, as its name implies, devoted to the fruit growing industry. Readers of Retter Fruit will testify to his great work in helping orchardists and mar- BETTER FRUIT keting associations solve their vexing problems. Mr. Shepard was an early advocate of co-operation in the production and marketing of fruit. For the past fifteen years managers of the fruit fairs or horticultural conventions in the Pacific Northwest, and even in the far Eastern states, never considered their program complete without having Mr. Shepard appear for an address. He gave freely of his time, energy and money to make these addresses, and there are many who owe their success today to the advice given by Mr. Shepard. Mr. Shepard was born in Marysville, California, December 24, 1857. His father, Mr. E. A. Shepard, was a skilled horticulturist in New England many years ago. and on moving to California made a reputation as an authority on matters of fruit culture. It may be said that Mr. Shepard grew up in an atmo- sphere of horticulture. In 1880 he graduated from the University of Cali- fornia. He always took an active in- terest in collegiate affairs and was the prime mover in organizing the Univer- sity Club of Hood River several years ago. At college he was a member of the Zeta Psi fraternity. Mr. Shepard was a prominent mem- ber of the American Pomological Soci- ety and an honorary member of the State Horticultural Societies of Oregon, ■Washington and Idaho. He was also a member of the International Apple Shippers' Association, having been hon- ored with a membership that was unique in the fact he was the only member of the association that was not a shipper. Mr. Shepard is survived by his wife, who was formerly Miss Alice Failing of Portland, and five daughters. The funeral services were conducted Tuesday afternoon from Mr. Shepard's late residence, by Bishop Robert L. Pad- dock of the Episcopal diocese of East- ern Oregon, who was a warm friend of Mr. Shepard. May distribution of the poison may be equalized. Since arsenic is the active poison in paris green, the potato farmer is quite dependent upon an adequate supply of arsenic compounds for combating the destructive potato bug. It is, therefore, planned to bring about co-operation by the state potato growers' associations and the makers of the insecticides. In this way it is hoped that stocks of in- secticides for local use may be main- tained. Furthermore, it is important that a sufficient supply of white arsenic be available to meet needs next year for grasshopper control. Grasshoppers were numerous in many sections last year. Dry weather, especially in win- ter, is favorable for grasshoppers. The grasshopper eggs remain over winter in hard ground. Moisture in the soil sub- jects the eggs to destructive freezing, but when winters are relatively dry comparatively larger numbers of the eggs survive. Indications are that an outbreak of grasshoppers is probable. It is therefore urgent that preparations be made in advance so that heavy losses to cereal, forage, garden, and other crops may be avoided. Arsenic is also necessary for the control of cut worms, army worms, and similar pests. In view of the necessity for still greater production next spring and summer, the University of Missouri College of Agriculture has suggested that no means which will lessen dam- age from insect pests be overlooked. It is folly to devote time, labor, land, and money to a crop and then permit insects to destroy it. Death of S. L. Allen It was with regret we learned of the death of Mr. S. L. Allen, the inventor of the Planet, Jr., tools, who passed away a few weeks ago at his home in Florida, aged seventy-seven years. Mr. Allen was a farmer back in the early seventies, when planting was done by hand and hoeing was accomplished with the primitive hand-hoe. He was not content with the laborious methods in use at that time, and this was the commencement of the manufacturing of the Planet, Jr., tools, which are famous the world over. To Curb Insect Losses Farm crops in the United States are subject to millions of dollars' loss annu- ally through the ravages of insects. Arsenical insecticides are the chief pro- tection against the biting insects which devour the foliage of farm and garden crops. A shortage of arsenic has de- veloped in this country. President Wil- son has placed the arsenic industry of the United States under the direction of the Food Administration so that the Boxes, Baskets, Containers, Etc. The increasing cost of containers for fruit growers is becoming serious, and in addition there may be a serious shortage of boxes. It behooves fruit growers to order early, because the grower who postpones purchasing may not be able to get the desired amount. The shortage of boxes may be a boon to the firms manufacturing basket contain- ers. It has been tried and found ad- visable in many sections to use baskets for some varieties and some grades of fruit, which are not only found to be cheaper but will serve the purpose as well, and by using baskets wherever it is possible it will do much toward less- ening the possible shortage of boxes. Vegetable Gardens. — No fruit grower should fail to plant a vegetable garden for his home use and one large enough not only to supply his family through the season, but sufficient to produce enough vegetables so enough can be canned to last throughout the entire winter. This will be a good step in the way of food conservation and at the same time be one of economy on the part of the fruit grower as well. Fruit growers in their spare time will find it wise to plant as large a sized garden as can be properly cared for, as there is no question but what there will be a ready sale, not only for vegetables fresh, but to canneries for canning purposes. ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 One Pound of "Corona Dry' Does the Work of Three Pounds of Paste Arsenate and Does it Better OUICKLY AND EASILY MIXED— No working up; no straning needed; no sediment; no lumps; no waste— never clogs nozzles. No evaporation— no leaks— no loss of strength. But an absolutely standard spray mixture, the uniform strength of which you can depend upon- and know that you have the highest per cent of killing power. "Corona" is safe—it will not burn foliage SOLD IN NET WEIGHT PACKAGES 200 lbs., 100 lbs., 50 lbs., 25 lbs., 5 lbs., 1 lb. $dr*"Corona Dry" means— No guesswork, but a Standardized Spray in which the Mixture is Always the Same Strength and Efficiency Trade Mark "Corona Dry" and "Corona Dusting Sulphur" FOR THE Vegetable Garden A safe, inexpensive, easily applied and effi- cient remedy for all chewing garden pests — and for use on fruit trees, berry bushes and plants— that will insure perfect fruit and clean vegetables. Garden Pests and Their Control. The Art of Dusting and the Corona Spray Calendar — mailed by our Sales Agents— on request. CORONA CHEMICAL COMPANY Sole Makers "Corona Dry" "Corona Dry" is used by the big apple growers of Hood River, Medford, North Yakima, Wenatchee and Spokane Districts Corona Chemical Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin NORTHWESTERN SALES AGENTS Portland Seed Co. Portland Oregon Spokane Seed Co. S Spokane ngton Some Phases of Alfalfa, Etc. Continued from page 11 tirely upon the methods of handling alfalfa in the orchard and will be dis- cussed more fully below. I will simply say here that conservation of moisture is one of the benefits that may be derived from alfalfa in the orchard. 1 have mentioned some of the reasons why alfalfa should be beneficial to the orchard. This may be just theory. But the proof of the pudding is in the eat- ing. We have plenty of evidence to show that the alfalfa actually does not get results. I might mention the Bar- ney & Williams orchard which has been in alfalfa for about twenty years. This is the oldest alfalfa orchard that I know of and has the largest bearing record of any orchard that I know of. I have the bearing record of this or- chard for the six years from 1907 till 1912 inclusive. The average bearing per tree per year for those six years was nineteen boxes per tree per year. Mr. Williams told me since he has har- vested his 1917 crop that these trees still keep up the same performance. I could mention many other instances of beneficial results. In fact the results have been so generally satisfactory that about 75 per cent of our orchards at Wenatchee are now in alfalfa. So far I have spoken of alfalfa as a cover and manure crop and of its direct benefit to the orchard. The ideal method for handling alfalfa as a strictly cover and manure crop for the most rapid upbuliding of the soil and for the conservation of moisture is to allow the whole crop to fall on the ground and rot. However, there is the other phase to be considered, the matter of providing our own living, as much as possible, on the orchard farms. This is a phase that cannot be overlooked at this time. It is a phase that is in line with the recommendations of the food administration and, further than that, is in line with a policy of permanent thrift. Every orchard farm should have its family cow, a hog or two, chickens and a garden. Where there is no shortage of water there is no reason why a crop or two of alfalfa, or even three crops, cannot be taken from the orchard if it is fed on the ranch and the manure put back on the orchard. In this way the feed- ing value as well as the greater part of the fertilizing value can be obtained. If we have to go out and buy feed for our stock and other animals today we are in a bad way. Alfalfa hay is selling for $30 a ton at Wenatchee, and it is the cheapest feed we can buy at that. As I have said the water requirements of alfalfa in the orchard depends largely upon the methods of handling. If your alfalfa is strictly a cover and manure crop and you allow it all to lay on the ground I am satisfied that it does not require any more water than clean cul- tivation, and I earnestly believe that it requires less, although I have no ac- curate to prove this. I am personally unfortunate enough to be Interested in an orchard for which we have to raise water over 200 feet by means of pumps. You can readily see that with us con- servation of moisture is a feature. We had the past season in our part of the state the most severe long drouth that we have had in recent years, but our orrchard suffered less from drouth this year than ever because we cut only a portion of the first crop of alfalfa and none after that. It seemed a shame to see that dense mat of alfalfa fall down and rot on the ground, but we could get only a limited amount of water and we did not dare cut the alfalfa and take it off. The alfalfa saved our apple crop. As I see it now, however, we could have installed an additional pump and doubled our water supply and paid for the pump and the extra power with the alfalfa we could have saved, fig- uring it at $30 a ton. We are now nego- tiating for a pump to double our water supply next year. We have learned something also this year about handling our water. Up until this year we have used four or five small furrows between the tree rows, but have always experienced con- siderable difficulty in getting our water through these small ditches. This year we made just two large ditches with a turning plow with very much better results. We have always had the best success sowing alfalfa about the middle of August on soil that has been clean cultivated all summer. At that time it is necessary to irrigate it and is some- times necessary to irrigate it once after that. If the soil should get dry at the time the seed is germinating or soon after that you will not have much sue- Page r/ BETTER FRUIT May cess getting a stand. Alfalfa sown Ihc middle of August should gel about six or eighl inches high before winter and is then read> to start off good and strong in the spring. Let me give a word of caution. Do not expect beneficial results the first year alter the alfalfa lias been sown. In fact it requires quite a little care the first year to prevent detrimental results. Your stand is not likely to be heavy enough the first year to afford the soil sufficient protection and the ground is apt to bake. Further than this, the little seedlings are yet shallow rooted and are taking their moisture and food from the first two or three feet of soil right in competition with the feeding roots of the trees. The alfalfa will need more water and more care the first year than any year after that, and you are not likely to see any benefical results until the second or third year. Do not think that it is nec- essary to plow the alfalfa under to get results on the orchard. Your results become accumulative year after year, and the longer your alfalfa remains in the orchard the better for the orchard. In conclusion I will read the follow- ing verse, for which I claim no origi- nality: What makes the landscape look so fair; What blossoms blight perfume the air; What plant repays the farmer's toil, And will enrich the worn-out soil? Alfalfa. What is the crop that always pays. And will mature in forty days, Resisting drouth, the frost, and heat; Whose roots reach down one hundred feet? Alfalfa. What grows in loam, and clay, and sand; What lifts the mortgage off the land; What crop is cut three times a year, And no foul weeds in it appear? Alfalfa. What makes the swine so healthy feel, And never raise a hungry squeal; The -wholesome food that never fails To put three curls into their tails? Alfalfa. What makes all other stock look nice, And bring the highest market price; What fills the milk pails, feeds the calf, And makes the old cow almost laugh? Alfalfa. Unusual Pies Unusually Good War long ago uncovered the sacred American pie, now the bottom crust as known to our mothers has disappeared, and the latest offering of "Yankee in- genuity" is rice pie crust. Rice has a natural affinity for the things that usu- ally constitute pie fillings, and this new camouflage from the first camoufleur — woman — is good for the duration of the war. Rice Pie Crust.— Line a greased pie pan with cold boiled rice, bringing the rice well over the edge of the pan and shaping it with a spoon dipped in milk. Rake the crust in a moderate oven until it is slightly brown. Use the crust like any pastry for a one-crust pie. Sour Milk Pie. — 1 cup buttermilk or thick clabbered milk, 2 tablespoons cornstrach mixed with 4 tablespoons cold water, % cup maple syrup, 2 egg yolks beaten, 1 lemon, juice and grated rind, 1 tablespoon melted butter. Heat A Continuous Chain ofBoih — gives easystarting,quick and smooth acceleration, power and mileage, in Red Crown gasoline. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) QG0P 7A& GasolinGaQaalHi the milk in a double boiler. When it is warm, add the cornstarch mixed with cold water. Cook the mixture until it is thick, ami add the other ingredients. Cook the mixture until it is clear. Turn it into a baked crust made with rice, cover it with meringue, and bake it in a slow oven for 25 minutes. Meringue. — Whites of 2 eggs, V-t tea- spoon vanilla, 4 tablespoons maple syrup. Reat the egg whites until they are stiff, add the syrup gradually, and then the vanilla. Cottage Cheese Pie. — 1 cup cottage cheese, % cup maple syrup, % cup milk, yolk of 2 eggs (beaten), 2 tablespoons melted butter, salt, V-i teaspoon vanilla. Mix the ingredients in the order given. Rake the pie in one crust made of rice. Cool it slightly, cover it with meringue, and brown it in a slow oven. Lemon Cheese Pie. — 1 cup cottage cheese, % cup honey or % cup corn syrup, yolk of 1 egg (beaten), % cup niilk, 2 tablespoons butter, 2 table- spoons cornstarch, juice and grated rind of 1 lemon. Heat the milk, add the sweetening and the cornstarch, and cook the mixture until it is thick, stir- ring it constantly. Then add the egg, and cook the mixture until the egg thickens! Add the cheese, the butter, the juice and the rind of the lemon. Pour the mixture into a well-baked crust made with rice. Cover it with meringue, and brown it in a slow oven. Report of Cold Storage Apple Holdings April 1, 1918. Reports from 555 storages show that their rooms contain 982,131 barrels and 2,372,223 boxes of apples. The 518 stor- ages that reported for April 1 of this year and last show a present stock of 950,880 barrels and 2,330,(515 boxes, as compared with 1,043,606 barrels and 1,504,496 boxes last year, a decrease of 8.9 per cent in the barreled apples and an increase of 54.9 per cent in the boxed apples, which is the equivalent of the total increase of 182,647 barrels or 11.8 per cent. For the purposes of this com- parison it is considered that three boxes are equivalent to one barrel. The 512 storages that reported for both Decem- ber 1, 1917, and April 1, 1918, showed a decrease of 17.2 per cent in the barreled apples and 27.2 per cent in the boxed apples, or a total decrease of 20.4 per cent during the month of March, while the 503 storages reporting their hold- ings for both December 1, 1916, and April 1, 1917, showed a decrease of 19.4 per cent in the barreled apple holdings and 28.1 per cent in the boxed apple holdings, or a total decrease of 22.2 per cent during March, 1917. As a few stor- ages have not responded to our inquiries this report does not include al1 holdings. Conspicuous among the many improve- ments that have been made from time to time for the welfare of their employes is the strictly modern cafeteria that has been recently opened by the F. Mayer Root & Shoe Company of Milwaukee, makers of the well known brand of Ilonorbilt Shoes. "Our primary reason for opening this restaurant," said F. J. Mayer, vice pres- ident of the concern, "is to give our employes a chance for greater comrade- ship. We are convinced that it has done that much. The increased number of patrons speaks for its success. Many who have heretofore prepared their own dinner at night are glad to be re- lieved of the burden and make this hot lunch at noon their principal meal." Comradeship is not the only benefit to be derived, for the dinners served to the employes for 20 cents are certainly a revelation, especially during these times of high prices. The following menu is typical of the dinners furnished : A large bowl of vegetable soup, beef loaf, potatoes, beets, bread and butter, apple pie and coffee. Cleanliness and efficiency are the striking characteristics of the lunch room. From the immaculate polished topped oak tables, with their pretty green and white china and shining silverware set for four, to the shining pots and kettles hanging around the stove, everything is spick and span and of the latest and most approved type. —Adv. IQl8 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 ^lirillltlllMlllhlllMHIIIIIIIMIIIIMlllllHilllllHIilllllllliniUIIHIIIIIIiniHIIIIIIIIIIIinillMIII^UIIinillllllllintlllillUIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIilllltlllillllllllllllllMIIIIIIIMlIllll IIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIfllllllllllllllllUlinlllllllllllltllllllllllllllllllllllllHIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIlHIIIIIIIIII^* I The Ideal Fruit Grader ( SIMPLICITY, ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY ABSOLUTELY NO BRUISING Just passed another very successful season. We have the highest of praise for our Grader from 1 1 all of those who have used them, and from the present indications we will have all sold that we are I able to manufacture this season on account of labor being very hard to get that we can use, so we wish 1 I to impress on all the growers that we urge them to place their orders very soon so we will have time f I to make delivery. | I There is no machinery— Nothing to get out of order or be fixed connected with the Ideal Fruit I I Grader. It is practically all wood. • | I The operation is simple, consisting of a belt for a conveyor, operated by electricity or gasoline | I engine, and short elastic belts, which move each apple in the proper bin from the belt conveyor. I The Ideal Fruit Grader divides the crop into Extra Fancy, Fancy and C-grade, all at one time. The 1 1 Extra Fancy being divided into seven bins on one side, the Fancy into seven bins on the other side 1 I and the C-grade going into six bins at the end of the grader. | Built for four sorters, the grader is 26 feet long and 9 feet wide. Built for eight sorters, 32 feet long | Further detailed information, illustrated circulars and prices will be furnished upon request. IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO. HOOD RIVER, OREGON Siftauiiiianiiii iiiiuiiiuiiniiimiii 1 11 1 1111111 hiiuihiiiirii 1 11 nt 1 jiii u ui 111 1 111 j 111 1111 1 ji i nil 1 11 imun i 1 111111 1 1 111 1111 iihiii 1 iiiinimti 11 1 if nuiunnniiiiiiiinuii 1 1 1 1 im 1 n 1 111 111 1 1 1 1 n j 11 1 1 niuni 1111 iu 1 1 if 1 1 1 11 1 mi 1 1 1 1 1 it 11 1 n an 11 111 11 1 1111 1 tii j 1 11 mi u 1 u 11111 11 1 m jiuii rm 1111 1 iitiu 1 1 iiu 11111 11 11^ Power Farming Demonstration A POWER farming demonstration for the Pacilic Northwest will be held at Pullman, Washington, this spring May 29-30-31. This demonstration is in charge of the State College of Washing- ton co-operating with the United States Department of Agriculture, the tractor and implement dealers of the North- west and the Pullman Chamber of Com- merce. The Demonstration Is Needed At the present time the greatest pos- sible food production is demanded. The available labor is scarce. Horses cannot furnish enough farm power. The extensive use of labor and horse- saving machinery is urgent. The farm- ers of the Northwest are progressive and anxious to farm all their acres to the best advantage, but they cannot justly be expected to purchase and use new equipment before seeing it in actual operation, so that they may de- cide whether or not the implements will operate successfully on their own farms. As a matter of education and information the demonstration will prove of great value to the agricultural interests of the Pacific Northwest. What the Demonstration Will Do It will bring together a large aggre- gation of tractors, plows, tillage im- plements, harvesting machinery, mod- ern trucks, and modern labor-saving machinery in general. 'Ibis demon- stration will be more complete than the machinery section of a state fair, and will be of much greater value to the farmers, as it will show the ma- chines in actual field work. Here every- one can see and compare the work of a large number of tractors in one field, an opportunity that can be had only at such a demonstration. Since both level and hilly fields will be farmed it will be possible to draw better conclusions as to what type of tractor will be suc- cessful on individual farms. The public will be shown the use of tractors in connection with belt-driven machinery such as silage cutters, threshers and similar farm equipment. The latest harvesting and grain-hand- ling machinery will be shown and demonstrated. In short, machinery that will save man and horse-power will be on demonstration so that all who attend will see with little expendi- ture of time the possibilities of doing their work more efficiently with mod- ern equipment, and also to quickly compare the different machines for doing any particular class of work. How the Demonstration Will Be Conducted Over 2110 acres of land in one body near Pullman is available lor the tractor demonstration. This ground will be plowed by the demonsrators. During the forenoon the companies arc at liberty to make individual demon- strations in fields assigned to them. Al this time demonstrations of belt-oper- ated machines and implements other than tractors will be made. In the afternoon the regular public demon- stration will be held, during which all the tractors will plow on assigned polts in one large field. After plowing part of the afternoon the plowed ground will be gone over with tillage implements such as harrows. No dem- onstrations of other machines will be permitted while the tractors are oper- ating in the afternoon. Something of interest will be going on all the time, so that it will be to everyone's advantage to attend the demonstration the entire time. General Information The demonstration grounds are about two and one-half miles from Pullman on a paved road. Automobile and truck service will be maintained be- tween the city and the grounds. A large number of people can be accom- modated as regards rooms ami meals in town. As the weather is usually cxcel- leni at this time of year many will bring tents and camp in the grove ad- jacent lo the demonstration field. A lunch counter will be on the grounds, so that it will not be necessary to make trips to the city for meals. Pullman is readily accessible lo all the Northwestern States, being located on the O.-W. P. A N. and the Northern Pacilic Railroads. Pleasant and easj autombile hips can be made to the demonstration from Washington, Ore- gon, Idaho. Montana and Alberta. A Page 1 6 BETTER FRUIT May iittft • BEESUPPLIES THE GOVERNMENT EXPECTS YOU To increase your honey supply. You cannot do it unless you provide yourself with the necessary HIVES FRAMES SECTIONS* FOUNDATION SUPERS MISCEL. EQUIPMENT Ask us to quote on your wants Ask for our complete 1918 catalog Ask for our latest price supplement Ask us anything you want and if possible we will cheerfully answer you HJ£§ Seattle & Portland Western distributors of LEWIS BEEWARE BewareWhereYouBuyYourBeeWare parking place for automobiles will be in charge of a watchman. Everyone in the Northwest who is interested in agriculture and is follow- ing the rapid development of modern farm power machinery with its won- derful time and labor-saving possibili- ties should not miss the great oppor- tunity of seeing this machinery at work side by side in one large field. For other information communicate with the Department of Agricultural Engi- neering, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington. Get That Canning Impulse Make your hoe this summer keep your can opener busy next winter. Get ready for canning season now. Regrets are the only things ever canned in the jars you forgot to order. Can nothing that can be kept with- out canning. Dry such vegetables as corn, siring beans, navy beans, mature lima beans, okra, etc. You can brag about your garden all winter if you have your canned evi- dence on the dinner table. Concentrate products, especially soup mixtures, so that each container will hold as much canned food and as little water as possible. Really there is nothing to canning fruit and vegetables except care, clean- liness, fresh products, jars and heat. diverted from the Cuban trade. The consumer is asked to estimate his needs and fill out a certificate which will be furnished him by his grocer. The dealer is required to forward this cer- tificate to the Federal Food Adminis- trator within one week after it is turned in to him. This plan puts the question up to the individual, and the Food Ad- ministration asks the assistance of every householder in bringing about a prac- tical distribution. The success of the plan depends on the good sense and good will of the American citizen. Co- operation, prompt action and a demo- cratic sense of fair play will prevent a sugar shortage in America during the fruit season. J. E. Larson, well known in every county of Oregon as a seed and crop expert, has been engaged by the Port- land Seed Company to give practical help to farmers and gardeners in seed selection and in solving problems of planting, cultivation and harvesting. Larson resigned as county agriculturist of Polk County to enter the broader field. For four years he was in charge of the crop extension work of Oregon Agricultural College. Before coming to Oregon he was seed expert for Okla- homa and South Dakota Agricultural Colleges, and was field editor for one of the Orange Judd farm papers in the Dakotas. Mr. Larson was born and raised on an Iowa farm, and knows the practical as well as the scientific side of the farmer's problems. His engage- ment by the big seed company should prove of inestimable service to Pacific Northwest farmers. Besides visiting the rural districts he will reply to in- quiries by mail. — Adv. Sugar Supplies for Home Canners. The submarine has forced fighting Europe to a very strict sugar ration and compelled America to look the situation squarely in the face. There is only so much sugar, there are certain definite needs, and the problem before us is finding a practical plan of distribution. The Food Administration has adopted a certificate system to meet the household needs during the coming fruit season, and to guard against temporary short- ages that may occur if more vessels are New Flours in Old Recipes. Many housekeepers have experimented with the substitute cereals and know just how to use them in muffins and other breads. Weight for weight, these flours and brans absorb the same amount of moisture and require the same measure of baking powder to raise raise them as wheat flour. You can use the new flours in old recipes if you sub- stitute equal weights for the wheat flour called for. A cup of wheat flour sifted and measured lightly weighs 4 ounces. The equivalent of 4 ounces of substi- tutes expressed in cups is as follows: One cup (4 ounces) wheat flour equals 1% cups barley flour, 1 cup corn flour, 1 cup fine corn meal, % cup coarse corn meal, % cup buckwheat, % cup rice flour, % cup hominy grits, % cup rolled oats (ground). The above equivalents represent an average on these flours, but different mills turn out different grades of flour and weight is the safest guide. If you have no scales, sift flour and measure lightly in a measuring cup. War Savings Certificates, modeled on the English plan, were introduced in India in the summer of 1917. The price of issue was 7 rupees 12 annas (7% ru- pees) for a certificate worth 10 rupees at the end of five years. On December '31, 1917, this issue has brought nearly $100,000,000, and in the central prov- inces, where the number of subscribers to previous Indian Government loans had never exceeded 100 people, more than 600,000 people have bought War Savings Certificates. Good business as well as patriotism urges support of the Government in its financial needs. There is no class of Americans more than the farmers of the nation whose own welfare is so indissolubly bound up with that of the United States Government. Buy Thrift Stamps. "The one sure way to supply the supreme need for food," reads a proc- lamation by Governor Bickett of North Carolina, "is to man the bread line with the woman power, the boy power and the girl power of the state." "Farmers are sometimes the last to heat up; but they stay hot; and in a long fight they are always found sturdily carrying the battle across No-Man's Land to the foe, in the last grim strug- gle."— Herbert Quick. For two years not a single new pleas- ure motor car has been made in Eng- land. Luxury business has ceased. The English are leading strenuous lives, but are prospering. "Make your acres tote double," says the Progressive Farmer. We'll substitute corn for wheat and victory for defeat. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1918 CATALOG. FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" jpi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 1/ BEFORE using Cement Coated Nails Western Cement Coated Nails for Western Growers Our Cement Coated Nails are always of uniform length, gauge, head and count. Especially adapted to the manufacture of fruit boxes and crates. In brief, they are the Best on the Market. Write for Growers' testimonials. Colorado Fuel & Iron Co. DENVER, COLORADO Pacific Coast Sales Offices Portland, Spokane, San Francisco Los Angeles AFTER use of C. F. & I. Co.' Cement Coated Nails Save the Home Garden Surplus THE crop of vegetables from home gardens promises to be unusually large in practically all sections of the country this year, says the United States Department of Agriculture in a statement just issued. Home gardeners, therefore, it is pointed out, should begin now to plan so that the products raised by them will be used to the best pos- sible advantage, without waste. The statement says: "There is likely to be an unusually large production of vegetables from small home gardens in most communi- ties this year. Home gardeners, there- fore, should lay their plans carefully so that they will be in a position at the appropriate time to make efficient use of their garden produce, both by imme- diate consumption and by preservation by canning, drying, or in other ways, so that no good food will be wasted. A very material saving can be effected in the food bill in many instances by hav- ing the meals consist more largely of the fresh home-grown vegetables and less extensively of the non-perishable foods bought from grocery stores. By following this plan, also, garden own- ers will relieve somewhat the demand for the non-perishable foods. "Even with liberal use in the family diet in a fresh state, however, there will be considerable surpluses of vegetables from many home gardens. These should be saved in some way. Canning is the method most usually employed, but it is possible that cans and jars cannot be obtained in sufficient quantities this year to pack the surplus perishables. In such cases many products easily can be preserved by drying. By this method surplus water is driven off by placing sliced products on trays in the sun, over a stove or before an electric fan. The dried foods can be kept perfectly in paper bags or boxes sufficiently tight to exclude insects. Soaking in water will bring the products back practically to their original texture and they may then be cooked like fresh vegetables. "In putting up vegetables and fruits for future use the home gardener may find the following suggestions useful: If you can obtain cans and jars only in limted numbers, can tomatoes and other vegetables which cannot be dried easily, and such fruits as you prefer in a juicy form. Wherever possible concentrate succulent foods, such as tomatoes. Preserve or jam the fruits and berries which you prefer in that form, and put them in glasses sealed with paraffin or in wide-necked bottles. Put fruit juices in ordinary bottles. Dry practically any common vegetable except asparagus, egg-plant, radishes, lettuce and the like, and most fruits except strawberries and native grapes. The more importnat of the vegetables that are usually dried are sweet-corn, snap and string beans, shelled beans, shelled peas, and the root crops. Toma- toes, though consisting in large part of water, are dried successfully by many immigrants from Southern Europe. If a considerable number of cans or jars are at your disposal so that vegetables may be canned be sure to include the more nutritious such as green beans and peas." "Corn Flour-Plus" Biscuit You can give up the use of wheat flour and still enjoy hot biscuit for breakfast. Corn flour is the answer. This is a new product to most house- keepers, but it promises to be well known before wheat harvest, as the production of corn flour has increased 500 per cent in the last eighteen months. Corn makes a beautiful white flour, delicate enough for a perfect sponge cake or, what is more to the purpose, a fine biscuit flour that browns like French pastry. Corn flour combines well with any of the substitute cereals in making hot cakes, muffins and biscuit. Corn Flour and Wheat Biscuit. — 2 cups corn flour, % cup wheat flour, 6 teaspoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt, 3 tablespoons fat, 1 cup milk. Corn Flour and Buckwheat Biscuit. — 1% cups corn flour, \Vi cups buck- wheat, 6 teaspoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt, 3 tablespoons fat, 1 cup milk. Corn Flour and Rolled Oats Biscuit. — 1% cups corn flour, 1 cup ground oats, 6 teaspoons baking powder. I teaspoon salt, 3 tablespoons fat, 1 cup milk. Sift dry materials together. Work in fat well. Combine liquid and dry ma- terial, handling lightly. Roll or pat one-half inch thick and cut as biscuit. Bake in hot oven. The ground oats in the last recipe are prepared by putting rolled oats through the food chopper. All measures are level. In measuring the baking powder, level the spoons with a knife. Drop biscuit require less baking powder than rolled biscuit. Wheatless Loaf Bread Counties, towns, hotels and schools have gone wheatless until next harvest. Households are giving up wheatless days for wheatless weeks and months, while kitchens have been turned into experiment stations to see just what can be done with other cereals. Muf- fins you know and cakes you know, but have you made any wheatless loaf ladmilton] ■ BANK ■ Fifty-nine Years of. continuous service to the Northwest is the record of this pioneer bank. Today, as always, it bears the reputation of being at once conser- vative and progressive —a wise combination. We solicit accounts, either personal or bus- iness. Ladd & Tilton Bank PORTLAND, OREGON "" ■'■■ WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION UETTER FRUIT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT Mrt-v Fine Oregon Orchard for Sale Trees 9 Years Old 13 acres, tile drained and irrigated, water costs $2.50 per acre, of which about 3 acres are in pears, one acre peach fillers, balance some Newtowns and Jonathans, but mostly Spitzenbergs. Trees in fine condition, showing an abundance of fruit spurs. A few loganberries, blackberries and raspberries. 4-room house with porch; fine barn and sheds; 4 chicken houses, about 20 booder houses; good well; electric lights and telephone system; on paved street about one mile from station. The tract is sprayed, pruned and plowed. Title clear. Price $500 per acre on easy terms. No trades. Can give immediate possession. The city has good schools, a fruit drying plant for culls, also a Fruit Growers' Associat ion, with large warehouse and a Spray Manufacturing plant. MARK N.TISDALE, Sutherlin, Oregon teaspoon salt, 1 cup rice Hour, 2 cups barley dour. Corn Flour and Buckwheat Bread. — 1 cup liquid, 1 tablespoons fat, 1 table- spoons syrup, 2 (SMS, (i teaspoons bak- ing powder, 1 teaspoon salt, 1% cups corn Hour, 1 cup buckwheat. Barley and Oat Bread.— 1 cup liquid, 1 tablespoons fat, 1 tablespoons syrup, 2 eggs, 6 teaspoons baking powder, 1 teaspoon salt, 2 cups barley Hour, 1 cup ground rolled oats. Mix the melted fat, liquid, syrup and eggs. Combine the liquid and well mixed dry ingredients. Bake as a loaf in a moderately hot oven for one hour or until thoroughly baked. Nuts, raisins or dales may be added if desired. Legume Culture Found Helpful Many Oregon farmers let the little legume bacteria help them speed up their war production program. These cultures have been used with great suc- cess in this state for several years. About 70 per cent of the farmers using the soil inoculation cultures report profit from their use. These cultures are used on leguminous plants — peas, beans, alfalfa, vetch, red clover and alsikc. They are not needed if the same crop well inoculated has been grown on the land within two or three years. If the soil is very acid or very dry, the effectiveness of the cultures is greatly decreased. It has generally been found worth while to try them on such ground. Supplies of the cultures are sent out from the O. A. C. Bacteriology Depart- ment this year as in former years. Suf- ficient material for two acres or less costs 40 cents. Enough for fifteen acres costs (50 cents. Special cultures are re- quired for each kind of crop. Cultures are sent on receipt of payment, or by C. 0. I)., parcels post. On C. O. I), orders an additional ten cents should be remitted. The demand for cultures being far in advance of the ability to fill orders, the department requests from seven to ten days' advance notice. Soil inoculation cultures to "ginger up" the growth of legumes can be obtained at Oregon Agricultural College. A sup- ply for two acres or less costs 40 cents, for fifteen acres or less 60 cents. State kind of crop and enclose payment for order. bread — bread you can slice and make into toast and sandwiches, provided you can lock it away from the family until it gets cold? Here are a group of successful wheatless breads made with baking powder. If you wish to experi- ment, try these combinations in yeast breads. Ground oats combine success- fully with any of the substitute cereals in making hot cakes, muffins or bread. To prepare ground oats, run rolled oats through the food chopper: Corn Flour and Oat Bread.— % cup liquid, 4 tablespoons fat, 4 tablespoons syrup, 2 eggs, 6 teaspoons baking pow- der, 1 teaspoon salt, 1% cups corn Hour, 1 cup ground rolled oats. Rice and Barley Bread. — 1 cup liquid, 4 tablespoons fat, 4 tablespoons syrup, 2 eggs, 0 teaspoons baking powder, 1 Uncle Sam's Official Newspaper Owing to the enormous increase of government war work, the govern- mental departments at Washington are being flooded with letters of inquiry on every conceivable subject concerning the war, and it has been found a phys- ical impossibility for the clerks, though they number an army in themselves now, to give many of these letters proper attention and reply. There is published at Washington daily, under authority of and by direction of the President, a government newspaper, "The Official U. S. Bulletin." This newspaper prints every day all of the more important rulings, decisions, reg- ulations, proclamations, orders, etc., as they are promulgated by the several de- partments and the many special cora- Wesloi tools « A. I. ROOT CO. '«* FORILAND SUD COMPANY KEEP BEES! HONEY IS THE BEST SUBSTITUTE FOR SUGAR and is more Wholesome and Delicious IF you own an orchard or keep bees, you should have a copy of our Catalog. It lists everything for the successful handling of bees and the production of honey. We are pioneers in the bee supply busi- ness in the Northwest, are thoroughly familiar with local requirements and carry a large and complete stock. Ask for Catalog No. 204 You can keep bees any place where they can forage within a mile. ORTLAN SEED CO mittees and agencies now in operation at the National Capital. This official journal is posted daily in every post- office in the United States, more than 56,000 in number, and may also be found on file at all libraries, boards of trade, and chambers of commerce, the offices of mayors, governors, and other federal officials. By consulting these files most questions will be found readi- ly answered; there will be little neces- sity for letter writing; the unnecessary congestion of the mails will be appre- ciably relieved; the railroads will be called upon to move fewer correspond- ence sacks, and the mass of business that is piling up in the government de- partments will be eased considerably. Hundreds of clerks, now answering correspondence, will be enabled to give their time to essentially important rulings, decisions and war work, and a fundamentally patriotic service will have been performed by the public. Drying and Evaporating Fruits In this issue appears a very valuable article by Professor C. C. Vincent, "By- Product Investigations." Last year many fruit growers found it very profitable to raise vegetables between the apple trees, which enabled them not only to sell fresh vegetables but to evaporate and can for winter use and also for sale. Evaporating and canning vegetables is more important now than ever before and this year it is to be hoped this industry will be carried on much more extensively. Europe will be drawing more heavily on America for all foodstuffs, and every housewife should store enough to supply the wants of her household, and more if possible, thus enabling the factories to sell their entire output for the con- sumption of our soldiers and our allies. ipiS By-Products Investigations, Etc. Continued from page 6. The U. S. Cook Stove Evaporator was used in making the tests at the Univer- sity of Idaho. It can be used on any kind of a cook stove. The dimensions are: Base 22x16 inches, height 26 inches. The base is made of galvanized sheet iron and the framework of wood. It has eight galvanized wire trays 12x17% inches and contains twelve square feet of drying surface. The trays are placed in the frame- work one above the other, thus forming a compartment through which the heat rises. When drying fruits or vegetables in this evaporator the trays should all be spread with a single layer, and as the drying progresses the upper trays should be moved to the lower part of the drier in order to insure uniform drying. The fresh products should never be piled up on the trays too thick, as this obstructs the free circulation of air through the evaporator and prolongs the time of drying. To secure a good finished product the temperature should never be allowed to go above 150° F. The results secured are shown in the following table: Weight Weight Time Temper- Fresh when to Dry, attire. Products Material Dry Hours Deg. F. Beans 100 11 10-15 130-140 Turnips 100 8 10 130-140 Carrots 100 13 10 130-140 Corn 100 33 9 130-140 Beets 100 18 6 130-140 Salsify 100 33 2 130-140 Potatoes 100 35 6 130-140 Pumpkins 100 6 4 130-140 Sweet cherries.. 100 24 22 130-150 Pie cherries 100 19 22 130-150 Apricots 10O 20 27 130-150 Peaches 100 17 25-30 130-150 Plums 100 22 50-55 130-150 Prunes 100 33 00-70 130-150 Apples 100 20 6 130-150 Pears 100 25 8 130-150 Hot Air Evaporator. There has also been an increasing demand for information on evaporators somewhat larger than the cook-stove evaporator; those that have been de- signed for family use, but have a capa- city sufficient to dry for market. To supply this information the Zimmer- man type of evaporator was selected for experimentation. This portable fur- nace or hot air evaporator is 21 inches deep, 26 inches wide and 5% feet high. This machine has fourteen galvanized wire trays 20x20 inches, making thirty- eight square feet of drying surface. The evaporator is made substantially of gal- FISH!! FISH!! 100 lbs. salmon in brine, shipping weight 165 lbs $11.00 Smoked salmon, 20 lbs. net .... 3 25 Dried True codfish, 10 lbs 150 A^k for our fresh and cured fish price list. T. A. BEARD, 4322 Winslow Place, Seattle, Wash. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH BETTER FRUIT Page ip Are there CURLED, LEAVES on Your Apple, Trees A^ %TT TTV behind the good is EjljliA.DlljJ.1 1 added value. Toucan rely on our record of fulfillment of every contract and fair adjustment of every claim. ATTCF1 A r'TTOtV ls assured by our /Vl lO-T rVv^XXV^li long experience in making nails to suit our customers' needs. We know what you want; we guarantee satisfaction. iJTf'TXr A T TTV Plus experience al- A.Hjrll>ALill I ways excels Imita- tion. Imitation's highest hope is, to sometime I not now) equal Pearson — meantime l/»» play safe. A I L HIEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FKU Page 20 BETTER FRUIT May Make more Money PuHJjfe stumps kr hand Clear your stump land cheaply — no digging, no expense for teams and powder. One man with a K can rip out any stump that can be pulled with the best inch steel cable. Works by leveray — same principle as a jack. fuO pound pull on the lever gives a 48-ton pull on the stump. Made of the 6nest steel— guaranteed against breakage. Endorsed by U. S. Government experts. HAND POWER. Stump Puller Write today for special offer and free booklet on Land Clearing. Walter J. Fitzpatrick Box 598 82 Fifth Street San Francisco California Yakima County Horticultural Union FRED EBERLE, General Manager Growers' Agents Yakima Valley Fruit General Offices, Yakima WAREHOUSES: Yakima, Naches, Selah, Wapato, Exchange and Tieton COLD STORAGE IN CONNECTION Genuine comfort if you ask for and rfef- Martha Washington Comfort Shoes Beware of Imitations- name and trade-mark stamped on the sole. vanized iron. The furnace front and back is made of heavy cast iron and the body of the furnace of heavy sheet iron. The evaporator is so constructed that the currents of heated air which arise from the furnace pass through and around the fresh products, not only from the bottom, hut from the sides also. To secure a well finished product it is necessary to have a good distribution of air throughout the evaporator. This evaporator is so constructed that there is an even distribution of hot air over each tray of fruit, which insures uni- form drying of the products. The fruits and vegetables evaporated in this hot air evaporator were exceptionally tine in every respect. The results secured are shown in the table following: Weight Weight Time Temper- Fresh when toDry, ature. Products Material Dry Hours Deg. F. lieans 100 13 6-12 130-110 Turnips 100 9 6 130-140 Carrots 100 13 8 130-110 Corn 100 33 20 130-140 Beets 100 18 7 130-140 Salsilv 100 33 2 130-140 Potatoes 100 29 5 130-1 III Pumpkins 100 (i 4 130-140 Pie cherries 100 25 8-13 130-150 Apricots 100 20 13 ' 130-150 Peaches 100 17 30-35 130-150 Plums 100 23 56 130-150 Prunes 100 35 47 130-150 Apples 100 17 7 130-150 Pears 100 23 13 130-150 Steam Evaporator. In communities where there are not sufficient products grown to justify the construction of a large commercial evaporator, the small steam cabinet evaporator could be used to advantage. This is particularly true in a locality where there is already a small cannery in operation, for the boiler could be used for both purposes. These steam cabinet evaporators are very popular at the present time in parts of New York and Canada. When properly constructed they give entire satisfaction. The following table shows the dif- ferent products evaporated, the weight after evaporation, the length of time to evaporate and the temperature main- tained: Weight Weight Time Temper- Fresh when to Dry. ature. Products Material Dry Hours Deg. F. Peas 100 23 7 130-160 Beets 100 16 5 130-160 Beans 100 11 5-10 130-160 Turnips 100 9 6 130-160 Carrots 100 12 6 130-160 Corn 100 29 13 130-160 Salsify 100 31 2 130-160 Cauliflower ... 100 14 8 130-160 Potatoes 100 33 5 130-160 Pumpkins 100 6 4 130-160 Currants 100 27 7 130-160 Raspberries ... 100 13 10 130-160 Pie cherries 100 20 6-10 130-160 Sweet cherries. 100 21 12 130-160 Apricots 100 15 15 130-160 Peaches 100 17 21 130-160 Plums 100 22 27 130-160 Prunes 100 30 38 130-100 Loganberries .. 100 15 13 130-160 Dewberries 100 20 14 130-160 Apples 100 16 6 130-160 Pears 100 23 13 130-160 The type installed at Moscow was secured from the Henninger & Ayes Company, Portland, Oregon. This cab- inet is 84 inches long, 36 inches wide and 72 inches high. It has twenty-four galvanized wire trays 22x36 inches, with 132 square feet of drying surface. There are fourteen pipes under each two trays running across the evapora- M Weeds and profits cannot grow in the came orchard. Weeds sap moisture and slcal pl_mt food. Destroy them with the fast-working, light-running "Acme** Foot-Lift Weeder The sharp-ground knife edges cut all weeds -till deep or shallow os desired. Foot lift lever clears trash and makes transportation easy Guards at end pro- tect trees Sizes, 1 horse to 3-horse. Write today for our free book The Acme Way to Crops That Pay." Duane II. Nash Inc. 343 A E. Morrison Portland Street ^~Z=r~~^ Oregon True-to-Name Nursery ESTABLISHED 1902 Offers a general line of nursery stock, with a special offering of Anjou, Bosc and Bartlett Pears. These trees are grown with buds personally selected from bearing trees and are gua-anteed "true-to-name." Address all communications to TRUE-TO-NAME NURSERY Hood River, Oregon H. S. Galligan, Prop. Can the Surplus Foods1 Every mouthful must be saved. , Can more for home use. Save meats and wheat for the soldiers. Can for ~> sale. Big demand and high prices. , •S "NATIONAL' • Outfits are quick, easy, sure. Nospoilage. Cananything — fruits, vegetables, meats — in tin or glass. Endorsed by experts. Home size $ 18. Factory sizes np to $2,000. Full informa- tion FREE. Write for catalog. Northwestern Steel & Iron Works 820 Spring St., Em Clairo, Wis. 0^ /StifmcZL 700 ACRES of the highest quality Willamette Valley soil, all in one chunk, is probably worth no more than passing notice. But if you knew that 200 acres was in bearing fruit, 200 more in grain, balance pasture, you might give it a second thought. And if I told you it was not in Southern Ore- gon, and that there was not an apple tree in the bunch, you might write for further information. This property can be bought and bought right Ample buildings, equipment and shipping facil- ities. No curiosity seekers need answer. If you have $100,000 or more we might get together. Your reply will reach the owner and be treated in confidence. Address X Y Z, care Better Fruit WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION RETTER FRVTT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page 21 tor. The steam enters the cabinet through the top row of pipes and circu- lates back and forth through the evap- orator, finally returning to the boiler through a return pipe at the bottom of the cabinet. A five-horsepower boiler furnishes ample steam for an evapora- tor of this type. Capacity of Evaporators. In the following table is shown the capacity of these different types of evaporators at one charge: Cook Steam Hot Air Store Products Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Beans 200 50 20 Turnips 11)0 30 10 Carrots 9fi 30 8 Corn 200 56 21 Cauliflower Ill 42 11 Beets lit 45 10 Salsify 80 25 8 Pumpkins 110 28 10 Potatoes 100 30 11 Pie cherries 300 80 25 Apricots 201 80 25 Peaches 450 124 36 Plums and prunes 600 15ft 60 Sweet cherries 350 98 40 Loganberries 210 70 25 Dewberries 220 60 22 Raspberries 250 75 24 Apples 288 84 24 Pears 288 84 24 By any one of the methods described above practically all fruits and vegeta- bles, in excess of those needed in the homes and in the local market, can be conserved. It is only by resorting to such methods of conservation that we can help win the final victory in this great war. When discouraged, remem- ber the words of the writer who said. Somebody said it couldn't be done, But he with a chuckle replied That, may be it couldn't, but he would be one Who wouldn't say so until he tried. He started to sing as he tackled the thing That couldn't be done and he did it. There are thousands to tell you it cannot be done, There are thousands of prophesy failure, But just start in to sing as you tackle the thing That "cannot be done," and you'll do it. Crops and Advertising THERE are statistically two crops of apples in the United States. One is called the "agricultural crop," and the other is called the "commercial crop." The former represents all the apples on the trees, the latter the apples for trans- portation and market. The commercial crop, of course, is a fraction only of the agricultural crop, and varies widely. For instance, the latter may be two hundred million barrels, while the com- mercial crop, according to conditions, may be forty, sixty or eighty million barrels. But whichever crop we think of, it is ;i tremendous business. The agricultural crop mentioned would make a river flowing solid with apples sixty miles long, a hundred yards wide and ten feet deep. It would make ten piles as big as the Great Pyramid of Ghizeh. It would wrap a band around the earth at the equator a foot thick and seven feet wide. It staggers the imagination. In making the above statement there is a definite object. Facts like these awaken the mind to a vivid sense of "size," and stir it to think in terms of "importance." When, then, national magazines tell in descriptive editorials what America's millions may and should do with apples, the editor of such a Cettmg ready with / the punch gives a fel- low a fine appetite for mess calt and a ,1 chew of Giavely. ,/t'^f f It only Takes a Minute to send him a pouch of Real GRAVELY Chewing Plug Just drop into any wide awake dealer around here, give him 10 cents for the pouch of Real Gravely, complete in the special envelope ready for mailing. Address it according to the official directions he will give you. Put on a 3 cent stamp— and Uncle Sam's Mails will see that he gets it. Real Gravely is the tobacco to send. Not ordinary plug loaded up with sweetening, but condensed quality. It's worth sending a long way, and when he receives it he's got something Give any man a chew of Real Gravely Plug, and he will tell you that's the kind to send. Send the best! Ordinary plug is false economy. It costs less per week to chew Real Gravely, because a small chew of it lasts a long while. SEND YOUR FRIEND IN THE U. S. SERVICE A POUCH OF GRAVELY Even "over therv. a 3c. stamp will put it into his hands. P. B. GRAVELY TOBACCO COMPANY, Danville, Va. The Patent Pouch keeps it Fresh and Clean and Good — It is not Real Gravely without this Protection Seal Established 1831 .ACME Box Strapping Used in connection with metal seals consists of encircling a package with a metal strap, draw- ing the strap very tight and interlocking the overlapping strap ends within a metal sleeve (SIGNODE) in such a manner that the jointhas a greater tensile strength than the strap itself. Nails, rivets and buck- les, with their attendant objections, are entirely eliminated. Write for Catalog Acme Strapping packed in bbls. of about 500 lbs. or larger pkgs. Metal Seals packed in cartons containing 2,000-2,500 seals. ACME STEEL GOODS CO. MFRS. Factory: 2840 Archer Ave., Chicago 311 California St., San Francisco Stock carried in Seattle and San Francisco WHEN WRITING rlSERS Ml Nil"- HI I I IKUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT May foasselir ^7"E 03 IMPROVE = PROTECT YOUR FRUIT CROP Arsenate of Lead For twelve years the GRASSELLI BRAND has been used throughout the fruit growing sections of the Northwest where it has given unvarying satisfaction to the user because of its all-round good qualities: IT kills the worms. IT sticks well to the foliage. IT is high in suspension qualities and will always be found dependable and uniform. THE FRUIT GROWERS' STANDARD Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Paste Grasselli Arsenate of Lead Powder The Grasselli Chemical Co. Established 1839 CLEVELAND, OHIO NEW YORK PHILEDELPHIA BOSTON BRANCHES: ST. PAUL DETROIT CHICAGO MILWAUKEE CINCINNATI ST. LOUIS PITTSBURGH NEW ORLEANS BIRMINGHAM magazine realizes that it is worth while, that apples are apples, by token of a huge industry; he sees the tremendous pyramid that America's apple crop would make, and he says to himself: "I will say a thing or two about the use of these apples. It will be worth while." On the one side he sees the vast store of fruit, and the workers growing them, and on the other side there is the throng of consumers. "Perhaps never before in their his- tory have the national magazines taken such interest in the apple," the publicity manager of the Northwestern Fruit Ex- change is quoted as stating. "We find the women's journals, with their special pages devoted to culinary subjects, have taken hold in splendid style and have veritably made the apple 'king'. Housewives have been impressed with the nutritive qualities and the whole- someness of apples, and they have been presented with all kinds of ingenious recipes. Piping hot pancakes with apple jelly, gingerbread gems with apples, war muffins with apple sauce, sweet potato and apple baked together — all these suggestions and hundreds of oth- ers have encouraged the use of apples. It will certainly be a great satisfaction to the apple grower to know that 'some- body is doing something' for him. While he is tilling the soil of his field, as it were, it is a satisfaction to know that the field of printers' ink is being well tilled, too." The well-known magazine "Every- woman's World" in a recent issue pub- lished almost entire the Fruit Growers' Agency's press article, "Eat an Apple, Send a Biscuit," which contained valu- ablbe information on apple nutrition, and which was sent out with a special letter to every editor of a woman's magazine on the continent. This article seems to have occasionad an amount of interest, as is noted, for instance, in the pages of "Good House- keeping," which quoted several of the phrases used therein and also devoted quite a space to nutrition of apples. Bee Keepers Can Get Sugar for Their Bees Oregon bee keepers will be able to get sugar to feed their bees where the supply of honey has run low. The value of honey as a factor in the in- creased food supply campaign has been recognized by the Federal Food Ad- ministrator for Oregon, and W. K. Newell, assistant, writes Prof. A. L. Lovett, entomologist at Oregon Agri- cultural College, as follows: "I think you may safely promise all who have applied to you that permission will be given them to purchase the sugar on application either to this office direct or to their county chairman. We ap- preciate fully the value of the honey crop and the necessity for feeding of the bees for a short time in the spring." General Apathy and Private Interest are two enemies of our national wel- fare. Each is as dangerous as a Kaiser's agent and should be excluded from every American home and in- dustry. GROWERS! "Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit" STOP! THINK! "CARO FIBRE" Fruit Wrappers LOOKS BEST PACKS BEST PICKS UP BEST "CARO" DON'T TEAR STRONG DRY STRONG WET THE BUYER l/RJAM/C "Caro" Prolongs IMlUWWO the Life of Fruit Don't Be Fooled by PRICE. Don't Be Penny Wise Give Your Fruit a Chance INSIST on Getting "Caro Fibre" Your Shipper Can Supply You, or Write to Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. F. B. DALLAM, Agent Santa Maria Building, 112 Market Street San Francisco, Cal. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 Essentials of Air-Cooled, Etc. Continued from page 5. but not practicable ventilating system would provide for the removal of the storage house walls every night. In our practical storage house we are limited by the requirements of reasonable ex- pense and the necessity for supplying walls of considerable strength. How can we approach the ideal system and yet meet practical requirements? The windows for the intake of cold air may profitably be made 24x36 inches, and one such opening should be provided for every ten feet in length as well as width on each side and end of the house. The intakes should open be- neath the false floor. In an above- ground storage house this makes it necessary for the false floor to be con- structed above the level of the win- dows. In basement storages the same result can be attained by encasing the windows with air ducts leading from the top of the windows to the level of the false floor. Insulated shutters hinged at the top should be supplied for all windows. The false floor should be at least eighteen inches above the earth or concrete floor, and a greater height is desirable. A very satisfactory decking is made of 2x4's laid fiat and spaced one inch apart. A warning in regard to the strength of the floor sup- ports is necessary. In one of the houses built in the summer of 1917 the archi- tect was instructed to figure a floor con- struction capable of supporting a load of fruit stacked twelve boxes high, the weight per box being estimated at forty pounds. The instructions were not cor- rect, because the weight of a box of packed apples is more than forty pounds. The architect recommended 2xl2-inch fir joists laid sixteen inches apart over a span of twelve feet. This construction probably was as light as he dared make it. Fir joists could not be secured at the time and in order to complete the house before apple har- vest pine joists were substituted. When harvest did arrive the apple crop was ['mind to be unexpectedly large and a car shortage set in, which made it nec- essary to stack the apple boxes more than twelve high, and a part of the floor collapsed. This is only one example of the bad results which come from weak ('.instruction. Th ■ next important con- sideration is the outlet flues. They should be constructed along the central line of the building, in order that the greatest possible height may be reached before passing through the roof. To obtain free, abundant circulation the openings musl be of liberal size, ami the air shaft musl be straight and direct. We are recommending shafts three feet square for every Hiirty feet in length as well as breadth. For larger build- ings larger flues are necessary, and if the length exceeds forty feet two flues should be supplied. Trap doors should be placed in the inlet opening at the bottom of the Hue and in the outlet opening at the top. As I have pointed out before, the cold air nutside the storage house is only slightly heavier than the air inside and at best the flow of the air through the BETTER FRUIT Page 23 ; I First Aide to Hostesses Who Know PERHAPS it's only a couple of friends who drop in for a little chat. Or— it may be a knitting party, an Aid Society meeting or what not. Or — who knows? — perhaps it's a big "party" — music and dancing and Japanese lanterns and all that. In any event, don't overlook the help Ghir- ardelli's can give you. Whether it's two cups for yourself — or two gallons for your " big affair" — you can make it just as easily. Just one reason why Ghirardelli's has al- ways been first aide to hostesses who know. In M lb., 1 lb. ami 3 lb. carts; a tablespoonful — one cent' ' s ivorth — makes a cup. D. GHIRARDELLI CO. Since 1852 San Francisco i % :: Ground Chocolate Get 'em Quick! Rid your place oi squirrels, gophers, prairie dogs, etc. Do ft now when the young oi these crop-destroying pests are be?ng born. It's easy and cheap-when the ground is lull ol moisture to Exterminate Squirrels and Gophers and other rodent pests. Just gas them with Carbon B«suIPhi*c Used and recommended by U. S. and State oltlc.als tor •«*«'" ciency and economy. Simple to handle-sale. Write today lor prices and folder telling how Carbon Bisulphide works. Wheeler. Reynolds & Stauffer ^^?^ 627 California St., Sau FranclKCO, Cal. CARBON BISULPHIDES WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDG. PORTLAND, OREGON. E.5HELLIY MORGAN NORTHWESTERN -* A Message for Fruit and Vegetable Growers We desire to get in touch with Fruit and Vegetab'e Growers in all parts /of the country in order to establish r\f nriilt ntlCl Fruit and Vegetable Drying Plants Ul 1 I U,LL U.IIIA for sing]e firms that want tQ build new and up-to-date drying plants for themselves and with two or more Growers that would favor the con- struction of a drying plant on a co-operative basis. There are many millions of dollars worth of Fruit and Vegetables left to rotten on the ground and many more millions of dollars are paid in freight rates, tin cans and boxes that can and must be saved. We will invest some of our own capital, if you wish, as we are sure that it is to our mutual benefit, if you write us today for particulars. All information on this subject will be given cheerfully and free of charge. If you are in business for making the best profits write now. The A. A. A. Evaporator Manufacturing Co., Inc. 2371-73 Market Street, San Francisco, California EWBALTESAND COMPANY Printers ♦ Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON May house is sluggish. The velocity can be increased by the use of fans and the house can be made more efficient, pro- vided the right kind of fan is used and provided il is properly placed. To dale I know of no air-cooled storage where a fan is giving satisfactory results. In most cases where they have been tried they have been discarded. The reason is very evident: the fan cither did not throw enough air, because it was too small, or il was placed in such a posi- tion that it did not supply air uniformly to all parts of the room. Disc fans are of very little value, because their volume is small and because they tend to churn rather than deliver air when working against pressure. Where blowers have been tried they have not proved satis- factory because they were too small or because they were improperly located. The circulation which they created was not uniform or general. Another charge that was made against them was that they delivered a small stream of air at high velocity rather than a large stream at low velocity, resulting in the genera- tion of heat by friction. Air moving at extremely high velocity is undesirable, too, because it carries too much dust into the storage room. Dust is very ob- jectionable where fruit is stored with- out wrappers, because it sticks to the oily apples and makes them very unat- tractive. The best type of fan is the sirocco or multiple vein fan, a type in which the blades are parallel with the axis. For a room thirty or forty feet wide and forty or fifty feet long a three- foot fan placed at the mouth of an outlet flue probably will prove satisfactory. The opening into the outlet flue should be in the ceiling near the center of the room. In rooms more than fifty feet long, the air should be taken from the storage room to the fan through a duct swung along the ceiling equally distant from the side walls. Intake openings will occur at intervals along this duct to take the place of the one large open- ing at the center of the room in smaller houses. The capacity of the fan neces- sarily must be increased with the size of the house. The openings for the tak- ing of cold air into a storage house equipped with a fan should be similar to those which I have described for a house with gravity circulation. A false floor is absolutely necessary, for unless the incoming air enters beneath the false floor it will not come in contact with all the fruit. Where the windows for the intake of cold air open above the fruit the air will tend to take the shortest route across the top boxes to the vacuum created by the fan in the center of the room. To recapitulate, a large multiple vein fan draws air from all sides of the room toward a central air duct. The velocity of the air passing through the room is not objectionably rapid because it does not pass through the fan until after it has done its work in the storage house. As a result there is no loss of refrigera- tion due to frictional generation of heat, and the amount of dust carried into the storage room is reduced to a minimum. After the apples are once cooled in the fall of the year, the matter of keeping them cool would not be difficult pro- WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipi8 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 vided there were no prolonged periods of warm weather. But prolonged warm periods do occur and they make the application of some form of insulation necessary. One of the best insulating materials available is dead air (still air). The only way in which we can maintain a dead air space within a wall is to con- fine the air within minute areas between bits of other material. Fortunately a cheap and effective material is avail- able, namely, mill shavings. In a paper read before the American Warehouse- men's Association a good many years ago George H. Stoddard presented sec- tional diagrams of walls insulated with shavings, with hairfelt, with granulated cork, and with alternate layers of % inch spruce and % inch air space. His diagrams were the result of tests which he had made on sections of walls built of the above materials. He concluded that an 8-inch layer of mill shavings is the equivalent of 4;i„ inches of hair felt, 6% inches of granulated cork, or five layers of Ts-inch spruce separated by %-inch air spaces. In a wall sixty feet long and ten feet high the hair felt costs •*.">3, the granulated cork costs $90, and the spruce costs $95 (Yakima prices), while the shavings cost only $10 plus the cost of transportation. Insulating material must be dry when applied and it must be kept dry after it is put into a wall, or it will lose its insulating value. Shavings in walls can be kept dry by lining the inside of the retaining wall with odorless waterproof paper. Wher- ever the workmen tear the paper, they should replace the torn sheet with an unbroken one, or patch the hole so that air cannot enter. The paper should be lapped at all joints so as to thoroughly exclude outside air. There is some tendency for apples to shrivel in air-cooled storage, the ser- iousness of the shriveling varying with the variety of apple, the temperature maintained, the operation of the venti- lators and the provisions that have been made for humidifying the atmos- phere. Shriveled apples are not attrac- tive, their selling value is greatly depre- ciated, and they are tough and poor of quality. I have often noted that apples in warm storage houses were more shriveled than those in cool storage houses. I think this condition was due chiefly to the fact that the warmer stor- age houses were those which had been ventilated in the daytime when the humidity of the atmosphere was rela- tively low. In our inland valleys the atmosphere becomes very dry in the daytime, and it picks up moisture very rapidly from all surfaces with which it comes in contact. Reliable and accurate data are not available to indicate the exact percent- age of humidity desirable. Cold storage houses often have a relative atmos- pheric humidity of N.">% to 90%. Air- routed storage houses have at least 80%. Al present I can recommend no method which will maintain that amount of moisture during the fall of the year. Proper operation of the ventilators, sprinkling, and the use of mechanical humidifiers will help. The House of Rex The Institution in Spray Manufacturing Founded Upon Quality and Developed by Experience The Right Articles The Right Service The Right Price Write your nearest "REX" Company for prices and service. Remember, from them you can obtain a " 'REX' FOR EVERY ILL." Yakima Rex Spray Company, Yakima, Wash. Wenatchee Rex Spray Company, Wenatchee, Wash. Payette Valley Rex Spray Company, Ltd., Payette, Idaho COMFORT Cook in a cool, comfortable kitchen this sum- mer. An oil cook stove is comparatively inex- pensive to buy and it will soon pay for itself in comfort and lower fuel expense. Meals in a jiffy, and a cool kitchen in summer. Bakes, broils, roasts, toasts. Better cooking be- cause of the steady, evenly-distributed heat. More convenient than a wood or coal stove for all the year 'round cooking, and more economical. The long blue chimneys prevent all smoke and smell. In 1, 2, 3 and 4 burner sizes, with or without ovens. Also cabinet models. Ask your dealer today. NEW PERFECTION OIL C<3(dB$rOVE STANDARD OIL COMPANY I California) \'. Ill X WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT A Distinguished Line of Pianos In "straight" Pianos we carry a very comprehensive line ranging in price from $285 to $3000-each "make" has been selected by us as the very best of its grade. In the neighborhood of $300 we carry the Aldrich, a good dependable piano at a very moderate price— it will give the purchaser excellent service. From $375 to $450 we offer the Stroud, Kurtzmann, Emerson and Estey Pianos — four very substantial "makes" which are giving a life time service in thous- ands of homes throughout the United States. From $450 to $600 we have the Krakauer, A.B.Chase and Weber— these instruments are high grade instru- ments, in fact they are old and famous makes. Then at $575 and upward there is the Steinway, the Standard by which all pianos are judged— To have a Steinway is to have the Best. Bear in mind we will arrange convenient terms of payment on any Piano— even the Steinway. We invite you to call at any of our stores— or write us asking for illustrated catalogues and prices We are dealers in Steimvay and other Pianos. Pianola Pianos, Aeolian Player Pianos, etc. Sherman jpay& Go. Kearny and Sutter Streets, San Francisco Sixth and Morrison Streets, Portland Third Avenue, at Pine Street, Seattle 928-30 Broadway, Tacoma 808-10 Sprague Avenue, Spokane Stores also at Oakland, Sacramento. Stockton. Fresno. San Jose. Santa Rosa, Vallejo Mr. Fruit Grower: The 1918 apple crop will, in all probability, be the largest yet recorded. Also, there is certain to be the greatest scarcity of labor yet experienced, especially of experienced packers and sorters. With a CUTLER FRIUT GRADER you can teach inexperienced help to pack and sort and handle your crop quickly and at the least cost. We are giving discounts for early orders and shipments. WRITE NOW for circular and prices. CUTLER MANUFACTURING CO. New Address: 351 East Tenth Street, Portland, Oregon May In conclusion, a grout number of stor- age bouses are going to be built in the near future. A condition has arisen which demands that some place be pro- vided for the holding of fruit till cars can be supplied for its transportation. Therefore il is not necessary for us to urge the construction of storage houses. But we do believe that we cannot say too much on the subject of proper con- struction. If the Department of Agri- culture can persuade you to provide ample means for ventilation, apply suf- ficient insulation, and take some pre- cautions for the control of humidity, that part of our task which deals with the construction of air-cooled storage houses will have been largely accom- plished. Attendants Allowed on Green Fruit Cars The traffic department of the North- western Fruit Exchange, J. Curtis Rob- inson manager, is just in receipt of an important Oregon Short Line tariff sup- plement which embodies a long-sought improvement in connection with apple shipments, hereafter attendants being permitted to accompany cars in transit for protection of apples against frost. "We were a long time getting this change," states Mr. Robinson, "and it is one that will be welcomed all over the Pacific Northwest among the fruit growers and shippers. The supplement which embodies this ruling is No. 10 to the Oregon Short Line Tariff 2486-G. It contains an item permitting attend- ants to accompany shipments of apples during the months of October, Novem- ber, December, January, February, March and April, to look after fires in the cars as a protection from frost. This refers to all green fruits. The attend- ants are to be furnished with transpor- tation going and returning, that is, from the point of shipment to destination and return. It is provided, however, that the return ticket is dated within thirty days from date of arrival of shipment." „ RHODES MFG. <__ 520 s. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. TT1E oniy * pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and docs not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. The sugar that goes to waste in the bottom of American tea cups would be a godsend to our Allies in Europe. Join the Red Cross. They are doing the greatest humane work in Europe that has ever been accomplished. Remember, three sprays will not al- ways get codling moth. Sometimes it takes four, sometimes five. STATE OF NEW YORK. The Adjutant General's Office. Albany, March 23, 1918. General Orders, No. 15. In order to assist those engaged in agricul- tural pursuits which are so necessary to the successful prosecution of the war, commanding officers of organizations of the New York Guard are directed to excuse from attendance at drills during the months of April, May, June, July, August and September, upon their own appli- cation, those members of their commands not on active dutv guarding property who are actually engaged in civil life in farm labor, whenever their attendance at drills would interfere with their agricultural employment. By command of the Governor: Charles H. Shf.rrii.l, Official: The Adjutant General. Edward J. Wlstcott, , Major, Assistant to The Adjutant General. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT IMMEDIATE DELIVERY I LJlj/\ Ball Tread Tractors, Model 12-20, are now being delivered. To relieve the shortage of labor— to hasten the planting— to insure the work done now, order a Yuba 12-20 for immediate delivery. The price is ^2750°° cash (f. o. b. Benicia, California) — the number ready for shipment is limited— wire your order and put one to work. nlywaytoget PEACE-theo it is to fight for it. We're doing our all— three shifts— every hour of the 24— turning out tractors for you. Get one, put it to work— it will keep going day and night and rarely need repair. Quick action in securing one of the Yuba Tractors means sure crops for you— and food for our soldiers. YUBA MANUFACTURING COMPANY DEPARTMENT D-l 433 CALIFORNIA STREET SAN FRANCISCO WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT The World Our Orchard PRIVATE SALE vs AUCTION Experience has demonstrated clearly the manifold advantages of sale by private treaty, which method is now acknowledged on all sides to show more satisfactory results than the auction. Assuming that you are anxious to dispose of your fruit in the best possible manner and to the best possible advantage we, as PRIVATE SALESMEN, have no hesitency in laying our claim before you. Whether you prefer to sell your fruit on an outright f.o. b. basis or prefer to have it handled for your own account on a consignment basis, both of which methods are entirely agree- able to us, the fact remains that the firm of , Steinhardt & Kelly 101 PARK PLACE NEW YORY is in position to give you the best possible service. Our reputation of uNever Having Turned Down A Car" although practically 90% of our business is done on an outright purchase basis, is a record of which we feel deservedly proud. Our Market The World WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT Volume XIT JUNE, 1918 Number 12 Courresy O.W.R.R.& N.Co SHEPPARDS DELL— One of the many beautiful spots on the Columbia Highway. The Columbia Highway will be completed for a distance of seventy miles from Portland about the first of July, and is one of the most magnificent in scenic effect in the world. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and I oreign, Including Postage, $1.50. Single Copy 10 Cents Federal Farm Loan Bonds Supply Funds To Finance Farmers The First Year's Work The bond of the Federal Loan System should command the attention of all investors. The Federal Farm Loan System is the one agency of the United States Government which will bring to America month by month, year by year, and decade by decade through all the future ahighgrade security, issued for the purpose of carrying out a great national agricultural policy. The whole world looks for salvation to the Amer- ican farmer. The American farmer looks for financial help to the Federal Farm Loan System. The Federal Farm Loan System seeks to enlist the wise investor in its movement to finance the farmer safely, soundly and conservatively, and thus save the world. There are twelve regional Federal Land Banks, all operated under the inspection, examination and control of the Federal Farm Loan Board, a bureau of the Treasury Department at Washington. The first of these banks to be organized received its charter March 1, 1917. Others were chartered immediately afterward. The farmers borrow through national farm loan associations. The first of these associations received its charter on March 27, 1917. On March 31, 1918, associations had been formed to the number of 2808, or about four associations to every five counties in the United States. About 56,000 farmers had joined these associa- tions for the purpose of borrowing money on farm mortgages. Loans amounting to over $160,000,000 had been approved by the banks and on over 30,000 of these loans money had been paid to the farmers to the amount of about $80,000,000. And since March 31st the work has gone on — new associations have been organized; new applica- tions have been made; new bond issues have been authorized. And it will go on forever. So long Springfield, Mass. Baltimore, Md. Columbia, S. C. Louisville, Ky. New Orleans, La. St. Louis, Mo. as investors will buy Federal Farm Loan Bonds, and so long as farmers need money and can give security this work will go on. It is a mighty move- ment to put farming on a better financial basis. You can enlist in it to your own profit and to the good of the Nation by buying Federal Farm Loan Bonds. Federal Farm Loan Bonds bear 5 per cent interest, payable semiannually, May and November, and in the language of the Federal Farm Loan Act, "shall be deemed and held to be instrumentalities of the Government of the United States, and as such they and the income derived therefrom shall be exempt from Federal, State, Munipical and local taxation." It will be noted that this exemp- tion is complete. Interest on these bonds need not be included in income tax returns. Such exemption from taxation in a five per cent bond constitutes an advantage hitherto unknown in American investments. These bonds are issued in denominations of $25, $50, $100, $500 and $1,000, and in either coupon or registered form. They are due in 20 years and redeemable after 5 years. Federal Farm Loan Bonds are printed in the Bureau of Engraving and Printing in Washington, and have the same protection against counter- feiting that is enjoyed by the currency in your pocketbook. In the language of the Farm Loan Act, Federal Farm Loan Bonds "shall be a lawful investment for all fiduciary and trust funds and may be accepted as security for all public deposits." You can offer your banker no better collateral. You can buy Federal Farm Loan Bonds at 101 and accrued interest. Order through any bank, trust company, broker or express agent, or write to any of the twelve Federal Land Banks: St. Paul, Minn. Omaha, Neb. Wichita, Kans. Houston, Texas Berkeley, Cal. Spokane, Wash. This space in contributed by Better Fruit Publishing Co. 407 Lumber Exchange Building Portland, Oregon or address: FEDERAL FARM LOAN BOARD Treasury Department, Washington, D. C. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ipiS BETTER FRUIT Page 3 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS 8c CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies'and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 46 Clinton Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruits and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. DRYER W. W. BOLLAM DRYER, BOLLAM & CO. GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 128 FRONT STREET Phones: Main 2348 r***..*.^* .....* .~n—^^.. a 2348 PORTLAND, OREGON Richey& Gilbert Co. H. M. GILBERT, President and Manager Groweri and Shippers of Yakima Valley Fruits and Produce SPECIALTIES: Apples, Peaches, Pears and Cantaloupes TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON Pittsburgh Perfect Cement COSltSCl NclilS are of the hi3hest standard The Heads don't come off. Given Preference by Largest Pacific Coast Packers MANUFACTURED EXCLUSIVELY BY PITTSBURGH STEEL COMPANY. Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. RULOFSON COMPANY, Pacific Coast Agents 359 Monadnock Building, San Francisco, California Yakima County Horticultural Union FRED EBERLE, General Manager Growers' Agents Yakima Valley Fruit General Offices, Yakima WAREHOUSES: Yakima, Naches, Selah, Wapato, Exchange and Tieton COLD STORAGE IN CONNECTION ARCADIA A merica 's Greatest Orchard Project The home of the big "A" brand of apples. Winner of first prize at the National Apple Show, 1916, in shippers' contest. Only 22 miles from Spokane, Washington Gravity Irrigation. Healthful Climate - Pleasant Surroundings Tracts sold on easy monthly payments. Send for free booklet. Arcadia Orchards Company DEER PARK, WASHINGTON ORCHARDISTS SUPPLY HOUSE Franz Hardware Co. HOOD RIVER, ORE. wniN WHITING \miiii- i MENTION BETTBF FRUIT Page 4 BETTER FRUIT June amnii nuiimuillim nun i Illimiiunn i mini wu I iiiiiiimiiiiiiinim Ill iiiiiiiiiini iiiiinii mm mm in miiiinmii mi i Illlllllll i m| | The Ideal Fruit Grader | SIMPLICITY, ECONOMY AND EFFICIENCY ABSOLUTELY NO BRUISING Just passed another very successful season. We have the highest of praise for our Grader from | 1 all of those who have used them, and from the present indications we will have all sold that we are | 1 able to manufacture this season on account of labor being very hard to get that we can use, so we wish | | to impress on all the growers that we urge them to place their orders very soon so we will have time | | to make delivery. There is no machinery— Nothing to get out of order or be fixed connected with the Ideal Fruit j 1 Grader. It is practically all wood. The operation is simple, consisting of a belt for a conveyor, operated by electricity or gasoline I I engine, and short elastic belts, which move each apple in the proper bin from the belt conveyor. The Ideal Fruit Grader divides the crop into Extra Fancy, Fancy and C-grade, all at one time. The | I Extra Fancy being divided into seven bins on one side, the Fancy into seven bins on the other side | I and the C-grade going into six bins at the end of the grader. I Built for four sorters, the grader is 26 feet long and 9 feet wide. Built for eight sorters, 32 feet long § Further detailed information, illustrated circulars and prices will be furnished upon request. IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO. HOOD RIVER, OREGON ^illinium iiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiimii ,,,„ „„ unnuui iiiiiiimiitiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiuniniiiiniinil mimim.miiiiiiiiiiii.m.imimimim miiiiiimiiiiiiimiiimimiu iimimiimimiimimiiii mimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniimiiiniii utz. GROWERS! "Use Your Brains to Wrap Your Fruit" STOP! THINK! "CARO FIBRE" Fruit Wrappers LOOKS BEST PACKS BEST PICKS UP BEST "CARO" DON'T TEAR STRONG DRY STRONG WET THE BUYER 1/ y At kl 0 "Caro" Prolongs rVnUVfO the Life of Fruit Don't Be Fooled by PRICE. Don't Be Penny Wise Give Your Fruit a Chance INSIST on Getting "Caro Fibre" Your Shipper Can Supply You, or Write to Union Waxed & Parchment Paper Co. F. B. DALLAM, Agent Santa Maria Building, 112 Market Street San Francisco, Cal. Are there CURLED^ LEAVES on Your Apple, Trees Then get busy. That means Aphis- a real danger to your apple profits. Aphids cause dwarfed and deformed fruit; also spread fire-blight. Spray at once with Black Leaf 40 40% Nico-tme Kills ^Vphi Recommended by Agricultural Colleges and' Experiment Stations. Don't make the mistake of thinking that Lime-Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead and Bordeaux kill Aphis. These sprays don't, but if you are using them at this time, as you probably are, simply add "Black Leaf 40" to the mixture, per directions. You will then not only get the full benefit of these sprays, but also kill Aphis and without the labor-expense of a separate spraying. Aphis also attacks Plum, Cherry and other fruits, as well as truck crops, vegetables, plantsand Rowers. Black LeatW / kills all varieties of Aphis, also Pear Psylla, Red Bug. Leaf fl Hopper, Thrips and other soft-bodied, sucking insects. ^Jf Free Spray Chart Write today for Free Spray Chart, showing when and how to spray, andbooklets on insect pests controlled by "Black Leaf 40. The Kentucky Tobacco Product Co. Incorporated LOUISVILLE, KY. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT AN ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE PUBLISHED MONTHLY IN THE INTEREST OF MODERN, PROGRESSIVE FRUIT GROWING AND MARKETING Northwestern Boxed Apples and Salt Mackerel By Dwight L. Woodruff, District Manager Apple Growers' Association, New York A SICK business needs curing just as much as a sick man and a sick business is one in which a rea- sonable amount of success and perma- nent progress, commensurate with the effort expended is not being realized. The Northwest boxed-apple industry is the business in question and anyone fairly well informed knows that in comparison with other agricultural and horticultural enterprises, this business is not fulfilling its mission; neither is the grower reaping the reward he is justly entitled to reap. Let me ask you, hard-working, self-denying (oftimes heavily mortgaged) apple growers; you, the local merchant, who reads the signs of the times clearly; you, our long suffering and faithful banker, carrying the financial burden of your com- munity, frequently without bankable security; let me ask you, why the com- modity in question should be and is selling in this season of 1917-1918 at prices only slightly above former pre- war prices, when nearly all other food products are selling at 50 to 400 per cent advance. As an illustration: California and Florida oranges are readily selling for from $8 to $10 per case, while North- western apples at the very best are only bringing from $2 to $3 per box. A box of apples weighs 50 pounds and a case of oranges 72 pounds, which only shows a difference in weight of about 45 per cent, while the selling price shows a difference of about 265 per cent in favor of oranges. Expert dieticians claim the food value of oranges and apples is practically the same. The objection will be advanced immediately that there is a very short crop of California and Florida oranges. This is all very true, but at the same time the difference in price is out of all proportion to the crop conditions. The increased prices received this year for Northwestern boxed apples does not begin to offset the increased cost of production. This is an obvious fact. Then why; what is wrong? You will admit there is either something being done that should not be or something being left undone that should be done. You will admit my statements are true thus far. Beyond question a remedy is needed. There is a solution for every problem, otherwise there would be no problem. That an effective remedy is at hand is my firm belief. A little digression from the main sub- ject and I will then briefly outline a few essential features of the remedy. The dullest business man or the least observant apple grower knows that what we need is a wider distribution of our apples. We all know a freer move- ment is essential for our best interests. More retailers should be handling our product and selling at a fair profit. To ' accomplish this we must thoroughly educate the retailer's customers. A good illustration is here presented. One of the largest retail grocery houses in America, located in New York and having fifteen principal places of busi- ness, are now specializing and featuring Eastern-grown apples, simply to satisfy a whim — not on account of the superior quality of the apples, as I frequently sef displayed in their windows apples such as we send to the cider mill. Another point, referring to a far more serious side of our problem, is: We frequently hear voiced something like this: "Yes, you Western fellows certainly do grow beautiful apples, and you put them up in a dandy package. We take our hats off to you, but your apples don't have the flavor that our apples do." These statements usually come from people of mature years, who are in fact recalling childhood days. They forget that when they were growing children any apple tasted good and satisfied better than our most delicious apple does now. In the past we have been all too willing to mentally agree with that statement, knowing full well it was not true. Now to get back to the main subject. Human nature seems to be a peculiar quality. You find it everywhere, and it is just as pronounced in the Northwest- ern apple grower as in the Eastern apple buyer, and perhaps more so. We instinctively rebel when any new thing or movement is advocated. Many times this is a good standpoint, but more often it is not. The business world is being kept alive through new enter- prises, new ideas, new viewpoints and new methods. Without them the whole commercial structure would stagnate and rapidly decline. A balance wheel between the unimportant and the essen- tial is always necessary when advocat- ing any untried features. Webster's dictionary tells us that to educate "is to impart knowledge" and that to adver- tise "is to give notice of information." When we mention advertising to the average man, he immediately shies and quickly sidesteps. It is a mysterious subject to him. It is something he knows, or thinks he knows, little about, but if we say "educate" to the same man, he immediately becomes inter- ested because he knows that education, if rightly used, is beneficial in every walk of life. The point, then, to be brought out is, that we must thoroughly educate the consumers throughout the length and breadth of our whole land so that they will readily use more of our Western apples. The uninformed will say immediately th,it "this is all foolishness. We have had apples since the world began. Everyone knows all about apples; everyone knows that we grow the finest apples that were ever produced and advertising cannot do us any good," but that this is false I know from experience. The possibilities in the growing and sel'ing of Northwestern apples have only very slightly been developed. We grow approximately 25,000 carloads of apples annually in the Northwest, and without giving this any serious consid- eration, it seems like an enormous quantity, but careful comparison shows that we are not producing any consid- erable portion of the apples grown in the United States. It is easier, oftimes, to deceive one's self than to deceive others, and that is just the thing that we have been doing for the past several years, and we are doing it much to the detriment of our own individual in- terests and the interests of our neigh- bor, no matter what apple section we may represent. In the early days of the Northwest apple industry, the competition between the various districts tended to promote growth and wider distribution, but there came a time when this ceased to be a fact. Our tonnage became great enough so that one district was com- peting with another on an oftimes un- fair basis, and while that district may have temporarily gained the lead, they have not been able to maintain it. The only competition that should rightfully exist between the various apple districts is that competition based upon the de- sire and purpose to produce and market an article superior to our neighbor. This competition, coupled with intelli- gent selling and distributing methods, and climaxed with a centralized, gen- eral advertising or educational cam- paign must and will bring to the grower greater success than has been possible under our methods. Every apple district has at least one more or less successful co-operative organization, and for all of these I have only words of praise, which also ap- plies to the independent shippers who have worked along constructive lines. Many efforts have been made and are still being made with a larger outlook to combine the marketing efforts of the different districts in one organization. Success along these lines has not been forthcoming, and, for the lime at least, ii may be advisable to drop further efforts of this character. Admitting that the time has not ar- rived calling for centralized marketing as a whole, we will not admit and must not admit that it is not possible — yes, Page 6 BETTER FRUIT June and eminently practical that we com- bine, consolidate and centralize our advertising efforts. We want to adver- tise Northwestern apple, not simply Wenatchee, Hood River, Yakima or Idaho apples, but stick to the one-brand text, namely, "Northwestern Apples." If one district prospers, the other dis- tricts must in consequence, providing they are doing businese legitimately and up to standard methods. Califor- nia is a fair example of this method. Money has been spent freely to adver- tise California products until the magic word "California" whets our appetites and opens our purse strings in response to their educational work. This plan is going to meet with strenuous objections from some Western growers who do not understand Eastern conditions. The grower from the comparatively un- known district will feel that he will not participate in the benefits to be derived through advertising in proportion to his neighbor in the better-known dis- trict and the grower in the well and favorably-known district will feel that the grower in the comparatively un- known district will have the advantage over him, but that is just where they are both mistaken. As an illustration, we will take New York City, which is admittedly the largest apple market in the world. The wholesale and retail buyers here know not only the districts that produce the most perfect apples of certain varieties, but they also know the shippers, re- gardless of whether they are individual or co-operative, and their methods as well. They go way beyond this and know the individual growers who are producing either a good product or a poor product, and you may rest assured that this co-operative advertising will tend more than any other factor to bring out and establish a survival of the fittest, which, being interpreted in a broad way, means that the individual or corporation that puts the greatest effort along intelligent constructive lines into his methods will unquestion- ably reap the most reward. You may be surprised to know that the Florida citrus people, especially the Florida Citrus Exchange, have carried on this year expensive and constructive advertising campaign; this in view of their extremely short crop. The Cali- fornia people may not have advertised so extensively, but they have been liv- ing, so to speak, upon the great momen- tum generated through years of con- structive advertising. Their selling methods have reached a point near per- fection. In the large cities where auction privileges are to be had they sell practically all of their products through the auction, thereby obtaining the widest distribution possible, with each purchaser on an even basis. Their methods at carlot-points where auctions are not established is to sell at the prices prevailing on that day for the same size and grade of fruit sold at the nearest auction point. They never try to extract from the buyer the last nickle in the box. If there is one thing more than another that this great world war has brought out it is the necessity Continued on page 25 Hood River Apple Box at Tan Che Ssz Temple SOUTHERN OREGON EXPERIMENT STATION E. C. Reimer, Superintendent. A. C. McCobmick, Assistant Horticulturist. Talent, Oregon, March 30, 1918. Mr. E. H. Shepard, Editor Retter Fruit, Hood River. Oregon. I am sending you herewith a picture which I think will he of interest to your readers, especially your Hood River readers. During the past summer and fall I spent six months in the Orient making a special study of Oriental pears. This work took me into the wild and mountainous regions of various parts of the Orient. The favorite abode of the Ruddhist and Taoist temples is in these moun- tains, and often in the most secluded and most inaccessible places. These temples were my favorite lodging places, not because there was anything favorite about them, but because they were often the only places of abode, and be- cause thev were usually better by one or two notches than the dreary and often unspeakably filthv Chinese inns. One night was spent at the Hotel Tan Che Ssz temple in the mountains southwest of Peking. While rumaging around this place viewing with awe and subdued reverence the numerous gods, and the live snake which cures all human ills. I stumbled over one of the most unexpected and most amazing things of my trip. As vou will see, it is an apple box with one end cut off. When I beheld the in- scription on the side I was so amazed that I fell over and worshiped the nearest idol. For an instant I thought that it was simply a vision. When I recovered my balance I car- ried the box out into the courtyard, placed it beside an enormous urn, made a Ruddhist priest stand beside it, and then photographed it When I asked the priests how this box got to the temple all of them shook their heads and blared "mayo," which means "I know not." Now, it was either carried there by some Chinese spirit or bv someone who used it to carry supplies from Peking to Montikou, and then across the mountains to Tan Che Ssz. At any rate this Oregon apple box m this secluded' spot in the mountains of China, and in this land of mystery, and misery, seemed quite strange and even mysterious. Very sincerely yours, F. C. REIMER, Southern Oregon Experiment Station, Talent, Oregon. Do not help the Hun at meal time. Honev and syrups instead of sugar vill make victory just as sweet— and will make victory just bring it much sooner. jpiS BETTEP.FRUIT p Summer Pruning of a Young Bearing Apple Orchard By L. D. Batchelor and W. E. Goodspeed, Riverside, California THF majority of horticultural writ- ers seem to favor the summer pruning of apple trees. The prac- tice and the arguments made in its favor vary widely and in some in- stances seem almost contradictory. On (hi' other hand, some experimenters and practical workers have obtained nega- tive results by summer pruning from the viewpoint of crop production and tree growth. Dickens (Kansas State Bulletin 136, p. 181, 1906) caused un- productive ten-year-old apple trees in Kansas to bear satisfactorily during the fourth year of summer pruning. The Gardner's Chronicle (Gardner's Chron- icle, 3, Ser. 11 (19071. No. 1009, pp. 400-403, 406, 107) compiled the opinions of more than one hundred and eighty- live fruit growers who practiced sum- mer pruning, and about 82 per cent of these orchardists reported satisfactory results, while the remainder expressed doubts as to the value of the practice. Opinions compiled from English fruit growers by the Journal of Royal Hor- ticultural Society (The Summer Prun- ing of Fruit Trees. Jour. Rov. Hort. Soc. 33, part 2, pp. 487-49!), 1908) showed that the consensus of opinion was uncertain as to the effects of sum- mer pruning and thai much depended upon soil, climate, varieties and season of practice. Drinkard (Ya. Sla. Tech. Bull. 5, p. 119, 191.")) checked wood growth and greatly stimulated the for- mation of fruit buds by summer prun- ing but one year. Vincent (Pruning for Increased Color and Yield, Better Fruit, December, 1915, p. 27) found summer pruning to be profitable in Idaho, as it increased the total yield, size and color of the fruit; these trees were not irri- gated, however. The lack of unity on this subject only points out the many factors which must be considered in giving advice on this matter or in planning investiga- tional work which is intended to throw light on this problem. Any treatise on summer pruning of apples must take into consideration many of the follow- ing factors, which will bear directly on the results obtained: Nature of both the summer and winter pruning prac- tice, variety, slock, root development, age of trees, soil and climatic condi- tions. If the orchard is within the irri- gated sections the amount and season of available water must also be consid- ered. Willi these factors in mind the writers planned an investigation on this subject during the summer of 1911. The soil conditions of the orchard were mosl favorable to apple produc- tion, namely, a well drained, deep, rich, sandy loam. The soil was of much the same consistency to a depth of six or eight feet willi a water table about 58 feel from the surface. In the virgin state this soil was covered with a heavy growth of sage brush, which vouches for its natural fertility. Since being brought under cultivation it has been devoted to grain, alfalfa, orchard and the growth of sugar beets as a com- panion crop to the trees. The soil is in a high state of fertility for the growth of fruit or genera! farm crops. The varieties include the Jonathan and Gano. The trees had been annually pruned during the dormant season and presented an excellent example of vase- shaped trees, a type common to the Intermountain States. The length of the growing season is sutlicient for the production of the late-maturing apples, such as the Gano or Winesap. An abundance of irrigation water is avail- able. It has usually been necessary to water the orchard four times during the latter part of the growing season, from July 1st to September 15th. Much more water could lie used if necessary. In outlining the work it was planned to compare plots pruned only in the dormant season, with similar plots pruned during the dormant season and at different intervals during the sum- mer. Nine similar plots were laid off, and pruned as follows: Plot 1, to be pruned in February or March, cutting out the cross limbs, crotches, opening up the center, and thinning out the bearing wood of the tree. No limbs to be headed back and no pruning to be done other than at the above season. Plot 2, pruned as Plot 1, during Feb- ruary or March, and all the suckers to be removed from the center of the tree from time to time during the summer. Plot 3, same as Plot 1, except the ex- cessive growth in the top of the tree is to be cut back to lateral outside limbs in an endeavor to make the tree take a more spreading and less upright form. Plot 4, pruned as No. 1, during Feb- ruary and March, and summer pruned in a similar manner to remove suckers and open up the dense growth of the tree during the third week in June. Plot 5, pruned similarly to Plot 4, except summer pruning was done the first week in July. Plot 0. same as Plot 4, except summer pruning was done the third week in July. Plot 7, similar to Plot 4, except sum- mer work was done the first week in August. Plot 8, all pruning similar to Plot I, except summer pruning was done the third week in August. Plot 9, unpinned. Thus live plots were pruned during the summer, one every two weeks inter- val from the third week in June until the third week in August. The summer pruning was similar in every way to the nature of the winter pruning. Crossing and parallel limbs were removed, and the fruiting wood thinned out here and there where it seemed to be crowded. In removing water shoots from the center of the tree, the cut was always made close to main limbs and no stubs were ever left. (Pruning the water shoots to stubs has been persistently practiced by some of the orchardists of the locality, bid al- ways with negative results as far as crop was concerned, according to all observations the writers have been able to make.) Measurement of the crop production of marketable fruit has been the chief means of determining the effect of the several types of pruning. General notes were also kept on the size and color of the fruit and vigor of the trees. There was sufficient crop of Gano apples to warrant thinning all the plots to a minimum distance of five inches during the years 1912 and 1914. The Jonathans were similarly thinned during the latter season only. The crop productions for the Jon- athan plots are shown by Table 1. The variation between Plots 1 and 2 was only slight, the average production per tree for the four years for the above plots being 067 and 645 pounds, re- spectively. Rubbing the water shoots off of Plot 2 had little or no influence on crop production. Water shoots, how- ever, are so much more readily and cheaply removed during the growing season that it will usually pay to re- move them at this time because of the saving in labor. Plot 3, which was pruned to cause the trees to spread as much as possible, averaged 88 pounds less fruit per tree during the four years than Plots 1 and 2, on which no head- ing back was practiced. The summer pruned Plots 4 to 8 averaged 191 pounds of fruit less per tree for the four years than Plots 1 and 2, which were pruned during the dormant period only. The summer-pruned plots also averaged 112 pounds of fruit less per tree than the unpruned plots for the four years. Plots 1 to 2, which yere pruned in the ordinary manner during the dormant season only, averaged 79 pounds of fruit per tree more than the unpruned Plot 9. The variation among the total production of the summer pruned Plots 4 to 8 is within the realm of chance except for i'lols li and 1.. which were noticeably low. This was thought to be caused by the fact that these two plots, through causes of no interest here, were more severely pruned dur- ing the summer of 1013 than the other plots in question. Turning now to Table II, which shows the crop production of the Gano plots, much the same comparisons and relative results can be seen. Plots 1 and 2 varied only as much as might be expected between any equal number of trees picked at random in the orchard. These I wo plots averaged 1,055 pounds per tree while Plot 3 aver- aged 905 pounds, or 90 pounds less per tree. This was due in part at least to the character of pruning which aimed to spread the trees id' Plot 3 as much as possible by culling hack the long terminal growth in the tops of the trees. to the lateral branches. The same re- sults were seen on the Jonathan plots. By the continued efforts of trying to make low-spreading Irecs, more of the future fruiting wood was removed, and there was a continual attempt on the part of the trees lo resume their more Page 8 BETTER FRUIT June aatural upright habit. The ratio of the total pounds of marketable fruil during four years was 100 — 88 in favor of the trees which were allowed ln the subject H. Bailey writes as follows (The Pruning Book, p. 150): "The most rational pruning — when fruil and the welfare of the plant are chief concerns — is that which allows the plant to take its nat- ural form, merely correcting its minor faults here and there." Gardner (Ore- gon Station Bulletin 130, p. 5(5, 1915) favors the thinning out rather than the heading in of apple branches for the purpose of increasing the formation of fruit spurs, under Oregon conditions. The summer-pruned plots 5 to 8, in- clusive, show only a small amount of variation well within the realm of chance. The average of these plots again fell below the Plots 1 and 2, which were similarly pruned in the dormant season only. The comparison is as follows: Average pounds of fruit per tree for four years on winter- pruned plots — 1,055, summer-pruned plots — 937 pounds, or a reduction of 112 pounds per tree. If the entire orchard had been summer pruned it would have caused an average produc- tion in yield during the past four years of 257 boxes per acre (this is based on 50 pounds of fruit per box; there are 115 trees per acre in the orchard under consideration), or an average of (541/4 boxes per year. With the Gano variety there was an increased yield on the un- pruned Plot 9 of 101 pounds per tree compared with Plots 1 and 2, which were winter pinned. This is more than offset, however, as will be seen later by the difference in the quality of the fruit, and the added cost in thinning. It will be interesting to see whether the un- pruned plot can continue its annual large crop production and outyield the pruned plots. Bedford (Woburn Exp. Farm Bpt. 7, 1907) and Pickering re- port that unpruned trees outyielded pruned trees nearly three to one at the end of twelve years' experimentation. The unpruned piot averaged 219 pounds per tree more for the four years than the summer-pruned trees. This is approximately a box per tree per year, or a yearly reduction of 115 boxes per acre, charged against his style of pruning. It should be noted here that the orchard under experimentation is far from being an unproductive orchard. The winter-pruned plots produced very satisfactory commercial results. Sum- mer pruning, therefore, was not under- taken in an attempt to cause barren trees to become fruitful, but rather to test the value of summer pruning in connection with winter pruning where trees were already producing crops at least equal to average of the region. The color of the fruit on the several plots has not varied materially, except the unpruned Plot 9 has gradually be- come slightly inferior concerning this factor. This was most noticeable on the lower limbs. During the season of 1914 the fruit on Plot 9 had only about 70 per cent as much color as the other of thinning the fruit and improving the plots. This more than offset the in- color by opening up the dense growth crease in yield of this plot as compared of the tree, the moderate winter prun- with the pruned trees. No difference ing is advisable. whatever could be detected between The above results may apply only to the color of the fruit on the summer- young, vigorous bearing apple trees of pruned plots and those pruned only in the Jonathan and Gano varieties when the winter. All of these trees had a planted on a rich, sandy loam, free small percentage of sunburned fruit, from seepage, in semi-arid climate, with but the crop as a whole was very evenly an abundance of irrigation water avail- colored on all parts of the trees. The able. These varieties under the above size of the fruit was largely equalized conditions show a tendency to over- by thinning the several plots. It cost bear soon after reaching a productive about 25 per cent less per tree to thin age, and are usually thinned; summer the pruned trees than the unpruned pruning reduces the area of fruit-bear- ones; the actual price being 20 cents ing wood, and the vitality and produc- and 15 cents, respectively. As a means tivity of the tree. table I. Showing Average Yield of Jonathan Trees Under Different Methods of Pruning. f Average Yield Per Tree ., Yield Yield Yield Yield Tolal Plot Method of Pruning Hill 1912 1913 1911 Average lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1. Winter pruned only* 50 208 82 327 667 2. Winter pinned and all suckers removed from tree during summer 37 150 69 389 6 15 3. Winter pruned with excessive growth in top of tree removed to outside lateral limbs II 200 31 323 568 4. Winter pruned, also summer pruned third week in June** 33 141 66 356 596 5. Winter pruned, also summer pruned first week in July 41 141 50 281 513 6. Winter pruned, also summer pruned third week in July 16 125 8 200 349 7. Winter pruned, also summer pruned first week in August 16 116 32 'Ml 368 8. Winter pruned, also summer pruned third week in August 20 112 57 312 501 9. Unpruned 35 14: 59 342 577 * All winter pruning done during February or March. •* Summer pruning consists of removing suckers and opening up dense growth. TABLE II. Showing Average Yield of Gano Trees Under Different Methods of Pruning. r Average Yield Per Tree ^ Yield Yield Yield Yield Total Plot Method of Pruning 1911 1912 1913 1914 Average lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1. Winter pruned only* 73 400 147 441 1061 2. Winter pruned and all suckers removed from tree during summer 1"7 243 221 478 1019 3. Winter pruned with excessive growth in top of tree removed to outside lateral limbs 78 243 117 497 965 4. Winter pruned, also summer pruned third week in .Tune** .' 106 193 179 478 956 5. Winter pruned, also summer pruned first week in July 93 225 165 470 953 fi. Winter pi lined, also summer pruned third week in July 100 131 22 1 120 875 7. Winter pruned, also summer pruned first week in August 92 185 232 446 955 8. Winter pruned, also summer pruned third week in August 81 175 251 138 948 9. Unpruned 39 228 312 517 1156 * All winter pruning done during February or March. ** Summer pruning consists of removing suckers and opening up dense growth. Grafting Tardy Walnut Trees By Chas. L. McNary, Salem, Oregon THE culture of walnut trees for their to incite further investigation into this fruit in the adaptable portions of profitable field of labor, and to throw the Pacific Northwest has not reached such light upon the darkness of this the station where it may he said that question as my limited experiments nil problems confronting the grower have taught. have been satisfactorily solved. This An interested observer sojourning situation is mainly attributable to the through the country in the month of recentness of the industry and to the June, will have his or her attention indisputable fail that greater skill is arrested by the number of walnut trees required to produce superior walnuts in seedling groves that have the appear- than is necessary in the culture of most of lifelessness on account of their not fruits. By the f< nee of experiments and having entered the period of foliation, through observations covering a sub- This condition is frequently apparent stantial period Ton Washington Model 21 , Ton __ The Powerful Patriot Hand Hoist by which the body, when loaded, may easily and quickly be elevatedto dump its load. RHODES DOUBLE CUT , PRUNING SHE, _ 'RHODES MFG. 520 s. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. HTHE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and .sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. THE GOLDEN GATE WEED CUTTER Greatest Weed Cuttor on the Market Today Cuts Mreo feet or less, weiehs 210 pounds and li ail made of stsel. The Golden Gate Weed Cutter Is the aTMUest of lt» kind on the market. For workmanship. eianpUclty and durability it cannot be excelled, as It does Us wort to perfecUon. Those who are mine It say that no money could buy It If they could not cet another. It not only cuts all kinds of wooda. but culU- rates the ground as well. One user said that It has saved hint $100.00. as he did not have to plow after usine. Write for free descriptive circular and list of testimonials from those who have purchased machlnea and praise It in every way. Manufactured by C. C. SIGURD Capital Ave. and McKee Road San Jose, Cal. horticulturisi is interested in, for the most si riking examples are found among our fruit trees. In fact self- sterility is so common among fruit trees that it is generally considered unsafe, or at least unwise, to plant single vari- eties in large blocks. Much experi- mental evidence has been accumulated upon this subject. The first work in this country was upon pears. Waite reported experiments with something like twenty-three varieties of pears and classed fourteen of them as practically self-sterile — unable to set fruit with their'own pollen. Among the common pears classed as self-sterile were Anjou, Bartlctt, Clapp Favorite, Lawrence, Howell and Winter Nelis. Some of those found self-fertile were Angou- leme (Duchess), Flemish Beauty, Seckel, KielTer and LeConte. Other workers with pears have reported Kieffer as self-sterile and there is little doubt but that Bartlctt and some others classed as self-sterile in the east are self-fertile under other conditions. Much work has been done upon apples. The Ore- gon Station, reporting upon eighty- seven varieties of apples, states that iifty-nine were found self-sterile, fif- teen self-fertile and thirteen partially self-fertile. Some of those reported self-sterile were Gravenstein, Gano, Jonathan, King, Borne Beauty, Tran- sendant Crab, Wealthy, Winesap and York Imperial. Of those reported as self-sterile Grimes Golden, Duchess, Shiawansee (Missoula) and Newtown Pippin are the common ones. Ben Davis, Spitzenberg, Wagener, Whitney and Yellow Transparent are reported as partially self-fertile (capable of set- ting fruit with their own pollen, but only sparingly). Early work with plums showed that many, if not quite all, the American plums required cross-pollination. The Japanese are also self-sterile in the majority of cases and many of the do- mestic varieties are apparently bene- fited by the transfer of pollen from one variety to another — some are self- sterile, but just how many we don't know. Peaches have seldom been re- ported as failing to set fruit without cross-pollination. From what we now know most peaches are self-fertile. The Oregon Experiment Station re- ports experiments with the sweet cherry where the entire list of sixteen varieties worked with were self-sterile. Not only this, but it was found that some varieties were inter-sterile. Bing, Lambert and Napoleon, the varieties most commonly planted in this state, were found to be inter-sterile. In other words, these three varieties inter- planted by themselves under Oregon conditions would not be expected to produce fruit. We do not know so much about the sour cherries. They are more or less satisfactory as pollinizers for sweet cherries and are in turn prob- ably easily fertilized with pollen from the sweet varieties, but we do not know just how important or necessary cross- pollination is. It is not so easy to explain just why self-sterility so commonly exists among frail trees. Just why normal pollen 1 9 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Pace 2i LADD?TILTON| • BANK ■ Fifty-nine Years of continuous service to the Northwest is the record of this pioneer bank. Today, as always, it bears the reputation of being at once conser- vative and progressive —a wise combination. We solicit accounts, either personal or bus- iness. Ladd & Tilton Bank PORTLAND, OREGON grains produced by a Wealthy apple tree and capable of fertilizing flowers on a Mcintosh tree will not fertilize flowers on a Wealthy tree is not clear. We say that nature has in some way provided for cross-fertilization, the purpose of which is, we believe, to better maintain vigor in plants. We have explained why the transfer of pollen between two Wealthy apple trees does not constitute cross-pollination in the same sense as it does between two red clover plants each produced from a seed. So we see why with fruit trees it is necessary to inter-plant varieties for cross-pollination. It has been found impossible to compile lists of self- sterile and self-fertile varieties which will be found reliable under all condi- tions— these characters are not con- stant. Whether or not the variety is self-fertile or self-sterile is determined somewhat by conditions under which it is grown. Some believe that varieities are as variable in this respect as in color, size or shape of fruit. Under arid conditions where little rain falls during the blooming period the list of self-sterile varieties would probably be smaller than in a humid section. Vari- eties self-fertile under ideal conditions for growth mas' become self-sterile when planted in poor soil or in an un- favorable climate. , Aside from this necessity for cross- pollination, commonly found among fruit trees, il has been observed that, even in those varieties where it is not absolutely necessary the transfer ill' pollen from another variety often im- proves the quality of the resulting fruit both in size and color. This has been reported in the case of plums, pears and apple, and although the improvement has not been phenomenal it has in many cases been considered sufficient to recommend the inter-planting even of self-fertile varieties. To the orchardist at least the ques- tion of cross-pollination is such an im- portant one that we can no longer over- look the value of inter-planting varie- ties. Only a limited amount of work has been done to determine whether or not certain varieties are best pollinized by certain other varieties. If a variety is selected chiefly as a pollinizer, it should be a good pollen producer. This quality may vary under different condi- tions. Gravenstein, Grimes Golden, Winesap and Yellow Transparent have been reported as poor pollen producers, and under some conditions Black Twig is also a poor pollen producer. Under most conditions Gano, King, Wagener and York Imperial produce an abun- dance of pollen. In the case of sweet cherries the Oregon Station found that Black Tartarian and Waterhouse were very efficient pollinizers. To be adapted to cross-pollination varieties must bloom at the same time. In the case of pears there is not much difference in dates of blooming. In the case of apples some very early bloom- ers like Gravenstein or Transcendent may be past blooming before a late bloomer like Rome Beauty is ready to receive pollen. Nearly all cherries bloom near enough together to cross- fertilize. Plums vary more, but usually those of the same class bloom near enough together to insure a set of fruit. As to the proportion of pollinizers, weather conditions and insects will de- termine this. If the blooming season is usually warm and free from rain, one pollen producer in ten will usually be sufficient. In most cases it would be safest to double this proportion of pol- linizers. Trees planted for pollen pro- duction need not be mixed indiscrim- inately through the orchard. Always plant them in rows for convenience in spraying and gathering, one row in ten, one row in five, or whatever the pro- portion is. Next we must have agents for dis- tributing pollen. It has been esti- mated that fully 99 per cent of cross- fertilization in the orchard is brought about by insects. Wind plays very little pari in distributing the pollen of our common fruit trees. No doubt the com- mon honey bee is the chief polleij hearer. Other bees and flies distribute pollen to a limited extent. Especially in those fruits where the transmission of blight is not a factor any orchardist would do well In keep a few bees, or, better still, encourage the bee keepers in his community. Even in the ease of the apple and pear where the spread of blight may he directly attributed to bees, it is still a question whether Hie bees are more harmful than beneficial. (luce we have eliminated those varieties responsible for harboring blight from year !o year, the honey bee cannot he denied the good will of the progressive orchardist. rUPHK Gasoline Engines Spraying — Irrigating 1 to 28 H.P. If the successful outcome of your crop DEPENDS on this work, put a DEPENDABLE ENGINE behind the pump. We will gladly recommend the proper size engine for your require- ments. If the engine on your sprayer is not absolutely dependable, make sure of results by replacing it with a smooth running Alpha Engine. Built in mag- neto-no batteries used— starts easily without cranking. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1918 CATALOG. FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" True-to-Name Nursery ESTABLISHED 1902 Offers a general line of nursery stock, with a special offering of Anjou, Bosc and Bartlett Pears. These trees are grown with buds personally selected from bearing trees and are guaranteed "true-to-name." Address all communications to TRUE-TO-NAME NURSERY H.S.Galligan.Prop. Hood River, Oregon FISH!! FISH!! 100 lbs. salmon in brine, shipping weight 165 lbs . $11.00 Smoked salmon, 20 lbs. net 3 25 Dried True codfish, 10 lbs 1 50 Ask for our fresh and cured fish price list. T. A. BEARD, 4322 Winslow Place, Seattle, Wash. Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH WHIN WRI1 '' UENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT Superior Player Pianos We handle the products of the famous Aeolian Co., the largest Piano manufacturers in the world, makers of the famous Pianola, the Stroud, Steck, Wheelock and Weber Pianos and the wonderful Aeolian Pipe Organ. We offer as our lowest priced player the Aeolian Player Piano, which contains most of the features of the Pianola— it is a beautiful instrument, sweet toned, plays all the 88 note music. It will give much pleasure and render long and efficient service. Price $480. Then we offer the Pianola line. The Pianola is distinguished from all other player instruments because of its many exclusive and wonder- ful features-the Metrostyle, the Themodist, the Automatic Sustaining Pedal, etc., etc. The Pianola line begins with the Aeolian Pianola at $585; then the prices range upward according to the Piano model— whether in the Stroud, Steck, Weber or Steinway. The climax of the Player line is the Duo-Art— which is first a "straight" piano; secondly a player piano playing any roll, the motor being operated electrically enabling the player to devote his entire attention to the expression devices; and thirdly— with the special Duo-Art rolls, reproducing the actual playing of the world's great artists— Bauer, Gabrilovitch, Grainger, Saint Saens and scores of others. (We cordially invite you to hear this marvelous instrument.) We will arrange convenient payment terms on any Player instrument. We invite you to call at any of our stores— or write us asking for illustrated catalogues and prices We are dealers in Steinway and other Pianos, Pianola Pianos, Aeolian Player Pianos, etc. Sherman Iwlay & Go. Kearny and Sutter Streets, San Francisco Sixth and Morrison Streets, Portland Third Avenue, at Pine Street, Seattle 928-30 Broadway, Tacoma 808-10 Sprague Avenue, Spokane Stores also at Oakland. Sacramento, Stockton. Fresno. San Jose. Santa Rosa, Vallejo The House of Rex The Institution in Spray Manufacturing Founded Upon Quality and Developed by Experience The Right Articles The Right Service The Right Price Write your nearest "REX" Company for prices and service. Remember, from them you can obtain a " 'REX' FOR EVERY ILL." Yakima Rex Spray Company, Yakima, Wash. Wenatchee Rex Spray Company, Wenatchee, Wash. Payette Valley Rex Spray Company, Ltd., Payette, Idaho June The Best Method of Loading Cars 1st. The baskets being stacked close, the danger of -wreckage in transit like in shelved cars or other methods of loading is eliminated. 2nd. It saves cost of lumber for shelving and time in loading cars. 3rd. The center post in the basket makes it as stiff as a box and prevents crushing of fruit both in cars and on drays. Standard shipping baskets and covers, manufactured by Package Sales Corpor- ation, 106 East Jefferson Street, South Bend, Indiana, are recognized U. S. standard of measure. Are specially adapted to carrying all kinds of fruits, produce — peaches, pears, apples, grape- fruit, oranges, lemons, lettuce, onions, spinach, peppers, turnips, potatoes or any garden truck. Made in one-half and one bushel sizes. Set up, ready to use. Farm machinery is the artillery of agriculture. In what condition will your "field pieces" be for the spring drive? WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 iS BETTER FRUIT Page Fruit Storage Facilities That more apple-storage facilities will be needed this year than ever before is the opinion of local shipping experts. This is due not only to the constantly increasing acreage and yield, but owing to the fact that it is becom- ing increasingly difficult for the rail- roads to furnish cars for shipment. The unusual demands for cars, such as the army contonments and shipments to France for our army over there, are displacing the ordinary routes of traffic, and there have been no cars built re- cently to replace the annual wastage and depreciation. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that the supply of cars available for use during the rush season will be entirely inadequate to take care of the demand, and the grower who is able to store his crop in his own frost-proof warehouse stands to profit handsomely for his foresight. The distribution of labor effected by a good storage warehouse is no unim- portant item at this time when labor is so scarce. The grower who has a well- ventilated storage house can pick and loose-store his apples from the orchard and pack them later, using the same labor, in many cases supplied by the members of his own family, thus saving in direct expenditure as well. Hollow interlocking tile seems to be the most popular form of construction for permanent warehouses. It is made of burned clay, is fireproof and will last for generations, while the dead-air spaces within the wall act as a blanket to keep out the cold in winter and the heat in summer. Proper ventilation of an apple-storage warehouse is as essen- tial as proper insulation. Means should be provided by which the warm air can be taken out of the room at the ceiling and fresh cold air brought into the room near the floor line. By this means and with intelligent care the tempera- ture can be regulated and a proper amount of fresh, pure air be always available. It is possible to so ventilate a storage room that there will be no smell of the fruit when entering the room. The practice of leaving large, open attic spaces should be avoided, as 700 ACRES of the highest quality Willamette Valley soil, all in one chunk, is probably worth no more than passing notice. But if you knew that 200 acres was in bearing fruit, 200 more in grain, balance pasture, you might give it a second thought. And if I told you it was not in Southern Ore- gon, and that there was not an apple tree in the bunch, you might write for further information. This property can be bought and bought right Ample buildings, equipment and shipping facil- ities. No curiosity seekers need answer. If you have $100,000 or more we might get together. Your reply will reach the owner and be treated in confidence. 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The only home cooker and canner having adjustable safety valve for main- taining correct cooking pressure at all times. Send for our Canning Book. Get this Book FREE COLD PACK CANNING By the Steam Pressure Method described in detail. Shows how to can fruits, vegetables and greens easily, quickly and cheaply either for home use or to sell. Tells how housewives can use the National Aluminum Cooker for both cooking and canning; describes larger out- fits made of steel for canning in larger quantities. rprC Valuable Recipe Book— Cold Pack Canning Instructions — r 1\LL Farts vfiu oueht to have about National Su-am Pressure $13 to $2000 home or factory Power and Mitea The full series of high boiling points in "Red Crown" makes power and mileage sure. Look for the Red Crown sign. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) \7ji9 Gasoline it simply provides that much more air space which is very difficult to control. A ceiling at the height of the top of the walls should always be provided. Regulating the humidity of the air in apple-storage warehouses is a subject which should be given much thought by those having apples in storage. There are those who believe it is nearly as important as the ventilating feature and thai humidifiers should be provided in all storage rooms. Where dirt floors are used the same results can often be obtained by soaking the earth thor- oughly at proper times. The time is coming when every grower will have a small, compact, sci- entifically constructed, frost-proof stor- age house on his own farm; just the same as the manufacturer of various kinds of foodstuffs lias his own storage facilities al the factory and ships from storage rather than from the factory, according to the demands of the mar- ket and his own convenience. Uncle Sam is today the quartermaster of a hungry world, lie is playing the game squarely and counts on every American to do the same. WHEN WRITING AnVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT June 1423-24" NORTHWESTERN BANK BL.DG. PORTLAND. OREGON. E.5HELLEY MORGAN NORTHWESTERN MANAGER A Message *or Fruit and Vegetable Growers We desire to get in touch with Fruit and Vegetable Growers in all parts /of the country in order to establish f\f prtUT finfl Fruit and Vegetable Drying Plants Ul L I lA.ll Kills* for single firms that want tQ buiM new and up-to-date drying plants for themselves and with two or more Growers that would favor the con- struction of a drying plant on a co-operative basis. There are many millions of dollars worth of Fruit and Vegetables left to rotten on the ground and many more millions of dollars are paid in freight rates, tin cans and boxes that can and must be saved. We will invest some of our own capital, if you wish, as we are sure that it is to our mutual benefit, if you write us today for particulars. All information on this subject will be given cheerfully and free of charge. If ypu are in business for making the best profits write now. The A. A. A. Evaporator Manufacturing Co., Inc. 2371-73 Market Street, San Francisco, California EW.BALTESAND COMPANY Printers • Binders Unexcelled facilities for the production of Catalogues, Book- lets, Stationery, Posters and Advertising Matter. Write us for prices and specifications. Out-of-town orders executed promptly and accurately. We print BETTER FRUIT. CORNER FIRST AND OAK STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON American Tractors Go to France To increase France's crops and to lighten the burden of toil on her old men, women and children, the United Slates Food Administration will ship 1,500 farm tractors to that country. The first hundred are already on the way, and the whole number will be in France by March, in time for the spring plowing. They are expected not only to be of immense service to France, but to release added tonnage for the Allies and American troops by increasing the amount of food produced there, thus decreasing the amount of food that must be shipped from America. The idea originated with former American Ambassador to Turkey Henry Morgenthau and his son, Henry Morgen- thau, Jr. The Food Administration ap- proved the idea. Deck space was pro- vided for the first shipment of tractors aboard a naval transport through the efforts of Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt and Pay- master-General McGowan. The Food Administrator designated Henry Mor- genthau, Jr., to follow the machines to France and put them in operation. He will organize schools of instruction for French operators and will assist the French Minister of Agriculture in dis- tributing the tractors and operating them economically. French High Commissioner M. Tar- dieu approved the idea on behalf of the French government and a committee of the National Implement & Vehicle Asso- ciation assured Mr. Morgenthau that the tractors can be furnished, and that with the shipments made now the man- ufacturers will not be embarrassed in taking care of the American farmer, since they will have time to manufac- ture an additional number to meet the home demand when it comes. The neeed for these tractors is shown by this comparison of the present and pre- war acreage of crops in France: The acreage sown to crops in the un- invaded portion of France in 1917 was 30,742,157 acres, compared with 40,- 657,293 acres in 1913. This is a de- crease of 9,915,136 acres, or 24.4 per cent. The total crop production in France this year is officially given as 22,200,000 metric tons (24,581,290 short tons), compared with 35,800,000 metric tons (39,462,340 short tons) in 1913, a de- crease of 13,600,000 metric tons (14,- 881,050 short tons), or 61.3 per cent, or a decrease of 38.7 per cent. The following figures give an idea of why it is good tactics to send tractors to France now, and tractors can plow 500,000 acres this spring and another million acres for planting fall wheat. Half a million acres in potatoes would produce 1,500,000 tons of potatoes. One million acres in fall wheat would pro- duce 450,000 tons of wheat. This in- creased production in France would greatly relieve the food situation in that country, leaving, moreover, 1,950,- 000 tons of shipping in 1918 available for other purposes. — U. S. Food Admin- istration. WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT 19 1 8 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Northwestern Boxed Apples, Etc Continued from page 6. for "co-operation" and "co-ordination." These two points, coupled -with intelli- gent efforts and right motives, are vital to the success of any large undertaking. Nothing but praise should be be- stowed upon the advertising and edu- cational work being done by the North- western Fruit Exchange, the Hood River Apple Growers' Association and the Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation. Much good has come from this work. It is constructive. They have been the pioneers and deserve unstinted praise, but comparisons oftimes bring out a point, and the advertising efforts of the Northwestern fruit growers up to date can well be compared with our trying to whip the German army armed with pea-shooters. We have got to get out of the pea-shooter class and we have got to arm ourselves with the greatest weapon known to the modern business world; that is, education, com- monly known as advertising. Just stop and think for a moment what the fruit by-products people are doing in the Northwest. They are making more money out of the dis- carded fruit that we are unable to sell to the trade than the grower is out of his first-class products, and why? Simply because they are using the methods we have not — advertising, edu- cating the people to know the value of their product. Why should we stand still and allow our more progressive brother to outstrip us? We must awaken and see conditions as they exist and not as we wish them to be. Simply because Adam was supposed to be the first apple dealer is no reason why we should follow along methods that he advocated, and this is more especially true at this time than at any time during the history of our business. When this war is settled, as it must be some day, we are going to tind our- selves surrounded by new conditions; conditions which we did not make, but conditions that we must adapt our- selves to if we would take our proper place in the business world. Let us not deceive ourselves any longer. One of our greatest mistakes is in being con- tent with an unsuccessful business and dallying along from year to year. The Northwestern apple business is con- ducted in most part as if this was our last season. We lack stability of pur- pose. We fail to grasp the wonderful possibilities lying at our door. We are hoping that "something will turn up" to help us out, but that is a mistaken notion. Things don't just happen. Per- manent success will come only through patient endeavor, untiring and intelli- gent efforts, coupled with a steadfast purpose. We must adopt a definite, well-defined, broad-gauge plan and then carry it through. Let us not hang onto a non-productive business, but let us get behind it and make of it what we are entitled to. Our points of perfection appear in about the following order, allowing 100 per cent as standard: Growing, pack- ing and warehousing, 65 per cent; transportation, 75 per cent; distribu- J\CME Box Strapping Used in connection with metal seals consists of encircling a package with a metal strap, draw- ing the strap very tight and interlocking the overlapping strap -ends within a metal sleeve (SIGNODE) in such a manner that the jointhas a greater tensile strengt h than the strap itself. Nails, rivets and buck- les with their attendant objections, are entirely eliminated. Write for Catalog Acme Strapping packed in bbls. of about SOO lbs. or larger pkgs. Metal Seals packed in cartons containing 2,000-2,500 seals. ACME STEEL GOODS CO. MFRS. Factory: 2840 Archer Ave., Chicago 311 California St., San Francisco Stock carried in Seattle and San Francisco A New Perfection Oil Cook stove means kitchen comfort and con- venience. Ask your fiiend who has one. Used in 3,000.000 homes. Inexpensive, easy to operate. See thematyourdeal- er's today. Kitchen Comfort No matter how hot it is outside.your kitchen is always cool and comfort- able when you use a New Perfection Oil Cook Stove. Steady heat concentrated on the cooking. No smoke or odor; no dust or dirt. Lights at the touch of a match and heats in a jiffy. Bakes, broils, roasts, toasts — all the year round. Economical. All the conve- nience of gas. In 1, 2, 3 and 4 burner sizes, with or without ovens or cabinets. Ask your dealer today. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) NEW PERFECTION OIL COOK .STOVE WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT June "The store where I do my trading" '"THROUGHOUT the West-go where A you may — big town, small town, cross- roads store — there you will find Ghirar- delli's. This West- wide distribution has been made necessary by demand— z. demand for a de- licious, sustaining food-beverage; a demand that is met by Ghirardelli's, and by this alone. Result? Today Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate is in daily use in more homes in the West than all other brands combined. As a beverage it is beneficial; as an aid in baking and cooking it is invaluable. Be sure to ask for it — at "the store where you do your trading." In XA lb.,1 lb. and 3 lb. cans; a tablespoonful — one cent's ivortn — makes a cup. D. GHIRARDELLI CO. San Francisco Ghirardellr ':-'■'■■ ' ■ ■ "■■. ■""•-"."-.'■ ■ ■--'.."-. ;'■■ Ground Chocolate ~tTgi JT3-1LII HI. 1 1| 1 ~^"t[Jt^*~- AND COCOA , tion, 50 per cent; selling, 60 per cent; advertising, 2 per cent, which shows an unbalanced, top-heavy structure. We should avoid starting the season with prices so excessively high that they must decline and show the dealer a loss. We should practice free selling early in the season, always remember- ing that the purchaser who buys and makes a fair profit comes back for more. Allowing that we have 15,000 cars of late-keeping varieties, we are doing the industry an injury in selling the first thousand cars at high prices and the balance on a declining market. We should reverse the situation, care- fully feel our way step by step and start where we can advance the market and work on an advancing market. We should begin right now to launch a well-balanced advertising or educa- tional campaign. No single organiza- tion or district can do this by itself. It must be done collectively, and it can be done because, as I have said earlier, the problem is before us and we must solve it. None but a coward would shrink from it. A sum sufficient to properly carry through an advertising campaign to a successful result can be collected, wisely and honestly used. In taking this great forward step this coming season, a board of governing trustees should be formed to be com- posed of one trustee from each partici- pating district, each man to be of the character and quality that will inspire perfect confidence, and this board to select a qualified man to handle the campaign from the best located East- ern point. This is not to be done for one season, but for every season, in- creasing the appropriation each year. You have probably been asking your- self a number of times in reading this article \vh;il salt mackerel has to do with apples. In one sense it may have nothing; in another sense a great deal. We have all known about salt mackerel ever since we can remember about any- thing and on the face of it it would seem sheerest folly to an intelligent American business man to advertise it, but it is being done on a very large' scale in the Hast. No name is signed to the advertisement. It simply opens the way for people to purchase and use more of this food. I recently made inquiry at one of the large wholesale fish houses as to who was paying for this advertising cam- paign. The reply was, the wholesale dealer and producer of salt mackerel. I further inquired if satisfactory results were being obtained and the answer came back, they certainly were. Now, salt mackerel is not an article gov- erned by weather or other conditions that surround the production of apples, but the mackerel people saw that if they could educate the people to use more salt mackerel they could keep larger fishing fleets employed, keep their packing houses running to capac- ity and their selling force as well. If advertising (educating) will put the salt mackerel business on a paying basis, there is yet hope for the North- western apple grower if action is taken instead of living in hope. Mark Twain Would Have Bought Them Were the lovable Mark Twain alive today, he would doubtless be in the first-line trenches of the home re- trenchers, for Mark was thrifty and the government's Thrift Stamps and War Savings Stamps offer would have ap- pealed to him mightily. Mark Twain had many financial reverses in his life- time, largely because of bad invest- ments, but his thrift and happy dispo- sition pulled him out of the box every time, and he squared up with the world and accumulated a "stake" before he passed on "over there" to make heaven the happier for his coming. Talking one day to his friend, Will- iam Dean Howells on the vicissitudes of the humorist's earlier days, Mark Twain said: "My difficulties taught me some thrift, but I never knew whether it was wiser to spend my last nickel for a cigar to smoke or for an apple to devour." "I am astounded," replied Mr. Howells, "that a person of so little decision should meet with so much worldy success. " Mark nodded wisely. "Indecision about spending money," he said, "is worthy of cultivation. When I couldn't decide what to buy with my last nickel I kept it, and so became rich." So Mark Twain, because of his love of country and his thrifty nature, would have been a generous purchaser of Uncle Sam's Thrift Stamps. Thrift and War Saviings Stamps and Liberty Bonds are the answer. Are you answering? To make you grange meetings and farmers' institutes thoroughly patriotic, heat the hall with wood instead of coal. Linking Farm and Market 'Chain ' Transportation is an increasingly vital factor in the farming industry. As farm crops become more diversi- fied, the markets must be studied more carefully and reached more quickly. Profitable farming has found a won- derful aid in motor transportation. Power -driven vehicles on rubber tires have greatly widened the possi- ble market that can be reached from any given point. They have made timely marketing possible, enabling the grower to take advantage of price changes. They have cut to a minimum the time used. What was formerly an all- day trip now requires but a couple of hours and leaves the horses at their work on the farm. Using motor vehicles for business reasons, it is important that you treat their equipment in business fashion. United States Tires arc Good Tires For commercial cars the Solid Truck Tire and the 'Nobby Cord. ' Tires for Motorcycles, Bicycles and Airplanes. United States Tubes and Tire Accessories Have All the Sterling Worth and Wear that Make United States Tires Supreme. Buy tires on the principle that long and continuous service is the first re- quirement. In this year of war, your time and efforts are more important than ever before. You need your car more. Your tires must be dependable. Equip with United States Tires. Use them for the same reason they are chosen by big commercial com- panies having large fleets of cars — be- cause they give greater mileage per dollar of cost and permit maximum service from the car. There is a United States Tire scien- tifically built to meet every condition of service. One of the thousands of United States Sales and Service Depots will cheerfully aid you in selecting the right type and tread. •Usco' WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT The World Our Orchard PRIVATE SALE vs. AUCTION Experience has demonstrated clearly the manifold advantages of sale by private treaty, which method is now acknowledged on all sides to show more satisfactory results than the auction. Assuming that you are anxious to dispose of your fruit in the best possible manner and to the best possible advantage we, as PRIVATE SALESMEN, have no hesitency in laying our claim before you. Whether you prefer to sell your fruit on an outright f.o.b. basis or prefer to have it handled for your own account on a consignment basis, both of which methods are entirely agree- able to us, the fact remains that the firm of Steinhardt & Kelly 101 PARK PLACE NEW YORY is in position to give you the best possible service. Our reputation of "Never Having Turned Down A Car" although practically 90% of our business is done on an outright purchase basis, is a record of which we feel deservedly proud. Our Market The World WHEN WRITIN'-. ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT \ : # * ^ $Sa en A ■\'W&ffi^^A &&$ - * i smS u»w< rite . |$g Wil SESiffi Is® 'jJvV-i f^&£ |§f m»f#l mm& New York Botanical Garden Librar 1 3 5185 00259 1681 R *5ffl*T3' ■§*» j . ■ ■ : ■ ifsbA m mm ?wi US &8; J«»rtSJjfll.' •_<* P llfi rlvYJ ■'wM