m Ml mm. ffiffiffl ill iff 11 fwKum IBl iK '''■'!! i HHil flllfmfwi If / ton. Keep in mind that these trucks have been made for years by the makers of good and trusted farm machines. International Harvester company of America Billings, Mont. Cheyen Los Angeles, Cal. San Francis le, Wyo. Denver. Colo. Helena. I Portland, Ore. Salt Lake City, Utah :o, Cal. Spokane, Wash. VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT RAMI Page 11 ew york AN1CAI GARDEN - SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS so I KIXOJ I Sulphur It has been proven and eo recommended by the University of California that If you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they will not be affected by MILDEW or^RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand VeT- vet Flowers of Sulphur, also EAGLE Brand, Fleur de Soufre, packed In double sacks, are the fluffiest and PUREST sulphurs that money can buy; the best for vineyards; the best for bleaching purposes, LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphur — Impal- pable Powder, 100% pure, in double sacks, for Dry Dusting and making Paste Sulphur. For LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. We can furnish you this sulphur at such a low price that it would pay you to mix your own solution. To create additional available plant food, and prevent smut In grain, drill Into the soil 110 pounds per acre DIAMOND "S" BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR, 100% pure. This has increased various crops up to 500%. Send for Circulars No. 6 and 7. Also PREPARED DRY DUSTING MATE- RIALS, Tobacco Dust, Dusting Sulphur Mix- tures, etc., Fungicides and Insecticides, car- ried In stock and mixed to order. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR COMPANY 624 California Street, San Francisco, Cal. We are equipped to make Immediate shipment,. Send for "ILLUSTRATED BOOKLET"; also booklet "NEW USES FOR SULPHUR." Price-list and Samples. Ask us for prices for Carbon Bisulphide, the surest rem- edy for destroying around squirrels. Gasoline Quality *ull power in every drop "Red Crown" is all-refinery gasoline. It is made to meet the requirements of your engine. Look for the ''Red Crown" sign before you fill. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ^ the Point Chemically Treated "Caro" Protects "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit Why? Fruit decomposition starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits the juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrests the decom- position—and thus PROLONGS THE LIFE OF FRUIT. If your fruit is worth shipping it is worth keeping in best condition. Demand "CARO"— Wrap Your Fruit in "CARO"— The Fruit Buyer Knows "CARO" Order from Any Fruit Company or American Sales Agencies Co., 112 Market St., San Francisco FIBR FRUIT WRAPPER VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 SLOWLY REVOLVING ROLLERS WRAPPEO WITH SASH CORD The Cutler Fruit Grader For Box, Basket or Barrel Packing THE CUTLER FRUIT GRADER, after seven years of manufacture and use in the hands of leading fruit growers and associa- tions, stands preeminantly The Most Suc- cessful and Practical Fruit Grader on the market today. With the improvements we have made our 1920 models are the most efficient and satisfactory machines we have ever manufactured and will meet the de- mands of all growers who want to handle their crops at the least expenditure of time and money. i New Features We have perfected two extra attach- ments to our graders which we are putting out this season, viz: (1) Off-Grade Return Belts which afford a means for bringing back to the sorters the off -grade fruit found in the bins. This makes an immediate check on the sorters and will result in a better grade of fruit being packed. (2) Separation of Cull Fruit into Canning and Cider Stock. This attachment takes the place of the regular cull belt on all our tables and automatically separate the cull fruit into canning and and cider stock without any labor cost. With a Cutler Grader you can handle your crop quicker at the least cost of sorting, packing and handling and you do not have to depend on skilled packers. A" Cutler Grader will soon pay for itself in the saving made in the handling of the crop. Eventually You Will Buy a Cutler Grader Why Not Mow? Don't put off ordering your packing house equipment. The situation this year in the obtaining of material for manufacturing is such as to make the placing of early orders absolutely necessary. Fill out the coupon below and mail to us today. You may regret not doing so. Box Presses See the the Cutler Press before buying. We have the best press on the market today. We carry a stock of the CALIFORNIA GRIP TRUCKS Write today for Catalog and Prices Cutler Manufacturing Co. 353 EAST TENTH STREET PORTLAND, OREGON Upp'r View of a portion of the Four-Section Model for box packing, showing the Mechani- cal Sorting Table. No hand feeding necessary. The fruit is fed automatically. This table slowly revolves the fruit as it is moved forward before the sorters. Our belt type of sorting table can be furnished if desired. „. Cutler Manufacturing Co. 353 E. Tenth St., Portland, Oregon. Please send descriptive circulars and prices of the equipment as indicated below. Cheek the equipment you are interested in. ..Grader. ..Box Press. Gravity Carrier. ..Grip Trucks. Crop expected In 1920 boxes. Name Address VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT EDITOR: W. H. WALTON STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melandcr. Entomologist ; O. M. Morris. Horticulturist. Pullman. COLORADO — 0. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College. Fort Collins. ARIZONA— E. P. Taylor. Horticulturist. Tucson. WISCONSIN— Dr. E. D. Ball, Madison. MONTANA— H. Thornber, Victor. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist. Berke- ley: W. H. Volck. Entomologist. Wfltsonville : Leon D. Batchelor. Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson. Pathologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $2.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $3.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postofflce at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XV Portland, Oregon, July, 1920 Number 1 Keeping Production Records by Growers of Small Fruit By Wm. E. Schimpf, Secretary Oregon Cranberry Growers' Association THE keeping of accurate produc- tion records has always been a se- rious problem to the fruit grower. During the exciting period of the har- vest the best system is liable to be ne- glected and thereupon immediately ceases to be a system and becomes an aggravation. Accurate production rec- ords are desired by every fruit grower, and the problem has been to secure a system which would be accurate and yet so simple as to be practically auto- matic. During the harvest season everything seems to be very much of a mad race. Where up to this time on a cranberry bog one or two people have been em- ployed on a twenty-five acre bog, now a hundred or more are needed. Pickers of all ages, races and creeds assemble to gather the festive little berry. With this army of people we have the same old problems. The fruit grower has a strenuous though not altogether unin- teresting time during this exciting pe- riod. Now in order to know what he is doing, he should know what he is pro- ducing. It is just as important to the cranberry grower to keep accurate pro- duction records as it is to the dairyman. Fruit growing is a business just as much as selling hats. No one would think of engaging in any mercantile business such as selling hats without opening up a set of books. Fruit grow- ers are willing to do this, and have been anxious to have some simple meth- od devised which would really be of assistance to them in the keeping of such accurate records. One advantage the fruit grower has over his fellow business man, and that is he is selling but one commodity. The average fruit grower is well above the average person in intelligence and it is not from ignorance of their value that precise production records are kept, nor is it from unwillingness. When the end of the harvest day comes the grower feels that he has earned a well deserved rest, and though he knows that he should tabulate the re- sults of his day's work, he is usually so tired physically that the very thought of bookkeeping appalls him. A system that in itself would be so simple as to keep its own record, was the problem which demanded solution. One of the members of the Oregon Cranberry Growers' Association has de- vised just such a system. It has been in use by him for three years, and last season was adopted by every member of the association. The dominant fea- ture of the system is the use of conse- cutively numbered tickets similar to those used in the movies. At the be- ginning of the picking day it is only necessary to make a memorandum of the opening number for the day, and to record the closing number at night. This in itself gives a correct record of the number of boxes picked during the day, and shows what the picking cost should be. The difference between the number on the ticket at the end of the ribbon in the morning and number on the ticket at the end of the ribbon in the evening, must agree with the number of boxes taken from the pick- ers. Slight discrepancies will occur, and these discrepancies are at once called to the attention of the checker, who gives out the tickets. There can be no dispute, and there is none. An explanation should be had. It will hap- pen that a ticket too many will be given out by the checker, but this fact is im- mediately recognized by the grower. Checkers really like the system, for they know that their work is automat- ically audited. Not only is this system a perfect check upon the person giving out the tickets, but it can be used as a check upon the picker as well. One bright young lady who was giving out tickets for a Clatsop cranberry grower, would always ask to see all of the tick- ets of the picker whenever the question arose as to whether a ticket had been given for the last box or not. An ex- amination of the tickets usually showed one ticket with a number just preceding the one on the ticket roll, and the picker was satisfied. Pickers' tickets can be obtained from the moving picture supply houses, they are printed in various colors, and can be had with the name of the grower, the denomination and of course the se- rial number. Stores in the immediate locality are glad to cash these tickets, as they bring business to their places of business. Later the grower takes them from the storekeeper in lots, is- suing his check for this purpose. If such an arrangement can be made it is of decided value to the grower, as it will mean that he must keep but little cash on hand. Sometimes it is advisable to furnish «ome store with a working capital of a sufiicient amount so that the store- keeper will not have to use too much of his own funds. From time to time as the tickets come in to the store they can be taken up by the grower in good sized lots. This system has the ad- vantage of keeping the picking money distinct and separate from the grower's own cash. Every grower realizes the difficulty in keeping his own money dis- tinct from the picking money during the rush of the harvesting season. The grower usually gets all of his wife's spare change, as well as his children's savings into his harvest fund before he realizes it. With a system of serially numbered tickets, the difference between the first number of the season and the number left on the ribbon at the end of the season, indicates the exact number of boxes picked during the season. This al once shows him his harvesting cost, that is, it shows him exactly how much money he is to pay out for fruit picked. Tickets used by the cranberry growers are like the cut below. Oregon Cranberry Growing Co. Oregon Cranberry Growing Co. Pickers' Ticket. Pickers' Ticket. \ /!\ / In connection with these tickets a daily report sheet is used by the cran- berry growers of Clatsop County. This report has a space for recording the first ticket given out in the morning. and the last in the evening, a cluck in the way of the actual count of the num- ber of boxes taken into the warehouse. Distribution of the costs of picking, trucking, checking and other harvesting costs can be made on this daily sheet if it is so desired. Practically this same sheet is used for the season's report. To make out a re- port for the entire season will take but little longer than to make out the daily report. The tickets given out by the checker to the pickers have k> i on numbering themselves throi the entire season, and il is but a matter Page 4 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 of simple subtraction to determine the whole number of boxes harvested for the season. In fact a season's report can be made out and has been made out in fifteen minutes. The report is really in two parts, one part on which the statistical records are kept, as has just been described above, while the other part of the re- port sheet is a diagramatic representa- tion of the bog itself, on which the particular section being picked that day is shaded, and such other remarks made which will be of interest to the grower in the years to come. The purpose being to give the proper production credit to those particular sections of the marsh which so deserve the credit. This being very much in the same man- ner as the dairyman tries to give every cow her proper credit. The advantage of this can be readily seen. To illustrate, during the past season one Clatsop cranberry grower, who had kept accurate production rec- ords of his marsh for the preceding year, was able to estimate his entire crop to a surprising degree of accuracy after picking a single acre. The varia- tion between his estimate and the crop actually picked being about one per cent. The use of this system is strongly recommended to every grower of small fruit, where the picker is paid by the piece. The system is not theoretical, but is intensely practical. Its results are final and absolute. The numbering on the tickets is as accurate as an add- ing machine's computations. It is sim- plicity itself and will be found not only interesting but fascinating as well. Below is a daily report as taken from one of the picking days during the cranberry harvesting season: The use of the numbered tickets will well repay the grower as against the old method of using the same tickets over and over again. The tickets should be used but once and destroyed. Their cost is but slight, and their use so very satisfactory, that once the grower uses them, he will never go back to any other system. Should the grower use only the tickets and not the daily re- port sheets, he will have at least ac- curately kept the number of units of his fruit, whether boxes, measures or carriers, for the entire season, and this information is worth the price of the tickets many times over. Specially printed tickets can be had in rolls of 2000 tickets each. The larger the lot ordered the better the price. A grower should estimate his needs for some years to come and order enough to cover his needs for several years. In this way his ticket cost will be but little each year. Five dollars would supply tickets enough for a very large crop. Five dollars would not be too much to pay for a bookkeeper that would keep exact count of the total number of tick- ets given out throughout the entire sea- son. The movie people have been awake to the value of this ticket and have used it for several years, and the mere fact that these successful busi- ness men use them universally, should be sufficient recommendation as to their value. We have no doubt but that the fruit grower will be using them just as universally within a short time. Controlling the Cherry Fruit Fly Cherry growers who have been the victims of the destructive work of the cherry fruit fly, an insect that hereto- fore has baffled the efforts of experts to combat it will be interested in know- ing that A. B. Black, assistant entomol- ogist at the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station after a study of this pest extending over a considerable pe- riod is able to give methods for its control. The remedy announced by Mr. Black to check the cherry fruit fly is to spray with a solution of one pound of basic arsenate of lead to 16 gallons of water, to which should be added four pounds of brown sugar or one gallon of some sweet syrup. This solution should be applied to the trees from a nozzle giv- ing a coarse mist, each tree receiving a quantity of spray equivalent to about a pint. The first application should be made about June 10 and two following applications put on at an interval of five to seven days. If rains occur a new application should be made as soon as the trees dry off. The cherry fruit fly lays its eggs on the fruit, injecting them just under the skin. These eggs hatch into small mag- gots which burrow into the fruit where they feed for a period of 15 to 20 days rendering it unfit for use. On leaving the fruits the maggots drop to the ground where they burrow in and re- main until the following spring, emerg- ing usually about the latter part of May as adult flies. Fond of moisture, the fly is said by Mr. Black to appear on the fruit early in the morning, where it may be seen drinking dew from the leaves. After the dew has dried off is the time recommended to apply the spraying solution alluded to above. / / / / / 16 / / / / / MARSH OF CLATSOP CRANBERRY COMPANY Allendale, Oregon Wednesday, October 8, 1919. Weather: A.M. Fair. P.M. Fair. Begin 8:30. Ended 5 :45. V ////// DAILY REPORT No. 15. Previous day's final ticket number 20810 Today's final ticket number 21114 Difference 301 Number measures picked 304 Equivalent in crates Number of crates raked Total for day Previous day's season's total Today's season's total Number pickers 304 Measures at 25c $76.00 Total picking cost $ Picking cost per measure 25 Picking cost per crate 1.00 2 Rakers at $5.00 per day 10.00 Total raking cost Raking cost per crate H2 ' - 1 Truckman at ?5.00 per day 5.00 1 Checker at $2.50 per day 2.50 Total trucking and checking cost Trucking and checking cost per crate. .08 Total harvesting cost Harvesting cost per crate 1.02 Remarks: Anderson sisters made $9.75 today, one ; ing 19, other 20 measures. 873 965 July. IQ20 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 Yakima Valley, Washington, Apple Packing Houses WITH the ever increasing cost of of packing and the serious car shortages we may expect, it is very evident that we must pay more attention to our packing and ware- housing facilities in our fruit growing districts in order to do all possible to cut down the expense of handling and to protect the fruit until it is shipped. As one looks over the various types of warehouses and the methods of con- struction he is impressed with the lack of a standard. In many houses we find details of poor construction and ar- rangement while in others we may learn of points of interest and benefit. Frequently in attempting to keep down the cost of building the owners have sacrificed economy in handling. Some growers, under special conditions may- be able to get along with a tent or shed but as a rule experience has shown that cheap construction does not pay. In the Yakima Valley, Washington, we have two main kinds of warehouses and packing houses, those on the farm and those at the shipping points used by the growers' organizations and deal- ers. In this county we have cold stor- age for about one-fourth of the apple crop and some kind of common storage for about one-half of the crop. Among the many examples of packing and stor- age houses we may select a few as typical of the better class of more re- cent construction. The first illustration shows a popular type combining a warehouse and barn. This building was erected about three years ago by Mr. C. M. Carlos on his forty-acre orchard near Selah and would now cost about $7,000. The apple storage part is 40x60 feet with a capacity of 11,000 boxes and is of hol- low tile construction with a concrete floor and air ducts leading to the cupa- los. The air intake is through troughs in the floor which have water in the bottom and a grating on top. By proper management of these vents a fairly good temperature has been maintained in the storage room. There are, how- ever, only four of these intakes when twice as many would be much more de- sirable in order to increase the air circulation. The hay loft overhead holds forty tons and the lean-to on one side is used at one end for a barn and at the other for a packing house through which 200 boxes a day may be handled. It would be better if this room were larger and had a skylight in the roof. The storage room has the advantage of being separate from the packing room and has double doors and windows. This type of building is fairly popu- lar but with the increased use of tract- ors, the many reports of poisoned or- chard hay and the agitation to work more of the alfalfa into the soil, we may expect its popularity to be transferred to a warehouse without the barn fea- ture. The second illustration covers a very good packing and storage house built By C. L. Robinson by Mr. A. F. Conlon on his fifty-acre orchard also near Selah. It is perhaps more expensive than most growers would build for though originally built for $4300 it would now cost about $7000. It is also of hollow tile con- struction and has the advantage of be- ing built on a side hill where the sec- ond story is readily accessible. Its ca- pacity for storage is about 20,000 boxes but the upper story is usually used for sorting and packing. The basement has an earth floor with provisions for wet- ting it and with a grate flooring two feet above. Twelve adjustable air in- takes and good ducts leading to the sky- light provide for circulation. An inter- esting feature is a telescope air shaft through the second story which may be put out of the way during the day when the floor is used for sorting and pack- ing. The building is to be equipped with an elevator and now uses an end- less belt grader and a Cowan Lift for trucking fifty boxes of fruit at one time. The third illustration is of the ex- tremely simple type. It is of very cheap construction, in fact too much so to be desirable, but would be practic- ally frost proof, if the roof, doors and windows were doubled. A very even temperature was maintained a year ago for early cooling and storage by good management in opening the large double doors at the near end and a smaller one at the opposite end at night and closing them in the morning. Too little attention was paid to proper light and convenience for sorting and pack- ing. The fourth illustration shows a house of the community type operated by the Horticultural Union which will handle 3,000 to 4,000 boxes per day. The packed fruit is received at the doors on the left and the unpacked fruit at the con- veyor lift at the right center. These arrangements make for little delay to the man bringing the fruit. The sort- ing and packing room is on the second floor where skylight? are available and the roller conveyor system carries the fruit to all parts of the house. Here 1200 boxes are packed per day without the aid of a mechanical grader, and the building will care for 55 cars of apples in common storage. Some of the medium sized houses use a cheap frame section for their packing room and an insulated storage room of better construction. Too many houses use a pent-house for overhead light when a skylight would be cheaper, give better light and keep the room warmer during cold weather. Some houses are A Combination Apple Storage House and Barn. Page 6 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 so built that a partition separates the unpacked fruit from the sorting table in such a way that the fruit may be dumped on the end of the machine in the storage room and then carried through the partition to the packing room which may be heated for the com- fort of the. sorters and packers. One warehouse here is now equipped with portable electric operated belt convey- ors which have proven quite success- ful in taking the fruit into the building and distributing it. The sections are about 20 feet long and may be moved about at will. Most of the larger or- ganizations and dealers now have cold storage and in these plants the packing room is frequently found on the upper floor with skylight and wall light to assist the sorters and packers. The best arranged houses have a room into which the fresh fruit may be received and kept cool until time to pack. The fruit is then moved by means of con- veyors to the sorters and from the sort- ers direct to the packers bins. Con- veyors then carry it past the nailer to the storage room without interruption. Some of the farm packing houses fol- low out this principle to good advant- age but far too many of them make no adequate provision for caring for the fruit in storage either before or after packing and no attention is paid to routing the fruit through the packing room in an orderly manner. Many growers might take better advantage of their present equipment in regard to both storage and systematic and econ- omic handling. It is a well known fact that the earlier and softer fruits espe- cially keep much better if cooled down as soon as possible after picking but many growers do not take advantage of what means they have for getting it out of the sun and cooling it off. As yet there seems to be no more of a standard in packing house equipment than in construction. Many people have tried out various kinds of mechan- ical graders and sizers and almost as frequently have discarded them. Some of the main troubles with some of these machines has been the inability to get enough fruit over them in a day, the over-crowding of a few bins with cer- tain sizes and the large percentage of mechanically injured fruit resulting from their operation. Some of the best packs in the valley are put up from modifications of the old style canvas bottomed tables. Perhaps the most popular method of sorting is the use of an endless belt table. These tables consist of a wide canvas belt or a series of narrow ones running the length of a long table. The table is usually divided into several lanes down which the fruit moves. The central one usually carries the unsorted apples and as they pass the sorters they are placed in the various lanes or bins at the side according to grade. The culls are dropped in pockets from which the return belt carries them to a dump at the end. An Extremely Simple Type. With any system so far devised the sorters and packers are prone to get the bins too full and then by mauling the fruit around cause needless stem puncturing and bruising. As a parting word to those who con- template building soon it would un- doubtedly be worth their while to get in touch with the U. S. Bureau of Mar- kets, Division of Storage Investigations at Spokane, Washington, or Washing- ton, D. C, as these offices have on hand valuable information in regard to the best types and specifications for fruit warehouses. Storage House of the Yakima Horticultural Union. Dried, Evaporated or Dehydrated By Arthur W. Christie. Instructor in Fruit Products. University of California The removal of moisture by drying in the sun has been used as a method of preservation for fruits and vege- tables since biblical times. We are now witnessing the phenomenal growth of a new industry which bids fair to dis- turb and possibly to overshadow the earlier methods. This industry pro- poses to dry our fruits and vegetables by artificial means and not to depend on "old Sol," who sometimes forsakes his disciples. A large number of "dry- ing" machines of varying construction have already appeared on the market, and frequent additions to the family are reported. A variety of terms has been used in naming these machines as well as their products. The most com- mon terms are "dryer," "evaporator," and "dehydrator." Since there are no well defined distinctions between these various terms, the use of a number of different terms meaning essentially the same thing is confusing. This confusion was most noticeable at the recent convention on evapora- tion of fruits held in San Jose, Febru- ary 7, 1920, under the auspices of the Agricultural Extension Division of the University of California. Several of the speakers used the terms "dried," "evaporated," and "dehydrated" indis- criminately, it being often impossible to ascertain the speaker's real meaning. In order to clarify the terminology used in fruit drying a committee on nomen- clature was appointed by the chairman of the convention, Professor W. T. Clarke. The committee included in its membership a representative of the Ag- ricultural Experiment Station, the United States Department of Agricul- ture, and several men closely in touch with the commercial aspects of the sit- uation. The membership of the com- mittee was as follows: Chairman, A. W. Christie, instructor in fruit products, University of California; P. F. Nichols, division of dehydration, bureau of chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture, Atascadero; E. M. Shee- han, dried fruit broker, San Francisco; S. C. Simons, manager of dried vege- table department of E. Clemens Horst Company of San Francisco; H. C. Row- ley, editor of "California Fruit News," San Francisco. After thoroughly investigating the no- menclature of dried fruits and vege- tables as well as the various devices for their production, this committee July, 1920 BETTER FRU IT Page 7 made the following recommendations: 1. The same drying nomenclature shall be applied to fruits and vege- tables. 2. The term "dried" is applied to all fruits and vegetables preserved by re- moval of moisture, irrespective of the method of removal. 3. There are but two general classes of dried fruits or vegetables, namely, those dried principally by solar heat and those dried principally by artificial heat. 4. The class dried principally by solar heat shall be designated "sun- dried," by which is meant the removal of moisture by solar heat without con- trol of temperature, humidity or air flow. 5. The class dried principally by art- ificial heat shall be designated either "evaporated" or "dehydrated." The committee finds at this time no suffici- ent reasons for distinguishing between "evaporated" and "dehydrated." These two terms are synonymous and may be used interchangeably. The above recommendations were first submitted to the College of Agri- culture of the University of California. Dr. H. J. Webber, director of the Agri- cultural Experiment Station, makes the following statement: "The nomenclature proposed by the committee has also been adopted by a committee of the college of agriculture of the University of California for use in the publications on dried fruits and vegetables." The nomenclature committee recom- mends that the above definitions be adopted by all concerned. The commit- tee feels that this would largely elimin- ate the existing confusion. Brown Rot of Apricots and Its Prevention By W. L. Howard, in Charge Deciduous Fruit Station, Mountain View, California DURING the past five or six years the brown rot disease of apricots has been rapidly on the increase in California, especially in the San Fran- cisco Bay region and the coastal val- leys. While brown rot is comparatively new to California, it is one of the old- est diseases of stone fruits in the east- ern and southern states and in Europe. Strangely enough, the brown rot is a midsummer disease in the eastern states, and never attacks anything but the fruit. In California it does its chief damage by attacking the flower clusters and then quickly killing the fruiting spurs. The disease may attack the fruit of apricots and even prunes when full grown or nearly ripe. Our chief protection against damage to the ripe fruit is the dry atmospheric condi- tions which prevail in June and early July. Peaches, in the interior valleys particularly, are safe because the air is much too dry during July and August for the fungus to make any progress. Weather conditions seem to have a good deal to do with the occurrence of brown rot, as it attacks the flower clusters in early spring. The colder and wetter the weather at blooming time, the greater the danger of brown rot occurrence. As a rule, the disease oc- curs most abundantly in low places where there is most likelihood of frost injury. The disease appears in early spring, just after the trees are out of bloom, first attacking the blossoms, then spreading into the fruit spurs. The flower clusters are quickly destroyed, and the spurs and sometimes even the older wood are killed in a very short lime. Although the rot spreads down- ward, it rarely kills wood that is more than two years old. The fungus may be carried into five or six-year old wood through the medium of a short spur, but here it has to stop, as it is unable to go any further. The disease is char- acterized by excessive gumming of af- fected twigs, particularly at the point where it has been checked in its spread. In January, 1920, the University of California established at Mountain View in the Santa Clara Valley a De- ciduous Fruit Experiment Station. One of the first problems taken up was a study of control measures for the brown rot disease. Seventeen or eigh- teen different spray treatments were tried. At the same time several com- mercial orchards that had been sprayed one, two, or three times were kept under close observation. As a result of these experiments and observations, it is now believed that a single spray- ing of lime sulphur at winter strength, that is, one gallon of lime sulphur to nine gallons of water, if given just as the trees are coming into bloom, will control the disease. Dry lime sulphur twelve pounds in fifty gallons of water also gave good results, and bordeaux mixture 4-5-50 was also effective. The main thing is to spray before the flowers begin to fall. The ideal stage at which to spray would be after the latest buds are beginning to show pink and as the forward buds are be- ginning to open. Spraying with any materials as the trees were going out of bloom did little or no good. Spraying with lime sulphur 1-30 as the leaf buds were beginning to open caused serious injury to the foliage. Spraying with a crude oil emulsion when buds were much swollen caused no injury to the buds, probably due to the fact that the weather was cloudy. We are not yet ready to advise using oil sprays so late in the season; they are very promising, however, and will be given further trial. A miscible oil spray, applied when buds were much swollen, gave no protection whatever against the disease. The same is true of lime whitewash and of dry sulphur dusted on the trees. Spraying when buds were swelling but none showing pink gave consider- able protection, but was less satisfac- tory than where buds were showing pink pr even opening. The experimental trees were sprayed at different times and with different ma- terials from February 17 to March 10, but up to the present writing (June 22) no injurious effects are noticeable on either fruit or foliage. The same is true of two large commercial orchards nearby which are under close observa- tion. One of these orchards has been sprayed three years in succession with lime sulphur against the brown rot. This season it received three applica- tions, two before the bloom and one after. The owner of this orchard feels that spraying with lime sulphur after the trees are out of bloom not only does no good whatever, but is likely to cause the fruit to be smaller than it should be. It is impracticable to try to cut out the diseased twigs for six or eight weeks after blooming time or until after the disease has stopped advanc- ing and new sprouts back of the diseased area have come out. Cutting before the dormant buds begin to break may be worse than useless, as it is dif- ficult to tell whether all the diseased parts have been removed or whether one is cutting unnecessarily far back on the twigs. There is very little dan- ger of the disease spreading from the dead or dying twigs to the fruit. All these twigs, however, should be re- moved, at the latest, when the winter pruning is done. Many prefer to take them out just after the fruit is har- vested. This is very well, as the dis- eased parts are much more easily rec- ognized then than in winter. The best protection against the rot in the fruit is to thin the apricots so that they do not touch, even when ripe. Where fruits stand alone, moisture from dew or fogs at night will dry up so quickly that the spores of the dis- ease are unable to germinate. The apricot crop in the Santa Clara Valley this year was reduced perhaps 25 per cent by the brown rot. In the foothills there are some orchards with only a trace of the disease, while in the valleys and in the mountains the loss ranged from 10 per cent to 100 per cent. The brown rot probably spreads chiefly from the spores which ripen on the decayed fruits. It is customary in harvesting for the pickers to leave the fruiis showing a little rot on the trees. These dry up and hang on all winter. In the spring these mummied fruits are covered literally with tens of thousands of spores which blow away and, if they find congenial conditions on flowers or fruit, quickly germinate and grow. All mummies should be picked off and burned. At the same time, all diseased twigs should be cut out and the prun- ings raked up and burned. Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you -with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco Kills prairie doga, KToandhotrs, around Buuirrels, pocket Roph- olfalfa. Experiment- al stations upprovc. 1OO0 tablet* " " $1.50. Warranted Ask drufffrist or Bend direct. Page 8 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 - n :■ 5 5 <: :: ', ;' jr 31- ti i; '.; v nv >jv ;; r iwnv nil 3 5 32 31' '■' 3 C 3? 35 3.5 3535 3 MM&&3&3MMMMMM* MMMMMMMSMMZM 3M5355ME3J Z f< z f: f; 1 Z z z The Very Latest Improvement in Fruit Graders Are the Two, Three and the "New Four" Grade IDEAL FRUIT GRADERS They are built for the largest growers and packing houses who require a large output each day. The sizing is by diameter or cheek measurement, the most perfect way fruit should be sized. We build the Ideal Fruit Grader in six sizes to suit any grower's need, and it will do perfect work on Apples, Pears, Peaches, Oranges or any other fruit having similar shafic. We have designed our machine so there is absolutely no bruising of the fruit in any manner. The machine is very sim- ple in construction, with nothing to get out of order or out of adjustment. Does not make the least noise, as there are no metal parts coming in contact with each other to cause a lot of wear and trouble. The grading is done by elastic bands revolving crosswise of the belt that carries the fruit along the machine until it arrives at the proper bin where it comes in contact with this elastic which rolls it off gently into its proper bin without injury. This season's crop is such that we have had to double our stock to handle our orders, as we are replacing other machines of other makes that have cost much more than what we are asking for ours. Our prices are very moderate, as we have no agents or brokers to pay a large profit for selling, so by selling direct to the user we can sell very close. It will pay you big to write us to get more information and prices before you buy. for our machine will prove very satis- factory, as it has to many others for the past few years. We have one of the most complete shops with the best of machinery to build every part over a pattern to get them exact. Write us for prices stating your needs; then we will gladly quote you prices on any size machine you need. We also carry in stock the Bryant Clamp Warehouse Truck that will save you the price many times over each season in labor. WATCH THIS SPACE NEXT MONTH FOR OUR NEW CUT— Write us and order early. Ideal Fruit and Nursery Co. HOOD RIVER, OREGON NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1919 CATALOG FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco APPLE BOXES Highest Quality Western Yellow Pine If you wish to make sure of a supply of well made boxes at fair prices, let us place your orders. Carloadt Only SPOKANE FRUIT GROWERS CO. Spokane, Washington H^-HARDIE ORCHARD AND PACKING HOUSE SUPPLIES-^r HIGH GRADE EQUIPMENT DOES REDUCE YOUR HARVESTING COST Your efforts in producing the highest grade fruits demand the use of the best equipment obtainable. Secure Safety Service by using the HARDIE Quality line. Call on your local dealer or write for catalog. Its mailed free. Portland Picking Bag. THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 No. Front Street, Portland, Oregon 222 No. Los Angeles Street, Los Angeles, California EN WRITING July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruitgrowing Sydney Stott, of Melbourne, Australia, who owns an apple orchard of 150 acres in his home country was a visitor at the office of Better Fruit recently. The reason for Mr. Stott's visit to the United States was for the purpose of determining if there was a market here for Australian apples. As the Australian crop of apples is harvested in March and April or about the time that the previous year's crop is pretty well distributed he and other Australian apple growers figured that they could probably dispose of some of their sur- plus fruit in the states. After a trip extend- ing across the continent and back, however, the Australian stated that he was convinced that there was little if any market here for apples from Australia. One of the reasons for attempting to market Australian apples here this year was the fact that the English government was unable to provide sufficient ships to transport the fruit from his country to European markets. Mr. Stoot's visit to the United States this year was not his Brst as he has made several trips to this country and on a former visit took back with him an expert packer who introduced in Australia the Amer- ican method of packing apples in boxes. While the fruit growing industry in Australia is be- coming a very important factor in the coun- try's resources, Mr. Stott said that there were a number of problems confronting growers there that must be solved to place in on a more stable basis. Joseph H. Steinhardt, one of the best known fruit men in New York City and head of the firm of Steinhardt & Kelly, recently moved his business into a new 8200,000 home. This new departure, or perhaps we might better say this new establishment was the occasion of Mr. Steinhardt receiving many complimentary let- ters from men in the trade and also articles in the trade papers. The following taken from the Fruit Trade Journal is characteristic of what the fruit trade in New York City had to say about Mr. Steinhardt personally and about his success: "Mr. Steinhardt's success- ful career has been punctuated by long hours and hard work. After selling fruits from a peddler's wagon, this man of vision slept that the dawn might find him busy at his task. Nor were his thoughts only of markets and sales. He saws the stars and reflected that less fortunate men than he had a heart and soul as well as a brain and body and that man had far from completed his work in this world if he left the world not better than he found it. No worthy charity ever appealed to him in vain. His mind and his soul are cast on a generous mould and his heart goes out to all men in need, to one case as well as another, to the remotest corners of the earth as well as at home. His firm has made a place for itself in the apple industry of the Northwest which will ever be remembered with gratitude and affection by growers. Mr. Steinhardt brings to his new home a splendid staff of employes, the hope of service rather than personal success, and the good wishes of the trade which gives all the surer ground for prediction of the highest achievement." While we do not look on the southern states as a very large factor in the production of apples it will be interesting for the average apple grower to know that last year they produced 24,898.000 bushels of apples with a market value running up into the millions. Georgia, the state farthest south engaged in the commercial production of apples produced a crop valued at $1,518,000. Early reports of apple crop prospects out- side of the Northwest are that New York and New England looks for normal crops; Mary- land for a better crop than last year, while Virginia expects about 60 per cent of the 1919 crop. Due to the freeze in the early spring Missouri reports about 45 per cent of a full yield while southern Kansas and some of the other middle western states report conditions as about the same as in Missouri. Picketed ponies and wigwams seen at Hood River, at strawberry season in former years in every watered copse of the berry districts, have vanished. Indians who come down from Yaki- ma and Warm Springs for strawberry har- vest ride in the most modern conveniences. Their automobiles are characterized by their newness and expensiveness. While squaws and papooses contine to wear the gayest col- ored shawls obtainable and carry beaded bags that arouse coveted glances from white sisters and the bucks stroll about with their long hair done in plaits, the old wigwam has been discarded for the latest motor camp equip- ment. Baby Indians do not seem so much in evidence as in former years, but those brought along are rarerly seen in any modern go-carts. The redskin mother may ride in an eight- cylinder car, but she clings to the old board and basket baby carrier. Indians, so those who are here now declare, have prospered mightily the last few years. Most of them own land allotments that have been used for wheat growing. The redskins make no protest when they pay 18 cents per ioaf for bread. Comparatively few participate in the berry harvest now. Several years ago Indians, coming here as many as 500 to 1,000 in a season, were the chief berry harvesters. It is likely that not more than 50 are here this season. Some Indians are here merely as tour- ists. A grower the other day approached a buck and started to dicker for the services of himself and family. He was informed in the best of English that the party whose services he desired was merely on a vacation. "That's our car," said the Indian man with hauteur, pointing to a handsome eight cylin- dered Cadillac. — Hood River Glacier. What They Are Doing in California The 1920 cantaloupe acreage in the Im- perial Valley is reported to be 22,000 acres as against 14,000 acres in 1919. At the rate of production last year it will require 10,000 cars to move the 1920 crop at the rate of 300 cars per day. The largest and most modern lemon pack- ing plant and processing plant in California has just been completed at Maxwell, Colusa County. It will handle the greater part of the lemon product of the Sacramento Valley. A new fruit cannery being built at Santa Rosa when it is completed will be the most modern fruit handling plant in California and will give employment to about a thou- sand persons. The new plant will cost 1250,000. BOOK ON DOG DISEASES And How to Feed Mailed free to any address by the Author H. CLAY GLOVER CO., Inc., 118 West 31st Street, New York — m 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — Kodak Films Developed Free Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco No Orchard or Farm is Complete Without Our Latest Model COMMERCIAL SIZE All Purpose Evaporator -r>- m&Wt I Write for Folder teiiS HOME EVAPORATOR CO. S3WST. LOUIS, MISSOURI zr- P O. Box 817; Central Station UNQUESTIONABLY greatly facilitate the work of packing oul the crop which has heretofore been largelj handled by belt graders. July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page is CONFIDENCE is the Product of Satisfactory Usage The man who knows good belts has a friendly feeling for his "Test Special." Experience has made him confident of its ability to complete the job without loss of power or irri- tating delays through breaking. "Test Special" is a guaranteed belt of service. It is especially adapted for hard, outdoor usage. See your Dealer. Any Dealer anywhere can buy "Test Special." WRITE TODAY, giving the R.P.M. and dia- meter of the driving pulley — also driven pulley and distance between centers of same ; also give the rated horsepower of your motor or engine, and name kind of machinery you are operating. We will reply immediately giving you our recommendation as to kind of belt to use. Write today. NEW YORK BELTING AND PACKING CO. 519 Mission Street, San Francisco HOME OFFICE: NEW YORK FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 951 First Street, Portland, Oregc FAIRBANKS, MORSE & CO. 550 First Avenue So., Seattle, Washington Page 14 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 sykes System of Fruit Packing 2 BUSHELS GRAPEFRUIT EXPORT PACKAGE 140 NEWTOWNS 2 BUSHELS APPLE5 EXPORT PACKAGE - / I40 I NEWTOWNS 189 NEWTOWNS 120 SPITZEN- BERGS I20 EWTOWNS SAPS ORANGES IN PEACH BOX Ample Protection Proper Ventilation Thorough Refrigeration Effective Display Easier to Pack and Less Costly A BETTER WAY We will soon give you some remarkably favorable results of cold storage tests showing great improvement in SYKES pack, compared to wrapped pack in the matter of scald. AMERICAN PAPER CO. Seattle, Washington BLAKE-McFALL CO. Portland, Oregon SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO. Spokane, Washington PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY San Francisco, California !EN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There OREGON Owing to the shortage of tumher and box materials, H. F. Davidson, who owns a large fruit ranch at Hood River and also a farm near Lebanon, Oregon, will construct a saw- mill near the latter place with a capacity of 20,000 feet daily to work up a tract of flr trees on his Lebanon property. The first full carload of strawberries to be shipped out of the Hood River Valley this year brought .$4.00 per crate. This is said to be a record price for a carload shipment. The berries were shipped by the Hood River Apple Growers' Association. Strawberry pickers in the Hood River Valley are reported to have earned as high as $7.50 per day this year. Canning berries from this district brought high prices and in addition to the fruit that was taken by the local cannery a considerable quantity of berries were shipped to canneries in Portland by motor truck. The cherry crop at Hood River is reported to be light with prices ruling high. Most of the Royal Annes and other light colored cherries were taken by the canners while the black varieties were shipped out fresh. The Phez Company at Salem, which has cre- ated a big demand for its various berry and other fruit products through a wide campaign of advertising has increased its capital stock from $1, 000,000 to $1,500,000. Expansion of the company's business is given as the reason for the need for larger capitalization. The company recently sold 15,000 cases of jellies and jams to one firm. The shipment went to South Carolina. Up to the present time the Phez company which has made a specialty of manufacturing loganberry juice has not de- termined how much juice it will put up this year, owing to the high price of the berries and the light crop. The demand for the juice had been so great up to the middle of June that the company's stock of this beverage was reported to have been exhausted. The announcement is made that Dufur will have a box factory. It was expected to have the factory in operation the latter part of June. The box factory will be operated in connection with two saw mills which will be erected at that place by the Phillips Lumber Company. According to the program outlined by the Kings Products Company, its output of dried fruits and vegetables for the 1920 season will total $2,000,000. Officers of the company re- port an advance sale of this amount of its products for the coming season. The Suncrest orchard at Medford, consisting of 461 acres, and planted to good commercial varieties of apples and pears, has been sold to Jones Brothers, canners and packers. The orchard was formerly the property of Dr. C. F. Page, but at the time of its sale was owned by the Mutual Life Insurance Company. It is said that the new owners who operate packing plants at Boston, Massachusetts, and at various points in the Northwest will erect a plant at Medford. The price paid for the orchard was $275,000. A good deal of hesitancy is reported to be shown by Oregon prune packing corporations in announcing an opening price for prunes. This condition is said to be due to a number of conditions including the labor situation, which is causing prune handlers to be careful in sizing up the market for prunes and in announcing prices that they feel will handle all the crop to an advantage. Growers be- lieve that the situation warrants a high price while buyers are anxious to get more informa- tion about local and foreign markets before fixing the first quotations. Polk County cherry growers who pooled their product, amounting to about 200 tons, are announced to have sold their cherry ton- nage to an outside buyer. Although the grow- ers state that the prices received were satis- factory they have refused to announce them to the public. At the time of selling their crop growers fixed the picking prices for cherries which was placed at two cents a pound, with a bonus of a quarter of a cent per pound to pickers who remained until the crop was har- vested. Cherry picking in this section com- menced about the latter part of June. The average price for loganberries and cher- ries at the end of the contract season in Marion County is stated to have been about 12 cents, although it has been difficult to obtain figures giving the exact amount. In referring to the loganberry price situation the Salem States- man says: "Several pools have recently been sold at good prices according to reports. The Bruce Cunningham holding of about 200 tons has been disposed of at 13 cents. Other par- cels of 75 and 100 tons have been disposed of, according to reliable reports, for the price of 13% cents. Mr. Cunningham stated recently that the formation of the Marion berry pool was instrumental in raising the present price of berries. This is favorable to the small grower. He further asserts that he had per- sonally offered 14 cents for his crop of berries but that he ignored the offer because it did not consider the interest of the small growers who are members of the pool. However, Mr. Cunningham claims that the members of the pool were forced to accept a price less than the 14 cents because of the sugar situation which he claims was utilized by buyers in breaking the lower figure. Regardless of this fall in price, some local buyers claim that the prices of 12 and 13 cents are the highest aver- age scales ever attained in Oregon." Page is In organizing its marketing force for the coming season the Oregon Growers' Cooper- ative Association has secured the services of three men well known in the fruit industry of the Northwest. To manage the Medford and Grants Pass branches of the association, one of the most important, C. C. Lemmon, for- merly of Hood River and later of Yakima, has been chosen. Mr. Lemmon has had a wide ex- perience with various fruit shipping arganiza- tions in Oregon and Washington and comes to the association from the Perham Fruit Com- pany at Yakima. The local affairs of the association in the Dallas-Monmouth district Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco Oregon Packing Company CANNERS OF Fruits and Vetables FACTORIES:-SALEM, OREGON VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON LE WISTON, IDAHO Main Office:— Portland, Oregon E. 6th and Alder Streets Receiving Station:— E. 3rd and Main Streets Te,epho„es:-{^omM=ttESi9 Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy Page i 6 will be under the direction of Charles E. Ramp of Salem. Mr. Ramp is a native of the Wil- lamette Valley. At one time he was amployed by the Salem Fruit Union and for two years was connected with the Mason-Ehrman Com- pany. J. H. Frazier, a Portland man, has ac- cepted the position of traffic manager and assistant sales manager. Mr. Frazier occu- pied the position of traffic manager with the Pacific Fruit and Produce Company and pre- vious to that was connected with the traffic departments of several of the large railroads. WASHINGTON A recent survey of the apple orchards in the Yakima Valley indicates that the output of apples in that district this year will be very materially reduced. Estimates now are to the effect that the shipment from there will be 2,000 carloads less than in 1919. The falling off in the output is said to be due principally to the freezing of the trees during the severe cold weather last winter. M. L. Dean, chief of the Washington Division of Horticulture, announces that the summer meeting of Washington State Horticultural So- ciety will be held at Wenatchee, July 14, 15 and 16. A feature of the meeting will be visits to the orchards in the vicinity of Wenatchee and Cashmere to examine the results of ex- periments which have been made with com- mercial fertilizers. Codling moth control work will be demonstrated and other orchard prob- lems studied. R. S. Hasbrouck, a rancher near Aberdeen, Washington, who already has 39 acres under cultivation to berries will increase his plant- ing to 70 acres, making one of the largest in- dividual berry farms in the state of Washing- ton. Mr. Hasbrouck who believes in diversi- fying in small fruits, is setting out black- berries, strawberries, loganberries and rasp- berries. According to a report from the Puyallup district pickers this year received 65 cents a crate for picking raspberries for shipment and 75 cents a crate for canning berries. As an incentive to get pickers to remain throughout the season a bonus of 10 cents per crate was also paid. These prices for picking berries were 10 cents a crate higher than those paid last year at the opening of the season, al- though higher prices were paid before the berry harvest was over to save the fruit. The prices for crates was 27 to 29 cents. Prune buyers who have been attempting to buy fruit in Clarke County for 15 cents are reported to have had but little success, few growers agreeing to sign up. Refore the end of the buying season in Clarke County last year prunes sold on the tree for as high' as 20 cents per pound. Growers believe that the opening prices offered this year indicate that higher prices will be paid than last year. Chelan County, one of the best known and largest fruit raising districts in Washington, is said to lead the Northwest in the number of motor vehicles owned in proportion to the population. Figures taken from the county auditor's office show that with a population of 20,000 people, that Chelan county has 5,000 motor vehicles. This is said to be a greater number per capita than California, which state heretofore has been given the credit for having more motor ears than any section of the Pa- cific Northwest. The strawberry season at Kennewick, Wash- ington, which has closed, resulted in the mar- keting of 18,000 crates of berries by the grow- ers' union in that district. The berry season at Kennewick was highly successful. The berry season started out with berries selling at ?6 per crate and high prices were maintained throughout the season. The crop, which was almost entirely handled by the union was ship- ped out in better condition than in any pre- vious season, owing to the installation of a refrigerating plant this year in which the berries were pre-cooled before being placed in the cars. Frost damage in the Spokane Valley is esti- mated to have been remarkably low this year. Managers of fruit associations and growers in that district who have been checking up on the matter place the damage at about 10 per cent for all orchards. Most of the orchards affected were situated in low spots. Smudg- ing in the Deer Park and some of the other sections where the temperature dropped as low- as 22 degrees resulted in the saving of a num- ber of crops. The establishing of a wholesale fruit, vege- table and imported edibles concern at a cost of approximately ?2."),000 will be undertaken BETTER FRUIT by Renny Caputo & Co., a Spokane fruit firm, according to Joe Luca, one of the members of the firm. "We are going to start a big whole- sale business in fruit, vegetables and imported stuffs from South America," said Mr. Luca. "We will start remodeling the building on our new site July 15 and will open for business by August 1 or sooner." Part of the capital for the new venture is being placed by Albert Caputo, a relative of Renny Caputo, and now living in Italy. The apple crop of the Spokane district will be 20 per cent greater than last year's crop, according to C. J. Webb, assistant manager of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company. "I would say that the Spokane district apple crop will be between 1500 and 1700 cars this year," said Mr. Webb. "The greater production «is due to a general increase of crops in every section. The district contributing to this esti- mate includes Four Lakes, Davenport, Creston, the Arcadia Orchards, Stevens County apple growing sections, such as Meyers Falls, and Kettle Falls, the Coeur d'Alenes, Moran, Wav- erly and Fairfield." H. A. Glen, general agent of the Northern Pacific, has issued his annual estimate of the 1920 fruit crop from the Yakima Valley. Mr. Glen's estimates in the past have been prac- tically correct. He figures that Yakima will be the chief shipping center, with Selah sec- ond, Ruena third, and Grandview fourth. He anticipates a material reduction in peaches. The carload estimate, with 1920 given first and the 1919 record second is: Peaches, 177,- 2200; pears, 1231, 2000; apples. 12,930, 11,400; melons, 425, 400; mixed, 585, 430; cherries, 200, 75; strawberries, 30, 30. District Inspector P. S. Darlington has com- pleted his first tentative estimate of the fruit crop of the Wenatchee district for 1920. He estimates the total crop at 11,850 carloads as compared with 12,150 carloads last year The crop last year exceeded all estimates by a large margin, and with favorable conditions prevailing it may be the same this year. Every section of the district will show- an increase except Wenatchee and vicinity. Here, Mr. Darlington estimates a crop of only 2500 cars as compared with 3835 cars last year. The marked shortage in Jonathans and Rome Beau- ties accounts for this heavy decline. Cashmere, Dryden, Peshastin, Manson, Che- lan, Omak, and Okanogan are said to promise a decided increase over last year's fruit yield. Cashmere is credited with a probable output of 2,000 cars, against 1392 last year. Omak should ship 1,000 cars instead of 663 last year. Okan- ogan is estimated at 450 cars against 330 last year. Malott should ship 200 cars against 125 last year. District Horticultural Inspector E. G. Wood states that the apple yield in Walla Walla dis- trict will be approximately 40 per cent of normal. Some parts of the district will have nearly a normal crop while others are hard hit. A number of Yakima apple growers, who have large quantities of apples to pack out have organized the Rede Lumber Company for the purpose of manufacturing boxes and will establish their plant in Portland, Oregon. The plant, which will be located in the Kenton district, will have a capacity of 12,000 boxes per day. Work has been started on its con- struction and active operation in turning out boxes will be commenced shortly. The latest recognition accorded to one of the Northwest's most famous fruit trade- marks is in a half page advertisement in the Saturday Evening Post by the Leo Feist Com- pany of New York, announcing the publication of a new Indian novelty song hit entitled "Skookum." The Feist Publishing Company is one of the largest New York song producers, and they announce thai they expect at least a million circulation on the "Skookum" song. In addition to sheet music the music has been adapted to talking machine records and player piano rolls. The title page of the song shows in large size the well known smiling Skookum character and the words "By Permission of Skookum Apples." To protest against proposed increases in ex- press rates as applied to shipments of fruil from the Northwest, the North Pacific Fruit League was represented at the hearing before Examiner Barclay of the Interstate Commerce Commission in Spokane. The special commit- tee i mm tin- league included Paul H. Wey- raucb of Walla Walla, C. W. McCuIlagh of Hood River and C. J. Webb of Spokane, In- creases suggested range from 25 per cent to 1IIII per cent. July, IQ20 IDAHO According to the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Idaho Agricultural Department, the fruit acreage in that state is now estimated at 65,000 acres. Of the total acreage 45,000 acres are in apples, 15,000 acres in prunes and 5,000 acres in peaches, cherries and pears. It is estimated that about 20 per cent of the entire acreage is in full bearing, 60 per cent in light bearing and 20 per cent not in bearing. Ap- proximately 45,000 acres of the total acreage planted is located in Southern Idoha and 30,000 acres in Northern Idaho. The total fruit pro- duction in the state in 1919 is placed at 4,956 cars. Of this output 4,000 cars were apples, 500 cars were prunes, 350 cars peaches, 100 cars cherries and 6 cars pears. The estimated commercial fruit production in Idaho for 1920 is placed at 6,656 cars as follows: Apples, 4,769 cars; prunes, 1,818 cars; cherries, 64 cars; peaches, no commercial shipment; pears, 5 cars. Shipments of Snake River Valley cherries below Lewiston were commenced this year the latter part of June, the season being three weeks later than last year. Buyers were slow in the early part of the season in quoting prices, but it is believed that on account of the scarcity of this fruit generally that grow- ers will receive high prices for their crops. The price received at Lewiston last year was 12 to 13 cents while the canneries" paid S cents. It is reported that the canneries have offered 12 cents for Royal Annes. The cherry crop in the Lew iston-Clarkston district will be lighter than usual. The peach and apricot crop in the Lewiston section is reported to be a total loss, many trees having been killed by the extreme cold weather during the past winter. Other fruits, however, give promise of fair crops. Cherry growers in the Lewiston district have adopted an arrangement of pooling their crops, providing for a minimum sale price of 12 cents for Bings and Lamberts. A similar arrangement was carried out by the growers last year and worked out successfully. The Clarkston growers also organized along the same lines. Shippers have been somewhat con- cerned over a possible shortage of boxes, al- though a local factory attained ant output of 5,000 boxes a day. One packing firm received a shipment of 275 barrels, in which Royal Anne cherries were shipped, being placed in water charged with a preserving gas. Cement Coated Wire Nails If your deaJer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco Excelsior Roof Paint Direct to You Not what you buy at the average paint store. 35 years' experience witli preserv- ative roof paint has taught me to give you a superior paint at less cost. Black, red, brown, green and yellow colors. Used for wood, tin, iron, slate, etc. NO TAR. It forms a thick rubber like water-proof coating over the surface to which it is applied and will withstand the hot sun, rain and snow. Applied with a brush. Write today for samples and pi H.J.ARNOLD Route 2, Box 10 Renton, Washington Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards Apple, ivar, Cherrj . Pea« ti, Plum, Prune, Apricot. Qulm-e. Hr. . Shrubbery, Plants. Raspben berries. Logans, Dewberries Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flower!) Vines, Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees, Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. WHEN* WRITING ADVERTISERS MtNTION BETTr.R FRUIT My, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Pa& u Parts of the Mathews Conveyer system in the Joseph Campbell Company plant at Camden, N. J, Seventy c ises a minute "is theca ng job assigned to he Mathe\ vs Conveyer system in he Campbell plant. Ov er it flow s a steady s tream of -an ■laden shipping cartons. "A mile of trackage. " and t of it operated bv Gravity ! This Mathe vs system cc nsists of 2654 fee t of straight, curved and spiral grav ity roller onveyer; 1984 feet ofb elt-on- rollers ■ 124 feet if live roller;" 180 fee t of sheet metal chutes ; 120 feet of incline elevator. From the cars, through the plant, and back again — via Gravity THE Joseph Campbell Company is "some tomato" in the canning field. To keep the millions of cases of "empties" coming from the cars, to keep them moving through the plant, to keep them going back, filled, to the cars, is no small feat in production routing and manufacturing efficiency. For here time counts ! A minute's delay, a slight interruption, the least congestion along the line of supply, operation and outlet, means many idle hands; multiplied labor loss; a deep cut into the day's margin of profit. Today's supply of labor is far too precious — and uncertain ! — its cost too great, to be consumed in such non-productive details as carrying or wheeling materials from operation to operation, moving goods to and from warehouse, loading and unloading cars, etc. Use Gravity! It's free! Harness it! There's work — a job, a place, an operation, a detail — about your plant, be it large or small, where Gravity can be used and time, labor and money saved. Member of Material Handling Ma Mathews Gravity Conveyer system can be fitted, section by section, portably or permanently, to any industry, plant, yard or production route. Mathews drawn-steel, ball-bearing rollers are so perfectly balanced and responsive to Gravity that most anything, from fragile objects to heavy crates, boxes, barrels, bags, castings are conveyed gently at very slight inclines and at a moderate, uniform rate of speed. Do yourself the good turn to look into gravity conveying. Drop us a line. We've a branch office near you, and a sales engineer courteous and willing to go over your plant and problems, point out the economies a Mathews can effect for you, and recommend the equipment your layout and business require — all without any obligation whatever on your part. MATHEWS GRAVITY CARRIER CO. 133 Tenth Street, Ellwood City, Pa. Branch Factories: Port Hope, Ontario. London, England GRAVITY ROLLER CONVEYER Page 18 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 Efficient Methods Necessary The Use of Modern Appliances in Picking, Handling and Packing of Fruit Rapidly Placing Fruit Industry on Practical Business Basis OUR GENERAL LINE of supplies and equipment for the Orchard, Packing House, Central Packing Plant and Storage Warehouses has been selected after fifteen years' experience in various phases of the fruit industry— growing, marketing, manufacturing equipment and installing efficient mechanical systems. There is no element of speculation need be considered when you purchase our equipment. We have searched the markets for the best obtainable and will only consent to act as distributor or manufacturers' agent when firmly convinced that our mer- chandise will be the BEST obtainable. We fully guarantee our machinery, equipment and installaticns, and we solicit the business of the practical fruit grower who purchases equipment to save time, labor and money. The Four W Picking Bag A Revelation in Canvas Picking Bag Construction. Built to give real service. Made of 12 oz. heavy duck; steel frame at opening shaped to body; canvas fastened to frame and made doubly secure by real leather binding. Straps made of heavy webbing and fastened to frame at points that assure complete rigidity at all times, and that allows the fruit picker absolute freedom of both hands and arms during the com- plete picking operation. Send for sample today or write for illus- trated circular explaining the strong points of the "4W" Picking Bag. Price $3.50 FOB Wenatchee, Wash. (5% discount for cash with order) The "New Invincible" Power Sprayer WE have been building Power Sprayers for the past five years With fifteen vears' experience in the fruit game our knowl- edge of what' is required in a POWER SPRAYER is linked with the mechanical skill and inventive genius of our engineers, Messrs. Benson and Balch. Note this combination: Fairbanks-Morse Engine, with Bosch Magneto; Ward's "High Efficiency " Spray Pump; Patented Idler Gear (flexible); Benson Pressure Regulator; Hi-Speed "Vapo-Sprav" Gun. RESPONSIBLE DEALERS IN FRUIT-GROW- ING DISTRICTS are now selling the "NEW INVINCIBLE." Price $635.00 "The Safest, Strongest, Lightest Picking Ladder" The Ewing Orchard Ladder 1 —Manufactured of clear airplane spruce, air diied. 2 — Each step properly supported by an ingenious metal fast- ener. Steps are further sup- ported and ladder strength- ened by bolt running under each step, clear thtu ladder. 3-Bottom of ladder has sufficient spread to prevent tipping. 4 - Ladder is strong enough to hold the heaviest man and will stand up season after season. Price 75c per foot rpi-^ "Qnp/>pcc" RnY T*1*P«« Built with a view to eliminate the necessity of constant repair and, in many cases, 1 IIC oUllcSS JJUA IT I C»B tne purchasing of a new press every other season, the "Success" Box Press meets the most exacting requirements of the fruit grower or organization. Note the following features: 1 — Extra heavy construction, insuring complete rigidity; fastf ners placed on each side and back of press to which wheel or roller conveyor can be instantly attached allowing un-lidded and lidded boxes to be disposed of at the will of the pressman. 2 — Metal arms and equalizer manufactured in one piece, and are adjustable, instantly, to apple, pear rr other sized fruit boxes; equalizer fastens to upright bars of cold rolled shafting. 3 — Patent clutch, with rigid dog and patent ratchet shift, makes the operation of the press swift and sure. This clutch overcomes all disagreeable features found in many presses. Pressmen in large packing houses are unanimous in declaring this press the fastest and most efficient on the market. Illustrations and complete specifications gladly mailed to any address. (5 discount for cash with order) Price $75.00, FOB Wenatchee, Wash. The ideal valves for irrigation. Made in single stream and bi-stream patterns. Allows free passage of water and easy access to standpipe to remove deposits of dirt. Does not clog, having an unobstructed waterway to discharge point. Illustrations and prices gladly mailed to any address. "Free Flow" Irrigation Valves In addition to the above mentioned equipment, fruit growers will no doubt be glad to know that we are distribu Apple Box Elevators. Conveyors, "Parker 5-Run Nail Strippers," Dick Smith Nail Strippers. Clark Box Hatchets. Paper Needles, Clamp Box Trucks and Conveyors. We are exclusive agents for (he new Bird Fruit Grader, which has been pronounced the best fruit grader on ear Wells & Wade, Wenatchee, Wash tors for Cooper Manufacturers' Agents July, 1020 BETTER FRUIT Observations On the Codling Moth in Walnuts By H. J. Quayle, of the Citrus Experiment Station, Riverside, California (A partial report of investigations in 1919) THE codling moth (laspeyresia pomo- nella) has been known to attack the English or Persian walnut in Califor- nia since 1909. In that year Mr. S. W. Foster of the United States Department of Agriculture observed it in the vicin- ity of Concord and published a bulletin on the subject. Five years later the writer received the first specimens from Santa Barbara County, and during the same year also from Orange County. While these seem to be the first actual records, no doubt the insect occurred in walnuts previous to that time. In 1914 the infestation was very slight, only a fraction of a per cent in a few groves, but since that date there has been a marked increase in the amount of infestation, until in 1918 it suddenly reached the status of a serious pest. The Citrus Experiment Station at once decided to undertake studies looking toward the control of the pest. In the meantime the California Walnut Growers Association, through its mana- ger, Mr. Carlyle Thorpe, realizing the importance of the problem, sponsored a bill which was passed by the Califor- nia legislature, and which carried a sum of money for the investigation of the problem. This money was appro- priated to the State Commission of Hor- ticulture, now the State Department of Agriculture, and through the director, Mr. G. H. Hecke, one-half of the appro- priation was generously turned over to the university for investigational work, and one-half retained by Mr. Hecke's office for work in connection with the prevention of spread of the pest. Codling Moth in Walnuts Elsewhere The codling moth attacks the walnut in South Africa, where it seems to have taken to the walnut at about the same time that the insect began to attack the walnut in California. Mr. C. W. Mally, entomologist at Cape Town, re- ports that in certain districts in 1915 as high as from 50 to 60 per cent of the crop was attacked. The codling moth also occurs in walnuts in France, where it has been known to attack the nuts as far back as 1859. It was first de- scribed as a distinct species having the scientific name of carpocapsa putamina, but later it was considered as a variety of the species pomonella, which attacks the apple. In correspondence with Mr. Carl Heinrich, of the Bureau of Entom- ology at Washington, Mr. Heinrich states that it is his opinion that the in- sect attacking the walnut in Europe is not a variety, but the same species that occurs in the apple in the United States. Identity of the Species A number of experiments were car- ried out for the purpose of determining how the insect would thrive when transferred from the apple to the wal- nut, and vice versa. Eggs, small larvae, half-grown larva?, and nearly matured larvae which were secured from the apple were transferred to the walnut, and in all cases the insect went through its development in due course. Like- wise, different stages of the larvae were taken from the walnut and transferred to the apple with similar results. In cheesecloth cages the insect from the apple deposited eggs equally freely on the apple and walnut which were sus- pended in the same cage. Similar re- sults were secured where the insects were taken from the walnut. A wal- nut tree was covered with cheesecloth and cocoons of the codling moth from the apple placed within the cheesecloth covering. Apples were suspended in the walnut tree, some of which were practically in contact with the nuts on the same tree. The moth deposited eggs on the walnuts under these conditions and the insect came to maturity. From our experiments of the first season, then, the insect may be trans- formed from one food plant to another without affecting its development. Under field conditions, however, the insect exercises more discrimination. Where walnut and apple foliage are interwoven, 90 per cent of the apples may be infested with not more than one per cent of the walnuts infested. This would be the situation in the area where the codling moth is known to infest walnuts. Outside of this area, apple and walnut foliage may be in con- tact without any record of the insect attacking the walnut. Distribution At the present time the areas where the codling moth infests walnuts, and where it is an economic problem, is in the vicinity of Santa Ana and Tustin, in the vicinity of Capistrano and Car- pinteria. Occasional records of the in- Pa-ge 10 sect in walnuts have been secured in several other localities. Mr. D. B. Mackie, who is in charge of the pre- vention of spread of the moth, has rec- ords from several localities where it has not yet reached the status of a pest. Life History The life history of the codling moth in walnuts is essentially the same as the life history of the same insect in the apple in the same locality. Until the present season it was supposed that the later broods only attacked the wal- nut. In 1919 the first eggs were observed on the walnut in Santa Ana on May 8. These were located on the stem of the new wood, a short distance back of the nut, and also on the leaves. Like the apple, the walnut in the early stages has a fuzzy surface, which is not suit- able for egg laying. The first larvae ap- peared during the s*cond week in May and continued to appear until the middle of July. The first brood of moths began to emerge on June 28 and continued until the last of August. The second brood of eggs was first observed July 7 and continued to appear until the first of September. Larvae of the second brood began to appear about the middle of July, the maximum num- bers occurring the last of July and the first of August. A third brood appeared later and larvae were observed to enter the nuts up to the first of October. The data as given are for the Santa Ana district. At Carpenteria, the life history is very different since the in- sect is three or four weeks later in making its appearance. The maximum number of larvae entered nuts in that section last year about the middle of July, and these were larvae of the first brood instead of the second brood, as at Santa Ana. The difference in temper- acco ii "Are You Getting Real says the Good Judge There's more good, last- ing taste in a little of the Real Tobacco Chew than you get out of the ordi- nary kind. You don't need a fresh chew nearly so often — that's why it costs you less to chew this class cf tobacco. Any man who uses the Real Tobacco Chew will tell you that. Put up in two styles RIGHT CUT is a short-cut tobacco W-B CUT is a long fine-cut tobacco Weyman-Bruton Company, 110/ Broadway, New York City Page 20 ature between Carpinteria and Santa Ana, while not very great, accounts for the difference in life history. Feeding Habits Many of the larva; that appear early in the spring enter the nut at the calyx end, but after the nuts attain some size and are large enough to come into more or less contact, protection is afforded at this point, and for the remainder of the season most larvae enter where two nuts are in contact. The nuts that are attacked early in the season, while they are still immature, fall to the ground, and these are not accounted for at har- vest time. Up to the middle of July the larvae as a rule bore directly toward the center of the nut. Up to this time the shell has not hardened to any extent. From the middle of July on, however, the shell is so hard that the larvae can not make their way through the shell, and the only place they can enter the nut is through the suture at the base. They may enter the husk where two nuts are in contact as usual, but when the shell is reached they bore along the shell more or less at random. The ma- jority of them sooner or later find the suture, where they enter and feed on the meat of the nut. Some that do not find the suture may complete their de- velopment in the husk of the nut alone. Control The control of the codling moth in walnuts must necessarily follow in gen- eral the methods that have been de- termined upon, after extensive investi- gation, in the case of the same insect in the apple. There are certain differ- ences and difficulties, however, in the case of the walnut. The large size of the walnut trees presents greater diffi- culty in reaching all parts. There is no calyx cup to fill, as in the apple, and it is also necessary to get the poison where two nuts are in contact. Banding Burlap bands placed around the tree trunk serve as a place where larvae re- pair to undergo pupation. While some of the worms enter here, there is not a sufficient number to afford satisfactory commercial control. Since after the first month or so the worms enter the band almost continuously it is neces- sary that the bands be removed and in- sects beneath killed, in order for the bands to be effective. To avoid the trouble of attending to the bands every couple of weeks the improved band, which was first used by E. H. Siegler in Colorado, was used. This consists of the ordinary burlap band, over which is placed twelve-mesh mosquito wire netting. This sort of a band allows the worms to enter through the meshes of the screen when they go under the burlap band to spin their cocoons as usual, but when the moth emerges it is unable to make its way out through the screen through which the larva entered. Hence such a band serves as a permanent trap. While these bands check a few of the insects there still may be a heavy percentage of infesta- tion on the same tree. BETTER FRUIT Spraying Spraying is the method of control generally relied upon for the codling moth in the apple and it proved to be satisfactory the past year in the control of the same insect in the walnut. A considerable amount of spray material is necessary to cover a tree, and this would seem to be a serious objection to spraying. An average sized walnut tree will require 25 gallons of spray to cover it thoroughly. The largest trees may require as much as 35 gallons. Good sized apple trees may be covered with eight or ten gallons, but the tree basis is not the proper way to make the com- parison. While the walnut tree re- quires much more material there are fewer trees to the acre, so that on an acre basis there is not much difference between the amount of material needed for walnut and apple spraying. If a walnut tree requires 25 gallons and there are 20 trees to the acre, the amount of spray material per acre will be 500 gallons. If an apple tree re- quires eight gallons of spray and there are 60 trees to the acre the amount of material per acre will be 480 gallons. Dusting A large acreage was dusted during the past season (1919) for the codling moth, that is, arsenate of lead was applied dry rather than being mixed with water and used as a liquid. The dry material has been used with success in some sec- tions on the apple. Dusting in the Santa Ana and Carpinteria sections has resulted in a considerable reduction of wormy nuts. The chief objection dur- ing the past year was due probably to lack of thoroughness in covering the tree. While the aphis is readily killed by the dust, in the case of the codling moth it is necessary to have the arseni- cal on every nut on the tree for good control. Another objection to the kind of dust that was used last year was the injury that resulted to the tree. The walnut tree is very susceptible to in- jury by spray materials, and hence only the most neutral materials can be used with safety. Fortunately the objection of injury to the tree may be easily and completely overcome by using basic or neutral ar- senate of lead, rather than the standard or acid arsenate of lead that was gener- ally used during 1919. Where the writer employed the liquid spray, basic arse- nate of lead was used with no injury whatever. Some of the second applica- tions of dust also consisted of this mate- rial and no injury was done. Basic arsenate of lead is not as powerful a poison as the acid arsenate, hence is slower acting on the larvae. In the case of the walnut, however, if the poison kills the larvae eventually it would be satisfactory, because a small burrow in the husk alone will not affect the nut, whereas the same injury would mar the apple. Time of Application Based upon life-history studies of the codling moth in the walnut conducted last year, the first application should be made during the last week of May and the first week or two of June. The July, 1920 second application should be made about July 15. These dates are just previous to the time when the maxi- mum number of larvae of the two im- portant broods enter the nuts. This ap- plies to the Santa Ana district. At Car- pinteria the time of appearance of the broods is strikingly different from that at Santa Ana. At Santa Ana the great- est injury is done by the summer brood in July and August, while at Carpin- teria most injury is done by the spring brood in the latter half of July. There is, therefore, practically a full brood less at Carpinteria, and on this account one application ought to be sufficient. The time for making this application at Carpinteria would be the latter part of June or the first part of July. Results of Dusting, 1919 A very complete survey of the area infested with the walnut codling moth was made as the nuts were harvested at Santa Ana, and also at Carpinteria. More than 200,000 nuts, representing some 5,000 pounds, were separately ex- amined. Counts were made with each pick in most cases, and a reliable figure representing the percentage of infesta- tion was secured from over 100 or- chards, about one-half of which were dusted and one-half were not dusted. TABLE I.— SURVEY OF SANTA ANA AREA. Per cent wormy General average all orchards dusted.... 4.73 General average orchards not dusted. . . . 6.33 Highest pet. in single orchard dusted... 10 Highest pet. single orchard not dusted. .21.9 Lowest pet. single orchard dusted 8 Lowest pet. single orchard not dusted. . .33 TABLE II.— SURVEY OF CARPINTERIA AREA General average orchards dusted 4.2 General average orchards not dusted. . . 9.7 Highest pet. single orchard dusted 6.6 Highest pet. single orchard not dusted.. 15. 8 Lowest pet. single orchard dusted 7 Lowest pet. single orchard not dusted.. .8 Referring to the figures given in Tables I and II, it is assumed that most of the heavily infested orchards were dusted. That was the case at least at Carpinteria. One orchard well toward the center of the infested area in that section, however, was left untreated and another not treated until very late. These two orchards, only, furnish the figures "9.7," for "not dusted," under Carpinteria. If counts were made just outside the infested district at Carpin- teria they would show practically no infestation, whether dusted or not. At Santa Ana, however, many or- chards were not dusted that were dis- tributed among the dusted orchards and were in general area of infestation. Ap- proximately an equal number of de- terminations was made also between dusted and not dusted orchards, so that the figures should be fairly reliable. Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco rlON BETTER FRl'IT QVbtice how the advertising op picrys up the (ahel and then %emember that raund Label & Lifhograph Co^^ makes millions oPt6< em Products that have a name to live up to, a reputation to sustain, are fittingly LABELED and CARTONED by Traunc. Traung's Labels and Cartons are carrying the message of goodness and high quality into millions of homes throughout the land. The service TRAUNG is rendering the biggest canning and packing corporations on the Coast, TRAUNG can render you. Trauinc Label and Lithograph Co. Factories at San Francisco Seattle Stockton An institution that sticks to its last p®y Label & Lithograph Co. FACTORIES I -San Francisco 2- Stockton. 3- Seattle sales orncES Portland Fresno Sacramento Tacoma m July, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 Filbert Culture in County of Kent, England By A. A. Quarnberg, Vancouver, Washington LAST summer I made a trip to Eng- land for the purpose of studying filbert culture in a country where fil- berts have been successfully cultivated for centuries. The county of Kent, sit- uated in the southeastern portion of the country is the principal filbert produc- ing section of England, especially in the vicinity of Maidstone in the Medway Valley. In this country thousands of acres of land are devoted to filbert cul- ture. I very much enjoyed my little daily excursions into the many differ- ent vigorous and systematically trained and pruned filbert orchards. These ex- cursions gave me the opportunity and pleasure of meeting a number of the most prominent and successful growers and of discussing with them the various phases of filbert culture. Thereby I gained much valuable information con- cerning the practices in vogue. The county of Kent has a mild and genial climate, much like that of the Pacific Northwest. The surface of the country is rolling. The soil is a gravelly loam with some chalk; it is generally well drained and fertile. Judging from the flourishing condi- tion of the vegetation generally, the cli- matic conditions seem to be favorable for the growing of filberts as well as other fruit common to that region. In Kent, the filbert or cob nut is to a great extent grown in alternate rows with other species of fruit, such as apples, pears, and plums; the filbert trees usually being planted from 24 to 30 feet each way, making the distance between the trees in the mixed orchard from 12 to 15 feet apart. In these mixed orchards the filbert trees are pruned low and not allowed to grow more than six feet in height, while the other fruit trees are headed high and trained to a position above the low headed filbert trees. Often the apples, pears and plums form a dense cover over the cob nuts and yet the latter were said to bear well, though not so abundantly as in more open spaces. In some of the older orchards, many of the standard fruit trees had died of old age and the cob nut trees occupied all the space. In such cases the filberts frequently had a spread of over 20 feet across the top, but still they were not allowed to grow over the standard six feet in height. In favor of the mixed orchard it was claimed that the filberts and cob nuts would withstand considerable shade from other fruit trees and that gener- ally some kind of a crop from the different varieties of fruit could rea- sonably be expected every year, so that by this method the land would produce a more regular income than when planted to filberts alone. Such was the case in 1919, when the cob nuts and filberts had a short crop while there was a good crop of cherries, apples, pears, plums, etc. Cob nut and filbert trees planted alone in orchard form were usually set 12 to 20 feet apart, or somewhat closer than when interplantcd with other fruit trees. In spite of an occasional failure or short crop the Kent filbert growers seemed to have full confidence in the industry, claiming that the cob nuts and filberts, on the average, paid as well as fruit grown there, and, in my judgment, Kent certainly is a good fruit section. While the filbert trees naturally did best on good land, it was claimed that the cob nuts and filberts were less ex- acting as to soil and that they would succeed on land quite unprofitable for various kinds of fruit. It was also said that rich and wet soils were expected to produce much wood and yet fre- quently yield less nuts. The variety of filbert most largely grown in Kent is the so-called Kentish cob, or Lambert, a variety with long husk and shape much resembling our Du Chilly, but probably a different strain of that type of nut. Regarding filbert and cob nuts, I will quote what a technical Kent filbert man says: "The old distinction between filberts and cob nuts was that the first-named had long husks or full beards, closing over the nuts, and the cob only a short one plainly showing the nut." This dis- tinction has not been accurately re- tained and the Kentish cob is by that definition truly a filbert, but in Kent all the short-husked nuts are generally known as filberts and the long-husked nuts as cob nuts. The Kentish cob is placed in the front rank of the so-called market nuts be- cause it is a large, attractive and good- flavored dessert nut, and the tree is a strong grower with great bearing qual- ities. There are quite a number of other varieties of filberts grown in Kent, but of the short-husked and roundish shaped nuts there were none which in my opinion, in all-round good qualities would compare with our Pacific North- west grown Barcelona. But whether the Kentish cob, the chief nut in Kent, on the average, is a better nut than our Northwest Du Chilly, I am not pre- pared to say. Concerning the question of pollina- tion of the filbert, so important to us, I did not learn much in Kent, mainly because our own chief varieties, such as Du Chilly and Barcelona, are not grown there, and besides the growers generally did not seem to have the mat- ter of filbert pollination fully system- atized. Any imperfection in this re- spect may partly be explained by the circumstance that the Kentish cob, the variety chiefly grown there, to a great extent appears to be self-fertile, at least that seems to be the indication from the fact that large blocks of Kentish cob trees planted without any special pro- visions for cross-poUination, were said to be very productive. On the other hand one of the best authorities on fil- berts recommends the planting of one Cosford cob to every 25 trees of Kent- ish cob to insure good fertilization. The Cosford was said to be a better pro- ducer of catkins than the Kentish cob and itself a thin-shelled, good flavored nut. Another variety known as the Red Barcelona, and an enormous pro- ducer of catkins, was also reported to be used as a pollinizer, but its nuts were said to be small and of little com- mercial value. A point considered of the greatest importance in connection with the cul- tivation of the filbert in Kent is the pruning of the trees. To see and study the close and systematic prun- ing of the filbert tree and its results was the main object of my visit. And now after having visited and ex- amined a number of the Kent filbert orchards, it is my opinion that the thor- ough and systematic pruning which the growers are giving their trees undoubt- v/^\ h)n ^-^ rh\ ^^1 yb 1 rCj5£ ^ x /"A L^^A$m ^/7> Arm ^-l\/ Boxes large and boxes small; Boxes snort and boxes tall; And every box Withstands its knox, For they're "B-D" built — that's all. Selected spruce and hemlock, carefully inspected, from choicest stocks in the west, used to build Bloedel Donovan Boxes Your demands for containers that will carry your products safely are met quickly. May we have your next order? BLOEDEL DONOVAN LUMBER MILLS 1018 White Building Seattle, U.S.A. VHEN. WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION RETT BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: Ladders Box Presses Packing Chairs Box-Making Benches Potato Graders and Sizers Price Fruit Sorters and'Sizers Nelson Fruit Sorters and Sizers And ah Kinds of Special Equipment Price "Price Products" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated booklet and price list on request. PRICE MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. Yakima, Washington Fruit Pays Best When Packed in the Strong, Trim, Conveniently Inspected Universal Package The ideal package for all fruits and veg- etables. Low in price; strong. Saves labor and time. No nails needed. Write for prices and literature. Write for free monthly bul- letin filled with interesting and valuable information for growers and shippers. State how many trees you have and ask for year's free subscription. PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION B 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA MUSICAL WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET MERCHANDISE W. Martius Music House Inc. MUSIC WRITE 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington WRITE US Everything Known In Music US edly is a strong factor in the success made of filbert culture there. By the thorough methods of pruning all the bearing wood of the trees is practically renewed every few years and the life and bearing period of the trees are prolonged almost indefinitely. In the Beadle Brothers' orchard, neai the city of Maidstone, I saw one of the oldest cob nut trees in the county. Its main stem was between two and three feet in diameter, one foot above ground, and the tree although more than 150 years old still appeared to be as strong and healthy as the surrounding trees fully 100 years younger. I found the filbert growers nearly all agreed on the basin-shaped form of tree on a single stem from one to one and one-half feet high as the best for all purposes. Concerning the training and forming of the basin shape tree, W. F. Emptage, horticultural adviser and specialist, gives the following di- rections: The newly planted trees are allowed to go without pruning one year, or until they are well established. The single stem is then cut back to a height of 12 to 15 inches to cause it to throw out shoots from the head to form the future tree. Four or five healthy strong shoots are allowed to grow, which in good ground they do rapidly. During the following winter the shoots are spread apart carefully and held in the form of a basin by a wooden hoop placed between the branches. These shoots are tied out around the hoop at equal distances and headed back in such a way that the terminal buds open outwards. These shoots are then al- lowed to grow and to put out new branches until about the fourth year when there will be 12 to 15 branches. The heads are kept broad, spreading and open by tying out the branches to stakes set in the ground, or otherwise, in order to get them into perfect shape. From these branches a set of spurs or shoots is given off on which the nuts are produced. To cause them to push out such spurs along their whole length, the main branches must be headed back more or less at every winter pruning. According to E. A. Bunyard, one of the best authorities on filbert culture in Kent, after the base of the tree has been shaped to the proper form, prun- ing consists of breaking out the strong suckers which grow up in the center of the tree, cutting the strong leading shoots back, thinning the spurs, remov- ing old wood, etc., the side shoots being best thinned after the flowers appear and the catkins have remained long enough to fertilize the pistilate flowers. And if time permits in July and August it was said that it was a great help to the strength of the tree to break the stronger shoots off the upper boughs with the finger and thumb. This opera- tion plumps up the buds below the frac- ture and assists in ripening the wood. This method is found better than cut- ting as the broken surface allows some sap to exude, and tends to prevent the formation of secondary growth, which would weaken the tree, and be of no value in producing nuts. In winter WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER PRCIT July, 1920 Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco Facts! You cannot deny them. Motorists buy Zerolene be- cause it is good lubricating oil; because it makes the car last longer. More than half the motorists of the Pacific Coast states use Zerolene. Such approval is giv- en only as a reward to a prod- uct of highest quality. There is a Zerolene Correct Lubrication Chart for each make of car. Get one for your car at your dealer's or our nearest sta- tion. Use Zerolene for the Cor- rect Lubrication of your auto- mobile, truck or tractor. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ZEROLENE Agradejbv eqck type of engine Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get ourrprice*. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. BETTER FRUIT pruning these broken ends are smoothly severed with a sharp knife or shears; and the pruner should so manage that there will always be an abundance of good young wood in the tree for fruit- ing purposes. When a twig shows signs of age the grower should prune so that a fresh young one will succeed it in the next year's cutting, so that worn-out twigs will never be seen in old trees. The trees should be so managed that at the end of 100 years they should be from 15 to 20 feet across the top but not higher than six feet from the ground. It was also said that some fine nuts were produced on trees of pyramid form, 10 to 12 feet high, which have their spurs shortened, thinned, etc., in the same way as the basin-formed trees, gaining a few inches of upward exten- sion annually. The Kent filbert growers generally were well agreed on the necessity and great benefits of close and systematic pruning both for quality of nuts and for yield. Filbert orchards in Kent are kept in good state of culture mainly by hand cultivation, such as forking, hoeing, etc. Some growers claimed that on account of the shallow feeding habits of the fil- bert tree, plowing would damage the roots. However that may be, the low- headed, spreading trees and the crowded condition of the orchards gen- erally made the ordinary methods of cultivation hardly practicable or very inconvenient to say the least. Suckers were cleared out wherever they ap- peared. I was told that the Kent filbert or- chards received a dressing of barnyard manure or other fertilizer whenever required to keep the trees in good bear- ing condition. The Kent filbert orchards were com: paratively free from disease and insect pests and I did not hear of any filbert blight there. As to yields, it was said that one ton of filbert nuts has frequently been ob- tained from one acre, and as high a yield as two and one-half tons per acre has been recorded, but that was very exceptional. The owner of a 300-acre filbert plantation told me that he, in a long run of years, had, in round num- bers, harvested from 300,000 to 500,000 pounds of nuts a year, or from 1000 to 1607 pounds per acre. This probably may be taken as a fair estimate of the average yield of the filbert orchards in Kent. The cob nuts and filberts grown in Kent are cured and sold almost entirely in the husk, and for this purpose it was said that the nuts could be picked some- what earlier than when husked. I have briefly described some of the things which I saw and learned con- cerning filbert culture in Kent. The methods, practices and results obtained in the culture of the filbert there are certainly interesting and should be carefully studied and investigated by us with a view of adopting such of the methods and practices as may be thought beneficial and practical under existing conditions and circumstances in the Pacific Northwest. Page 23 BEST SERVICE- QUALITY & PRICE PERFECTION IN FRUIT (LABELS 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK 81.00. PORTLAND.ORECON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY-AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERRIES. ■- ■..!- ■■■— ■ .«l....MmUl1— » BCT— I MB— wa Established 1882 TOJBaltes $ Company Printers WE print anything from the smallest to the largest and always welcome orders of any size or quantity, giving prompt, personal and efficient service. Mail or phone inquiries are solicited. We do not specialize — experience and equipment enable us to print everything equally well.We render service in preparing copy and illustrations and furnish plans and estimates for catalogs, booklets, publications, billboard and any other kind of advertising. First and Oak Streets Main 165; Auto5U-65 Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING SERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER ERUI Page 24 BETTER FRUIT July, 1920 Classified Advertisements 1 RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK. ITALIAN PRUNE TREES. Cleaning up at wholesale price. State quantity and grades wanted. Don't delay. Only few more thousand to offer. Grafted walnuts, Alberts, fruit trees, loganberries, raspberries, rhubarb, etc. LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., Lafayette, Oregon. ORIENTAL FLOWERING PLANT — Japanese Fire flowering plant, beautiful ornamental foliage, bright red flowers, imported by grower, 10c package postpaid. J. A. Rean, East Seattle, Washington. MISCELLANEOUS. CONSULTING HORTICULTURIST Professor W. S. Thornber, formerly head of the Department of Horticulture and Land- scape Gardening and later director of Ex- tension Service of the State College of Wash- ington, will advise with fruit growers upon all horticultural problems. If your orchard has not been a financial success and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns, I will assist you in working out your problem. Write for terms. W. S. Thornber, Lewiston, Idaho. THE VIRGINIA FRUIT S1ZER— Make it your- self for twenty dollars. Now used by col- leges and railroads for educational work. Simple, durable, accurate. Blueprints, pack- ing pamphlet and construction booklet for five dollars. Growers say best yet invented. Money back if dissatisfied. Sizes apples, pears, peaches, oranges. G. C. Starcher, Auburn, Alabama. TRESPASS SIGNS. Don't allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send $1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. PRACTICAL UP-TO-DATE ORCHARDIST, twenty years' extensive experience in irri- gated Northwest, most efficient workman, wants position with some large orchard com- pany, season 1921, must be convenient to good school. Address B, care Better Fruit. FARMS FOR SALE. $10,000. AN IDEAL STOCK AND DAIRY RANCH.— 120 acres, all level; Stevens County, 20 miles to Spokane. All heavy sub-irrigated land; 80 acres in cultivation; fenced and cross-fenced. Excellent buildings, including stone milk house. Running spring water piped to house and barn. Bearing family orchard and 1% acres young orchard, choice varieties; 20 acres timothy meadow; 5 acres alfalfa; suffi- cient cord wood and saw timber to pay for place. Easy haul. Excellent location near Wild Rose Prairie. Here is your chance, Mr. Farmer. $4,000 cash, balance to suit. $15,500. AN IDEAL DAIRY FARM. 123 acres in Colville Valley, near Grays, railroad station on new state highway. Fair six-room house; excellent new barn and hay sheds, chicken-house and hog pens, etc.; 100 acres in hay, mostly alfalfa; about 20 acres in small timber, easily cleared. Running spring by house and in barnyard. Colville river runs through place, good trout fishing. No better dairy farm of same size anywhere. $5000 cash, balance to suit. THE BIG BEND LAND COMPANY, Spokane, Washington. HOOD RIVER HOMES Orchard properties at reasonable prices. Strawberry and farm land. Choice small homesite tracts. Excellent city residences. Famous Hood River Valley — the home of at- tractive homes. Hood River Abstract & In- vestment Co., Hood River, Oregon. A GREAT BARGAIN Mira-Monte Orchords; 80 acres; 10 acres in 11-year-old Delicious and King David apples. 4-room bungalow, barn, fine well, tank tower and pumping plant; 6 miles north Lyle, Washington; good road; magni- ficent view. Estimated crop, 2500 boxes. Price $10,000. Address owner, P. S. Malcolm 214 Failing Bldg., Portland, Oregon. ^ yiminirr^ CONSULTING HORTICULTURIST PROFESSOR W. S.THORNBER Formerly HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING Later DIRECTOR OF THE EXTENSION SERVICE OF THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON WILL ADVISE with fruit-growers upon all horticultural problems, including selection and preparation of orchard lands; propagation and care of nursery stock; planting and care of young orchards and small fruit plantations; the control of codling moth, San Jose scale, blight and other orchard pests; the preparation of lime-sulphur at home and the mixing of other sprays; economical orchard management; the irrigation and fertilization of orchard lands; the use of cover-crops and grass mulches; the pruning of fruit trees, shade trees, shrubs, bushes and vines; the renovation of old or neglected orchards, top- working or replacing of poor or unprofitable trees, and the examining and the working out of practical management plans for large orchards and orchard companies. If your orchard has not been a financial success, and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns I will assist you in working out your problem. WRITE FOR TERMS W. S.THORNBER LEWISTON, IDAHO = ^iiiiiiintntt tMiriiaitiliiiiiiiiiiiiiitdiiiiiJDJfiiiDKirLiiifiiitiiiii tinpriMiiii iiiiiiEJiiiiTiitiiiMiiriii jiiiiiiLi MiiiuiDiiiiMirrtjiirj rMir irmiMiifiiif 3 IiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiuiHiiiiiiiiw 400-ACRE STOCK FARM within 40 miles of Portland; vegetable loam, well watered; roll- ing, nearly all tillable; 50 acres under plow, 50 acres pasture; houses, barns, outbuildings and other improvements. Abundance and variety choicest fruit; 37 years continuous crops by owner, whose infirmity forces sale. $20,000. Terms. Clackamas County, 160 acres 35 miles from Portland; 36 acres cultivation; fenced, cross- fenced, orchard, house, barn, spring water supply, good road, adjoining school; best soil. $8,000. Terms at 6 per cent. Douglas County 160-acre mountain ranch near Ashland; good house, barn, outbuild- ings; partly fenced and cross-fenced; 12 acres cultivated; 2,000,000 feet saw timber; $3000, terms. E. PIERSON, 415 Chamber of Commerce Building, Portland, Oregon. FOR SALE — $2250 buys 50 acres of fine level land in Shasta County, California, under irrigation system, ditch on property; grows anything. Especially adapted to fruit and berries, olives, alfalfa. Latest enterprise proving great success is rice culture. About 30 acres ready for cultivation; balance slightly wooded. Address H. H. Shuflleton, Jr., Redding, California. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT FOR SALE — Ten and one-half acres of com- mercial orchard, lots 9 and 10, block 57, Lewiston Orchards. Seven acres in seven- year old apple trees, selected commercial varieties; three and one-half acres in cher- ries. In good condition; ideally situated near paved road; centralized school, church, and six miles from Lewiston, Idaho. Pipe line irrigation, fully equipped. $8500. Dis- count for cash. David JJlson, Kent, Ohio. CUT~OVER— LANDS! 23 miles north of Spokane, rich bottom lands, good for dairying and general farm- ing, no irrigation, plenty of running water, free lumber, 10 years' time, 6 per cent. Call or write Deer Park Lumber Company, Deer Park, Washington, or 109 Stevens Streets, Spokane, Washington. CUT-OVER AND DEVELOPED LANDS, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables, hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre. Ten years time, 6 per cent Interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Company ,Jslk, Washington. FOR SALE — 27-acre Idaho apple orchard, 7 years old; alfalfa between rows; water right. $500 per acre. Write Box 694, Weiser, Idaho. gP^* OUR ORCHARD ^^JBlC NEW YORK bhOUEiTI^M^BLY THE H°jt lnp?RraiiT Fd(T\ ith the two transfer tracks which connect through tunnel doors. This track to be continued be- yond the sulphur house transfer track 2 feet beyond end of shed housing the dipping outfit, and connecting with a transfer track 17 feet long by which cars may be transferred from track outside shed to track beside dipper under shed. Connecting dipping outfit and air lock at fan end of tunnel is a 24-inch track 35 feet 6 inches long. This track permits loaded cars to be taken to tunnel or sulphur house via air lock and sulphur house transfer track. 11. Air Locks. A compartment 5M> feet wide, 7% feet long and 7 feet high, connecting to door at fan end of tunnel. Side toward dipper to consist of two folding doors, each ZVi feet wide by 7 feet high, inside measurements. The side toward sulphur house to be formed by two folding doors each 2 feet 10 inches wide. University evaporator, revised ground plan. Walls and ceiling of T. & G. flooring over 2x4-inch pine. A similar compartment at door at furnace end of tunnel, but this to be fitted with two folding doors 2 feet 10 inches by 7 feet at end and no doors at side. Compartments are used to permit entrance and removal of cars without admission of cold air to tunnel. 12. Trucks. Twelve ordinary dry yard trucks as used in Fresno County of wooden frame and built to run on 24-inch tracks. Frames 6 feet long to be removed and placed at right angles to usual position so that in the tunnel the frame will extend across the tunnel. Frame to be extended two inches on either side, making total width of frame 6 feet 4 inches. This permits 1 inch clearance on either side in tunnel. A frame of 2x4-inch material 6J/2 inches high to be built up in center of car to act as guide for stacking trays. Four level steel transfer cars, Fresno County pattern, for 42-inch tracks. 13. Observation Windows. Five 12xl2-inch portholes in wall of tunnel, 3 feet from floor and closed with air-tight doors. Portholes to be so placed that cars of fruit in tunnel may be easily observed during drying. Shed. — 1. Shed 64 feet long by 20 feet wide, 8 feet high at eaves. Shingled roof, quarter slope. Roof resting on 6x6-inch stringers on 8x8-inch redwood supports, 8 feet 6 inches long, on concrete piers 8 feet on centers. Sides and ends of shed open. Shed so placed that tunnel wall containing air locks is 8 feet from outside line of shed and other wall 5 feet from line of shed. Shed to house tunnel and dip- ping outfit, but not furnace room or sulphur house. Ventilator over dipping outfit 10 feet long and 3 feet high, with roof of same slope as shed roof. 2. Shed floor 4-inch concrete, surfaced. Dipping Outfit (for Prunes or Grapes). 1. Dipping Tank. Heavy black sheet iron tank 6 feet long by 3 feet wide and IV2 feet deep, set in firebrick furnace fitted with medium size forced blast oil or distillate burner or larger gravity distillate burner. Top of tank 33 inches from floor. Outer wall P^L ri/ff/VflCC ROOM Cf?035 SECTION rURNF\CE ROOM LONGITUDin/lL SECT/OH scale or rear ' * ' 4 ' 6 ' i — To i"f w /.ye KC-TTi-E. WNG IT CD/HAL. SETT/OAf £ < » u yu-rcneo ay *fcwess MULTI V A /V d fX/f/fVST rnn /N5TflLL»f/on r j- — - ac Section of more important jarts of evaporator. August, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 M .SECTION OF UmV£RSITV PflRM DIPPER Dipping machine. of furnace on line of outer shed and one on end line of shed. Fans to be fitted with 1%-inch drain. 2. Rinsing Vat. Same size and construction as dipping vat, but placed on cement piers. Fitted with 1%-inch drain. Vat placed on path of dipping basket and adjacent to dipping vat. 3. Water supply to fill vats and wash floors. 4. Dipping machine of merry-go-round type. Appearance of this machine best seen from sketch. Alternative Dipping Arrangement. — One com- mercially built hand-power prune dipper equipped with rinsing vat and oil or distillate burner in addition to dipping tank. This equipment has proved thoroughly satisfactory, but the distillate burner is essential. Sulphur House. — Of concrete, brick or wood, and placed beside transfer track connecting to air lock and tunnel at fan end of tunnel. Placed 8 feet from outer line of shed. Size, 8% feet long by 7% feet high by 7 feet wide inside. End towards transfer track formed by two folding doors, each 3^2 feet wide by 7M< feet high. Small sulphur pit 8 inches square by 6 inches deep in floor between tracks near door. Tracks 24 inches apart, extending to rear end of sulphur house and transfer track. Adjustable vent 6 inches square in roof. Sul- phur house may be omitted; not absolutely essential. Cesspools and Drains. — If evaporator is not connected to sewer system a cesspool at least 8 feet by 6 feet by 8 feet deep will be needed to care for waste water, or waste waters may be run on land, but may in time impregnate the soil with injurious amounts of alkali. Stemmer. — One ordinary raisin stemmer and 3-h.p. motor. Not absolutely essential, but desirable for dried wine grapes. Receiving Platform. — At side of shed hold- ing dipping outfit. Length 16 feet, width 12 feet, height 2 feet. Made of 2x12 rough pine and — x — frame on concrete piers. Trays. — Five hundred trays, slat-bottom type, 3x3 feet in size. Sides — Each side made up of one piece 36x2x1 >/,-inch and one piece 33x1x1 1,2-inch. Ends — Each end made up of one piece 36x1x1 i^-inch. Bottoms — Made up of V4xiA-inch strips 36 inches long, placed % inch apart, 40 strips to each tray. One brace 12x1x33 inches extending under middle of tray. Approximate List of Materials. — 1. Lumber for construction of shed and tunnel: 6x6-inch rough redwood, 18-foot lengths, 162 linear feet; 2x6-inch S-2-E Oregon pine, 950 linear feet; lx6-inch pine sheathing, 3500 linear feet; 2x4- inch S-2-E Oregon pine, 400 linear feet; 1x4- inch T. & G. flooring, 8000 linear feet; 2x8-inch rough pine, 82 linear feet; 4x6-inch rough pine, 88 linear feet; 4x4-inch rough pine, 64 linear feel; 4x4-inch S-4-S Oregon pine for dipper, 10 linear feet; 3x4-inch S-4-S Oregon pine for dipper, 20 linear feet; 2xl2-inch rough pine, 300 linear feet; 19,000 redwood shingles. Total cost in 1919, ¥679.99. 2. Shook for trays: 1000 pieces 36x2x1 Vj- inch sugar pine S-2-E; 1000 pieces 33xlxli|- inch sugar pine S-2-S; 1000 pieces 36x1x1 %- inch sugar pine S-2-S: 20,000 pieces i/2xi/i-inch sugar pine S-l-S; 500 pieces 33xi/,xl inch. Cost in 1919, $90. 3. Motor or engine, 7% h.p. 4. Boiler shell with tubes removed, one head removed, and one end fitted to receive 12-inch stack. Size 10 or 12 feet by 36 or 40 inches. 5. Burners. Two medium size air blast oil or distillate burners, or three large ditto, grav- ity type. 6. Fan. One multivane top vertical dis- charge exhaust fan with blade wheel 36 inches in diameter through axle (e.g., No. 6 Sirocco or No. 9 Sturtevant). 7. Two tanks for dip*per, each 6x3 feet by 11/2 inches, heavy gauge black sheet metal. 8. Two 22-inch prune dipping baskets. 9. One set roller bearings for dipper (or items 7, 8 and 9 to be replaced by one hand- power prune dipper and rinser). 10. Dry yard rails, 8 lbs. per yard, 400 feet. 11. Black sheet iron heavy gauge 12-inch pipe: Nine lengths 10 feet long; one length 1 foot long; two 3-way connections; four elbows; six return bends; one T fitted with damper; one 20-foot length for stack. 12. About 500 plain bricks and about 500 firebricks for dipping outfit and furnace. 13. About 130 sacks cement for furnace room, floors and sulphur house. 14. About 150 lbs fireclay for furnaces. 15. Three loads crushed rock, four loads sand, 17 loads creek gravel, IV2 barrels lime (used at University Farm 1919). 16. One recording thermometer, range about 50 degrees F. to 220 degrees F. 17. Leather belt 20 feet long, 4 inches wide, 2-ply. 18. Miscellaneous: Nails, water pipe, hose, hinges, roller and trucks for sliding doors, wiring, etc. A number of these evaporators are being built in California by growers who have been impressed with its per- formance during the past year. It is suitable for all varieties of fruit. Cover Crops, Tillage and Commercial Fertilizers By H. Thornber, Superintendent Horticultural Substation, Corvallis, Oregon YEARS ago it was discovered that the moisture in the soil could e conserved by keeping the sur- face tilled and preventing the growth of weeds. Later when orchards were plant- ed in regions where the rainfall was not always sutlicient to mature the crop the practice of cultivating the soil to con- serve the moisture was commenced. The results were satisfactory for a few years, but various difficulties were en- countered later which threatened lo destroy many profitable orchards un- less the conditions were remedied. The soil commenced to bake, the surface to wash, and finally the trees began to fail. The soil specialists were consulted and they explained that the fault was in the system which was removing the supply of plant food and humus with- out allowing anything to be returned. To remedy this condition crops of various kinds were sown and plowed under. Soon the conditions of the soil improved and the trees resumed their normal growth and production. Later this system of orchard tillage became known as the cover-crop method of orchard cultivation, and is today recog- nized as an ideal if not the ideal method of orchard cultivation. Correctly speaking, a cover-crop is some farm crop sown about mid-sum- mer and either plowed under in the late fall or allowed to remain until spring when it may be plowed under before or after it has made growth. However, in the broad sense, a cover- crop may be considered as any crop grown in the orchard for the purpose of plowing under as a green manure. Cover-crops may be divided into several classes. For our purpose we may consider them as leguminous and non-leguminous according to their food storing habits. To the first group be- long the clovers, peas, vetches, etc., which gather nitrogen from the air and store it on their roots, while the second group consists of those common grains and even weeds which produce only humus when plowed under. From each of these groups single crops or combi- nations may be selected which will be suitable to any district or local conditions. At this point it might well to review a few of the benefits derived from the use of cover-rops. (1) Cover-crops di- rectly improve the physical condition of the soil and subsoil. (2) Organic matter is like at patent medicine — it is good for whatever ails the soil, but unlike a patent medicine it cannot injure any soil. (3) They help hold the snows and ruins and prevent the leaves from being blown out of the orchard. (4) They serve as a protection to the tree roots from frost. (.">) They use up the soluble plant food in the fall and hence prevent its loss through drainage, (lit They render plant food available by their growth and root action. (7) They make cultivation and irrigation easier and more effective. ( o' ) Leguminous cover-crops actually add nitrogen to the soil. (9) They cause early ripening of the trees which in turn prevents winter injury, (til) They prevent ero- sion on steep orchard lands. Continued on page 20. Page 6 BETTER FRUIT August, 1920 The Northwest's Orchard Supplies The Northwest Standard The ladder chosen by orehardists throughout the United States, because it is light and well constructed. Bastian Straight Primer Why waste your time with an old- style pruner, when you can use the Bastian and prune your trees with ease in one-half the time? Sold for less money than any other pruner on the market, considering quality and workmanship. Eagle Brand Ladder A handy ladder where limbs are close together; 1 into tree without bruising the limbs. Sectional Pruner Bastian Sectional Take-down Prim- ers, three pruners in one, 6-9-12 feet. A few minutes will change from short to long or to medium. One Sectional will do the work for a fair sized orchard. Put up in 42-inch length cartons. Can be mailed by parcel post. CONNECTING l£FT PRUNER Barnett Picking Pails No bruised fruit when you use the Canvas Bot- a torn Pail with sides lined. The most modern device 6 for picking fruit. Cost is small. All Northwest Ladders are made of clear spruce and well ironed, with rod under each step Ash ™ your dealer for the genuine "Northwest." Our name on each ladder. If he cannot supply you. write *"""'"« us direct. Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON AligllSt, IQ20 BETTER FRUIT Bookkeeping for the Orchardist By E. R. Sanford, Head Department of Business Training, Missoula County, Montana, High School THE experience of the majority of people who have attempted to keep farm and orchard records has not been satisfactory for several reasons, chiefly because at a busy season the records have been neglected. The person waits for a rainy day for writing up the records and the rainy days in Montana have been so few and at such long inter- vals that a great portion of the facts to be recorded have been forgotten. The effort is made, the results are dis- gusting and the book is slammed into a corner, there to remain until after the harvest. When the leisure days of winter come, you begin to speculate upon just what your year's labor has netted you, or your income tax return blank arrives to be filled in (if you are so fortunate as to have an income from an orchard which will permit you to make a return), so you dig out the old book and try again, with more or less unsatisfactory conclusions and rather poor guesses as to real conditions of your affairs. Failure often results from attempt- ing a too complicated system, in which the labor of working out the details is too great for the results secured, and I shall endeavor to give you some few points to help you establish your ac- counting system. First, it is necessary to know what resulls you want to secure, and then shape and arrange your system to fit your case. Don't buy an elaborate sys- tem and then try to live up to it and shape your career to fit the system. I will try to illustrate this point a little later. There are some steps which are necessary before you start your ac- counts, first of which is a complete inventory of your orchard and equip- ment at a fair valuation. This is your foundation. In fact, it is possible to arrive approximately at your condition by careful annual inventories with comparative analyses. Inventories once set up, it is not a difficult problem In determine what your depreciation may be from use. To illustrate, assume that you have a disc valued at $50, which under usual conditions, would last ten years, then for inventory value it will depreciate 10 per cent on original value each year for ten years, that is, $45, value second year $40, third, etc. The time to take the inventory is whenever most convenient, but it should be at practically the same date each year. Some people prefer the first of the year, others about March first, just before spring work begins. Your land and permanent improvements, includ- ing buildings and trees, should be included as real estate, but the costs of upkeep and operation must be kept separately. Once you have determined your in- ventories and listed them in an inven- tory book or schedule, the next item is the cash account. The best method Page 7 for handling the cash is to deposit with your bank and pay all bills by check, of course, because you then have a voucher for each payment, but it is not always convenient for the orchardisl who lives some distance from the bank to handle it in this way. However, you must form the habit of recording all items of cash received or paid out every day, say at the supper hour, or other regular time. The book in which the cash record is kept may be easily classified and arranged so as to reduce the work of making the records and at the same time secure the results desired, with no transfers to other books, this being your permanent and classified record. This is known as the columnar method, which is a cash book with any number of columns, classified by titles at the top of the various columns which makes distribution »easy, and the totals of the columns at any time will show total cash costs for the various classi- fications by months, years, days, or any manner desired. To make this more concrete I desire to show you some ruled sheets of a cash book showing how results are secured. I want the cost of prunning, spraying, Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco GMC Trucks Mr. Orchardist: "Spray the GMC Way~ Mount your horse-drawn outfit (minus the engine) on our special sub-frame and put it on a GMC % to 1-ton truck. The GMC power-take-off and engine operates the pump or not while standing or moving. The penumatic tires give the traction. The truck engine gives the power with no attention, while the pump pressure stays at 250 pounds or more. Loosen four bolts and a chain and you can detach the spray outfit and put on another body. Thirty minutes' work! The GMC spray shows an actual saving of about 60% over horse operation. One more reason why the GMC model 16 is AMERICA'S STANDARD ALL-PURPOSE TRUCK Seattle Spokane ELDMDGE$ffiSALES(D Yakima Walla Walla GMC ON A TRUCK IS LIKE USA ON A BOND k'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page S BETTER FRUIT August, 1920 1 s. a 3 U >. c. SB > n 3i 0 — d s.5 3-3 .- « 0.0, c > Apples 1500- 2 men 4 day 30 1 3 times 3 day 42.40 119.12 45.41 | 1000 boxes | ! 159.60 | | Picking 1 1 1 90.00 | | Packing 60.55 Hauling Totals 30 42.40 119.12 45.41 159.60 150.55 77.55 77.55 21.63 21. C,.", Grand Totals | G4G.2C, Balance 1 I I 953.7 1 | 1600- | || | | 1600.00 cultivating and irrigating, implements and upkeep, boxes, picking and packing, delivery. Miscellaneous (such as taxes, insurance and overhead). The wide left hand space is for receipts, the right side is for payments. Special columns might be added for team feed and upkeep, or tractor, oil and gasoline. The method is sufficiently flexible to allow for any results one may desire. This anticipates a cash business. Should there be transactions which cannot be turned at once into cash, and with most of us there will be such transactions, then provision must be made for recording the items. The simplest form I can recommend to keep these records will be a sheet or book which we may call the "charge," or customer's, record, where the custom- er's name will appear for the articles charged to him. This will require an- other record to group the various charges to each individual under one heading. A credit, or purchase sheet may be used with the same rulings as the cash sheet where the name of the party is entered and the items of cost distributed to their respective columns. The totals of these columns on the purchase sheet must be combined with those of the cash sheet to show total cost of operating. Assuming you have now kept com- plete records for a year, we are con- cerned with determining our present financial condition. 1917 1918 1919 of the columns on the cash sheet. Our net increase or decrease in operation will be found by adding our cash in- come and sales on account, and deduct- ing the cash operating costs, the oper- ating purchases on account together with any depreciation in equipment shown on the inventory sheet. To illustrate, assume that at the first of the year you started with real estate valued at $2,500 and equipment of $500. Your worth at beginning is $3,000. At the end of the year your inventory shows real estate valued at $2,500, im- plements $500 less $50 depreciation. Your cash sales were $1,600 and your sales on account were $400. Your pur- chases on account were $100 for repairs, upkeep, etc. Then we are worth today in real estate $2,500, equipment $450, personal accounts $400, cash $953.74 — total assets $4,303.74, minus the liabil- ities, $100, or $4,203.74. Our income was $1,600, our cash operating costs $646.20. Our net increase is the total sales ($1,600 our cash plus $400) $2,000, minus the cost of operation ($646.26 cash plus $100 on account) $746.26 and depreciation ($50, or $796.26), leaving $1,203.74. This increase, when added to our original worth, $3,000, equals our present worth as found above, $4,203.74. This I would suggest, that you keep some sort of graph, or picture, of your operations which can be adjusted each year but which shows at a glance what progress is being made. See the following: 1920 1921 1922 1923 $2000 $1500 $1000 $ 500 ^-^ 0 ^^l Two problems present themselves: First, what are our assets, our liabilities, and what is our present worth? Second, what has been our income, our cost of operation, and our net increase or de- crease in operation? Problem one, our present worth, will be our present inventories, the personal accounts and notes due us, and our balance of cash, minus the debts and notes we owe. Problem two, income will be the total receipts, and our cash-operating costs will be the sum of the various footings I want to reiterate that the most im- portant thing is for you to make the record; that is where most of us fail. I know one man who is keepiag a record of his work, who does it on a calendar. Well, that is all right; I don't care what you use for your book account; he writes it there, and at the end of the month he turns to this sheet and groups these items together, transferring to permanent sheets. If you want to keep books that way, it gives fairly good re- sults— you have your record, anyway, at the end of the year, and that is important. The time to do this posting, I suppose, for most of us, is along about the sup- per hour, when the day's work is over; record what you have for the day's business. Most of these men who are working for the horticultural office here, who have to go out and do field work, must make a record and report, so why can't we all do it? The end of the day's work is the usual time. Let us try to mark the day's report some- where— on the calendar, or wherever most convenient — and then, when you get the totals at the end of the month or year, it is very simple to figure up and determine where vou stand. UNQUESTIONABLY ! /*P* Freight prepaid ^.OO P. L. CHERRY CO., Building Materials 271 Hawthorne Avenue, Portland, Oregon rke utmost power value Pure throughout, dependable always, Red Crown gasoline gives the utmost power-value. It is made to meet the requirements of your engine. Look for the "Red Crown" sign before you fill. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) jhe Gasoline of Quality How to Save Your Fruits at Ripening Time There is no process known equal to canning and no better sellers than canned fruits and vegetables. We build canning outfits and plants to meet the requirements of the small and large growers— Hand and Belt Power Double Seamers for sealing sanitary cans. Write for Catalog C, Dept. T. Henninger & Ayes Manufacturing Co. If it's used in canning, we set! it. Portland, Oregon, U. S. A. I'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT and to the contents, 850,000, fully covered by insurance. The Yakima Valley Fruit Grower's Associ- ation has announced the closing of its 1919 Winesap pool. According to the records, 200,223 boxes were shipped bringing a net return of S2.06 per box to members. Frost proof apple warehouses at Grant Or- chards, the Soap Lake station of the Great Northern Railway, 120 miles west of Spokane, and at Dalton, 40 miles east of this city, are announced by Charles J. Webb of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company. Each will be 100x50 feet, with the second story for packing pur- poses and a receiving shed, fifty by fifty feet at one end. The storage capacity will be 35,000 boxes of apples, or forty carloads. At Meyers Falls, residents have decided to erect a frost-proof warehouse fifty by one hundred feet. Yakima cherry growers are now beginning to check upon the the season's profits and find that, though the crop was light, higher prices more than made up for lack of quantity. Many growers made over $1,000 an acre. W. \V. Scott, of Lower Naches, got $3,000 gross for cherries from about 200 trees, which were planted on less than two acres; John Hamberg got $1365 an acre from two acres of Bings. He reports the record of 17 cents a pound for his fruit. Lee Booth, Nob Hill, from four acres of comparatively young trees $1,385. The first apple shipment from the lower Yakima Valley was made by the Grandview Fruit & Storage Company. The apples were grown by S. C Loop. The Spokane Valley Growers' union will begin work at once on a $50,000 addition which will double the capacity of the plant at Op- portunity and make it possible to handle 300,000 boxes of apples in 60 days this fall, according to Edward Pierce, manager. Spokane business men and others connected with the cider making industry there are being interested in the establishment of a plant near the city for manufacturing apple cider by a new vacuum process of condensing recently patented and put in operation. The process is said to be a big advance over the methods heretofore used in this industry. O. H. Feil- berg of the Spokane Cider Company, is chiefly interested in the new project and states that the company, when formed, will build a plant to cost $25,000 for the building and machinery. A dryer for the pomace will be installed in the plant and the by-product sold for cattle feed and the peels and cores for jelly-making. A fruit warehouse, costing $50,000, will be erected at Fairfield, Wash., by the Palouse Fruit Growers' corporation, according to J. R. Wilson, treasurer and manager. From reports of individual growers it is thought that unless something unforeseen hap- pens at least 300,000 boxes will be harvested in the Deer Park orchard section northwest of Spokane. Evidence is clear, it is stated, that smudging saved the crop. While there are a few isolated instances of a fair crop in the unsmudged areas, there will be nothing like a full yield. In the sections where the smoke screen was resorted to the trees are loaded with fruit. IDAHO. Ninety per cent of the cherry crop in the Emmett section is signed up in the Emmett Cherry Growers' association, which was or- ganized this season under the auspices of the Gem county farm bureau. Y'ields from two Ada County fields treated with sulphur and land plaster have been measured and a substantial increase in crops was reported. A field treated with land plaster showed a yield of 10.69 tons of green hay, while a similar field, untreated, yielded only 6.76 tons. Treatment with sulphur resulted in a yield of 10.37 tons, as compared with 8.3C on untreated land. Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco August, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Several residents of the Lewiston Orchards community in Nez Perce County have used humus-making crops this season. The best of these is that of T. B. Gano, which consists of 10 acres of Bengalia field peas sowed at the rate of about 100 pounds to the acre. It is expected that a considerable acreage of hairy vetch will be sown this fall for a cover crop. The Idaho prune crop is reported to give promise of being the largest in the history of the state. What They Are Doing in California The prices fixed for canning pears by the California Pear Growers' Association for this year are $100 per ton for first grade and 585 per ton for second grade fruit. These prices are .$15 per ton higher than those of last year. A short crop generally throughout the Coast region is given as the cause for the increase in prices. Although plums, apricots and prunes were hurt in some localities in California by recent hot weather the damage to these crops as a whole is said to have been slight. Raisin and table grapes were more seriously affected. A car of early peaches and plums was recently sold in the East for $4,107 gross. This is said to be the highest price ever paid for these varieties of fruits to California growers. The Sunsweet Standard, the official organ of the' California Prune & Apricot Growers Association says that an opinion was reached recently at a meeting of the board of directors that a fair price for drying prunes will be $12 per green ton and for apricots $21 per green ton, together with the pits. These prices are made to establish a basis for those who dry these fruits for others. On account of the fact that oranges in some sections of California are dropping heavily it is announced that it will be several weeks before an accurate forecast of the new crop can be given. The drop has continued later than usual and is spotted, being much heavier in some districts lhan others. The Southern Pacific is urging California fruit shippers to load cars to the maximum. The company states that the cars will stand a considerably heavier load than is now being placed in them although the tonnage has been increased by more than two tons per car. By this action and greater promptness in loading and unloading it is hoped to give shippers a much better service. Apricot growers who are members of the California Prune and Apricot Growers' Inc., the statewide cooperative selling association which claims to market 75 per cent of the prunes and apricots produced in California, will be paid from 18 cents to 33 cents a pound for their 1920 crop of dried apricots, according to prices recently named by the board of direc- tors of the association. Though the tremendous export demand, which so strongly influenced last year's high prices has completely col- lapsed, according to H. G. Coykendall, general manager of the association, the association has been able to name a slightly higher average price for this year's dried apricots than last year. Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruitgrowing An apple crop report on the state of Wash- ington, compiled by G. S. Ray of Spokane, agricultural statistician of the bureau of crop estimates, says that dropping from a condition of 85 per cent of normal on June 1 to 70 per cent of normal on July 1, the apple crop of Washington promises to be 15,217,000 bushels, as compared with the June 1 forecast of 17,056,000 bushels and the 1919 production of 19,136,000 bushels. This year the United States is expected to produce 200,421,000 bushels of apples, based on July 1 conditions, while last year's crop total- ed 144,429,000 bushels. The average condition of apples for the entire country dropped from 79.3 per cent of normal on June 1 to 70.7 per cent on July 1. Fruit growers who have motor trucks or who are intending purchasing will be inter- ested in the announcement that the Interna- tional Motor Truck has just secured a site for like our Winter Nelis in every way — is very the erection of the largest motor truck plant in the world. The site of the new plant will be located at Fort Wayne, Indiana, and com- prises 140 acres of land. The buildings of the new plant, it is stated will embody the im- provements of every important modern auto- mobile and motor truck plant in the United States. The company says that in doing this that it plans frankly to take advantage of other people's experience in building for manufacture on a large scale, with the motive in view of manufacturing the best truck in the world. E. F. Benson, commissioner of the Depart- ment of Agriculture for the state of Washing- ton, who recently visited the orchards in New- Zealand in a letter to the agricultural bulletin says : ''Thirty-seven thousand acres now in fruit, with only one million people here, means that much will be exported, especially as thousands of acres of new orchards are being planted. Some of the fruit will compete with ours every- where. I never tasted better Delicious apples than those grown in Hawkes Bay district and we are told that is not the best fruit district in the Dominion. In the Canterbury district we had Cornice pears that should top any market in the world. The Winter Cole — much BRUISING one apple. Spout is 5 muslin, 18 feet lo Basket and Stem* uttinu ..r Separator of 10 gauge w Price $2.50. 2 poles, i; feet lon>r, connected pipe sti J.&H.G00DWIN,Ltd Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets You can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, and on the Euro- pean Continent. This means quick handling, considerable economies and the fruit being sold in the freshest possible condition, which means greater returns. For dependable export information write or wire us at 60 State St., Boston, Mass. or 97 Warren St., New York City.. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT August, 1920 good, too. The Jonathan apples are most in evidence now. We think the tlavor not quite equal to ours but it may well be that from some other district they may fully equal our best. They have all the pests we have and not as cold winters or as hot summers to help fight them, but the best skill is being used in mastering all their horticultural difficulties." According to English apple exporters who have looked the situation over the market for American apples in Great Britain this year should show considerable improvement. Rep- resentatives of several of these firms who have been on the Coast express the opinion that the high prices which are obtained for Ameri- can fruit in England will result in marketing "Yours for Real Tobacco" says the Good Judge Men are getting away from the big chew idea. They find more satisfac- tion in a little of the Real Tobacco Chew than they ever got from a big chew of the ordinary kind. Costs you less, too — the full, rich tobacco taste lasts so much longer. Any man who uses the Real Tobacco Chew will tell you that. Put up in two styles RIGHT CUT is a short-cut tobacco W-B CUT is a long fine-cut tobacco Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: Ladders Box Presses Packing Chairs Box-Making Benches Automatic Elevators Gravity and Power Conveyors Potato Graders and Sizers Price Fruit Sorters and Sizers Nelson Fruit Sorters and Sizers Price "Price Products" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated booklet and price list on request. PRICE MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. Yakima, Washington And All Kinds of Special Equipment a greater quantity of better quality fruit there leaving the inferior stuff to be marketed at home. Fearing an unprecedented car shortage apple growers in the east are reported to be taking steps to market a good deal of their fruit by motor truck lines. In many of these sections where the hauls are comparatively short it is believed that the ship by truck movement will work out very successfully. Cannery Notes The Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association recently acquired possession of the cannery and packing plant located at Sutherlin. The plant is a large one and in addition to the cannery is equipped with a prune drying and packing outfit, a juice plant and a lime-sul- phur manufacturing plant. The association is also building driers and packing plants at Carlton, Forest Grove. Riddle, Myrtle Creek and Sheridan. At Eugene where the plant of the Eugene Fruit Growers Association is located which is affilitated with the Oregon Growers' Association, the Eugene establishment has been greatly enlarged and is now one of the most complete in the Northwest. The cannery of the Montesano Packing Com- pany was opened recently for the season. The establishment expects to put up 4,000 cases of beans this year. A cherry grower living at The Dalles, Oregon is reported to have marketed one motor truck load of cherries at a cannery there this year for which he received $900. The Silverton Canning Company, of Silver- ton, Oregon, is ready for operation. The plant of the company is a new one and is equipped to handle all kinds of fruits. The Hillsboro Canning Company, of Hills- boro, Oregon, which has put its establishment into running condition at a cost of $150,000 now has a plant that covers a space of ground 368 by 80 feet. The plant is equipped to handle a very large tonnage and expects to put up 30,000 cases of fruits this year. The American Can Company has purchased a large building site in the manufacturing dis- trict of Portland, Oregon, and is preparing to erect a $1,500,000 factory in that city. The building will be 89 feet wide by over 400 feet long, three stories high and will be con- structed of reinforced concrete. The erection of the plant in Portland is due to the heavy demand for cans for canning purposes that has developed in the Northwest during the past two years. Two new canneries in Skagit County, Wash- ington, began opeiating this month. These are the Burlington Cannery Company, at Burling- ton, and the Skagit Canning Company at Sedro Wooley. A general line of fruits and berries will be canned by both and the cannery at Sedro Wooley expects to utilize both beets and string beans in addition. Both plants have gone to considerable expense to have their equipments modern in every detail. In addi- tion to the above, the W. H. Pride Company, of Bellingham, and the Everett Fruit Products Company, of Everett, Washington, expect to buy considerable fruit in Skagit County and ship to their respective canneries. That the inspection work recently started by the National Canners Association will be a great thing, not only for the canning industry in Oregon, but also for the housewives, is the opinion of Ernest H. Weigand, of the horticul- tural products department of the Oregon Agricultural College, who was recently ap- pointed director of the inspection service of the association, in Oregon. A preliminary sur- vey of 10 Oregon canneries has already been made under the direction of Professor Weigand —those of New berg. McMinnville, Spring Brook, Gresham, Falls City, Lebanon, Junction City, Eugene Fruit Growers' Association, Crcswell, and Roseburg. The inspection is entirely vol- untary on the part of the canneries which pay a certain fee per case for all cases packed. These canneries agree to live up to the rules and regulations of the Inspection service, ac- cording to Professor Weigand. Eventually daily inspection will be made, adequate force being emplovcd to handle the work. AH fruit received at the phral will be inspected and the entire process of canning observed by the Inspectors. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT Make Every Minute Pay Dividends DURING these days of short working hours, high wages and unsettled labor conditions, every hour saved for. essential work is money in your pocket. Every hour you spend on the road between your farm and town represents unpro- ductive time. During your busy season someone is getting high wages for this time, or you person- ally are spending valuable time. Make every minute pay dividends. Reduce the number of hours spent on the road and increase the hours of productive farm work. You can haul your farm products to town with an International Motor Truck and haul supplies back to the farm in about one-fourth of the time that would be required with a team and wagon — a road saving of 300%. Thereby you save, during the year, many hours for necessary farm work — hours and minutes that total into days. You save money in wages, or at least make the high wages that you arc paying someone pay you greater returns. International Motor Trucks are made in nine sizes, from 3+ ton to 3>£ton— a size and style for every hauling requirement. A letter or post-card to the address below will bring complete information descrip- tive of these low-cost hauling units that make every minute pay dividends. International Harvester company OF AMERICA Billings, Mont. Chey Los Angeles, Cal. ne, Wyo. Denver. Colo. Helen Portland, Ore. Salt Lake City, Ut co. Cal. Spokane, Wash. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 28 BETTER FRUIT August, ipso Classified Advertisements I" RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK. ITALIAN PRUNE TREES. Cleaning up at wholesale price. State quantity and grades wanted. Don't delay. Only few more thousand to offer. Grafted walnuts, filberts, fruit trees, loganberries, raspberries, rhubarb, etc. LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO., Lafayette, Oregon. ORIENTAL FLOWERING PLANT — Japanese Fire flowering plant, beautiful ornamental foliage, bright red flowers, imported by grower, 10c package postpaid. J. A. Bean, East Seattle, Washington. MISCELLANEOUS. CONSULTING HORTICULTURIST Professor W. S. Thornber, formerly head of the Department of Horticulture and Land- scape Gardening and later director of Ex- tension Service of the State College of Wash- ington, will advise with fruit growers upon all horticultural problems. If your orchard has not been a financial success and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns, I will assist you in working out your problem. Write for terms. W. S. Thornber, Lewiston, Idaho. THE VIRGINIA FRUIT SIZER— Make It your- self for twenty dollars. Now used by col- leges and railroads for educational work. Simple, durable, accurate. Blueprints, pack- ing pamphlet and construction booklet for five dollars. Growers say best yet invented. Money back if dissatisfied. Sizes apples, pears, peaches, oranges. G. C. Starcher, Auburn, Alabama. TRESPASS SIGNS. Don*t allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof "No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send $1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. PRACTICAL UP-TO-DATE ORCHARDIST, twenty years' extensive experience in irri- gated Northwest, most efficient workman, wants position with some large orchard com- pany, season 1921, must be convenient to good school. Address B, care Better Fruit. FARMS FOR SALE. A GREAT BARGAIN Mira-Monte Orchords; 80 acres; 10 acres in 11-year-old Delicious and King David apples. 4-room bungalow, barn, fine well, tank tower and pumping plant; 6 miles north Lyle, Washington; good road; magni- ficent view. Estimated crop, 2500 boxes. Price $10,000. Address owner, P. S. Malcolm 214 Failing Bldg., Portland, Oregon. HOOD RIVER HOMES Orchard properties at reasonable prices. Strawberry and farm land. Choice small homesite tracts. Excellent city residences. Famous Hood River Valley — the home of at- tractive homes. Hood River Abstract & In- vestment Co., Hood River, Oregon. FOR SALE— Ten and one-half acres of com- mercial orchard, lots 9 and 10, block 57, Lewiston Orchards. Seven acres in seven- year old apple trees, selected commercial varieties; three and one-half acres in cher- ries. In good condition; ideally situated near paved road; centralized school, church, and six miles from Lewiston, Idaho. Pipe line irrigation, fully equipped. $8500. Dis- count for cash. David Olson, Kent, Ohio. CUT-OVER LANDS. 23 miles north of Spokane, rich bottom lands, good for dairying and general farm- ing, no irrigation, plenty of running water, free lumber, 10 years' time, 6 per cent. Call or write Deer Park Lumber Company, Deer Park, Washington, or 109 Stevens Streets, Spokane, Washington. CUT-OVER AND DEVELOPED LANDS, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables, hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre. Ten years time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Company, Elk, Washington. FOR SALE: — 27-acre Idaho apple orchard, 7 years old; alfalfa between rows; water right. $500 per acre. Write Box 694, Welser, Idaho. CONSULTING HORTICULTURIST PROFESSOR W. S. THORNBER Formerly HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE AND LANDSCAPE GARDENING Later DIRECTOR OF THE EXTENSION SERVICE OF THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON WILL ADVISE with fruit-growers upon all horticultural problems, including selection and preparation of orchard lands; propagation and care of nursery stock; planting and care of young orchards and small fruit plantations; the control of codling moth, San Jose scale, blight and other orchard pests; the preparation of lime-sulphur at home and the mixing of other sprays; economical orchard management; the irrigation and fertilization of orchard lands; the use of cover-crops and grass mulches; the pruning of fruit trees, shade trees, shrubs, bushes and vines; the renovation of old or neglected orchards, top- working or replacing of poor or unprofitable trees, and the examining and the working out of practical management plans for large orchards and orchard companies. If your orchard has not been a financial success, and you wish to determine its possibilities or you wish to improve your orchard, reduce your losses and increase your returns I will assist you in working out your problem. WRITE FOR TERMS W. S. THORNBER LEWISTON, IDAHO = r,rmittni iiiiiiriiiiitiiiiiliiiniiiiiiiilliiiHiiiimiiiiiiiiwjiiitiiHiniiiiiiiuiniiHiitiiimiBnunnHiiiiMHinnMiuiniiuiiiuiiHMBiiuMHiiiitaiitHnujiuiirtiuiiuuiuiiiinul 3 jiiiiiioiimiiminMiiiiiiiaiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiHiiuiiiniiuiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiuiiiiiiiaiS SALESMEN WANTED. MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a com- mission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid territory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERIES 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon Cement Coated Wire Nails If your dealer cannot or will not supply you with Nails, we probably can do so. A. C. RULOFSON CO. Monadnock Building, San Francisco ORCHARD. COMPLETELY equipped superior orchard prop- erty for sale in Southeastern Pennsylvania. Sixty-three acres in bearing peach and apple. Address Owners, care Better Fruit Publish- ing Company, Portland, Oregon. JWTH " Saves alfalfa. Exper al stations approve, louo tablets P. P. $1.50. Warranted. Ask your druggi; Fruit trees budded from bearing orrh ards Apple. Pear. Cherry, Pei Prune. Aprimt. Quince. Grape Vines, i Shrubbery. Plants. Raspberries. Black berries, Logans. Dewberries , Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. R Vines. Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees, Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed, WASHINGTON NURSERY CO WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Upg«^ THE WORLD- ^^fiSJ ji^j* 0UR ORCHARD ^B & Kelly NEW YORK UNQUESTIONABLY THE n?)T Important Fd(T able and give splendid wear. The heel is popular Cuban model. Sizes 2H to 8. Just compare with shoes at $7.50 and J8.00. and then you will realizewhat an unparaNeled offering this is ^•-•; at our bargain price of only $3.9S. No money. Pay the special price. $3.98. lor the ^«£ shoes on arrival. Examine them, try them on. and if not aB elegant as you expect, fgSk&k if not just what you want, return them and we will refund your money. ^nl Stylish Dress Shoe Special bargain to close out a limited stock of these smart Dress | Shoes. Act quickly if you want a pair. Made in classy lace blucherf style. Splendid quality calf uppers. Splendid solid leather soles | and heels. Come in black only. At our price these shoes chal- lenge competition. Make your own decision after you exam- ine and try them on. Sent absolutely on approval. You,, must see them to appreciate the fine quality of material, workmanship and astonishing bargain value. No/ money with order. Pay only $3-98 for shoes on arrival. And that returned if you don'f keep the shoes. Mark an X in □ by T' AX15106 in coupon. Be sure to give size wanted. Mark X in the D by No. AX999 coupon. Payonly $3.98foj-sh noC satisfactory send th arrival. If k and we willrefund money. Keepyour money until the shoes Not a cent to pay now." Sent direct to your home on approval. Then let the shoes themselves convince you of their great bargain value or return them and get your money back. This is the modern, sensible way to buy— the way thousands are buying their shoes today direct from us— getting satisfaction— Baving money. Fill out the cou- pon and send it now— today. Mark X in the D to show which shoe to send. Give your size. tyow Is the Time to Order Of course there will be & flood of orders from this ad. The stock will not last long. No wise buyer is going to hesi- tate onthiaoffer. Somake this selection now. Re- member, no risk to you. We send the shoes on approval — SO you have nothing to der •-*" j of Leonard-Morton & Co. Dept.7164 Chicago, Illinois y A Send coupon TODAY /'Leonard-Morton & Co. Dept. 7164 Chicago, III. nee tne shoes which I have □ below. I wili pay price „™ arrival with the understand- ing that if I do not want to keep them I n return them— vou will refund wyxnoaey. /b Work Shoes No. AX1806S - S3.98 .' D Hi-Cut Shoes N i. . D Dress Shoes No. AX16106 /*. 1EN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 1 IbjcheiL Extra Room and Comfort in each New Mitchell Model New body design gives roominess You can judge car comfort largely by whether they are roomy or crowded. For this decides whether there is a gen- erous or skimpy policy behind the car. Mitchell models typify Mitchell poli- cies. They are extra roomy, extra com- fortable. The Mitchell Touring Car seats six instead of five. The Road- ster seats three instead of two. The Sedan seats six instead of five. The Coupe seats four instead of three. This is due to designing and building our own bodies. We can afford to put in extras because we do not have to pay profits to outside builders. You get that money. Make a thorough examination Generous proportioning is evident throughout all New Mitchells, in the chassis as well as in the body. Ask a Mitchell dealer to point them out. You can never know the real worth of this car until you examine it and contrast it with other cars of the same price or more. Where can you find a car offering so much at these prices : six passenger Touring Car, $1750; six passenger Sedan, $2,900; four passenger Coupe, $2,800; three passenger Roadster, $1750. F. o. b. Racine, Wis. Before you decide upon your car, just make a comparison. MITCHELL MOTORS COMPANY, Inc. RACINE, WISCONSIN $1750 $1750 PRICES F. O. B. RACINE, WISCONSIN Mitchell Motor Cars distributed in The Pacific Northwest by Also sold by the leading dealers in nearly every town in the Pacific Northwest Portland and Spokane Seattle Dealers, Mitchell Motors & Service Co. Tacoma Dealers, Puget Sound Motors Co. .ITING ADVERTISERS M ON BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 FREE FLO" Our Service Means Complete Satisfaction U It Pays to Trade with Wells & Wade IRRIGATION VALVES These valves were designed to meet the requirements in irrigated sections where an even distribution of water is to be maintained and are so constructed that the water has an unobstructed flow through the pipe to the discharge opening. In opening these valves to the full capacity, there is absolutely no obstruction to interfere with the free flow of the water, and if the pipe should become filled with trash, the cap can be screwed off the valve and the obstruction removed without any difficulty. With the opening in the cap of the valve, the discharge can be thrown in any direction, or, in other words, at any degree of the circle surrounding the pipe. This enables the operator to run one or two streams, as desired, continuously day or night. The valve comes in two separate parts. The male part of the valve, or adapter, can be dispensed with entirely by cutting longer thread on the standpipes. In other words, the cap will make a complete valve and is one-piece only. Valves are made in two patterns, "Single Stream" and "Bi-Stream," in both %-inch and 1-inch sizes. This valve is so clearly designed for efficiency and its price being less than more widely advertised valves of less capacity, we believe that in presenting this to the fruit growers in the Northwest that it is bound to meet with success in every locality, as has been accorded it in the Wenatchee Valley. PRICES F.O.B. WENATCHEE, WASHINGTON: Bi-Stream Valve Caps only, size Bi-Stream "Free-Flo" Irrigating 7Kp Valves, size % inch, each ' ***- Bi-Stream "Free-Flo" Irrigating QAp Valves, size 1 inch, each rv\. Single Stream "Free-Flo" Irriga- AKf ting Valves, size % inch. each. ""«- Single Stream "Free-Flo" Irriga- ting Valves, size 1 inch. each. . Bi-Stream Valve Caps only, size % inch, each 80c 50c inch, each. Single Stream Valve Caps only, size % inch, each Single Stream Valve Caps only, size 1 inch, each Male Adapters, % inch, each Male Adapters, 1 inch, each The "4 W" Canvas Picking Bag Most Durable Bag on the Market Here is a picking bag that will stand up season after season without repair. The canvas used is extra heavy, 12-ounce duck. Steel frame at top of bag is "form-fitting" — makes the bag fit snugly to the person at the proper angle. Frame is leather covered. The web straps are extra heavy and the hooks and buckles are the very best obtainable. Allows Fruit Picker Absolute Freedom The web straps are fastened to the frame at points where absolute freedom in fruit- picking is assured. Fruit men will speed up the efficiency of their "picking crew" with these bags. Capacity is one full box. There is not a weak point in the manufac- ture or pattern of this "4W" picking bag. Have one sent to you for a sample before placing a larger order. Price $3.50 (5% discount for cash with order.) Complete Line of General Orchard Supplies We have made a specialty of Orchard Supplies and Packing House Equipment. Our lines represent the most complete and essential appliances in the Northwest. Our consulting engineers will be glad to be of "service" in helping you with installations or plans. For complete information of supplies listed below write to Dept. G, Wells & Wade, Wenatchee, Washington. "EW1NG" ORCHARD LADDER Per foot $ .75 "SUCCESS" BOX LID PRESS 75.00 PARKER NAIL STRIPPER 6.50 PARKER FIVE-RUN NAIL STRIPPER 12-EO "CLARKS" BOX HATCH ETS 3.00 APPLE BOX ELEVATORS— CONVEYORS— TRANSVEYORS— BOX MAKING BENCH ES— "TOSCH" BOX PRESS— "TOSCH" STAMPING MACHINE— % BOX TRUCKS— FRUIT WRAPS— BOX NAI LS— SPECIAL CRATE OPENERS— BOX FASTENERS LABEL PASTE— In fact, EVERYTHING In the Orchard Supply Line. Sudden Service given on Special Shipments. Try us. WELLS & WADE w^hSS ADVERTISERS BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT EDITOR: W. H. WALTON STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist : O. M. Morris. Horticulturist. Pullman. COLORADO — C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist: E. B House. Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crider. Horticulturist, Tucson. .MONTANA— H. Thornber. Victor. CALIFORNIA — C. W. Wooduorth, Entomologist. Berke- ley; W. H. Volek, Entomologist, Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson. Pathologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $2.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $3.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoflice at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XV Portland, Oregon, September, 1920 Number 3 Practical Hints on Packing Apples and Pears GRADING apples is so closely re- lated to packing that where it is possible a long step toward quicker methods of grading can be had by having the pickers do some of the grading in the orchard. This is possible where pickers are paid by the day, instead of by the box. Grading can then begin with the picking of the fruit from the trees. Pickers, after having taken the fruit from the trees into pails, bags or other receptacles, should be required to empty them into the apple boxes, which are to be taken to the places for storing, not by pouring, but by hand, and then as though each fruit was an egg. During this transfer the picker could look for fruits badly blemished, and place them in boxes, in order that they may be gathered and disposed of as conditions require later. The fruit so assorted may then be stored in the place for receiving them, and left until such time as the owner is desirous of packing, at which time it could be carefully as- sorted in readiness for the packers. In building a packing house, the opening between the storing room and packing shed should be made in the center of the side of the storing room, and not in the end of the building. By using the proper and most com- plete packing table all the materials needed in packing may be readily at hand and save considerable loss of the packer's time in waiting to be sup- plied with same. The packing tables should be equipped with proper and handy places for lining paper, layer board, wrapping paper, etc., and so arranged that the packer may have three different sizes before him at one time. For instance, while packer No. 1 is packing, say, 72, 112 and 125, packer No. 2 may utilize the three probable other sizes that No. 1 cannot then use— 80, 88 and 96. As packer No. 1 completes one of his numbers he has but to notice the size about completed by No. 2, and if the con- tents of the tables used by No. 1 and No. 2 show a sufficient quantity of the sized apples used by No. 2 in com- pleting his nearly finished box, No. 1 may then commence a box of the same size. In this way all the sizes may be kept cleaned from the tables By An Experienced Packer and a packing of the different sizes distributed to each packer in proper turn. Of course the most important feature of a successful packing crew is a perfect system. A complete sys- tem cannot be brought about by proper fixtures alone. In fact some very inconvenient packing sheds have, with careful thought of the foreman, brought out a system seemingly im- possible to attain. Packing is the classification of fruits into their proper sizes by plac- ing the fruits of the same size solidly into boxes in such a manner as to insure uniformity of appearance, neat- ness and protection from bruising. The purpose of careful packing is to make the box of fruit attractive as possible, and thereby receive the highest possible price for it. There were a number of different systems of packing in boxes followed on the Pacific Coast for a number of years, and this has brought about the adoption of a system that allows the packing of every size or shape of apple grown neatly and solidly in one sized box, the Northwest Standard (10%xll%xl8, inside measurement, containing 2,176 cubic inches). At this point I wish to warn the purchaser of boxes against improperly made boxes, for there is nothing so distasteful to the trade as a poorly manufactured box. Do not buy apple boxes with heads less than three- fourth inch in thickness. Do not buy boxes with sides less than three- eighths inch in thickness. Do not buy boxes with top and bottom board thicker than one-fourth inch, for these must be thin and springy. Do not buy boxes, unless the top consists of two pieces and the bottom of two pieces, with two cleats each for top and bottom. Do not use sides made of two pieces, even though tongued and groved, for they are much weaker than single-piece material of the same thickness, and when a box is tightly packed will bulge, and as apple boxes should always be handled on the sides, when so handled will undoubt- edly damage the fruit. This is also the reason for insisting on lull three- eighths-inch thickness in these pieces. In packing apples, the size of the apple is invariably determined by the diameter of the apple from cheek to cheek at the widest point, never from stem to blosSom, hence the reason why an apple should never be placed stem or blossom-end toward the sides of the box. Hardly an apple is abso- lutely circular in shape at its greatest cheek circumference, and it is here that the packer may take advantage of this irregularity in packing Ben Davis apples, one of the most difficult of apples to pack, for the reason that they are about the same distance from stem to blossom as from cheek to cheek, and will not, when turned, have brought about the results usually attained by turning in this manner. However, as before stated, if the packer will carefully save for the end of the boxes those in even a slight degree irregular and place at the ends so as to keep the apples lowest where they will not prove too high, and by the use of the more nearly circular ones through the cen- ter, a beautiful crown may be brought about. In packing a two-two pack, start by placing one apple in the lower left- hand corner and the other in the cen- ter of the space left from the cheek of the apple placed in the corner to the opposite side of the box. This will leave a space on each side of the apple last placed of equal width. Settle firmly back into the spaces then left two more apples in exactly the same relatives position on the other side of the box. Continue this until the opposite end of the box is reached, where there will be a space which, by a firm pressure downward and toward the packer, will enlarge the space sufficiently to permit of the last two apples being fitted snugly into place and at the same time take all of the extra slack out of the layer. Begin the second layer by placing the first two apples into the two little pockets formed by the spaces and the first four apples in the first layer, and continue to the end of the box as in the first layer, ending up with last two apples in the pockets similar to those at the beginning of the second layer. Continue to build up the third and fourth layers in the same way as the first and second, always placing the apple in the pockets formed and Page 4 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 nercial pack of apples showing the fruit wrapped and unwrapped for exhibition purposes. never directly over the cheek of the apple below (except, of course, where necessary in the straight pack, which is as little used as possible, as it is very likely to bruise the fruit and cre- ate a blemish). Oftentimes, in order to keep the start with two apples placed in the pockets formed by the first five ap- ples and space. Continue this until the box is completed. Pear Packs. Pears are usually packed out in two grades designated as fancy and "C" grade and are packed in the standard pear box, 8Y2 inches deep, 11% inches wide and 18 inches long inside measurement. The outside length of the box should be 19% inches. The packed boxes should weigh from 50 to 51 pounds gross. In grading pears the fancy grade should consist of pears that are hand- picked, clean, sound and free from insect pests, sunscald, scab, scale or other diseases, worm holes, stings, broken skin, bruised, or evidence of frost by russetting, rough handling or Never allow the apples in the rows other serious defects, excepting rus- setting covering a total area not ex- ceeding one inch in diameter, except- ing it be upon varieties which are naturally russetted more or less. Slightly misshapen or slightly rubbed fruit may be admitted to this grade. to be loose from side to side of the box. This does not mean that they should be forced in so tight as to bulge the sides, but just tight enough that there will not be a space the thickness of a sheet of paper between two-two pack from coming too high them. Make the apples fit snugly "c" grade pears consist of all fruit at the ends of the box on sizes rang- across the box. The next greatest which does not meet the requirements ing from 41 to 72, inclusive, particu- fault is not keeping the size of all OI ,ne fancy grade as to blemishes larly on the larger of these sizes, it the apples the same in each box. If and deformities, but which in every is necessary, because of the length of you do not have the size of apple on wav is sound and merchantable and the apple, to turn all the layers of the table that you are packing in the free from disease, the box so that the apples are either box either wait for more of the *n defining the regulations for proper size or start the size you have packing pears, the Washington state on the table in another box. grading rules state that the term Among other points for the be- "properly packed" shall refer to the ginner or the improperly taught to re- arrangement and the amount of pears member is never to load the packing in each box. Pears to be properly table with too many boxes of apples Packed shall be arranged in the box stem or blossom toward the top or bottom. Where apples are like the Wagener, or some of the other flat varieties it sometimes becomes neces- sary to turn a row or two at one end of each layer in order not only to lower the ends but to fill up in length at the same time. The more apples according to approved and recognized the space yet left, alternating so that and the more sizes from which to the rows turned with the stem or choose the apple needed adds to the blossom toward the top or bottom of difficulty of choice. the box will be on layers Nos. 1 and The three-two pack is started with 3, on the end of the layer farthest three apples across the end of the from the packer. The reason for box. one in each of the corners turning in this way is that, until one nearest the packer and one in the layer is almost completed, it is hardly middle. Then place an apple in each possible to know how many rows °f the two pockets thus formed and must be turned in each layer. This can be determined as the end of the first layer is reached, and the same number turned in each succeeding layer as above stated, first at one end and then the other. The reason for alternating the turning of the apples on each layer is that, should the nearest rows on each layer and the farthest be turned and the rest on edge, it would make the ends too low and the change from turned apples to those cheeked abrupt and unsightly, besides allowing the cover to rest only against the cheeked apples, and allow an opportunity for the flat ones to become loose in the box. No definite rule can be given for turning of apples in this way other than may be determined by trial of each variety. Should more than two rows be re- quired to be turned it would either indicate that the packer was not mak- ing the rows fit snugly across the box or that the variety was decidedly flat and should be packed entirely on edge. then three in the pockets next formed until the end of the layer is finished. This layer may end three across or two across, as the case may be, de- termined by the size of the apple used. However, the next layer will methods and all boxes shall be tightly filled but the contents shall not show excessive or unnecessary bruising as a result of the pressure exerted in lidding the box. Each packed box must show a minimum bulge of one- half inch on both top and bottom. The most largely used standard pear packs are as follows: Tier Row Five 4-4 Five 5.4 Five 5-5 Five 6-5 Four 4-4 Four 5-4 Four ;,-;, Four 6-5 Style No. in Box 3-3 120 3-3 135 3-3 150 3-3 165 3-2 80 3-2 90 3-2 100 3-2 110 mercial pack of pes September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 Observations On the Evaporation of Prunes From Investigations Made by C. I. Lewis, F. R. Brown and A. F. Baras for the Oregon Agricultural College IN the evaporation of prunes certain fruit is thoroughly heated, then the aim is entirely different. We are really terms are generally used which may humidity should be gradually decreased after a cured fruit. While it may be not be well understood by growers until it is a little less than the percent- desirable so to handle the evaporator who are engaging in the work for the age of moisture desired in the finished that a high-class product may be turned first time. A brief definition of these product. It is well to have the tunnels out in the shortest time, yetwemustnot terms will probably prove helpful to thoroughly heated before the fruit is make the mistake of attempting to such people. "Drying time" is figured introduced. Some growers claim that evaporate the prunes so rapidly that from the time the fruit is placed in the they start prunes at as low a tempera- an inferior product is the result. Cer- heating chamber to the time it is re- ture as 90 to 115 degrees. We doubt, tain changes are taking place in the moved as dried fruit. "Weight per however, the wisdom of such a prac- prune during the process of evapora- bushel" refers to the number of pounds tice, for with such temperatures rapid tion. Sugar is forming rapidly and will of dried fruit from sixty pounds of fermentation of fruit may take place, do so unless the temperature is forced fresh prunes. "Size" refers to the nuni- which means a loss of sugar and a de- too high on the one hand, or allowed ber of dried prunes it takes to make a terioration of the product. Certain to remain too low, on the other. It is pound, such as 30-40's, 40-50's, etc. "Dy- molds may form at the lower tempera- very important to have all the factors ing percentage" is the relative amount ture and brown rot can work under influencing drying under the complete of dried fruit that is obtained from a such conditions. We have not carried control of the operator and influenced given amount of fresh fruit. "Dobies" on sufficient experimental work to stale as little as possible by outside condi- are prunes which dry more slowly than arbitrarily just what temperatures are tions and climatic changes, most of the fruit on the tray and have always best, but our results do show, Weather exerts a marked influence to be re-dried. "Bloaters" are prunes and our observations with many grow- on the weight of the fruit obtained from which puff up until the skin becomes ers indicate, that the temperatures we each bushel and on the drying percent- very tight so that they often explode have advised produce splendid results, age. The influence of weather is well and are worthless, examination show- It must be remembered that warm air shown in Table I. that nothing is left but skin and pit. will absorb more moisture than cold TABLE t._weight of fruit as influ- They are apt to have a burned or air; that if you have a large volume of enced by climatic conditions. scorched flavor. "Dripping" refers to hot, dry air, moisture that is given oft' Werighu Dry'/w an accumulation of thick sirup which from the fruit will be absorbed very car peLbs"' ""age ' oozes from the fruit during the process rapidly. Just how much moisture the 1911— Rainy 17.00 SHS of evaporation, generally caused by air can hold and still be of value in i913_Df^ ].:'..'..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'. 20^0 33^3% using unripe fruit and by improper prune drying, is a subject needing much Maximum in experimental methods of evaporation. Too high a tern- investigation. Many tunnels are so 19^Raffnry191.3 ;; V ; ; ; ; | ; ; \*jfi 28.11% perature at certain stages of evaporation long that the air when it reaches the Maximum in experimental may be partly responsible. Poor ventila- end of the tunnels is practically value- A™ar* ff°0rr \9^ ^jkiher '. '. 17.02 ll'.lit tion is also a factor. "Sweating" refers to less for evaporating purposes, as it is Average for dry weather — 20.09 33.49% the placing of prunes in piles or bins practically saturated with moisture, and L°ss due t0 rainy weather.. 3.07 5.12% and allowing them to remain until the giving out moisture rapidly into the The seasons of 1911 and 1914 were entire mass has a uniform moisture air tends to cool it and thus reduce the much alike. They were both rainy at content. "Sugaring" refers to the ac- moisture-holding capacity. As the the beginning of the season and strong cumulation of a white or sugary sub- prunes are nearing the time when they southwest winds prevailed. Such con- stance on the outside of the fruit, are ready to be taken from the trays, ditions are unfavorable to the evapora- "Frogs" are cured prunes which are they gradually become hot. If, how- tion of prunes. During the seasons of very much mishappen, probably due to ever, they are allowed to become too 1912 and 1913, however, almost ideal the fruit being unripe. "Processing" hot before they are really finished, the climatic conditions prevailed for good refers to the steaming of the prunes cells may rupture and leak, and drip- evaporation. The average sugar content just before they are packed in the boxes ping will take place. for 1913 was 15.28 per cent and that of for market. It is a cleansing, softening Thermometers. Much of the poor 1914, 12.45 per cent. This will account process and facilitates proper packing, work in evaporation of prunes is due for some of the difference in weight of Buildings for Evaporating Prunes. No to the fact that the grower is using a prunes, the remaining difference pro- hard fixed rules can be formulated poor thermometer. Cheap thermometers bably being due to weather conditions, which will apply in detail to all build- should not be used in prune evapora- From our investigations extending over ings used for the evaporation of prunes, tion. It would pay all growers to use a number of years, we find that there Every grower must study his own some self-recording thermometer which js a loss ranging from five per cent to evaporator carefully, so that he may would record the temperature during the nine per cent in the drying percentage know under what conditions he can entire twenty-four hours. Such a ther- due to unfavorable weather conditions, secure certain temperatures, certain air mometer will easily indicate what hap- if climatic conditions had been such circulation, and a combination of fac- pens when the night worker goes to that the prunes had thoroughly matur- tors which will turn out a high-grade sleep, and will be an aid in explaining ed, having a very high sugar content, fruit. What might apply to one build- many of the poor results obtained. less time would have been required to ing might not to another. There are Air circulation is extremely import- dry, there being a high drying percent- certain fundamental principles, how- ant. Good air circulation and proper age. This is one reason why Petites ever, that apply to all buildings. For ventilation must prevail at all times. It dry more quickly than Italians; another instance, lack of ventilation or air cir- is possible to have too rapid circulation reason is because they are a smaller culation would have the same effect re- and to have the ventilators draw out fruit. Investigations will show that gardless of where the prunes are dried, the air too quickly. For example, in some years prunes contain much more The use of abnormally low, or abnorm- evaporating vegetables, it is very de- moisture than others, are less mature ally high temperatures would have the sirable to have the air move rapidly at and contain less sugar, and therefore same influence in any building, as far a relatively low temperature of about require a longer drying time, as the type of product turned out is 140 degrees. These results are obtained Moisture Content. The question is concerned. Prunes require a great deal by blowing air over steam pipes and often asked as to how much moisture of air, which should move at the rate causing it to move rapidly over the prunes should contain after they are of at least 600 feet a minute. They vegetables. Some fresh fruits should be evaporated. In our experimental work should have a starting temperature of , dried in this same way. The aim is to we have accepted seventeen per cent to about 130 to 145 degrees, and a finishing have the product when finished re- eighteen per cent as the proper moisture temperature not higherthan 160 degrees, semble, as much as possible, the undried content. In some cases it has run as A high humidity should prevail until the product. With prunes, however, the Continued on page 29. Page 6 Better Fruit's Standard All packs to go in the Northwest Standard Box- THE apple grading rules and regul- ations used in connection with the packs illustrated below are the new ones adopted for 1920 by the State Agricultural Department of Washing- ton and are largely the same as those that are used in Oregon, Idaho and Montana with slight variations in the grading. All the packs here described are for the standard apple box measur- ing 10%xliy2xl8 inches inside measure- ment. A description of all packs not illustrated can be found under the head- ing "Apple Packs." Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 88 apples BETTER FRUIT Apple Packing Chart ■lOKxll '7XI8 inches inside measurement It will be noted that we have added to our apple packing chart this year illustrations of the 200 and 225 which are what are known as straight packs and the 125 diagonal pack. The 125 pack is now being much used for long apples like the Spitzenberg, Delicious and Ort- ley. The principal changes in the grading rules are in raising the color require- ments of some of the solid red varieties and in placing some of the other va- rieties under a new classification. Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 96 apples September, 1920 How to start a 2/2 diagonal pack How to start a 3/2 diagonal pack 3/2 pack, 4^4 tier, 5 layers, 188 apples Figure 1 — 41 apples Figure 2 — 64 apples Figure 3 — 72 apples Figure 4 — 80 apples Figure 5 — 88 apples *tft Figure 6 — 96 apples S88§ rPrP WcR 6m Figure 7—104 apples Figure 8—112 apples Figure 9 — 125 apples Figure 10 — 138 apples September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page s — 1 h-^J m HO Figure 11 — 150 apples oPcPq gRjP Ftfft OOOQQ Qppcyp OOOQC oooon Figure 14 — 188 apples Figure 15 — 200 apples Figure 16 — 225 apples Apple Grading Rules — Season 1920 Extra Fancy — Extra Fancy apples are de- worm holes will not be permitted. This fined as sound", mature, clean, hand-picked, grade must be plainly marked with the word well-formed apples only, free from all insect "Unclassified." pests, diseases, blemishes, bruises and holes, COLOR REQUIREMENTS mmcWes"";. 'sgn b?ok!n rt'.to^SSftSS APP'« *haU be admitted to the First and punctures or shin biohin at si. m, du sign Second grades, subject to the following color usseting wi thin the basin of the stem shall spec.ifu.afio,ls. TneJ percentage stated refers ne permmea. to the area of the surface which must be cov- Fancy Grade— I- ancy apples are defined as ered with a , shade of red apples complying with the standard of Extra Fancy Grade", except that slight leaf rubs, SOLID RED VARIETIES scratches, or russeting shall be permitted up Extra to a total of ten per cent of the surface, and I- ancy Fancy provided that scab spots not larger than one- Aiken Red 75% 25% quarter inch in diameter in the aggregate Arkansas Black 75% 25% shall be permitted in this grade. Baldwin .. i ', 259i "C" Grade— "C" grade apples shall con- Black Ben Davis ,_.y , 25J sist of sound, mature, hand-picked apples Detroit nea /a . --_' which are practically free from infection, Gano • • • ; • if %e jS,"h bruising or broken skin and which are not King David 75% 25% badly misshapen, provided that two healed «ed June .., , -._> , worm stings, slight sun scald, and scab up to Spi zenburg hsopus 75% 2o% a total of one-half inch in diameter shall be SpiUcnburg Kaign 759j 25 . permitted in this grade. Vanderpool 75* 2|9i Combination Grade— When Extra Fancy iVnTth™ M* r>v and Fancy apples are packed together the „ ! m '' ru.'j l v boxes must be marked ••Combination Extra Mdntosn mil i.i. Fancy and Fancy." When Fancy and "C" STRIPED OR PARTIAL RED VARIETIES grade apples are packed together trie box must Extra be marked "Combination Fancy and "C" Fancy Fancy Grades." Combination grades must contain Delicious 66 -'• , -V at least 25 per cent of apples which are of Stayman Winesap i",t;J', 25% such grade as would be permitted in the Black Twig 50' , 15', higher grades. None of the higher grade Ben Davis ."."' 15', apples shall be sorted out of any lot and the Bonum .Ml', I.v remainder packed as combination grade. Fameuse 50', 15' , Orchard Run— When Extra Fancy, Fancy Geniton 50% 15% and "C" Grade apples are packed together the Hubbardston 50% 15% boxes must be marked "Orchard Run." but Limbertwig Mr. 1591 Orchard Run apples must not contain any Missouri Pippin iO 15 fruit that will not meet the requirements of Northern Spy Mi. 15 "C" Grade. It shall be unlaw fill to remove Ontario 50 IV any of the higher grade apples from any lot Red Astrachaii 50' I i' and then pack the remainder as "Orchard Rainier 50 ', I Run." Rome Beauty *50 15 Unclassified— All firm apples which are Salome 50', 15% practically free from infection but which do Stark 509! 15 not conform to the foregoing specifications of Sutton 50', i, grade, or if conforming, are not branded in Willow Twig 50', 15' accordance therewith shall be classed as "Un- Wagener 50' ; 15% classified," and so branded, provided, thai no Wealthy : 5o- , i restriction shall be placed on the number of York Imperial worm stings admitted to this class. Open Alexander 25' ; 10% Chenango 25% 10% Gravenstein 25% 10% Jeffries 25% 10% King 25% 10% Oldenburg 25% 10% Shiawassee 25% 10% Twenty Ounce 25% 10% * No color requirement on Fancy Rome Beauty 96 and larger. RED CHEEKED OR BLUSHED VARIETIES Extra Fancy — Perceptibly blushed cheek. Fancy — Tinge of color. Hvdes King Maiden Blush Red Cheek Pippin Winter Banana. GREEN AND YELLOW VARIETIES Extra Fancy — Characteristic color. Fancy — Characteristic color. Grimes Golden Y'ellow Newtown White Winter Pearmain Cox's Orange Pippin Ortlev Yellow Bellefleur Rhode Island Greening. SUMMER AND EARLY FALL VARIETIES Summer varieties such as Astrachan, Bailey's Sweet, Beitigheimer, Duchess, Early Harvest, Bed June, Strawberry, Twenty Ounce Pippin. Yellow ^Transparent and kindred varieties, not otherwise specified in these grading rules, together with early fall varie- ties such as Alexander, Blue Pearmain, Wolf River, Spokane Reauty, Fall Pippin, Waxen, Tolman Sweet. Sweet Bough and other varie- ties not provided for in these grading rules, as grown in sections of early maturity, shall be packed in accordance with the grading rules covering Fancy Grade as to defects but regardless of color. All apples packed otherwise than accord- ing to the foregoing rules shall be accom- panied by a printed description of the contents of each package. APPLE PACKS No. in Style of Pack: Box 2x1 diagonal pack 5x5 long, 3 tier deep. . 45 2x1 diagonal pack 5x6 long, 3 tier deep. . 50 2x2 diagonal pack 3x3 long, 4 tier deep. . 48 2x2 diagonal pack 3x4 long, 4 tier deep. . 56 2x2 diagonal pack 4x4 long, 4 tier deep. . 64 2x2 diagonal pack 4x5 long, 4 tier deep.. 72 2x2 diagonal pack 5x5 long, 4 tier deep. . 80 2x2 diagonal pack 5x6 long, 4 tier deep. . 88 2x2 diagonal pack 6x6 long, 4 tier deep. . 96 2x2 diagonal pack 6x7 long, 4 tier deep. . 104 2x2 diagonal pack 7x7 long, 4 tier deep. . 112 2x2 diagonal pack 7x8 long, 4 tier deep. . 120 3x2 diagonal pack 4x5 long, 5 tier deep.. 113 3x2 diagonal pack 5x5 long, 5 tier deep. . 125 3x2 diagonal pack 5x6 long, 5 tier deep. . 138 3x2 diagonal pack 6x6 long, 5 tier deep. . 150 3x2 diagonal pack 6x7 long, 5 tier deep.. 163 3x2 diagonal pack 7x7 long, 5 tier deep. . 175 3x2 diagonal pack 7x8 long, 5 tier deep. . 188 3x2 diagonal pack 8x8 long, 5 tier deep. . 200 3x2 diagonal pack 8x9 long, 5 tier deep. . 213 5 straight pack 8 long, 5 tier deep. . 200 5 straight pack 9 long, 5 tier deep.. 225 DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD APPLE AND PEAR PACKAGES The standard size of an apple box shall be 18 inches long, 11 W. inches wide, 10% inches deep, inside measurement. Pear — lSxllVjxS1:: inches, and outside length 199i inches. 3%-inch suitcase pack Peach-Plum — 18x1114 x3U inches. DIMENSIONS OF APPLE BOX MATERIALS Ends— %xl0V?;xll%, 2 pieces, 20 to bundle. Sides— "sxl0':.xl9%, 2 pieces, 40 to bundle. Top and Bottom— iix5M.xl9%, 4 pieces, 100 to bundle. Cleats — "ix ?4xl li v., 4 pieces, 100 to bundle. Thirty-two 6d nails commonly used per box. RULES FOR ESTIMATING PAPER AND CARDBOARD Apples and Pears. Wraps for packing 100 boxes, 50 pounds. Lining for packing 100 boxes, 7% pounds. Cardboard for packing 100 boxes (apples), 16 pounds. RULES FOR USE OF PAPER Apples. Use 8xS for 188-200-213-225 Packs. Use 9x9 for 175-103-150-138-125-113 Packs. Use 10x10 for 112-104-100-96-88 Packs. 1 se 11x11 for 80-72-64-56 Packs. Use 12x12 for 50-48-41-36-32 Packs. /Yur.s. Use S\8 for 210-228-215 Packs. Use 9x9 for 193-180-165 Packs, Use 10x10 for 150-135-120-110-100 Packs. Use 11x11 for 90-80-70-60 Packs. CEMENT COATED NAM S Per keg: 4d, 55,000; od, 39,700; 5%d, 31,000; 6d, 23,600. Pa c;e 8 BETTER FRUIT Utilizing Baskets for Apple Shipments THE shortage and high prices of boxes as containers for packing apples during the past two years has caused growers in some sections of the Northwest to utilize some other style of package. One of the methods resorted to which is said to have proved satisfactory is the use of bas- kets. While baskets have been em- ployed in shipping peaches from some of the Western states for some time it is only comparatively recently that they have been used for apples in the Northwest. In using baskets for shipping apples Idaho has taken the lead and last year shipped a large quantity of fruit in this way. This year with a still greater shortage of containers and higher prices for boxes it is expected that a wider use of baskets will result and that other states are likely to use large quantities of them. Last year eight carloads of fancy apples were shipped in baskets from the Payette valley, which growers had no trouble in disposing of at satisfactory prices. Thirty cars were shiped from the Boise valley and 15 acres of 6,000 empty baskets to the car were utilized at Parma, Council, Twin Falls and other points in Idaho. By properly piling the baskets five tier high it is said to be possible to ship 600 packed baskets of apples to the car. In some instances the grad- ing and packing of the apples was done in the orchards doing away with the expense of hauling and hand- ling in the packing house. While packing apples in baskets in Oregon and Washington has been very limited so far, reports from the latter state are to the effect that they will probably be used to some extent there this year. In fact there has been a considerable tendency among growers Vr."- Jonathan apples packed in bushel baskets ready for shipment at Fruitland, Idaho. Your Apples Won't Freeze NEITHER WILL YOUR OTHER FRUIT OR POTATOES IF YOU USE Cabot's lusulating "Quilt" IN YOUR STORAGE HOUSES The Most Efficient Insulator, as Proved by the Tests of the United States GovernmentiBureau of Standards (Ask for copy of report of test) Cold and Heat-proof, Rot-proof , Vermin-proof, Fire-resistant Cabot's Quilt is a thick, resilient matting of cured eel-grass quilted between sheets of wonderfully strong Kraft paper. The eel-grass has a tough, flat fibre that forms thousands of dead-air spaces, making an insulating layer that the tests proved was superior even to cork board, which now costs over five times as much. For further information and details of proper construction write or see TIMMS, CRESS & CO., Distributors PORTLAND, OREGON Jobbers and Dealers in Building Materials, Building Papers, Roofing, Perfection Plaster Board, Cabot's Conservo Wood Preservative, Cabot's Creosote Shingle Stains September, 1920 in some of the states to try shipping some of their apples in bulk due to the shortage of containers. In view of this, baskets which can be ob- tained for about the same price as boxes this year may prove a big help in moving the Northwest apple crop. Our Advertisers In the raising of fruits, as in any other business, one must have a certain amount of equipment. There are tools for cultivation, for spraying, for harvesting and packing, without which the or- chardist cannot hope to compete for success with his more progres- sive neighbor, who possesses this equipment. In accepting advertising for Bet- ter Fruit we have endeavored to be sure that the articles are as advertised. We feel, therefore, that our readers are safe in buying from any of our advertisers. You will find the advertising col- umns of Better Fruit an interest- ing and helpful directory of the most modern orchard equipment and materials necessary to the fruitgrower. September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page p WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Paee JO BETTER FRUIT Operating Air-Cooled Apple Storage Houses By H. J. Ramsey and S. J. Dennis, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture PROPERLY grown, matured, and handled fruit can not be held in good condition for the maximum length of time in storage unless it is cooled with some degree of prompt- ness. Neither can it be stored for the maximum length of time unless it is held under favorable storage tempera- tures and conditions. The two factors of promptness of cooling and the maintenance of proper storage tem- peratures are inseparably associated with both the construction and the management of air-cooled storage houses. These are the two factors for which the manager of the storage house is primarily responsible. If the grower is also the manager of his own common storage house, full re- sponsibility for the condition of the fruit in storage must necessarily de- volve on him. If, however, the com- mon storage house is managed by an association or by some one other than the grower, the responsibility for the keeping quality rests both with the grower and the storage-house manager. When the apples are grown, harvested, and stored by a single in- dividual, there is no question as to who is responsible for every act that tends to prolong or shorten the life of [ This is one of a series ] Clean and Safe These are requisites in spray materials, They are practical details of manufacture and technique. ZENO Is clean to handle, safe to apply. It will not hurt the hands or face of the operator, Nor the skin of horses. It has been used for years in parks, On tough and tender trees and shrubs, Much more difficult to spray than orchards. It is used to control scale, aphis, mealy bug, Red spider — to clean the tree of black smut, Moss and lichen. ZENO Is an internationally used Miscible oil spray, and these are reasons why It has proved the best by years of test. MANUFACTURED ONLY BY Eastbay Chemical Co., Inc. (formerly STANDARD CHEMICAL CO.) of Emeryville Station [Oakland] California T. O. McCLURE. Director of Research [Zeno may be had of your local Distributor, Fruit Company, Exchange, or by writing to us direct] SPOHN & WING, Northwest Agents 223 Sherlock Building, Portland, Oregon September, 1020 the fruit. If, however, there is a di- vision of labor, one man growing and harvesting and another storing the fruit, then there is always a question as to what may have caused the loss in storage and who was responsible for it. Inefficient management of storage houses results usually in the very slow cooling of the fruit and the main- tenance of temperatures anything but desirable. All the money invested in the orchard enterprise and all the care exercised in growing and har- vesting the crop may be wholly wasted by inattention to the details of proper storage-house management. It is therefore evident that if air- cooled storage houses are to be suc- cessfully employed it is essential that proper attention be given to both con- struction and management, in order to preserve the keeping quality that the fruit possesses at the time it is placed in storage. The efficiency of a common storage house will depend primarily upon the rapidity which the fruit is cooled and the storage temperatures maintained. A common storage building, there- fore, must necessarily provide for two things — the freest circulation and in- take of cold air during the night or the cooler periods of the day and the conservation of this cold air by clos- ing all hatches and intakes before the outside temperature begins to rise and by preventing the leakage of heat through the walls, floors, and ceilings of the building. For the intake of cold air, openings should be provided at or near the ground or the lower part of the building, while air shafts leading upward from the ceiling of the storage chamber or chambers should be provided to carry off the warm air. To prevent the leakage of heat into the building, the walls, ceilings, and floors must be insulated. As these two factors govern to a con- siderable extent the rapidity of cool- ing and the maintenance of low tem- peratures, the importance of ventila- tion and insulation can hardly be overestimated. No other two factors of construction or operation are of greater importance. Upon these de- pend in the final analysis the success or failure of the common storage house. The circulation of air in a common storage house is usually secured through natural ventilation induced by the difference in the weight of air at different temperatures. Air when warm expands and occupies a greater amount of space than when cold. The weight of a cubic foot of warm air is less than the weight of a cubic foot of cold air. When the air inside of the building is warmer than that out- side, the cold outside air. by reason 11I' its greater weight, flows in through the openings at the lower part of the building. This incoming colder air pushes out the warmer and lighter air Continued on page 32. ■ < \!>\ Hi I tSERS M BETTER FKE'IT September, iqj<> BETTER FRUIT Page ii For President Warren G. Harding For Vice-President Calvin Coolidge The Republican Party and the Farmer YOU farmers of America have more at stake in this election than any other ele- ment in our citizenship. You have borne more than your full share of the burdens of public waste, extravagance and mismanagement. Tou want a change. Tou want this change at Washington be- cause the present national administration has singled out yours, the biggest of all national industries, as a target for a price fixing pol- icy which has limited the return for your output, while leaving you exposed to the ex- actions of profiteers in every other line of production, distribution and speculation. You Have Been the Victim Tou have been told what you could charge for your staple products, you have been sub- jected to all sorts of restraints, exactions and annoyances, while there has been no limit to what others might charge you for food, cloth- ing, machinery and other necessities of your occupation. The result of this unwise, unsympathetic policy, while harmful to the farm producer, has not been helpful to the consumer. Pro- duction has been curtailed, speculation in food has been facilitated, and that expansion of the great farming industry essential to Amer- ica's future has been halted. Make the Farm More Profitable The Republican party by its platform and the utterances of its candidates, is pledged to a sympathetic, practical, helpful attitude to- ward American agriculture. It promises a con- structive program which will make the farm more profitable and therefore more produc- tive. The Republican party is not a class or sec- tional party; its policies are intended for the upbuilding of the whole nation. But it be- lieves that it is essential to the general wel- fare that the American farmer, whose in- dustry is the base of our national prosperity, should be stimulated to larger production through an assurance to him of a larger share of the values which his own labor and en- terprise create. The Democratic platform reaffirms the tariff-for-revenue-only policy which will open the American market to the invasion of cheap farm products of foreign lands (the resultant of cheap labor) when shipping becomes avail- able. It promises no relief from the price fix- ing and other farm policies of this administra- tion, or remedy for the violent fluctuations in farm product prices which have caused the farmer such heavy losses. Pledges of the Party Here is what the Republican platform and the country-bred candidate say on the issues of special interest to the farmer: Practical and adequate farm representation in the appointment of governmental officials and commissions. The right to form co-operative associations for marketing their products, and protection against discrimination. The scientific study of agricultural prices and farm production costs at home and abroad, with a view to reducing the frequency of abnormal fluctuations, and the uncensored publication of such reports. The authorization of associations for the extension of personal credit. A national inquiry on the co-ordination of rail, water and motor transportation, with adequate facilities for receiving, handling and marketing food. The encouragement of our export trade. An end to unnecessary price fixing and ill- considered efforts arbitrarily to reduce prices of farm products, which invariably result to the disadvantage both of producer and con- sumer. The encouragement of the production and importation of fertilizing material and for its extended use. The extension of the federal farm loan act so as to help farmers to become farm owners and thus reduce the evils of farm tenantry. and also to furnish such long-time credit as farmers need to finance adequately their larger and long-time production operations. Revision of the tariff as necessary for the preservation of a home market for American labor, agriculture and industries. (Note that the pledge to the farmer is just as specific as to labor and capital.) Harding's Endorsement Senator Warren G. Harding, the Republican nominee, in his speech of acceptance took advanced ground on behalf of agriculture. He said: "I hold that farmers should not only be per- mitted but encouraged to join in co-operative associations to reap the just measure of re- ward merited by their arduous toil." "Our platform is an earnest pledge of re- newed concern for agriculture, and we pledge effective expression in law and practice. We will hail that co-operation which will make profitable and desirable the ownership and operation of small farms and which will fa- cilitate the marketing of farm products with- out the lamentable waste which exists under present conditions, "A Republican administration will be com- mitted to a renewed regard for agriculture and seek the participation of farmers in cur- ing the ills justly complained of and aim to place the American farm where it ought to be — highly ranked in American activities and fully sharing the highest good fortune of American life. "Becoming associated with this subject are the policies of irrigation and reclamation, so essential to agricultural expansion, and the continued development of the great and won- derful west." Mr. Harding p dg - federal co-operation with state governments In building and im- proving farms-to-market roads rather than ,1 highways, to cheapen and facilitate the quick shipment of crops. Send for a free copy of Senator Harding's address in which he discusses at length present day problems of the farmer. REPUBLICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE. Auditorium Hotel. Chicago. WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION* JtKTTER TRVIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON Delayed Apple Buying. It is now evident that speculation in the 1920 apple crop will be re- duced to the minimum as buyers who last year bought large blocks of apples early in the season are holding off until the market is more fully de- veloped. In fact, apple sales up to September 1st have been fewer than in almost any years that men in the trade can remember. This does not necessarily mean a poor year for the grower, but it does mean that the apple movement to the big markets will be considerably slower this year than last and that the grower and shipper must take every precaution to store and care for their hold- ings. The delay in apple buying is un- doubtedly due to some extent to un- certain financial conditions in regard to the movement of almost all farm crops. These conditions will no doubt adjust themselves a little later in the season. As to the size of the crop, although larger than last year by 15 to 20 per cent, it is not by any means of the bumper proportions of a number of years in the past. There should, therefore, be a good market at satis- factory prices for the crop — particu- larly the Northwest output, which is far below normal in size, but of fine quality. BETTER FRUIT marketing the season's crop of soft fruits at the increased prices. It is believed, however, that the top notch was reached this year in prices for soft fruit canning stock. Shipping in Bulk. The apple packing season is again with us, bringing with it, according to reports from all sections of the country, a distinct shortage of con- tainers. In the East, barrels are high and difficult to get, and in the North- west the same conditions obtain in regard to boxes. This has led to a great deal of talk about shipping in bulk, and it is probable that a consid- erable shipment of Northwest apples will be made from some sections in the latter region to points in the Middle West unpacked. These ship- ments, however, must of necessity be limited as the large Eastern buyers of Northwest apples, buy them on ac- count of the attractiveness of the box package as well as their quality. If they want bulk apples, they can buy them much nearer home. If the box shortage becomes very acute, it may result, in some sections, in the pack- ing of the extra fancy and fancy grades in boxes and in shipping the "C" grade in some other way. The grower, however, who can ob- tain boxes should not be tempted to experiment in shipping his apples, even at the high cost of containers. The reputation of the Northwest apple has been built up and is being main- tained on its extra high quality pack and a deviation from this course can- not help but prove disastrous. Soft Fruit Crop Generally speaking, the 1920 berry and cherry crop has been marketed at very satisfactory figures to the grower this year. Prices for all kinds of soft fruits have been the highest ever known in the Northwest, and, despite the high cost of labor or ma- terials necessary to the soft fruit in- dustry, growers, almost without ex- ception, have had a most profitable season. In some instances there is a tendency to be skeptical as to whether the establishments who bought the soft fruit crops can turn them at a living profit. Of course this does not worry the grower, except that if prices for the finished product fall down in one year, prices must natur- ally be lower the next. It is to be assumed, however, that most of the buyers of soft fruits had estimated the quantity they could sell at the prices paid and were taking no chances. In fact in some lines of processed fruits, manufacturers are said to have sold more stock than they could obtain. In others, the prices of fruit were so high that it was almost prohibitive and the output was necessarily limited. In viewing the whole situation canners are in- clined to be optimistic in regard to Marking Fruit Packages. Fruits and vegetables in package form when shipped into interstate commerce should bear a plain and conspicuous statement of the quan- tity of the contents in each package, according to a statement made by officials of the Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agricul- ture, who are charged with the en- forcement of the Federal food and drugs act. Instructions have been is- sued showing how various fruits and vegetables in different styles of pack- ages may be marked in order to com- ply fully with the net weight amend- ment to the law, and also showing what shipments of vegetables as ordi- narily marketed are exempt from the net weight provisions. September, ip20 bination is an effective disinfectant for both wounds and tools, according to Prof. F. C. Reimer. Frequent in- spection in districts where this dis- ease has been discovered is necessary and growers should use extraordinary vigilance in combatting this disease. What the Newspapers Interested in Fruit Are Saying The removal of price control of apples from August 1 to the middle of November by the British Government recalls the remark of the embarrassed dinner guest that the butter was verv good, what there was of it. and that there was enough of it, too, such as it was. — Fruit Trade Journal. We hear that very extensive orders have been placed for small motor machinery for working citrus farms and sugar plantations in Natal and the Eastern Transvaal. There is no doubt that South Africa is certainly behind in its application of motive power to land-working. A combined tool which ploughs or culti- vates, or converts itself into a stationary engine at will and is always ready to work must "stand in" as a thing the working farmer can't afford to be without. Elsewhere, scarcity and dearness of labor has forced the use of these implements to the front and they certainly cut work. We are not in the dire need of other countries so far as labor goes, but we are in competition with their products, and if they can "do it cheaper" by applying new methods we have got to apply them, too. — South African Fruitgrower. The California Associated Raisin Company on August 9th named its opening prices for 1920 crop of raisins on a basis of 15c per pound to the grower. This is an increase of five cents per pound over last year's prices. With an increase in the yield this year, raisin growers will receive approxi- mately $22,000,000 more for this year's crop than they were paid last year. The estimated tonnage of the 1920 California raisin crop is 200.000,000 tons in comparison with a total tonnage of about 190,000.000 tons produced last year. The price the trade will pav for this year's raisin crop will be ap- proximately $80,000,000, of which the Cali- fornia raisin growers will receive about $60,- 000,000. — Sunsweet Standard. The amount of effort it has taken to bring to the attention of people of the valley the menace confronting them in the lack of re- frigerator cars for this year is almost unbe- lievable. When the facts are presented as clearly as they have been in this case it would seem that people would flock to the cause and thereby prevent, if possible, a serious loss. But the general inclination seems to be to let George do it, or an implicit confidence that the thing will come out all right. The growth of that idea would ultimately tear down every improvement that has been made with such great effort in the Yakima Valley. It will spell defeat in any cause just as surely as the defensive game played by the Germans was disastrous before aggressive forces. Those few individuals who responded to the first call for ammunition in the refrigerator car campaign are in a class with the Belgians who stemmed the gray tide in a critical moment. The present situation demands immediate action of the most aggressive character if the valley is not to feel the pinch of congested transportation when shipping time comes. — Yakima Valley Progress. Combatting Fire Blight. Do not forget that fire blight is one of the most serious diseases in an or- chard and that when discovered should be cut out at once. This dis- ease shows itself in the fruit spurs and twigs first, which exhibit a cankerous condition. In removing fire blight the cuts should be made 10 to 12 inches below the infected part. The wounds should be disinfected with one grain of cyanide of mercury and one gram of bichloride of mer- curv to 500cc of water. This com- How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart as it appears in this number, but printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will he mailed to anyone desiring it on the following terms: ne card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Better Fri it. One card without subscription 10c Twelve cards without subscription. . .$1.00 For quantity prices write us. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. 703 Oregonian Building Portland. Oregon September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 The Northwest's Orchard Supplies The Northwest Standard The ladder chosen by orchardists throughout the United States, because it is light and well constructed. Bastian Straight Pruner Why waste your time with an old- style pruner, when you can use the Bastian and prune your trees with ease in one-half the time? Sold for less money than any other pruner on the market, considering quality and workmanship. Eagle Brand Ladder A handy ladder where limbs are close together; easily put into tree without bruising the limbs. Sectional Pruner Bastian Sectional Take-down Prim- ers, three pruners in one, 6-9-12 feet. A few minutes will change from short to long or to medium. One Sectional will do the work for a fair sized orchard. Put up in 42-inch length cartons. Can be mailed by parcel post. Barnett Picking Pails No bruised fruit when you use the Canvas Bot- connect torn Pail with sides lined. The most modern device "ftpsu! for picking fruit. Cost is small. All Northwest Ladders are made of clear spruce and well ironed, with rod under each step. Ask ™£[**!; your dealer for the genuine "Northwest." Our name on each ladder. If he cannot supply you, write siting us direct. Northwest Fence and Wire Works co- PORTLAND, OREGON MENTION BETTER Page 14 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 Service Rendered by Our Fertilizer and Stock Food Factories By W. R. Lebo, Secretary Marine Products Co., Inc., Tacoma, Washington The functions of our factories are many. They serve as storage and collection depots for ammoniates, phosphates, potash, guanos and animal and other by-products, brought together from all points of the compass. The materials brought together under a common roof are stored, ground, mixed, screened and handled with specially designed labor saving machin- ery. Without this treatment many of these in- gredients would be a total loss to agriculture. CHEMICAL CONTROL The men in charge of our plants are skilled in chemistry and engineering and they must necessarily have a definite knowledge of the chemical reactions that are constantly occurr- ing throughout the entire processing. Ability to judge the chemical combinations in advance so that there are no false moves with resultant failures of manufactured goods is a further requisite. Goods for both fertilizer and stock feed are sampled, analyzed and classed safely. Balanced ration stock feed and formulas are calculated in advance and the combinations resultant must check to a nicety in order to comply with the State fertilizer and feeding laws which require guaranteed analysis. CONSERVATION Practical conservation of the highest order is Ihe result of our routine control work and experimentation. The happy cobmination of technical and practical men in our personnel has saved, and is saving thousands of tons of fish offal in Alaska, packing house offal and other by-products in the Northwest, to be fur- ther used in the conservation of the land. One acre well fertilized is often worth two acres unfertilized in actual production. Poultry and live stock when fed a balanced ration com- bining protein from an animal organic source, phosphates from bone, with a grain ration, show increased production and lower feeding costs. FIELD WORK Close observation of the crops grown in Cali- fornia, Oregon and Washington, by trained men who cover every district several times yearly, make it possible for us to carry on the most thorough investigation of fertilizers and their results. Extensive experiments are being carried on in a practical way throughout the Pacific Njrlhwest. The West Side Gardens located near Tacoma, use approximately SI 5,000.00 per year of our special formulas on their two hundred odd acre farm, where we have carried on the most exhaustive practical research work ever attempted on the Pacific Coast. "PuyallupBrancTBerryFertilizer "TWO - TEN - TWO" A concentrated balanced ration berry pro- ducing fertilizer, especially designed to meet the needs of berry production in the wet climate of Ihe Pacific Northwest. Constant ex- periments and close contact with the growers have made "Puvallup Brand" berry fertilizer possible. The theory of this fertilizer is, that " is based on largely organic materials, which ^r^^m in beloy On blackbei represent the product' FERTILIZED WITH CHICKEN MANURE The upper vieyv shows raspberries fertilized with chicken manure, lizer used. The owner, Mr. Stevenson, at Puyallup, will fertilize year. This place adjoins the on are timed to break down as the result of bac- terial activity, exerting a continuity of fer- tilizer effort on the berry vines. The action of organic fertilizers in the soil is ideal from the standpoint of utility. Applying "Puyallup Brand" berry fertilizer will obtain for the grower, first an increase of organic matter con- tent with its effect on water retaining capacity, improved mechanical condition, addition of bacteria, and increased bacterial activity. The bacteria attack particles of meat, blood and bone, thus transforming the nitrogen to am- monia, in which form nitrates are taken up by the roots, the form in which most of the nitro- gen is absorbed. In cold weather the bacteria are not active and at such time as the plant is not actively feeding, the plant food from organic material is not available and for this reason does not leach out of the soil. On the other hand in- organic materials, such as nitrate of soda, are soluble in any kind of weather and readily leach beyond the roots of the tree, oftentimes leaving behind an injurious residue harmful to the plant. By using a natural product, something once a part of a living organism, are allowing nature's forces to take care of the fertilizing in a natural way, you need never worry about what day you must fertilize to get the best results. "Puyallup Bra , "Puyallup Br The New Growth Bears the Fruit FERTILIZED WITH "PUYALLUP BRAND" <;. Hamainshi place adjoins Ihe berry patch in upper picture. Our Major Newsom is over Six feet tall and his position illustrates the splendid growth received as a result of "Puyallup Brand berry fertilizer which was applied in the fall. nd raspberries the suckers wood necessary for fruit .^ are essential, but if too odueed they shade the fruit and make harvesting difficult. Here again new wood growth must be controlled. The run- ners represent the new wood of strawberries. Those produced by this year's mother plants are destined to bear the crop of next year. Here the fertility problem consists in getting a sullicieit number of well rooted runners, but avoiding such an excessive number as to make them crjwd each other and function as so many weeds PLANT FOOD CONTROLS WOOD GROWTH The kind, form and amount of plant food available for the use of the plant control the wood growth. Fertilizer Is A Chain The three links may be termed Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. The limiting fac- tor in the growth of a crop may be one ele- ment, any of the three. The plant food ration is no stronger than its weakest link. NITROGEN is the stem and leaf producer. It produces the green, rank growth of the plant and gives to foliage a healthy green color. PHOSPHORIC ACID hastens the maturity and increases production of fruit. POTASH strengthens the fiber of the wood growth and aids in producing healthy disease resistant plants and fruit, and above all pro- duces hard shipping quality in the berry. Note: — Where the grower is getting sufficient cane growth and wishes to increase shipping quality, we substitute a two-ten-four analysis. increasing the formula by 2 per cent, of potash to cover this condition. PLANT FOOD MUST BE BALANCED Sickly and weakened condition of growth in- dicates'lack of nitrogen. But nitrogen unbal- anced by the other food usually proves a very poor remedy. If the plant food ration is out of balance 'new wood delays in ripening, is subject to winter killing, and the excessive grow th of leaves shades the fruit and leads to poor quality. Phosphoric acid and potash, in combination with nitrogen, remedies this con- dition. The best fertility practice is to use "Puya'lup Brand" berry fertilizer which grows enough new wood for a full set of fruit, but which also luips to strengthen it, to prevent w inter killing. CLOVER IN THE BERRY FIELD Cane berries will eventually be planted seven to eight feet apart ill the rows and B Legume grown through the center. This will be disked in to allow of ready access between Ihe rows. The actual cane row may be clean cultivated. In this manner much of the nitro- gen required can be secured by Ihe legume which will also furnish organic matter and a special phosphoric acid and potash fertilizer September, 1920 BETTER FRU IT Page 15 may be obtained from the manufacturer of fertilizers lo supply the fruit's demands. DIRECTIONS Small fruit require from 1000 lbs. to 2000 lbs. of "Puyallup Brand" fertilizer applied to each acre yearly, in order to produce heavy yield crops", year after year. METHOD OF APPLICATION The best method is to make two applica- tions; one-half in the Fall and one-half in the Spring. Good results have been shown by fer- tilizing in a circle around the upper root system, starting 8 inches or 10 inches from the stalk of the vine. Where proper cultiva- tion is earned on, broadcasting between the rows places the plant food where it is ulti- mately available. There is no danger to work- ing "Puyallup Biand" fertilizer around the roots of berry fr.iits. SPRING FERTILIZATION At this season of the year there is a current of life that pulsates throughout the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms. "Spring's Impulse" it is sometimes called, and who can deny its influence? Do not wait to respond to the call of your fruit vines until the buds ire bursting and the new leaves are evidence that "Spring has come." This period is too late for the best results for fertilizer as the strongest impulse is past. Later efforts of fertilization are never as efficient. The soil is nature's factory and must limit its output to the raw material on hand. If the plant food is not ready when needed you've lost part of the growth which your berry vines would have made. A successful farmer should look ahead as the successful manufacturer does and provide for the conditions which are go- ing to exist. A supply of organic plant food should be at the demand of the searching new rootlets which put forth in every direction. "Puyallup Brand" supplies the demand for material to produce growth of foliage and new wood, as well as the much desired heavy bloom. SUMMER FERTILIZER Summer fertilizing is often resorted to, to provide a sustaining power to develop growth properly and to hold and mature the young fruit. Laying the foundation for the next year's crop depends as surely upon sufficient food as its quality depends upon the source of its food. At this period we supply special mixtures low in nitrogen and high in potash to give firmness and shipping qualities to the berry. This treatment adds materially to weight and solidity. FALL FERTILIZING Berry trees and vines in the main should be fertilized in the Fall. Our "Puyallup Brand" berry fertilizer is manufactured from slowly available organic materials for this season. The fertility elements contained in this appli- cation are gradually taken up and assimilated by the roots during the late Fall and Winter, thus establishing full vigor. This Fall storage of plant food assists in avoiding loss by frost because of the increased vigor and ability to withstand its inroads. Capacity of strawberry and berry vines means chiefly bearing surface, other conditions being normal. Applications of "Puyallup Brand" fertilizer in the Fall have proven that big capacity bearing surface is the result. Warning The success of Marine Products Company's "Puyallup Brand" berry fertilizer has caused several companies to duplicate the chemical analysis, two-ten-two, and their salesmen make the statement "as good as Marine Products Company's berry fertilizer and costs you less money." Remember there are two points of view in fertilizing: 1st To start the vine. 2nd To nourish it to fruition. Our fertilizer represents a continuity of plant food energy; the organic materials are combined to break down during the entire growing and fruition period, and the con- stituent elements knit with the soil in a natural way. By substituting chemicals and organic materials not readily available, our superior facilities and greater buying and dis- tributing power, would allow us to make a cut price fertilizer cheaper than any produced in the Northwest. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS We guarantee analysis but a stress should be laid not upon analysis and valuations so much as upon the intrinsic and agricultural values. Bear in mind that a manufacturer looking more to profits than to their reputation, may use materials which produce high chemical valuations at a low expense, yet in so doing he may rob the fertilizer of its agricultural value simply to o*iain a commercial value. When an Agriculturalist says one analysis is as good as another, remember he speaks only from the more or less limited experience which he may have gained in a community where some Agricultural Experiment Stations still recommend playing with the crop, feeding it first one thing and then another. The crop Commercial Manures Phos. Nit. A. Potash Berries 2 10 2 . ."Puyallup" Brand Large Fruit 6 10 4 "Clarke's Wenat- c h e e" Orchard Dressing 1 8 10 "Harris" Special (Hood River) Potatoes... 2 10 4 ..."Potato" Special Tomatoes.. 3 8 6 . . "Tomato" Special Vegetables. 2 10 2 ..."Lebo's" General Hops 6 8 4 . . . (Muehler's Hop) Law ns Tankage, Fish Meals Miscellaneous Marproco Brands Sea Products Fish Meal, Whale Meal. Kelp Potash, Whale Bone Potash, Nitrate, Blood, Bone, Superphosphate TANKAGE Carlot Shippers Aquatic and Packing House By-products for Feed and Fertilizer Marine Products Company TACOMA.U.S. A. requires a complete balanced ration plant food just as live stock requires such a ration. Our fertilizers are built on the basis of natural crop requirements. "PROOF OF THE PUDDING" The "proof of the pudding is in the eating thereof." Our efforts are rewarded by the hundreds of testimonials, some of them con- tained herein. Salem, Oregon, July 28, 1920. Marine Products Co. I used your fertilizer this Spring on one acre of loganberries and am securing great results; in fact, far better than I anticipated. Am get- ting three times as many berries as my neigh- bor adjoining. Am well pleased with the fertilizer. Jonn D, Campbell. Salem. Oregon, July 27, 1920. I used Marine Products Co.'s "Puyallup Brand" fertilizer on loganberries this year and have got an excellent cane growth from its use. Also an increased production of berries. R. M. Cammack. Hubbard, Oregon, July 28, 1920. I used Marine Products Co.'s "Puyallup Brand" fertilizer on six rows of my logan- berries. These rows were on my poorest ground, but I obtained twice the yield on these rows that I did on the unfertilized rows. I am well pleased with the fertilizer. H. W. Kunkle. Route 1, Box 2, Puyallup, July 10, 1920. This is to say that the past Spring I used the Marine Products Co. berry fertilizer on my raspberry patch. I am exceedingly well pleased with the results. The cane growth is fine, the berries are large and firm, and there is every indication of a fine crop. The patch was in a very run down condition when I applied the fertilizer. chas. Nolin. Route 3, Box 172, Puyallup, Wash. I have used the Marine Products Co. berry fertilizer on strawberries, blackberries and raspberries. The strawberries gave a 200 per cent, increase in yield. The blackberries have not yet come into bearing, but I have never seen finer cane growth and the blooms are pro- fuse. They will yield a bumper crop. There is fully a 50 per cent, increase in the cane growth' of the raspberries and while the yield has been cut down by the frost, nevertheless the good effects of the fertilizer can be clearly seen. r, m. Campbell. Route 3, Box 180, 21st St. N.W., Puyallup, July 19, 1920. I think I have the finest berry patch in the Valley. The yield in berries of fine quality has been so heavy that I had to use the double wire system as trellis support. The new cane growth reaches up from ten to twelve feet. I think that to say there has been a sixty per cent, new cane growth above the old vines would be a conservative statement. I used the Pu-L-Up berry fertilizer on my raspberries and reinforced the same with a small amount of chicken litter from the chicken house, composed mostly of straw. I also used the fertilzer on my rhubarb, with the result that the canning company paid me one cent more per pound on account of the extra quality. I feel that the Marine Products Co. fertilizer, together with good tillage, has accomplished astonishing results. We have named our ranch ••The Lucky Ten." Mrs. Genevieve Ferguson. Anthracnose on Berries. To prevent anthracnose in logan- berries or blackberries remove all the old canes as soon as the harvest is complete and burn them. This is a safer plan than cutting the canes up and plowing them under. Next spring spray the plants just before the blos- soms open and again two weeks after the blossoming period, using Bor- deaux mixture 2-3-50. Early Picked Pears. Early picked pears are decidedly inferior in quality to those harvested later, says the O. A. C. Experiment Station. Pears picked from the mid- dle to the end of the season likewise keep slightly longer in cold storage than the early picked fruit. Growers can get the pear harvesting and stor- age bulletin by writing to the college at Corvallis. The Value of An Apple depends greatly on its appearance. When Nature has done her pari, giving size, color and shape to your fruit, do not lessen your profit l>\ use of imperfect picking devices, which may bruise or mar the fruit's appearance, when you can buy A Portland Picking Bag Designed to afford safety to your fruit from tree lo box. Price, $2.50 Each THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 No. Front St., Portland, Ore. 222 Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Cal. Page 16 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 Fairs— Their Value to the Community COMMUNITY, county, state and in- terstate fairs are a big asset to both the business man and producer. It follows that promoting some form of community fair, such as an ex- hibit of local products, is profitable from many points of view. It stim- ulates better production of stock, farm produce and garden truck. It engen- ders the community pride, and adver- tises in an attractive fashion good products and those who produced them. Advertisers have discovered that good characteristics of their products which are so familiar to them as to seem commonplace are often not so well known to the great buying pub- lic. Goods must be talked about if business is to be secured. The same holds true with communities. The excellence of neighborhood products and the special lines in which vari- ous individuals excel may seem like a very old story to those immediately concerned, but there are plenty of folks near by who have not heard this story, or, by chance they have heard it, it is very much worth while from a business standpoint to repeat it — and more than once. If the community decides to hold a fair, an organization should be formed, officers elected, and commit- tees appointed. The latter should in- clude committees on amusement and entertainments, arrangements, decora- tions and publicity. These are gen- eral committees. In addition, there should be exhibit department commit- tees for such exhibits as live stock, farm products, orchard and garden products, women's work and fine arts, school and club exhibits and histori- cal relics. Too much emphasis cannot be placed on properly advertising the fair through articles in the local pa- pers, printed handbills, hand-made posters, notices read, preferably sev- eral times, in the schools and churches, and in various other ways. The publicity committee should give special attention to advertising in neighboring communities, extending an invitation in such cordial terms that many who do not ordinarily visit the community holding the exhibit will be induced to do so. The exhibit should represent as nearly as possible the normal produc- tion of the community, for one of the purposes of such a fair is to stimu- late interest in increasing the quan- tity and improving the quality of the average produce, as well as giving special recognition to the leaders in different lines. Freak exhibits are to be avoided. The committee should make it a point to solicit exhibits from all persons eligible, not failing to emphasize the business benefits which may result. "Redimade" Portable Take-Apart House For Apple Pickers' Use Price p?", $155.00 Can be erected by two men in a day. Can be easily taken apart and stored away. Made in 4 ft. wide sections ready to bolt together. Best grade material, size lOxlG feet. Prices include matched sec- tional floor, three single sash windows and door, and prepared roofing, every- thing ready to put together and move in. Siding is best 1x6 rustic. Order as many houses as you need for your pickers. Redimade Building Co. 801 Lewis Bldg., PORTLAND, OREGON No Orchard or Farm is Complete Without Our Latest Model COMMERCIAL SIZE All Purpose Evaporator Write for Folder HOME EVAPORATOR CO. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI P O. Box 817 Central Station Success Ewing Orchard Ladder Scientific tests and calculations must enter into the design and construction of a perfect Orchard Ladder. The weight and breaking strength of lumber, as well as its ability to stand exposure without checking and splitting, determines the kind of material to be used. The constantly varying leverages and loads to which the ladder is subjected determines the design which should be used. A ladder designed so as to combine maximum .strength with minimum weight and long life is what has been produced in the SUCCESS LADDER. It differs from other ladders in the following points: — "A" — Lighter weight. "B" — Greater strength. "C" — Clear dry spruce lumber — the strongest wood for its weight that grows. «D"— Special patented metal clips to hold steps, which are also fully rodded throughout. "E" — For shipping or being stored can be completely folded into one-half the space occupied by other ladders. "F" — No long, weak lower steps as in other ladders. . 8 ft. ladder, 27 lbs. 10 ft. ladder, 31 lbs. 12 ft. ladder, 40 lbs. 14 ft. ladder, 44 lbs. 16 ft. ladder, 53 lbs. No Wobble— Always Steady Manufactured by dealers SUCCESS SEED GRADER CO., Inc. WANTED SPOKANE, WASHINGTON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT SEND FOR LITERATURE TODAY September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT United States Export Trade in Apples ( Prepared by the Division of Statistics, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce ) THE calendar year 1919 shows the most remarkable values in the history of the United Sstates export trade in apples. These exports con- sisted of 24,704,359 pounds of dried apples, invoiced at $4,109,828, and 1,712,367 barrels of ripe or green ap- ples, worth $14,471,282, or an aggre- gate value of $18,581,110. This is an increase of 45 per cent in the total value, but a decrease of 36 per cent in the quantity of dried apples and 11 per cent in the quantity of fresh apples exported, as compared with the pre-war calendar year 1913, when the exports were 38,734,465 pounds of dried apples, invoiced at $2,719,203, and 1,920,221 barrels of green or ripe apples, worth $7,417,400, or an aggre- gate value of $10,136,603. The extraordinary fluctuations in the value and volume of this trade for the calendar years 1913-1919 may be noted in the table of exports and the average annual prices given below : high record of $8.45 per barrel for fresh and $0,166 per pound for dried apples in the peace year 1919. The variations in the quantity, value, and average price in the export trade from month to month during 1919 are shown in the following table: Page 17 monthly export price for the year, the highest, $0,216 per pound, occur- ring in September, when the exports dropped to 561,773 pounds, valued at $121,405. The movement of green or ripe apples to foreign markets was heaviest during the first and last quarters of 1919. With regard to quantity and total value, the February exports of 493,996 barrels, invoiced at $3,792,361, January February March April May June July August September October November . . .*. December Total. Dried 2,306,575 1,208,392 2,833,155 7,623,924 1,178,257 2,809,427 1,562,188 438,025 561,773 277,648 1,815,234 2,084,761 24,704,359 i 346,331 182,193 428,737 1,073,391 219,095 532,470 299,855 72,887 121,405 55,689 343,561 434,214 $4,109,828 Average price per pound $0,150 .150 .151 .141 .160 .190 .192 .166 .216 .200 .188 .208 $0,166 Green or Ripe 213,107 493,996 286,979 137,409 20,747 8,610 23,450 21,659 34,619 115,715 213,270 142,806 1,712,367 Value 1 $1,527,498 3,792,361 2,619,902 1,455,211 280,747 101,733 170,164 162,860 238,780 1,038,251 1,739,297 1,344,478 $14,471,282 Average price per barrel $7.17 7.68 9.13 10.60 13.36 11.30 7.25 7.55 6.90 8.97 8.15 > 9.40 $8.45 Unusually heavy exports of dried apples, running in millions of pounds, were made during each month of last year, except the principal harvest Dried Green or Ripe Year Pounds Value A verage price per pound Barrels Value A verage price per barrel 1913 1914 1915 1916 . . : 38,734,465 31,027,551 33,908,508 13,186,467 7,852.773 2,200,483 24,704,359 $2,719,203 2,441,094 2,671,601 1,002,007 691,111 311,350 4,109,828 $0,070 .078 .078 .076 .088 .141 .166 1,920,221 1,541,361 2,176,992 1,670,543 958,104 579,916 1,712,367 $7,417,400 5,695,621 7,686,992 7,205,766 4,496,707 3,135,203 14,471,282 $3.80 3.70 3.53 4.31 4.69 5.40 8.45 1918 1919 The foregoing figures would seem to indicate that the ordinary laws of supply and demand as affecting values were inoperative during the war pe- riod and the peace year 1919. In the normal pre-war year 1913 the average annual export price of dried apples was $0.07 per pound, and of fresh apples $3.80 per barrel. The outbreak of the war cut off to a large extent the usual competition in European markets from the other great apple- growing countries — Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. As compared with 1913, there was a decrease in American exports of dried apples of 7,706,914 pounds in 1914 and 4,825,957 pounds in 1915, without a proportion- ate rise in value, the average annual export price for those years remain- ing $0,078 per pound. The same paradoxical situation occurred in 1916, when the exports were 20,722,- 041 pounds less than in the previous year and the average annual export price dropped from $0,078 to $0,076. Likewise, exports of fresh apples de- clined 378,860 barrels in 1914, as com- pared with 1913, and the average price also declined from $3.80 in 1913 to $3.70 in 1914. From 1916 decreasing exportation of both dried and fresh apples was a factor in the ascending scale of aver- age annual export prices, which amount to $5.40 per barrel for fresh and $0,141 per pound for drier or evaporated apples in 1918, the last year of the war, and achieved the months of August, September, and October. April holds the high record for the quantity and value of dried apples shipped during any one month of 1919, with 7,623,924 pounds, worth $1,073,391, or $0,141 per pound. This constitutes the low - record average or an aveage of $7.68 a barrel, surpass those of any other month. May, how- ever, records the highest monthly average export price on apples, reach- ing $13.36 per barrel. September ex- ports of 34,619 barrel, invoiced at $238,780, disclose the lowest average monthly export price of fresh apples, $6.90 per barrel, as well as the high record export price on the evaporated fruit. Diminishing stocks of fresh apples in cold storage naturally cur- tailed exportation for the six months, May to September. The combined fruit crops of the United States perhaps exceed in va- riety, quantity, and value those of any other nation. The most import- ant of these in the export trade is the apple. This country is one of the greatest fruit-consuming as well as Don't Let Your Apples Freeze! LINE YOUR PACKING HOUSES -WITH— Roberts Stitched Padded Insulating Material It is made of two layers of extra heavy building paper with a thick filling of flax tow, stitched like a quilt, and comes in rolls 36 inches wide. Easy to apply, just nail it on with furring strips, and it will form a thorough protection from freezing. It Keeps Out the Cold and Frost Shipped in rolls containing 250 square feet. Weight 45 pounds. Special Price per roll <£ A /?ET Freight prepaid ^.00 P. L. CHERRY CO., Building Materials 271 Hawthorne Avenue, Portland, Oregon Page 18 fruit-producing nations on the globe, yet, in addition to the domestic con- sumption, .$122,678,783 worth of all kinds of fruit were exported during the calendar year 1919, of which 15 per cent, or $18,581,110, was for dried and fresh apples, not including large quantities of canned and preserved apple products also exported. The dis- tribution of these exports by princi- pal countries during November and December, and for the calendar year 1919, was as follows: BETTER FRUIT total green and ripe apples exported, value at $6,089,701, the United King- dom took .$3,112,956 worth, Canada $1,040,413, Germany $916,883, Aus- tralia $200,847, Argentina $156,839, and Brazil $124,520 worth, smaller amounts being shown for other coun- tries. War did not seriously interfere with the exportation of fresh apples from the United States to Great Britain, but rather stimulated the demand for the American product. During the Countries Year ended December December November Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Dried Apples Pounds 50,000 324,012 5,000 30.200 50,280 1,270,568 13.572 62,591 811,000 62,921 1.075 4,853 8,123 238,225 2,343 15.021 Pounds 523,396 298,400 90,050 7,250 478,196 506,573 57,042 123,854 8112.276 76,350 19,040 1,S12 94.080 89,363 13,752 27,5 11 Pounds 2,013,180 3,512,038 893,762 1,625,439 490,503 2,283,759 7,309,782 5,748,424 827,472 $366,059 657,108 183,998 191,820 93,068 400,006 1.296,930 755,048 165,791 1.815.231 343,561 2,084,761 134,21 I 24,704,359 4,109,828 Green or Ripe Apples Barrels 1,637 2,232 319 114.638 37,218 4,360 6,368 2,510 1,633 4,890 7,435 15,653 21,368 3,625 1,220,962 236.423 33,417 61,865 33,250 20,233 30,980 61,521 Barrels 1,167 21,575 83,548 15,166 3,945 9,671 157 2,742 4,835 11,648 230,683 815,033 98,379 35,251 85,577 2,005 22,836 43,066 Barrels 33,281 117,586 34,950 1.209.855 158,859 23,565 26,548 15,159 16,880 15,682 30,002 393,818 1,697,143 United Kingdom 9,557,126 1,131,728 193,511 245,726 207,822 206,530 105,383 285,310 Philippine Islands .... All other 213.270 1,739,297 142,806 1,344,178 1,712,367 14,471,282 September, 1920 Shites, Canada 14.3 per cent, Germany 10.1 per cent, and all other countries 9.8 per cent. As the Australian apples are mar- keted from May to August and the English crop from September to No- vember, American exports are nat- urally largest from November to May, when the new crop is available at the most opportune time for marketing it in European countries. From the pre- war calendar year 1913 figure of $3.80 per barrel for fresh apples to $8.45 in 1919 an increase of 122 per Cent is shown in the average annual export price. Since the colonial period the United Kingdom has offered the principal foreign market for fresh American apples, to which has been added in more recent times other British do- minions, particularly Canada and Aus- tralia. Prior to the war Germany also bought liberally of the fresh fruit. In the fiscal year 1914, of the five fiscal years, 1914 to 1918, the United Kingdom took 60 per cent of the quantity and 59 per cent of the value of the total exports of fresh apples from this country. During the fiscal years 1910 to 1914 the United Kingdom took an average of 65.8 per cent of the total quantity of fresh apples exported from the United Fruit Growers Start Box Factory Unable to obtain sufficient boxes in .the Yakima and Wenatchee districts, a number of fruitgrowers there have en- gaged in the manufacture of boxes in Portland, Oregon. The plant of the new concern, which is known as the Bede Box & Lumber Company, is located on the Columbia river in North Portland. The new plant which has just been started is now turning out 20,000 boxes a day, and next year the owners expect to greatly increase the output. Although delayed in starting by the failure of machinery to arrive, the plant will turn out this year 600,000 boxes, which will be shipped - to the Yakima and Wenatchee districts. A feature of the plant is that it is manufacturing the boxes direct from the logs — a process that is said to be from 15 to 20 per cent, cheaper than the usual one of utilizing lumber. Equipped with electric power and the most modern box making machinery, the cost of manufacture is reduced to a minimum. The plant is 50x150 feet, and has a frontage on the river of 700 feet. Next year dry kilns will be built and other improvements made. The men directly connected with the management of the enterprise are D. B. Loughlin, M. Harkema and D. H. Arm- strong. The Package for Apples 7 apple boxes Universal Package Pack right in the field. Saves time! Ship direct to market without repacking. Covers fastened tightly without nails. No injury to fruit when inspected. This strong package prevents crushing of apples. Apples bring higher prices when displayed in this clean attractive package. Write for prices TODAY PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA Highest Quality Western Yellow Pine If you wish to make sure of a supply of well made boxes at fair prices, let us place your orders. Carloads Only SPOKANE FRUIT GROWERS CO. Spokane, Washington Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES \Y, n:i,K- Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1919 CATALOG FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK. "Genuineness and Quality" ISERS MENTION BETTE September, i92o BETTER FRUIT Apple Crop Estimated at 175,000 Cars THE Denver & Rio Grande Railroad The total estimated shipment of Company has recently issued a commercial apples for North America report on the estimated volume of this for this season is 175,500 carloads, year's commercial apple crop in the Barrels are scarce and are costing United States and Canada. The re- growers from $1.25 to .$1.50; boxes port is based upon data secured from are costing growers from 27 to 32c. personal night letter reports received It is predicted a large volume of from members of the American Rail- apples will move in bulk, way Development Association living The average all-around condition or in commercial apple districts of the quality is 70 per cent against a ten- United States and also stale board of year average of 61 per cent, agriculture statisticians, the fruit com- The final estimate of the apple crop missioner of Canada and Canadian in the United States for 1919 was Pacific Railroad. about 130,000 cars. _ % of Crop Estimated Volume of Container District I'JIO 1920 1020 Crop in Cars Used 1. New York 34 86 20,000 Bbl. 2. Penn 40 80 2,150 Bbl. 3. Md., Va. and W. Va 43 62 22,000 Bbl. 4. S. E. Group (Tcnn., Ga., Ala., N. C.) 25 68 3,750 Bbl. & Box 5. Michigan 42 82 11,730 Bbl. 6. Ohio and Ind 20 65 « 7,000 Bbl. & Bu. Bskl. 7. Illinois 26 65 9,000 Bbl. 8. Ozarks (Mo. and Ark.) 72 47 5,230 Bbl. 9. Colo, and Utah 58 79 4,500 Box 10. N. W. District (Mont.. Ida., Wash, and Oregon) 81 71 25,000 Box 11. Canada 90 70 12,600 Bbl. & Box Transplanting Deciduous Fruit Trees By J. C. Whitten, Professor of Pomology, University of California THE growth and development made by a deciduous fruit tree the first years it is in the orchard is perhaps more important in determining its pro- ductivity and efficiency than is any other year in its life history. In handl- ing the tree every possible precaution should be taken to avoid drying the roots by unnecessary exposure to the air; the roots should not be bent or kinked in planting; dead, fibrous root- lets should be pruned away; the roots should not be exposed to freezing tem- peratures; usually the tree should be set no deeper than it stood in the nursery (most fruit trees are set too deep) ; the soil should be pressed firmly about the roots; the roots should not be bruised in handling; roots and tops should be properly pruned at the time of planting; the tree should be white- washed as soon as possible after plant- ing in winter. Most of these suggestions are well understood by the experienced fruit grower; most of them are well neglected by the average operator who plants the tree. If most of our trans- planted fruit trees live we are apt to think they were properly handled. As a matter of fact fruit trees are tenacious of life. They may endure lots of abuse and still live, but abuse weakens them. In my judgment more than half the fruit trees planted yearly in the United States make less than half the growth they should make the first year in the orchard. These observations should not be regarded as a reflection upon the fruit grower, for it is the successful fruit grower with whom I have been intimately associated, who first called these suggestions to my attention. Some of them have been still farther empha- sized by investigations which these fruit growers stimulated. Before planting the trees the soil should be plowed to a good depth and as carefully pulverized as is required for a seed bed. If there is a hard plow- sole beneath, the plow should be fol- lowed by a subsoiler. If the land is crusty or cloddy on top, it should be disked to pulverize the surface before plowing. This avoids turning under large clods, which can not be pulver- ized by the disk or harrow after the plowing is done. Such clods turned under leave air spaces which will dry out. If the subsoil is reasonably porous, the use of dynamite will not be neces- sary. If there is a shell of impervious hardpan a few feet below the surface it is advisable to explode a stick or half stick of dynamite below each tree hole to crack through the hardpan shell to porous subsoil below. If hard subsoil is too deep to crack through to a porous layer beneath, the value of dynamite is doubtful. It may form an undrained water pocket below the tree. Dynamite should be used only when the subsoil is dry and brittle, so it will be shat- tered by the blast. Dynamiting wet wet subsoil puddles it. If the soil has been thoroughly work- ed throughout the orchard, the holes should be dug only deep enough and wide enough to accommodate the nat- ural spread of the roots of the trees. If the holes are dug deep the soil and young trees may settle after planting, leaving the tree set too deep. If, how- ever, replants are being set in an estab- lished orchard the holes should be dug deep and broad enough to cut back the roots of surrounding trees, so they can not compete with the roots of the re- plant. Often the roots of three or four year old trees may spread to the open- ings where replants have died out. Every reasonable precaution should be taken to avoid exposure of the roots of the trees to the air in handling. The tops of trees are adapted to exposure to dry air; the roots are not. Even under favorable conditions the roots of trees Page ip are necessarily exposed more than is good for them, between digging in the nursery and setting in the orchard. When received from the nursery, trees should be "heeled" in a trench, getting moist soil pressed firmly in contact with the roots as soon as possible. In handl- ing trees to "heel" them in or to plant them in the orchard the roots should be dipped in a thin "puddle" of soil and water to hold a moist layer on the roots and avoid drying. Careful experiments covering several seasons show that any exposure of the roots to drying out weakens them, and that the more they are exposed between digging and plant- ing the less growth they make, the larger percentage that will die the first season and the more susceptible they become to sunscald, borers and many other troubles. It is a fact not heretofore generally known that the roots of fruit trees are easily injured by slight freezing. The roots are adapted to soil temperatures which rarely fall more than a few de- grees below freezing, even in northern climates. Careful investigations show that the roots of our hardiest fruit trees, such as the northern native plum, are usually killed at a temperature of twenty-two degrees, or ten degrees be- low freezing. The roots of peaches, ATTENTION! Boys and Girls I want to hear from every boy and girl who would be willing to devote just about one hour's spare time. I will reward them for their services with choice of the following articles: Premo Cameras Raincapes Rain Hats Flashlights Beautiful pencil boxes with as- sortment of pencils and pens Fancy stationery, and many other beautiful articles. And for those who would like to start in the Poultry business, f will start them by supplying pure-bred Chickens Free. For full particulars enter your name and address on the coupon be- low and tell me what you would like to have. I will tell you how easy it is to get it. B. MARCUM, Director of Circulation, sun Oregonian Bldg., Portland. Oregon. Please (ell me how I r:in secure (name article desired.) Mj name is Address Post Office Page 20 apricots and the more tender fruits usually "kill" at five or six degrees of frost. The wood within the roots quick- ly turns brown at such temperatures, while the wood of the stems and branches may endure temperatures far below zero without injury. Such trees may look all right when planted, but may fail to grow and finally shrivel in the orchard because the roots were dead. The roots may be badly injured even by two or three degrees of frost. It is safer not to expose the roots to the air whenever the temperature is as low as thirty-two degrees Fahr. BETTER FRUIT The tree should be set so as to retain the natural spread of the roots. A main root should not be crooked in setting. Bending a root restricts the passage of water through the water tubes in the wood. It is almost impossible to firm the soil around a very long root with- out leaving kinks in it. It is safer to cut long roots to six or eight inches in length, so they will not be bent in tamping the soil about them. In handling nursery trees most of the small, fibrous roots die before the tree is finally set in the orchard. If left on the roots they are not only use- "In Every Respect" says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste Iasjts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco 1107 Broadway. New York City Ridley,Houlding&Co, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy September, 1020 less but are injurious to the tree. These dead, curling fibres prevent getting the soil in close, firm contact with the larger main roots, which are alive and which must be depended upon to supply the top with water from the soil until new fibrous roots form. The small, dead fibres should be pruned away, cutting them within about one-fourth or one- half inch of the main root — usually the basal stubs of these small roots remain alive. Their cut ends increase greatly the absorbing surface of the roots, until new root growth begins. Usually the tree should be planted no deeper than it stood in the nursery. The young tree forms its roots in the nursery at that depth which is most congenial to their development. New root growth starts more promptly where the soil warms first near the surface. Deep set roots often do not start new growth until the trees are out in leaf and thus calling for much water to supply that which is evaporated from the leaves. Most planters set trees too deep. The earlier roots start growth after planting, the deeper they will grow during the season and the more satisfactory will be the growth of the tree above ground. In transplanting trees from a nursery having a heavy, cool soil, to an orchard with loose, sandy, well aired soil, which warms and dries quickly to a good depth, the roots may be set correspondingly deeper. This point can hardly be over-empha- sized. To get the soil firm it should be tramped firmly with the heels from the bottom of the hole up. If as much as six inches of soil is filled into the hole without tramping it can not be made firm about the roots. To get water enough the roots must come in close contact with thoroughly compacted soil in which there are no large pockets. Press between roots rather than against them. Bruised roots can not make proper growth and are susceptible to crown-gall, oak fungus, root insects or diseases that may enter through wounds. Shorten this whip to twenty-four or thirty inches in height. This gives op- portunity to space the new limbs six or eight inches apart, where they arise from the trunk, when they start in spring. About three main limbs should be arise from the trunk the first year. The intervening shoots should be pinched back to three or four leaves each. This will encourage full develop- ment of the main branches where they are desired. The short intervening, leafy twigs, shade the trunk and elabo- rate plant food to favor greater growth of the tree. If the tree is well branched at the time of planting, three or four strong nursery limbs may be allowed to remain, properly shortened, to be- come the first framework of the tree. The whitewash reflects the heat on sunny days and prevents sunscald which begins while the tree is dormant Whitewashed trees do not burn or dry out, their buds remain fresh and vigor ous and they will make stronger growth ERTISERS ME BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 After the Crops Are Harvested Comes Painting Time PAINT lengthens the life of your home, buildings and machinery Fall is a good time for painting. Don't put it off another season if there's anything on the farm that needs paint. Exposed surfaces mean swift decay, decreased values on your property, loss of money. Get busy with the paint brush and FULLER paint while the weather permits. Remember that it's not what it costs to paint, it's what it costs not to paint. There's a FULLER Product for everything with a paintable surface W. P. FULLER & CO. Look up'a FULLER Dealer in your nearest town 1849-1920 Northwest Branch Houses'at Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Boise n^ Automobiles Or .^n^\. WFCL ror Furniture ■ill ^ W^ §M^^ p^SfbrBdrnJ andSfteda For Watts and Woodwork BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There OREGON Hood River apple growers figure that the increase in freight rates will cost that section an additional s200,000 this year. The increase will apply to about 75 per cent of the crop from that district which will move to points east of the Mississippi river and also to ship- ments that will go to California. The sale of the J. D. Housley pear orchard at Medford to County Pathologist C. C. Cate is reported. The orchard consists of 40 acres in pears in a fine state of cultivation and the sale price as announced is $23,000. Another sale of orchard property in the Rogue River valley recently of more than usual interest was the transfer of the Austin Corbin ranch near Eagle Point to Fred C. Bell, a Chicago capitalist. The Corbin ranch consists of 250 acres, 49 of which are in pears, 71 in apples and l!0 in grain. The remainder is in meadow and woodland. The sale price was $80.00". according to the reports from that section. Mr. Bell, it is stated, expects to manage the ranch personally. Two Royal Anne cherry trees at Roseburg, Oregon, are said to have netted their owners ¥250 for theii fruit this season. According to the announcement of a local fruit buyers at Salem, the loganberry crop within a radius of ten miles of that city amounted to 0,000,000 pounds of berries and should return to the growers at the prevailing price of 13 cents per pound approximately -N.MI.IIIIII. Reports from The Dalles are to the effect that there has been a very marked recovery by the orchards in that section from the ef- fects of the extreme cold of the past winter and that the damage was practically limited to cherry trees. It is estimated that $40,000 will be distrib- uted this year among the farmers and or- chardists in the Hermiston district from honey sales. The bees, to produce this honey, were pastured on the alfalfa fields and orchards in the Umatilla project in this section, which was developed some years ago. A number of the leading handlers of fruit in the Rogue River valley have recommended that all fruit to be packed in that district be wiped before delivery to the packing houses. This action has been taken to meet the ob- jections of some of the eastern horticultural inspectors against fruit showing an excessive amount of arsenate of lead spray. The pear harvest in the Hood River valley, which commenced the latter part of August, as well as the harvest of Kings and Graven- steins, is said to be showing a considerable reduction as compared to the early crop of pears and early apples last year. The pear crop in the Hood River valley is now esti- mated at about 45 per cent of that of last year, when something over 113 cars were shipped. The harvest of the main apple crop in this section is expected to begin this year about October 1. There will be sufficient local labor, it is stated, to handle the pear crop and outside help will not be needed until October. The Myrtle Point district is figuring that when the evergreen blackberry crop is fully harvested between $15,000 and $18,000 will have been paid out for this fruit in that sec- tion. The berries are being handled by the Myrtle Point cannery. While most people do not in any way con- nect the Tillamook country with the fruit business, considerable interest is being taken there in developing the berry business. There were about 50 acres in loganberries in the Tillamook country this year and the nearby foothills produced $15,000 worth of black- berries. The moist climate of the Tillamook country seems to be especially adapted to the growing of loganberries, which attain a larger size than in any other section of the state. Loganberries at Tillamook attain a size of 1% to 2 inches and in addition yield heavily. The berry products of the Tillamook country are being largely handled by the Graves Can- ning Company, which has a small plant lo- cated in the Cheese City. A beginning has also been made in this district in growing strawberries. The prune crop in the Sheridan district, which will be largely handled this year by the Oregon Growers Cooperative Association, is expected to be largest in the history of that section. A 40-tunnel dryer, which the asso- ciation is having erected there, is rapidly nearing completion and will greatly aid in solving the dryer problem of the growers, which last year was serious. There will also be a large apple crop in the Sheridan district of fine quality this year. The pear crop of the Rogue River valley, the harvesting of which was started about the middle of August, will total 700 cars, accord- ing to local estimates. The shipment of apples is expected to reach 500 cars. The yield of pears, it is stated, is 15 per cent greater than was anticipated early in the season. Mention is made of the fact that for the fist time in the history of the fruit business in Oregon solid trainloads of pears were shipped this year from the Southern and Western Oregon districts. F. L. Kent, field agent for the bureau of crop estimates, places the Oregon apple crop at 3,425,000 boxes for 1920. Of this estimate, Mr. Kent reports that about 60 per cent is of commercial quality. The 1919 apple crop was 5.570,000 bushels, showing that there is a big falling off in the estimate for this year's crop. SPECIFICATIONS Weight: 166 lbs. Material: Carefully selected Western Fir an'd Pine. Oversize wrought iron shaft- ing and rods used throughout. Castings carefully moulded in our own foundry with a view not only for appearance, but great strength. Finish: Handsome- ly finished with three coats of high-grade paints and varnishes. Floor Space: Depth, 40 ins. Height, 50 ins. Width, 26 ins. The Success Box Lid Press is as fine a product for the Or- chardist, the small and large packing house, as ingenuity and thorough inves- tigation, combined with loner experience, can produce. It is equipped with strip- per rack, folding shelf for lids and cleat hol- der rack, with lugs on both sides and back for gravity con- veyor. Success Box Lid Press Price Complete, $75.00; less 5% cash with order Dealers, write for territory. Good sales assured. SUCCESS SEED GRADER CO., Inc. Manufacturers: Success Seed Graders, Pea and Bean Threshers and Orchard Supplies SPOKANE, WASHINGTON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT CAPACITY For the rapid, eco- nomical and conven- ient handling of fruit boxes of various sizes at highest speed. Adjustable arms of great strength and rigidity makes this possible. Automatic positive patented foot clutch, single pedal, rever- sible ratchet and dog add immensely to both speed and dur- ability of the press. Pressmen who have used them, claim the Success will outlast and outw ork any other press on the American market. It receives or delivers boxes from either side or rear over a f rictionless c u r v e d metal bottom, which eliminates the neces- sity of ever having to lift the box as it is being received or de- livered. This press will positively cut your expense and in- crease your profits. September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Pase 2? Cherry orchardists at Cove, who, in 1917, signed ;i three-year contract to market their cherries for $80 per ton, are said to have seen their fruit this year sell on a readv market at $200 to $150 per ton. The Oregon Agricultural College, which will hold its horticultural show November 5 and 6, is planning to have it outdo all former ex- hibits. An attractive program and premium list is being arranged and the college an- nounces that it will pay express charges on all fruit sent it for exhibition, but will retain the fruit after the show for its own use. Strawberry plants for fall setting are re- ported to be in strong demand, although prices are ruling high. The strawberry acre- age that will be set in the state this fall and next spring it is reported will be extensive. Clayton L. Long, formerly of the University of Ohio, has been appointed extension horti- cultural specialist at the Oregon Agricultural College. Mr. Long took up his duties at the O. A. C, August 1st. The prune crop of Oregon and Clarke county, Washington, for this year, is estimated by C. I. Lewis, organization manager of the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association, at 60,000,000 pounds of dried fruit. The Oregon prune crop, as estimated from other sources, is place at .",0,000.000 pounds. The apple crop of Western Oregon is placed at 1000 to 1100 cars. Open air meetings and picnics of the mem- bers of the Oregon Growers' Association, which were held during the month of August at Salem and Roseburg, were well attended. Interesting programs were provided. The prin- cipal speaker at the Salem meeting was Dr. F. M. Coleman, editor of the Sunsweet Standard, house organ of the California Prune and Apricot Growers' Association. Others who There are Ladders and Ladders But The Ladder for you is The Hardie Light- and strong, clear, well-seasoned spruce, re-inforced under each step, wide spreading side legs makes this the ideal picking ladder. Your pickers will work faster because they know they are safe. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 55 No. Front St., Portland, Ore. 222 No. Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Cal were on the program to speak were Senator Charles L. McN'ary, Prof. H. P. Barss, Prof. A. L. Lovett and C. I. Lewis. WASHINGTON. Apricots and peaches from the Yakima val- ley, which went on the market in the early- part of August, brought good prices according to a report on crops and crop movements in Washington, made by M. L. Dean, chief of the state division of horticulture. Early prices for apricots reached $150 per ton, although later the price declined. The prices received for peaches ran from $1.00 to $1.25 per box. Contract prices for Bartlett pear canning stock were started at $70 per ton, with later offers of s'10 per ton reported. The Bartlett pear crop in the Yakima valley is variously estimated at 000 to 1200 cars. Believing that this is a year when grade will cut a big figure in the price of box apples, Mr. Dean is warning growers to bring both grade and pack up to the top notch. Owing to the uncertainty of transporta- tion conditions, apple buyers, he says, will insist on the fruit being in the best pos- sible condition before it leaves the point of production. The melon acreage in the state of Washing- ton showed a considerable increase this year over that of 1919. Approximately 2,000 cars of cantaloupes and 500 acres of watermelons, it is estimated, will be shipped during the present season. Wenatchee is one of the Washington districts that has a bumper crop of pears and 550 car- loads are reported to have been contracted for in that district at prices ranging from $70 to $80 per ton. With the other fruit-shipping districts in Washington, Wenatchee is entering a strong protest against the recent increase in freight rates on apples. It is estimated that this dis- trict will have to pay from $1,350,000 to $1,- 875,000 more in freight rates under the in- crease than it paid last year. The second annual prune harvest festival, which will be held under the auspices of the Prunarians, will take place at Vancouver, Wash., this year, September 16 to 18. In ad- dition to the entertainment that will be pro- vided for visitors, there will be cash premiums offered for fruit, nuts, vegetables and other farm exhibits, as well as boys' and girls' club displays. A canning exhibit will be another feature. Fruit Growers Eliminate the 3 Bs BUMPS and BRUISES If one BUMP equals one BRUISE, if one BRUISE equals the difference between Extra Fancy and Fancy apples, if that difference equals a material difference in your profits then you have REASON No. 1 why you should haul your apples in a two-ton pneumatic tired GMC TRUCK. BUGS If the BUGS on your fruit trees in the spring of the year affect your crop then you have REASON No. 2 why you should buy a GMC TRUCK and equip it with an ordinary three-cylinder pump with a 200-gallon tank on a sub-frame and spray with a saving of 60 % over horse operation. Think over these two reasons and then INVESTIGATE GMC TRUCKS BEFORE YOU INVEST. Seattle EUMMP6Ej^SALES (Q Yakima OpOKcinC GMC ON A TRUCK IS LIKE USA ON A BOND Wtilltl Wtllltl VIIEN WRITING ADVERTISERS Page 24 BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 H. A. Glen, agent of the Northern Pacific at Yakima, has completed his estimate of lead- ing crops of the Yakima valley which will require refrigerator car service. Mr. Glen . says there will be 150 cars of peaches this year, as compared with 2.000 last year; 425 cars of melons and cantaloupes as compared with 400; 500 cars of mixed fruit as compared with 350; between 10,000 and 11,000 carloads of apples as compared with 11,540 carloads last season. Mr. Glen's apple estimate is gen- erally accepted with surprise. Most orchard- ists had believed the crop this year would be far less than that a year ago, but Mr. Glen explains the fruit will be larger and there will be fewer culls, though probably not so many apples. Many Washington shippers are said to be already making preparations to secure space in refrigerated steamships sailing from Seattle to New York, via the Panama canal. In case the full increases in freight rates granted to the railroads stay in effect, it is claimed apples can be shipped much more cheaply by steamer through the canal than by rail. The Wenatchee section of the Spokane fruit district, comprising Chelan, Okanogan, Douglas and Grant counties, will produce only 9533 carloads of apples in 1920, compared with 12.500 cars raised last year, according to Dis- trict Horticultural Inspector P. S. Darlington's estimate recently completed. Virtually every portion of the district shows a decrease. We- natchee and vicinity, which last year grew 3825 cars of apples, will have only 2050 this year. Cashmere shows an increase from 1392 cars last year to 1500, forecast for 1920. Omak shipped 663 cars last year and will have only 450 this year. Okanogan drops from 330 to 290', Brewster from 332 to 250, Entiat from 577 to 450, Pateros from 440 to 275, Olds from 828 to 600, Dryden from 480 to 350 and Peshas- tin from 460 to 350, according to the estimate. Monitor indicates a slight increase from 628 cars last year to an estimated crop of 700 cars this year. Mallott, Wagnersburg and Chelan Falls all have the same estimated yield as last year, and Chelan, which yielded 484 cars last year should have an increase to 500 this year, according to the July estimate. Grant county will just about hold its own with about 300 cars. The Moses Coulee sec- tion will ship 125 cars, the same as last year, it is estimated. The yield of summer fruit in the district this year is given as 1,000 cars, compared with about 1,400 cars last year. Pears showr an estimated increase from 500 to 550 cars, cherries are the same at 100 ears, but peaches and apricots show a heavy fall- ing off. The first Winter Banana apples of the sea- son were shipped out of Wenatchee July 29 for Alaska. This is the earliest shipment of winter apples out of the district by about 10 days. A number of new fruit warehouses, costing several thousand dollars each, will be erected by the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company, ac- cording to an announcement by Luther N. Flagg, president. The new buildings will be erected to handle this season's apple crop and will be located in several of the districts in- cluded in the organization of the Spokane fruit growers. Despite unusually dry weather, the apple crop in Arcadia is reported to be looking un- usually promising. It was found necessary in some sections, to do considerable thinning to secure a good harvest of extra fancy stock. Work on the warehouse, 60 by 100 feet, at Ar- cadia is progressing. The structure will be completed by October 1. The growers' asso- ciation begins at once the erection of another warehouse at Denison to care for the harvest at that point. This building will be 50 by 130 feet, of concrete construction. Meet Me at the Big Hood River Fair Sept. 17th and 18th Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Pear, Cherry. Peach. Plum. Prune, Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines. I Shrubbery, Plants. Raspberries. Black- berries, Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. Roses, Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Expert Orchard Service We contract the planting and care of Nut Groves, Fruit Orchards and Berry Farms. Run down properties inspected and methods of renovation outlined. Inspection of orchards for absentee owners and for prospective buyers. Sales of choice Nut, Fruit and Berry Properties. /We are Agricultural College Graduates \ \ with a wide orthnnling < \perience / PEARCY BROS., Salem, Oregon The Real Primer Fastest, Smoothest Cutting and Most Powerful Practical Pruner on the Market. A Real Pruner That Makes Pruning Easy. SAVES TIME, TREES AND MONEY WHY? BECAUSE— It makes a perfectly smooth cut and does not crush the fiber, thereby leaving the ends of the limbs open to the ruinous attack of insects. It has a steel hook that will not bend out of line. Both hands on the pruner at all times gives perfect control. The instant you hook over a limb you cut it off no matter at what angle. No limb too hard or tough. It cuts them easy. Simple in construction. Nothing to get out of order. Always open. All parts are die stamped and interchangeable and can be replaced at any time. Endorsed by pruning experts. It Has No Competition — One Demonstration Proves It All. The Real Pruner will be demonstrated at the Oregon State Fair, Septem- ber 27-October 2. Do not fail to see it. Manufactured by The Real Pruner Co. P. 0. Box 123 SALEM, OREGON NEW CROP — Vetches, Alfalfa, Clovers, Grains, Grasses Selected Recleaned Farm and Field; Seed at Lowest Market Prices. Special Mixtures for Wet Land— Dry Land — Burns — Permanent Hay Crops and Pastures Cover Crops for Orchards -Dry Land Pasture Mixtures n| ;EEMA^.RATOR|»|¥hatg;o^fjSki..edYa ,ITY" Seeds lalyat and all "DIAMOND jn'd GERMINATION WRITE TODAY FOR SAMPLES mmtyMbht Or send in your order direct. We guarantee full value for tie money sent and -sill give your inquiries our prompt and careful attention Ajfc/orCafa'o«No. 200 Portland m® Go, We*tem Agent* "CLIPPER" FANNING MILLS VHEN WRITI September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 IDAHO. H. A. Lyon, director of the Bureau of Mar- kets, has issued a statement in regard to Idaho's fruit crop prospects, in which he says: "Idaho anticipates a bounteous harvest this season and if prices remain good, farmers of the Gem state are bound to be prosperous, as an excellent crop from the field and the or- chard is the present outlook. "For the first time, the true orchard acreage of the state is known and files of the Idaho Department of Agriculture give a description as to acreage and varieties of every orchard. These recods show 20,759 acres of apples, 3,962 acres of Italian prunes, 308 acres of cherries, ISO acres of peaches, 50 acres of apricots, and 284 acres of pears, or a total of 31,848 acres. With such records as a guide, it has been possible to make a worth-while estimate of production from the visitation and reports of 22 horticultural inspectors. "The detailed estimate shows 4,769 cars of apples, 1,818 cars of prunes, 64 cars of cher- ries, and 5 cars of pears, with peaches a minus quantity, because of severe winter kill- ing. However, when deductions are made for home orchards and home consumption, it ap- pears that Idaho will ship about 4,000 cars of apples, or approximately the same amount as last year. In 1919, the Boise valley had a small crop, while the Payette section, includ- ing Fruitland, had plenty of apples, but this year the tables are turned about and the Boise valley has a bumper crop of both apples and prunes, with an estimate of somewhere near 800 cars of apples and 1,000 cars of prunes. "Nineteen twenty has seen the Bureau of Plant Industry putting over as good a cam- paign against orchard pests and diseases as any state can boast of, and it is expected that the four or five hundred cars of culls of 1919 will be reduced to less than 100 cars for the present season. Through the efforts of the State Department of Agriculture in its rigid inspection of shipments, as well as orchards, fruit growers have come to a realization that thoroughness and caution are essential if fruit growing is to be profitable. "Few states, if any, have as extensive and efficient a system of grading as does Idaho and fruit growers as well as farmers in gen- eral are rapidly coming to a real appreciation of the superior prices which come from the production and sale of products of real quality." The harvesting of early apples has com- menced at Lewiston, Idaho. For the first time in several years a considerable part of the crop will be labeled "hail-marked," as the western section of Lewiston orchards was hit by a severe hail storm several weeks ago. j. i,ui). Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets You can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester and Hull, and on the Euro- pean Continent. This means quick handling, considerable economies and the fruit being sold in the freshest possible condition, which means greater returns. For dependable export information write or wire us at 60 State St., Boston, Mass. or 97 Warren St. , New York City. With the cherry crop in the Lewiston, Idaho, district at about half its normal output, it is estimated that the tonnage from the valley reached 90 carloads this year, including the cannery pack. Sixty-two carloads were shipped out by the American Express Company, and the Oregon Packing Company says it canned 100 tons of the Clarkston cherries alone. The shipment of cherries in barrels was an im- portant item at Lewiston this year. Approxi- mately 500 barrels of 250 pounds each, or a total of 125,000 pounds, in from seven to eight carloads, were shipped by Bailey and Wicks of this place to the Puyallup Fruit Growers' Association, at Puyallup. These were all of the Royal Anne variety. Contracts have been made at Latah, Idaho, at if 60 a ton bulk for pears, the growers pick- ing the pears in boxes furnished by the can- nery and delivering them to the railroad. What They Are Doing In California The California apple crop is estimated this year at .1,500,000 boxes, as compared to about 5,000,000 boxes last year. According to a statement from the California Peach Growers' Association, the opening prices on dried peaches for 1920 should net growers 17 cents a pound as against slightly less than 15 cents a pound in 1919. The prune crop in Butte county, California, is said to be exceptional this year in that 80 per cent of the crop is averaging 50s in size. A heavy percentage of the crop will run to 30s and 40s, it is predicted. Another dehydrating plant, which will be erected at Paso Robles, it is believed, will adequately take care of all the fruit and vegetable tonnage in that district. With the building of the new plant, Paso Robles will have three drying plants. In the San Luis Obispo district one firm has placed an order for 30,000 almond trees to be planted this fall, and it is stated that there is a probability of the planting of 1,000,000 almond trees in this county this season. A large cannery is also in prospect in this dis- trict to take care of a prospective planting of 1,000 acres of tomatoes. The chambers of commerce in many of the districts in California have started a campaign to insure labor for harvesting fruit and have very materially assisted ranches in getting the needed help during the fruit season. Prices for the 1920 prune crop which were recently announced by the board of directors of the California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., assure the prune growers who are mem- bers of the association another golden harvest equal in value to the record-breaking one of last year, according to a statement just issued by the association. The prices named are three cents a pound higher than last year's prices on 20-30's, from a cent to a cent and a half higher on the next thee sizes, the same price as last year for 60-70's and slightly lower on the smaller and less desirable sizes. On sizes from 20-30's to 60-70's inclusive, which usually comprise about 73 per cent of the crop, the average price for this year's crop is one and a third cents a pound above the price the growers received for these sizes last year. The prices announced for 1920 crop of prunes are: Sunsweet quality, 20-30's, 25 cents a pound fiat; 30-40's, 17 cents bulk basis; 40-50's, 15>/i cents bulk basis; 50-60's, 13 cents bulk basis; 60-70's, 11% cents bulk basis; 70-80's, 10% cents bulk basis; 80-90's, 9V> cents bulk basis; 90-100's, 9% cents bulk basis. Growers' Quality was set a half a cent a pound less than Sunsweet. Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruitgrowing There were 10,200.899 pounds of shelled walnuts, valued at $5,317,276, imported into the United States during the calendar year 1919. The greater amount of these walnuts were imported from France. According to reports from the eastern barrel apple-raising districts there is a gain of nearly 1,000,000 barrels of apples over the crop of hist year. The information is also forthcom- ing that barreled stock will be more care- fully guarded this year than formerly. This is said to be particularly line in the eastern states, where the competition between box and barreled fruit is the keenest. Notwithstanding the fact that attention has been repeatedly called t<> tin- fart that it is necessary to take extra care hi preparing box apples lor export, the t nlted States Bureau of Markets is again warning shippers to se- lect the strongest boxes for the export trade and to have them secured with iron straps. BETTER FRUIT Page 26 BETTER FRUIT September, iq?o The Northwestern Lid Press The last operation in harvesting should be done with extreme care. No other press will give you as perfect pressed and lidded boxes as the Northwestern. A pack of which you can be proud. The automatic lid placing device insures accurate placing of the lids. Enables the operator to properly lid more boxes in a day. Anyone can be an expert on. a Northwestern Press. Send for descriptive catalogue. / Place your order now through your local dealer or direct to us. Send for free catalogue of Orchard and Packing House Supplies. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 55 No. Front St., Portland, Ore. 222 Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Cal. Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER HAVE YOU BOUGHT** YOUR APPLE BOXES i If not, our advice is to buy now. The present car shortage is causing slow shipments. As crop movement gets under way this situation is certain to grow worse. We can furnish standard apple boxes, crates and cases of selected material, well manufactured. Standard or special shook to order. Our prices are right. Write today for our list. BLOEDEL DONOVAN LUMBER MILLS 1018 White Building Seattle, U.S. A. The long haul to the Atlantic seaboard, load- ing the boxes on the ships and the additional railroad haul on the other side of the conti- nent makes it necessary to have the export packages of fruit securely packed and bound. The International Apple Shippers' conven- tion, held in Chicago during the middle of August, was one of the most largely attended in the history of the organization. The new officers of the association are: E. T. Butter- worth, of Philadelphia, president; D. N. Mi nick, Chambersburg, Pa., vice-president; George W. Davidson, New Orleans, treasurer; R. G. Phillips, Rochester, N. Y., secretary. The executive committee are: \V. L. Wagner, Chicago, chairman; Wayne M. French, New York ; J. J. Castellini, Cincinnati ; E. H. Neustadtl, Milwaukee; Edgar W. J. Hearty, Roston. An announcement from Consul General Skin- ner at London is to the effect that the British Food Controller has released both domestic and foreign apples from price control in Great Britain from August 1 to November 14, after which the maximum control retail price will be resumed, at 20 cents instead of 18 cents per pound. A new schedule of whole- sale prices on fruit is said to be in course of preparation. The New York State Evaporators' Associa- tion, which handles one of the largest outputs of dried apples in the country, looks forward to a successful season, according to a state- ment made by The Evaporator. It is not be- lieved, however, that although there is a much larger prospective crop of apples for drying, that prices will rule much lower than last year, when 1 5to 18 cents per pound was paid for the loose product. A noted visitors to the Northwest during the month of August, who is interested in the fruit industry, was Emilio Schenk, professor in an agricultural institution in Brazil. Professor Schenk, who visited Southern Oregon, Hood River and other sections, spent his time study- ing apple and pear culture. He investigated the blight resistant pear stocks, which Pro- fessor F. C. Reimer is developing at Talent, Oregon. Professor Schenk made the statement that Brazil has 100 different kinds of pears and apples under cultivation, but that few commercial orchards have been developed so far. The citrus fruit industry is largely en- gaging the attention of fruit growers in that country at the present time, according to Pro- fesso Schenk. Cannery Notes The Rupert cannery at Lebanon, Oregon, which this year was greatly enlarged, will handle a large tonnage of canning products in that district. The company is stimulating the interest of ranchers there in planting fruits and produce and expects that its intitution at Lebanon will eventually be one of the largest if not the largest in the state. It receives its products from a widespread territory around Lebanon as well as shipments from other sec- tions of the Willamette valley. A large quan- tity of loganberries were put up this year and its output of blackberries is expected to be one of the largest in the state. The cannery of the Puyallup and Sumner Fruit Growers' Canning Company at Albany successfully opened its canning season during July. The establishment, which is a large and modern one, employed 200 girls during the height of the season. Before the black- berry season closes it expects to handle 500 tons of this fruit. About eight tons of loganberries and an equal quantity of cherries was put up daily by the plant of the Brownsville Canning Com- pany at Forest Grove this year, during the season for these fruits. The cannery of the Eugene Fruit Growers* Association is reported to have canned a cherry crop of more than 2.000,000 pounds this sea- son. This is said to hi' the largest pack of cherries ever put up by a fruit cannery in Oregon. Eugene growers are reported to have received about $250,000 for their cherries this The plant of Libby. McNeil & Libby at Yak- ima, Wash., established a national record for the quantity of cherries canned this season, according to G. R. Kile, superintendent, who says over 739 tons of cherries were handled, as compared with 060 tons in 1018. Ten tons of cherries a day is the canning reord this season of the cannery at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. At the price of loganberries this year, grow- ers in the Willamette vallej section of Oregon received large returns from the canneries for their product. It is reported that for one week's delivery of loganberries a grower in "this district received a check for $10,863. WRITING ADVERTISERS ME BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 27 sykes System of Fruit Packing 2 BUSHELS GRAPEFRUIT EXPORT PACKAGE \ RED APPLES 1 4 Ot PACK 2 BUSHELS APPLES EXPORT PACKAGE 140 NEWTOWNS I20 NEWTOWNS 120 WINE SAPS ORANGES 1 PEACH BOX Ample Protection Proper Ventilation Thorough Refrigeration Effective Display Easier to Pack and Less Costly A BETTER WAY We will soon give you some remarkably favorable results of cold storage tests showing great improvement in SYKES pack compared to wrapped pack in the matter of scald. AMERICAN PAPER CO. Seattle, Washington BLAKE-McEALL CO. Portland, Oregon SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO. Spokane, Washington PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY San Francisco, California WHEN v, 1. Page 28 BETTER FRUIT Picking and Handling Fruit in the Orchard By C. B. Woods, Formerly Horticultural Inspector in Washington A FEW brief statements on picking and handling fruit in the orchard should be of interest and value to growers. In the first place growers should be equipped with good picking lad- ders for each picker. Climbing into the trees is a bad practice and should not be permitted as many fruit spurs are broken off in this way and branches scarred, making splendid quarters for insects, especially woolly aphis. Oftentimes the weight of a person bends the limbs down so much that the cambium breaks and the branches remain drooping instead of swinging back in place when relieved of their burden of fruit. Many branches are broken down entirely under the weight of a picker, hurting the shape of the tree. If a tree is properly trained, ladders can be placed so as to enable one to pick the entire crop without any trouble. A large part of the crop can be picked from the ground in most cases. How- ever, a picker should not be allowed to pull down on the branches as this may result in as much damage as climbing. Picking bags have not been a suc- cess for when filled with fruit they are subject to many bumps, each bump causing a loss of a dozen or more apples by bruising. Many times it is necessary to cull out from 50 to 60 per cent of a crop because of bruises and this means a big loss to the grower. A picking bucket has given much better results and saves a lot of fruit. Every fruitgrower is anxious to realize as much as possible from his orchard. To do this he must give the trees a great deal of care and atten- tion. In picking the fruit, do not take off all the fruit spurs as well, even though you may intend to sell your orchard soon after harvest for the new owner will be just as anxious to harvest good sized crops from these same trees. "A sheep shearer doesn't skin the sheep just to get the wool," though I dare say some of them are almost as bad as some apple pickers. Often a trunk full of spurs is found scattered under a tree after a day's run and it takes from three to four years to grow a good sturdy spur. In picking take the apple in the palm of the hand, not letting the tips of the fingers touch the fruit. Don't pull, but simply lift and turn the back of the hand toward the spur just a little and the apple is yours. It is much quicker and easier to do it this way HOOD RIVER FAIR Sept. 17 and 18 Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Livestock, Grains, Trucks, Tractors, Machinery, Automobiles, Art, Amusements. and means better crops in the future. All wheel conveyances should by all means be equipped with good springs for fruit hauling. All irri- gated fields should have roads run through them with a spring tooth har- row or an orchard cultivator just be- fore picking time. This will help to cut down your cull pile to a great extent. Care should be taken not to make boxes too full and then setting other boxes on top of them. This will not only bruise a few apples on top, but will hurt practically all the apples in September, 1920 the box. Apples which have just been picked should not be left in the or- chard exposed to the sun as they will sunburn quickly and this hurts their keeping quality. If there is no shelter in the orchard, get them out of the fields as fast as possible and place them in your packing house. Stock the fruit in such a way that it will have a good circulation of air. See to it that you have ample ventilation and give the place plenty of cool night air. Take care of the culls as fast as they accumulate as the worms are leaving the apples at this time in search of winter quarters and the packing house is usually good life in- surance for them. The Transmission of Power A transmission belt that will give continual and satisfactory service, will pay for itself in one season by eliminating costly shutdowns, etc. If you can depend upon your belt you are relieved of all worry. Don't peg along with a makeshift. You are losing money every day. "TEST SPECIAL" RUBBER BELTING No need to worry when there's a "TEST SPECIAL" on the job. Always running. No breaks, or shutdowns. TEST SPECIAL is guaranteed to give longer and better service than any other rubber belt made- See your Dealer. Any Dealer anywhere can buy "TEST SPECIAL." OUR FREE SERVICE DEPARTMENT Write us your belting trouble. We maintain a De- partment whose sole duty is to answer your queries. WRITE TODAY, giving the R. P. M. and diameter of the driving pulley — also driven pulley and distance between centers of same; also give the rated horse- power of your motor or engine, and name kind of machinery you are operating. We will reply imme- diately giving you our recommendation as to kind of belt to use. Write today. New York Belting and Packing Co. 519 Mission Street San Francisco Home Office S*G ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER September,' 1920 Observations On the Evaporation of Prunes Continued from page 5. high as twenty-two per cent without any apparent injury to the keeping quality of the prunes. It is desirable to have as high a moisture content as is compatible with good keeping qualities. As a rule, the prunes having the higher moisture content seem to have the better quality. It is to the interest of the growers that the best quality of prunes possible be placed on the market. The moisture must be dried out to a point where the prunes will keep well, but a point higher than that is undesir- BETTER FRUIT able both from the point of view of the quality of the fruit and from the point of view of profit to the growers. Table IV shows the effect of the drying time on the average weight per bushel se- cured in some of our prunes used in experiments. TABLE II.— EFFECT OF DRYING TIME. No. of A v. Wt. Trays Drying Time per bu. 174 .. .29 hrs. 13 min. 20.54 34.21% 235 19.88 33.13% 611 19.28 32.13% 325 19.20 32.00% 202 . . .77 hrs. 00 min. 18.49 30.81% The figures given in Table II were taken from data collected over a period of two years and represent the number Page 29 of trials in each case. The gradual de- crease of the drying percentage as time increases is probably a true indication of what may be expected with evapora- tion methods commonly practiced. Where prunes are dried very slowly, they have a tendency to take on a dull, unattractive appearance, and during the season of 1914 mold appeared on such fruit. With such prunes the temperature had probably been kept altogether too low. Drying Time Important. There seems to be very little change in the drying percentage until the drying time be- comes abnormally long. There is, how- .;v fm *s THE CREAT OLYMPIC FtEDMILL PORTLAND OHt SCRATCH FEE Gives Your Hens an Even Break YOU don't expect blood from a turnip. Likewise, unless you have supplied your fowls with plenty of backbone and strength, you cannot expect continual egg production. The best egg mash or tonic only assists the hen— it takes a strong, robust constitution to withstand steady laying. Such constitutions are the result of feeding (aHEBBg Scratch Feed. This strength-building feed contains the following properly balanced in- gredients: Wheat, Cracked Corn, Milo Maize, Hulled Barley, Hulled Oats, Sunflower Seed and Buckwheat. Made from carefully selected whole grains, cleaned and well mixed, you'll find no better poultry feed than WXIMXIS Scratch Feed. Every handful is uniform and free from dust. @55EEKg Scratch Feed comes in three classes or grain sizes. Baby Chick Scratch, with tiny but uniformly ground grains, suited for the first three week's feeding. Growing Chick Scratch, a little coarser grains, that appeal to the growing youngsters until about eight weeks old, is the next step. From Growing Chick Scratch they graduate to the full sized grains of OLYMPIC Scratch Feed. :-*. Portland Flouring Mills Co. ^Ifcx PORTLAND. OREGON Pug'et Sound Flouring Mills Co. SEATTLE, WASHINGTON tfflS xooi RM«W' :?-'"■;:; 'THEP0pttM»» HW1«(H ««.vS* Also ask your dealer about OLYMPIC Hog Food OLYMPIC Calf Meal OLYMPIC Dairy Feed OLYMPIC Horse Feed OLYMPIC Molasses Feed OLYMPIC Alfalfa Molasses Feed BETTER FRUIT Page 30 ever, a marked difference in the appear- ance, texture, and flavor of the fruit. These seems to be better where the drying time is relatively short, and less favorable where the drying time is in- creased. It must constantly be borne in mind, however, that shortening the drying time will not always give a higher drying percentage; for if a dry, parching heat is used from the start to finish, the prunes will have a distinctly tough skin, glossy, black color, but will dry away badly. The drying time seems to be of very little importance except to show the presence or absence of ideal conditions. If all conditions are BETTER FRUIT favorable for good evaporation, the pro- cess will be fairly rapid and the drying time relatively short. If the drying time is abnormally long, the operator should know that either his methods are not the best, or else the building is faulty in construction. There seems to be little change in the appearance of the prunes during the last six or eight hours of drying. As the amount of moisture in the fruit be- comes less, the amount evaporated in a given time also becomes less and the air is not cooled as rapidly as was true when the prunes were giving out lots of moisture. The greatest loss of mois- SeptOnber, 1920 ture seems to occur when the humidity of the air is between ten per cent and fifteen per cent. Finishing the product in a high, dry, parching temperature, seems to produce a less desirable fruit. Economies Possible. The air at the lower or finishing end of the tunnels is practically dry at all times. A slight increase in humidity was observed when the weather was clear and warm, over that noted when cold, rainy weather prevailed. A greater difference prevailed, however, at the upper or starting end, where during clear, warm weather, the humidity of the air was about thirty per cent, but during cold, Dormant Sprag —controls fire blight as well as scale DISCARD knife and saw and paint as a remedy for fire blight. You can control fire blight, collar rot and other orchard troubles, with Scalecide — ' 'the complete dormant spray. Scalecide kills the hold-over cankers that cause twig and fire blight. It.cleanses and disinfects the canker; it causes the old, blackened bark to peel- off and new cam- bium to form. No other spray does this. What Scalecide Does Scalecide kills scale, insect eggs and fun- gous spores that winter over on the bark. It cleans up the trees so thoroughly that their increased vigor is strikingly notice- able the following season. The Fall ap- plication kills the adult Pear Psylla before it lays its -eggs. A Spring spraying, just as the buds show" green, kills aphis. Either of these applications controls blight. Penetrates and Invigorates Scalecide is a. soluble and miscible oil — not only an insecticide for scale, but it has both fungicidal and germicidal prop- erties. And because the oil globules are broken up into such microscopic particles they are able to penetrate the diseased bark and tissues, and thus reach the bacteria that cause fire blight. Scalecide actually penetrates and invigorates the plant tissues. Saves Labor One barrel of Scalecide does the work of three and a half barrels-of lime-sulfur. 800 „_llons,of Scalecide (diluted 1 to 15) goes farther than 1,600 gallons of diluted lime- sulfur, and of course you- can put on 800 gallons of Scalecide in much less time than 1,600 gallons of lime-sulfur. Protects Your Spray Pump Lime-sulfur eats out the valves and other parts of the spray rig witbwhich it comes in contact. It causes, the spray hose to crack and go to pieces. Scalecide, be- cause it is an oil, helps to protect the spray pump from wear and tear and pro- longs its life^ it makes the pump run easier and develop higher pressure. Pleasant To Use Lime-sulfur burns the hands and face, often injures the eyes, takes the hair off the horses and eats the harness — it is ex- tremely disagreeable to use. Scalecide soothes the skin, does not injure the eyes, improves the hair on the horses, softens and cleanses harness — it is pleasant to use. We Own 26,000 Trees For ten years we have been conducting spraying tests in our own large orchards, which now total 26,000 trees. The most important result of this practical work with Scalecide in our own orchards has been to discover and confirm many valu- able properties of Scalecide: its invigor- ating effect upon the trees; its economy; its effectivenesst against fire blight; and its unequalled effectiveness against insects and diseases of all kinds that winter on the tree. We recommend Scalecide to you as fruit growers. Get Scalecide Now See your dealer now. If he doesn't sell Scalecide, write us for booklet, prices and Guarantee; also give us his name. Use coupon below. Don't delay. Last year fruit growers wanted more Scalecide than we could supply. Address Dep't 25. B. G. PRATT CO. 50 Church Street Manufacturing Chemists NEW YORK CITY ^F THE COMPLET j~nw\ V THE COMPLETE DORMANT SPRAY / "Makes a Tree Outgrow Its Troubles' — __ __ __ _^ _ _^ (Coupon) _ — „ _ I). G. Pratt Company, 50 Church Street, New York City 0< ntlemen: Please send me prices, copy of Guarantee and free booklet on Scalecide, "Figuring the Cost of Spraying." I have it m- trees; young Ir (number) My dealer is: Nunc (P.O.) . T. O State. t'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT September, 1920 rainy weather the average was about fifteen per cent to twenty per cent and at times ran as low as five per cent. These facts become important when we consider the importance of returning some of the heated air, passing it over the fruit a second time. By mixing some outside air with that already heated to 135 degrees and passing this mixture over the furnace, the humidity could be controlled and the amount of heat re- quired lessened. When air is taken in the furnace pit at a temperature of forty-five to seventy degrees, which commonly occurs during the period of evaporation, a large amount of heat is required to raise the temperature to 160 degrees. Since the air passes off at the upper end at a temperature of 120 to 140 degrees, a large amount of heat is lost. The re- moval of the moisture from the air by condensation is doubly expensive in that the cost of cooling is added to that of reheating air from a low to high temperature. If, by the use of forced air currents, the greater part of the air could be returned to the furnace pit at a temperature of 120 degrees or better, much of the cost of heating could be reduced. Possibly methods will be evolved, some time, so that much of the heat which is now entirely lost can be used. As soon as the prunes are finished they should be removed from the trays while still warm, the dobies should be re-trayed and re-dried. The prunes are then taken to the bins or piles to cure until sold or ready for processing. BETTER FRUIT Page Meet Me at the Big Hood River Fair Sept. 17th and 18th UNQUESTIONABLY "Standard Equipment" in the Pacific Northwest Two Factories promptly serving the East and West All thru the famous'apple-growing sec- tions of the Pacific Northwest, the relia- ble "Bean" is standard equipment. It can truly be said of this entire region that, "If you haven't a Bean, your neigh- bor has." The "Bean" is the choice of the North- west grower, because he has long since learned the value of— — high pressure — more gallons of liquid per minute — speedier work — more thorough covering — absolute dependability at all times Send the Coupon Get the new Bean catalog, which illustrates and describes the entire Bean line, including the Bean Super-Giant. / BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. Originators of the first High Pressure Sprayers 19 Hosmer St., Lansing, Mich. 118 W. Julian St., San Jose.Cal. / / / . / / / r°' ■J? - SffT ^>> HAND AND POWER SPRAYERS / / / <-v *° ^'ERTISERS ME Page 12 BETTER FRUIT Timely Notes on Oregon Nut Growing By Knights Pearcy, Salem, Oregon THE interest in filbert planting con- tinues to increase in Oregon. Plantings are going in as rapidly as nursery stock can be had, in spite of the extreme prices asked for the trees, which run as high as 65c, 85c and $1.15 each for Barcelona, Du- Chilly and Daviana, respectively. One grower alone planted 3000 trees in the fall of 1919. The writer, in company with Mur- ray Wade, editor of the Oregon Mag- azine, recently made a visit to the grove of the veteran grower, George Dorris, of Springfield. Dorris has the oldest commercial planting of Alberts in the Northwest, having some 1200 trees ranging in age from fifteen years downward. His grove is planted in a wonderful type of river bottom soil, fertile and retentive of moisture. Dorris figures that his crop is about normal in size, which means that the nuts are hanging on the trees very much like hops on the hop vines. He expected his harvest to commence about the 20th of September. The Oregon Agricultural College is doing some very interesting experi- mental work in the Dorris plantings. It has been well known among the growers for several years that cer- tain of our varieties of filberts are self sterile, that they will not set fruit when pollenized with their own pol- len. It has also been demonstrated that while certain varieties appear to cause another variety to set a crop, certain others have no effect in that direction. These observations have been made in the field altogether and heretofore no well controlled and well planned work has been done to find which of the varieties are self fertile and which are self sterile and to de- termine which of the varieties are ef- fective in causing a set of fruit on the various self-sterile varieties. Field observation, for instance, has shown that DuChilly has a beneficial affect upon Barcelona and that Davi- ana is of great value in pollenizing DuChilly, but that Daviana is nearly self sterile and, to date, no variety has been found that will cause it to bear commercially. This variety pro- duces one of the most beautiful nuts of any of the filberts, and it is to be hoped that Prof. Schuster, of the col- lege, will find some variety while con- ducting his many pollenization experi- ments that will pollenize this variety. While field observations are by no means as accurate as controlled pol- lenization work, still they have thei.' value, especially in a field so lacking in scientific investigation. The Dor- ris planting is scattered about a 200- acre farm, in small fields, with heavy timber lying between the fields. One planting in which filberts are used as fillers in a walnut grove, is planted to October, 1920 Barcelona filberts about 11 or 12 years old. In this field are two or three White Avelines. The White Avelines never bear a crop worth harvesting, indicating that Barcelona has little or no pollenizing affect upon that va- riety. The Barcelona trees closest to the Avehne are bearing a fairly good crop, while the farther away from the latter variety one goes among the Bar- celonas the smaller the crop until at some distance there is little more than enough crop to serve to identify the variety. Dorris reports that this has always been the case. This would serve to indicate that Barcelona is partially self-sterile, at least, although many other growers feel that it is more or less self-fertile. These appar- ently contradictory observations re- garding the fertility of Barcelona may be due to the fact that we are ap- plying the name Barcelona to a type of nut rather than to a variety, and careful study of the nuts produced in the various plantings may demonstrate that our growers are including a num- ber of different varieties under the name of Barcelona. The same may be true of others of our so-called va- rieties. There is bound to be con- fusion in the nomenclature of any new species of fruit when first introduced into a district, as is the case of the filbert in the Northwest. Dorris has made some interesting observations regarding the Bud-Mite. He finds that his Barcelona is not af- fected by it, while the Daviana is af- Continued on page 24. GMC Trucks Orchardists= Says W. F. Richardson of Yakima "Up until last week I thought I knew something about the values of motor trucks. Since I saw your GMC 16 operating a Bean spray pump outfit with capacity load I have entirely changed my ideas of tiuck efficiency on the farm. If any one had told me that I could use a truck in my orchards under all conditions, and that the truck engine would not only operate the truck, but also the pump, I would have been skeptical. Having put on 9 tanks of spray in an afternoon while my best teams were putting on 4 tanks, my hat is off to the GMC. "I really think that you have solved the question of a truck for the fruit growers. I have thought a good deal about it, but I cannot find a single fault with your outfit." Seattle Spokane GMC ON A TRUCK IS LIKE USA ON A BOND Yakima Walla Walla October, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Page 14 BETTER FRUIT Scandinavia a Market for Northwest Apples SCANDINAVIA offers a good although limited market for American ap- ples and prospects for a successful year in this trade are encouraging, ac- cording to the Fruit Trade Commis- sioner of the Canadian Department of Trade and Commerce. Great Britain, the United States Hol- land, Switzerland and Canada are the chief sources of the apple supply of Scandinavia. Practically all of the imports from Great Britain, however, must be credited to apples from trans- Atlantic sources, re-exported. The apples received from Germany also include large quantities of re-exports from Hamburg. It is evident, there- fore, says the Market Beporter, that American apples comprise a large part of the Scandinavian apple imports. Owing to the fact that the prices of trans-Atlantic apples in Sweden are too high for ordinary consumption until the cheaper varieties are ex- hausted, home-grown and Dutch ap- ples hold the market there until after Christmas. Holland and Switzerland have been the chief sources of Swed- en's apple supply since 1917, because war conditions curtailed trans-Atlantic shipping. Since the Dutch apple crop is a complete failure this year, the de- mand should be satisfactory for Amer- ican apples, both in boxes and in barrels. As a rule there is only a light de- mand for imported apples in Denmark before the middle of December, on ac- count of home and Dutch supplies. Owing to the failure of the Dutch crop, however, American apples in all probability will And an early market there this year. In Norway, the home grown Euro- pean imports supply the market until November, after which date trans-At- lantic shipments are in demand. The main season for shipping American apples to Norway is from December to March. Throughout Norway the red varie- ties command the best prices, Bald- wins, Kings, and Ben Davis packed in barrels being special favorites. Prac- tically no demand exists for green or cooking apples. In the box packs, the varieties especially desired are Jona- thans, Spitzenbergs, Winesaps and Ar- kansas Blacks. Bome Beautys are good sellers but are less popular than more highly colored varieties. The Yellow Newtown is not appreciated except when red varieties are unavailable. The preferences in Sweden are practically the same as those in Nor- way. Late red apples are especially liked, but there is no demand for yel- low or green varieties. The Yellow Newtown, however, is more popular than the Norway. In Denmark also red apples are pre- ferred, although western Newtowns are in demand. Boxed varieties may be placed in the following order of popularity in Denmark: Delicious and Newtowns; Winesaps; Jonathans, Spitzenbergs, and King Davids; Bome Beautys and Arkansas Blacks. In ad- dition to red barrel varieties, Golden Pussets are appreciated. A strong preference exists through- out Scandianvia for the western box pack. As business is transacted on a cash basis, it has been found more economical to deal in box apples than in barrel apples, and for this reason it is difficult to interest the trade in the direct handling of the latter. The preference for box-packed ap- ples is due not only to the fact that they are usually of a superior standard but also to the fact that they may be shipped more safely. They are also more likely to arrive in a satisfactory condition and are better adapted to handling and inland transportation when packed in boxes. The preferred sizes of box apples in October, 1920 Norway are from 150 to 175 to the standard western box, but there is a good demand for sizes ranging from 188 to 225. Only a small percentage of sizes 125 to 138 can be disposed of, while sizes larger than 125 are difficult to sell. Although medium-sized box apples are preferred in Sweden as in Norway, there is a greater interest in the direct importation of barrel apples. Many importers will not handle larger sizes than the 138's. The box pack is the favorite in Den- mark, although some varieties are shipped in barrels. The box size de- sired varies from 150 to 225, but the large sizes are heavily discounted in value. Several steamship lines run between New York and Norway. The ocean freight rates are 72 cents per cubic Continued on page 23. MYERS FOR EVERY PURPOSE HONOR-BILT PUMPS Pumps tested by time and hard service — pumps that have proved themselves worthy in thousands and thousands of installations — each a leader in its particular field and as reliable as we know how to build it — styles and sizes to meet all pumping requirements — neat designs, at- tractively finished to please the eye and harmonize with the surroundings — operation by hand, windmill, gasoline engine, electric motor or other power — make up the line of MYERS "HONOR-BILT" HAND AND POWER PUMPS for Every Purpose. Simplified construction, easy 'j ' installation, low cost of operation, " ■ li-pfiiilable long-time service are Myers Talking Points. (JikkI dealers everywhere sell MYERS PUMPS — If yours cannot supply you, is direct and we will tell you how and where to buy them. 186-page Pump Catalog- Handy Edition— mailed to anyone on request. F.E. MYERS &BR0. No. 135 Orange Street Ashland. Ohio Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER New Fall Catalog Our new 64-page Fall Catalog of Flowering Bulbs, Roses, Fruit, Shade and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs is now ready for you. We offer you the "highest quality" stocks of real merit, varieties especi- ally adapted to this coast. Twenty years' practical experience here enables us to do it intelligently. FALL SEEDS— Complete Seed Catalog on request. Writh for prices on Fall Grain and Grasses, stating quantities wanted. Poultry, Birds, Pet Stock and Supplies. Routledge Seed and Floral Co., 145 Second Street, Portland, Oregon VERTISFRS Ml". October, 1020 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 MEANS Maximum Efficiency and Economy THIS BOX LIDDING MACHINE $65.00 F.O.B. Spokane Built on new principles, is adaptable to any style packing house, for it has open back and ends permitting the free passage of boxes in any direction. Roll feeders and carriers attach at either end or back. Extra heavy construction, assuring full rigidity and perfect alignment. Adjustable to any size boxes. Pressmen in large packing plant say: "It's the swiftest, surest and easiest operating of any press on the market and will outlast five other machines. Spokane Valley Fruit Growers Association, of Oppor- tunity, Washington, largest fruit packing house in the Northwest, has discarded all of its old lid presses and installed Eight New Success Lidding Machines after a thorough investigation. It will pay you to investigate too. The Success Ewing Orchard Ladder Built on scientific tests and calculations and of AIRPLANE SPRUCE. It is the lightest ladder on the market. Built for strength. 8-foot ladder weighs 27 pounds 10-foot ladder weighs 31 pounds 12-foot ladder weighs 40 pounds 14-foot ladder weighs 44 pounds 16-foot ladder weighs 53 pounds No Wobble Always Steady T\ Irtfc Wnte for terms and our LJfiCLLxilS liberal contract. Some choice territory still open for reliable dealers MANUFACTURED BY Success Seed Grader Co. 65c a foot F.O.B. Spokane SPOKANE, WASHINGTON MANUFACTURERS OF Orchard Supplies, Fanning Mills, Seed Graders, Pea and Bean Threshers, Foundry Work, Buckets, Chains, Wire and Zinc Screen Pasc 16 BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON The Volstead Act. Fruitgrowers generally should be in- terested in securing the passage of the Volstead act at the next session of Congress as it is framed to give their marketing associations features that are necessary to make them a co-ope- rative success. It was believed that it would be passed during the past ses- sion, but owing to opposition and the short time between its introduction and the adjournment of Congress, was held over. Owing to this fact, several of the large co-operative fruit-market- ing associations have found it neces- sary to change their form of organiza- tion this year in order to keep within the law in marketing their crops. Since Congress has adjourned, if the statements of candidates and poli- ticians are to be believed, there has been a change in sentiment in regard to the Volstead act, and it is stated by those who are carrying on the fight for it that it can be passed if the fruit- growers and fruitgrowes' associa- tions of the country get solidly behind it. Growers, therefore, have both an opportunity and a duty to perform in furthering its passage and should per- sonally take steps to help in pushing it through Congress. The New Prune Pest. The depredations of the red spider in Idaho prune orchards, as noted elsewhere in this number in an article by W. H. Wicks, head of the Bureau of Plant Industry of Idaho, should serve as a warning to prune growers in other sections of the Northwest. Up to the present time, the work of this insect in Northwest orchards has been limited and little attention has been paid to it, although it has been a serious pest in the orchards of Cali- fornia for some time. In Mr. Wick's article, he tells of its habits, the results of its work and methods that his experiments have shown are successful in its control. As a pest of this kind spreads rapidly, prune growers in the Northwest sec- tion should watch their orchards care- fully and where there is any indica- tion of its appearance, take the neces- sary measures to eradicate it. country and seen what is being done in developing the fruit industry here in comparison with other sections of the United States that he has been visiting, Mr. Olin becomes enthusiastic and tells us of many things that we are prone to overlook. Even the draw- backs of unfavorable marketing con- ditions and unseasonable weather are forgotten in reading what he says about the development and the future of the fruit industry in the Northwest, and we are deeply impressed with the conviction that the industry is being stabilized and future avenues made for the output of the fruit products of the Pacific Northwest, fresh and pro- cessed, that must mean success. Mr. Olin's article has the punch that stirs to greater activity, particularly when it carries with it the conviction that it is based on facts. The fruit industry of this section is, indeed, assuming huge proportions and bring with it a new and enlarged prosperity. As the Stranger Sees Us. It frequently takes an outsider to bring to us a new point of view in regard to the possibilities and re- sources of a district that we have be- come so familiar with that we disre- gard them. This, to a large extent, is the case with the article appearing in this issue by W. H. Olin on "Utilizing the Fruit Crop of the Northwest." Having taken a swing around the Increased Freight Rates. It is announced that the increased rate allowed the railroads on North- western box apples is seriously hurt- ing the industry and that unless some relief is afforded, that it cannot sur- vive. This is said to be particularly the case this year, with big crops of apples in the East that are grown much nearer the big markets. Sales that have taken place on the Coast this year have been on such a narrow margin of returns to the grower that the production cost is said to be eating up the profits. This being the case, it is apparent that some agreement should be reached between the railroads and shippers, whereby there would be a readjustment of the rates. By joint application to the In- terstate Commerce Commission this could be accomplished. As a matter of fact, business conditions have very materially changed since the time when the new rates were being con- sidered. Apple prices, like other commodities, have taken a decided drop, and in asking for a re-hearing, this feature should have considerable weight outside of the fact that any railroad tariff that jeopardizes the life of an industry is not sound business practice, for eventually the carrier will suffer as much as the shipper. What Papers Interested in Fruit Are Saying According to Etrelbert Johnson, Technical Assistant of the California Department, De- partment of Agriculture, in an article in the Department Bulletin the puncture vine, a pe- culiar form of veb vegetaion vegetation which punctures bicycle and automobile tires is the latest pest that California has to contend with, culiar form of vegetation which punctures bicycle and automobile tires is the latest pest that California has to contend with. The earliest report of the juncture vine in California was in 1903, when it was found growing along a railway bank at Port Los Angeles. In 1908 it was found in abundance in the Southern Pacific yards at Colton, and was also collected near San Bernardino. In 1912 it was reported as a troublesome weed in the vicinity of Bakersfield. It has now- spread over a large area in the upper San Joaquin valley and is found in a nearly un- broken line along the railroads northward to San Joaquin county. In the Sacramento Val- ley, it has been found at Woodland, Durham and Marysville, and is reported as widely spread along the railroads in Tehama county. South of Tehachapi, the puncture vine is found from the Mexican border through tin Imperial and Coachella valleys to the coast- ward valleys of Riverside, San Bernardino, Los Angeles and Orange counties. From the rapidity of its spread in the up- per San Joaquin Valley in the last ten years, it is to be expected that the pest will con- tinue to extend its limits from these newer centers of infestation until something is done to check it. The plant produces numerous prostrate stems which frequently grow to a length of eight feet. At every joint is produced a num- ber of burs, usually five, which separate as soon as they mature. Each bur possesses two or more sharp spines about the size of carpet tacks, so disposed that however the bur may fall, one spine will always point upward. These spines will pierce an automobile tire the tread of which is somewhat worn, and will readily puncture a bicycle tire. We have almost reached the crisis in the wage scale, and any increase in the wages for employes outside of the farming districts will certainly cause a re-action which will tend to make the situation worse. Up and up we have moved the wage-scale, until the dollar has little value, but a bushel of pota- toes or other food is a highly prized article. Every time wages go up it can only have a tendency to make food more scarce and higher in price. The workingman, though earnest in his theory that what he needs to solve his problems is a higher wage scale is laboring under a delusion. The remedy does not lie in an advance but in a reduction in the scale. If we would begin to lower wages along with the prices for the necessities of life, we should soon see the value of a dollar begin to in- crease in worth, and soon a dollar would be worth a dollar. — Southern Fruitgrower. Modern Farming says: "No intelligent per- son will denv that our present system of dis- tribution of farm products is faulty. The solution, however, does not lie in the elimination of the crooked, inefficient mid- dleman, and the proper regulation and pro- tection of those remaining. The honest mid- dleman will not oppose legitimate regulation; he considers it highly advantageous to him by increasing the confidence of his shippers, aiid by raising the plane of the commission business." Interest is still keen in watching the de- velopment of the Leonard Coates 14-18 prune. On the invitation of Ronald H. Coates a goodly number of prominent horticulturists gathered at the home and orchard of Mr. Coates Au- gust 27th to inspect this specimen of im- proved French prune. Its designation "1 1-18" means the vears during which Mr. Coates was developing it from graft to bearing trees. The particular orchard under inspection at the present is ten acres of peach trees top-worked to this and some other varieties of prunes. The 14-18 certainly makes a very attractive showing in the orchard. The trees were evenly and well loaded with fruit that ran evenly in size close around 30's. It was smooth, clean, regular, with flesh of fine tex- ture. In the opinion of those present it is by far the best specimen of improved French prune yet found in the search for the ideal. To be conservative we must say it is still too earlv in its testing to be sure of all of its qualities. Experts in breeding stock or trees know that earlv in the evolution of any strain there is a liability of individuals to revert back to early type. That only after a number of generations can such unreliable individuals be eliminated. — Sunset Standard. A Correction. Editor of Better Fruit, Portland, Ore.: Dear Sir: I have just read the September num- ber of Better Fruit. On page 12, under the heading "Combatting Fire Blight" you have made a serious mistake. You state "The wounds should be disin- fected with one grain of cyanide of mercury and one gram of bicloride of mercury to 500cc of water. This com- bination is an effective disinfectant for both wounds and tools, according to Prof. F. C. Heimer " This should read one gram of cyan- ide of mercury instead of one grain. I would appreciate it if you would correct this in your next issue. With kindest regards, I am Very sincerely yours, F. C. BEIMFB. Octobei . 1020 BETTER FRUIT The Refrigerator Car Shortage Problem IN discussing the car shortage sit- uation that usually obtains during the apple shipping season, a well- known railroad man says: "The railroads, like the fruit grow- ers, have their problems, and an ex- change of information and ideas that will create a better understanding and a closer co-operation between the grower and shipper on the one hand and the railroads on the other is es- sential. "Apples are a seasonal commodity, and every fall the railroads are con- fronted with an enormous volume of apples to move in the shortest pos- sible time. This movement comes also at the same time as the wheat and hay and lumber traffic. If there were no apples to ship at all, the usual fall rush of other principal farm and for- est products would give the railroads a goodly amount of tonnage to handle. Such non-perishable products as wheat and lumber and shingles move every month in the year and, while the offer- ings are larger in the fall, the move- ment is steadier and longer, and there are no losses to be feared on account of weather or not getting into eastern markets quickly. "If the apple movement was an all- year-round affair, there would be suffi- cient refrigerator cars in the country to handle it, but it is compressed chiefly within a ninety-day period. "For three months of the year, Au- gust, September and October, the equipment about balances the offer- ings; then for November, December and January the offerings are in ex- cess of available cars. The split might be several weeks earlier or later, ac- cording to conditions which fluctuate some years. Then for the balance of the year a large part of the refriger- ator cars are not in use. "Along in July the railroads begin to head their refrigerator equipment toward the points where it will be needed in the fall. "These empty refrigerators are ac- cumulated and stored in yards and at stations against the time when they will be needed. "The railroads go into the season with as large a surplus of refrigerators as it is possible to accumulate, and supplement it with all other refriger- ators that can be rounded up and worked westward during the shipping season. The empty car mileage on re- frigerators is naturally heavier than on box cars. "Considering their limited use and idle time, the greater initial cost and interest on investment, and the greater empty car mileage, the carriers would not be justified in attempting to own as many refrigerator cars as would be equal to the size of the crop to be moved. "During federal control of the rail- roads, refrigerator cars were pooled Page ij and used in any part of the country where most needed. When the rail- roads get their tangled car situation finally straightened out this would seem a desirable and necessary ar- rangement to continue if possible. All of the refrigerator cars in the country would then be available in the North- west to draw from to move the apple crop. At other seasons they would be available in the south and southwest, or at other points where needed. "It would require an unreasonable amount of capital to be tied up in equipment that would be idle the greater part of the year, if every rail- road acquired sufficient cars of its own to move its crop." Spraying For Anthracnose. Spraying for anthracnose on apple trees should be done just as soon as the apples are picked and before the fall rains commence. While you may be fairly satisfied that your trees are free of this disease at the present time it must be remembered that when the rains come it germinates rapidly and may become widespread in your orchard if you neglect preventive measures. A thorough spraying of Bordeaux mixture at a strength of 6-6-50 before the rains permit the spores to develop is the best treat- ment for destroying anthracnose in vour orchard. Standard 1 World=Hoover Potato Diggers Roller Bearings, Tempered Steel Elevator, Steel Sprockets and Steel Sprocket Chains, Frames and Beams made of Bessemer Steel and Charcoal Malleable Castings. Double Action Tongue Truck. Fill out coupon and we will send you catalog and tell you more about this digger. John Deere Plow Company, Portland, Oregon y :*0< Spokane, Seattle, Boise -/ Page 18 BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 For President WARREN G. HARDING For Vice-President CALVIN COOLIDGE A Square Deal for the farmer If the farmers of the United States think they have nothing at stake in this election — if they think it is simply a con- test between the political "ins" and "outs" and that it makes no particular difference to the farmer which wins — they are mak- ing a very great mistake, and are likely to realize it when too late to help them- selves. In some matters of interest to the farmers the two parties agree. For example, both favor strengthening the rural credits statutes; both recognize the right of farmers to form co-operative associations for the marketing of their crops; both favor extending our foreign markets; both are pledged to the study of the cost of producing farm crops. Now, the matters mentioned are im- portant, but not nearly so important as certain other matters; and in the way they look at these tremendously more important matter we find a radical differ- ence between the Republican and the Democratic parties. The difference is so vital that if the farmers of the country once understand it, there will be not the slightest doubt as to which party they will support at the polls in November. The farm voice in government The Republican party in its national platform is committed to "practical and adequate farm representation in the ap- pointment of governmental officials and commissions." Are not farmers entitled to such repre- sentation? The Republican party thinks they are. Under Republican rule, for sixteen years that sturdy and faithful Iowa farmer, "Tama Jim" Wilson, was at the head of the great Department of Agri- culture. What happened when the Democrats came into power? Why, they turned out "Tama Jim" and put in a university professor who knew nothing about agriculture and gave no evidence of caring anything about it. Farm interests are vitally affected by the administration of the Federal Reserve banking system, by the Farm Loan sys- tem, etc. Should not thoroughly com- petent men who understand the farmers' needs and who have a sympathetic inter- est in agriculture be on these boards? The Republican party thinks they should and says so. The Democrats were asked to include a similar pledge in their platform, but they refused. Why? Price fixing and price drives Both parties were asked to promise to put an end to price-fixing on farm prod- ucts and to government drives to beat down prices of farm products. The Democrats refused to make such a pledge. The Republicans agreed and in their national platform are pledged to "put an end to unnecessary price-fixing and ill-considered efforts arbitrarily to reduce prices of farm products which in- variably result to the disadvantage both of producer and consumer." Do you remember what happened when we got in the war? Do you remember President Wilson's definition of a "just price"? He said: "By a just price I mean a price which will sustain the industries concerned in a high state of efficiency, provide a living for those who conduct them, enable them to pay good wages, and make possible the expansion of their enterprises," etc. And then do you remember what hap- pened? Government contracts of all kinds were let on a cost-plus basis. That is, the manufacturer was allowed to fig- ure all of the cost of every kind which he incurred (and he was not restricted in his expense) and in addition was allowed (Continued on next page.) October, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 19 A Square Deal for the Farmer ( Continued from the preceding page) Government drives against farm prices to figure a handsome percentage on top of all his expense and fix his price to cover everything. Was the farmer allowed that "just price" which was granted so freely to others? He was not. Prices on some of his products were absolutely fixed, and without investiga- tion of the cost of production. One prominent member of the Demo- cratic administration when asked about the cost of production of farm crops is reported to have said that this was no time to investigate farm costs of produc- tion; that it was the farmer's business to produce an,d not bother his head about' the cost. Throughout the war the farmer was frantically urged to produce by one crowd, while another crowd was using every device of market manipulation to hold down prices of farm products. Was that fair? But, someone will say, we were in war, and the farmer should not complain about what it was necessary to do, even if they didn't do it to others. Very well. Let us overlook what hap- pened during the war. Let us wipe the slate clean up to the signing of the armis- tice. Let us consider what has happened to the farmer since the war ended. The farmer had been urged to produce to the limit and had been assured that even if peace came, all he could grow would sell at profitable prices. Do you remember the price drive in January, 1919, within three months after the armistice had been signed? Do you remember the more determined drive in July, 1919, when hogs dropped from $22.10 on July 15 to $14.50 on Octo- ber 15, although pork products to the consumer dropped on an average less than 10%? In June, 1920, hogs were sell- ing at $5.50 less per hundred than in June, 1919, but retail ham prices were $3.00 per hundred higher. As a result of the government drive the producer received less and the consumer paid more. Who benefited? And do you remember the government drive of the last three months, and what it has done to the prices of grains and livestock? Within two months the prospective value of the 1920 corn crop decreased three-fourths of a billion dollars. Great advertisements announced that the gov- ernment proposed to cut down the cost of living by dumping on the market the millions of pounds of government sur- plus meat at bargain prices. Have you been making so much money on your cattle and hogs that you can afford further reductions in prices? In July, 1919, No. 2 corn sold in Chi- cago for $2.19 per bushel; in July, 1920, for $1.56, a decrease of 29%. In July, 1919, steers sold in Chicago for $15.60; in July, 1920, for $15.00, a decrease of 4%. In July, 1919, hogs sold in Chicago for $21.85; in July, 1920, for $14.85, a decrease of 33%. The decrease in wool prices was 25%. In beating down prices of these products did the government help the consumer? According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, the consumer paid 24.1% more for his food articles in July, 1920, than in July, 1919. He paid 12.4% more for his clothing; 47.4% more for his fuel and lighting. During the same time, metals and metal products increased 20.9%, lumber and building material 79%, house furnishing goods 47.8%. But ac- cording to the same authority all farm products had decreased over 4% in July, 1920, as compared with July, 1919. We shall not deal further with this sickening story of incompetent and ineffi- cient government meddling. You know the story in most of its details. As you think it over, remember this one outstanding fact: That the Demo- cratic party, if continued in power, is committed to the same sort of a policy in dealing with the farmer and stockman that it has followed during the past two years. It was asked to promise to stop officious meddling which benefits only the speculator and the profiteer, but it refused to make such a promise. In justice to themselves and their fam- ilies and the generations to come after them, the farmers of the United States should put in power the Republican party, which realizes its obligations to them and to all other classes of citizens, and which further realizes that if the farmer is not given a square deal, our agriculture is going to be wrecked. Talk to your neighbors about these things and make sure that they under- stand what a vital interest the farmer has in the presidential election November 2. Republican National Committee Republican National Committee, Auditorium Hotel, Chicago, 111. ' Please send me, free and postpaid, copy of Senator Harding's Address ' on the present day problems of the ' farmer. | Name I Address ■ The Importance of Wiping Fruit Where fruit growers late in the sea- son have sprayed fruit so heavily as to leave a residue on it, the United States Department of Agriculture is again urging them to remove the coat- ing by wiping or other means that will make the fruit acceptable in the mar- ket. One method recommended for apples and pears, which can be fol- lowed at a cost of a few cents per box, is to wipe the fruit with cotton gloves. It is pointed out that if heavy rain- falls do not occur after heavy late sprayings the coating that remains may disfigure it sufficiently to arouse apprehension in the minds of the con- sumers, even though the residue may be entirely harmless. In some cases, however, heavy late spraying has been sufficient to be actually injurious and so subjects such fruit to seizure under Slate or Federal food and drug laws. Where apples and pears when har- vested show evidence of spray resi- dues which have not been removed in picking, handling, grading and pack- ing, it is recommended that such fruits be systematically wiped before being placed on the- market orpneked for shipment. While this precaution is applicable to all fruit sprayed late in the season, it is especially important in the more southern apple districts where the grower is often compelled to spray late to protect the fruit against bitter rot, and in irrigated orchards of the West and Northwest where pro- tection of apples and pears against the later broods of the codling moth is secured by spraying with arsenate of lead. While at this season the Depart- ment's specialists are laying emphasis on the importance of wiping fruit that has a residue from spraying, they also take occasion to urge that no grower should suppose fruit injury resulting from neglect of proper spraying early in the season can be corrected by be- lated spraying. Heavy late spraying undertaken in an effort to make up for what should have been done earlier is strongly condemned. The practice of spraying growing fruit properly marks one of the most important steps in horticultural prog- ress and is responsible, to a large ex- tent, for the sound, attractive appear- ance of fruit now on the market, which is in marked contrast to the insect - injured and disease - spotted fruit so prevalent a few years ago. ^iiniiiillliiiiifiiiiiiiinii 11M111111111111111MI111111T ijiiiniiimiiiiiiimiiin - Why Better Fruit Helps Just as important as adequate | I tools for use in your orchard is a | 1 comprehensive knowledge of the § I principles behind their use. A strong back and a weak head | 1 may make for success in some | I lines of work, but not in the bus- | I iness of commercial fruit grow- | 1 ing as it is practiced today. Give me rather a cripple in a | I wheeled chair who knows why f I than the muscle-bound giant who | I works so hard he has no time to | I read and study. Better Fruit gives you just the | I information you want at the time | I you need il. I Each issue of Better Fruit is | I crammed from cover to cover 1 1 with seasonable information and § 1 interesting news notes pertaining | 1 to your business. I You should read it, for it is in- | I structive and helpful to you as a | I fruit grower. jfimjiiiiliMiiiiii iiimiimiiiil 11:11 Page 20 BETTER FRUIT October, 1Q2C SAM BIRCH T. J. P. Representative Now in America We have a reputation of twenty-five years' service to be upheld and to uphold us. We handle fruit on consignment only. We NEVER buy lots of our own to interfere with or take preference over consigned shipments, hence our best efforts are always devoted to procuring the highest prices for the consignor. We solicit your consignments and our Mr. Birch will be in this country every fall to arrange for shipments. Our business necessitates, in addition to shops and stands in the most central position of Covent Garden Market, twelve great warehouses, with a floor space of between five and six acres. Through these warehouses in the course of a year there passes an average of three million packages. We have world-wide connections. No part of the world where fruit is grown and exported escapes our notice. In addition to the hundreds* of places in the British Isles from whence our supplies are derived, we import fruit from America, Canada, Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, Spain, Canary Islands, Azores, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium and Holland. We are now directing particular attention to offering American and Can- adian growers the great POUPART service. We make advances to cover freight and accessory charges. All communications should be addressed to MR. SAM BIRCH HEADQUARTERS, KALAMALKA HOTEL VERNON. B. C. USERS MENTI October, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Experiments with Pickering Bordeaux Spray EFFORTS to obtain a copper fungi- cidal spray for fruits and vege- tables that would be as efficient as but less expensive than standard Bor- deaux mixtures, have led to encour- aging experiments with the Pickering Bordeaux sprays, the results of which are contained in a bulletin now issued by the United States Department of Agriculture. The high price of cop- per sulphate, known as bluestone or blue vitrol, during the war caused chemists of the department to turn their attention to the Pickering Bor- deaux sprays, which contain less of this high-priced chemical. The so-called Pickering Bordeaux sprays had been tested to a limited extent in England, where laboratory tests indicated that they were more efficient per unit of copper than the Bordeaux sprays. Pickering sprays, sometimes called Pickering limewater sprays, are prepared by mixing satu- rated limewater with diluted solutions of copper sulphate, and contain their copper in the form of basic copper sulphates. If the results obtained by Pickering, the British chemist, from whom the sprays get their name, in the laboratory in England hold true under field conditions in America, it is abvious that a great saving in cop- per in this country may be effected. It is believed that the experiments by the department lay a basis for fur- ther studies to be conducted in various parts of the country. The opinion is expressed that from the information provided in the bulletin the various agricultural experiment stations and other agencies in the country will be able to devise formulas for copper fun- gicidal sprays for certain crops made with less copper sulphate than stand- ard Bordeaux, which will prove just as efficient as the more expensive sprays. It would be impracticable, it is pointed out, for the department to devise these formulas itself. Field conditions vary in different sections of the country, and experiments would have to be conducted in these dif- ferent sections in order to work out a spray suitable to local needs. Tests Cover Three Seasons. The experiments, which covered three seasons, were conducted with Pickering Bordeaux sprays containing the equivalent of from .06 to .7 per cent of copper sulphate. Their effi- ciency was compared with that of standard Bordeaux mixtures contain- ing the equivalent of from .75 to 1.25 per cent of copper sulphate. The results of the tests made on potatoes in Maine indicated that, per unit of copper present, the Pickering Bordeaux sprays were twice as effec- tive as the standard Bordeaux mix- ture. The strongest Pickering Bor- deaux sprays, containing the equiva- lent of from .6 to .7 per cent of cop- per sulphate, controlled late blight on potatoes and the fungous rots of can- berries in New Jersey very effectively. Their control of certain fungous dis- eases on grapes and apples was not definitely determined, the results be- ing complicated by burning or other injury to the foliage and fruit. Pick- ering sprays containing less than the equivalent of .6 per cent of copper sulphate were not effective as fungi- cides for potatoes and probably not for cranberries. Increased yields of tubers were ob- tained on plats of potatoes treated with standard Bordeaux and with the stronger Pickering sprays, indicating that the latter sprays exerted similar stimulating and protective action on the plants. The adhesive properties of Pickering Bordeaux sprays varied Page 21 with the foliage to which they were applied. They adhered to potato and cranberry leaves in practically the same degree as the standard Bordeaux, to apple leaves in a somewhat higher proportion, and to grape leaves in a lower proportion. No Harm to Maine Potatoes. No injurious effects followed the application of Pickering Bordeaux sprays to potatoes in Maine or to cran- berries in New Jersey. The sprays, however, proved to be too caustic for use on apples in Virginia or on grapes in New Jersey and Virginia. Picker- ing Bordeaux sprays, it is said, can not be used on tender foliage. Barium-water sprays of the Picker- ing type, made with barium hydrate instead of lime and containing the [ This is one of a series ] Rest If you were a tree, After a big crop and long summer, You would want a rest, A rest from growth and insects. Give your trees an early bath with ZENO It will kill the various scale, stop their damage, Destroy the eggs of red spider and aphis, Which would later mean millions of insects, and Destruction to the crop— harm to the trees. ZENO Is an internationally used Miscible oil spray, and these are reasons why It has proved the best by years of test. MANUFACTURED ONLY BY Eastbay Chemical Co., Inc. of Emeryville, California [Zeno may be had of your local Distributor, Fruit Company Exchange, or by writing to us direct] SPOHN & WING, Northwest Agents 223 Sherlock Building, Portland, Oregon Page 22 ATTENTION! Boys and Girls I want to hear from every boy and girl who would be willing to devote just about one hour's spare time. I will reward them for their services with choice of the following articles: Premo Cameras Raincapes Rain Hats Flashlights Beautiful pencil boxes with as- sortment of pencils and pens Fancy stationery, and many other beautiful articles. And for those who would like to start in the Poultry business, I will start them by supplying pure-bred Chickens Free. For full particulars enter your name and address on the coupon be- low and tell me what you would like to have. I will tell you how easy it is to get it. B. MARCUM, Director of Circulation, 800 Oregonian Bldg., Portland, Oregon. Please tell me how I can secure (name article desired.) My name is Address Post Office Winter Nelis Pears Sweet Cherries Apricots and Grapes A SPECIALTY Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND, WASH. The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruit and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON BETTER FRUIT equivalent of .7 per cent of copper sulphate, proved very successful against the late blight of potatoes in Maine. Such a spray containing the equivalent of .6 per cent of copper sul- phate was tested one season in Vir- ginia and did not injure the foliage or fruit of the apple trees. Remedies for Pear Slug. To destroy the pear and cherry slug, which is said by Prof. A. L. Lovett, en- tomologist at the Oregon Agricultural College, to be unusually active re- cently, spray with one pound of ar- senate of lead powder to 50 gallons of water. Sulphur, air-slacked lime or wood ashes sifted over the foliage are also said by Mr. Lovett to be good rem- edies to apply for this pest, which de- stroys the foliage and is especially de- structive to young trees. October, IQ20 shaped cane. These canes are trained to a wire or permitted to lay over a hop pole. This plan gives a much longer harvesting season since the earliest and consequently the highest- priced berries are borne on the ends of these long canes. It has been esti- mated that where the grower removes the top of his bush berries he is cut- ting off at least 25 per cent of the crop and by so doing causes his har- vest to ripen at nearly one time in- stead of over a much longer period. Pruning Cane Fruits By Gordon G. Brown, of the Hood River Experiment Station. Considerable difference in the man- agement of can fruits has taken place during the past few years. Probably no district has done more to demon- strafe different systems than the Pyal- lup Valley growers. Formerly the policy was to grow raspberries in hills, four to five feet apart. When the new canes were four feet high they were headed so as to throw out latterals. Now, however, they have found it more practical not to prune at all during the growing season but to permit the canes to grow as tall as possible. Where this was done, plant- ing was about three feet apart in the row. During winter the side shoots are trimmed off, leaving a long whip- Care of Nursery Stock Have someone receive the stock upon its arrival at the postoflice or ex- press office at the other end of the route. Have them heel the trees in a moist, shallow, trench, covering the roots with moist earth and leaving the tops out but shaded from sun or pro- tected from drying winds, and so hold until someone is coming to your place or until you can go in to get them. The trees will thus be protected from drying out and will be in good condition, with such treatment, for a week or so. In carrying them home, keep the roots moist and covered, away from the sun and dry air. Miscible Oil Demand Increases. The larger demand for miscible oil as a spray for certain varieties of or- chard pests has resulted in the loca- tion of the headquarters of distribut- ing agents at available points in the Northwest One of the latest to estab- lish an agency in this section is the East Bay Chemical Company of Cali- fornia, which has made Spohn & Wing Northwest distributors for their miscible oil spray Zeno. Spohn & Wing have established their head- quarters in Portland. All Fruits and Vegetables Can Be Shipped In Universal Package The most delicate fruits or vegetables can be shipped in these packages without danger of crush- ing. Though light in weight they are extremely strong. Use them for peaches, potatoes, apples, grapes, sweet potatoes, plums, etc. Hold standard bushel. Pack right in held. Ship direct to market without repacking. Covers fastened without nails. Write for prices TO DA Y PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA Write for FREE monthly bulletin. Tells how to spray, pack, ship, how to avoid shipping losses, how to get top market prices. Illustrated. A-k for It TODAY I'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT October, ippo An Investment Worth While 70 acres bearing apple orchard in one of Eastern Oregon's choicest fruit districts. Trees 10 and 13 years old. Good buildings and full equipment. This is well worth investigating. For full information address WM. MILLER, Owner La Grande, Oregon Actual tests By exhaustive study and engine tests, our Board of Lubrication Engineers has determined the correct con- sistency of Zerolene for your make of automobile. Its recommendations are available for you in the Zer- olene Correct Lubrication Charts. Get one for your car at your dealer's or our nearest station. Use Zero- lene for the Correct Lubri- cation of your automobile, truck or tractor. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) Agmdeforeach type of engine BETTER FRUIT Scandinavia a Market for Northwest Apples Continued from page 14. foot for boxes and $1.94 per 100 pounds for barrels. The duty on ap- ples is about 1% cents per pound. There are also several good lines connecting this country and Sweden. Regular schedules are maintained be- tween New York, Stockholm and Gothenburg. The ocean rates on ap- ples are $3.50 per barrel and $1.40 per box. The duty on apples entering Sweden is somewhat less than iy2 cents per pound. Boats run from New York to Copen- hagen twice and sometimes three times a month. Ocean rates are 70 cents per cubic foot and $3.25 per barrel. The duty is negligible, being about 6% cents per 100 pounds. There is practically only one way of transacting business in the apple trade between this country and Scan- dinavia. The actual importers prefer to do business through resident agents on a commission ranging from 3 to 10 per cent, which is arranged for and included in the quoted price. The resident agents receive cable quotations f. o. b. New York. They present these to a clientele of apple im- porters and cable the acceptance. The transaction then becomes one between the importers and the shippers on the basis of cash against documents or sight draft attached to bill of lading, and payable before inspection or de- livery at the bank in the foreign port. Inspection on behalf of the importer at port of shipment is not usual, though sometimes arranged. The agents do not handle the cash. The shippers receive the total amount from the importers through the bank and settle with the importers quar- terly or as arranged. The duties of the agents are confined to placing or- ders and to making necessary adjust- ments, etc. The main essential to success in bus- iness conducted this way is delivery of the goods at the time promised. Failure in this respect offers the only reasonable loophole for rejection. An importer who purchases for the Christmas trade can not be held to his contract for apples that arrive at the end of January. Many importers obtain their supply of trans-Atlantic apples at the apple auction in Copenhagen, where free port facilities offer special induce- ments for this business. Sales are held every Monday and Thursday. Al- though the auction is confined to Co- penhagen buyers alone, sales notices are sent out all over Norway, Sweden and Denmark, and outside merchants arrange to purchase through members of the auction. Soil For Strawberries. Soil for planting strawberries should be thoroughly prepared before they are planted. Failure in this respect usually means a poor yield as straw- berries require abundant humus to Page 23 thrive properly. Probably the best results are obtained from growing and turning under a green manure crop although heavy applications of stable manure will greatly aid in supplying the lack of humus. In planting straw- berry plants in the fall care should be taken to have the rows well hilled up to prevent the roots from freezing. "That's Relief for My Rheumatic Aches" Sloan's uniment is an effective counter- irritani that penetrates to the affected part , ivit hout nitW»,j, scatters the c on - g estion,and promotes aivarm, comfortable relief. Try it when your "bones ache" and you feel you "can hardly stand up any longer." For more than 38 years Sloan's Liniment has been used by the families of the nation in quickly relieving rheumatic aches, lum- bago, neuralgia, sciatica , lame, sore, strained muscles, bruises and other pains and sprains. Put up in convenient bottles in three lizet— the larger the bottle the greater the economy. 35c 70c. 41 40. Sloan's i Keep ii hatitlv A General Line of Nursery Stock Prune, Apple, Pears, Cherry, etc. Strawberry, Raspberry, etc. Buy direct from nursery; save your money. Do this by buying from us through our Mail Order System. 29 years in business. CARLTON NURSERY CO. Carlton, Oregon Tube Free allyr MI-it-H-lMMI Guaranteed 6000 MILES ■oft> Prtcva Include TIRE and TUBE 3o"x 3 »7r30 3() x 3« 8.40 33 x 3« 9.10 31 x 4 HI 3D 33 x 4 10.55 33x4 11 no 34x4 11.35 33x4ti 1>50 34 x I1.. 13.(111 35 \ I i 13.35 30 %4h 14.110 35x5 14.50 36x5 14.75 37 x 5 14.110 II r can fiimieh all odd aizca REUHER FREE WITH EVERT EIRE " — dornnit c Full An,, SPAULDING TIRE COMPANY rac^r-^tpaTr-grg; WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER Page 24 Notes on Oregon Nut Growing Continued from page 12. fected the most seriously of any of his varieties. DuChilly shows some little injury but produces a heavy crop, regardless of this pest. Dorris was one time the asparagus king of the valley and still ships large lots of this product but is gradually doing away with this product as well Cooking and Canning IS A REAL PLEASURE ok ,-thi Note the picture. You at once, over one fire. Everything cooked perfectly under steam pressure — no burning, no mixing of flavors, no shrinkage of the food. With it you can everything by the cold pack method — fruit, vegetables, meats, etc. Thousands are using Conservo and say it's worth its weight in gold. ConservofCooker No. 20 — Conservo, 21^ inches high, 11% inches square; 4 removable shelves; 2 pans; cooks for 3 to 15 persons; holds 14 one-quart jars for canning. No. 9 — Conservo is 131/;- inches high; 2 shelves; 1 pan; cooks for 2 or 3 persons; holds 6 one-quart jars for canning. Works on any stove — wood, coal or gas Mrs-iii*; ti. tin- liiiiiM'lvt'cL'i'i . Every hmiie sln.uiM luuc one. It will ]>a\ for itself in a few months' u lite saving in food .mil fuel. Foods cooked in it are delicious— they retain all their flavor and natural juices. Canning is done perfectly and with leas! possible effort. Write today for booklet and information, OUTWEST SUPPLY CO. Portland, Oregon CUSHMAN Farm Engines Built light, BUILT RIGHT. f.a huretor, frietion clutch and Water Circulattnc rump. ONE engine for ALL, kinds of work. Four-horse- power runs sprayer, wood saw. potato digger, grain binder, pumps, ALL kinds of work up to 4 h.p. Also made in 8, 10, 15, 20 h. p. 2 cylinder for heavy work. 4 h.p. weighs only 190 lbs. 5 h.p. weighs only 320 lbs. CUSHMAN MOTOR WORKS 978 N. 21st St., Lincoln, Neb. Northwest Branch: 248 Hawthorne Ave., Portland, Or. Full Stock of Repairs at Portland BETTER FRUIT as his peaches and other crops and plans eventually to have his whole farm in filberts. Recently his nephew, a veteran of the great war, has be- come associated with Mr. Dorris, and between them they are crowding the fdbert end of the business to the limit. They are layering thousands of plants each year, being occupied in this work from December until April. They are experimenting with the use of nitrate in this work, but their work has not been conclusive in this direction as yet. The past winter and spring has been a most trying one on our orch- ards of all kinds. The temperature went down to 20 degrees below zero (it very seldom drops below zero in this valley) early in December before the trees were completely dormant. Trees of all species were injured more or less, but the filbert came out of it with less injury than almost any other type of tree. In some cases in certain low locations the catkins and at times also the pistillate buds, were frozen above the snow line, as were those of our native hazel in similar locations. A few limbs on the southwest sides of the trees have died since, evidently from the freeze injury, but in many other locations no injury at all was apparent. The Dorris planting, the Forbis planting at Dilley, and many others in the valley are producing heavy crops this season and show no ill effects from the intense cold. The walnuts in the hill sections are generally in very good condition and are bearing good crops of nuts at the present time. In the valley sections, however, perhaps 50 per cent of the walnuts were frozen to the snow line. Baldwin and Spitzbenburg apples in the same locations were completely killed, and many varieties of peaches were killed to the snow line. In gen- eral, however, it was the trees that were unfavorably situated in some manner, having poor drainage or hav- ing been poorly tilled or being planted so close that there was not an abund- ant supply of food and moisture to keep them in good vitality that were most severely injured. Although the vigorous trees showed the most ap- parent injury just after the freeze, their bark being discolortd to a choc- olate brown and at times being sep- arated from the body of the tree, still they had the vitality to recover while many of the trees in poorer vitality in the crowded orchards, for example, although showing less apparent injury, failed to recover from the shock. The big freeze has serv d to em- phasize the fact that while there are thousands of acres of land in the Wil- lamette valley that are favorably lo- cated for walnut culture, there are many more thousands that are un- suited for their best growth, and that while the plantings will do fairly well on many of the less favorably located lands, it is those growing upon the well situated sites that have the best chance to survive unfavorable seasons. October, TQ20 BEST SERVICE- QUALITY a PRICES ' PERFECTION IN N 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDG. PORTLAND, OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan " NORTHWESTERN MANAGER ' . WE CARRY -AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, W»PIES,CHERRIES & STRAWBERRIES. mwMimiiwwi minima ■"■' Established 1882 mum ^Company Printers WE print anything from the smallest to the largest and always •welcome orders of any size or quantity, giving prompt, personal and efficient service. Mail or phone inquiries are solicited. We do not specialize — experience and equipment enable us to print everything equally well. We render service in preparing copy and illustrations and furnish plans and estimates for catalogs, booklets, publications, billboard and any other kind of advertising. First and Oak Streets Main 165: Auto 51 1-65 Portland, Oregon I'HFN WRITING ADVERTISERS ME October, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Sykes System of Fruit Packing 2 BUSHELS GRAPEFRUIT EXPORT PACKAGE 2 BUSHELS APPLES EXPORT PACKAGE 140 NEWTOWNS 189 NEWTOWNS I20 SPITZEN- BERGS ■ I20 NEWTOWNS 120 WINE SAPS ORANGES IN PEACH BOX ORANGES IN PEACH BOX Ample Protection Proper Ventilation Thorough Refrigeration Effective Display Easier to Pack and Less Costly A BETTER WAY We will soon give you some remarkably favorable results of cold storage tests showing great improvement in''SYKES pack compared to wrapped pack in the matter of scald. AMERICAN PAPER CO. Seattle, Washington BLAKE-McFALL CO. Portland, Oregon SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO. Spokane, Washington PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY San Francisco, California Page 26 BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 Northwest Fruit Notes From Here and There OREGON Reports from the cranberry-growing districts in the Marshfield district are to the effect that the largest crop of these berries will be har- vested in that section this year in its history. Help for harvesting the crop it is believed will also be plentiful. At a recent meeting of the board of directors of the Hood River Apple Growers' Association, E. W. Rirge was elected president of the or- ganization to succeed P. S. Davidson, who re- signed. O. R. Nye was elected vice-president to succeed A. F. Rickford. The schedule of prices for prunes recently announced by the Oregon Growers' Co-opera- tive Association, which expects to handle the largest tonnage of Oregon prunes during the present season, is as follows: 30-40's, 15 cents bulk basis, or 18% cents in 25-pound boxes. 40-50's, 13 cents bulk basis, or 16% cents in 25-pound boxes. 50-60's, 11 y2 cents bulk basis, or 14% cents in 25-pound boxes. 60-70's, 10 cents bulk basis, or 12% cents in 25-pound boxes. 70-80's, 9 cents bulk basis, or 10% cents in 25-pound boxes. 80-90's, 8 cents bulk basis, or 9% cents in 25-pound boxes. 90-100's, 7 cents bulk basis, or 7% cents in 25-pound boxes. Recent estimates of the Hood River apple crop place it at 70 per cent of last year's yield when 2,000,000 boxes were shipped. Growers there are now looking for a 2,000-car crop. The Western Fruit Company, with a capital stock of $10,000 and with headquarters at Salem, has been incorporated by F. Howard Zinser, W. J. Spalding and Ariel D. Zinser. The first car of Rogue River Rartletts of the 1920 crop to reach Chicago sold for $2,S,S0 gross, or an average of $5.55 per box. An- other car sold for $2,783 per car, or $5.28 per box. The above sales are said to break all record for pear sales in car lots from Medford. A survey of the farm acreage in Marion county for 1920 shows that the fruit acreage has increased very materially recently, when compared with former years. The statistics recently given out in regard to fruit in this OOuand eVerage IIU^/ Make no mistake! Nothing can take the place of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate — at your table or on your dealer's shelves. Be- cause Ghirardelli's fills a daily household need— and fulfills every essential of food and beverage. Ask for Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate at the store where you do your trading. Never sold in bulk but in cans only. In this way Ghirardelli's retains its flavor and strength — the two most important elements of good chocolate. Say l'Gear-ar-delly' D. GHIRARDELLI CO. Since 1S5Z San Francisci GHIRARDELLI S county show 8,552 apple trees in bearing ; apple trees, non-bearing, 575; cherry trees, Eeach trees, bearing, 352; peach trees, non- earing, 79 ; pear trees, bearing, 1,051 ; pear trees, non-bearing, 943; prune trees, bearing, 13,825; prune trees, non-bearing, 6,935; walnut trees, bearing, 257; walnut trees, non-bearing, 1,675; loganberries, 3,446; blackberries and raspberries, 2,940 ; strawberries, 875 ; other fruits and nuts, bearing, 250; other fruits and nuts, non-bearing, 204. According to a report from Roseburg a se- vere wind storm that visited that section dur- ing the middle of September, blew down and injured 35 carloads of apples so badly thai they could not be saved for shipment. About 50 per cent of the apples that were ripe at that time, it is declared, were rendered unfit foi anything but immediate use. In the Hood River district, late varieties of pears were injured by the windstorm. The apple loss in this district was also considerable. Oregon bee men are informed by the Oregon Agricultural College at Corvallis that they may now have the help of a trained bee specialist, as H. A. Scullen, a successful commercial bee man, has been employed by the college to take up this work. The Hood River county fair, which was one of the most successful held in recent years, and had a large attendance, was characterized by a fine exhibit of early apples. In an apple packing contest that was held, "Shorty'* Mc- Manan, a professional packer, was the winner. He packed two boxes of apples in a little over five minutes. Miss Pearl Nerrill scored sec- ond in the contest. Oregon apples are already on their way to China, having been shipped to the Orient somf time ago by Kelley Bros., a Hood River apple- buying firm. The early fall rains did great damage to the Oregon prune crop, according to a report on the situation made by the Oregonian, which says that, allowing for exaggerations in re- ports, which are usual when a crop is in dan- ger or injured, prune men nevertheless believe that this year's crop has been cut down one- half. If this is true it will mean a loss of about $3,000,000 to the prune growers of Oregon. There were prospects in the spring of a crop of 80,000,000 pounds of dried prunes in the state. The estimate was cut down to 60,- 000,000 pounds when the June drop came and now the rain damage has reduced the crop probably to 30,000,000 pounds. Discovery of a hybrid prune, the "New Oregon," which experts declare will revolu- tionize prune growing in the entire north- west, was announced at a bai.quet of promi- nent Oregon nursery men recently, says the Oregonian. The prune was first discovered about eight years ago in an orchard owned by Andrew Vercler in Polk county. Following a series of careful experiments with a few specimens produced during a period of several years, Mr. Vercler top grafted an entire row across another Polk county orchad, and also a por- tion of an orchard which he owned near Hayesville. The top grafting came into full bearing last year and the prune, it is stated, has been commercially tested in every way. The "New Oregon," authorities state, has been tested as to texture, sugar, acidity, con- tent, drying proclivities and carrying quality of the tree, and in each case has been found far superior to anything previously grown in the northwest. In appearance the new type of fruit would seem to be a cross between the Oregon "Ital- ian"* prune, and the Oregon "French* prune. It is larger than either, however, and more tasteful. WASHINGTON The Yakima valley pear crop is estimated at about 800 carloads, a large part of which wrent to the canneries. Prices are reported to have ranged from $65 to $90 per ton, the top price being paid for unusually fancy fruit. The first cars of green prunes shipped from the Walla Walla district this year are reportec1 to have brought around $50 per ton. The firsl sales from this district last year were over $100 a ton. According to an estimate made by District Horticulturist E. G. Wood, the prune crop at Walla Walla was cut down from 50 to 75 cars by the depredations of the red spider. The Wenatchee World reports the most suc- cessful Bartlett pear season in the history of the district. The shipment amounted to about 500 cars at prices from $05 to $80 a ton. Late varieties of pears from this district made added shipments of around 200 cars. After having spent several years as the manager of a large fruit ranch near Wapato, William Jonson announces that he will give up fruit growing to devote his time to the manu- WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT October, ipzo facture of a combination spray, which he claims will kill any and all insect pests that infest an orchard. The plant, it is under- stood, will be located at Wapato. The second annual prune harvest festival of the Prunarians, an organization which rep- resents in a civic way the large prune-growing activity in Clarke county, was held during the middle of September at Vancouver, and at- tracted widespread attention on the part of prune men and others interested in fruit in Washington and Oregon. Besides a program of entertainment each day, visits were made to the prune orchards and packing plants and general methods of prune culture informally discussed. E. M. Seifert, of the United States bureau of markets, has opened offices at 424 Federal building, Spokane, following the decision of the government to close the Portland office and make Spokane the center for reporting apple and potato crop conditions in the North- BETTER FRUIT west. "From the Spokane office we shall issue a daily report on the apple and potato crop conditions in the four Northwestern states," said Mr. Seifert. Yakima growers who desired to dispose of windfall apples met with the sudden realiza- tion that the cull apple crop, which a year ago brought a revenue of close to .5500,000, will this year be a drug on the market, according to a recent report. No buyers are willing to take windfalls but it is understood that later in the season the cannery will be willing to take some for making apple butter. A campaign to combat the codling moth and the leaf roller insect in the Spokane val- ley fruit sections and other parts of Spokane county will be made under the direction of E. . Kelley, deputy state horticulture inspector for northeastern Washington in the near fu- ture. Fruit growers of the sections have met with Mr. Kelley to work out a plan wherebv aid will be asked. Several inspectors for Page 27 Spokane county alone will be appointed about January 1st if the present plans of the cam- paign go through. Yakima shippers, as a result of efforts of the commercial club, have contracted for all refrigerated space aboard the Hamburg-Amer- ican steamer Kinderdyke, providing water transportation to Europe for 34,000 boxes of apples, or approximately ten carloads. The freight will be $47,600 or $1.40 a box from a Puget Sound port through the Panama canal to London, Antwerp or Rotterdam, as con- signed. The trip will take 44 days, approxi- mately, but is considered safer as well as being 10 cents a box cheaper than to take the fruit across the continent with the present congestion in New York harbor. Several cars of mixed varieties of apples have been shipped to Alaska from Hanford in the lower Yakima valley. Several more will be forwarded to Seattle for shipment Controls DormantSprag PcarPsvlla Fire Blight Scale SCALECIDE controls Pear Psylla, when applied in the Fall, by killing the adults before they lay their eggs. (After they lay their eggs in the Spring it is too late.) Scalecide also controls fire blight by penetrat- ing the diseased tissues and killing the hold- over canker from which fire blight is spread. It is not only a contact insecticide for scale, but has fungicidal and germicidal properties too. It Invigorates Tree Growth The invigorating effect of Scalecide is noted in increased terminal growth; larger, darker foli- age on bearing trees; and the holding of the foliage later in the Fall, thus accumulating starch and sugar which results in a plumper fruit spur and insures a larger crop the follow- ing year. Those who have used Scalecide and lime-sulfur side by side claim that Scalecide gives greater yields of fruit — in one case 58%. Reduces The Cost Of Labor Though Scalecide costs more per gallon than lime-sulfur, this is much more than offset by B. G. PRATT CO. 50 Church Street Manufacturing Chemists the saving of material and labor. One barrel of Scalecide, making 800 gallons of spray, will cover, until they drip, as many trees as three and a half barrels of lime-sulfur, which make 1600 gallons of spray. And of course you can apply 800 gallons of Scalecide in much less time than 1600 gallons of lime-sulfur. A Pleasure To Use It Scalecide is soothing and antiseptic to the skin; it does not injure even the eyes; it is non- poisonous to man or beast; and being an oil, it makes the pump run easier and does not clog the spray nozzle. // is a pleasure to use it'. The Demand Is Heavy The past year many fruit growers were dis- appointed because they could not get Scale- cide. This year, though we have doubled our factory capacity, we anticipate difficulty inmeet- ing the demand. Order early and avoid disap- pointment. Write today for our free booklet, guarantee and prices, and give us your dealer's name. Use the coupon below. Address Dep't25. NEW YORK CITY ill f THE COMPLETE DORMANT SPRAY 7 Makes a Tree Outgrow Its Troubles' ■ *«■, — _# _p _._,_,_ _, — _ _ __ __( Coupon)_ __ _ _ _ _ ______ ___„ B. G. Pratt Company. 50 Chorch Street. New York City Gentlemen: r lease send me prices, copy of Guarantee and free booklet on Scalecide. "Figuring the Cost of Spraying." I have bearing trees: young trees. I have been using barrels of „ . , . (number) (number) (kind of spray) My dealer is : _ .. (Name) (P.O.)"" ""'(Stair)"" Name p. O State «5 Page 2S BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 ClampTrucks FOR EVERY PURPOSE THEY ARE LABOR SAVERS, TIME SAVERS, MATERIAL SAVERS Write us for information on Peach Graders Apple Graders Packing House Machinery CALIFORNIA IRON WORKS RIVERSIDE. CALIFORNIA The Dry Season It is during the dry season that the belt is put to its greatest test. Water for stock and for irrigation is an abso- lute necessity. A breakdown for a few hours may mean a heavy loss. You cannot afford to use a belt that does not have the dependable qualities of the "TEST SPECIAL." "TEST SPECIAL" RUBBER BELTS WRITE TODAY, giving the R. P. M. and diameter of the driving pulley — -also driven pulley and distance between centers of same; also give the rated horsepower of your motor or engine, and name kind of machinery you are operating. We will reply immediately, giving you our rec- ommendation as to kind of belt to use. WRITE TODAY. New York Belting and Packing Co. 519 Mission Street, San Francisco Home Office: New York Apple sales m the various districts in Wash- ington as well as the other sections of the Northwest are reported to be slow with verv little indications as to prices. A few sale's have been reported from the Yakima, Wenat- chee and Spokane districts, but the general trend is to hold off until later in the season. A sale reported by the Spokane Vallev Grow- cers' Union of 50 cars shows a drop in prices for the same varieties of 25 to 75 cents a box compared with those of last year. The prices quoted for the Spokane sale are S2.00 to $2.25 for Jonathans; $2.25 to $2.75 for Delicious, and $2.25 to $2.50 for fancy Winter Bananas. The following prices for extra fancy grades are reported to have been offered by buyers at Wenatchee: Winter Banana. ?2.7.">; King David, $2.15; Jonathan, $2.00; Delicious, $2.00. Growers are somewhat disappointed with the prices of Delicious and Jonathan, believing that there is a shortage of both varieties. The heavy rains during September very ma- terially cut down the output of the prune crop in Clarke county, prune men there esti- mating that from one-third to one-half of the crop is a loss. Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruitgrowers E. F. Benson, commissioner of agriculture of the state of Washington for several years, recently resigned this position and accepted one as manager of a new department that has been created by the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. The new department will be known as that of immigration and industry, through which the railroad plans to co-operate with federal and state authorities, agricultural col- leges, farm bureau organizations, county agents, farmers' clubs and other agencies in promot- ing enterprises for the Northwest. In making the appointment, President Hannaford of the Northern Pacific stated that Mr. Benson had been selected owing to his experience with agriculture and the railroad business. Mr. Benson accepted the position by cable from Shanghai, China, having been away for sev- eral months on a trip to the Orient. He took charge of his new duties October 1st and will have his headquarters at St. Paul. A visitor in the Northwest at the present time is Mr. Sam Birch, representative of T. J. Poupart, one of the largest handlers of fruit and produce in London, England. The mission of Mr. Birch in the United States is to secure shipments of American apples. Mr. Birch, who has been touring Washington, Oregon and California, believes that notwith- standing the price control in England that the fancy and choice grades of Northwestern box apples will bring the grower better re- turns in England than in this country and is endeavoring to make connections for large shipments of these grades, particularly New- towns. Owing to the almost total failure of the English apple crop and the short crop in Canada, Mr. Birch looks on the coming sea- son for the export of American apples with an optimistic rather than a pessimistic eye, and for this reason his firm is sending him into America for the first time to enlarge its export business. The Poupart company, which has one of the largest fruit and produce ware- houses in England, has connected with its firm men who have long been identified with handling fruits on a big scale, and recently secured the services of W. H. Press, who, during the war, had sole charge of supplying the English army and navy canteen depart- ments with fruit and produce. Although Mr. Birch has established his headquarters during the apple shipping season at Vernon, B. C, he will make frequent trips into the Northwest section of this country. According to a statement made to the Hood River Glacier by C. W. McCullagh, sales man- ager of the Hood River Apple Growers' Asso- ciation, who recently returned from an East- ern trip, any pronounced activity in the box apple trade will probably hold off until around the holidays. Mr. McCullagh says that the big Eastern districts will produce 65 per cent more apples than last year, a big percentage of which will have to be gotten out of the way before the market opens in a large way for box apples. He believes, however, that the better storage facilities provided and the su- perior keeping and other qualities of apples from this section will later allow the North- west apple crop to clean up in good shape. Far from satisfied with the recent increase in freight rates on fruit shipments from the Pacific Northwest, both citrus and deciduous fruitmen, it is stated, will continue the fight against the new rates. Data to show that the increase is discriminatory and will seriously handicap the fruit-growing industry on the coast is now being prepared and will be pre- sented to the Interstate Commerce Commission in the near future. It is pointed out that a box of oranges from California, when shipped to New York, will be required to pay approx- imately a freight charge of $2.00, and that ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 29 a box of apples of half the weight a propor- tionate increase. This means that the fruit must be sold to the consumer at such an in- creased figure in order to insure the grower a reasonable profit that fruitmen believe that the Northwest fruit industry will be seriously injured. The maximum control prices on apples, which will go into effect on November 15th in England, is as follows: Home-grown ap- ples, first owners' price, 63 shillings per hun- dredweight ; imported apples, first owners' price, Nova Scotia, 62 shillings per barrel; Canadian, Maine, Virginian and Western States, 68 shillings per barrel ; British Columbia, Washington. Californian, Oregon and Aus- tralasian, 21 shillings 6 pence per case of not less than 37 pounds; British Columbian, Washington, Californian, Oregon and Aus- tralasian, 23 » shillings 6 pence per case of not less than 40 pounds. Any variety of im- ported apples, 60 shillings per hundredweight. Ridley & Houlding, of London, England, who have made a specialty of handling box apples from the Northwest for several years, are again in the field this year, and with other English importers are reaching out for increased tonnage. This firm, which handles apples from any part of the globe where they are grown, has recently issued an attractive booklet showing views of the salesrooms. In one of these views is shown a room with large piles of box apples being offered to the trade. In contrast to this, on the opposite page, is a picture of the domestic apple hand- ling room, where the apples are packed in basket hampers. These hampers, which are round with a flat top and bottom, have a lid attached, and when emptied by the retailer, are returned to the jobber, who has his name painted on them in big letters. Other views in the booklet contain pictures of the private offices of Mr. Ridley and Mr. Houlding at their desks, the accounting room and other sections of the big establishment. The Eastern cranberry crop will bring $10.00 per barrel this year, according to Cape Cod, Mass., growers who figure that the additional cost of labor and containers make it necessary for them to bring this price. At this figure Pacific Coast cranberry men are expecting a price fully in proportion to that of the East- ern berry. What They Are Doing in California Desiring to make unassailable their position as a strictly legitimate non-profit co-operative growers' selling organization, and in an at- tempt to comply in every way with the spirit as well as the letter of both Federal and State laws governing growers' co-operative marketing associations, the Board of Direc- tors and Trustees of the California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., voted recently to change the form of their organization from a cor- poration to a non-capital stock association. Reorganization of the California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., along these lines will, according to a statement issued by the asso- ciation, be begun immediately by altering the form of contract now signed by the growers when they join the association. The reorgan- ization will be completed by 1922, when all of the present contracts held by the associa- tion with its 10,000 grower members expire. H. G. Coykendall, General Manager of the association, says that the reorganization plans voted by the California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., were in no way influenced by the suit filed in Los Angeles by the Federal Trade Commission asking for the dissolution of the California Associated Raisin Company on the grounds that it was a monopoly in violation of the Sherman anti-trust law. Coykendall explained that the changes to be made by the California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc.. were the result of a series of informal conferences held between the rep- resentatives of the association and the Fed- eral Trade Commission. At these meetings, which began last February and have extended over the intervening seven months, Coykendall said there was a frank and open discussion as No Orchard or Farm is Complete Without Our Latest Model COMMERCIAL SIZE All Purpose Evaporator Write for Folder HOME EVAPORATOR CO. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI P. O. Box 817 Central Station Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: Ladders Box Presses Packing Chairs Box Making Benches Automatic Elevators Gravity and Power Conveyors Potato Graders and Sizers Price Fruit Sorters and Sizers And All Kinds of Special Nelson Fruit Sorters and Sizers Equipment Price "Price Products" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse Illustrated booklet and price list on request. PRICE MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. Yakima, Washington MUSICAL WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET MERCHANDISE W. Martius Music House Inc. MUSIC WRITE 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington WRITE US Everything Known in Music US Ridley,Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy ING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 30 BETTER FRUIT October, icj20 to just what the purposes and objects of growers co-operative associations should be. At the conclusion of these conferences a few weeks ago the Federal Trade Commission had no suggestions to make for a reorgani- zation of the prune growers' association, and Coykendall emphasized that the changes voted were entirely voluntary on the part of the association. In the statement issued by the California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., it was said that the Federal Trade Commission always has recognized that the prune association could not in any sense be looked upon as a monopoly because of the already large and steadily increasing Oregon and Washington prune productions. Justifying the commission's attitude, it was pointed out that the Oregon and Washington prune crop, under normal conditions, totals approximately 80,000,000 pounds as compared with an estimated California yield of about 175,000,000 pounds. Of the combined pro- duction of 255,000,000 pounds, the California Prune Growers' Inc., markets less than one- half. Cannery Notes As an aid to increased financing of canning operations, the plan of issuing warehouse re- ceipts by a duly incorporated warehouse com- pany is being suggested. This plan is pro- posed after the legal requirements in each state are passed upon. If there is no ob- stacle in the way, the procedure suggested is, after packing begins and the finished product commences to accumulate, to issue negotiable warehouse receipts, which the canner may pre- sent to local banks as collateral. As a result of the campaign of the National Canners' Association for a rigid inspection of all canned goods, canned foods are said to be making their appearance on the market bear- ing the sanitary inspection seal. As the use of the seal went into effect this season, its ap- pearance on grocers' shelves so soon is called attention to as showing the rapid distribution of the new canned goods crop. The announcement is made that Atlantic City, N. J., has been chosen as the meeting place for the fourteenth annual convention of the National Canners' Association. The dates will be January 17 to 21, next. The canners of the country gave serious consideration to holding their convention on the west coast, but decided not to do so owing to the in- crease in railroad rates and traveling expenses. Residents of Warren, Oregon, are reported to be planting many acres of loganberries in anticipation of the erection of a plant there capable of handling 100 acres of fruit. Cap- ital sufficient for a plant to be built either at Warren or Houlton is said to be assured. J. M. Lane, manager of the Idaho Canneries, Inc., of Payette, who recently returned from the East, reports the sale of the entire output UNQUESTIONABLY C Modern methods applied to fruit growing have made the Northwest a great fruit growing center, with possi- bilities of extensive develop- ment. \ eki isfrs Mrs \ I rER FRUIT Page 32 BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 hardy than Wealthy and do not root so well. Wide variations in the rooting ability of different lots of the same variety are evident. Some of these are clearly sea- sonal. Such differences may be due to climatic conditions, to soil conditions — for the soils used in different years are not all alike — or they may be due to difference in the scions used. Any such difference would most likely trace back to the growing conditions the previous season as affecting stored food and pos- sibly structure. Slight differences in cultural treatment may have had an effect. Varying rainfall may have had an influence. It is impossible from the evidence at hand to determine which of these possible factors have had an influence and to what extent. Summary 1. Stem cuttings of the common apple grow only rarely; in the trials here reported none succeeded, though callus formation in some varieties was good. 2. Root cuttings grew well, especially when young roots were used, though growth was slow the first season. 3. Limited tests indicated that most varieties may be readily propagated by mound layers. 4. The best means of establishing trees on known roots is by the nurse- root method. The scion is whip-grafted on a short piece of root and planted deeply; at the end of one or two sea- sons' growth the tree is dug, the seed- ling root removed and the tree replanted. Neither dwarf apple nor pear roots are of value as nurse roots. 5. Varieties vary greatly in the read- iness with which they send out roots from the scion, the proportion varying from none to practically all with differ- ent varieties. 6. There is also great variation within the variety in the numbers rooting from the scion. 7. Varietal differences may be loosely correlated with density of the wood, the softer the wood the higher the propor- tion rooting from the scion. 8. A fertile, well drained, sandy loam probably offers the best conditions for securing a high percentage of rooting trees. 9. Once trees are established on known roots they may be propagated by root cuttings or by root grafting on known roots. 10. There seems to be a relation be- tween the varietal ability to produce roots from the scion and the thickness of the cambium layer at the dormant season. UJ Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple. Pear, Cherry, I'each, Plum. Prune. Apricot. Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants. Raspberries. Black- berries, Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs, Rosea, Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. ToppeaiBh, Washington. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. Mr. Fruit Grower- HAS YOUR ORDER BEEN PLACED for the new orchard you are planning on or to reset the trees damaged last winter? Some Varieties Are Going Fast OUR TREES-Carefully Grown Carefully Selected Carefully Packed Will give satisfaction to the planter Salem Nursery Company 428 Oregon Building SALEM, OREGON ADDITIONAL SALESMEN WANTED "-all set for boxes 99 says the Boss Packer "because they're ordered from the Bloedel Donovan Lumber Mills. It's a satisfaction to use those Diamond B apple boxes. They are always first- class quality and the price is right." Order your boxes early. We ship promptly but freight deliveries are slow. Take no chances. Bloedel <^*^> Donovan 101 8 White Blag. Seattle U.S.A. Expert Orchard Service We contract the planting and care of Nut Groves, Fruit Orchards and Berry Farms. Run down properties inspected and methods of renovation outlined. Inspection of orchards for absentee owners and for prospective buyers. Sales of choice Nut, Fruit and Berry Properties. / We are Agricultural College Graduates'! V with a wide orcharding experience / PEARCY BROS.,|Salem, Oregon WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENT BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 Utilizing the Fruit Crop of the Northwest Continued from page 7. manner the process of abstraction does not injure the cellular structure of the commodity treated. His first successful demonstration was made in Australia in 1886. This antedates the work done in Continental Europe, that the U. S. Department of Agriculture has given as the origin of dehydration. Mr. Spawn claims to be the originator of dehydration. This man has ope- rated on three continents and now has a headquarters plants in Seattle. The writer, however, could not find that he has anywhere now a commercial plant in actual operation. The Northwest Company has a com- mercial plant in operation at Cash- mere, Wash., that is giving special at- tention to cooking apples. The most important concern now operating in the Northwest, the writer found to be the King's Products Company of Port- land. Two large plants are in opera- tion. One at Salem and the other at The Dalles, Ore. This company is well financed and has under contem- plation the establishment of a third branch plant. Its products cover a multitude of fruits and vegetables. By-Products Plants of the Northwest. Outside of those plants already named, two plants in Washington stand out as of primary importance. The first is the Puyallup and Sumner Fruit Growers' Association. This ope- rates at three points. Puyallup and Sumner, Wash., and Albany, Ore. The total gross business done by this asso- ciation in 1919 was 4% million dol- lars. This plant has made berry grow- ing in the valley, where the headquar- ters are established, so valuable that the cash returns per acre for berry crops surpasses that received any- where else known to the writer. Paul's jams or fruit butters are sold in every state in the Union, save two. In six months of 1919, 118,000 cases of jam were sold. This plant is a monument of success to the manager — W. H. Paulhamus. The second plant of primary im- portance to the fruit industry is the preserving and canning plant of Libby, McNeil and Libby, of North Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. 20 POT BULBS 25c BETTER FRUIT Page 33 1 Chii ■ S.-i.to] I. ily. II N.- Purity Freesia, 2 Double Rose- bud, 3 Buttercup. 2 Bowi and 6 Grand Duchess Oxalis. These 20 bulbs and Catalog MAILED FOR 25 CENTS Hyacinths. Tulips. Narcis- Phl Pconi( Hardy PI Shrubs. Vines. Berries, in prreat variety. Also splendid window plants for winter. Seeds for Fall Bowing, etc. Large beautiful Catalog free John Lewis Child.. Inc. Floral Park. N. Y. Take out more stumps NOW Clear more acres this Fall FAR more land was cleared last spring in this section than in any previous year. The crops were bigger. Farmers made more money. Keep up the work of changing waste land into money-making land. Now, after harvest time before snowfall is a chance to make more acres ready for planting. Most farmers use and REPAUNO STUMPING POWDERS because they are easy to handle, and save time, labor and money. Write for free book, "Development of Logged-off Lands." It will tell you the newest and best ways to clear land. Buy Du Pont Explosives from your local dealer. E. I. du Pont de Nemours 8C Co., Inc. Hoge Building Seattle, Washington *IIM I Mill < 1111 llll II li II II I II 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 II I Mill II1IIIIIII Mil I Kill II II I Ml II III II 1111 II tl II 1 1 1 III 1 1 1 Prune Growers! Watch the "Fieber" Air Heater in Operation At Myrtle Creek, Riddle, Scott's Mills, Rosedale, Dallas, Salem, Turner, Macleay, Oregon; and Vancouver, East Mill Plain, Brush Prairie, Camas and Orchards, Washington. A New System Offering Many Advantages For Information Write to J. W. FIEBER, Shaw, Oregon VRITING ADVERTISERS Mt Page 34 BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 Yakima. Situated as it is, in the largest fruit district of the whole Northwest, this plant has turned into economic value what would otherwise have gone to waste. Burlington, Wash., has a canning plant that cans certain tree and bush fruits, turning out 400 cases per day during the canning sea- son. Bellingham, Seattle, Vancouver and other fruit centers in Washington, have valuable by-products plants of commercial and economic importance. The state of Oregon alone has more than 50 by-products plants, all helping to conserve in some manner for table use some fruit or fruit juices. Who has not enjoyed the refreshing, exhil- erating Phez, Applju and other fruit drinks of the Northwest? It is this conservation of fruit foods, in canned goods, butters, jellies and jams, evaported or dehydrated prod- ucts, juices, flavors, extracts and gums that make the great Northwest fruit districts an object lesson to us all of efficiency, food conservation and marketing success. The packing plant, we are told, loses nothing in the converting of the hog into pork; every part of his anatomy, from his snout to his tail, is put to some economic use — even his dying squeal is now caught on the phono- graph record and given anew in rhythmic cadence. In the Northwest, the pits of the stone fruits are made to yield up their potash, the pumice is forced to give a stock food or a fertilizer and typical photos of the orchards are made into films by enterprising movie artists, and, in the far East, are ground out at so much "per" to the delight and education of unnumbered thousands. Conservation, utilization and ef- ficiency seems to be the slogan of the fruit farmers and by-product workers of the Pacific Northwest. — rnxsMm — CRATE FATTENER With Dried Buttermilk is probably the most profitable market conditioner manufac- tured. Recently one of the largest wholesale poultry firms in the West, a concern thatships more than 10,000 birds a week, reported the following results of an experiment: 92 White Leghornsfed 100 lbs. of Olympic Crate Fattener with Dried Buttermdk. gained 40l/i> lbs. in eight days. A like number fed ISO lbs. of corn, oats, barley and semi-solid buttermilk, gained but 32 fQ lbs. in eight days, or at the rate of only 17 ^ lbs. per 100 lbs. of feed. Egg Mash—Scratch Feed YOU can't fool chickens with sawdust. To obtain profitable egg production you must feed more than "filler". The combination of (EE7KE0S Egg Mash and (HEfliiEQS Scratch Feed will bring even a poorly fed flock back into laying in about two weeks. Made from carefully selected whole grains, blended in scientific proportions, you'll find no better poultry feed than Olympic Scratch. Every handful registers uniform quality and is entirely free from dust. Olympic Egg Mash with Dried Buttermilk is the egg making feed and all around health builder. The Dried Buttermilk it contains compels digestion and assimilation of all feeds. The Test Tells so ask your feed dealer about: OLYMPIC Chick Mash OLYMPIC Hog Feed OLYMPIC Dairy Feed OLYMPIC Calf Meal OLYMPIC Stock Feed OLYMPIC Horse Feed OLYMPIC Pigeon Feed OLYMPIC Alfalfa Molasses Iced Mr. W. S. Freeman, a breeder of Single Comb White Leghorns of Hayward. Cali- fornia, writes as follows: "During April when my hens fell off about 31',r normal egg production. I tried Olympic Scratch Feed and Olympic Egg Mash with Dried Buttermilk. A test was made by feeding'200 hens on Olympic Ecg Mash dry in hopper and Olympic Scratch buried in litter, as per instructions. "In about two weeks the production drop was checked, furthermore a decided improvement was made in the condition of the hens. The feeds were greatly relished by the hens, too. "I intend to continue using both the Olympic Egg Mash and and the Olympic Scratch. Yes. sir, I highly recommend both feeds to every one. The splendid results obtained on my flock can be dupli- cated on your flock, too." For further information and descriptive circulars, address The Portland Flouring Portland Mills Co. Oregon The Puget .Vound Flouring Mills Co. Seattle and Ta Washington en writing MENTION BETTER FRCIT October, 1020 BETTER FRUIT Page 35 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS & CO. GARCIA, JACOBS 8c CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. SIMONS FRUIT CO. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York Toronto and Montreal 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Sulphur It has been proven and so recommended by the University of California that If you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they will not be affected by MILDEW or RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand Vel- vet Flowers of Sulphur, also EAGLE Brand, and Fleur de Soufre, packed In double sacks, are the fluffiest and PUREST sulphurs that money can buy; the best for vineyards; the best for bleaching purposes, LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphur— Impalpable Powder. '00% pure, in double sacks. Tor Dry Dusting and making Paste Sulphur. For LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. We can fur- nish you this sulphur at such a low price that It would pay you to mix your own solution and net you a profit equal to the amount paid out for labor in spraying your orchard, even if you pay your men $5 per day for making the solu- tion and applying same. To create additional available plant food, and prevent smut in grain, drill into the soil 110 pounds per acre of DIAMOND "8" BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR. 100% pure, or our COMMERCIAL POWDERED SULPHUR. This soil treatment has Increased various crops up to 500%. Send for Circulars No. 6 and No. 7. Ask us for prices on PREPARED DRY DUSTING MATERIALS. Tobacco Dust. Dusting Sulphur Mixtures etc.. Fungicides and Insecticides, carried In stock and mixed to order. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR COMPANY 624 California Street, San Francisco, Cat. We are equipped to make Immediate shipments. Send nd Sample: Ask us for prices for Carbon Bisulphide, the surest medy for destroying ground squirrels. An all ' refinery- gasoline with a continuous chain of boiling points. STANDARD OIL CO. (California) the Point Chemically Treated " Car o" Protects Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit Why? Fruit decomposition starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits the juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrests the decom- position—and thus PROLONGS THE LIFE OF FRUIT. If your fruit is worth shipping it is worth keeping in best condition. Demand "CARO"— Wrap Your Fruit in "CARO" The Fruit Buyer Know* "CARO" Order from Any Fruit Company or American Sales Agencies Co., 112 Market St., San Francisco FIBR FRUIT WRAPPER Page 5 6 BETTER FRUIT October, 1920 Classified Advertisements RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD FARMS FOR SALE. ORCHARD FOR SALE A BIG INCOME PRODUCER 43 acres located one and one-half miles southwest of Forest Grove, Oregon. 39 acres are in bearing Rome Beauty, Gano and Spitz- enberg apples, and 4 acres in prunes. Orchard in most perfect condition. AvFDY l Six-Cylinder Small Tractor 1 This exceptional orchard has had the best of care, being fully tilled every year, and is in the very best of condition. Rapid transportation insures efficient ser- Located on the Southern Pacific and Ore- gon Electric Railways. Just 27 miles from Portland. This place is situated right in the midst of large shipping terminals. Fourteen electric trains, and a passenger auto every hour during the day, to Portland comprises the passenger service. Fast freight service is maintained all during the night. A paved highway between Forest Grove and Portland also goes toward perfect, efficient transpor- tation. There are no buildings on this place. The Pacific University, schools, churches, stores and amusements are at Forest Grove. Owner to Retire. The owner is a civil war veteran and is about to retire. This is the reason for offer- ing this place for sale. Price $700 per acre. For further information address W. J. R. BEACH Owner's Representative, Forest Grove, Oregon. ON LAKE FRONT AT OLYMPIA Lake front farm close to Olympia, 122 acres, 80 acres of plow land; choice family orchard; new, modern, 7-room bungalow; substantial barns and outbuildings; five cows, pigs, chickens, team, farm machinery; a going, profitable place where one has the best of bass and trout fishing at the door — combining pleasure and profit. PRICE $13,500. We have many fine propositions in this ideal locality on Puget Sound, where roads are good, climate the best, and prices very reasonable. Address SAMS & PETERS 428 Washington Street, Olympia, Wash. FOR SALE! Forty acre orchard, 759& bearing age, $12,- 000.00 crop this year, and one hundred acres irrigable land. Scale, insects unknown, practically no moths or insect pests. Full equipment, good buildings, excellent loca- tion. Railroad shipping point in orchard. Price $35,000, one-fourth down, balance good terms. John D. C. Kruger, Saint An- thoir Ida FOR SALE — Ten and one-half acres of com- mercial orchard, lots 9 and 10, block 57, Lewiston Orchards. Seven acres in seven- year old apple trees, selected commercial varieties; three and one-half acres in cher- ries. In good condition; ideally situated near paved road; centralized school, church, and six miles from Lewiston, Idaho. Pipe line irrigation, fully equipped. $8500. Dis- count for cash. David Olson, Kent, Ohio. ROGUE RIVER LANDS. We handle lands in the famous Rogue River VaHey. II you arc interested in ac- quiring or selling lands In thai district write us. Luddeman Co., 913 Chamber of Com- merce Bids.. Portland, Ore. FIVE ACRFS very best variety fruit. Seven miles from Portland, 3'i mile from station. Modern buildings, highway. Price $8500. ash. Balance on terms. Interstate In- vestment Co., Henry lildg., Portland Oregon. Making a Big Success in the Orchard This Avery Six-Cylinder tractor proving a big success in orchard work. It gives you unusual power in a small tractor. Powerful enough to pull two plows, the usual size harrow, spraying outfit, etc. It is built low enough to go under the branches and pull the plows close up to the trees. Equipped with long, low wheel guards which gently raise low-hanging limbs and pass them up over the tractor without injury. The special Avery orchard plow is built extremely low and can be furnished with a guard to protect limbs as it passes under them. The tractor has a swinging drawbar which enables you to pull the plows to either side and break up the ground as close to the trees as you want to go. Easily handled — can turn around in small space. Hat a powerful six-cylinder motor with removable cylinder head, giv- ing easy access to pistonsand valves; centrifugal governor entirely en- closed and running in oil, multiple disc clutch, sliding gear transmission and other high-grade features. Can also be equipped, at a slight addi- tional cost, with belt pulley. Built complete by the Avery Com- pany in our own big factories, it en- joys the prestige of Avery quality. Furnished with platform, seat, tool box, swinging drawbar, air cleaner, etc. — equipment that other small tractor manufacturers usually charge extra for. Write for special circular. If in- terested in other machines in the complete Avery Line of Tractors and Tractor-Operated machinery, ask for the Avery Catalog. Avery-ize Your Farm — "A. Good Machine and a Squar^ Deal.' AVERY CO., 10710 Iowa Street, Peoria, 111. Feenaughty Machinery Co., Distributors. Portland, Ore. 256-ACRE equipped fruit and dairy farm; large house and barns; 2,000 apples trees; nekr Pike; 3 miles to station and 50 to Washington; large springs for gravity power system for spraying, grinding, milking, lights, etc.; excellent neighborhood. Address Orchard Owner, City Hotel, Winchester, Va. WANTED TO LEASE, outright or on shares, 40 to 80-acre orchard, by two men who have had 15 years' experience. Will consider proposition in any apple section of the United States. Address H. W. H., care Bet- ter Fruit. WANT TO HEAR from party having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls, MISCELLANEOUS. TRESPASS SIGNS. Don't allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof "No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send $1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. SALESMEN WANTED. MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a cum mission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid territory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon NURSERY STOCK. PLANT STRAWBERRY PLANTS NOW. Send for our 1920-21 Fall Catalog and read about the New Giant Everbearing Strawberry — it's a wonder. 1,000,000 New Oregon, Marshall, Marvel and other popular varieties now ready to ship. Fall seeds <>l all kinds. Ask lor special prices it wanted in large amounts. Routledgc Seed & Floral Co., Portland. Oregon. i linn I s i i; \\\ i:i iu;\ I'l.ANI s r.Tr I all de- livery, Oregon, Marshall. Magoon, Trcbla. Ettersburg 121, Wilson, ami Progressive Everbearing. Anv quantity. Ward K. Rich- ards.mi, 8397 Front St., Salem. Ore. WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Bbtteb Fruit's apple packing chart printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will be mailed to anyone desiring it on the following terms: One card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Better Fruit. One card without subscription 10c Twelve cards without subscription .. .$1.00 For quantity prices write us. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. 703 Oregonian Building Portland, Oregon Delay Means —j Paint right '' away with Save the Surface with FULLER'S PAINT YOU spray and prune your trees the better to preserve them against the ravages of pests, and to insure greater yields. You fertilize your soil to increase crop production. Your stock is given every care that it might be profitable. But, do you give the proper care necessary to protect your invest- ment in your home, buildings, machinery and vehicles? Through the use of FULLER Paint, Enamel, Varnish, Stain, etc., inside and out, years of life will be added to your house and it will be made more livable for yourself and family. Your barn, silo, sheds and machinery will be given many more years of service. Look over your buildings and machinery now. Then go to a FULLER dealer for information as to what to use, how to use it and quantity required. There's a FULLER Product for Everything with a Paintable Surface W. P. Fuller <& Co. Look Up a FULLER DEALER in your nearest town 1849-1920 Northwest Branches at Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Boise WHEN ■ VERTISERS MENTION BKTTF.R KRUTT THE WORLD OUR ORCHARD "W<^+ OUR UKtHHKU ^X flEINPfoT Kelly I NEW YORK I , bnouty the- i-pmbiy n°jT IMP^TOHT Fd(T it»n n minimum i mimim i WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT iiimimii iiiini,- November, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Pase 1 The 20-35 Yuba The model 20-35 oversize is suited above all other tractors to both orchard and field. It has the power for deep plowing in the orchard, or for the harvester in the field. It is compact for the orchard yet there is nothing dainty about it for the stiffest field work. It has the speed for the orchard culti- vating or for haul- ing grain to the warehouse. The only 25 H.P. machine that isn't ashamed to go into the orchard. Yuba Products Company Spokane, Washington Page 2 BETTER FRUIT November, 1920 This Book will raise your profits on fruits and vegetables The Sherwin-WilliamsSprayefs Manual is a complete encyclopedia of the newest methods of increasing yield, bettering grade and com- manding highest market prices for fruits and vegetables. It was written by a man who is experienced in practical work and is a scientific authority on the subjects covered. It gives valu- able charts, schedules and information telling what, when and how to use the most efficient spray for every variety of pest or disease, on all garden, grove, vineyard and orchard growths. Sherwin^wuiiams Dry Lime Sulfur is the regular standard 330 Baume Solution, but sold to you dry, without the water. It does absolutely every- thing the liquid formerly did. It is not an experiment. For five years leading growers have used it. Millions of pounds have been sold, and users steadily re-order in greater quantities. It is well known to every U. S. and State Experiment Station. It embodies every pro- gressive advance in chemical science and agricultural research,and invariably shows maximum results in actual orchard use. S-W Sprayer's Manual 1920-21 Edition, sent postpaid for 10c. Address The Sherwin-Williams Company 602 Canal Road, N.W., Cleveland, O. S W PARIS GREEN is the accepted standard of efficiency among potato and tobacco growers. It has great bulk, long suspension, covers uniformly, kills quickly without injury to foliage and won't wash off. S-IV ARSENATE OF LEAD is the strongest, safest compound, in- sures quick killing action, free from risk of burn. Great suspension, bulk, extremely fine cover, long adhesion and persistence of poisoning power. S'W PRUNING COMPOUND For use on all pruning wounds. It seals and prevents sap bleeding, in- fection, and aids healthful healing. Is thoroughly antiseptic; won't run or wash off. Sherwin-Williams Products Insecticides Disinfectants Wood Preservatives Paints and Varnishes Pigments and Colors Chemicals and Dyestuffs BETTER FRUIT EDITOR: W. H. WALTON STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OKEGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melauder. Entomologist; O. M. Morris. Horticulturist. Pullman. COLORADO — C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist: E. B. House. Irrigation Expert. State Agricultural College. Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crlder. Horticulturist. Tucson. MONTANA— H. Thomber. Victor. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist. Berke- ley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist. Watsonville; Leon D. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $2.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $3.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postofllce at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XV Portland, Oregon, November, 1920 Number 5 Codling Moth Control in British Columbia By R. C. Treherne, Entomologist in Charge for B. C. Dominion Department of Agriculture, and H. H. Evans, District Field Inspector, Provincial Department of Agriculture THE great object that Department of Agriculture officials, both Federal and Provincial, in Rritish Colum- bia have always carried before them in handling the codling moth situation is the eradication of incipient outbreaks. In a broad aspect the work may be divided into two channels. (1) The control, by eradication methods, of in- cipient centers of infestation. (2) The prevention of the importation of the moth by infested railway fruit cars. The life history studies of the moth may also be considered a third aspect of the work confronting those engaged in the control operations in Rritish Co- lumbia, but inasmuch as this work is undertaken only to a point where the information gathered would assist in the control operations, this phase may be considered only as an accessory motive to the eradication procedures. Fortunately, in Rritish Columbia, while several of the so-called "incipient" out- breaks have been prolonged over a period of from six to ten years, we still consider that the moth is not an established pest. Certainly it is a fact that the codling moth is not yet a mat- ter of concern to the fruit growers as a whole on their individual holdings. The basis for this satisfactory state of affairs was established several years ago by former officials of the Depart- ment of Agriculture who realized the hold this moth was capable of obtain- ing in apple and pear raising districts and who instituted measures to prevent its spread. The present executives now engaged in the control operations can only be said to have continued the work previously laid down, and to have per- fected the system by educational and field operations. We do not, for a mo- ment, wish the idea to go abroad that Rritish Columbia has devised any new or startling method of control. We have merely realized the serious loss this insect is capable of causing, draw- ing our opinions from observations gathered from apple raising sections of the United States and Eastern Canada, and having a full realization of the pos- sibilities, have adopted measures be- fore the insect had a chance to become established. We are under a great debt of gratitude to our friends in the North- western United States who have freely supplied us with information on this insect, particularly as regards losses oc- casioned in the orchard and life history records. Our life history notes, in British Columbia, are by no means per- fect owing to the paucity of material available for study and to the dangers of breeding the moth in areas which are either not infested or where eradi- cation measures are in operation. In return for the information that we have obtained by direct and indirect means from the Northwestern United States we are very willing to supply any en- tomologist, field inspector or orchard section with information gathered from our work, both as regards modes of operation and costs, in the belief that while infestations of long standing are difficult to handle, young orchard sec- tions may find the information of great value. Outbreaks of Codling Moth. Four- teen distinct and separate outbreaks have occurred in British Columbia since 1905. Today only one serious center of infestation is known to be present and that occurs in the interior sections of the province. Larvae have been taken and occur, at this time, at one or two coastal points, but their presence does not occasion much worry, inas- much as the humidity and temperature records are not suitable for a rapid multiplication of the insect. Our greatest concern is the dry interior, where temperature conditions are emi- nently suited to a rapid and productive multiplication of the insect, but, as we have said, only one center of infesta- tion now occurs in this section. As may be supposed, conditions best suited to the moth are also best suited for tree fruit production for it is in the dry sections of the interior that our best tree fruit sections are located. Ap- proximately 40,000 codling moth larvae have been destroped in British Colum- bia since 1908, the great majority being taken in the Okanagan Valley. The greatest number taken in the Okanagan \';il U'v in a single year totalled nearly 10,000 (1915). This number has been reduced to such an extent by vigorous eradication measures that in 1919, last year, only 337 larvae were taken, and of this number we feel morally certain that 150 resulted from a new migration from infested railway cars during the year. During 1920 until the close of September only 40 larvae have been taken in the infested area in the Okan- agan Valley. We are, therefore, able to state that the codling moth may be eradicated, given the proper measures, and the full co-operation of the growers. Life History Records. As stated be- fore, life history records have been kept simply to ascertain the correct dates for spraying. We do not claim to have obtained a full and complete statement of the bionomics of the moth. Such records as we do possess are limited by the extra careful and to some extent unnatural methods of breeding. In general, it may be stated that two complete broods usually occur, al- though our laboratory records do show that a single generation is not un- common. 1916. The winter of 1915-16 was an ex- ceptionally severe one and all codling moth larvae wintering above snowline were killed. It was observed that with smooth bark young apple trees the majority of the larvae spun up at ground level or in the soil nearby. The survivals from the winter arose from these larvae. In old trees with cor- rugated bark the mortality was very high. (Note — This indicates that in young orchard sections the value of the control operations by banding and band examinations is somewhat curtailed and made more difficult.) The spring opened favorably but was cool, and the blos- soming period of apples took place from the first to the middle of May, and calyx spraying operations occurred from the middle to the end of thai month. Codling moth adults were fly- ing during the first two weeks of June until late in July, and full grown lar- vae were taken on July 11. Larvae com- menced to leave the fruit about July 18. Adults bred from pupae collected in the field commenced flying on Au- gust 1, although a slight emergence look place on July -'>. This was the start of the second generation, with larvae of this generation present from mid-Au- gust until Autumn. Out of 116 larvae, whose histories were correctly re- corded this year, 73 per cent were Page 4 BETTER FRUIT November, 1920 single brooded. Second generation eggs were being deposited in the field from August 1 up to September. Moths con- tinued to emerge under insectary con- ditions until October 4. With the limit- ing factor of the effectiveness of the calyx spray for controlling "calyx en- try worms" field records showed that 80 per cent of the spring generation of larvae entered through the side of the apple, 8 per cent calyx and 12 per cent stem entry. 1917. The winter of 1916-17 was colder than normal, and again we find a heavy mortality due to low temper- atures, winter mortality being regis- tered as 84 per cent. Larval material collected in the autumn of 1916 was carried over the winter in burlap bands around a tree, two feet from the ground level and in ground cages. Some larvae were carried over winter in glass cyl- inders, which were open at each end and plugged with cotton wool and also in folds of corrugated cardboard. The only larvae that survived the winter, reaching the adult state, in due course were those that were held in ground- level cages. In one locality some of these cages became flooded early in April by melting snow and remained immersed in water for the best part of three weeks, and the larvae con- tained in them survived, while others, which were subject to the varying spring temperatures above ground suc- cumbed. At the time this note was taken it was remarked that flooding orchards in the early spring would be favorable to the development of the larvae. The mortality of over-winter- ing larvae has been noted by many writers on the codling moth and notes have been taken showing that the range may vary from 5 per cent to 81 per cent, according to the locality and the year. In 1917 over-wintering larvae com- menced to form pupae on May 24 and continued until well into June. The spring generation of moths started to emerge on June 20 and continued emerg- ing during July. The season was back- ward and calyx spraying was in prog- ress between June 1 and 13, just fol- lowing the blossoming period of ap- ples. Eggs, from our observations, were laid between June 29 and July 3, incubation lasting from ten to seven- teen days. The first generation larvae that were observed in the field were found on June 29, and they became full grown on July 15. Pupation of the first generation commenced in the field about July 21. Every larvae (94) under observation this year formed pupa and appeared later as a moth. Hence no records are available to show that any portion of the generation was single brooded, although it may be stated with a fair degree of certainty that practi- cally all were double brooded this year. Second generation larvae were in evi- dence in the fruit on August 10, having commenced to appear around the first of the month. The remarkable differ- ences in this year's records are worth noting. The spring opened late, pro- ducing a delayed flight of moths, but the early summer was very warm and the Okanagan Valley near Vernon B. C dry so that conditions were more than equalized. 1918. The blossoming period of ap- ples in the Vernon section occurred during the closing days of April this year and calyx spraying was in prog- ress on May 10. The number of over- wintering larvae this year, which were held under observation, was very few; the mortality, however, due to winter, was less than that which occurred in 1917 or 1916. Owing to the transfer of our insectary this year some material was interfered with to such an extent that a very imperfect statement can be made as to the actual mortality due to winter. It was judged, however, to be less than 40 per cent. The first spring brood of moths appeared under insec- tary conditions during the first two weeks of June, but doubtless moths were flying in the field during May and until July, judging from the size of the larvae taken in the fruit in the quarantined orchards. Here again, as in 1917, the great majority of the larvae of the first brood preserved to form the second generation, and moths of the latter generation, were freely appearing from July 24 onward. 1919. The blossoming period of ap- ples was late this year and the first calyx sprays were being applied be- tween May 27 and June 7. Moths of the spring generation were flying late in June and full grown larvae were present and leaving the fruit on July 22. The percentage of the larvae, from cage specimens, that proved to be single brooded this year, was about 20 per cent. Of the remainder, moths appeared on August 7 and continued emerging until late in September. Minute second generation larvae were present in the field in fruit on August 10. 1920. During this present year the spring moth emergence continued from June 3 to 30. The blossoming period of apples took place between May 10 and June 1, and calyx spraying opera- tions were in order between May 28 and June 13. First cover spray, June 26 to July 6. Second cover spray, Au- gust 6 to 20. Summary of Life History With Spray Dates— 1916. Apple blossoming date, May 1-15. Calyx spray date, May 15-30. Flight spring moths, June 7-July 30. Larvae full grown (1st breed) July 18. Flight summer moths, August 1. Second brood larvae entering applies, August 15. 1917. Apple blossoming date, May 10-30. Calyx spray date, June 1-13. Flight spring moths, June 20-July 15. Larvae full grown (1st brood) July 15. Flight summer moths, July 25. Second brood larvae entering apples, August 1. Cover spray date, June 28-July 9. Third spray date, August 3-13. Band examinations — ■ (1) Julv 19-30. (2) August 2-19. (3) August 28-September 12. (4) September 17-22. (5) September 24-29. (6) October 5-9. (7) October 10-15. (8) November 10-22. 1918. Apple blossoming date, April 29-May 7. Calyx spray date, May 10-25. Flight spring moths, May 25-July 1. Larvae full grown (1st brood) July 15. Flight summer moths, July 24-Au- gust 8. Second brood larvae entering applies, August 1. Cover spray dates, June 23-29. Band examinations — (1) Julv 2-15. (2) Julv 17-30. (3) August 5-12. (4) August 18-September 4. (5) September 27-October 3. (6) November 6-20. November, 1920 1919. Apple blossoming date, May 9-25. Calyx spray date, May 27-June 7. Flight spring moths, June 25. Larvae full grown (1st brood) July 22. Flight summer moths, August 7-Sep- tember 15. Second brood larvae entering apples. August 10. Cover spray dates, June 30-July 11. Third spray date, August 19-26. Band examinations— (1) July 4-9. (2) Julv 30-August 9. (3) August 11-20. (4) August 25 to September 15. (5) September 20 to October 6. (6) October 27 to November 17. Orchard Operations in Infested Areas. Just as soon as the presence of larvae of the codling moth is realized in any- given orchard section, all trees are at once banded. Usually records of new infested areas become known in the autumn or late summer. All that re- mains to be done, therefore, in the au- tumn of the year is to examine the burlap bands and to closely supervise the picking and packing operations. The following spring a quarantine area is established and the following pro- cedure is undergone: (1) All trees are banded. (2) Periodical inspections are given the bands and main tree trunks com- mencing in April for over-wintering larvae, and from early June onward, as many times as possible, but at least six times before November 15. (3) Windfalls from July onward are destroyed when possible. (4) Two or three spray applications commencing with the calyx spray are given. (Calyx, first cover, June 25- July 5; second cover, August 1-10.) (5) All root sucker growth, loose bark and dead wood is removed. (6) Old neglected trees are pruned back to accomodate the spraying oper- ations. (7) Under certain conditions all fruit is removed from the trees before the end of June, but the trees are sprayed and banded in the usual manner. Fruit Disposal in Infested Area. The present method of handling an area in- fested with codling moth is somewhat as follows: (1) A quarantine area is formed with an allowance made for treatment of a contiguous area not necessarily infested. (2) All apple and pear fruit is closely inspected before shipment, and inspectors are notified when shipments are intended. (3) All fruit is packed in the in- fested area, no fruit being allowed to be handled in a packing house through which fruit from a non-infested area is passed. (4) All orchard boxes used in quar- antine area must remain in such area •unless passed by an inspector. (5) All fruit in infested areas is loaded into railway cars by the most direct route, and no such fruit is al- BETTER FRUIT lowed to be sold in the Province or for export from Canada. (6) Loose or unpacked fruit must not be removed from a quarantined area without permission, and no fruit may be stored in cellars or houses with- out proper inspection. (7) Cull fruits must be at once made use of or be destroyed. Division of Labor. In the years gone by and at present all areas in the Prov- ince of British Columbia infested with the codling moth have been and are still under Government control. The necessary operations are undertaken according to the foregoing policies. In consequence of which the Provincial Department of Agriculture stands re- sponsible for part of the cost. In broad outline the Federal Entomolog- ical Branch reviews the life history and the Provincial Horticultural Department handles the field control in co-operation with the growers affected. The plan that has been effected is as follows: The Provincial Department supplies the bands, applies and inspects them providing the necessary labor and ap- pliances for the same; the necessary number of power spraying machines, with gasoline, oil and repairs; an en- gineer nozzleman with each spraying outfit, and supplies of arsenate of lead; the labor necessary for the removal of sucker growth, dead bark and super- fluous wood within certain limits, and for the removal of fruit from the trees when such procedure is deemed neces- sary. The Department also stands re- sponsible for the inspection of all fruit within the quarantine area and for the supervision of the railway fruit cars entering orchard districts. The growers supply the necessary teams of horses for the transportation of the spraying machines through the orchards and from one orchard to another; the requi- site drivers and extra nozzlemen. They also pick and pack their own fruit and purchase the spraying materials, which are laid down by the Department. The Cost Per Acre. Three-year period— 1917-18-19. To To Dept. Grower Banding material $ .38 Labor, bands, inspection . . 2.39 Repairs, gasoline, oil, etc.. 1.95 Engineer labor 1.90 . . . . . Arsenate of lead $ 1.52 Team, labor for spraying 5.23 Fruit inspection 2.25 Inspector's salary, (5 mo.. . 4.47 Page 5 which are sent into British Columbia empty to receive shipments of local fruits. Arrangements are made with the agents of the railway companies where- by inspectors are notified when empty railway cars arrive. Immediate in- spection is at once made and only cer- tified clean cars are allowed to con- tinue on their way to other orchard sections. Infested cars are iced at once, kept closed and loaded with local fruit, the cars being carefully cleaned and the sweepings burnt. The cost of rail- way car inspection approximates 50 cents per car. Steps are being taken now to intro- duce a system of car disinfection by steam, and preliminary experiments have already been carried on with ex- cellent results, but thus far the scheme has not been put into general practice. As a result of the work of codling moth control in British Columbia we are able to claim that the insect can be eradi- cated from any given seat of infesta- tion. The most important problem that confronts us, however, is the treatment of cars to prevent reinfestation. We appeal to our friends in the Western United States to do all in their power to maintain a state of car cleanliness for their own good as well as for ours. It should pay handsomely, and with proper control on importations, estab- lished centers of infestation may be reasonably handled by departments in co-operation with the growers. This last point cannot be too strongly em- phasized— co-operation with the grow- ers. We contend that no reform move- ment or legislative act is of any avail unless public opinion supports it. We are fortunate, in British Columbia, in that our growers are thoroughly alive to the serious import of the codling moth, and what success we, as Depart- ment officials, have had in codling moth eradication is as much due to the hearty co-operation of our local orchardists as to other factors. We cannot bespeak too strongly the importance of this as- pect of the problem, and we would leave you with the suggestion that the first and most important phase of the codling moth eradication is the growers' co-operative movement. After that, pro- cedures are comparatively simple. Cost per acre $13.34 $ 6.75 Average cost per tree 25 .13 Average number trees per acre, 52. Railway Fruit Cars. In the belief that railroad fruit cars are the principal method of introducing the codling moth into new sections, very careful consid- eration has been given the method of handling such cars. The various outbreaks that have oc- curred in the Province so far have, in the main, been traced to imported fruit cars, which have carried infested fruit :il senile time during the season and How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in tlie packing bouse, "ill be mailed to anyone desiring it on the following terms: One card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Better Fruit. One card without subscription 10c Twelve cards without subscription. . .$1.00 For quantity prices write us. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. 703 Oregonian Building Portland, Oregon Page 6 BETTER FRUIT November, 1920 Sites and Soils for Small Fruits in the Northwest IN CHOOSING the location for a small fruits plantation one has to take many points into considera- tion. First, there are certain climatic conditions which will determine to a large degree whether certain of our small fruits can be grown to advantage. The rainfall or the possibilities of hav- ing an abundance of irrigation water are very important factors. With some of our small fruits the rainfall plays a role which probably even irrigation cannot supplement in all cases owing to the fact that in regions of consider- able rainfall the moisture content of the atmosphere at times is apt to be greater than in some of the arid belts. With certain of the cane fruits and brambles it has been demonstrated that they grow to the greatest degree of suc- cess on a rich soil abundantly supplied with humus and moisture and an at- mosphere which is not too dry. The winter temperature will, in some cases, be a determinate. Especially is this true where one is attempting to grow the evergreen types like the Ever- green blackberry, Loganberry, Phenom- enal, etc. Summer heat also has an in- fluence, at times producing a condition which is unsatisfactory to certain forms but being of distinct advantage to others. The fall temperature, that is, the sud- denness with which the growing season terminates, is to be considered where certain more tender forms are grown. The length of the growing season and the altitude also play a very important part. The soil has an important role, especially since some of our cane fruits depend so much upon a cool, moist con- dition of the soil. Most of our small fruits demand very good drainage. It is evident, then, that soils of this type must be chosen, and in most cases the richer the soil the better. The response of a plant to natural conditions is shown by an example that we can give of the Evergreen black- berry. Where it is grown wild in West- ern Washington and Western Oregon, the berries are small, hard and sour, but where it is grown wild in our coast and mountain regions, it is very lu- scious and hardly seems like the same fruit. It is only by bringing about good conditions, by following good till- age, pruning and feeding that one can produce the Evergreen blackberry to the highest degree of perfection. In addition to the natural surround- ings, I want you to also take into ac- count the possibilities of shipping, and at times the possibilities of using the fruits in the form of by-products. Here on the Pacific Coast we have a tremen- dous range of climatic conditions, ele- vations from sea level to the limit of plant growth. We have rainfalls that sometimes range from over one hun- dred inches to a few inches. Our soils vary from the heaviest of adobe to the lightest of sand, silt, ash and pumice stone. There is such a tremendous range of climate and soil conditions that the problem of small fruit culture By C. I. Lewis in any one region becomes largely a local one, and in many cases must be solved by local experiments, but after all these tremendous ranges of climatic conditions are of wonderful assistance to us in that they extend our range of crop production and make it possible to grow more types and varieties than would otherwise be possible. I will mention first some points in the Northwest which we will divide into areas, largely according to cli- matic conditions. First comes the Western Coast region of Oregon, Wash- ington and British Columbia. This in- cludes the famous Puyallup Valley of Western Washington, in which the Evergreen blackberry and raspberry are grown to the highest degree of per- fection. The islands in the Sound, the lower mainland of British Columbia and such counties in Western Oregon as Clatsop, Tillamook, Lincoln and Coos are all included in this class. This re- gion is subject to a fairly heavy rain- fall, has a long growing season and quite a range of soils, although the pre- dominant soils are clay loams. In this region the brambles. Loganberries, Raspberries and Blackberries grow to a wonderful degree of perfection. There is probably no section in the United States where such fruits will yield more heavily or grow more vigorously and rank than in this section named. The climatic conditions are such that a tre- mendous area of these fruits should be planted. Canning factories, evaporators and similar plants should be established in many quarters, while those that are advantageously located as far as ship- ping points are concerned should ship out large quantities of fruit. The bench lands of this region pro- duce very good strawberries, and the strawberry under these conditions tends to bear for a longer season, bear- ing two or three crops. I have picked them abundantly as late as the middle of September. The clay loams, and even some of the tide lands, seem to grow Loganberries and blackberries very nicely. The sandy and silt loams are splendidly adapted to raspberries. Red raspberries, under such conditions, grow very vigorously. I have seen canes ten feet long that have borne fruit to the very ends of the canes and the yields are unusually high. Reports of yields as high as 500 and 000 crates per acre of red raspberries have come from the Puyallup district. Between the Coast Range and the Cascades there are a number of val- leys, especially in Western Oregon, such as the Rogue, Umpqua, and Willa- mette. The famous Bear Creek bottoms of the Rogue River are ideal for dew- berries, raspberries, loganberries, etc. In fact, any class of small fruit thrives well along the river and its tributaries, and a much greater industry should be built up than now exists. Strawberries, of course, can be grown all over the Northwest. In the Umpqua Valley all classes of small fruits succeed. The region is becoming famous for its very early strawberries, being one of the very earliest regions in the entire Pa- cific Northwest. The low altitude and the shelter obtained from the moun- tains result in early maturing. This sec- tion should devote more time and en- ergy to early produce of all kinds. In the Willamette Valley certain large sec- tions are developing small fruits. In the Newberg district, on the red hill soils, raspberries, strawberries, black- caps and loganberries are all thriv- ing. There is a tremendous area of land in the Willamette Valley adapted to small fruits. The sandy and silt soils of the river bottom lands, such as the Mission bottoms at Salem, will produce small fruits of all classes. The yields are very high. At Russellville and vicinity quite a small fruit development has taken place, and in the sandy loams of that region the raspberry thrives es- pecially well. Then we have the in- land mountain regions, like Hood River and White Salmon, that have become famous for their strawberries, and while many other small fruits could be successfully grown, the reason they are not grown is that the growers have not attempted to grow them. The straw- berry has been the pioneer crop and has been grown until the orchards come into bearing. In the inland valleys of the Inland Empire small fruit cuiture at times be- comes very profitable. Such regions as Kennewick are early and the stony soils of the Walla Walla Valley are ex- tremely early. They warm up very rapidly in the spring. All along the Columbia River fine strawberry lands can be obtained. In the Payette Valley of Idaho one finds the blackcap being grown successfully under irrigation. There is not a valley in all that won- derful territory but what can grow some form of small fruit to the highest degree of perfection. Gooseberries and currants will be the least successful owing to the fact that both these crops like cool weather and a cool, moist soil. Where dry soils are found and com- bined with rather dry weather condi- tions it will be advisable to plant the gooseberry and currant in close prox- imity to a building, generally on the north side, or, if this is impossible, you could plant them among the fruit trees, where they get some coolness and shade from the trees. The strawberry has the widest range of adaptability of any fruit we are growing in America. It is being grown from Alaska to Southern California and from Maine to Florida. While it is true that in some of these regions it is neces- sary to ship the plants in, it being im- possible to produce the voung plants that will fruit successfully in the re- gion, nevertheless a profitable business is carried on in all these states. In the Pacific Northwest, as far as the straw- berry is concerned, it becomes very largely a local problem. There are Continued on page 17. November, 1920 BETTER FRUIT The Orchard Leaf Roller— How to Control It By A. L. Melander, Entomologist State College, Pullman, Washington WITHOUT attempting to decide whether the chicken or the egg came first, we may say that the leaf roller begins its life cycle in the egg stage during the summer. The eggs are glued in flat masses on the bark of the branches, twigs or trunk, at first, greenish, almost bark-colored, but becoming whitish after hatching. The masses vary in size from an eighth to a quarter inch in diameter and contain , li .*dH& •-*..* % tA^ -•V s How the Leaf Roller Works. This insect has gained its name by its habit of curling Ihe leaves. an average of about forty or fifty eggs. The eggs may remain on the bark for a couple of years, the old ones being rec- ognizable by their color, and by being perforated with the exit-holes where the hatching worms emerge. It is in the egg condition that the leaf roller spends the winter. When the trees are well in leaf the following spring hatching begins. The worms are at first very small, a six- teenth of an inch long, greenish in color and with a black head. At the time apples blossoms are opening the worms move into the blossoms, usually one to each blossom, and proceed to nibble at the vital parts of the flowers. This causes the flowers to drop so badly that an infested tFee will set no fruit even though it might blossom heavily. From then until after midsummer the worms can be found, skeletonizing the Page 7 leaves, rolling up a leaf here and there, and where abundant completely defoli- ating the trees. The green worms are very sensitive and when touched wrig- gle rapidly out of the way or spin their way to the ground on a thread of silk. The pupa is practically naked and placed in the leaf-nests. Moths appear after midsummer, hiding during the day among the trees, but flying actively at KIRK'S MILITARY SHOP The Crumpled Nest of the Leaf Roller, Shov How It Destroys the Foliage. 61 6th St.,Comer Pine Portland, Oregon SOME OF OUR EXCEPTIONAL VALUES Blue Flannel Middles, with yoke in . $10.50 White Wool Blankets, double 10.00 O. D. Blankets, double $6.50 to 11.00 Horse Blankets, with straps 8.50 to 10.50 Plaid Mackinaw Vests, something new. 5.25 Logger Jumpers, will turn rain 9.50 Army Field Shoes, sizes 8 to 11 only. . 5.75 Army Style Shoes $6 50,$7,50,$9 and 11.00 Plaid Makinaws, exceptional values $9.50 to 13.50 Mail Your Orders Direct — Immediate Shipment. Flannel Shirts. Cotton Shirts. Overalls, Hats, Itc. See Our Display of Curio Rifles and Carbines fe ONE thing that agrees with_> all the family %, and that all the family agrees on Say uGear-ar- Jelly* mi D. GHIMRDELL! CO. S»y> fiK GHIRARDELLI S 1 KMSERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 8 BETTER FRUIT November, 1920 dusk. The moths are scarcely a half- inch in length and vary in color from almost a sulphur yellow to yellow with brown mottlings. The moths do not lay eggs at once but probably require ten days before reaching maturity. Eggs are deposited on any of the orchard trees, on willows, cottonwoods, roses and probably on any shrub near by. The leaf roller caterpillars have proved to be remarkably resistant to arsenical sprays. Ordinary arsenate of lead, as applied against the codling worm, has no appreciable effect on them. Spokane Valley fruit growers have been spraying Paris green at the rate of six pounds to the hundred gal- lons, and have found it partially though not completely effective. This strength of Paris green is the equivalent of us- ing eighteen pounds of arsenate of lead powder to the 300-gallon tank, an amount prohibitive in cost, and in the case of the Paris green so caustic as to irritate the men and horses, making it impossible to retain men on the work. Fumigation is likewise too costly and its effects unknown. Experiments and orchard practice have demonstrated that the use of a de- pendable oil spray applied at the end of the winter is the most satisfactory method of controlling this pest. For this purpose a good miscible oil spray Do Your Potatoes Sell at Top Prices? Bruised and rotted potatoes will not bring top prices. Hie,h grade potatoes should be carefully protected in storage and in transit by shipping them in the Universal Package These strong capacious packages prevent crushing and bruising. Their attractive appearance makes sales at top prices. No nails needed to fasten covers. Equally adapted to every fruit and vegetable crop. Commission men and retailers favor Universal Packages and buy more readily when products are shipped in these containers. PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA ii and I'm not worrying" says the Boss Packer "about boxes for our pack. We got them from the Bloedel Donovan Mills, so they are always right in quality and are shipped promptly." Standard apple boxes, crates and cases of selected material and carefully con- structed. And the prices are right. Our large stock and exceptional facil- ities insure you against delay. Write for prices. Bloedel <^*^> Donovan loie White Blag, geattle U.S.A. having a heavy body should be used at about 7 or 8 per cent strength. The trees should be completely wetted and not merely sprayed, and the applica- tion should be made in good spraying weather. If the spray is too weak, if the application is scant, if wet weather immediately precedes or follows the spraying, effective control cannot be expected. It is not advisable to apply oil sprays until all danger of excessive cold weather is passed. The proper use of oil sprays when the buds are swell- ing has not been attended by harm to the trees, but the misuse of too strong sprays, or improperly emulsified oil might occasion a set-back. Miscible oil sprays have even been used after trees are coming into leaf, causing a little spray-burning of the foliage, but this injury has been quickly outgrown. The orchard leaf roller is not a new pest. It has been long known over a wide range, and in Washington I have seen it over a dozen years ago from the Spokane region. The past few years, however, the pest has multiplied to an alarming extent, until now it is decid- edly the worst problem many fruit growers are facing. The orchards from Spokane east to the state line are ap- parently the heaviest infested and scarcely an orchard in the Opportunity- Greenacres-Otis district is free from the moth. Many have lost their crops and even the foliage this year. This insect occurs about Kettle Falls, through much of Spokane County besides Spokane Valley, and also has obtained an alarm- ing foothold near Walla Walla. STATEMENT OF THE OWNEHSHTJP, MANAGEMENT. < :i:< I I.ATlnX. ETC . REQinBED BY THE ACT OP CONGRESS OP AUGUST 24. 1912. of the Belter Fruit, published monthly at Portland. 0 for October 1, 1920. State of Oregon. County of Multnomah — Before me, a uiilary public in and for the state and county aforesaid, personally appeared D. L. Carpenter, who. having been ■ inly sworn according to law. deposes and says that he is the business manager of Better Fruit, and that the fol- lowing is. to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true statement of tin- ownership, management (and if a daily paper, the circulation), etc.. of the aforesaid publication for ti)'1 date shown in Hie above caption, required by the n1 of August 24, 11*12. embodied in section 443. postal utws_ and regulations, printed on the reverse of this form. 1. That the names and addresses of the publisher, editor, managing editor and business niiiim-ri. .in Publisher. Belter Fruit Publishing Co.. Inc.. .sum Orego- ?.n Building. Portland, Oregon. Editor, E. E. Faville StiO Oregonia n Building, Portland. Oregon. Mana^rin i editor, noi Business manager, D L. Carpenter 800 Oregon an Build- rag, Portia id, Oregon. i. That ire: (Give n tnes and addresses or individual f a corporati tanie and and address^ of stockholders owning ar holding 1 per cent or more of i le total anioi it of stock. Setter Frni Publishing Co.. Inc.. Portland. Oregon. Stockholders, D. L,. Carpenter, SOO Oregonian Building. Portland, "regon. E. E. FMville. xmi Oregonian Building. Portland. Oregon. \ W Slypes. Slid tut -t.niaii Building. Portland, ' i ?>. Thai the known bondholders, mortgagees and OtbeJ treettrin i ■ i I elding l pt r.tiiri' ritiiifi.iry relation, th • whom such trust two paragraph* affiant's full know li d ,tn. i conditions under which stockholders ami sec,:rit\ liuM en who dn mil appear upon the Imoks of the compai trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than thai "i .1 bona Bde owner, and this affiant has do to believe that any other person, association OT corporation i ' interest, direct or indirect, in the or other securities than as so stated by him. That the average number <>f copies of each ifsue of this publication soM or .Ii.M rilmii-d, through th. .therwise. to paid subscribers durinj the si security holder irson or corpor- (This inl'unnaii. QU | Is UDScribed before 27th day of II R SHAW, Notary I ■ I . I 1921, I I S E It S M ENTH November, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Late Developments in Arsenical Insecticides By R. A. Cooley, Bozeman, Montana THE old classification of insect pests There are certain qualities of arsen- into those with biting and with icals which we need to consider in sucking mouth parts and the corre- making a selection. They are: (1) sponding division of insecticides into killing power, (2) solubility in water, stomach poisons and contact poisons (3) quality of sticking on the foliage, are familiar to horticulturists. It is (4) settling in water, (a) cost, rather generally realized, I believe, The killing power of an arsenical thai practically all of the stomach insecticide is roughly parallel to the poisons used are different forms or percentage content of actual oxide of compounds of arsenic. Probably nearly arsenic as determined by chemical all of us remember back to the time analysis. By referring to the table when Paris green made its appearance you may see the relative strength of in connection with the control of the the various old and recently discov- Colorado potato beetle, and many will ered poisons, expressed as oxides of recall an earlier day when we used arsenic. The comparison of amounts London purple on potatoes. Since of oxides in the insecticides is to be those early days much progress has looked upon as only an approximate been made in our knowledge of arsen- indication of the relative killing pow- icals and a number of new poisons ers. Tn this connection it should be have been brought to our attention. I stated that the figures for arsenate of have thought that it would be profit- ]eaci are for a dry preparation and not able to discuss and compare the vari- a paste. Arsenate of lead paste, which ous arsenical insecticides and to men- was commonly in use a few years ago, tion the underlying principles which was composed of 50 per cent of water, should govern the selection of a poison in the wet paste, therefore, the per- for any particular use, so as to get centage of arsenious oxide would be the best results and at the same time only 12 Y2 and the number of pounds not use one that is more expensive to be added to 100 gallons of water than necessary. , for a given purpose would be double I have made a table of the more as much with the paste as with the important arsenical insecticides which dry preparation. It follows, of course, compares them and gives much infor- that in order to correctly judge of the mation in a condensed form. relative value of these insecticides it Arsenic Cost' Soluble Slicking Settling Oxides per lb. Arsenic Quality Quality Texture Paris green 50% fiOe 3.5% Poor Rapid Coarse Arsenate of Lead 25% 34c 1.50% Excellent Slow Fine Arsenile of Zinc Ill'; 26c .67% Good Slow Fine Arsenate of Calcium 42.5% 30c 1% Good Slow Fine Refined White Arsenic 97% 15c Poor Rapid Coarse Crude White Arsenic 80% 12c Fair Medium Medium •Wholesale prices in 100-pound lots f.o.b. factory. Page 9 NOW MOTHER, WE ARE THROUGH CARRYING WATER SELF-OILING ELECTRIC HOUSE PUMP SUPPLIES EVERY WANT ;,11 . "Mother, we have been carryin think of the thousands of trips we have made to the well and the tons of water we have carried during all these years, and now we are through. The pump man who is installing the new MYERS ELECTRIC HOUSE PUMP for us told me that he would finish this after- noon, and then, goodby water drudgery forever." Such relief is coming to innumerable homes like yours through Myers Electric and Hydro-Pneumatic Pumps. If you are still carrying water and a task, write us. Without the least obli- gation on your part, we will mail you our latest Catalog showing Myers "Honor-Bill" Pumps for Every and tell you how and wheie to obtain them. : sick and tired 4v>^jJ-PT7ft$^< Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokan e, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER Cooking and Canning IS A REAL PLEASURE Note the picture. Tou cook everything at once, over one fire. Everything cooked perfectly under steam pressure — no burning, no mixing of flavors, no shrinkage of the food. With it you can everything by the cold pack method — fruit, vegetables, meats, etc. Thousands are using Conservo and say it's worth its weight in gold. Conservo Cooker No. 20 — Conservo, 21% inches high, 11 ^4 inches square; 4 removable shelves: 2 pans; cooks for 3 to 15 persons; holds 14 one-quart jars for canning. No. 9 — Conservo is 13x/2 inches high; 2 shelves; 1 pan; cooks for 2 or 3 persons; holds 6 one-quart jars for canning. Works on any stove — wood, coal or gas blessing to the housekeeper. Every home should have one. It will pay for itself in a few months' time by the saving in food and fuel. Foods cooked in it are delicious— they retain all their flavor and natural juices. Canning is done perfectly and with ltust possible effort. Write today for booklet and information. OUTWEST SUPPLY CO. Portland, Oregon Winter Nelis Pears Sweet Cherries Apricots and Grapes A SPECIALTY Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND, WASH. The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruit and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON Page 10 is necessary to consider the relative cost of each. The percentage of water soluble ar- senic which a sample contains has been believed for many years to in- dicate the degree of injuriousness to the foliage of plants. Obviously only that arsenic which is brought into so- lution in the water used in spraying can be absorbed into the leaf sub- stance and only that which is ab- sorbed can injure the leaf. There- fore, in judging the quality of an ar- senical insecticide it is always neces- sary to know the percentage of water soluble arsenic. Potato vines are not easily injured by arsenic and a much higher percentage of soluble arsenic is permissible in spraying them than in spraying delicate foliage like that of the peach. It follows then that a low water solubility such as is found in arsenate of lead is of no particular advantage in a poison for the potato Blight -Proof Surprise Pear Stock ON Japan Root Don't worry about blight taking your pear orchard. Plant the blight-proof Surprise and insure against loss. The following year topwork it to Bartlett, Bosc or any desired variety and you have a blight-proof trunk and framework. This method is endorsed by Prof. Reimer of the Southern Oregon Experiment Sta- tion, Talent, Oregon, and recom- mended by him after extensive ex- periments. Thousands of these trees have been planted the last few years in California and Southern Oregon, and to some extent in the Yakima Valley, Washington. Our buds were secured direct from Prof. Reimer. For other dependable Fruit Trees, Shade Trees, Roses, Vines, Etc., write Washington Nursery Company Toppenish, Washington Agents Everywhere More Wanted BETTER FRUIT beetle, while it is an advantage in the spraying of fruit trees. The next column in the table deals with the sticking quality, but we shall consider the column on texture at the same time. By texture it is intended to mean the degree of fineness of the powder. If examined under a low power microscope, a wide difference of fineness will be found in the vari- ous kinds of arsenicals. Paris green is coarse and the granules examined with a microscope appear like so many rocks on a plane surface. They are easily brushed off by showers of rain and the sticking quality naturally is poor. The same principle holds throughout and the more finely di- vided powder has a better sticking quality. A good sample of arsenate of lead is exceedingly fine. The precip- itate is practically amorphous and when the water once dries out, leav- ing the poison on the foliage, it is not Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. November, 1920 easy to loosen it again. Foliage which has been sprayed in the spring may be found still white with the poison in the fall. The settling quality is governed mainly by the texture of coarseness and by the specific gravity. It will be seen in the table that the settling qual- ity very closely parallels the coarse- ness of the powder. The cost per pound, as given in the table, is based on prices this spring and these prices are wholesale at the factory in 100 pound lots. It is no- ticeable that the prices of Paris green and arsenate of lead are high com- pared to the percentage of arsenic which they contain. This is especi- ally true of arsenate of lead. With these facts before you it is possible to choose for yourself between these insecticides, but certain statements should be made regarding some of Continued on page 16. ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT November, IQ20 BETTER FRUIT Page u War Department Sale STOVES The Quartermaster General of the Army has just released for sale a quantity of Stoves, Kanges and parts. Included in this list are 4,884 All New Oil Drum Stoves originally de- signed for use on truck farms and in orchards to generate smudges as pro- tection from frost and cold weather. This type of stove has been tested and found highly successful for this purpose, and this present lot should prove a boon to owners of fruit and truck farms all over the country. They are now available for immediate delivery. LOOK THIS LIST OVER LOT 12677 OS. 4,884 New, Oil, Drum. For smudge purposes on farms and in orchards. Located at Jeffersonville, Ind. AND A QUANTITY OF OTHEE WELL KNOWN MAKES OF STOVES AND RANGES AND PARTS. Proposals for these Stoves and Ranges and requests for complete information and delivery can be obtained from the Depot Quartermaster at the address below. 1819 W. 39th Street, Chicago, Illinois. LOT 166(59 GS 37 Stoves, Western Jewel No. 17, new. 86 No. 20. 53 No. 15. Located at Atlanta, Ga. Details from Depot Quartermas- ter, Transportation Building, At- lanta, Ga. LOT 16678 GS 174 Stoves, Oil, Perfection. LOT 16683 GS 185 Stoves, Cannon Ball, No. 1. 32 No. 2. Located at Camp Sheridan, Ala. Details from Depot Quartermas- ter, Transportation Building, At- lanta, Ga. SURPLUS PROPERTY BRANCH QUARTERMASTER CORPS MUNITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C. WAR DEPARTMENT SURPLUS PROPERTY EN WRITING "DVERTISiKS BETTER FRUIT Page 12 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON Financing the Fruit Grower. The additional financing of the Ore- gon prune crop made necessary by unfavorable weather and adverse mar- keting conditions by the bankers of Oregon is cause for widespread satis- faction upon the part of the fruitmen of that state, and, furthermore, is a signal tribute to the confidence that bankers have in the solidity of the methods of the Oregon Growers' Co- operative Association. It is also an acknowledgment from financial powers high up in the banking world that they are willing to stand behind the collec- tive bargaining organizations of the fruitmen and farmers where they are organized on a sound basis. The loan advanced to the Oregon Growers' Co- operative Association for the purpose of carrying its members through an unforeseen and unpreventable critical period was no mere bagatelle, but the round sum of $500,000. As a result, the greater part of the immense prune industry of the state which is in the hands of the Oregon association is being carried safely along. Instead of having to wait for their money until the prunes are sold, grow- ers are being advanced from two to five cents per pound when they are deliv- ered at the warehouse of the associa- tion. This is being made possible by turning the warehouse receipts for the fruit over to the bankers as collateral. Of course, an individual with a large tonnage and good security would prob- ably be able to secure financial assist- ance for the same purpose, and then again he might not. The significance of the transaction, however, is in the fact that a big organization as a unit, with big resources and a trained mar- keting force, presents to the banker a security that the average fruit grower does not possess. It was this fact that the Portland clearing house of bankers took into consideration when they ad- vanced this big loan and will take into consideration in future in financing the affairs of the Oregon Growers' Associa- tion or other large agricultural enter- prises. Advertising Will Do It. The announcement of the Interstate Commerce Commission that the increase in freight rates on Northwest fruit must stand is a severe blow to the fruit grow- ers of this section, for it means that this additional fixed charge must be taken care of by a lessened cost of production or a greater price for box apples. Already Eastern growers, who are much nearer the big markets, are ex- pressing their satisfaction over the de- cision. They admit the superiority of Western box fruit and believe the BETTER FRUIT higher price it must sell at will work much to their advantage. However this may be, the fact still remains that the box package of apples — that is, such apples as are grown in the Northwest — is becoming more and more popular and is taking a firmer hold on the public. It remains, there- fore, for the box apple grower to bring to the attention of the public on a much wider scale than ever before the merits of box fruit, and advertising will do it. With millions of consumers in this country and abroad who will not quib- ble over an additional quarter or half dollar for the finest quality of fruit in an attractive and easily handled pack- age, advertising seems to present the most feasible plan of meeting the han- dicap of an extra marketing cost. No Cause for Worry. The fact that the apple crop of the country is not moving to market as rapidly as it did last year and in some other years we do not think is any cause for worry. The crop this year is not so large that it will swamp the markets of the world and a lessened demand now undoubtedly means a strong demand in the future. In the Northwest, with its reduced crop and the building of many storage houses during the past year, growers are in better shape to await the later demand than ever before. According to government reports, growers and associations who do not believe they are being offered prices sufficiently high to justify them in selling their crops are placing their fruit in storage, and in fact statistics show a greater quan- tity of box apples in storage at this season of the year than ever before. The fruit, therefore, should be fed out to the market as it is needed at favor- able prices. With the inferior fruit produced abroad cleaned up, the export trade should show a decided picking up, while in this country the settlement of the election should have the effect of strengthening the demand for all com- modities. We look, therefore, for a suc- cessful but not a bonanza year for the apple grower, notwithstanding some of the present handicaps. An Adventure in Grafting. J. M. Scroggs, two miles northeast of Colville, Washington, according to a report from Spokane, is a horticultural genius. He has forty-one varieties of fruit growing on one tree in his orchard. Starting with a Ben Davis apple tree about thirteen years ago, he began grafting different varieties of apples and pears on this tree. He says all the varieties are flourishing and that he has the earliest and the latest apples grown in Stevens County and all from this one tree. The apples are said to range in color from a brilliant yellow- to a dark red and in taste from the sourest to the sweetest. The tree has been bearing fruit for seven years. The size of the fruit ranges from the size of a marble to 20 ounces in weight. Noz'ember, IQ20 What the Papers Interested in Fruit Are Saying The problem of the nurseryman is so com- plex that only men of courage and resource are willing to tackle it, no matter what the temptation of high prices. Indeed, this whole question of prices itself requires a lot of examination. A rise of 1000 per cent in prices sounds fascinating, but if one begins too low the sum is not very great in the end. One thousand per cent on nothing, even when adder* to the original base number, is not very mi h. The simple fact is that prewar prices o* nursery stock were too low. In many cases ick sold for less than the cost of production ?ss even than the prewar cost of production. common price for apple trees was ten dr s a hun- dred. A fair price would have -n eighteen to twenty dollars. Now, with labor practically d in cost and often unobtainable at any vith the cost of all other items more th .inied, the nurseryman cannot figure a prow, un his trees unless he can see ahead of him a price of thirty-five to fifty dollars a hundred. The trees which he propagates this year, 1920, will be ready for market in 1923. Will the fruit grow- ers by that time be ready to take them at those prices? Or will the wildcat growers of nursery trees be ready with their job lots of cheap stock to bid down the market again? Really, it is a question. Speaking of the rising cost of materials for the nurseryman, let us notice the one import- ant item of stocks. Practically all growers of apple trees buy their stocks, and these now cost anywhere round sixty to one hundred dollars a thousand, instead of six to seven dollars three years ago or three dollars and a half to four dollars ten years ago. That means a percentage of advance about equal to what the nurseryman is now passing on to the orchardist. The fact is that there is just as great a shortage of apple stocks relative to demand as there is of two-year-old apple trees. It is estimated that there is a total supply for the year of 7.000,000 apple seedlings, as against a normal turnover of 70,000,000. And nursery- men pay whatever is asked if only they can get the goods. Thus it happens that some of them are actually paying ten cents apiece for seedling apple roots before propagation begins. That is as much as the full-grown two-year-old budded apple tree used to cost. Then if we figure a fifty per cent shrinkage between the seedling and the orchard stage, which is about a fair estimate, we discover that we have already invested twenty cents each in our trees for the planting of 1923, and we have not reck- oned anything yet for the nurseryman and all his expenses. In sober times before the military disturb- ance our American nurserymen bought the seedling apple stocks on which they bud or graft all our standard varieties from two sources. The domestic supply came largely from Topeka, Kansas, where in the deep, fer- tile alluvium of the Kansas bottoms the clean- est, straightest and strongest roots were de- veloped. The foreign supply . came chiefly from France, and mainly from o-Mmilar river- flood plain along the valley of Loire about Angers. The French stocl1 more, but were generally considered to be netter. Well, when the war came the French nurs- eries were wrecked and that source of supply was diminished nearly to the vanishing point. That made little difference in 1918 and 1919, when nobody wanted to propagate apple trees anyway, but it makes a great difference in 1920, when everybody wants to resume opera- tions on an enlarged scale. The Kansas grow- ers of stocks likewise went numerously out of the business during the European hostilities. and even now they are slow to get back to tin- old trade. There are difficulties still back of them. Take notice that to grow apple seedlings re- quires apple seeds, and the same circumstances which put out of business the nurseryman and the stock grower simultaneously floored the collector and purveyor of apple seeds. The American source of supply has been estab- lished chiefly in a few Localized collectors in New Hampshire, Vermont and Northern New York. When the fruit growers stopped plant- ing orchards the nurserymen stopped propa- gating trees and the stock growers stopped growing stocks and the seed collectors stopped washing out the apple pomace from the cider mills and went to cutting cord wood for the fuel market. So the chain was broken in ever > link. — The Country Gentleman. November, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Bastian Pruning Implements Catalogue mailed on -quest. In ,hwest Fence & Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON CUSHMAN Light Weight Heavy Duty Farm Engines Built light. BUILT RIGHT. Tliat means counter bal- anced crank shafts, ground cylinders and pistons, throt- tling governors, automobile carburetor, friction clutch and Water Circulating Pump. ONE engine for ALL 8 h.p. weighs only 320 lbs. CUSHMAN MOTOR WORKS 978 N. 21st St.. Lincoln, Neb. Northwest Branch: 24S Hawthorne Ave.. Portland, Or. Full Stock off Repairs at Portland UNQUESTIONABLY C. Modern methods applied to fruit growing have made v-thwest a great fruit growing center, with possi- bilities of extensive develop- ment. pull stubborn stumps in a few minutes at low cost. )ws now the Kirstin clears acre from one anchor! Low speed start stump— high to rip it out quick! Patented quick T. 1U Ea-ilr r und field. Read t n'i.1 Si,...- HARANTFE AGAINST IREAKAGE-Four Easy Wr "a Proposition. Shipment from ne* -est die nd froiR-ht. Write today I Addre— AJ. KIRSTIN COMPANY Expert Orchard Service We contract the planting and care of Nut Groves, Fruit Orchards and Rerry Farms. Run down properties inspected and methods of renovation outlined. Inspection of orchards for absentee owners and for prospective buyers. Sales of choice Nut, Fruit and Berry Properties. /We are Agricultural College Graduates \ \ with a wide on-harding cvperience / PEARCY BROS., Salem, Oregon Page 14 BETTER FRUIT November, 1920 SOME RELIABLE PACIFIC 1 Capital City Nursery Co. Our Specialty: Apple, Prune and Walnut Trees ORNAMENTAL AND FRUIT BEARING SHRUBBERY A good line of trees for WINDBRAKE AND SHADE Address, Salem, Oregon Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Plants We are Growers, not merely Dealers. Bartlett Pears on resistant Japan stocks in quantity. Most Extensive Assortment of Hardy Ornamentals in the Pacific Northwest. J. B. Pilkington, Nurseryman Portland, Oregon TREES The Old Reliable Albany Nurseries General nursery stock, including all the leading commercial varieties of fruit trees for the coming season's planting. Also ornamentals, small fruits and flowering shrubs. Highest quality at the lowest consistent prices. Orders for future delivery should be placed while stock is available. Address ALBANY NURSERIES, INC. ALBANY, OREGON Oregon Nursery Company ORENCO, OREGON Since 1867 Growers of Dependable Trees Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Berries, Roses, etc. Large Illustrated Catalog sent on request. We Sell General Nursery Stock and Nursery Supplies to the Trade While we are now sold short on many varieties for this sea- son, we have considerable stock yet to offer on which we will be glad to quote you. Will have a very complete list for next year's trade. Please remember us. Portland Wholesale Nursery Company 971 Sandy Boulevard Portland, Oregon CORY'S THORNLESS MAMMOTH BLACKBERRY The greatest horticultural novelty of the century. Very large, early, sweet, eoreless and almost seedless, with rampant growing vine \\ hich is absolutely thornless. Millions will be sold as fast as they can be propagated. Get your order in early for next season. Last spring 1 was deluged with orders which could not be filled and I can promise but a few thousand for the coming season. Price, 00 cents each, two for $1.00; $5.00 per dozen. Will be well packed and sent prepaid by parcel post to any address. Descriptive catalog free. ISAAC F. TILLINGHAST Seed and Plant Specialist 212 Podel St., Santa Rosa, California Italian Prune Tree; Our specialty: We have "The heavy cream." Also Oregon Champion Gooseberry plants. Several varieties of Currants. Concord Grapes, Cuthbert Red Rasp- berry and Loganberry plants. Fine Strawberry Plants — 7 varieties PRICES REASONABLE Woodstock Nurserj 5803 Woodstock Avenue, Portland. Phone Sellwood 2332. Raspberries Cuthbert* We have them ! Ask for prices, stating quan tity you Avill want. Butzers Seed Store 188 Front Street FORTLAND, OREGON Idaho's Largest Nurseries Wants your orders for TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, SMALL FRUITS. Onlv Catalog Nurseries in Idaho. We pay the freight. Kimberly Nurseries Kimberly, Idaho (Twin Falls County) ITING ADVE BETTER FRUIT November, 1020 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 NORTHWEST NURSERYMEN New Fall Catalog Our now 64-page Fall Catalog of FLOWERING BULBS, BOSES, FBUIT, SHADE and OBNAMENTAL TBEES and SHBUBS is now ready for you. We offer you the "highest quality" stocks of real merit, varieties especially adapted to this Coast. Twenty years' practical experience here enables us to do it intelligently. FALL SEEDS — Complete Seed Catalog on request. Write for prices on Fall Grain and Grasses, stating quantities wanted. POULTRY, BIRDS, PET STOCK AND SUPPLIES. Routledge Seed and FloralXo. 145 SECOND STREET, PORTLAND, OREGON Strawberry Plants, Etc. Finest, select stock — of the most profitable commercial varieties. Fruit Trees Sturdy, well rooted, choice. Best varieties for every purpose. Spray Materials and Supplies of All Kinds Our Catalog is an excellent guide for selecting nursery stock and supplies of all kinds. Sent free on request. Prune and Apple Trees We offer choice Prune, Pear and Apple Trees, Black Wal- nut Seedlings, Marshall and New Oregon Strawberry Plants, Currants, Loganberry Tips and a full line of other nursery stock for fall delivery at very attractive prices while they last. Write today for prices. Benedict Nursery Co. 185 East 87th Street North Portland, Oregon Canyon Home Nursery Strawberry Plants for Spring Delivery Everbearing Strawberries a specialty. F. I. MOFFET Ellensburg, Washington Strawberry Plants TREBLA The berry you have been waiting for. The canner that outyields all other varieties. Write for information and prices. Also plants of all other leading varieties. LOGAN PLANTS. Well rooted tips for early spring de- livery. Weeks & Pearmine Route 8 Salem, Oregon BUY DIRECT FROM THE GROWER OUR TREES Carefully Grown Carefully Selected Carefully Packed Will give satisfaction to the planter Salem Nursery Company 428 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon Additional Salesmen Wanted Yakima & Columbia River Nursery Company Growers of Choice FKUIT TREES SMALL FRUITS AND ORNAMENTALS Yakima, Washington "Yakima Grown" is the best guarantee. Now is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company Milton, Oregon l5 ^'ix-Sv For their 1920-21 Catalog. Full line of NURSERY STOCK "Genuineness and (,>u Easy Riding- / Nothing can ' happen to a Dayton Airless Tire but wear. S.000 miles is fliinrunteed. i Users t;et from 1 ten to twenty a thousand miles 30x3 T^ J of air-free, care- 30 x 3% m ■ free service. 31x4 |E fl Let us demon- for Hf 9j strate. Ford Maxwell IE E L. M. Mills, Manager Chevrolet § 91 Eleventh Street f Portland, Oregon Two Exceptional Hotels Two of the most homelike hotels in Portland, located in the heart of the business, shopping and theatre districts. All Oregon Electric Trains stop directly in front of The Seward Hotel The House of Cheer. The Hotel Cornelius The House of Welcome, is only two short blocks from The Seward Hotel Excellent Dining Room Service at Popular Prices is managed in connection with The Seward Hotel, the House of Cheer. Rates, $1.50 Up Our Brown Busses Meet All Trains. W. C. CULBERTSON, Proprietor What Are You Doing for Next Year's Apple Crop? "Wood -Lark" will get the GOPHER this winter under the snow You cannot afford to have your trees thrown out of bal- ance by loss of roots by Gophers. You know this affects their bearing, and sometimes even kills them. Now is the time to plant "WOOD-LARK" well down in all gopher runs before snow flies. If Your Dealer Hasn't Any, Write Us Clarke -Woodward Drug Co. PORTLAND, OREGON BRTISERS Ml November, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 The npple harvest has commenced in the Kettle River section, north of Spokane, good weather adding to the satisfaction of gathering the finest apple crop ever grown in this part of the upper Columbia Valley, as regards size, color and freedom from worms and scab. The yield is fully up to the average, some orchards producing much more than ever before. One grower expects to have 17,000 boxes. Some orchards that last year were seriously dam- aged with codling moth are virtually free from the pest this year. At least 1,500 tons of Yakima cull apples will be converted into cider at the Lust & Walters plant, according to David Walters. The company has completely overhauled its plant and is preparing for a run of boiled cider. In former years it made fresh cider, but the Volstead act makes this impossible on a commercial basis. The company is paying $6 a ton for cull apples, the lowest price since the cull apple market was developed. Last year the price went as high as $20. The huge Facts! You cannot deny them. Motorists buy Zerolene be- cause it is good lubricating oil; because it makes the car last longer. More than half the motorists of the Pacific Coast states use Zerolene. Such approval is giv- en only as a reward to a prod- uct of highest quality. There is a Zerolene Correct Lubrication Chart for each make of car. Get one for your car at your dealer's or our nearest sta- tion. Use Zerolene for the Cor- rect Lubrication of your auto- mobile, truck or tractor. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ZEROLENE *fotot c£ A gradejbv each type of engine plant of the Washington Evaporated Fruit Company is standing idle this year as there is no demand for dried apples at this time. The first trade in Spokane Valley apples involving the 1920 crop embraced a lot of 50 cars and was handled by the Spokane Valley Growers' Union. Extra fancy Jonathans sold at $2 to 82.25 on the cars at Opportunity, which is about 25 cents under the opening price of last season. Delicious sold at S2.50 to $2.75 for extra fancy grades, which is 75 cents under the first prices of 1919, and extra fancy Winter Bananas are selling at .$2.25 to J2.50 a box, which is about $1 under the price a year ago. The large addition to the plant of the Spo- kane Valley Growers' Union at Opportunity, adjoining the city, is almost completed and most of the mechanical appliances are in place. Much of this machinery has been de- signed especially for this plant, and work on its installation is being rushed in readiness for the opening of the apple packing season. The plant has a capacity of 2,500 boxes per day of 10 hours, and requires 125 persons to keep it going at capacity. A special car with 25 women apple packers arrived during October at Fairfield., 25 miles south of Spokane, direct from California, to pack the apple crop of the Commercial orch- ard, containing 1,000 acres. It is estimated the crop of this orchard will be around 100,000 boxes. Growers of the Lewiston-Clarkston section are going back into peaches. It is estimated that 250 acres of peach trees will be set out there in 1921. Many growers grubbed out peach orchards a few years ago and developed their attention wholly to apples. There is now a marked disposition to return to peaches, especially varieties best adapted to canning. That the land along the sides and foothills of Moscow mountains in the Spokane country The BLASTEIW 7 use , 202, 800, 7 per cent, cumulative convertible preferred stock) 53,581 shares of common stock of no par value, and $1,000,000, 7 per cent, convertible notes due 1922-26. The company's fifth regular quarterly divi- di'iid on its preferred stock was payable Oc- tober 20. The American Fruit Growers oper- ates in every section of the United States and is concerned with all branches of the fruit and vegetable industry from growing the crops rilllllll!l!ll!ll!iniillll!!llllllllllll!lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll[!!ll!lilllllllllllllllll The tree at the left was planted in dynamited hole. Cultivation methods did not differ from those given to trees planted without using dynamite. Plant with Dynamite — Trees bear a year sooner EXPLODING a very small charge of dynamite in the ground when a tree is to be planted not only makes the planting easier but the sub-soil is so shattered that roots grow faster and greater stores of plant-food are made available. America's leading orchardists and nurserymen who have planted millions of trees with DYNAMITE say that their trees bear fruit a year (frequently two years') earlier than those planted in spade-dug holes; first year losses are practically stopped ; fungus and nematode are completely destroyed; fruit is finer in quality and size. Plant all your trees with dynamite and be sure to tell your dealer "Du Pont Dynamite." Write for details on tree planting described in our book "Developing Logged-off Lands." It is yours for the asking. E. I. du Pont de Nemours 8C Co., Inc. Hoge Building Seattle, Washington iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT November, 1920 "In Every Respect" says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste lasjts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco Wevman-Bruton Company, 1107 Broadway, New York City Stoves Once Were Nailed to the Floor Not so the modern oil heater. Filled with Pearl Oil it gives instant heat anywhere, at any time. It sees a con- tinuous round of service — bedroom — dining room — kitchen — parlor — and bedroom again in the evening. Pearl Oil burns without smoke or odor. Eco- nomical. Sold in bulk by dealers every- where Order by name — Pearl Oil. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) to their transportation and final distribution. Their facilities are available for growers in any part of the country, who are thus en- abled to market their crops where the demand is greatest. Cannery Notes Three thousand barrels of Maraschino cher- ries were put up this year from Oregon fruit by the Libby, McNeil & Libby plant in The Dalles, Ore. Another big fruit and vegetable cannery, the seventh owned by the A. Rupert Company, has just been completed at McMinnville, Ore., at a cost of $50,000. This gives the concern a capacity of 750,000 cases during the season, an output that means an expenditure of about -?2, 250, 000 for farm and orchard produce. Dur- ing the past eight months $150,000 has been the various Rupert plants. That American canned foods are popular in Great Britain is shown by a letter from Edgar A. Foley, Commissioner of the United States Department of Agriculture in London, to E. G. Montgomery, in charge of the Foreign Markets Service. It says in part: "American canned fruits have earned an enviable reputation for themselves in Great Britain. In all the grocery and fruit shops one can see the well-known United States brands that have long since become staples in the American household. "So wide has been this distribution that in five stores within a radius of two blocks from Cross & Blackwell's factory I counted four stores carrying United States canned foods and pickles. I maintain that it is some ac- complishment to put American pickles and canned goods on sale opposite the Cross LY THE- prarrr fifl(T?fc 111 THE DI5TBIBUTH1 °r- THE^UHTRY'5 FfllNQY PLE^ AND OTHER. FRVITJ OUR MARKET- THE WORLD "^^fjfi WHEN WRITING MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT jeHHfKV 7- / JV j*t . DECEMBER, 1920 Number 6 Copyright by the Riser Photo Company, Portland, Oregon PEAR HARVESTING SCENE IN THE ROGUE RIVER VALLEY, OREGON Pears from (his district recently sold in the big pear markets of tKe world for the highest prices ever known 20 Cents One Single Copy BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $2.00 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $3.00, Payable in American Exchange PAINTS ^VARNISHES ~ COLORS -INSECTICIDES WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 1 Kill the Pests or Pay the Penalty (Nationwide forvice Fairbanks-Morse & Company Distribute Hayes Power Sprayers- Engines and Repairs. Therefore Hayes users are within 24 hours of a service station at all times. In case of accident at a critical time this quick service may save your fruit crop. Hayes Hand Sprayers are distributed by hardware, implement and seed jobbers. FLIGHT now millions of vicious unseen iV pests are preparing to ruin next year's fruit crop. Send the coupon for our FREE Book and read how Hayes guaranteed 300 lbs. pressure and the scientific Hayes nozzle produce Fruit- Fog — the scientifically atomized super-spray. Learn how Fruit- Fog covers every.limb and , twig like a fog or mist — does an absolutely thorough job. This is why the Hayes System of Fruit- Fog Spraying kills not only the outside pests, but ALL the pests. And, by killing disgusting, tormenting bugs, lice and mites, Hayes Spraying also adds amazingly to farmers' potato, hog and poultry profits. It will add thousands of dollars to your profits. Hayes Power Sprayers are scientifically made to give endurance and greatest effi- ciency under high pressures. The famous Fairbanks Morse "Z" Engine insures re- liable engine services. Send the Coupon Today Tell us what you want your sprayer to do and we will tell you the style best suited to your needs, and its price. We will also send the new Book of Hayes Sprayers and Valuable Spraying Guide FREE. Hayes Pump & Planter Co., Dept. K, Galva, Illinois Please send FREE and without obligation, your Big New Book of Hayes Sprayers and your Valuable Spraying Guide. N berof trees Average age . Other uses. Name P.O State R.F. D. HAYES PUMP & PLANTER CO. Dept. K, Galva, Illinois ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Choice Nursery Stock We are wholesalers to the trade only and believe we can make it to the advantage of Nurserymen gener- ally to buy of us, as we are obliged to hold nothing back for retail trade. If you are interested in stock for next year, it will pay you to cor- respond with us. Portland Wholesale Nursery Co. 971 Sandy Blvd. Portland, Oregon OUR TREES ( !arefully Grown Carefully Selected Carefully Packed Will give satisfaction to the planter Salem Nursery Company 428 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon Additional Salesmen Wanted. Blight-Proof Surprise Pear Stock on Japan Root Don't worry about blight taking your pear orchard. Plant the .WigM-proof Surprise and insure against loss. The following year topwork it to Bartlett, lose or any desired variety and you have a blight-proof trunk and fi ame- work. This method is endorsed by Professor Reimer of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station. Talent, Oregon, and recommended by him alter exten- sive experiments. Thousands of these trees have been planted the last few vears'in California and Southern Oregon, and to some extent in the Yakima Valley, Washington. Our buds were secured direct from Professor Reimer. Twenty thousand discriminating families last year secured ^stock of us. This year our business is better than ever. "There's a reason, and that is the class of stock we deliver and the service we render. For other dependable fruit trees, shade trees, roses, vines, etc., write WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenish, Washington Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. Capital City Nursery Co. Our Specialty: Apple, Prune and Walnut Trees ORNAMENTAL AND FRUIT BEARING SHRUBBERY A good line of trees for WINDBREAK AND SHADE Address, Salem, Oregon Oregon Nursery Company ( )EEXCO, OREGON Since 1867 Growers of DEPENDABLE TREES Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Berries, Roses, etc. Large Illustrated Catalog sent on request. Prune and Apple TREES We offer choice Prune, Pear and Apple Trees, Black Walnut Seed- lings, Marshall and New Oregon Strawberry Plants, Currants, Logan- berry Tips and a full line of other nursery stock for fall delivery at very attractive prices while they last. Write today for prices. Benedict Nursery Co. 185 East 87th Street North Portland, Oregon New FALL Catalog Our new 64-page Fall Catalog of LOWERING BULBS, ROSES, FRUIT, W SHADE and y ORNAMENTAL TREES and SHRUBS is now ready for you. INCUBATORS, BROOD- ERS, POULTRY SUP- PLIES. Write for new Poultry Supply Catalog. 'POULTRY. BIRDS, PET STOCK AND SUPPLIES Routledge Seed and Floral Co. 145 Second St., PORTLAND, OREGON Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Plants We are Growers, not merely Dealers. Bartlett Pears on resistant Japan stocks in quantity. Most Extensive Assortment of Hardy Ornamentals in the Pacific Northwest. J. B. Pilkington, Nurseryman Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITINC ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT EDITOR: W. H. WALTON STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist: O. M. Morris. Horticulturist. Pullman. COLORADO— C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist: E. B. House. Irrigation Expert. State Agricultural College, ley: W. H. Volck. Entomologist. Watsonville: Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson. Pathologist. Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Bemittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $2.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $3.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postofhce at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XV Portland, Oregon, December, 1920 NUMBEB <> The Pruning and Care of Young Apple Trees Written for Better Fruit by Art Experienced Orchardist SO MUCH has been written upon the subject of the pruning of a young orchard that one won- ders what possibly remains to be said upon that subject, but, as surely as the different methods of pruning are based somewhat upon theory, so surely will it remain undecided as to which of the different methods and theories are correct. Then, again, it is surprising to find how many orehardists, or rather people who own young orchards, there are who are so ignorant regarding the simplest princi- ples of pruning, an example of which the writer recalls in looking over a young orchard, to see half inch to inch stubs left and carefully covered with walnut wax and, when asked why he left such long stubs, the owner said that was the way he was told to do it by one whom he thought knew. So, possibly, some of the points brought out in this little article may prove of value to the owner of a young orchard. It is hardly necessary to state that the tree should be planted just as soon as possible in the spring and the bud placed from 2 to 4 inches under the surface of the ground, the whole tree slanted silghtly to the prevailing wind. It is advisable not to cut the tree back immediately after planting as in cer- tain sections the bud weavil is apt to make its appearance at this time. The weavil always climbs to the top of the tree and eats up the buds. The writer has sometimes headed newly set trees where there were often 6 to 8 weavils eating the buds from the top of a single tree. Incidentally, the weavil is very hard to control, the only satisfactory method of a great many tried is to fasten a cone of tin with the apex up- ward on the trunk of each tree. Before the leaves start to open cut the tree back to a good bud 28 to 32 inches above the ground. Cut at an angle of 45 degrees and preferably to a bud on the windy side of the tree. Cut one-fourth inch above the bud as the trunk of the tree does not swell very much the first year and the wood dies back probably one-eighth inch; then the second year cut the trunk again (lose to the lop limb and the wound will quickly heal over. If the tree is branched, cut oil' the lower limbs, but save some of the upper limbs if one should be in a desirable place, as, if the limb should be removed, a bud might not force itself out at that place, but prune these limbs back rather hard. Sometimes in May after the trees have leafed out, rub off all shoots within 16 to 18 inches of the ground and, if all the buds come out above, possibly a few of these may be rubbed off. This is all the pruning for the first year. Beginning the second year prune any time before the leaves start and cut off the top stub, if there be any, flush with the top limb. Leave 4 to 6 limbs be- cause the more limbs left the fewer crotches there will be after the third pruning and, later, should the snow or a heavy load of fruit break off a limb, the tree will not be crippled as it other- wise would be were there only three limbs. Have the bottom limb 16 to 18 inches from the ground, thus spreading the head approximately a foot or more and let the limbs be divided equally in that distance. It is sometimes advisable to take out the top limb to open up the center with varieties that shoot up too straight, such as the Arkansas Black. Always take out the second Two year "Id tree pruned. limbs, i. e., the ones just below the top, as before long this limb forms a perfect crotch with the top limb and is always the first to break in a deep snow. The writer has seen after a bad winter a whole row of trees where the second limb and only the second limb has split in every tree in the row. Prune to an outside bud and cut oft" one-sixteenth to one-eighth inch above the bud, quite near, but not too near as the bud may dry out and not start to grow. In pruning lumps oft' from the trunk cut close but not exactly up to the trunk, but to a little collar at the base of the limb, because when the cut is close to the tree and the tree swells it leaves a little hole in the trunk for water and disease to enter and if the cut is out from the tree the following year the trunk swells to the cut and grows over it. However, this is more important with the larger limbs than with the smaller, but never leave a stub. Cut the limbs back to about 10 inches of their growth, maybe 12 inches, if the tree makes a good growth, otherwise shorter. If the limbs are pruned quite short and there are not many limbs, the following year the forks will be too close to the trunk. Carry a can of thick white lead around and paint the top of the trunk and the larger wounds. White lead or red lead is more satis- factory than any of the waxes as the hard waxes all crack and split oft' when the tree swells. The latter part of May rub off some of the inside and superfluous limbs and the pruning for that year is done. This brings us to the spring of the third year and the tree is a two-year- old. It is now necessary to choose be- tween the two fundamental types of trees, the central leader or the open centered. There are certain advantages in both types, but on the whole the writer is inclined to a modified form of the central leader where the tree is started with a leader in the center and is opened up to suit the variety and the conditions of the locality. It is quite difficult to til! in a tree that is too open after it is allowed to bear fruit, but very easy to open up a tree that does not allow sufficient sunlight to color the fruit. An open centered tree is not as Strong as the leader tree, is more susceptible to splitting and needs Page 4 BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 Illustrations showing three and four year old trees after being pruned. In the center of the four year old tree can be seen the natural tree brace which has just been started. more bracing. Then there are so many varieties that open up as they get older and bear fruit, such as the Jonathan, Winter Banana, Spitzenburg and Ortley, that it is very advisable in dealing with these varieties to have plenty of limbs and not to have the tree too open. The third year prune off one-half to two- thirds of the new growth allowing one or two more limbs to be added to the system, but being careful of crotches, formed by two limbs coming from buds too near together on the older limb, also continuing the leader in the center. Prune usually to outside buds, except where there is considerable wind and in the case of a variety like the Jona- than when it is advisable to prune all limbs to the wind. Take the can of white lead around again and paint all large wounds. Be careful not to prune all the limbs the same height from the ground, thus making the top of the tree look as though it had been sheared and giving the whole tree a storied ap- pearance. Should the tree be headed too high, .or there being no limb in the trunk where the grower might de- sire one, often the insertion of a bud in August will start a limb the following spring. This bud will not always grow, but will frequently remain dormant for a season and sometimes start the following spring. By the end of this season we should have a fairly well shaped tree. The writer does not be- lieve in summer pruning (heading back in the summer) a very young tree. The theory is that it is unnecessary to se- cure a long thin growth, and checking the flow of sap at the terminals makes the limbs and trunk larger on that ac- count. This is very often true but we find that entirely checking the growth of the tree devitalizes it so much that in the long run it will not measure up in size with a tree that has been let alone in the summer time. Then again, this checking starts a tender growth at the terminals which usually grows later in the fall and the wood does not ripen up as well as it should to enter the winter and the limbs are therefore more susceptible to winter killing. Summer pruning for fruit a year or two later is entirely a different matter, but the first few years we want only to get as strong and large a tree as pos- sible. Our tree is now three years old. This year two new steps enter into the shaping of the tree, the addition of laterals and natural braces. We have not mentioned natural braces (the weaving together of two cross limbs) heretofore, as it is desirable to have them rather high up above the head of the tree, thus allowing less leverage upon the limb in question when the strain of a heavy load of fruit is upon it. The writer believes in being very generous in the use of the natural brace, — it may be somewhat of a nuisance to remove the water sprouts each year from the braces when the tree is young, but that is far preferable to having a limb split and ruining the shape of the tree. Again prune off one- half the new growth, opening up the leader in the center and allowing pos- sibly one lateral to each main limb to come out radially from the center of the tree. Choose the laterals several buds below where the second year's growth is pruned off so as to eliminate the tendency to crotch and prune the laterals more severely than the up- right limbs. From now on the grower will probably have ideas of his own as to the shaping of his trees and will need no more advice so we will here leave him for better or for worse. Protecting Young Trees. Not included in the category of prun- ing is the care of young trees where they are apt to be hurt by storms. Should they not be cared for the prob- lem of pruning becomes a complicated one. In sections where deep snows and silver thaws are likely to occur young trees should be staked and tied. Should the tying prove useful only once in four or five years, the saving of the trees that one year will justify the ex- pense. The writer has tied up trees for several years, but only once during that time was there a very bad storm, then every tied-up tree was completely untouched while there was consider- able breaking of limbs and trunks in orchards that were not protected. There need be no fear whatsoever that the limbs, no matter how tightly they may be gathered together, will not spring back to their original place when the cords are cut in the spring. Bind- ing twine is best for this tieing. For the one-year-old trees it is safer to stake each tree, driving the stake about a foot from the base of the trunk and slanting it slightly inwards, — then the branuches are gathered tightly in two places and they are first tied to the trunk and the whole is then tied to the stake. This absolutely protects a young tree from any injury due to storms in winter. When the tree has had two seasons growth, the trunk is usualy strong enough to do away with the staking, but the branches are gathered in above the head as tightly as they can be drawn without breaking and then tied. They are tied again at the top and this gives great stiffness to the tree and eliminates any center where there can collect a ball of snow or ice. It is bet- ter for this work to be done by two persons, one to gather in and hold the limbs and the other to do the tieing. After the third season the trees should be able to take care of themselves, though it is a simple protection to run one cord around the branches at about the middle of the tree and to draw in rather tightly. It might be thought that this is going to considerable trouble and expense to insure the safety of the trees, but the total cost for several years will not equal the damage a young orchard might receive during a single storm. December, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 Smoke and Direct Radiation in Frost Protection By Floyd D. Young, Meteorologist U. S. Weather Bureau SMUDGING, or the creation of dense blankets of smoke over fields and orchards on frosty nights through the burning of damp straw or other ma- terial, has been practiced since the be- ginning of the Christian era. In his "Na- tural History", published A. D. 77, Pliny the Elder advised farmers of his day when frost threatened to "make bon- fires in the fields and vineyards of cut- tings or heaps of chaff, or else of weeds that have been rooted up; the smoke will act as a good preservative". The degree of faith in the efficacy of this method of protection that prevailed in Germany near the end of the 17th cen- tury is shown by the fact that smudg- ing was compulsory in one part of that country. Only comparatively recently have some orchardists come to believe that actual warming of the surface air is of greater importance than creating a smoke cover, and the belief is still held by many that the smoke and other pro- ducts of combustion from the fires check the loss of heat from the ground and prevent a further fall in tempera- ture. In order to determine accurately just how effective the smoke cover is in di- minishing the rate at which heat is lost to the sky, instruments for measuring the rate of nocturnal radiation were in- stalled in the Pomona Valley, Cal., in the fall of 1918. Observations were made every half hour from sunset to sunrise during two clear nights when there was no firing, in order to find out whether there was much variation in the rate at which heat was radiated to the sky. These radiations, reduced to a common temperature basis, showed the rate of radiation to be relatively uni- form throughout both these nights. The 1918-19 frost season proved to be the most severe in years. Firing was general over the entire valley and was continued for from nine to ten hours on four different nights. Radiation ob- servations were begun before the heat- ers were lighted, to obtain the rate at which heat was being lost to the clear sky, and were continued all night under a smoke cover that increased in density as the night progressed. Since the rate of radiation was fairly uniform during clear nights when there was no smoke cover, any decrease in the rate after the heaters were lighted could be attributed to the influence of the smoke. As the smoke often remains near the ground, the first observations were made from the top of a fourteen-foot tower, at about the height of the tops of the trees in an orange grove, in order to find out whether the lower portion of the trees does not receive more bene- fit from diminished radiation than the top. (See figure 1.) During the two nights on which ob- servations were made from this tower, very little smoke rose above the top of the instrument shelter and the rate of radiation showed no appreciable de- decrease as a result of the firing. The radiation instruments were then moved to a location on the ground in a small open space in the same grove, and observations were made on two nights during which the smoke was probably as heavy as will ever be experienced anywhere. Despite this heavy smoke, the rate of radiation was diminished by Tower shelter for radiation instruments. It was found that practically all the smoke re- mained below the top of the shelter and showed practically no influence on the rad- iation. only about 10 per cent during any con- siderable period of time, although in- dividual readings showed a decrease amounting to as much as 25 per cent. (See figure 2). Additional observations of the same kind were made at Medford, Oregon, during the spring of 1920, outside and under a dense blanket of smoke pro- duced by open lard-pail heaters. The average decrease in the rate of radia- Kadilinn in.str tion due to the smoke was 9 per cent, with an individual reading which showed a decrease of 26 per cent. The rate at which heat is radiated from the ground decreases very rapidly as the temperature falls. As the orchard heaters are not lighted until the tem- perature has reached a comparatively low point, a reduction of even 25 per cent in the radiation at this time is not very important; in order to prevent damage through the use of the smoke cover alone, the rate of radiation would have to be cut down at least 80 per cent. It is evident that the smoke would be of far greater value in protection against frost damage if it were com- pletely consumed in the heaters. The smoke may often be of indirect benefit in preventing a too rapid thaw- ing of frozen fruit or blossoms at sun- rise, but from the data at hand it ap- pears that neither in this connection nor in its influence in reducing the rate of radiation of heat to the sky, is dam- age from a moderately severe frost to be prevented by a smoke cover alone. When the lowest temperature during the night is only slightly below the dan- ger point, a heavy smoke from smudge fires may lessen or prevent damage, but to combat a frost which would other- wise cause widespread damage, it is necessary to supply great quantities of heat to the surface air to replace that which has been lost by radiation to the sky. In most cases the straw or manure burned to create a smoke over the or- chard would do more good if used for fertilizer, making the trees more vigor- ous and therefore better able to resist damage by low temperature. Radiation From Heaters to Trees. Some careful observers of orchard heating operations have noted for years that when heaters are placed in alter- nate rows between the trees, the great- est damage from low temperatures is always found in the rows in which no heaters are placed; in other words, "the dark rows are the cold rows." One fruit grower of Pomona, Cal., estimated he had fully 50 per cent more damage dur- ing the severe 1918-19 season in rows ground. How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will be mailed to anyone desiring it on the following terms: One card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Bettf.r Fhuit. One card without subscription 10c Twelve cards without subscription. . $1.00 For quantity prices write us. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. 703 Oregonian Building Portland, Oregon Pa?e 6 BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 without heaters than in those in which the heaters were set. This brought up the question as to the amount of benefit derived by the fruit and foliage from heat radiated di- rectly from the fires, and steps were taken to find out exactly how important this radiated heat is in affording protec- tion against frost damage. When exposed to a clear sky, all sub- stances steadily lose heat by radiation. Fruit and foliage exposed to the sky and also to the direct light of a burning orchard heater, will be losing heal by radiation to the sky and receiving heal by radiation from the heater. The amount of radiant heat received de- creases very rapidly with increasing distance from the heater. The simplest way to show the amount of radiant heat thrown off by an or- chard heater is to note the distance from the heater at which it counterbal- ances the radiation to the sky. Measurements of the rate at which heat is radiated from different types of orchard heaters, burning at different rates, were made by Professor H. H. Kimball, of the Weather Bureau. It was found that the radiation from a Scheu high-stack heater, burning at full capac- ity, if absorbed by the fruit and foliage of the tree, would be sufficient to offset the radiation to the sky up to a distance of 15 feet; if the lower section of the stack only was red hot, nocturnal cool- ing would be offset at a distance of about 10 feet. The radiation from a short-stack California heater, burning at full rate, was sufficient to counter- balance outgoing radiation at a distance of about 8 feet. With the amount of radiant heat re- ceived from an old style 5-quart open lard-pail heater at a distance of II) feet considered as 100 per cent, other types of heaters radiate heat as shown below. FTeater Rate of "taler Burning Radiation Lard-pail Pull rate 1 , California (short-stack I .Full rate 125% Adamson (high-stack). Low rate 146 r'r Adamson (high-stack i . .Full rate 315 300 CANDLE POWER of the purest, whitest and best light known to science. Nothing to wear out or get out of order. Simple. Safe. Absolute satisfaction guaranteed. Send for catalog showing lamps for ^every purpose; also special intra- ^ductory offer and agency pro- ^ position. Write today. I KNIGHT LIGHT & SODfl FOUNTAIN 'COMPANY. Depl. 609 Chicise ETTER FRUI December, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page p The Bean" Giant for Large Capacity and High Pressure Sprayers In large orchards where they have to cover the ground quickly— where High Pressure and Large Capacity are absolutely essential — the Bean is the universal choice. The Bean shown above supplies several lines of hose, delivers from 5^ to 10 gallons of liquid per minute, and drives the material onto the trees at tremendous pressure. The Bean has the Pressure and the Ca- pacity because of Bean Underneath Suction, Bean Direct-gear Connection, Bean Smooth Porcelain-lined Cylinders and Bean Eccen- trics (which are used instead of cranks). \? Send the Coupon Get the new Bean Catalog, which explains these and all other Bean features in detail. You will be especially interested in the Bean Super-Giant. BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. Originators of the first High Pressure Sprayers 19 HosmerSt., Lansing, Mich. 118 W.Julian St., San Jose, Cal. Two Factories, promptly serving the East and West /, ^ / / / / / / V / / % V, ,S,o- tf ^ ^ WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 10 BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 Ripening and Storing of Bartlett Pears By J. R. Magness, Plant Physiologist, Horticultural and Pomological Investigations, U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry PERHAPS there is no major fruit crop grown in the Pacific Coast States that offers greater difficulty in the handling and marketing than does the Bartlett pear. This is due to its being a highly perishable fruit, to the fact that there is a wide variation in the keeping quality of fruit from various sections, and to a misunderstanding on the part of many handlers of the effect of such factors as time of picking, tem- perature at which stored, etc., on the keeping quality and dessert quality of the ripened fruit. During the summer of 1919 a series of studies was made to determine the changes taking place in Bartlett pears as they devolop on the tree and as they ripen after being picked. The effect of storing the fruit at different temper- atures was also studied. Fruit was se- cured from typical orchards of the Sac- ramento River district, and from Suisun, Cal., from the Medford district, Oregon, and from Selah in the Yakima Valley, Washington. Pickings were made three weeks before the commercial season opened in each of these districts and at intervals thereafter until after the last commercial fruit had been removed from the trees. Chemical analyses for sugar, acid, starch and dry matter were made when fruit of each picking was removed from the tree and again when this same fruit was full yellow ripe and in prime eat- ing condition. The fruit was analyzed after being held in storage at 70, 45 and 30 degrees F. It was found that there is a progres- sive increase in the sugar content of the fruit from early summer until after the end of the commercial season. Be- tween the time of the first and of the last commercial pickings the sugar in- creased from an average of about 6 per cent to an average of about 8 per cent of the weight of the fruit. Between the time of picking and the time the pears are full yellow ripe there is a further increase in sugar due apparently to the change of starch and similar materials into sugar. Early picked pears, which contained about 6 per cent of sugar when first taken from the trees, con- tained about 8 per cent when soft ripe, and pears picked toward the end of the picking season and containing about 8 per cent sugar when removed from the tree contained about 10 per cent when full yellow ripe. It is thus ap- parent that to obtain the fruit richest in sugar it should be left on the tree as long as possible. The total amount of sugar found in the fruit at the various stages of devel- opment was very nearly the same in pears from the different regions studied. This did not hold true for acids, how- ever, as a considerably greater amount of acid was found in the northern grown fruit. Since acid and sugar are equally important factors in determin- ing the flavor of the fruit, the greater amount of acid in the northern fruit probably accounts for the idea preva- lent in pear trade circles that the Cali- fornia pears contain more sugar. If the pears were held from the time of picking until soft ripe at ordinary temperature, rather than in cold stor- age, there was an increase in the amount of acid in the fruit during that time. Pears ripened at cold storage tempera- tures, however, contained about the same amount of acid when ripe that they did at the time of removing from the tree. There was about 1 per cent more sugar in the fruit ripened at 70 de- grees than in that ripened in cold stor- age at 40 degrees. Fruit ripened at 70 degrees was richer and better flavored than that ripened in cold storage. Fruit held at 30 degrees for two to three months, then taken out while still hard green and ripened at a temperature of 70 degrees, was richer in sugar and much higher in quality than that held until ripe at temperatures of 40 to 45 degrees. Cold Storage Temperatures for Bartlett Pears. There is a widespread belief among handlers of Bartlett pears, particularly in California, that this fruit, when put in cold storage, should be held at tem- peratures of 35 degrees to 40 degrees, or even higher. A careful study of the response of the fruit under different temperatures has shown this belief to have no foundation. Pears stored at 40 degrees, if put in storage as soon as picked, will last from three to six weeks, depending upon the degree of ripeness at the time of picking and the locality in which they are grown. If allowed to ripen at this temperature they will be lower in sugar and of poorer quality than if handled in any other way. Storing at about 30 degrees gave by far the best results for Bartlett pears. Fruit picked while still hard and green and held at this temperature from six weeks to three and one-half months was to all appearances in this condition when removed from storage and re- quired five to six days after placing in a room at 70 degrees before it was in prime eating condition. The quality of this fruit when ripe was much higher than that of fruit stored until ripe at 40 degrees. Furthermore, the period that it is possible to hold the fruit is much longer. As the Bartlett pear acreage on the Pacific Coast increases, the season, both for fresh shipping and cannery or dry- ing trade, must be lengthened. Cold storage must be utilized more and more. If the following rules for storage are closely adhered to, a product of excel- lent dessert quality, which may be stored for a considerable period, will be obtained. 1. Leave the fruit on the tree until it has attained a high sugar content. This is not always possible for fruit in- tended for fresh shipment, but for can- ning or drying it is especially im- portant. 2. Remove the fruit to cold storage at once after picking from the tree. Every day at high temperatures after the fruit is picked will shorten its stor- age life very considerably. 3. Cool the fruit to 30 degrees as quickly as possible. Fruit does not re- ceive the benefit of the low tempera- tures until it is actually at those tem- peratures. Use a pre-cooling room where available to rapidly cool the fruit to the refrigerating temperature. 4. Hold the fruit at 30 degrees. A few degrees below this temperature the fruit is liable to injury and a few de- grees above will shorten very consid- erably the time it is possible to hold the fruit. 5. When the fruit is desired for use, remove it from cold storage and allow it to ripen at temperatures of 60 to 70 degrees. This will give a higher quality produce than will storing the fruit until ripe at temperatures of 35 to 40 degrees. Bartlett pears, picked when well ma- tured but while still hard green and handled according to these suggestions, will readily last two to three months in storage, and in many cases may even exceed this time very considerably. The data upon which this article is based and a more complete discussion of the results are given in a paper en- titled "Investigations in the Bipening and Storage of Bartlett Pears," Journal of Agriculture, Besearch, Vol. 19, No. 10, August 16, 1920. Strawberry Plants Standard Sorts and Everbearing Peach Trees June Budded Apple Trees One Year Send us your wants for prices Chattanooga Nurseries CHATTANOOGA. TENNESSEE CUSHMAN 7 Light Weight All-Purpose \ Engines Weigh about one- fourth as much as ordinary engines. 4 H. P. weighs only 190 thorough job. 8H.P. weighs only 820 Ibs.- ivierwork. 1511. P nn.l L'u II. 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By cleansing the tree, softening the bark, The tree is rested in Winter and Stimulated in the Spring — It will bear more and better fruit in the Fall. ZENO Is an internationally used Miscible oil tree spray, and these are reasons Why it has proved the best by years of test. MANUFACTURED ONLY BY Eastbay Chemical Company of Emeryville, California MUSICAL WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET MERCHANDISE W. Martius Music House Inc. MUSIC WRITE 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington WRITE US Everything Known in Music US ■ .r A T> kT .! mi '.i fox train] '. .'.■ .'.■ ,i [■!■., .' business in a BCD 1'i.M -'■■! ' ■! .'ois— St. Pau] I | -i ■ ,-■■ |'|M. ].u .-, i I r.iil,' sell.- ■ Learn to repair and operate Page i 6 BETTER FRUIT December, ip?o T.J.POUPART (John Poupart :: William Ravenhill) COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C.2 REGISTERED TRADE MARK The Largest Firm of Fruit Salesmen in Great Britain (ESTABLISHED OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY) SALES BY PRIVATE TREATY ONLY (Gives best results) COMMISSION THE EXCLUSIVE BASIS (Purchase propo- sitions cannot be considered ) ADVANCES OFFERED TO COVER FREIGHT CHARGES Special Facilities for Handling Consignments from Co-operative and Other Organizations SPRAY with DORMOIL The Miscible Oil for Dormant Use FOR THE CONTROL OF Leaf Roller, Scale, ApHis, Red Spider, Blister Mite, Pear Psylla, Mosses and Lichens DORMOIL is Uniform in Quality. Years of use have demonstrated it to be the best and most efficient MISCIBLE OIL MANUFACTURED BY HOOD RIVER SPRAY COMPANY HOOD RIVKR, OREGON State Distributors of the "FRIEND" Sprayers WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FR December, 1920 Preparing Soil for Strawberries In starting a strawberry patch one of the most important features for the prospective grower to remember is to have the soil in the right condition be- fore setting the plants. The prepara- tion of the soil for strawberries should usually begin a year or two before the plants are to be set, unless they are to be set in soil which has received the proper cultivation in growing other crops. Newly plowed sod land should not be used. The grass roots often prove objectionable and there is also the possibility of injury to the plants BETTER FRUIT from insects. If the soil is deficient in humus a green manure crop should be grown, such as clover or some other le- gume, or stable manure where available should be applied. Setting the plants so that the crowns are even with the surface of the ground after the soil has been packed about the roots, and making the soil very firm about the plant are important. If the soil is not properly firmed about the roots, air gets to them and they are like- ly to dry out, resulting in a feeble growth or none at all. In localities subject to late spring frost a site for strawberries should be Page 17 somewhat elevated, as cold air settles in low places and frosts occur there more frequently than on the elevated spots. Strawberries thrive best on soil which is naturally moist, but not wet. Plants on wet soil usually make very little growth in the summer and are likely to be killed when the ground freezes in the winter. Therefore the site chosen for strawberries should be well drained. Ordinarily a site having a gradual rather than a steep slope should be selected. By choosing differ- ent slopes it is possible to vary the period of ripening several days, as the berries having a southern exposure POULTRY FEEDS t Make a Healthy, Productive Flock POULTRY feeds must contain the proper ingredients, correctly blended and accurately balanced, to produce maximum results. That is why every comparative test proves Olympic Poultry Feeds to be without either equal or superior. Sebastopol, Cal.. Sept. 22. 1920 THE PORTLAND FLOURING MILLS CO.. I have checked up my egg record for the first three weeks of September, during which time I used your OLYMPIC SCRATCH FEED and OLYMPIC EGG MASH, and I find my flock showed a remarkable increase, the average of the last three days the test over the first three showing 137 1 /3 eggs per day My hens are also laying the largest eggs I have ever had, the dozen. The pullet eggs went to 19 and 22 ounces on I call remarkable. I have been breeding for forty-five years and exhibiting for thirty-five years. I am delighted with your special molt and spring laying mash. Enclosed find my full egg record for the twenty days, September 1st to 20th. Yours very truly, WM. BACON. or 70<3 eighing over 26 oun e OLYMPIC feeds. Dried Buttermilk The drying of butter- milk for the various OLYMPIC Feeds, is proven the only prac- tical method of intro- ducing this most val- uable ingredient into prepared feed. It does not become rancid when shipped or stored, nor lose any of Its desirable Qualities. The water hns simply been removed, leaving the Buttermilk In high- ly concentrated form. OLYMPIC Scratch Feeds ed for the ng. Growing Chick Scratch — Of slightly larger grains for the youngsters up to 8 or 9 weeks of age. Scratch Feed — For full grown chickens. Properly balanced proportions of Wheat, Cracked Corn, Kafir Corn. Miln Maize, Hulled Barlev. and Oats, Buckwheat and Sunflower Seed. Crate Fattener tears down the mu the meat whiter, sweeter and more OLYMPIC Dried Buttermilk Feeds Dri i Buttermilk illy supplii ih e following feeds of nutrition, but the digestive and not the lactic acid multipl assimilative properties ot all other ingredi- ents contained therein. Chick Mash is a body builder and feather grower. It eliminates the dangers of White Diarrhoea or bowel trouble. Egg Mash is the egg-making feed and tonic for health and strength. It increases lay- ing to a greater extent, over a longer period and with 20 per cent less feed consumed. ;cles and builds up the flesh: making tender in the shortest possible time. If your Dealer cannot supply you, address The Portland Flouring Mills Company PORTLAND, OREGON The Puget Sound Flouring Mills Company SEATTLE AND TACOMA, WASH. TION BETTER FRUIT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 will ripen earlier than those located on a cooler northern slope. Strawberries not only have a wide cli- matic adaptation but may be grown suc- cessfully upon almost any type of soil, from coarse sand to heavy clay, provid- ed it is well supplied with moisture and at the same time well drained. When early fruit is desired sandy soil is often chosen, since the berries ripen some- what earlier than on clav soil. Pruning the Grape In pruning the grape some successful vineyardists do not prune at all until the latter part of winter or early spring. In this case the pruning is done so as to leave only the buds wanted to bear fruit for the coming season. Grape vines, however, may be safely trimmed any time btewecn the falling of the leaves in the fall and the beginning of sap flow in the spring. In general practice the pruning of grape vines is usually commenced as soon as the leaves drop in the fall. If the wood is to be used in starting new vines, it is best to cut it from the vines, before freezing weather comes. When pruning in the fall or during the winter, the vines should not be cut back to the bud or buds that are wanted for fruit. A few weeks before the buds start the vines should be gone over and the extra buds cut off. The second pruning should be done before the cold weather is over for if put off too long the sap will ooze from the wound and injure the vines. Should the vines be pruned in the fall down to the buds wanted for fruit, some of them might be winter-killed and the amount of fruit expected cut short. If vines are laid down and protected during the winter, the pruning may be all done before they are laid down in the fall. Tractor Depreciation Many farmers look upon the tractor proposition with disfavor because of a mistaken idea of excessive depreciation, says a writer in discussing the value of the tractor. Tractor depreciation is figured at 20 per cent per year, while the average depreciation upon draft horses will not exceed 10 per cent. A standard rate of depreciation can- not be determined, for the care or abuse which a tractor gets is the one deter- mining factor, and matters of care are purely individual. We have known of many tractors which went into the scrap heap at the end of three years. But there are just as many and more which have kepi on year after year for eight, ten or twelve years. When sold, the depreciation of all was figured alike. When they got into the hands of users, depreciation became a personal problem, and one farmer had to charge off more than 30 per cent a year, while his neighbor charged off only 10 per cent. Investigation of the 30 per cent class will invariably show that the owner knew very little about the care of his machine; that he changed the oil when he thought of it and that his tractor stood out in the open most of the time. This fresh air treatment has been found cmite successful for humans suffering from tuberculosis, but it has never been known to add to the life of a piece of farm machinery. On the other hand, the same farmer will spend an hour or more each day keeping his horses fit. Metal and horse- flesh are so dissimilar that he fails to recognize the tractor's need of intelli- gent care, and when it fails he blames the dealer and the maker for his loss. To spray, to whitewash, to coldwater paint, to apply disinfectants — use MYERS SPRAY PUMPS and MYERS SPRAYING ACCESSORIES. Like all other MYERSproducts.MYERSSPRAYPUMPSare"Honor- ~ lilt" — they are reliable and can be counted on for de- ([ pendable, economical and rapid application of spraying mixtures. You are assured the same elliciLnt service whether you purchase one ol the smaller capacity MYERS BUCKET or BARREL SPRAY PUMPS for hand operation. or a medium or large size- * engine operation - MYERS AUTOMATIC POWER SPRAY PUMP or mptete MYERS POWER SPRAY RIG. Regardless of size or style, the Quality r which MYERS products are noted is there, and the craltmanship ut the Myers pump from the lime you start to spray. Ease of operalion. scientific and powerful penetraling spray are all important factors in the popularity of MYERS SPRAY PUMPS and ACCESSORIES, ipplying you with MYERS SPRAY PUMPS Remember MYERS and look lor it when purchasing, II offered a substiti '-> \'o.'=r," f =9 puhlPS rOoc^pURp0S[- ORANGE ST ri^irvi.T.vir. Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER and you'd be surprised" explains the Boss Packer "how much difference there is in the strength and durability of boxes. We've solved this problem, though, by always get- ting ours from the Bloedel Donovan Mills. You can't beat them for quality. Standard apple boxes, crates and cases of selected material, carefully constructed. It will pay you to send for our prices. Our large and complete stock enables us to make prompt shipment. Bloedol <^^> Donovan L,-u.m.]oei~ 2x1x11 ,5 101 8 White Bldg. Seattle U.S.A. December, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page ip The Beeman Garden Tractor Will also do anything that a four-horse- power stationary gasoline engine will do. Ideal for the rapid cultivation of berries. A necessity for any fruit grower. Come in and let us tell you of its many uses, or write for catalog and full infor- mation. WENTWORTH& IRWIN S. E. Corner Second and Taylor PORTLAND, OREGON UNQUESTIONABLY *< Implements ] Catalogue mailed on request. North-west Fence & Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUI Page 22 BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 "Wood-Lark" They like it in the summer, but they LOVE it in the winter, and it KILLS them! Be sure to sprinkle in each run-way some "Wood-Lark" Rodent Poison; for the gopher, remember, does not "hole-up" for the winter, but works havoc in your orchard under cover of the snow. If your dealer hasn't any, write us. CLARKE -WOODWARD DRUG CO. PORTLAND, OREGON American Grown Apple Seedlings STRAIGHT AND BRANCHED ALL GRADES Frequently Sprayed. Absolutely Free from Insects or'Diseases CAR LOTS TO CENTRAL POINTS Will Exchange for Such Stock as We Need Now is the Time to Grow High Priced Apple Trees ALSO A General Assortment of Foreign Fruit Tree Stocks ( Apple, Pear, Mahaleb, Mazzard, Plum, Quince, Etc. ) All Grades We will have a Complete Line of General Nursery Stock in Storage for Spring Trade Shenandoah Nurseries D. S. LAKE, President November 1, 1920 SHENANDOAH, IOWA this season's output is $9,000,000. One year ago by this time the growers had received over $16,000,000. The total Yakima apple crop this season is estimated at 8,000 cars. When orchardists meet in Spokane this month for the annual grade and pack confer- ence it is stated that Yakima growers will light to take Jonathans out of the "solid color" class and place them back into the "striped" class. Selah growers voted for a change and elected E. D. Collins, A. F. Guinan and P. W. Connie as delegates. Selah grow- ers declare that to leave Jonathans in the "solid color" class cuts down profits from thai variety as only a few of the apples can be placed in the extra fancy grade. Two new cold storage warehouses, with a capacity of 2,000 cars of apples, are assured for the Wenatchee Valley as a result of ar- rangements made by H. G. Bohlke in New York. One warehouse and cold storage plant will be located in Wenatchee and another in Cashmere. Apple shipments up to November 13 out of the Wenatchee district were 5,400 cars besides 1,017 cars of summer fruit. There is ample storage in the district for all the remaining apples, estimated at about 2,500 cars. O. D. Webb, a Selah, Wash., fruit grower, writes Better Fruit as follows: "In the No- vember issue of your paper I read a little piece about everbearing strawberries grown in Spokane county so I think it will be of inter- est to your readers to tell what I have done this year with 4,500 Americus strawberry plants that I set out on the 20th of last March. These plants only cover 100 square rods of ground. From this patch I sold 161 crates and 6 boxes which brought me $677.55, and average of $4.20 per crate. The first picking was on July 15 and the last on Oc- tober 30." IDAHO. Over 50,000 boxes of apples are reported to have been harvested in the Stephens orchards near Nampa this year. Some of the leading varieties grown in this big orchard are the Delicious, Jonathan, Stayman, Grimes Golden and Rome Beauty. A study of the production of these varieties over a period of four years by Mr. Stephens shows that the Rome Beauty is the most productive. Mr. Stephens attri- butes this to the natural vigor of the Rome Beauty tree, its excellent root system and its habit of lengthened late bloom and also to his practice of feeding the land by cutting successive crops of grass and allowing it to lie on the ground. He states that his Rome Beauties have yielded for several years as high as 800 orchard run boxes per acre. In marketing his crop he finds that the Delicious leads in demand and value while the Stayman has proved the best variety for use in Febru- ary and March. Prof. E. R. Longley, of the University of Idaho, County Agricultural Agent P. T. Fortner of Payette county, and County Agricultural Agent Guy D. Noel and John Moulton, county farm bureau committeeman of Washington county are cooperating in the study of the life history of the codlin moth in that sec- tion in order to compile data on the number of sprayings most desirable. The work will be carried on for at least another year before the conclusion of the investigators will be ready for publication. With the object of carrying on a general fruit handling business the Valley Warehouse Association has been incorporated at Lewis- ton, Idaho. The incorporators are F. W. Baker, J. W. Wilkes, J. Florence and H. G. Darwin. Plans are being completed by the Lewiston district to equip an exhibit train with a com- plete display of the fruit and other products of that section to be operated through the Middle West. What They Are Doing in California This year's raisin crop in California is es- timated to be about 175,000 tons of which the California Associated Raisin Co. will handle about 150,000 tons. A remarkable incident is related in regard to a Los Angeles county apple orchard by H. J. Ryan, county horticultural commissioner, who says that there is in that county a 35-year-old apple orchard sixty acres in extent that has never been sprayed and that has no codling ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 moth or other insect pests. From the orchard this year 15,000 boxes of fancy grade apples were packed out. According to Mr. Ryan the owner of the orchard posted a notice in his packing house offering a dollar for each and every apple showing injury from codling moth turned in, but has not had to pay out a cent on this account. Monterey county which has heretofore been almost exclusively devoted to agriculture and dairying is turning its attention to fruit. The climate of the county is stated to be well suited to all varieties of deciduous fruits and nuts and berries and it is stated that many orchard plantings are contemplated there next spring. The additions that are being made to the plant of the California Almond Growers' As- sociation at Sacramento will make it the largest institution of its kind in the world. The University of California Fruit Show was held November 18th, 19th and 20th at Berkeley. The exhibit included many fresh fruits as well as a large variety of sun-dried and dehydrated fruits and vegetables. In showing the benefits of a state inspec- tion service for fruits and vegetables at ship- ping point the Weekly News Letter of the State Department of Agriculture of California publishes the following: A car of Tokay grapes was shipped out of the Lodi district on September 18 to a concern in Louisiana at §2.25 a lub box F. O. B. When the car arrived the shipper received the fol- lowing wire: "Tokays here show fully fifteen per cent decay and mold want thirty-five cents allow- ance answer quick." The shipper replied that acording to the state inspection report the car was in good shape when it left California and the receiver must accept at invoice. The buyer replied: ""Accept car Tokays without allowance mail certificate regarding condition when loaded we will file claim." If the shipper had not had state inspection on this car he would have had to allow the buyer 35 cents per crate or about $375.00 on the entire load. On this car alone, therefore, the growers saved enough money to pay for inspection charges on about seventy-five cars. GHIRARDELLIS Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruit Growing The announcement that the English maxi- mum price control on apples which was to have gone into effect November 4 has been indefinitely postponed it is stated by apple ex- porters should be of great aid to apple grow- ers of the Northwest whose exports from now on are expected to be heavy. J. S. Robinson, sales manager of the Earl Fruit Company, in commenting on the new situation, says that American apples should now command a higher price and exportations be increased. Mr. Rob- inson believes the postponement of the English regulation is a great encouragement to all fruit growers and that the apple business should pick up immediately. Reports from all parts of the country show that National Apple Day and Week resulted in greatly stimulating consumption and in caus- ing a firmer tone in prices in the big markets of the East. In New York the campaign was carried on along educational lines as well as from a sales point of view. In the public schools 150,000 apples were distributed free and lectures on this history and economics of the fruit given. Joseph H. Steinhardt, who is given credit for starting National Apple Week distributed 150,000 apples to the poor of the city, while from other sources 1,500,000 apples were given to the orphan asylums, hospitals and charitable institutions. Chain stores and wholesale merchants throughout the city took a wide interest in the celebration, as did also many of the theatres, which had streamers ad- vertising the fruit and telling their patrons to eat apples. II the recommendantions of the American Railroad Association through .lames Menzies, freight traffic manager of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in regard to prohibiting the bulge pack on Florida fruits is extended to other sections of the country fruit shippers will be up against a serious proposition. The recommendation states that a great deal of loss ocurred last season in handling citrus fruits because the bulge forced the tops of the boxes loose at the ends, spilling the fruit on the floor of the car. A strong protest has been made by the Florida Citrus Fruitgrowers Exchange against eliminating the bulge pack and the raw mormn Somehow, Ghirardelli's never tastes so good, so warming, so comforting, as on raw morn- ings whenyou' re up just a bitaheadofthesun, with lots of chores to be done. Then it is that you're doubly grateful for a strong cup of this delicious food-drink. It nourishes and sustains! Ask for Ghirardelli's at the store where you do your trad- ing; and write for our Book of Chocolate Recipes— it's free! Say ' ' Gear-ar-delly Since 1852 D. GHIRARDELLI CO. San Francisco w\ jtft k ii J RHODES DOUBLE SjXli PRUNING SHEAR ^/iT1*^ 'Patent'^ RHODES MFG. CO., """^^ ION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. CUT -zs^k THE only =gg§3 pruner ^^^^^ made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. =^.^^_ Write for =U|Lrj circular and ""^^Ei^r prices. so s w m J™ DIVIS Absolutely Fireproof 200 Rooms -lOO Baths Hotel Hoyt Elbert S. Robe, Manager Corner Sixth and Hoyt Streets. PORTLAND, OREGON Phone, Broadway I960 Rates, $1.00 per Day and Up Special— Week or Month Convenient to Union. North Bank and Oregon Electric Stations. Principal Docks and Street Car Lines to all parts of the city. Page 24 BETTER FRUIT December, 1920 matter is now up for a reconsideration by the railroads enlering Florida. The tenth Indiana apple show was held at Indianapolis, November 15, with what is said to be the largest and best fruit exhibit ever held in the central West. There were displays from marly every state in the middle region, and the leading orchard men were united in putting forth a great effort to bring a closer cooperation among the fruit growers of this section. The crowning feature which held the center of interest, and attracted the growers was the prize of $300 offered for the best bar- rel of Stark's Delicious. A prize of $250 was offered for the best box of this variety, and $50 for the best plate. The exhibits of this brand were exceptional, and the competition for the prize money was very keen. In addition to the apple displays a full line of spraying machin- ery and materials, pruning tools, ladders and other orchard equipment were shown. Cannery Notes The formation of a five-million dollar cor- poration for the manufacture of machinery for canners and dried fruit packers is announced by the Berger and Carter Company interests of San Francisco. The new company will be known as the Berger, Fleming and Brown Co., and will have its main offices and factories at San Jose. The new corporation absorbs the following companies: B. & C. Machinery Co., Hayward, California, manufacturers of fruit and vege- table canning machinery ; Smith Manufactur- ing Company, San Jose, California, manufac- turers of machinery and equipment for pack- ers of dried fruit; Wonder Dehydrator Compa- ny, San Francisco, California, manufacturers of "Wonder" Portable and Custom Dehydra- tors operating under the Hammond Process Patents; Natinoal Axle Corporation, San Jose, California, manufacturers of auto truck axles. The factory equipment of the B. & C. Machin- ery Co. will be moved to the plant of the Smith Manufacturing Company, while a new unit to be added to the 'National Axle Corpora- tion plant will take care of the building of de- hydrators. The officers of the Berger, Fleming and Brown Co. are Otto A. Berger, chairman of the board of directors, W. W. Fleming, president and general manager, and E. W. Brown, vice- president and treasurer. Otto A. Berger is president and chairman of the board of direc- tors of the Berger and Carter Company, San Francisco, W. W. Fleming, vice-president and secretary and E. W. Brown, treasurer. Apple Scald— Its Cause and Prevention Delivered Before the International Apple Shippers' Convention by Charles Brooks WE HAVE been trying to find out more about apple scald, why it occurs and how it can be prevented. One of the things that makes the disease puzzling is that cause and effect are often so far removed that it is easy to overlook the connection. Scald makes its most rapid development just after the apples are brought out of storage and it would be natural to con- clude that the shock resulting from the sudden change of temperature is re- sponsible for the trouble. But instead of being traceable to any such near at hand condition the cause runs much further back in the life of the apple; back to the operation of the storage house, to the condition of transporta- tion, to the methods used in the pack- ing house, the kind of package, the time of picking and even to orchard and weather conditions. These different factors are not equally responsible for the occurrence of scald yet any one of them or all of them may play a part in producing it. Where so many agencies are con- cerned it naturally raises the question of relative responsibility and when ap- ples come out of storage with an un- usual amount of scald next to the question of how to dispose of the fruit is that of why did it happen and who is to blame. The time of picking and packing the fruit is one at which ownership and responsibility often shift and we may make this a dividing point in consider- ing the different factors concerned in the production of apple scald. We will turn first to the orchard side of the problem and consider the scald de- termining factors inherent in the fruit when picked. The most important of these is the maturity and in fact the most generally recognized method of scald prevention in the past has been that of picking the fruit at proper ma- turity. Well matured apples scald less than green ones and highly colored fruit scalds less than poorly colored fruit. When the trees have been pruned so as to let in the sunlight and the apples left on the tree till well ma- tured a great deal has been accom- plished in the way of scald prevention. The remedy is a valuable one and should be used to the greatest extent possible yet we should not overlook the fact that at best it is very incomplete. Even in the irrigated sections where there is almost constant sunlight some of the apples will of necessity be poorly colored and in fact most of them have a green side or greener areas of some sort that serve as vulnerable points for scald. In the non-irrigated sections, comprising the larger part of the apple producing area of the country, the growers are far more at the mercy of weather conditions. There may be weeks of cloudy rainy weather in the fall that make it impossible to secure color and impractical to delay picking. Even in the most favorable seasons and with a reasonable degree of care a large part of the fruit must of necessity go into storage in a condition that makes it fairly susceptible to scald. The fact that the remedy is not complete does not, however, justify overlooking it and every possible effort should be made to have the fruit come from the tree in a well colored and well matured condition. In this connection it perhaps should be mentioned that green apples do not scald more quickly than ripe ones. The fact that green apples scald worse than ripe ones has sometimes led to the in- ference that they scald sooner but fre- quent examinations of fruit where the green and ripe apples are stored to- gether will convince one that this is not true. The riper apples that scald at all develop the disease before the green ones but if the fruit is held in storage until the green ones become scalded they are then far more serious- ly affected than the ripe ones. Another orchard condition that has a bearing on the scald problem is the amount of irrigation or rainfall late in the season. Apples that are forced into rapid growth late in the year by excessive soil moisture are more sus- ATTENTION! Boys and Girls I want to hear from every boy and girl who would be willing to devote just about one hour's spare time. I will reward them for their services with choice of the following articles: Premo Cameras Raincapes Rain Hats Flashlights Beautiful pencil boxes with as- sortment of pencils and pens Fancy stationery, and many other beautiful articles. And for those who would like to start in the Poultry business, I will start them by supplying pure-bred Chickens Free. For full particulars enter your name and address on the coupon be- low and tell me what you would like to have. I will tell you how easy it is to get it. B. MARCUM, Director of Circulation, 800 Oregonian Bldg., Portland, Oregon. Please tell me how I can secure (name article desired.) My name is Address Post Office December, 1920 ceptible to scald than those receiving a more moderate water supply and also more susceptible than those that have made a more even growth throughout the season. In general large apples scald earlier and more seriously than small ones yet the question of size is closely tied up with the orchard condi- tions that produce the size and it is often the forcing the apples have re- ceived late in the season rather than the largeness of the fruit that is really responsible for the increased suscepti- bility to scald. Another orchard condition that has an influence upon the susceptibility of the fruit to scald is the occurrence of disease. Apples that have been rus- setled by powdery mildew are more susceptible to scald than those that are free from it, but in general fruit from diseased trees is more resistant to scald than that from healthy ones. The most striking example of increased resist- ance to scald through the presence of an orchard disease is found in the case of cedar rust. York Imperial apples from trees that have suffered from a severe attack of cedar rust will re- main free from scald four to eight weeks longer than apples from similar York Imperial trees that have been free from the disease. The inherent susceptibility to scald that the apple carries with it at pick- ing time is then an extremely variable characteristic dependent upon the various orchard conditions that pre- vailed throughout the season. A fail- ure to give due consideration to the quality of fruit at this time might re- sult in blaming the cold storage man- agement for the spoilage of apples that really could hardly have been made to keep or possibly in some cases to giv- ing him credit for keeping fruit that could hardly have been made to spoil. But turning to the other side of the question and taking the fruit as it comes from the tree: What can still be done to extend the storage life of the scald susceptible varieties? In considering this phase of the subject it should be borne in mind that the apple as it goes into storage is still a living organism carrying on various complex life ac- tivities. It is continually giving off moisture and also odorous substances and it is carrying on a respiration simi- lar to that of man — taking up oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide. These life processes can not and should not be stopped but the more slowly they can be made to act the longer the apple will live and the longer it will keep it good qualities. The most satisfactory and the almost universal method of slowing down plant activities is to lower the temperature and building on this principle we have developed in comparatively recent years our enor- mous system of refrigerator cars and cold storage plants. The apple has '•'aimed its share of space in all this development and as a result the apple market and the apple season have been greatly extended and the quality of the fruit improved. But along with the de- velopment of our modern storage methods apple scald has come to the BETTER FRUIT front as one of our most serious apple diseases. The apple rots appear to have been with us always but apple scald is essentially a modern disease. This coincident development of the new dis- ease and the modern storage has naturally led many to suspect some cause and effect relationship. Powell and Fulton of the U. S. Department of Agriculture investigated the question some 17 years ago and reported that they found no indication that cold storage temperatures favored the de- velopment of scald but rather that they retarded it. The cold storage com- panies have insisted that it was the delay in reaching storage rather than what happened in storage that was re- sponsible for the trouble. But on the other hand it has often been found that apples stored in cellars or in air- cooled plants have come out of stor- age perhaps riper but with far less scald than those held in commercial cold storage. We decided to go over the subject very carefully, covering a wide range of temperatures so that we might get not only the immediately practical side but also the principle of scald de- velopment. We carried on the work for three consecutive years and included practically all of the scald susceptible commercial varieties in our tests. The results were consistent throughout. Varieties like Grimes scalded one to four weeks earlier than York Imperial or Black Twig, but in general apples held at 60° or 70° scalded three or four weeks earlier than those at 50°; those at 50° four weeks earlier than those at 40°; those at 40° about three weeks ear- lier than those at 32°, and those at 36° also earlier than those at 32°. Between 60° and 32° each drop of 10 degrees meant a delay of three to four weeks in the time that scald would appear. The higher temperatures tested are, of course, out of the range of storage practices but they are not higher than those the apple is compelled to tolerate in delayed storage. We have found that a week to ten days delay in a warm packing house or in an unrefrig- erated car results in two to three times as much scald on the delayed fruit as on that stored immediately at 32° and that the scald appears three to five weeks earlier on the delayed fruit. The period immediately following the removal of the fruit from the tree is a lime when refrigeration is most seriously needed and while 32° is the most desirable temperature it should not be overlooked that every degree of cooling is valuable. One of the interesting things that de- veloped in our temperature studies was the fact that at temperatures above In scald becomes evident as it is produced hut that at 32° it does not. Apples held constantly at 32° may be badly scalded for months without showing any sign of the trouble but given a day or two in the warm air and they will go all to pieces. The abnormal diseased con- dition of the skin may develop at 32° but the temperature is too low for the •lenth anil spoilage processes to be com- pleted. In the average commercial storage plant where the doors are open Page 25 almost every day the apples usually get enough gusts of warm air to develop evident traces of scald but in rooms that are little disturbed the potentially scalded apples show no sign of their actually diseased condition. This pe- culiarity of apple scald makes it a very deceptive disease and one that is capa- ble of causing serious misunderstand- DON'T EXPERIMENT It costs money. For $20.00 you can get my blueprints. The Dencer Dryer will shorten time of drying and save you money on furnace. It turns out a superior product. It costs less to dry per ton, and less to build, than any other dryer of same capacity. I use only one stove for six tunnels. Each tunnel holds 136 half bushel trays. My dryers have been a pronounced success for four years. EDWARD DENCER R. 3, Box 158, Phone 88F2 SALEM, OREGON JT JM Sonderegger GardenSeeds My seeds are the purest and best to be had, packages are well filled fiSU than good seeds can be obtained anywhere. Sonderegger's Mammoth Wax Bean is a giant. Pod3 8 to 10 inch. Absolutely stringlesB and enormously Sonderegger's Col don Sweet Corn. If you like a yellow one. do not fail to try this. Contains about 5% more sugar and 5% less starch than the early white varieties, making it better for table use. It has been called "the sweetest corn in the world." Sonderegger's PHzetaker Onion is thelargostani1 handsomest YellowGlobe onion. Reaches an immense size and) commands a high price. Delicate flavor. True Delicious apple trues, as well 89 all other kinds of fruit trees. All kinds of field seeds. Wig catalog free. Sonderegger Nurseries & Seed House 80 Court St. (10) Beatrice, Neb. Seeds and TreesThat Grow ' eERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 26 ings in the trade. Apples may appear to be in most excellent condition when removed from storage and loaded for shipment and yet if they should en- counter a day or two of warm weather in transit, arrive at their destination in a practically worthless condition. Trou- bles like this are likely to be particu- BETTER FRUIT larly serious in after-storage shipments to southern markets. With the prevailing cool weather in the more northern markets scalded ap- ples can usually be disposed of before the disease has had time to become seriously evident. At least they can be passed along to the consumer and if he B. T. S. DRY POWDERED BARIUM-SULPHUR COMPOUND PATENTED APRIL 23, 1918 B. T. S. is a definite chemical compound of sulphur with barium in which all of the sulphur and all of the barium are available as active ingredients. Although barium belongs to the same chemical group as calcium (or lime), it possesses in addition certain properties which when combined with sulphur greatly increase the efficiency of both materials, rendering the compound remarkably effective in killing scale insects. Barium sulphur compounds possess a stability that cannot be secured in dry compounds of either lime or soda with sulphur. This means that B. T. S. has the advantage of being more dependable as a spray, and less liable to cause serious injury to plants. It dissolves readily in cold water. By the elimination of the water and reducing to dryness, the weight in shipping is reduced about 80% as compared with lime- sulphur solution, loss from leakage is eliminated, and transportation costs are cut to a minimum. B. T. S. may be substituted for lime-sulphur solution in all spraying operations, in both dormant and growing period applications on deciduous and citrus trees. Growers who have used B. T. S. have found it in all respects equal in efficiency to the solution, and owing to the greater convenience of handling, prefer it to the more bulky and inconvenient liquid. Our interests are the same as yours. Write us about your tree troubles, and ask for Bulletin No, 3 on Dormant Spraying of Deciduous Fruit Trees. Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead. Standard Paste Arsenate of Lead. Atomic Sulphur (patented). Bordeaux Mixture Paste. Dry Powdered Bordeaux Mixture. Universal Brand Dormant Soluble Oil. Universal Brand Miscible Oil. Universal Brand Distillate Oil Emulsion. SPbgL MATERIALS GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 1811 L. C. SMITH BUILDING, SEATTLE Ridley,Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy December, iqio eats them or cooks them at once every- body is satisfied. But if he holds them a few days for table use and finds thai his good apples of today look like rot- ten ones tomorrow he is not left in a frame of mind to repeat his order or to do his part in apple consumption. The farther south the market the more serious is the difficulty of handling scalded apples. The larger amount of scald is not due to any shock resulting from bringing the fruit directly into warmer temperatures but merely to the fact that the higher temperatures al- low the scald that is already present lo become evident before the fruit can be sold. Along with the temperature work the effects of ventilation and aeration were tested and the results were most sur- prising. We found that we could en- tirely prevent scald on any variety and at any temperature either high or low bv giving the fruit fresh air. This threw a new light on the nature of the disease; it was apparently due to some condition in the air that was produced by the apples themselves. It also offered promise of a practical solution of the problem by means of ventilation. Our first tests were made in our own small refrigeration plant and for the past three years we have been carrying on aeration and ventilation experiments in various commercial storage plants. Under commercial conditions the great difficulty is to really secure an aeration that will reach the apples themselves. In the cold storage room everything is conducive to air stagnation. The rooms are stacked as full as possible and everything stands at practically one temperature. There is nothing in the general nature of things to start the air in motion and it seems practically impossible to do so with any efficiency by resorting to special equipment. Fans send a current down the aisles but the air back in the stacks is little disturbed. Where the rooms are cooled by the air circulation or bunker system there is a very slight breeze across the top of the room but it seems to have little effect upon the mass of the storage air. If windows are thrown open it is usually done when the temperature out- side is practically the same as that in- side and unless there is a strong wind prevailing in the proper direction the air in the storage room is but little af- fected. All of these things have been tested as to their effects upon scald and in spite of the very slight aeration secured all have been found to he of some value especially to the more ex- posed fruit. (To be concluded in January number.) Nitrate of soda applied to the soil at the rale of ."> pounds per prune tree, ac- cording lo the Oregon Agricultural Col- lege, resulted in an increase of one- third the untreated crop in one Oregon orchard last year. Beneficial results both in the tree growth and fruitful- iuss were obtained in almost every trial in the Oakland sandy loam, the Lookingglass light hill soil and The Dalles reddish hill soil. December, 1920 BETTER FRUIT ie 27 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS 8c CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Sulphur FLOtm SULPHtJ* It has been proven and so recommended by the University of California that if you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they will not be affected by MILDEW or RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand Vel- vet Flowers of Sulphur, also EAGLE Brand, and Fleur de Soufre, packed in double sacks, are the fluffiest and PUREST sulphurs that money can buy; the best for vineyards: the best for bleaching purposes, LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphur— I mpalpable Powder. 100% pure, in double sacks, for Dry Dusting and making Paste Sulphur. For LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. We can fur- nish you this sulphur at such a low price that it would pay you to mix your own solution and net you a profit equal to the amount paid out for labor in spraying your orchard, if you pay your men $5 per day for making the solu- tio and applying i create additional available plant food, nto the soil 1 10 pounds nd prevent DIAMOND "S" BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR. 100% pure, or our COMMERCIAL POWDERED SULPHUR. This soil treatment has increased various crops up to 500%. Send for Circulars No. 6, 7 and 8. Ask us for prices on PREPARED DRY DUSTING MATERIALS. Tobacco Dust. Dusting Sulphur Mixtures, SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR COMPANY 624 California Street, San Francisco, Cal. We are equipped to make immediate shipments. Sei for Price-list and Samples. Ask us for prices for Carbon Bisulphide, the sun remedy for destroying ground squirrels. U You may be Sure5 says the Good Judge That you are getting full value for your money when you use this class of tobacco. The good, rich, real to- bacco taste lasts so long, you don't need a fresh chew nearly as often — nor do you need so big a chew as you did with the ordi- nary kind. Any man who has used the Real Tobacco Chew will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco Weyman-Brutdn' Company, 1107 Broadway, New York City FIBR FRUIT WRAPPER "Caro" Protects Chemically Treated "Caro" from OessiCARE (to dry up) "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit Why? FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition . United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO. 112 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. WRITING ADVER 3N BETTER Page 28 BETTER FRUIT December, ipso Classified Advertisements RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD FARMS FOR SALE. A GENUINE INVESTMENT. 70-acre apple orchard just entering its prime. Trees 13 years old; have been scientifically cared for since planting; are healthy and vigorous. 1919 crop netted $7,000.00 profit above all expenses. 1920 crop 15,000 packed boxes high grade apples. Varieties: Jonathan, Romes, Gano. Located in well known Imbler district in Grande Ronde Valley, Eastern Oregon, just Y2 mile from railroad shipping point. Five-room dwelling, good barn and frostproof warehouse of 25.000 boxes capa- city, all in excellent condition. Soil highest quality, all in excellent cultivation. Equipped with power sprayer, Cutler grader, truck, wagons, horses, orchard boxes, plow, disk, harrow, ladders, bags, etc. Will sell for $500.00 an acre, including equipment men- tioned. Easy terms if desired. A real bar- gain. Address Wm. Miller, Drawer 873, La Grande, Oregon. 256-ACRE equipped fruit and dairy farm; large house and barns; 2,000 apples trees; near Pike; 3 miles to station and 50 to Washington; large springs for gravity power system for spraying, grinding, milking, lights, etc.; excellent neighborhood. Address Orchard Owner, City Hotel, Winchester, Va. WANT TO HEAR from party having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls. Wisconsin. NURSERY STOCK. PLANT STRAWBERRY PLANTS NOW. Send for our 1920-21 Fall Catalog and read about the New Giant Everbearing Strawberry— it's a wonder. 1,000,000 New Oregon, Marshall, Marvel and other popular varieties now ready to ship. Fall seeds of all kinds. Ask for special prices if wanted in large amounts. Routledge Seed & Floral Co., Portland, Oregon. BERRY PLANTS DIRECT FROM GROWER— Loganberry, Cuthbert Raspberry, Trebla, Oregon and Wilson Strawberries, and other best varieties. Priced right and plants dug when ordered. Write Paul F. Burris, 1270 N. Summer St., Salem, Oregon. SALESMEN WANTED. MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a com- mission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid territory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon MISCELLANEOUS. TRESPASS SIGNS. Don't allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof "No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send $1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. |>LANS FOR POULTRY HOUSES Inland Poultry Journal, Dept.BF, Indianapolis, Ind. PAY. Easy interesting work. Send $1.00 today for 9 months trial subscription to the Amer- 1 Bee Journal and get free 24-page BEE PRIMER. Just the thing for the beginner. American Bee Journal, Box 36, Hamilton, Illinois BEES A General Line of Nursery Stock Prune, Apple, Pears, Cherry, etc. Strawberry, Raspberry, etc. Buy direct from nursery; save your money. Do this by buying from us through our Mail Order System. 29 years in business. CARLTON NURSERY CO. Carlton, Oregon Increase Your Profits By packing your fruits in strong, standard size Universal Package Pevents crushing, permits good ventil- ation, easy to inspect, ideal for storage, makes sales easier and at higher prices. Write for prices today. PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA PEARL OIL (KEROSENE) HEAT AND LIGHT Like Qood Coffee Like good coffee, a good oil heater makes a breakfast. Filled with Peakl Oil its ready heat chases away the chill of the morning and cheers up the whole room. Pearl Oil is clean-burning, with- out smoke or odor. Economical. Sold in bulk by dealers everywhere Order by name — Pearl Oil. STANDARD OIL COMPANY, (California) WHEN WRITING ADVE MENTION BETTER FRUIT '■■■''-:. - > it Over Another Threshold SOON you will put the calendars of a new year up on your walls. You have weathered the labors of the past four seasons — with what benefits and damages you recall full well. Now the cycle of a new year looms ahead, and we must prepare to gather the fruits of 1921. It is a time when conservative manufacturing enterprises and business houses are reviewing the past, taking stock of resources, and building future campaigns. Leaks are stopped, needs are reckoned with, and plans are made with extreme care. Winter is the best time in most sections for complete farm inventory, for overhauling machines and making repairs, for accurate reckoning of profit and loss, for plan- ning crop changes, for discarding old habits and considering new methods. Every farmer knows this. It is good to see that there is more and more definite planning of full year's work at the close of every December, on the farms of America. It is so easy a matter to slide through the comparative resting period of Winter, and then Spring with its hundred duties bursts forth and finds many important matters and details unattended to. We are glad to note this trend toward business-farming because we hope to be allied with Agriculture many more years and because our interests are so closely mingled with the interests of the farming world. So then, while we are setting our own house in order for 1921, we pause to publish the hope that you, the reader, may set forth into a new year of farming enterprise with all plans laid for a most profitable twelve-month. International Harvester company OF AMERICA Billings, Mont. Cheyenne. Wyo. Denver, Colo. Helena, Mo Los Angeles, Cal. Portland, Ore. Salt Lake City. Utah San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. V V'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT V ■ THE WORLD - OUR ORCHARD «F^ OUR ORCHARD n^ & Kelly I NEW YORK I . UNQUESTIONABLY THE H°JT lHP?DTfl|1T Fd(TW Pestroy is an efficient combination of arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture. It is a blight preventive, fungus control and bug killing mixture of great power, but safe from burn on foliage. S-W Fungi-Bordo is a dry powdered Bordeaux mixture free from the evaporation and power- loss of paste forms. Has all the fungi- cidal qualities of the best home mix- ture for fruit and vegetable spraying. Sherwin-Williams Products S-W SPRAYER'S MANUEL 10c A scientific book by a practical authority on every form of spraying control. New Edition illustrated in color, postpaid for ioc. Address The Sherwin-Williams Company, 602 Canal Road, N. W., Cleve- land, Ohio. Insecticides, Disinfectants Wood Preservatives Paints and Varnishes Pigments and Colors Chemicals and Dyestuffs WHEN WRITINH AnVEKTISKKS MI NIK Pase 2 BETTER FRUIT January, 192 1 4&Simk - ,sf/& Restore the Potash During the past few years farmers have been urged to bend every effort to produce maximum crops without giving much consideration to the ef- fect on their soils. Established rota- tions were broken up and the very best parts of the farm put into the most needed crops, while the poorer parts were neglected. In a way it was a return to the pio- neer's method of mining the soil. Today is the period of readjustment for the farmer as well as for the mer- chant and the manufacturer. The farm labor situation and the un- certainty of future prices are such that prudence demands that the cost of producing a unit of crop be re- duced as much as possible. This requires more crop units per acre and a return to the rotations known to be best for a given locality. The great factor in reducing the cost of crop production is the right method of feeding the crops. The composition of commercial plant foods has been profoundly changed during the period of Potash famine. Phosphoric Acid has replaced all or a part of the Potash in American ferti- lizer formulas, while just the opposite has taken place in Europe, where there was a shortage of phosphates. Now is the time to get back to normal again and to return to the fertilizer formulas that were so profitable and satisfactory in the past. But this cannot be done without effort on the part of the farmer and without suffi- cient notice to the manufacturer to prepare for the change. Therefore think the matter over care- fully, and if your previous experience has shown you that Potash Pays notify your dealer that you wish to use fertilizers with 5 to 10 per cent, of Potash and a little more to make up for the drain on the soil during the Potash famine. And do it right away, for it takes time for the manufacturer to import it and it is only fair that he should know what your de- mands will be. The price of Potash has fallen much faster than the prices of farm products so you may feel assured that you can again get a profit from its use. The main point is to insist that the right kind of fertilizer shall be ready for you when needed. In order to insure this, prompt action on your part is essential. Take up the matter with your dealer at once. If we can help you write to us. SOIL AND CROP SERVICE, POTASH SYNDICATE H. A. HUSTON, Manager 42 Broadway New York V'HEN WRITING USERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT KDITOR: W. H. WALTON STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist. WASHINGTON — Dr. A. L. Melander. Entomologist ; O. M. Morris. Horticulturist. Pullman. COLORADO — C. P. Gillette. Director and Entomologist : E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, Stale Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crider. Horticulturist. Tucson. MONTANA— H Thornber. Victor. CALIFORNIA — C. W. Woodworth. Entomologist. Berke- ley; W. H. Volck. Entomologist. Watsonrille; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist. Riverside. INDIANA — H. S. Jackson. Pathologist, Lafayette. An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern, Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing. PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON All Communications should be addressed and Bemittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postofflce at Portland, Oregon, under the Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Volume XV Portland, Oregon, January, 1921 Number 7 Stock Influence on Scion In Regard to Top Grafting By A. E. Murneek, Assistant Professor of Horticultural Research, Oregon Experiment Station of producing dwarfed trees by growing standard varieties on dwarf or dwarf- ing stocks. The apple on Doucin or Paradise stocks, the pear on the quince, the cherry on Mahaleb are but a few familiar examples. 1. The diminished size in most cases of dwarfing is due to a lack of supply of raw material to the scions, or a par- tial starvation. The cause of this may be attributed either to the particular character of the stock or, in some in- stances, to the imperfections and con- striction of conducting vessels at the point of the graft union. In many in- stances, however, the scion partakes of the character of the stock to an extent which cannot be ascribed to the dimin- ishing of food supply alone, but rather to some more specific and more pro- found effect brought about by a selec- tive influence of the protoplasm. 2. As the stock has a tendency to im- part its characteristics to the scion and as the commonly used stocks for top working are more vigorous than the scion, we can expect thus an increase in vigor of the top grafted tree. That many varieties of apples have been changed in vigor because of top graft- ing we have not only individual but also cumulative evidence, as will be seen below. In most instances vigor has been increased by top working, espe- cially with such weak growing varie- ties like Grimes, Winesap and others. In an investigation of the adaptability of various stocks for the American grape, Hedrick reports that all top grafted vines are more vigorous than when grown on their own roots, as- cribing this to the existence of a high degree of congeniality between the stocks and varieties under test. The general cause of increase in vigor of top grafted trees may be due either to an increased supply of sap or raw material by the more active or faster growing stock, or due to some specific influence, which is of mutual benefit to bolh the stock and scion, and is often covered in a loose and general way by (he term "congenial." That many var- ieties-are made more vigorous when grafted on a particular stock (not nec- essarily of more vigorous growth) has long been an observed fact among prac- lical horticulturists, though the reason of Ibis effect is not known. Most ap- THAT the two consorting parts of the graft, though remaining dis- linctly individual in their main characteristics, are reciprocally influ- enced by each other, has long been the subject of observation and study. It is well known to most nurserymen that the scion or top of a grafted tree has a marked effect upon the stock or root system of the plant. This impres- sion may be so profound and character- istic that varieties may be recognized by the root system formed, though the root be originally but a mongrel seed- ling. Unright growing varieties of apples of the Russian type, for instance, will form a correspondingly deep-grow- ing root system, while those of the spreading Winesap type will be flat and shallow. This can be extended even to particular varieties. The Red Astra- chan, Oldenburg, Fameuse, for example, form each a characteristic root system of their own. In this connection, Shaw believes that "the size or stoutness of the main branches is positively corre- lated with the size of the main roots and angle of the branch with the angle of the main roots and the axis of the tree. In many individual cases this correlation is obscure, yet careful ob- servations with large numbers of trees will reveal it." But it is not only the form of the root that is changed by the stock. The phys- iological modification brought about in the root may be effective enough to make it markedly different in hardiness and resistant to many external vicissi- tudes. To what degree of economic importance are these modifications can, however, only be conjectured. The reverse of this, the influence of stock on scion, has been the subject of much more recorded opinions and ob- servations than that of the scion on the stock. English horticultural literature, espe- cially the pages of the "Gardener's Chronicle," abound with plentiful and rich information on this topic. Though very scattered and more or less of a subjective nature, there is much mate- rial on this question recorded in the transactions of various state horticul- tural societies. From the point of view of the fruit grower, the subject falls under two topics: First, the influence of the stock on the scion proper, and, second, the indirect influence on the fruit. Influence of Stock on the Tree. The ways in which the scion may be modified by the stock may be in re- spect to — 1. Form and size of the plant. 2. Vigor of growth. 3. Health. 4. Hardiness. 5. Productivity; precocity. 6. Time of blossoming and maturing of fruit. Some of these may not be directly traceable to the stock, but rather the secondary results of one or more of the above effects. Thus many of the modi- fications stated above may be due to increased vigor of the plant. Again, productivity is often directly depend- ent upon health and so is longevity. These in turn may be closely connected with hardiness. That the stock has a marked and characteristic influence on the scion in respect to form and size of the tree is well illustrated in the common practice Fig. 1. Cornice pears. Scions overgrowing stock. Such differences in growth must have some effect upon the performance of the tree. Page 4 BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 parently there is a beneficial inter- change of vital substances in at least the cases of certain congenial grafts, caus- ing a stimulation and increase of activ- ity of the scion. In this respect botani- cal relationship seems to play a lesser part than similarity of habitat of thp two consorts. A decreased vigor as a direct result of top grafting can just as easily take place, as was considered above. 3. An increased vigor may carry in its trail a number of benefits which are directly dependent upon vigor. The most important of these is most prob- ably the general health of the tree. The comparative resistance of the stock and scion to parasites and injurious organ- isms, especially many fungus diseases, may make a variety more immune or resistant to certain diseases when top grafted on particular stocks. To what extent this is a direct acquirement or a secondary result due to a general in- crease in vigor is still an open question. A general improvement of the tree's health by top working because of a sub- stitution of the roots, stem and even parts of the scaffold branches by a variety of known hardiness of immu- nity to particular troubles has been con- sidered previously. A desired stock may, however, trans- mit or impart a disease to the scion. This is said to lake place, for instance, when stocks infected with peach yel- lows or little peach is budded with healthy buds; so also when blight in- fected stocks of the apple or pear are used. 4. In many sections of the upper Mis- sissippi Valley the practice has become well established. Horticultural litera- ture of the prairie states abounds with information on observations where hardiness has been increased by top grafting. In almost all of these cases under hardiness has been meant the resistance of the variety to low temperatures. Fig. 2. A close view of ux scion of a top-grafted tree. 3f stock and The question as to the degree and amount the scion may be influenced by the stock is, however, not known. There is much information on hand, however, which shows most clearly that the top of a tree has been affected by the hardy stock; that trees have been saved from being killed by low temperatures because of the hardiness of their roots. Of course, a very ex- treme frost, such as frequently occurs in the northern-most states and in Can- ada, will kill a tree in spite of the in- creased resistance to cold. 5. Top worked trees are commonly more productive and usually more pre- cocious. A top worked tree will come into bearing two to four years earlier than when the variety is grown on its own roots. This is natural, because of the supply of an already well developed root system and frame work to the scion, which then makes a more rapid growth and reaches the bearing age much sooner. Not only early bearing, but also fruitfulness is increased by top working. Weak growing varieties will be made more fruitful because of the increased vigor as a result of the use of a more vigorous stock. Varieties that make a rapid and luxurious wood growth, especially during the first few years, will be made more productive when top worked on less vigorous stock or on one with which a more or less imperfect union is made. In both cases a diminished supply of sap from the stock will tend somewhat to weaken the top and make it more productive. This can be set down as a general rule not (inly, in cases of top grafted apples, but also with those of most other fruits. After many years of experimenting with top grafting of grapes, Hedrick found that grafted grapes have larger yields than those on their own roots. fi. That the time of blossoming and maturing of fruit is often altered as a result of top grafting, has been fre- quently observed by fruit growers. After much observation and exper- ience with many varieties of apples, Budd of Iowa concluded that "there is much evidence that winter sorts of apples ripen prematurely when top grafted on Oldenburg or Whitney. Again, the blossoming time of the scion is frequently affected by the stock. The differences in this respect have been noted to be from a few days to a week or more. Hedrick reports of a case that has come to his observation, where a whole orchard of Mcintosh top grafted on Oldenburg matured fruit two weeks earlier than Mcintosh on standard stocks. As in the case of maturing of the crop, so with time of blossoming, hast- ening or retarding in either case will depend mainly upon the difference in length of the growing season with dif- ferent varieties used for stock. 7. In respect to longevity of top grafted trees, observation seems to be cpiite at variance as to whether top grafting in general increases the lon- gevity of the tree. Hedrick believes that it is almost a rule that weak grow- ing varieties when grafted on vigorous stock will result in short lived trees. The use of a hardy variety for stock will in most cases insure a longer lived tree. This would be especially true if top working is done on the branches instead of the main trunk, for this would insure hardiness and health to the most vital part of the tree. Varie- ties that are especially subject to var- ious root troubles and to diseases of the crown, trunk or crotches would be insured a longer life. In the case of many congenial varie- ties there seems to be a direct benefit derived from top grafting as a result of the differences of physiological changes in the stock and scion, which may act in a beneficial and stimulating way and thus increase the longevity of the top grafted tree. In what specific way this is brought about is still an unsolved question. The common information on this and many other influences of the stock on the scion are largely of an empirical nature. In order to learn what are the present opinions of ex- perienced horticulturists regarding the beneficial influence exerted by the stock on the scion, the writer, while a staff member of the pomology section of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, solicited in 1918 the opinions of a large number of the most prominent growers and nurserymen of the United States and Canada. It was asked in a ques- tionnaire as to whether observations and experience have led to the belief that top grafting the apple on hardy and disease resistant stock has influenced the vigor, hardiness, productivity, health and longevity of the tree. The following answers were received from a total of close to a thousand solicited: Scion has been made Yes No More hardy 55 12 More disease resistant 48 10 More vigorous 51 10 More productive 52 12 Longer lived 48 11 Total 254 55 From the above answers it is evident that while 82.2% of the total replies asserted that the scion has been bene- fitted in all of the above respects, only 17.8% are of the contrary opinion. This is especially true in respect to hardi- ness and an increase in vigor and pro- ductivity of the top worked trees. This cumulative evidence is self-assertive and extensive enough to give additional emphasis to the benefits derived from top working. Influence of the Stock on Fruit. The indirect influence of the stock on the scion, expressed in changes of char- acter of the fruit, may be in respect to — 1. Modification of color of the fruit. 2. Changes in size. 3. Changes in respect to eating and keeping qualities of the fruit. As in many instances it is almost next to impossible to ascertain in what re- spect and to what extent the above Continued on page 34. January, ip?i BETTER FRUIT Off- Year Apple Bearing Page 5 BIENNIAL bearing of apples is so common in the eastern part of the United States that this condition is generally accepted as being a fixed tree habit. It is believed, however, in view of observations of fruiting conditions in typical orchards and of the results of experimental trials that off-year bearing is due to nutritional conditions and that it is consequently subject to modification. This present discussion deals with these observations. It is taken as significant that several vari- eties in a number of states which are ordinarily biennial in habit, were reg- ular in bearing when proper growth conditions were secured. Because of its economic importance any discussion of the off-year problem in the East should deal primarily with methods of relief. The interest of Pa- cific Coast growers doubtless lies more in the matter of prevention. Whatever the viewpoint, a review of the under- lying principles, insofar as they have been developed, should be given as a basis for an appreciation of the sugges- tions as to control measures. The present discussion is based upon information collected in the East. It is recognized that the amount of growth in the average eastern orchard is much below that of western ones. Data from experimental plats show that eastern trees have an average terminal growth of four to ten inches. What appear to be comparable experiments on the Pa- cific Coast, as at Hood River, show plat averages of nearly double this length. This difference in growth conditions is offered as an explanation of the ap- parent differences in the tendency to irregular bearing in the two sections, rather than being an argument that the conditions are different and that the suggestions based upon eastern data have no bearing outside of the East. If a similar growth was obtained similar results would follow in both localities. When viewed from the standpoint of the relation #of growth to fruitfulness, there is no apparent lack of application of the results secured. Observations made by the horticultural department of the Oregon Experiment Station show that the relations between growth con- ditions and blossom bud formation are very similar to those which have been found to prevail in the East. It is hoped that the observations may be ex- tended to the orchards of the western coast soon, especially in view of the off-year tendencies of Newtown and Spitzenberg. A popular theory regarding biennial bearing is that this condition is due to the over production of fruit. This is not necessarily true as many biennially bearing orchards produce light crops, even though they bear only every other year. The theory is not without foun- dation, however, as an off-year is quite sure to follow an extreme production of blossoms, which is usually accom- panied by a heavy yield of fruit. This is because spurs do not regularly blos- By R. H. Roberts, Wisconsin Experiment Station som two years in succession even though no fruit was matured the first year. As a rule, if all the spurs blos- som one season, they all miss the next. It is rare that an old bearing tree ma- tures fruits on many more than one- half of its spurs during any one season. In such cases the fruits are generally small and of poor quality. A full crop can result with a third of the spurs blossoming. In fact there is an inverse ratio between the number of spurs blossoming and the number fruiting; the more there are that blossom the lower the percentage of fruits set. The result is that older trees produce their crop on a minority of the spurs even the leaf or blossom bud was formed, not the current season's growth. From the standpoint of fruitfulness the spurs may be classified as non-blos- soming, blossoming and not fruiting, or blossoming and fruiting. The vege- tative or non-blossoming spurs may be again separated into two classes, short and long spurs. Thus there are four classes of spurs. In the case of Wealthy these have average lengths as follows: Class 1. Vs inch. Class 2. Blossoming (not fruiting)— %c inch. ,-IfSfeewer _%*££, Blossomin8 Donovan 101 8 White Blag. Seattle U.S.A. VERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT rage 12 little worse with 80, 90 and 95 per cent relative humidity than with 50 per cent. On the other hand if the air was kept in gentle motion scald did not occur even with the highest humidities. Some indication was found that moistures de- posited in drops on the apple might favor the development of a sort of spotted scald but on the whole the ex- periments showed that humidity played little if any part in the production of scald as it occurs in commercial stor- age. Defeated in our purpose of proving the humidity guilty, we felt sure that the trouble must be due to abnormal respiration conditions, either that the oxygen of the air boxes became too greatly reduced or the carbon dioxid accumulated to a harmful extent. Ex- periments were made in holding apples in atmosphere having various percent- ages of oxygen, the normal amount, an excess and a deficiency, but they scald- ed alike under all the conditions. Tests were made with carbon dioxide, the ap- ples being stored in atmospheres having various percentages of the gas, some of them much higher than ever occur in commercial storage; but we found that carbon dioxide really tended to delay rather than hasten the development of scald. We were especially disappointed with the outcome of the tests on car- bon dioxide for we knew that the gas sometimes becomes quite strong in stor- age rooms and we felt sure it would be found an important factor in scald production. We did, however, obtain one impor- tant result in connection with the ex- periments on carbon dioxide and mois- ture. While the results showed that these substances were not responsible for the occurrence of scald they proved that they were the cause of what is known as soft scald. Soft scald oc- curs largely on Jonathan and Rome Beauty apples and occasionally on Spitzenberg and Stayman Wincsap. It produces blister like areas on the skin that extend over the surface, in various peculiar patterns. The red surfaces are attacked as much as the green ones and there is a clear cut margin between the sound and diseased tissue. It bears some resemblance to frost injury and damages have sometimes been paid on it under that name. The cause of the disease, however, is not too low a tem- perature but an excessive accumulation of carbon dioxide and moisture usually at a high temperature and especially in cases of delayed storage. In all the cases of soft scald of which we have been able lo obtain the records, the fruit had been delayed at a fairly high temperature before going into storage. To return to the apple scald question we found ourselves near the end of the third year of our storage experi- ments with little but negative evidence as to the substance that was really causing the scald. We had made no experiments on the odor producing and related substances given off by the ap- ple. We didn't know what they were nor what would absorb them and really didn't think they could be of impor- tance. But following up the gas mask BETTER FRUIT idea we stored apples in various kinds of charcoal and sawdust and in almost everything we could think of that had some gas absorbing power. We knew that butter absorbed odors and that fats and oils were used in extracting perfumery so we made a thorough test with wrappers impregnated with vari- ous waxes, fats and oils. Most of the things tested were a failure, the wax and paraffin wrappers were of little value but those with either a fat or an oil were a complete success. We have used the oiled wrappers now for three years, have tried them on practically every scald susceptible variety and tested them under the most severe and unfavorable storage conditions and with the exception of one test they have always given 100 per cent control of scald. The exception was with a very gi°en lot of Black Twigs and in this case the disease was delayed about a month and was reduced from 65 per cent on the unwrapped to 15 per cent on the oil-wrapped fruit. We have tested almost all kinds of vegetable, an- imal and mineral oils and while most of them will control the scald the highly refined paraffin oils seem to be the most satisfactory. They are among the cheapest oils, they do not become rancid, and they are already extensively used on paper and otherwise in connec- tion with food products. The oiled wrapper is by far the most efficient remedy we have found for scald. It also has an advantage over other devices for scald prevention in the fact that it is always with the fruit furnishing protection on the way to storage, while in storage and in after storage shipments. One difficulty with the oiled wrapper is that it is not adapted for use with barreled apples and these need protec- tion from scald more than any others. We have tried to find some other means January, 192 1 than the wrapper of carrying the oil with the apple. We have experimented with oiled barrels and with scraps and strips of oiled blotter scattered through the barrel, but the oil does not come in close enough contact with the bulk of the fruit to give anything like complete scald control. We have tried spraying the oil on the fruit as it goes over the packing table. This prevented scald but produced a scald-like injury where the oil remained in drops on the skin. Wiping the apples with an oiled rag has so far given complete scald control without injury but we have tried this only one season and on but a few va- rieties of apples. The method will be given a very thorough test the coming year. If it should prove an entire suc- cess there are already fruit wiping grader attachments on the market that could probably be utilized for applying the oil mechanically. It may take several years of general commercial use to determine the most satisfactory manner of handling the scald problem but the disease is a pre- ventable one and we have several meth- ods of attack. Whatever is done, whether in the way of oiled apples, oiled wrappers, ventilated barrels, or ventilated cars, packing houses and storage rooms would have the same ob- ject; that of removing from the apples the harmful gases of their own pro- duction. There will be more demand for trees, shrubs and vines than can be supplied by reliable nurserymen. Those who are intending to put out ornamental, shade or fruit trees, shrubs or vines should get in communication with growers of known reliability and place their orders early. Ridley,Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modem Economy HEN WRITING ADVE BETTER FRUI January, 1021 BETTER FRUIT Page is \for Assures Continuous HIGH PRESSURE breaking liquid into perfect FOG, thereby requiring less material for a complete drenching REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD OWN THIS OUTFIT 1. MORE POWER than regular sprayer engine. 2. LARGE CAPACITY without additional investment for another engine. 3. SAVES TWO-THIRDS time in refilling, by using larger tank, and making return trip three times as fast as horses. 4. THE SPRAYER can be quickly removed, and the Tractor used for other work. 5. PERFECT agitation of liquid. 6. 300-gallon tank and standard Bean equipment. This is NOT an experiment — it has been successfully operated for an entire season by individual owners in fruit districts of the Northwest, and the work it will do has been fully determined. See your nearest Fordson Dealer. E. A. MITCHEL TRACTOR CO. Distributors for Oregon, Washington, Northern Idaho, Western Montana. 314 E. Madison St., Portland, Oregon. Branch: 151 South Post St., Spokane, Wash. S<; ADVERTISERS ME ETTER FRUIT Page 14 BETTER FRUIT January, IQ2I Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Plants We are Growers, not merely Dealers. Bartlett Pears on resistant Japan stocks in quantity. Most Extensive Assortment of Hardy Ornamentals in the Pacific Northwest. J. B. Pilkington, Nurseryman Portland, Oregon OUR TREES Carefully Grown Carefully Selected Carefully Packed Will give satisfaction to the planter Salem Nursery Company 42S Oregon Building Salem, Oregon Additional Salesmen Wanted. Blight-Proof Surprise Pear Stock on Japan Root Don't worry about blight taking your pear orchard. Plant the blight-proof Surprise and insure against loss. The following year topwork it to Bartlett, Bosc or any desired variety and you have a blight-proof trunk and frame- work. This method is endorsed by Professor Beimer of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, Talent, Oregon, and recommended by him after exten- sive experiments. Thousands of these trees have been planted the last few- years in California and Southern Oregon, and to some extent in the Yakima Valley, Washington. Our buds were secured direct from Professor Beimer. Twenty thousand discriminating families last year secured stock of us. This year our business is better than ever. "There's a reason," and that is the class of stock we deliver and the service we render. For other dependable fruit trees, shade trees, roses, vines, etc., write WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenish, Washington Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. Canyon Home Nursery Strawberry Plants for Spring Delivery Everbearing Strawberries a specialty. Extra Fine Marshalls. F. I. MOFFET Ellensburg, Washington FILBERT TREES I have choice trees of the most ap- proved varieties. In our periodicals and walnut meetings recurs the cry for more information regarding the nomenclature and pollenization of the filbert. It ought to be readily seen that the solving of the problem could be greatly enhanced by dealing with a reliable grower direct. It has been my purpose from the start to propagate nothing but trees of proven names and pollenization qualities. When writing for prices, state num- ber of trees wanted. I also have loganberry tips for spring delivery and a few black walnut seedling trees. DB. J. H. WILKENS Box 126 McMinnville, Oregon Oregon Nursery Company ORENCO, OREGON Since 1867 Growers of DEPENDABLE TREES Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Berries, Roses, etc. Large Illustrated Catalog sent on request. Yakima & Columbia River Nursery Company Groovers of Choice FRUIT TREES SMALL FRUITS AND ORNAMENTALS Yakima, Washington ••Yd lint a Grown" is the best guarantee. Prune and Apple TREES We offer choice Prune, Pear and Apple Trees, Black Walnut Seed- lings, Marshall and New Oregon Strawberry Plants, Currants, Logan- berry Tips and a full line of other nursery stock for fall delivery at very attractive prices while they last. Write today for prices. Benedict Nursery Co. 185 East 87lh Street North Portland, Oregon January, ipJi BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Capital City Nursery Co. Our Specialty: Apple, Prune and Walnut Trees ORNAMENTAL AND FRUIT REARING SHRURRERY A good line of trees for WINDRREAK AND SHADE Address, Salem, Oregon 1921 Annual Catalog Our 160-page catalog will be ready to mail about January 15th. Svery Gardener, Poultry Keeper anc Fruit Grower needs this new book. Make your request now. Best Stocks for the West IF YOU WANT TO BUY SOME Real A-l Loganberry Tips write us Routledge Seed & Floral Co. 148 2nd Street, Portland, Oregon Choice Nursery Stock We are wholesalers to the trade only and believe we can make it to the advantage of Nurserymen gener- ally to buy of us, as we are obliged to hold nothing back for retail trade. If you are interested in stock for next year, it will pay you to cor- respond with us. Portland Wholesale Nursery Co. 971 Sandy Rlvd. Portland, Oregon Results of Studies in Prune Pollination WITH a view to determining the fail- ure of prunes to set fruit in some years while bearing abundantly in others the Division of Pomology of the University of California has been carry- ing on experiments for several years. Among the varieties being studied are the French which is grown quite ex- tensively in the Northwest as well as California where the acreage of this variety is very large. In fact in the Santa Clara Valley alone it is stated that there are over 61,000 acres planted to prunes largely of the French variety with a few scattered plantings of Im- perial and Sugar. While the study made was largely confined to pollination, A. H. Hendrick- son, who has issued a bulletin on the subject, says that the lack of fruitful- ness generally did not point altogether to lack of proper pollination. In noting the results of his experiments Mr. Hen- drickson says: "While the Imperial, Robe de Sergeant and Silver prunes have long been con- sidered shy bearers, the French and Sugar have continued to bear more or less satisfactorily when set out in large blocks of a single variety. Many grow- ers in the Santa Clara Valley have no- ticed an appreciable falling off in their crops, and have been anxious for infor- mation relative to the cause. Improper pollination, due to self-sterility, was be- lieved to be at least one important fac- tor causing this imperfect set. Another factor has already been shown to be responsible to a degree for this failure to set commercial crops. This factor is the lack of honey bees in the orchards at blooming time. Proper pollination has been shown to be dependent upon insect agencies to carry the pollen. It is probable that other factors such as pruning, cultivation, fertilization and irrigation will be shown to influence the amount of fruit set." As a result of the experiments Mr. Hendrickson notes: "The three vari- eties of prunes, French, Sugar and Robe de Sergeant experimented upon at the university farm have set comparatively high percentages of fruit and matured fairly satisfactory crops considering the age of the trees. The French and Robe de Sergeant yielded consistently each year, but the Sugars failed to blossom in 191C. As this failure followed a heavy crop it was thought that the drain upon the tree had been so great that it was unable to mature fruit buds for the following season. This variety again in 1918 behaved in the same manner, failing to produce any blossoms. This seeming tendency towards alternate bearing is an uncommon occurrence with this variety. The general reports concerning it are that it bears heavily and regularly. However, from four years' data at the university farm at Davis, it would seem that if young trees just coming into profitable bearing are allowed to overbear one year, only a light crop is produced the following season. One of the most serious criti- cisms of the Sugar prune is thai it tends to overhear. "The French and Robe de Sergeant at Davis, on the basis of regularity in bearing, have proved In he more val- uable than the Sugar. The former vari- ety during the three years of 191."), 1916 and 1917 produced an average crop of 57.5, 41.7, and 145 pounds, respectively, or an average of 81.4 pounds per year for the three years. This crop resulted from an average set of 28.7 per cent. The Robe de Sergeant practically equalled the record of the French. In three years the average crop per tree was 95.1, 79.6, and 100.6 pounds, or a total average per tree of 91.4 pounds from an average set of 28.7 per cent. Roughly speaking, the above yields ap- proximate three tons of green fruit per acre, which is a fairly satisfactory com- mercial yield considering the age of the trees (eight years in 1915). In the case of the Sugar prune the average yield is only available for two years, as no crop at all was produced in 1916. These yields were 30.1 and 147.3 pounds per tree, or an average of 88.7 pounds per tree for the two years, resulting from the high average percentage of set of 41.6 per cent. If this yield is calculated on the basis of three years, as might properly be done, the average yield for the variety is thus reduced to but 59.1 pounds per tree. "Two varieties of these prunes, the French and Sugar, are self-fertile, while the third, Robe de Sergeant, is self-ster- ile. Four years' results with self-pol- linating the French prunes have shown great fluctuation in the percentage of fruit obtained. Some years this per- centage was high and in others it was low, hut the average for four years shows that this variety must be accept- ed as self-fertile. Upon what factors this self-fertility depends is not known but it seems to be largely a matter of applying the pollen at exactly the right time. Climatic conditions following the application of pollen may also exert some influence on the resultant set. This conclusion as to the self-fertilitj of the French prune, which is empha- sized by the Santa Clara experiments, is of utmost importance In the prune growers of California. It shows win vast acreages of this variety have been able In produce crops year after year without the necessity of growing fillers as pollenizers. The next problem is to Qnd what environmental conditions Page i 6 BETTER FRUIT January, 192 1 favor the highest percentage of set when the blossoms are pollinated with their own pollen, as must necessarily be the case in most of our prune-growing sections. "The Sugar prune which is supposed- ly a seedling of the French showed an average set of 8.1 per cent from self- pollinated flowers. This evidence was corroborated by data obtained in the Santa Clara Valley (four-year average, 8.4 per cent) and shows there is no need of interplanting other varieties with the Sugar for purposes of cross-pollina- tion. The Robe de Sergeant has em- phatically and consistently proved to be self-sterile and in urgent need of cross- pollination to secure crops. These data support the widespread contention among growers that unless it is proper- ly interplanted with other varieties, the Robe de Sergeant is a shy bearer. "In spite of their reputed relationship no trouble was experienced during the four years in obtaining satisfactory sets when French was crossed with Sugar or vice versa. The French prune was found to be readily cross-pollinated by either the Sugar or Robe de Sergeant. Although the average result of these hand-made crosses was not as high as the set under open orchard conditions, they were higher than the average set resulting from the self-pollinations. Thus it was shown that, even though self-fertile, the French prune might still be benefited by pollen other than its own. The French prune has the addi- tional good quality of being a heavy pol- len producer and an excellent pollenizer for the other varieties of prunes. The French as a pollenizer for the Robe de Sergeant gave an average of 10.5 per cent set for the five-year period. The one year's results as a pollenizer for the Sugar cannot be considered infal- lible as results in the Santa Clara Val- ley have proved the French an efficient pollenizer for the Sugar. "No eminently noticeable results were obtained at Davis when Sugar was used as the female parent. As a pollenizer for both the French and Robe de Ser- geant, the Sugar has no equal. It pro- duces an abundance of pollen, blossoms at practically the same time, and has proved effective in four years' trials. The high percentage (10.6 per cent) when used on French, and the still higher percentage (13.2 per cent) when \ chaining Outside, but Inside— — the warm steady glow of a good oil heater filled with Pearl Oil. Whatever the day or the time, Pearl Oil is ready to give you cheerful warmth at the touch of a match. No smoke, no odor. Economical and ever-obtainable. Sold in bulk by deal- ers everywhere Order by name — Pearl Oil. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) used on Robe de Sergeant, amply attest its value. "While Robe de Sergeant was proved to be self-sterile, it was also shown to be readily capable of fertilization by any other European plum blossoming at the same time. French and Sugar as pollenizers for four years gave the best average results, but Tragedy, Pond, and Imperial Gage, tried for a lesser number of seasons also show possibili- ties as pollenizers for this variety. It is perhaps important to note that the prunes commonly grown with the Robe de Sergeant are so efficient as pollen- izers that the other varieties mentioned (Tragedy, Pond, and Imperial Gage), are rarely found planted with it. As a pollenizer it has proved effective on the French, but because of an improperly timed operation in the one year it was tried, it was not so successful on the Sugar. In view of the foregoing it would certainly seem advisable to in- terplant Robe de Sergeant prunes with either the French or Sugar varieties. "The most interesting fact noticed in studying the set of the fruit under open orchard conditions in two Santa Clara Valley orchards was the small percent- age of blossoms which matured fruit. Yet it is with these low percentages of set that the commercial crop of prunes of California is produced. In the Pettit orchard at Cupertino this set has been remarkably uniform and has yielded each year what the owner considers to be a fair crop. In the Sorosis orchard at Saratoga the set was fairly uniform for 1915 and 1916, but in 1917 the owner placed some 115 colonies of bees in the orchard during the blossoming season. Recause of the bees the percentage of set increased greatly in 1917 and raised the average for the three-year period up to 8.3 per cent. Moreover, the yield emphasises the effective work of the bees. In 1916 with the normal set aver- aging 3.2 per cent the yield on 180 acres was 344 tons of dried prunes. On the same acreage in 1917 with an average set of approximately 12.9 per cent the yield was 432, or an increase of nearly 100 tons of dried fruit." J Bastian ft /? Pruning >■£ Implements 1 Catalogue mailed on request. Northwest Fence & Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON ION BETTER January, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 niAHig POWER Now is the time to make up your mind on spraying equipment. Study WARLO construction before you buy — it will be worth your time. Three EXCLUSIVE Warlo features alone are worth your special attention. Complete dust-proof protection for all working parts of the pump — exclusive — and absolutely necessary in cultivated orchards. Constant, even pressure at the spraying nozzle regardless of distortion in the frame — exclusive — and necessary for even spraying. Force-feed lubrication of working parts of pump — exclusive — and your only protection against damage through neglect is oiling. NO POISON THROUGH THE PUMP You can use a Warlo Sprayer safely, for pump- ing water — no poison goes through the pump at any time it is in service. EVEN AGITATION OF SOLUTION From the first drop to the last — the sprayer so- lution in the Warlo is even in strength — our catalog will show you why. A TWIST OF THE WRIST gives any position of the pump driving gears — NEUTRAL, when you are not using the pump; FILLER PUMP DRIVE when you are filling the SPRAYERS tank or pumping water — SPRAYER PUMP DRIVE when you are using the sprayer — and the flexible drive keeps the gears easily in mesh at all times — twisting of the frame does not throw the gears out of line or out of mesh. The WARLO Power Plant, a self-contained 3 H. P. Fairbanks-Morse Model "Z" water-cooled engine. All details of Warlo construction are of the highest quality for long life and perfect serv- ice— Send for complete description. The "Warlo-Way" makes "Retter Fruit" a cer- tainty, and better fruit pays. Your copy of the new "Warlo" Sprayer Catalog shows you why the Warlo Way will pay— YOU! Write us for it today. Address the Wells& Wade Company Wenatchee. Washington Distributors (or the 'Ward-Love 'Pump ••CORPORATION •• ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS The "Warlo-Invincible" in action, insuring "Retter Fruit" Page 18 BETTER FRUIT January. 1921 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON OFFICERS AND STAFF D. L. Carpenter President A. \Y. Stypes Vice-President E. E. Faville Secretary -Treasurer W. H. Walton Editor C. I. Moody Advertising Manager E. C. Williams. . .San Francisco Representative Hobart Building Water Transportation. The recent shipment of apples from Portland, Oregon, to New York at the hands of the United American Lines, a strongly organized steamship company recently formed for intercoastal service, is likely to be the opening wedge of a waterway movement of a large tonnage of fruit from the Pacific Northwest to Atlantic Coast points and Europe. The importance of this move and the putting on of fast steamers that will sail from San Francisco and other Pa- cific Coast ports equipped with refrig- eration that will make a specialty of carrying fruits from this region to the Orient are fraught with great possibil- ities to the fruitgrowers of the Pacific Northwest. In writing of the great importance of developing water transportation for Pa- cific Coast fruits, Charles A. Malboeuf, who has had a wide experience in handling apples both in this country and abroad, says: "Years like 1912, 1914 and 1920, simi- lar as they are in many respects, point to certain definite conclusions. Fore- most is the recognized vital need for a vastly greater market than now offered within our shores and those of the few export countries we are shipping to today, or have shipped to in the past. Call that specific need water transpor- tation, and you express precisely what I have in mind, because in water trans- portation is embraced a host of poten- tial benefits. "In seasons of this kind, where the national apple crops are fairly or ab- normally large, and subnormal eco- nomic conditions of varying acuteness prevail, the marketing of our apples be- comes a serious problem. The crops, in whatever volume they may be, seem in excess of the market requirements, or at least beyond our ability to dis- tribute at profitable prices. The gen- eral conclusion, under those circum- stances, is that we must have more markets, specifically a greater export market. That expresses the situation broadly, but few persons realize the extent to which that export market must exist, especially the tremendous character of water transportation es- sential to properly meet actual needs." Recent investigations are to the effect that large quantities of deciduous fruits can be disposed of in the markets of the Orient as well as Europe. All that is larking for the Oriental trade apparent- ly is transportation and this according to recent announcements will be pro- vided. The outlook therefore for addi- tional markets through water transpor- tation to markets both far and near seems bright enough to warrant the Pa- cific Coast fruitgrower in regarding it as one of his greatest possible assets. Poultry in the Orchard. Every fruitgrower should find it prof- itable to keep poultry, the number de- pending largely on the size of his ranch. Where the acreage is large and a di- versity of crops are grown it is possible to maintain a larger flock than on a smaller place. It is found that where chickens are kept in connection with an orchard and are allowed to range that it is not necessary to buy much feed for them except during the few winter months. In fact the orchard provides a variety of foods such as insects, seeds, green matter and grit highly relished by chickens. The practice by most or- chardists of planting a cover crop in the late summer or early fall and turn- ing it under in the spring affords fine pasturage for poultry during the time IMPORTANT NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Effective January 1st, 1921, the subscription price of "Better Fruit" will be SI. 00 a year, and subscrib- ers who have renewed recently at the old rate of $2.00 a year will be extended in accordance with postal regulations. they are not confined. The eggs and fowls that can be taken to market from time to time add considerably to the family income in the way of living or in purchasing little things needed for the home. In raising fowls it will pay the fruit- grower best to choose one breed, prefer- ably of an all purpose strain, that is the kind of strain that are both good layers and good table fowls, as his marketing opportunities are doubled. Also if he is raising a pure-bred flock of chickens he will find it much more profitable in disposing of the chicks should he raise a surplus or go into the breeding business. With a well built poultry house and not too large a flock the orchardist who gives his poultry the right attention will find the venture profitable. For these reasons Better Fruit is opening a poultry department that it hopes will prove both valuable and in- teresting to its manv readers. A Tariff for Fruits. From recent disclosures made by W. H. Paulhamus, head of the Puyallup & Sumner Fruitgrowers' Canning Com- pany, in regard to foreign competition with some of our small fruits, notably cherries, and also through investiga- tions along this line from other sources it is apparent that a tariff would prove beneficial in protecting American fruits and nuts from the competition of those grown under cheap labor con- ditions and exported to this country and sold at a lower figure than the home- grown product. The matter of a tariff to protect home- grown fruits has already been taken up tentatively by a number of fruitgrow- ers' organizations on the Pacific Coast and Congress will no doubt soon be asked to frame a law for this purpose. As the development of several branches of the fruit industry and its future prosperity will largely hinge on con- trolling or at least fixing the price for these foreign fruit products that will place them on a level with the home- grown article it is of great importance that such a measure receive the support of fruitgrowers and Congress as well. Caring for a Patriarch. The action taken by the 'Washington State Horticultural Association at its re- cent meeting in Spokane to provide care and protection for historical apple trees is of interest to every fruitgrower in the Northwest and is to be commended. The particular tree which the members of the Washington society had in mind when it adopted the resolution pro- viding for this action is one that was planted at Vancouver, Wash., in 1826, according to historical tradition. The report of the committee which was as- signed to care for the tree is that it is apparently healthy and in good condi- tion although lacking but five years of being 100 years old. Arrangements have been made to have this patriarch of appledom lack for nothing during its declining years, a fitting tribute to its historical interest as the oldest living representative of an industry that has now become one of the most prominent and successful in the state of Washington and other sec- tions of the Northwest. to What the Papers Interested in Fruit Are Saying THE PLOWMAN. The plowman used to plod his way. The old style plowman is today Not such a factor. For we have been progressing some; The modern plowman rattles home Upon a tractor. — Tractor Farming. It cost the state hospital at Oshkosh $128.40 spray their SOO-tree orchard under the direction of F. R. Gifford of the horticultural department at the Wisconsin College of Agri- culture. When they figured their returns at the close of the apple harvest they found a return of 4,066 per cent on their spraying invest- ment. Here is their story: Four sprays were applied at the right time. It took 800 gallons of spray mixture and the work of 3 men, and a team for 12 hours to apply each spray. It cost slightly more than 16 cents to spray a tree four times, their cost figures show. When they picked their apples they found that on an average sprayed tree they had eight bushels of apples worth $1.25 a bushel, or $10. But nne-half bushel were unmarketable. On an unsprayed tree they got one-half bushel of mar- ketable apples, ami I1.- bushels of unmarket- able fruit. They figured tin-, apples :is worth $2.50. A spraying cost ■>!' slightly over 16 cents a tree made a differ n the value of apples. — Wisconsin University Bulle- tin. With apple prices gradually slumping, even best grades, winter varieties, a good deal of interest centers around the investigations just completed undf he direction of the New York State Federation >f County Farm Bureau Asso- ciations on cost o.' producing a barrel of apples under average conditions in Western New York January, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 19 orchards. It is patent that the day has gone by when S2.50 a barrel yields a handsome rev- enue to the grower, just as the day of 25c apple barrels has past. The local county farm bu- reaus assisted in collecting the data from among the best growers of the territory. Inci- dental to the work of collecting the data, a poll was -taken of 260 growers in the district on what price should be received for Baldwins, "A" grade, to show the grower a fair profit on work and investment. Ninety-seven per cent of the estimates are ?5 a barrel or over with the average §6.62. — The Packer. The drift of population from the farms to the cities has recently been progressing more rapidly in Ohio than it has in this state, ac- cording to a survey just completed by \Y. F. Collander of the U. S. Bureau of Crop Esti- mates and the Ohio Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. This survey, which is based on records of from 100 to 300 farms in each county, shows that in June this year there were 70,000 men and boys over 15 years of age who were working for wages on the farms of Ohio. The previous year 100,000 men and boys were so employed. This is a decrease of 30.000 men, or 30 per cent, a most surprising change for one year. New York State farmers were much disturbed by the shortage of farm labor last spring, but the decrease here was only about 15 per cent. The Ohio figures also show that, exclusive of hired men, there were 340,000 men and boys on the farms in June, and 370,000 at the same time last year. This is a decrease of 30,000, or 8 per cent. During the same period the number of vacant habitable houses on farms increased from 18,000 to 29,000, an increase of 61 per cent. These figures are worth careful study, for they show how quickly men flock to the cities when industrial wages are high. — Sew York State Fruitgrower. Pointers on Ordering a Tractor (From Tractor Farming) IN VIEW of present business condi- tions it is only natural that many farmers who contemplate buying a tractor for 1921 should put off ordering until they have an opportunity to see whether prices will be lower next spring. At first glance this would seem to be the most sensible course to fol- low. Taken altogether, however, it is best to order a tractor now, especially if a guarantee is obtained that if the price is reduced next spring, the amount of reduction will be refunded. There are several reasons why it will be better to have the tractor delivered this winter than to wait until time for the spring work to begin. Most any tractor owner will say that he failed to get the best possible results from his tractor during the first few weeks' use, because whoever operated it was not thoroughly familiar with the proper care and operation of the outfit. It is, therefore, desirable that the tract- or operator should have an opportunity to familiarize himself with the opera- tion of the machine before the spring rush begins. By having the tractor de- livered now or some time during the winter, it can be used for many odd jobs of belt and drawbar work about the farm or for neighbors. Many of these jobs will be easier on the tractor than will the heavy work of plowing and hence they make an ideal way to "break in" the tractor. Most men know better than to take a brand new automobile and drive it full speed for long distances or pull it through long stretches of sand or heavy mud until after it has been "limbered up." Long experience has shown that it pays to drive an automobile slowly and carefully for the first few hundred miles while all bearing parts are wear- ing in and acquiring their polish. This practice is even more desirable for the tractor. Plowing is about the hardest work most tractors are called upon to do, and the new machine should not be put at this work until after it has been run for a number of hours at lighter jobs. Cylinder walls, piston rings and other bearing surfaces, no matter how care- fully machined or how fine the "cut" made in machining, nr? at first slightly rough. If these sur ,ces are well lu- bricated and the engine is run for some time under a light load, they will take a high polish with very little wear, and after this polishing or smoothing up is accomplished, the wear will be very slight provided the lubrication is prop- erly looked after. The advantages of early delivery, however, are not all confined to the tractor itself. It is highly desirable, as already pointed out, that the operator should be familiar with the care and operation of the machine before the rush season begins. Just as many auto- mobile drivers suffer delays and incon- venience because something does not work just right about their car and they are not familiar enough with it to locate and remedy the trouble, so some tractor owners are delayed on account of minor misadjustments which would be located and remedied in a moment's time by an experienced operator. Even if a man is familiar with automobiles and other gas engines, it will nearly always require some time for him to master fully the proper care and opera- tion of a particular tractor so as to be able to obtain the best possible results. Taken all together, the man who or- ders a tractor now has a great deal to gain and nothing to lose, provided he is guaranteed against a reduction in the price of a machine before spring. As everyone knows, transportation is not as swift and certain as could be desired, and delays in delivery are al- ways a possibility when the order is not placed until the working season is about to begin and hundreds of farm- ers are buying tractors. It will he easier to get delivery if an order is placed at once, and if any parts are missing or anything is wrong about the machine which has been overlooked in the inspection and test at the factory, there will be plenty of time to have these things looked after before the tractor is urgently needed. Ordering a tractor is one of the many things which should not be put off when it can be best done today. Strawberry Plants Standard Sorts and Everbearing Peach Trees June Budded Apple Trees One Year Send us your wants for prices Chattanooga Nurseries CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE Automotive Schools If you were going to school you would prefer one with the following advantages: 1. VERY BEST EQUIPMENT POSSIBLE— Engines— Start- ing and Lighting Systems — Ignition Systems — Chassis — and so on — evervthing for laboratorv anil demonstration. 2. PLENTY OF INSTRUCTION — Individual — by experts who want to help vou. 3. GREAT INTERNATIONAL NAME AND RECORD— recog- nized by National Automobile Chamber of Commerce and other similar bodies. 4. CLUB PRIVILEGES — Gymnasium, Swimming. Shower Baths, Socials. Lectures, — without extra expense. 5. TRANSFER l'KIYILEGES TO 75 OTHER LARGE CITIES in America, without further expense. A club home in each city in cast' you travel. 6. EMPLOYMENT SERVICE — having contact with hun- dreds of business houses in Northwest 7. IN THE HEART OF A GREAT CITY throbbing with life and offering manv opportunities aside from School. 8. School run cxclusivelv FOR BENEFIT OF STUDENT and NOT FOR FINANCIAL PROFIT. Tin- onlj school in Oregon that can offer you :ill of the above remarkable advantages is the one named below. For beautiful, new. fully illustrated catalog, address THE AUTOMOTIVE SCHOOL, DIV. B F OREGON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Portland, Oregon Page 20 BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 ITING ADVERTISERS MENU January, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 x Amazing Yields om "Fruit-Fogged" Trees after six years of remarkable ice in every fruit growing ruit-Fog is acknowledged the ough form of spray. )g, the Hayes Super-Spray, lly atomized the solution to a g-like fineness. lops everything like a mist. rery twig, branch and leaf, way into microscopic niches, d crevices in bark, buds and £ills not alone the outside also the millions of hidden no ordinary coarse spray can 2 coupon for our FREE Book 11 the facts about the Hayes Fruit-Fog Spraying. Learn roduced by Hayes 300 pounds high pressure and the scientific Hayes nozzle. How Hayes Power Sprayers are scientifically made to give endur- ance and greatest efficiency under high pressure. And why the famous Fair- banks-Morse "Z" Engine insures relia- ble engine service. Learn also how Hayes Hand Sprayers kill the bugs, lice and mites — make your potatoes grow, your hogs put on money- making weight and increase egg pro- duction from your poultry. Send the Coupon Today Tell us what you want your sprayer to do and we will tell you the style best suited to your needs and its price. We will also send the New Book of Hayes Sprayers and Valuable Spraying Guide FREE. YES PUMP & PLANTER CO., Dept. K, Galva, Illinois FOR ALL PURPOSES 50 Styles of Hayes Sprayers Hayes Duplex Hand Sprayer Fairbanks-Morse & Co. distribute Hayes Power Sprayers, Engines and Repairs. Users of Hayes Power Sprayers are there- fore within only 24 hours of a serv- ice station at all times. In ease of n.'i-ni.'iit at a critical time, this quick -..■rvi.'i' iikiv s:iv» your fruit crop. Hayes Hand Sprayers are distrib- uted by Hardware and Impl Jobbers. Hayes Pump & Planter Co., Dept. K, Galva, III. Please send FREE and without obligation you No. of Trees Average age . Other uses Name ■ P.O i'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT Oregon Horticulturists in Annual Meeting FROM all parts of Oregon fruitgrow- ers met during the early part of last month to attend the 33d annual con- vention of the. Oregon State Horticul- tural Society. A number of valuable papers were read before the conven- tion, while features outside of the reg- ular business transacted were a visit to the plant of the Eugene Fruitgrow- ers' Association and a banquet on the concluding day of the session. The meeting was presided over by J. O. Holt, president of the State Horti- cultural Society. In referring to the outlook for the fruit industry in the state at the present time President Holt said that fruit growing as a whole has been profitable during the last two or three years and that this season prices opened up at a very high level. Like those of other commodities, however, prices have been obliged to come down and this downward movement has gained such headway that there seems to be nothing to do but hold unsold fruit until such time as there is a more satisfactory market. A resolution of importance that was adopted was to the effect that the legis- lative committee be instructed to for- mulate grading and packing rules cover- ing all fruil products after a conference with representative commercial grow- ers of the state. It is planned to have the proposed law conform as closely as possible to the measure now in force in the state of Washington. Some of those who addressed the con- vention were John McGee of Orenco who spoke on two new varieties of prunes that are attracting considerable attention, Joseph Nibbler of Woodburn, W. G. Allen of Medford, J. B. Pilking- ton of Portland, A. A. Quarnberg of Vancouver, Wash., C. I. Lewis and R. C. Paulus of Salem, of the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association, C. A. Parks and Henry E. Dosch of the Oregon State Board of Horticulture. Interest- ing features of the program also was the recital of the history of the society given by Homer C. Atwell, former pres- ident of the society, and addresses given by H. P. Barss, plant pathologist, and W. S. Brown, chief in horticulture at the Oregon Agricultural College. OLDEST APPLE TREE IN WASHINGTON. Steps will be taken by the Washington Horticulture Association to preserve the original apple trees in Washington. The oldest tree is believed to be a seedling at Vancouver, Wash., planted in 1824. A question as to second honors in respect to age has arisen between the "Frazier tree" at Walla Walla and one at the mouth of the Alpowa River near Clarkston planted by missionaries SO years ago and still bearing fruit. January, 1921 Forest Grove was chosen as the next place of meeting and the following were elected as the officers of the so- ciety for the coming year: Earl Pearcy of Forest Grove, president; A. C. Brown- ell of Portland, vice-president; C. A. Minton of Portland, secretary and treasurer, and Henry E. Dosch of Hills- dale, trustee. The legislative committee consists of R. C. Paulus, Salem; C. A. Parks, Salem; Albert H. Marsh, Rose- burg; Ira Hutchins, Corvallis; L. T. Reynolds, Salem. Market for American Fruit in China China has within her boundaries one- quarter of the total population of the world and the mass of her people are fruit lovers. A certain amount of Amer- ican fruit, both fresh and dried, has already found its way into the Chinese fruit stores, but the opportunities for expansion are immense. Hitherto the high-priced imported fruits have been consumed by the wealthy class, but the Bureau of Markets, United States De- partment of Agriculture, points to the significant fact that the wage-earning ability of the Chinese is gradually in- creasing. Market specialists conclude that it will not be long before the mass of the Chinese people will be ready to buy foreign fruits. Japan is the sharpest competitor in the Chinese fruit market but should offer small resistance to a well-planned campaign by American fruitgrowers. The Japanese apples are far inferior to the American product and do not command the same prices. The Bureau of Markets recommends that the fruit dealer who seeks business in China use the trade channels already established. The Chinese are extremely conserva- tive and do not welcome new systems to replace the ones they have in use. One present drawback to foreign busi- ness with perishable products is due to the fact that the cold storage facilities at the principal Chinese ports are in- adequate. The Chinese have under- stood the principles of cold storage and have practiced its method for centuries, but it has been only in recent years that her foreign business has been of a na- ture to demand large warehouses equipped to hold merchandise from other countries. It will be profitable for the American end of the industry to encourage the building of such ware- houses where fruit can be held subject to the demand of the merchants. The rate of duty on fruits is not suf- ficiently high to interfere with the de- velopment of the trade. For fresh and dried fruits the rate is 5 per cent ad valorem plus 5 per cent of the duty as a port charge. A box of apples valued at ?2.00 would pay a custom charge of ten and one-half cents. Additional facts of value concerning the opportunities presented to the Amer- ican fruitgrower by this great undevel- oped market can be found in Circular 146, United States Department of Agri- culture. The circular gives an intimate :mil extensive report on the condition, customs, and possibilities of China as a market for American fruit products. January, ipzi BETTER FRUIT Page 23 E^=^ E3EE "^ THE HARDIETRIPLEX 1 * If you are determined this season to obtain one hundred cents of power sprayer value for every dollar invested, you should choose A HARDIE It gives you at a moderate price: The simplicity of construction, which enables anyone to run it and do effective spraying; The large pump capacity, Avhich permits rapid work while its constant high pres- sure insures thoroughness and a killing application of the spray ; An extra engine power, doing your ordinary work with ease, and providing a re- serve of power for emergencies ; Sturdy construction and reliability of action permitting a day after day perform- ance that cuts spraying costs ; In a word, The Hardie is built to meet your idea of what a power sprayer should be, in its construction, effective spraying and reliability. Let our catalog inform you more fully, by sending for it today. The Hardie Manufacturing Company 55 N. Front Street, Portland, Oregon i!E ISERS MENTIO Page 24 BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 Special for 30 Days Only MAKE YOUR MONEY BUY MORE Bargain Club Offers Bargain Club Offers Save Money by Securing Your Reading Matter Now Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly . . .1 year People's Home Journal 1 year Woman's World, Monthly 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Good Stories, Monthly 1 year Today's Housewife, Monthly.... 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Collier's Weekly, Weekly 1 year People's Home Journal 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Pictorial Beview, Monthly 1 year Modern Priscilla, Monthly 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Woman's Home Companion 1 year American Magazine, Monthly. . . .1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Youth's Companion, Weekly ... .1 year People's Home Journal 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Boys' Magazine, Monthly 1 year Today's Housewife, Monthly.... 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Christian Herald, Weekly 1 year McCall's Magazine, Monthly 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly ... 1 year Modern Priscilla, Monthly 1 year Today's Housewife, Monthly ... .1 year Offer "A" $2.20 Value $3.75 Offer "B" $1.15 Value $2.25 Offer "C" $2.35 Value $3.75 Offer "D" $3.65 Value $5.50 Offer "E" $4.10 Value $6.50 Offer "F" $4.00 Value $5.75 Offer "G" $1.60 Value $3.00 Offer "H" $2.05 Value $3.50 Offer "I" $2.85 Value $5.00 SPECIAL— ALL 6 FOR 1 YEAR, ONLY $1.95 Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-Monthly 1 year Good Stories, Monthly 1 year Household Guest, Monthly . . '. 1 year Mother's Magazine and Home Life 1 year Woman's World, Monthly 1 year FARM NEWS, STORIES, FANCY WORK, FASHIONS, HOUSEHOLD HELPS. 84 COPIES OF THESE PUBLICATIONS The entire six publications will come to vou regularly for a full year for only $2.00. SEND ALL ORDERS TO FARM MAGAZINE COMPANY 800 OREGONIAN BUILDING PORTLAND, OREGON BETTER FRUIT and WESTERN FARMER, 1 year, WITH People's Home Journal. .. .Value $2.85 FOB $2.00 WITH American Magazine Value 4.10 FOR 3.10 WITH Boys' Magazine Value 2.60 FOB 2.10 WITH Collier's Weekly Value 3.60 FOR 2.85 WITH Christian Herald Value 3.60 FOB 2.35 WITH Woman's H. Companion. . .Value 3.60 FOR 2.60 WITH Delineator Value 4.10 FOR 3.10 WITH Everybody's Magazine Value 4.35 FOB 3.35 WITH Etude Value 3.60 FOB 2.50 WITH Hunter-Trader-Trapper ...Value 3.60 FOR 2.60 WITH Illustrated World Value 4.60 FOR 3.20 WITH Little Folks Value 3.60 FOR 2.50 WITH Literary Digest Value 5.60 FOB 4.95 WITH Modern Priscilla Value 3.60 FOB 2.35 WITH Mentor Value 5.60 FOB 4.35 WITH Motion Picture Magazine ..Value 4.10 FOR 2.85 WITH N.Y. Thrice-a-Week World. Value 2.60 FOB 1.85 WITH Pictorial Beview Value 4.10. FOB 2.85 WITH Popular Science Monthly ..Value 4.60 FOR 3.60 WITH Review of Beviews Value 5.60 FOB 4.60 WITH Sunset Magazine Value 4.10 FOB 3.10 WITH Today's Housewife Value 2.60 FOB 1.60 WITH Illustrated Beview Value 2.60 FOB 1.75 WITH Youth's Companion ($2.50). Value 4.10 FOB 3.25 -Use this Order Form Today FABM MAGAZINE COMPANY, 800 Oregonian Building, Portland, Oregon. Enclosed please find $ for which send me Name Town B.F.D State January, ipJl BETTER FRUIT Pruning for Efficiency By Hon. W. P. Sawyer at the Northwest Fruitgrowers' Conference, Spokane, Washington I HAVE been asked to say something about pruning for efficiency, which I suppose means to induce the trees to bear fruit and of a quality that will command a market and good prices. I hear a good deal of talk about "thinning out versus cutting back," which I confess has always puzzled me. The question that always arises with me is: Whv the "versus"? Why not do both? My experience has been mostly with Bartlett pears and what little I shall say will be based altogether upon my experience and not at all upon theory. I make no claim to being an expert and I know very little of a professional's ideas of pruning. A tree that will not set and develop a proper crop of fruit is not a good tree, neither is it a good tree if it has not sufficient strength to carry its load to maturity without props. Two things are essential to the development of either good fruit or good trees: Sun- light and air. Neither fruit nor fruit spurs and buds can be developed in the shade; so in instructing my pruners I impress upon them, first of all, the necessity of thinning out sufficiently to let the sunlight and air reach the trunks and whole length of the main limbs of the trees; this will cause the growth of fruit spurs all along the trunks and main limbs, where the trees have the greatest strength with which to support the fruit crop until it is fully developed, and these parts of the trees are stiff and rigid and protect the fruit from being slammed about and marred by heavy winds. With the light and air reaching all these parts the same ruddy attrac- tive fruit is produced there as that which grows on the outside of the trees. The next thing to explain to the pruner is the necessity for a strong frame that can carry the burden of a proper crop without props or strings on fully developed trees. This can be ac- complished only by continually cutting back the new growth so that the limbs will grow thick and strong in propor- tion to their length. To secure the style of trees that I have described we begin by cutting the tree back to fifteen inches from the ground when planted. The next year we cut the new growths back to 12 to 16 inches in length and thin out to from three to six branches that will make a balanced head; cutting at all times to terminal buds that point out or against the wind. In most sections of this country the winds prevail very largely from one direction and the trees must be braced against these winds or they will soon be seen to be leaning with them — this is wholly unnecessary if proper care is used in shaping head and in pruning. I do not like a hollow- center so I always try to have one of the main branches go straight up and then by careful selection of buds and cutting to them or to little branches that point either out or against the wind, we help the tree to spread out and stand up-right. If there are but three branches to start with the second year they should each be allowed to make at least two main branches, and after that I believe we would do best to allow no more long branches to grow, but keep these six main limbs clear of every- thing but short fruit spur branches. You can readily see how easy it would be to keep fruit grown on such branches all in the sun. Until the trees are prac- tically developed we prune each year as I have described. No brush is allowed to grow on the main limbs and no clusters of sprouts are allowed on the ends of these limbs but every limb is pruned to one shoot at the point and in the developed trees we never allow any fruit buds to remain nearer than one foot from the end of a main limb; this is the weakest spot on the tree and the place where the wind can do most harm to the fruit. We do not allow the trees to grow taller than can be reached from a 12-foot ladder and all growth above that we cut back each year to one or two buds on one shoot and cut all "What A Fool I've Been" So said a young man who enrolled in the Business School after he had wasted several years of his life "deciding what to do" instead of going to school. A Business training is fundamental in some vocations and valuable in all. You can't make a mistake. The Business School of the Oregon Institute of Technology offers you special opportunities and advantages that are not equaled by any other. 1. School for Men Only. 8. Complete environment conducive 2. Individual Instruction. to best results. 3. Personal Attention. 9. Every cent paid by student goes 4. Classes in small groups. into Instruction Process. No 5. In the heart of a larger city. profits. No dividends. 6. Opportunity to study business 10. The average age of the student conditions first hand. body is over 20 years. 7. Every teacher an expert. BOURSES- BOOKKEEPING— SHORTHAND— PRIVATE SECRETARIAL. For catalog and complete information address Business School, Division B F OREGON INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Portland, Oregon Page 25 other shoots clear back to old wood. On the main spreading limbs we cut off clean, substantially, all new growth ex- cepting fruit spurs and one shoot at end of limb and this we cut back to six or eight inches in length. In this way we prevent shading brush from ever getting established in our trees and avoid the necessity of cutting out old DON'T EXPERIMENT It costs money. For $20.00 you can get my blueprints. The Dencer Dryer will shorten time of drying and save you money on furnace. With the DENCER plan it is never necessary to shut off cold air vents to maintain desired temperature. It turns out a superior product. It costs less to dry per ton, and less to build, than any other dryer of same capacity. I use only one stove for six tunnels. Each tunnel holds 136 half bushel trays. My dryers have been a pronounced success for four years. EDWARD DENCER R. 3, Box 158, Phone 88F2 SALEM, OREGON NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1921 CATALOG FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK "Genuineness and^Quality" FREE , . this . Valuable Catalog rlQ2l W^ DIAMOND f QUALITY A Safe Guide to Quality and Fair Price Our Seed Catalog and Planter's Guide is the standard refer- ence for growers of the North- west—listing our complete line and giving definite information as to season, soil and culture. Put your land to work for profit Order Diamond Quality stock and be sure of petting the finest strains and the right varieties for your purpose. Ask for Catalog No. 200 Page 26 wood, which I do not like to do, but never hesitate to do when I find I have too many limbs and my tree is not sufficiently open. When cutting wood more than one year old I will cut a branch considerably shorter or longer than I would like to in order to be able to cut off where it branches, be- cause when old wood is cut otherwise a great number of fine shoots are thrown out all of something the same length, making the end of the branch cut look more like a brush than the proper end of a branch. This is not very long and it does not sound very scientific, but so far as I BETTER FRUIT can think I have told you all I know about pruning. When we once under- stand why we prune, and what makes attractive fruit, then it is not so diffi- cult to properly prune any kind of a tree, if we will just use our own good common sense and reasoning powers. I have not told you why it takes the sun to put color and quality into fruit, nor is it necessary to do so since every fruitgrower knows from his own ex- perience that it is a fact. Then the only thing of interest is to find out the best way to get your fruit into the sun, and to build a tree that can support it till the proper time comes to pick it. January, IQ2I Spreader Reduces Cost. Lead arsenate spray of half the usual strength, combined with a spreader, proved much more effective than the usual strength — 4 pounds to 200 gallons water — without spreader, in tests for codling moth at the Oregon Agricultural College experiment station. The spreader used was calcium caseinate, 12 ounces to 200 gallons of spray. The gain was due to the even, uniform coating of poison with the spreader, as against a blotchy spread without. Dormant Sprag 100% Control of Leaf Roller and San Jose Scale is possible with Scalecide "The Complete 'Dormant Spray" J|/f"ANY GROWERS in the Northwest, who JYm. have experimented this past year with unsatisfactory sprays, have lost enough to pay the entire cost of spraying with Scalecide for many years. Scalecide has seventeen years of known re- sults behind it. Experiment Stations in both the West and the East report 1007o control of leaf roller and scale with Scalecide. Names of Rul- letins will be furnished upon request. Only five per cent extra clean fruit will more than pay for Scalecide and the cost of applying it. Spray with Scalecide this year — don't take chances. Experiment with other sprays, if you want to, then you will know what to use in the future. We welcome comparison. Six gallons of Scalecide to 100 gallons of water is all that is required. One hour after Scalecide is dry on the tree, it has done its work. Rain will not affect its efficiency after that. Scalecide mixes instantly in hard, soft or alkali water, whether warm or cold, and stays mixed. You can use Scalecide up to the time when the blossoms show pink. This controls Aphis, too; also bud moth and case bearer. For blister mite spray before the buds show green. Scalecide is not expensive. One barrel of Scalecide will spray as many trees as 3% barrels of 33° lime-sulfur or 4Vs barrels of 28° lime- sulfur and do it more thoroughly and with a big saving in labor of applying. Freezing weather does not affect Scalecide, so order now and have it on hand when needed. We will deliver Scalecide to your railroad station at .$55.00 per 50-gallon barrel direct from our New Jersey factory. Associations or grow- ers who order in carloads of 68 barrels can save from $5.00 to $10.00 per barrel. We ship any amount promptly. Rut, remem- ber that the railroads require from 30 to 60 days for delivery to the Northwest. Therefore, order your requirements immediately. B. G. PRATT CO., 50 Church Street, NEW YORK CITY DISTRIBUTORS Spokane Seed Co., Spokane, Washington] Porter Walton Co., Salt Lake City, Utah H. J . Weber &• Son, Mursery P. O., St. Louis, Mo. Benton County Hardware Co., Bentonoille, Jirk. ^F THF CHMPfFT S*IA f THE COMPLETE DORMANT SPRAY "Makes a Tree Outgrow Its Troubles' WHF.N WRITING riSERS MENTION HETTER FRUIT January, 1931 BETTER FRUIT Page 2j Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There OREGON. According to a recent report from Rose- burg, Kenneth McKay, a well known orchard- ist of Yakima, Washington, and Hood River, Oregon, has leased from the Balfour Guthrie company of Portland approximately 300 acres of apple orchard land in the Suth- erlin valley. Included in the lease are sev- eral thousand dollars' worth of equipment used to care and cultivate these orchards. It is understood Mr. McKay will erect a large packing house early in the coming year to handle the fruit and that extensive develop- ment of the industry in that section will be undertaken. The Portland press recently announced the receipt at that port of several large cargoes of nitrates which will be used in Oregon or- chards. Growers who are contemplating the use of nitrates are advised by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station that they can learn much about the use of nitrates by apply- ing to the college for the station bulletin on that subject. Oregon apples were sent to President-elect and Mrs. Harding to brighten their Christmas. The apples were sent from Hood River and consisted of a box of selected apples of as- sorted varieties. The fruit was sent to Mr. Harding by W. H. McCIain who formerly re- sided in Marion, Ohio, the future president's home city. President Wilson received a box of fine Mosier apples forwarded to him by G. L. Davenport, a Mosier orchardist. W. H. Paulhamus, president of the Puyallup & Sumner Fruit Growers' Canning Company, in replying to a recent inquiry as to what the company would pay for fruit in 1921 says that the organization is now contracting for Monger black raspberries at 3140 per ton; gooseberries at SI 00 per ton; rhubarb at $20 per ton; red and black currants at $140 per ton, and Monmorency sour cherries at SI 00 per ton, f. o. b. at their Albany cannery. The company at the present time is not quoting a price on loganberries and sweet cherries. The completion or the harvest of the 1920 cranberry crop in Clatsop county is reported to show a total of something over G,000 bushels, an amount considerably below what was ex- pected earlier in the season. Wet weather during the picking season caused a large per- centage of the berries to become soft, entailing a considerable loss. A report from Salem is to the effect that split prunes, which heretofore have been al- most valueless except for local consumption, are being shipped from Marion County to eastern states, where they are commanding 8 cents a pound. States bidding for this va- riety are Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, North and South Dakota. Arrangements are also in prog- ress whereby large shipments of prunes may be sent to Hamburg, Germany, the cost of transportation being 56 cents for each 25 pounds. A merger was recently completed between the Jackson County Farm Bureau with head- quarters at Medford and the Ashland Fruit & Produce Association whereby the two organiza- tions will work to promote the agricultural and horticultural interests of that district. The cooperative movement between the two organ- izations was brought to a satisfactory con- clusion at a meeting held recently by the directors of the respective concerns. Strawberry growers of Clackamas County have taken the necessary steps to organize a strawberry plant growers association. The strawberry plant industry in that section is said to amount to more than $90,000 annually and to be increasing. Due to the claim of California horticultural officials that strawberry plants being shipped from some sections of Western Oregon were affected with weevil, plants shipped from Ore- gon to California hereafter will first be in- spected in the former state by experts before shipment. This action was taken by the Ore- gon State Board of Horticulture after a meet- ing held recently with L. A. Strong represent- ing California quarantine officers. An immedi- ate inspection will also be made of straw- berry fields in several of the Western Oregon counties, under the direction of B. D. Fulton, an expert from the Oregon Agricultural Col- lege. According to a report issued about the 15th of the past month the 1920 Hood River apple crop was at that time practically in the hands of the shippers. The report says that the total output will run more than 100,000 boxes above pre-harvest estimates. The Hood River Apple Growers' Association which estimated its har- vest at 850,000 boxes expects its total receipts to be 950,000 boxes. The valley's total crop this year is estimated at 1,350,000 boxes. The association had shipped up to December 15, 50 per cent of its holdings. No pronounced car shortage has occurred at Hood River and it is expected that the remainder of the crop amounting to about 500,000 boxes will be shipped without any difficulty. According to an announcement of the Apple Growers Association, many members of the organization are expressing a keen interest in raspberries, loganberries and pears, says the Hood River Glacier. Growers express a de- THE HONORBILT LINE PUMPS for SPRAYING- PAINTING and DISINFECTING You may not gauge your success in the growing of fruits and vegetables by the spraying you do. Failures sometimes occur but they are less frequent wheie spray ing has been carried on. Consequently, spraying is of vital importance. It is crop insur- ®?c<7. Almost as necessary as good weather. It reduces the chances of failure and pays big dividends in larger and better yields. You can't afford to do without spraying, neither can you afford to waste your time and efforts by using poor materials and a cheap spray pump MYERS SPRAY PUMPS and ACCESSORIES have been and »re assistmg nurserymen, fruitmen, gardeners, florists, seedmen, farmers and others in their fight against fruit, tree and plant enemies. So complete is the MYERS line and so uniformly satis- factory is the MYERS spraying service that every spraying need is successfully met bv it - ATOMIZERS, KNAPSACK AND COMPRESSION SPRAYERS, BUCKET, BARREL AND POWER PUMPS AND COMPLETE OUTFITS, afford a wide range for choice, all styles, regardless of size or capacity, being fully proven and guaranteed for efficient spraying service. The Season for early Spring operations is just a few weeks ahead. Perhaps you have not given this a thought. Nevertheless, it is the time to become acquainted with the latest means and improved methods for spraying. Why not Write us today for a copy of our latest Catalog — mailed to anyone without obligation to purchase — and thus be fully informed about Myers Spray Pumps and what their special features offer as to ease of operation, increased capacity, economical and rapid application of mixtures? F.E.MYERS &BRO las orange st. ASH L AN D, OH IO. MANUFACTURERS OF PUMPS FOR EVERY PURPOSE HAV UNLOADING TOOLS DOOR HANGERS , ,f Pacific Northwest Distributors BUY FROM THE LOCAL Portland, Oregon -- Spokane, Washington MITCHELL DEALER BETTER FRUIT Page 28 BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 sire, it is stated, to diversify their orchard holdings, especially where, owing to the in- jured condition of trees from the freeze of last winter, it is necessary to remove certain blocks of trees and to reset to fruit or berries. The association is making a survey of acreage that will be available for new plantings this spring and is obtaining data on proposed new fruits. Forty thousand acres of prunes are now to be found between Portland and Ashland, as compared with 10,000 acres a few years ago, according to a survey made recently. The Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station notes that it cost a Hood River grower 76 cents a tree to spray his orchard seven times in the season, and he got 95 per cent fruit free from leaf roller, codling moth and apple scab injury. His neighbor under like conditions paid 55 cents a tree for seven sprayings. He saved 21 cents in spraying, but lost 104 cents per tree in damaged fruit. A delegation of Rogue River valley orchard- isls recently visited California for the pur- pose of investigating the long pruning system beta? studied by the California State Agricul- tural College. As a result of the trip it is staled that the new system may be adopted wilh some modifications in the Rogue River sec I ion. Raspberries and pears are being urged at Hood River as the fruit crops to plant where orchards were irreparably damaged by the freeze last winter. To inform growers on this question experts will investigate and discuss the matter with the growers. iiiii[]iiiiiiiiiiioiiiiiiiiiii[]iiiii emu [] iiiininiiiii iimm IIIE3IHI mnmiiii [iiiiiiiiniiini ciiiui uiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiui Land Like This Will GROW CROPS! "^"OU have some land like this on which you are ■*■ paying taxes and getting no returns. Make it pro- duce. Get the stumps out with or Repauno Stumping Powders the greatest time-savers, labor-savers and money- savers known for land -clearing, and have more acres ready for the plow and ready to bring in money. Clear More Land in 1921 Last year was one of the largest land-clearing years in this state. During 1921 an even greater acreage will be cleared and cultivated largely thru the use of explosives. Make your plans NOW — many of your neighbors figure on cleaning up more acres than last year and are already placing their orders for Du Pont or Repauno Stumping Powders for spring delivery. See your local dealer. Write for our free book "Developing Logged-off Lands" describing the use of explosives for land-clearing, tree-planting and ditching. E. I. du Pont de Nemours 8C Co., Inc. Seattle, Washington Portland, Oregon Spokane, Washington iiiiiauiiMiiiiinii iiiniiini []iiiiiiiiiiii[]iiiiiiiiiiiic]iiiiiiiuiiinii iiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiciiiiiiiiiiiiiciiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiinciiiiii mum nam WASHINGTON. W. C. Dumas of Selah announces a remark- able yield last season from two Oano apple trees. From one tree 61 boxes of fruit were picked and from the other 50 boxes. Motor trucks are moving a considerable quantity of apples from the White Salmon district to Portland this year. Growers who use the motor truck service say it is quicker than shipping by rail and less expensive as the fruit is delivered direct to the buyer and requires less handling. More than 50 per cent of the berry acreage of the Puyallup-Sumner valley has been en- rolled with the Pacific Berry Growers, a new agency being organized in that district accord- ing to one of its officials. To determine the ex- act berry and fruit acreage in the district a census will be taken. The president of the new organization is E. R. Thomas and the treasurer is George Spinning. Grays Harbor County orchardists should cut down all their apple trees, except a few for their own use and plant cherries and pears, according to an announcement of County Hor- ticulturist Payne. Mr. Payne takes this stand on the ground that Western Washington can- not compete with Eastern Washington in grow- ing apples commercially, because climate and soil are both against successful apple growing. In regard to framing a tariff law that will protect the fruit industry of the Northwest, a matter recently taken up by W. H. Paulhamus, of the Puyallup & Sumner Fruitgrowers' As- sociation, Mr. Paulhamus has received word from Senator W. L. Jones of Washington that he can be counted upon to do all in his power to have such a law enacted. He suggests, however, that Mr. Paulhamus or someone equally familiar with the fruit industry take up the matter with all the senators and rep- resentatives. Believing that the beekeeping industry of the state has assumed such proportions that it deserves more recognition from state author- ities the Grays Harbor Bee Keeping Associa- tion will send a petition to the legislature asking for an appropriation to fight diseases which are affecting the bee colonies of the state. With the thought in mind of helping home industry as well as observing the Christmas spirit prunes from Clarke County were sent into every state in the United States during December as present by persons living at Vancouver, Wash. The prunes were especially packed in ten pound boxes under the brand name "Mellowwest," recently adopted by the Washington Growers' Association. The California Nu-Fruit corporation has been organized at Yakima with W. H. Cloud, food specialist for 25 years, as president; F. M. Raymond of the Yakima Artificial Ice and Cold Storage Company, vice-president, and A. V. Hooper, secretary-treasurer. The company will at once begin manufacture of apple toasties, a new food product. The toasties are made from dehydrated apples which are electrically toasted until the slices become golden brown crumbles. The Wenatchee District Cooperative Asso- ciation has been organized. Plans for a mem- bership of 65 per cent of the Wenatchee growers, a fund of ?150,000 to be spent in ad- vertising a standard brand, arrangements to CUSHMAN Light Weight Heavy Duty Farm Engines Built light. BUILT EIGHT. "Hat means counter bal- ked crnnk shafts, ground Umlers ;i(i'1 pHl.ms. tlirot- 1NE friction clutch Circulating gine for ALL Four-horse- power runs sprayer, wood saw. potato digger, grain lilmh-r. pumps. ALL kinds of work up to 4 h.p. Also made la S, 10. 15. 20 h.p. 2 cylinder for heavy 4 h.p. weighs only ISO lhs. 8 h.p. weighs only 320 lbs. CUSHMAN MOTOR WORKS 978 N. 21st St.. Lincoln. Neb. Not thwest Branch: 248 Hawthorne Ave.. Portland. Or. Full Stock ol Repairs at Portland YRITING ADVERTISERS HON BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 29 create a working surplus large enough to meet all requirements, and the establishment of connections in the East to handle a large percentage of the tonnage, have been com- pleted by the Wenatchee District Cooperative Association, according to .H. G. Boehlke, pres- ident of the newly formed fruitgrowers' asso- ciation, who was in Spokane recently. "We have already signed up 735 carloads of the 1921 crop in the valley, and we have every reason to be- lieve that we are going to obtain the support of 65 per cent of the growers in the four coun- ties comprising our district," he said. "Three cents will be levied on each box of fruit to pay the advertising bill, which will be spent advertising one brand for the entire district." The chief features of the plan adopted by the Wenatchee District Cooperative Association are the centralization of all authority in trustees and officers. All growers who join must sign up for five years, and must place their entire crops in the hands of the association's offi- cers to dispose of to the best advantage. Pools are provided for, settlement for which is to be made at fixed dates, and all returns are to be made equally to growers according to the num- ber of boxes of fruit sold. Reports that winter apples held in commun- ity storage in the Wenatchee district are dam- aged are emphatically denied by District Hor- ticultural Inspector Darlington, who has made careful examination of Winesaps in the dis- trict, both in the orchard and track storage. Mr. Darlington reports that there are no indi- cations of detrimental water, core or other breaking down of the cells. Apple shipments from Yakima continue to decrease, only 262 carloads having been rolled to the market during the week ending Decem- ber 12 as compared with 367 the previous week. Total apple shipments for this season are 5,708 cars with a valuation of about $8,- 0(10,0(10. There have now been 7,676 carloads of fruit rolled from the valley this year, com- pared with 13,147 cars at the corresponding time a year ago. Regarding car needs for fruit of the Wenat- chee district next year Edwin Swith, man- ager of the Wenatchee Valley Traffic Associa- tion, says: "Wenatchee requirements for 1921 without doubt will be from 40 to 60 per cent greater than they were this year. Orchardists advise that trees were never in a better con- dition to produce a bumper crop and 15,000 carloads for the district is being freely men- tioned. To meet this there promises to be about a 10 or possibly 15 per cent increase in new refrigerator equipment on the railroads. IDAHO. W. M. Crapp, manager of the big plant of the Oregon Packing Company at Lewiston, Idaho, has closed the plant until the beginning of the next cherry season. Although the mar- ket for canned goods was unfavorable last season, the plant did a big business and re- cently has made large shipments. Nearly 1,000 tons of tomatoes grown locally were packed, a great increase over last year, when growers were just beginning to raise this crop in com- mercial quantities. The cherry pack ran about 500 tons and several hundred tons of other fruits were packed, including apples, which furnished the cannery with steady work during the fall. The payroll of the plant is $60,000 annually. "The growing of seed potatoes has become an established industry in Northern Idaho, where only a few years ago potatoes for this pur- pose were not grown," said E. R. Beennett of Boise, Idaho, field horticulturist of the state university of Idaho, while in Spokane. "The whole thing has been in the growing of a single variety," he added. "They have united on the Netted Gems, the potato which has made the Northwest famous for its potatoes, and the result is that they are sold out at a premium." Leroy Weston, manager of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company, states that the apple pack- ing season has closed at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, 40 miles east of Spokane, and that 81 cars of apples were shipped from the Coeur d'Alene district as follows: Forty-eight cars from Dalton Gardens warehouse, 21 cars from the Coeur d'Alene warehouse and a miscellaneous shipment of 12 cars by the independent ship- pers of Hayden Lake-Dalton Gardens district. Mulching of trees and shrubs with manure late in the fall tends to protect the roots from freezing and thawing and also helps to hold moisture in the soil. Ship Your Fruit TO Europe BY Holland-America Line Refrigerator Steamers Regular Monthly Direct Freight Service between Portland, Oregon, AND United Kingdom and Continental European Ports S.S. "EEMDYK," Late January S.S. "KINDERDYK," Late February (Both 12,000 tons D.W.) Steamers especially equipped with large cool-rooms and refrigerator plants for transportation of fruit, fish and other perishable commodities. Oregon-Pacific Company GENERAL AGENTS Wilcox Building Portland, Oregon Frost Insurance Tf you carry insurance on your life, your auto, your property against fire, why not take steps to insure your crops against frost damage? Scheu Smokeless Orchard Heaters Are Frost Insurance! The experience of growers all over Southern California, Texas, Florida and other points of the II. S. where frost protection is needed is proof that Scheu Smokeless Orchard Heaters are the most successful form of frost protection. Scores of orchardists have written enthusiastic letters rec- ommending this heater. One ranch has used over 1000 of them for three years with entire satisfaction. MAIL THIS COUPON FOR FULL DETAILS Made by Whiting Mead Co. Manufacturers of Orchard Heaters, Plumbing Fixtures, etc. Los Angeles Scheu Orchard Heater Dept., Whiting Mead Co., Los Angeles. Send me without obligation full informa- tion about Scheu Smokeless Orchard Heaters. I have acres in Name . Address Page 30 BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 A Banking Service for the Horticulturist A complete banking service is offered you through our various departments. Our officers welcome the opportunity of ad- vising you how best to use these depart- ments. Or a little booklet outlining the functions of each de- partment may be had from the tellers upon request. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF PORTLAND, OREGON The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains WWWWWWWm Beekeepers Profit — by buying supplies now and during winter spare time get ready for coming season. Makeups When loll,,, 1 order for Foundation, ire. Hives, etc. an' get ice— then order or not e to us you come s for Bee Supplies harge. Put your The Chas. H. Lilly Co. Seattle Yakima Portland Ellensburg Wapato Mail Orders Early EgBBSHBBBrSBBB. How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will be mailed to anyone desiring it on the following terms: One card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Better Fruit. One card without subscription 10c Twelve cards without subscription. . .$1.00 For quantity prices write us. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. 703 Orcgonian Building Portland, Oregon Notes Oregon Growers' Association With the rather bad weather to be expected during the next few weeks, the fruit grower can put in his time on inside work, such as mending boxes. It is also suggested that now would be a fine time to re-model dryers if necessary, rather than to wait until the busy season. Growers who have pruning might begin now to relieve the rush of work next spring. Good results are obtained by the applica- tion of the nitrate of soda on loganberries dur- ing the month of March. Some report in- creased diameter as well as length of cane. Those who intend to use this fertilizer should he placing orders. The business of the Oregon Growers' Coop- erative Association has assumed such propor- tions that during the month of November, checks were issued for §540,199.23 by the asso- ciation and its affiliating company, the Ore- gon Growers' Packing Corporation, according to a report of W. I. Staley, secretary and treasurer. The good results of advertising and coopera- tion were shown in an address recently de- livered by C I. Lewis of the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association, before the State Hor- ticultural Society, in session at Eugene. Four years ago, Mr. Lewis said, the peach growers of California were a discouraged lot. Many trees were grubbed out as peaches were selling for two cents a pound, below the cost of pro- duction. The growers got together, formed a cooperative association and by judicious ad- vertising, created a demand for certain peaches. This year the crop was sold for $8,000,000, an average of $340 a ton to the grower. The Cali- fornia Peach Growers' Association is now four years old. It has 6,500 members and controls 40,000 acres. Cooperation among growers, Mr. Lewis said, had in four years brought the peach industry in California from almost finan- cial ruin to an established, prosperous busi- ness. The growing of filberts is urged by the Ore- gon Growers' Cooperative Association, as there are just two states growing them commercially, Oregon and Washington. Already there is an active interest in filberts and many are pre- paring to put in tracts of from five to twenty acres. There are now only from 40 to 50 small tracts in Western Oregon. Filberts grown in this state are of a much finer qual- ity than those imported from Spain, Sicily, and Turkey. There is a commercial crop about the fifth year from planting. As there are fully 10,000 acres of logged off land in Oregon adapted to the growing of filberts and English walnuts, it is predicted that within a few years, the growing of nuts will be one of the great industries of Western Oregon. What They Are Doing in California According to advices to the California De- partment of Agriculture, on December IS there will be a total of 2,200,000 boxes of apples shipped from the Watsonville section this sea- son or approximately 300,000 boxes less than was shipped last year. There is in cold storage about 200.000 boxes, loose and packed, at Wat- sonville and about 400,000 boxes in other cities throughout the state, mostly in San Fran- cisco and Los Angeles. In addition there is some stock in common storage. Opportunity for Pacific Coast orchardists, vineyardists and ranchers, for the disposal of surplus production, in the markets of the Far East, will shortly be afforded by the installa- tion of a line of fast, modern, combination freight and passenger carriers, to be operated from San Francisco to Manila and East Indies by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, it is officially announced. This highly improved service will be initiated by the Shipping Board steamers "Creole State" and "Wolverine State," these vessels being due to arrive from the Atlantic in January and February. The announcement is of special interest to the fruitmen of the Pacific Coast, because the ships were, at the suggestion of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, particularly de- signed to c;ire for the transportation "f the ranch production of Hie Western Slope, and marks the beginning of a service which pro- vides the necessary refrigerating space for commodities thai could not be otherwise sent out of the United Stutrs. The ships will be operated in the Manila-East India Service QUALITY a PRICES PERFECTION IN 423-24 N0RTHWEST£ftM BANK BIDG; PORTLAND, OR EC ON. E.Shelley Morgan NO RTH WESTERN .MAN AG ER WE CARRY -AND" CAN SHIP' IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS. APPIES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERR!.! Established 1882 ^Company Printers WE print anything from the smallest to the largest and alway s welcome orders of any size or quantity, giving prompt, personal and efficient service. Mail or phone inquiries are solicited. We do not specialize — experience and equipment enable us to print everything equally well. We render service in preparing copy and illustrations and furnish plans and estimates for catalogs, booklets, publications, billboard and any other kind of advertising. First and Oak Streets Main 165; Auto 51 1-65 Portland, Oregon ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT YHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS ME January, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 31 which was established by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. The S. S. "Creole State" sailed for San Francisco from Baltimore on December 27th. Arriving at San Francisco on January 15th, she will load cargo, and on .January 26th will be dispatched on the Pacific Mail's direct ex- press communication with the Philippines and India. The S. S. "Wolverine State" will sail from San Francisco on February 25th. Direct express communication to Manila will be made by the new liners in 22 davs. The time from Calcutta will be 34 days, "the "Creole State" and "Wolverine State" making the fastest time in history of Pacific trade with the Far East. Leaving San Francisco the ships will reach Honolulu on the afternoon of the sixth day; the Philippines in 22 calendar days, and arrive at San Francisco from Manila in 20 calendar days; Singapore will be reached in 28 calendar days from California; Colombo in 34 days; Calcutta in 39 days; and will make San Fran- cisco, homebound, in 34 days, from India. Sailings will be maintained every 30 days from San Francisco, excepting when Sunday interferes when sailings will be on the Satur- day preceding. Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruit Growing Cheering words were recently brought to Northwestern apple growers by A. B. Hull of Gasport, N. Y., production manager of the Friend Sprayer Company, who visited F. A. Olmstead and A. B. Bennett who are the Ore- gon and Southern Washington distributors for this company. According to the Hood River Glacier, orchardists of the Northwest, he says, should not be depressed over the situation that now applies in the apple market. "It must be remembered," says Mr. Hull, "that the big eastern commercial orcharding districts this year produced a record breaking apple crop. As a result all eastern points of distribution have been glutted as never before in history. Naturally, the apple market has dropped. It is a wonder that it has held to the point maintained. Even as I was leaving the East, however, this heavy glut of barrel stock and bulk apples was being cleaned up and the outlook was much brighter for the high class box product of the Northwest. It has been the experience of the past that big crops have never repeated, and we may expect a smaller or moderate crop of apples in the East next season, whereas the West is due for a bumper yield. I find that most of the rep- resentative Northwestern growers are viewing the orcharding situation from a general angle, and are not allowing the present condition to alarm them. Growers are going right ahead in laying out appropriations for better equip- ment, and care of fruit tracts will not decline. We are looking forward to a much increased business. Losses from freezing of Northwestern apples were extremely heavy last winter. During De- cember and January, 1919-20, claims of £3,000,- 000 were presented to railroads by apple ship- pers of Washington, Oregon and Idaho. Pre- vention of loss by freezing in transit seems to depend largely on improved methods of heat- ing cars. Serious losses occur also in ship- ments of potatoes. Information and advice on lining, heating, loading box cars for potatoes in winter have been supplied by the U. S. Bu- reau of Markets to shippers and producers and the methods recommended have been extensive- ly adopted. A heating system suitable for in- stallation in ventilator and refrigerator cars has been designed by investigators of the U. S. Bureau of Markets, and has been approved by various railroads as a standard for the equipment of refrigerator cars under condi- tions which warrant the building and opera- tion of these cars. The experimental care equipped with this system of heating will be used in comparison with cars equipped with portable heaters. The big stride that the fruit industry in Ore- gon has made was called attention to recently by W. s. Brown, chief in horticulture at the Oregon Agricultural College, in an address re- cently before the Western Society of Natural- ists which met at the college at Corvallis. "From 1850 to 1870 fruit was so scarce in Oregon." said Professor Brown, "that fabulous prices were received, one box of apples hav- ing been sold for as high as $75, while in 1855, 0000 bushels of apples sold for prices ranging from S20 to $30 a bushel. In 1909 there were -1.000,423 bushels of fruit in the state, valued at $3,340,000, while in 1919 there was pro- duced, according to the best information ob- tainable some 9.oon,ooo bushels of orchard fruit, with a valuation of approximately ?1G,- 000,1100. The total fruit crop of the state for 1920 will run not far from $25,000,000 to $30,- 000,000. There are many vexing problems ahead of the industry, and there always will be, but taking everything into consideration, the outlook seems very fair." The use of cider in the home by its manu- facturer, even after it has become intoxicating is lawful and without the bounds of the pro- hibition enforcement act, according to an opin- ion submitted by Attorney General Palmer and recently made public. The opinion is in conflict with the regulations of the bureau of internal revenue which states home made cider must be "non-intoxicating in fact," although not necessarily containing less than one-half of one per cent of alcohol. The Anti-Saloon League, it is reported, has asked the attorney general to reconsider his ruling on cider, de- claring that the eighteenth amendment pro- hibits the manufacturing of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes in the home or else- where and that Congress fixed the alcoholic content of fruit juices for home use at one- half of one per cent. Cannery Notes Additions of two new departments, jam and preservers and vegetable canning, to the A. Ru- pert Company, incorporated, of North Puyal- lup, was announced recently at Puyallup, Wash., at a banquet when 125 representative business men and berry growers from the valley were guests of the company. Repre- sentatives of the Puyallup Valley Fruit Grow- ers' Union and the Pacific Berry Growers' As- sociation were also present. W. A. Frost, president of the A. Rupert Company, to meet whom the banquet was arranged, made the an- nouncement offering for sale to the berry growers and business men stock in the en- larged corporation. This is the first depart- ure of the Rupert company into the jam and preserve business. The Altoona Packing Company has plans well under way and construction started on a large modern cold storage plant, which it is building at Astoria. There will be many important topics of dis- cussion at the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the National Canners Association to be held at Atlantic City, Jan. 17-21. The Canning Ma- chinery & Supplies Association, and the Na- tional Canned Foods and Dried Fruit Brokers' Association will assemble at the same time. A new feature to be introduced at the 1921 convention, and of particular interest to the consumer, will be a canned foods demonstra- tion. Because of the unsurpassed facilities afforded by the great pier space the exhibit of machinery used in canning, a display made It cosfts no more to print a beautiful design in a giveiv, number of colors than it does an ordinary one * - * let our Masfter Artists improve your label, package and advertising designs. Your future cost will be no greater. Schmidt Lithograph Co. Seattle Los Angeles Fresno Portland Sacramento Honolulu San Francisco fHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTIC BETTER FRUIT Page 32 BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 Into the homes of the nation go quality cartons and labels of Traung manufac- ture, containing the quality products of the West — names and brands that are familiar national household buy-words. A good product and a Traung carton or Traung label, are the first two im- portant steps in successful production and merchandising. Get in your order now to make sure of satisfactory deliveries. LABELSandCARTONS SanFrancisco- Stockton- Sacramento- Seattle- Portland- Fresno American Grown Apple Seedlings STRAIGHT AND BRANCHED ALL GRADES Frequently Sprayed. Absolutely Free from Insects or Diseases CAR LOTS TO CENTRAL POINTS Will Exchange for Such Stock as We Need Now is the Time to Grow High Priced Apple Trees ALSO A General Assortment of Foreign Fruit Tree Stocks (Apple, Pear, Mahaleb, Mazzard, Plum, Quince, Etc. ) All Grades We will have a Complete Line of General Nursery Stock in Storage for Spring Trade Shenandoah Nurseries D. S. LAKE, President November 1, 1920 SHENANDOAH, IOWA by the Canning Machinery & Supplies Asso- ciation, wiU be more elaborate than ever be- fore. Heretofore this exhibit has not been open to the public, but at Atlantic City the exhibition will be open evenings to the general public. Expenditures by the Libby, McNeil and Lib- by Company last year at Yakima, Wash., ac- cording to the annual report by George B. Kile, superintendent, exceeded $60,000. The cannery employed an average of about 400 people dur- ing the canning season, from May until De- cember, and the total pavroll amounted to 8225,000. Approximately $325,000 was paid di- rect to farmers for produce, including spinach, cucumber pickles, cherries, pears and apples. While no definite plans for extension of the plant, which now includes cannery, ware- house, apartment house, eight cottages and tent camping grounds, have been made, indi- cations are that some material improvements will be made. The cannery is making efforts to induce farmers to plant more out-season crops, such as early spinach, in hopes of lengthening the season during which the huge plant may be operated. During the season about 120 tons of spinach were canned, 110 tons of pickle cucumbers were made into 1,200 bar- rels of pickles, 742 tons of cherries were canned or made into maraschinos, 2,000 tons of pears were canned and about the same amount of cull apples. The last of a 10,000-case order of canned apples for the United States gov- ernment was recently shipped. The Skagit Canning Company, located at Sedro-Woolley, Wash., has just closed a very successful year. Work on this cannery started about the middle of April and the building was completed the first of July. Consequently no strawberries were handled, mit practically all other fruits and berries were canned. In addition a specialty was made of canning both beans and beets. A total of approximately $100,000 was paid out in the purchase of fruits and vegetables. Preparations are now under way for caring for a much larger run next year. Stock in this cannery is owned princi- pally by local business men and farmers. J. W. A. Myers, formerly superintendent of the Pride berry farms of Bellingham, is the gen- eral manager. J. W. A. Myers, manager of the Skagit Can- ning Company at Sedro-Woolley, Wash., heads the recently incorporated Skagit Berry Farms Company. This organization has just com- pleted the purchase of a 100-acre farm on the outskirts of Sedro-Woolley, which it is in- tended to immediately develop into a diversi- fied berry farm, but specializing chiefly in raspberries and loganberries. This farm is one of the best in Skagit Valley for this pur- pose, in regard to location, site and soil. During the year just closed over 1,000 acres of berries were set out in the fertile Skagit Valley, Washington. These plantings consisted primarily of strawberries, raspberries and loganberries, with small scatterings of other kinds of berries. Considerable interest was also shown in the planting of sour cherries. Indications at the present time point to more than doubling this acreage during the coming spring. The Skagit Valley contains hundreds of acres of sandy loam, the ideal berry soil. During 1920 two canneries were erected in Skagit County, primarily to take care of this berry acreage: the Skagit Canning Company at Sedro-Woolley and the Burlington Canning Company at Burlington, Wash. Both report very successful seasons. Indications point to the erection in the near future of either another cannery or a juice factory receiving station in Mount Vernon, The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruit and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT January, ipzi BETTER FRUIT Page 33 T.J.POUPART (John Poupart :: William Ravenhill) COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, W.C. 2 REGISTERED TRADE MARK The Largest Firm of Fruit Salesmen in Great Britain (ESTABLISHED OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY) SALES BY PRIVATE TREATY ONLY (Gives best results) COMMISSION THE EXCLUSIVE BASIS (Purchase propo- sitions cannot be considered ) ADVANCES OFFERED TO COVER FREIGHT CHARGES Special Facilities for Handling Consignments from Co-operative and Other Organizations SPRAY with DORMOIL The Miscible Oil for Dormant Use FOR THE CONTROL OF Leaf Roller, Scale, Aphis, Red Spider, Blister Mite, Pear Psylla, Mosses and Lichens DORMOIL is Uniform in Quality. Years of use have demonstrated it to be the best and most efficient MISCIBLE OIL MANUFACTURED BY HOOD RIVER SPRAY COMPANY HOOD RIVER. OREGON State Distributors of the "FRIEND" Sprayers WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION* BETTER FRUIT Page 34 BETTER FRUIT January, 1021 THE NIAGARA DUSTER — THE CROP PROTECTOR The DUSTING METHOD becoming better understood, is being adopted by many of the progressive growers in Oregon and Washington, and of course, they use the NIAGARA DUSTER. A County Agent in the State of Washington writes, under date of Novem- ber 4, 1920: "We used this machine on 160 acres of apples and came through with less than 2% codling moth infestation. This is the smallest amount of infestation that has been observed in this orchard since it came into bearing." An Oregon grower packed 20,000 boxes apples with less than ten boxes affected with worms. You, too, will join the Duster boosters, but right now you need a STRONG, RELIARLE, SULPHUR SPRAY. Niagara Soluble Sulphur leads the world in sulphur sprays. Equally effective as lime-sulphur solution, — double the value of dry lime-sulphur, — costs less than either. Excels in control of SCALE, MOSS, PEACH BLIGHT, CURL LEAF, etc. If you can not get NIAGARA SOLUBLE SULPHUR locally and at the right price, write me. I will see that you get it and get it RIGHT. F. A. FRAZIER Distributor Niagara Products 342 Washington Street, San Francisco, Calif. Better Seeds -Bigger* Yields Land is worth too much to let any of it go to waste, and labor is worth too much to experiment with uncertain trees and seeds. Plant good field and garden seeds, and be sure to have plenty of small fruits. They will pay you. "The Most Wonderful Tomato Ever Grown" rful bear if the ear . aking the I from 10 days to 2 ■k9 before any other and continues to bear until frost. Stands hot. dry weather better than other sorts. You will make no mistake by planting some of these. Fully described in my Catalog sent free. Perfection Currant— In my garden this is the best bearer, the largest, sweetest and easiest to pick. Kieh, rnild flavor, less acid and few seeds. Sugar Beets— Every farmer should plant a small patch and make his own syrup. Easily grown and syrup easily made. For stock feeding Sugar Beets are superior to Mangels. Kherson Outs— Ripens twoor three weeks earlier. Stiffer straw, that will stand strong winds with- _tlodging. tomplute Catalog of Trees and Seeds SONDEHEGGER NURSERIES AND SEED HOUSE (171 eot, Beatrice, Nebraska Stock Influence on Scion, Etc. Continued from page 4. changes are the indirect result of a par- ticular stock or the direct effect of the complicated changes wrought by the environment. Opinions on these re- main still very vague and contradictory. As early as 1879 Budd reported that he had many pages of evidence aceumu- lated in his files stating that the stock of top grafted apples has an influence not only in respect to hardiness and thrift of the scion, but the size, flavor and quality of fruit in particular. Much, though very scattered and con- tradictory, opinion on this question is to be found in the transactions of many state horticultural societies. These evi- dences are, however, too unreliable to be marshaled as facts from which gen- eral conclusions could be drawn. 1. In respect to particular influences, Hedrick thinks that the color of the fruit may be changed by the stock, but that this cannot take place in respect to the characteristic color of the fruit. The color is brightened or diminished by the earliness or lateness of maturity of the wood, which can be influenced by the stock. As a particular instance he refers again to the orchard of Mc- intosh apples top grafted on Oldenburg, which matured its fruit nearly two weeks earlier than Mcintosh on stan- dard stocks, and, therefore, were much brighter in color. 2. There is hardly any doubt that the size of fruit is in some cases increased as a result of top working. Any bene- ficial influence exerted by the stock on the scion in respect to health and in- crease in vigor will show itself most readily in an increased size of the fruit. 5GreatNovelties20cts. AUTUMN GLORY. Anew tender flowers. Greatest novelty in twenty years. Succeeds everywhere, reaching perfection the PINK WOOLFLOWERS, shows all season, great profusion. JAPAN IRIS, new hvbrids of all colors. DIENER TOMATO, grows to weigh 3 lbs and beautiful as an apple. Most startling Dl And our Big Catalog, all lor 20 I Japnificent. As smooth 7 vegetable. . All flow r and vegetable seeds, bulbs. We grow the linest Gladioli. Peonies, Perennials, shrubs, JOHN LEWIS CHILDS. Inc. ' Floral Park. NY Danli: Farmers $7.50 S200 Sondere&ger Seeds and Trees Grow [Pi Ol ,0 f 7 :2 O I I 0 _ ' f THE DELUXE ADDER. The Idea] PF.sK and Pocket Adding Machine. Save time, money and eliminate ruiMiikes. For adding, subtracting and multiplying, whole numbers, etc. Capacity S columns fyny.HOO.'.tSi Weinlil ?'■ minn«. Total always vi*- ible WHY ADD MENTALLY? Why tire younelf. Why make mistakes? You need tills little machine i.'.l.iv. I'rhv delivered complete $7.50. Descriptive literature eladlv sent on request. FAURE PETIT. P.O. Box 1079. Sacramento. Cal. January, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 35 Again, because of the nature of top working, each of the scions will behave like individual young trees, and thus, as in the case of most young trees, the first crops will be of a larger size than the subsequent ones. And it is the first crop of the top worked tree which attracts the most attention and from which often rash conclusions are drawn. This, however, does not exclude the often observed cases of a general and permanent increase of the size of fruit of many varieties as a result of top grafting. J. A. Burton of Indiana reports that Grimes and Jonathan trees grafted on Walbridge bear considerably larger fruits than when grown on seedling roots. Many additional instances of an in- crease or decrease in size because of top working is to be found in trans- actions of many state horticultural so- cieties. Other cases reported by prac- tical fruit growers will be found below. 3. In respect to a change in eating or keeping quality of fruit because of top grafting, we have many reliable in- stances reported with grapes and other fruits grown in England through the pages of the "Chronicle." In respect to the causes of a change in quality of fruit as a result of top working, Dr. Lindley, editor of the above publication, says that "this may be conceived to happen in two ways: either by the ascending sap carrying up with it into the scion a part of the secretions of the stock, or by the differences induced in the general health of the scion by the manner in which the flow of ascending and descending sap is promoted or re- tarded by the stock." Many instances of a change in the eating quality of many varieties when top grafted may be found in the transaction of Iowa and other state hor- ticultural societies. Other additional Pointers on Feeds and Feeding Yours for the Asking WRITTEN in plain terms by practical feeding authorities, the free Olympic Feed pamphlets fill the need for good common-sense livestock and poultry feed literature and feeding instructions. They fully treat of the feeding requirements of the various animals; the action of the best suited feeds, and the means of obtaining maximum results from feeding. These folders may contain just what you want to know about some feeding problem. Check the subjects in which you are interested on the coupon below, and permit us to supply you the required information. Olympic Mills and Branches at Portland, Ore. Dayt in. Wash. Metolios, Ore. Tacoma, Wash. Lind Wash. Marshfield, Ore. Seattle, Wash. Odes; a. Wash. Aberdeen, \\ \sii. Presc ott. Wash. Everett, Wash. Los Angeles, Cal. Spok NE, Was. 1. Bellingham. Wash Albanv, Ore. Yak 1 ma, Wash. Harrington, \\ ash ERS MENTION BETTER Page 36 case's solicited by means of the above questionnaire will be given later. Hedriek believes that larger, erisper, and juicier fruits with an increased or decreased degree of sweetness or sour- ness can be grown on some stocks than on others, but he does not agree with the opinion often expressed that the characteristic flavor of the fruit is changed because of the use of certain stocks. The whole question seems to be of a very complicated nature and the ob- servations very subjective, especially in the case of apples. Thus hardly any general rules can be drawn from evi- dence on hand. This is more true if we consider the keeping quality of the apple as in- fluenced by the stock. This question, though of great economic importance, has not come under general observation long enough to allow any opinions to be drawn from the scanty information that has been precipitated here and there. In general it can be said, how- ever, that the keeping quality is not materially altered by the use of a cer- tain stock. Most recent opinions of practical hor- ticulturists on the question of the in- fluence of the stock on the top grafted apple, as solicited through the above questionnaire gave the following an- swers: Has fruit been modified in respect to Yes No Color 30 4G Size 48 44 Quality 22 45 Keeping quality 19 46 Total 119 181 Of these, there were thirty replies stating specifically that the size of fruit has been increased because of top working. Other seven growers are of the opinion that the effect on fruit is only an indirect one — by means of mod- ifying the general health and vigor of the tree. From these replies it is seen that while 39.5 per cent of the total answers received expressed the belief that the apple is influenced in respect to color, size, quality and keeping quality of the fruit, 60.5 per cent of those replying are of the contrary opinion. As seen, a majority of the replies in- dicate that the size of fruit has been increased because of top working, while there are nearly as many who do not think so. The second most ob- served effect seems to be that of change of color of fruit. Yet only thirty peo- ple replying believed this to be the case, while forty-six are of the contrary opinion. But most of the replies state a negative belief concerning the change of eating and keeping quality of the fruit. These answers seem to agree quite well with the opinions of well known Nice Bright Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. BETTER FRUIT horticulturists of this country. While there seems to be more or less change in size and color because of the use of different stocks, there is but little evi- dence that the quality and especially keeping quality has been altered. Judg- ing from the specific instances quoted January, 1921 above, it would seem that the stock affects in many cases the flavor, es- pecially acidity of the fruit. This ap- pears to be particularly true in cases where there is a great difference in this respect between the fruit of the stock and the scion. Say ' f Gear-ar-delly Whetherit'sa"littleparty"ora"bigaiTair"Ghirardelli'sis a great comfort to any hostess [big or little]. Cups of creamy, hot chocolate, chocolate layer cake, ' 'fascinating' ' squares of chocolate fudge [not to mention a host of other goodies] — you can rely on Ghirardelli' s to be the life of the party. Ask for Ghirardelli' s at the store where you trade ; and write for our Book of Chocolate Recipes — it's free! Sincel85i D. GHIRARDELLI CO. San Francisco 1 GHIRARDELLI S WS^r RHODES MFG. CO., . DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. •THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTI' January, ip?l BETTER FRUIT Page 37 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER SIMONS, JACOBS 8c CO. GARCIA, JACOBS & CO. GLASGOW LONDON Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Sulphur It has been proven and so recommended by the University of California that if you sulphur your grape vines and orchards 6 times they will not be affected by MILDEW or RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand Vel vet Flowers of Sulphur also EAGLE Brand and Fleur de Soufre packed in double sacks are the fluffiest and PfrSk PUREST sulphurs that * money can buy; the best for vineyards: the best for bleaching purposes, LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphur— ImDalpable Powder. 100% pure, in double sacks, for Dry Dusting and making Paste Sulphur. For LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. FLOUR SULPHUF rush you thh the amount paid ou even if you pay your tion and applying sai To create addith that it wou: tion and net you a profit tq labor In spraying your or $5 per day for making the DIAMOND " drill into th illable pla til BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR, 100% COMMERCIAL POWDERED SULPHUR. This soil treatment has increased various crops up to 500%. Send lor Circulars No. 6, 7 and 8. Ask us for prices on PREPARED DRY DUSTING MATERIALS, Tobacco Dust, Dusting Sulphur Mixtures. etc.. Fungicides and Insecticides, carried in stock and mixed to order. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR COMPANY 624 California Street, San Francisco, Cal. We are equipped to make immediate shipments. Send for Price-list and Samples. Ask us for prices for Carbon Bisulphide, the surest remedy for destroying ground squirrels. CARO fimt\ WRAPPERS uln Every Respect" says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste lasjts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco HI jton Company, 1107 Broadway, New York City "Caro" Protects- CHEMICALLY TREATED "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up PROTE CTS "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clingsclosely and dries up theescaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest thedecompositicn United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. Page 38 I WiththePoultry) 1 Inquiries Answered Contributions Solicited | INCUBATORS SAVE TIME AND MONEY. An incubator brooder is an important asset to every poultry breeder. The time to buy an incubator is in the fall or the early winter months, before it will be needed. By adopt- ing this plan the purchaser can give himself a little time to learn something about op- erating the machine. In fact it is a good idea to make several experimental hatchings before the apparatus is put to the test at its full capacity. An incubator brooder is a big help to the Northern poultry breeder because it makes it possible to hatch the chicks early and allows them to get a vigorous growth before cold weather comes in the fall. Consequently they commence laying earlier and become profit makers long before the usual run of hen-hatched chicks. To obtain the best results from an incuba- tor it should be obtained in time so that it can be filled and set going during the last half of February. By this plan the chicks should all be hatched by the last of April and if properly housed and fed will become profitable winter layers. It requires study, patience and considerable work to raise chicks artificially, but the successful management of an incubator is not a task that will seriously burden anyone of active mind and industrious habits, and is not only a time, but a money saver. GOOD TYPE OF POULTRY HOUSE. A good type of poultry house is one that has a good sized scratching room and a small roosting and laying room with one small window, and a tight, closely fitting door. This insures a warm roosting place in winter. In summer the tight fitting door can be replaced with one made of slats. Instead of an open shed scratching room that may fill with snow in winter a large room with two sliding win- dows should be provided, or a large open space left in which can be hung a muslin cur- tain provided the climate is not too severe. Wire netting can be placed over this space to keep the fowls in and the windows can be opened to any width desired according to the weather conditions. This gives the benefits of fresh air without its disadvantages. The nests should have closed hinged fronts and should be so arranged as to be accessible from the rear. This will provide the ideal laying condition by keeping them very dark. This plan of poultry house is one that should meet the requirements of the average orchard- ist as it can be constructed at a comparatively small cost and may be built small or large, depending on the number of fowls to be kept. PRODUCING WINTER EGGS. A good daily ration to produce winter eggs particularly for early hatched pullets is a scratch grain of 10 pounds of shelled corn and 5 pounds of dry threshed oats. With this should be fed a dry mash of 3 pounds of wheat shorts and 1 y> pounds commercial meat scraps. Where milk is plentiful three gallons of skimmed milk or buttermilk furnished each 100 hens daily will take the place of meat scraps. Either milk or some form of lean meat should be supplied in every ration for successful winter egg production. Barley or feed wheat may be used instead of oats. Corn meal or ground oats may be substituted for shorts in the mash. Alfalfa or clover leaves may take the place of the bran, or a good grade of tankage may be used instead of the meat scraps. In feeding this ration all grain should be fed in deep straw to compel the hens to exer- cise. The mash should be fed in self-feeding hoppers or troughs and a supply kept before the birds at all times. In addition to this ration there should be an abundance of water, a supply of green food and free access to sharp grit and crushed oyster shells as well. BREEDING FOR EGGS. The trapnest has come to be looked upon by poultrymen with large flocks as invaluable. In order to know accurately just how many eggs a hen produces and which are the non- producers and the profitable fowls the trap- nest is the best method that can be used. One of the most valuable purposes for which the trapnest can be used is to find out just hew well the best of the flock is laying in order that the good layers may be identified and mated to males out of good layers. In this way a progressive improvement can be BETTER FRUIT made in the average of the flock that will reach a high standard. The trapnesting of the breeders therefore is very important as they are going to produce the future layers. DESIGNATING POULTRY STOCK. The exact meaning of the terms used to des- ignate young and old poultry stock are often confusing. According to an expert a pullet, strictly speaking, is a female under one year old. After she has attained her full maturity she is a hen, but in the trade a fowl is spoken of as a pullet until she has commenced her first year's laying. Therefore it is said to be correct to speak of her as pullet until she is January, 1921 eighteen months old or has commenced to molt. A cockerel is a male bird under one year old, but is usually spoken of as a cockerel until he has at least entered well upon his first year as a breeding cockerel. Cocks are older males, usually having passed through one season's breeding. A cockerel should never be used to breed from before he is a year old. A pullet if she begins to lay at six months may be bred from at nine months of age. GREEN FOOD. It is important that some kind of green food should be supplied when fowls are con- e *\ Top Fruit Brings Top Prices! Dow Dependable Insecticides Dow Powdered Lead Arsenate Dow Dry Lime Sulphur Dow Paste Lead Arsenate Dow Lime Sulphur Solution Dow Powdered Bordo Dow Powdered Bordo Arsenate Dow Calcium Arsenate By the Fruit You May Know Them Pay Good Spraying Profits The Dow Chemical Company— during the war the only manu- facturer of mustard gas aside from government arsenals, the first American manufacturer of Synthetic Indigo, the largest American manufacturer of Chloroform, Bromine and Chlorine products and many other technical chemicals— is eminently well equipped tolproduce an unrivaled line of Spray Chemicals. DOW Powdered Lead Arsenate Fine - FLUFFY - Light Wins by Its Superior Worth— Spray and Dust with It Tell your dealer you want the Dow brand. Insist upon it. Read about Dow Spray Materials. Write for free leaflets and Spraying Calendar. The Dow Chemical Company INSECTICIDE DEPARTMENT MIDLAND, MICHIGAN \= J MUSICAL WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET MERCHANDISE W. Martius Music House Inc. MUSIC WRITE 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington WRITE US Everything Known In Music US WHEN WRT I INT. ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 39 fined. Any food of this kind that is succu- lent will serve the purpose but one of the best is sprouted oats. To provide these, the poul- tryman should have a number of shallow boxes which have been provided with drain- age holes. The oats should then be soaked 24 hours and spread in the boxes. They should be sprinkled night and morning and fed when the sprouts are two to three inches long. A block of sprouted oats six inches square is considered enough for 10 fowls. ally take all the roosts do boiling soapsuds. \mn and wash with Poultry Notes The right ration and warm quarters will bring the eggs. The dark and damp poultry house often brings the roup. Poultry relish a little moistened food in ad- dition to the fact that it helps increase egg production slightly. To assist in keeping the poultry house free of mites sprinkle some ashes or air-slacked lime on the floors. To kill the lice, occasion- Odds and ends from the kitchen and green foods such as cabbage, alfalfa, silage and turnips will help increase egg production. The scraps from the kitchen, however, should be sorted, banana and orange peel and mouldy bread and cake are liable to produce bowel trouble. Drinking utensils for fowls should be kept clean and in cold weather filled with warm water several times during the day. You should keep your dusting box in the scratching shed and not in the roosting house. The dust will settle more quickly in the shed. Fine road dust is the best for the poultry house and it must be fine enough so that any insects on the fowls will be smothered. Now is a good time to study up on the in- cubator question. Incubators pay well to those who know how to handle them properly, and any person who will give sufficient time and study can learn. the top, bat the LI' KIRSTTN tekee thei out fmm.-Mr.ft.J.Stoltz, Waihburn. Wis. Quteh Shipments from Escanaba, Mich. Atlanta, Ga. Portland, Ore. Soo, Canada World's Largest Maktrs of Stump Pullers! Weighs lees— coats less. Has greater speed, strength and power. Lasts longer! With scientific Kirstin leverage principle a few pounds pull or push on handle exerts tons on stump! My Big New Book on Stump Pullers FREE! Tells how to pull stubborn stumps in a few minutes at low cost. Shows how the Kirstin clears acre from one anchor! Low speed to start stump— high to rip it out quick! Patented quick "t»ke up** for efack cable. Easily moved around fi«ld. Read the book— the 3-year GUARANTOR AGAIN! i:-Foar ~ Pay -and Special Agent's Proposition. Shipment from n< uting point saves time and freight Write today) Addi A. J. KIRSTIN COMPANY Easy Waya _ i -eat distrib- Feed and care are the two essentials to the successful handling of poultry in the winter. When looking after your fowls this is a good thing to remember. Hen manure is one of the best of fertilizers for berries. An analysis shows that poultry manure contains 2.43 per cent phosphoric acid, 2.20 per cent potash and 3.85 per cent nitro- gen as ammonia and organic matter. 0. A. C. Horticultural Notes Although yellow Newtowns and Spitz- enbergs seem to bear on alternate years, proper fertilization with tillage, irri- gation and pruning, produced three suc- cessive crops in orchards used in farmer-O. A. C. cooperative trials. Con- tinuation of these favorable conditions may bring these varieties into the an- nual bearing class, the college horticul- turists hope. Nicotine sulphate is a powerful pepel- lant for tent caterpillars, but if they do eat foliage sprayed with it they are killed almost instantly. With soap added the nicotine solution is an almost perfect codling moth egg destroyer. Not all the arsenate eaten by cater- pillars feeding on sprayed foliage is assimilated, but part passes through the digestive tracts. Less is lost this way when the acid lead arsenate is used. Peach growers bothered with peach leaf curl can get rid of it by spraying with bordeaux mixture 6-6-50. The spray is best applied between now and February 1. The trees must be sprayed thoroughly to obtain best results. Notwithstanding the advance in the price of nursery products it is profitable to plant fruit. Pears, cherries, berries and nuts are looked upon as some of the most promising varieties to plant. The demand for the gooseberry is in- creasing. With the selection of the right variety according to the section of the country they are to be planted in, gooseberries pay well and commence to yield at an early age. Renfrew Portable Weighing Machine FOR THE GROWER FOR THE CANNERY Weigh your culls for the cider mill — your berries for the cannery, before they leave your ranch. The RENFREW quickly pays for itself in guaran- teeing you all there is com- ing to you in every sale or purchase. It saves one handling of all fruit received at the can- nery— simply place crates or sacks on the Renfrew, get weight, then use as hand truck to wheel to per- manent place. When not in use can be stood in a corner out of the way. Weighs a 1-POUND chicken or a 2000-POUND animal with accuracy. Operates perfectly on uneven ground. For full particulars and name of your nearest dealer, write Dealers Wanted J. C. ROBINSON CO., 46 First Street, Portland, Oregon VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION Page 40 BETTER FRUIT January, 1921 Classified Advertisements RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK. PLANT STRAWBERRY PLANTS NOW. Send for our 1920-21 Fall Catalog and read about the New Giant Everbearing Strawberry— it s a wonder. 1,000,000 New Oregon, Marshall, Marvel and other popular varieties now ready to ship. Fall seeds of all kinds. Ask for special prices if wanted in large amounts. Routledge Seed & Floral Co., Portland, Oregon. BERRY PLANTS DIRECT FROM GROWER— Loganberry, Cuthbert Raspberry, Trebla, Oregon and Wilson Strawberries, and other best varieties. Priced right and plants dug when ordered. Write Paul F. Burris, 1270 N. Summer St., Salem, Oregon. FILBERT TREES— CURRANT BUSHES. Stock limited— Order at once. PEARCY BROS. SALEM, OREGON CHOICE strawberry plants, interesting prices. Oregon, Marshall, Magoon, Trebla, Etters- burg No. 121, Wilson, Gold Dollar, Progres- sive Everbearing. 100 each of any four var- ieties, .$1.75 postpaid. Postal briiiKS price list and descriptions. Ward K. Richardson, 2379 Front Street, Salem, Oregon. LOGANBEBRY tip plants for spring delivery. Per 100 postpaid, Sli.00. Send for prices on miantitv wanted. Interesting. Ward K. MISCELLANEOUS. STRAWBERRY' PLANTS. $5 per 1,000. ruit Ranch, Olympia, Wash. Briggs ITALIAN PRUNE TREKS— A few more thou- sand in all grades, at greatly reduced prices. 200 trees at 1,000 rates. First quality stock; satisfaction guaranteed. State quantity and grades wanted. Blackcap and Cuthbert rasp- berry plants in quantity at exceptionally low prices. If interested in other stock ask for our general price list. Lafayette Nursery Co., Lafayette, Oregon. FARMS FOR SALE. GREATEST ORCHARD VALUES IN THE NORTHWEST TODAY. The famous McINTOSH RED apple com- mands the highest price in chief Eastern mar- kets. It is grown to PERFECTION ONLY IN the irrigated BITTER ROOT VALLEY, MONTANA. Bearing commercial McINTOSH orchards can be bought from IJ200 to $500 per acre, with fine improvements. Climate and all living con- ditions ideal. Write for FREE illustrated booklet. W. P. RICE CO. I COULTER BLOCK, HAMILTON, MONTANA. SALESMEN WANTED. MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a com- mission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid territory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon |LANS FOR POULTRY HOUSES ' All Stvl.H If.n Illustration* Al*n or.y i.f "The Full Ebb Basket." Tire*.' will surely please y.e.-send 26c. Inland Poultry Journal, Dept.BF, Indianapolis, Ind. PAY. Easy interesting work. Send $1.00 today for 9 months v trialsubscriptiontotheAmer- ican Bee Journal and 24-page BEE PRIMER. Just the thing for the beginner. American Bee Journal, Box 36, Hamilton, Illinois BEES A General Line of Nursery Stock Prune, Apple, Pears, Cherry, etc. Strawberry, Raspberry, etc. Buy direct from nursery; save your money. Do this by buying from us through our Mail Order System. 29 years in business. CARLTON NURSERY CO. Carlton, Oregon TBESPASS SIGNS. Don't allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof "No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send $1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. FOR SALE- One good as new 21-inch low lift centrifugal pump, capacity 14,000 gallons per minute, with two 14-inch suction pipes 1G feet long and one discharge pipe 10 feet long. Price f.o.b. Sturgeon, Idaho, if 1,000.00. J. J. Satre, Post Falls, Idaho. BOOKKEEPER — Learn complete elementary bookkeeping in your spare time at home. Makes income tax reports easy. Only .?37.r>0. Write for terms. The Lincoln Institute, Spokane, Wash. DON'T WAIT! November is mating time for geese. I'm offering young breeding stock from my prize-winning Toulouse geese. Femiles $C; males $7.50. White Pckin ducks from imported stock; large, thrifty, best obtainable. Ducks $4.50; drakes $5.50. R. E. Baumgardner, Wenatchee, Wash. PEAB BLIGHT ELIMINATED in root, trunk and main limb crotches by use of new Chinese stock Pyrus Usuriensis, tested by Oregon Agricultural College and found prac- tically blight-proof. Plant in your orchard, bud the commercial varieties into the branches alter shaping the head, and be for- ever safe from blight in the vital parts of the tree below the bud. Price refunded if stock blights in ten years. Leading Cali- fornia growers will plant hundreds of acres to new stock next spring. Write for par- ticulars and prices. Loma Bica Nursery, Pear Specialists, Grass Valley, Cal. WANTED — Working foreman who can get re- sults on large orchard in Unipqua Valley. Give references and experience and salary required when applying. Sunnydale Orchard Co., Drain, Oregon. Fruit trees huikled from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Tear, Cherry, Peach, Plum. Prune, Apricot. Quince. Grape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants, Raspberries, Black- berries. Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. Rosea. Vines. Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenish, Washing-ton. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. MAUDE INA DECKER, M.A, Principal A business course is necessary in suc- cessfully operating an orchard! We offer you the opportunity of learn- ing the best system for your use. Make profitable the winter months in Portland. A POSITION FOR EACH GRADUATE. Alisky Building, Third and Morrison. Winter Nelis Pears Sweet Cherries Apricots and Grapes A SPECIALTY Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND, WASH. 10 Cents "NSSKEROSENE • •-■ -""4 °r Coal OH will keep this " Iv* lamp in operation for 30 HOURS and will produce 300CAN0LEP0WER of the purest, whitest and best light known to science. Nothing to wear out or get out of order. Simple. Safe. Absolute satisfaction guaranteed. Send for catalog showing lamps for ■^ery purpose: also special intra. *— xiuctory offer and agency pro- position. Write today. KNIGHT LIGHTS SODA FOUNTAIN COMPANY, Dent. 809 Chicago TL Ai^V Ship Every Crop in the Universal Package Save time, labor and money by using this standard bushel package for all your crops. Rides well in cars. Permits perfect ventilation. Easy to pack, to handle, to ship, to ins, ect. Cover fastens without nails. Make sure your shipments arrive at market in first class condition by shipping in this light strong package. WRITE FOR PRICES TODAY PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA THE WORLD- OUR ORCHARD g«^ OUR ORCHARD ^X JrEIIIHflDbT & Kelly I NEW YORK I _ E5TI 26 32 20° 1.160 4 17% 23 28 SIMPLIFIED LIME-SULPHUR DILUTION TABLE. To make 50 gallons of dilute spray use the quantity of concentrated lime-sulphur indi- cated in columns 1, 2, 3 and 4 for the different strengths, and dilute with water to 50 gallons. Hydrometer Test 12 3 4 of Early Mid Late Stock Solution Dormant Spring Spring Spring Ranme Specific Spray Spray Spray Spray Scale Gravity (1-8) (1-30) (1-40) (1-50) Gallons Gallons Gallons Gallons 34° 1.304 5 1% 1 It 32° 1.282 5% iy2* 1* 1 30° 1.260 6 1% 114 1* 28° 1.239 6% 1%' 114' lMt 26° 1.218 7 2 1% lVi 21° 1.198 8 2% 1% iy»t 22° 1.179 9 2 V, 2t 1% 20° 1.160 10 2% 2* l4it * Means use a little over measure. t Means use scant measure. Dry Lime-Sulphur: Several firms are now putting on the market preparations of lime-sulphur in dry form. These are convenient to use and appear not to be more injurious to foliage or fruit than the ordinary lime-sulphur. Unfortu- nately the experiment station has thus far been unable to make satisfactory comparative tests between these dry forms and the liquid material as far as control of diseases or insect pects is con- cerned. At present, therefore, no state- ment as to relative effectiveness can be made except that from analyses by the department of chemistry it appears that it will take about four pounds of the dry lime-sulphur to be equal in fungicidal or insecticidal strength to one gallon of the average commercial liquid lime-sulphur. An Aid to Thoroughness: Iron Sul- phate (Copperas): This material, dis- solved in water and added to the spray tank at the rate of half a pound of iron sulphate to each gallon of concentrated lime-sulphur used, will turn the solu- tion black without impairing its value. This black color is a valuable indicator for the man who is spraying, enabling him to determine exactly how well he is covering the tree. Arsenate of Lead: Arsenate of lead is prepared in paste form and as a powder. Both are effective in the con- trol of insects. Recent investigations indicate that unless one is near the using the paste arsenate, double the amount here recommended. Two types of lead arsenate occur, known respectively as the basic lead arsenate (neutral arsenate) or triplum- bic, and the lead hydrogen arsenate (acid arsenate) or diplumbic. The neu- tral arsenate of lead is a more stable compound and is safer to use on tender foliage or in combination sprays where there is a tendency to burn. The acid arsenate has much to render it superior for most poison spray work and is con- sidered safe in combination with lime- sulphur on apples and pears. Commer- cial lead arsenates are generally the acid forms unless otherwise branded. Arsenate of Lime: Arsenate of lime or calcium arsenate has recently ap- peared as a commercial substitute for the lead arsenates. The value of this material lies in the reduced cost and higher poison content pound for pound. Methods for manufacturing the calcium arsenates have not, thus far, been stand- ardized; brands therefore vary greatly in their chemical and physical proper- ties. The calcium arsenates are less stable than the lead arsenate. This lack of stability increases the possibil- ity of hum and makes necessary the ad- dition of some material as a stabilizer. For this purpose, excess lime is gener- ally added to the spray solutions. Sum- marizing our present knowledge of cal- cium arsenate as a commercial orchard spray, we may state that, with an ex- cess of lime present in the solution, the material is safe and highly efficient as a spray. Probably there is, at present, no adequate reason for a wholesale Spraying Outfit Hauled by place of manufacture, thus insuring that the paste be freshly made, the powdered arsenates are probably ad- visable. The proportions recommended in this article are figured on the basis of the powdered form. For example, "lead arsenate 3-200" means powdered- lead arsenate three pounds to 200 gal- lons of the dilute spray solution. In and Powered from Tractor. abandonment of lead arsenate in favor of calcium arsenate. Growers contem- plating the use of calcium arsenate in the orchard are advised to submit sam- ples to the Oregon Experiment Station for analysis and consequent instruc- tions on the exact procedure in prepar- ing the solution. Nicotine: Nicotine as recommended RHODES MFG. CO., . DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. "THE only pruner made that cuts rom both sides of rb and does not i bark. Made in and sizes. All delivered free your door. Write for circular and prices. VBRTXSERS MENTION PFTTFR FRF Page 8 BETTER FRUIT February, 192 1 in this article refers to the concen- trated nicotine sulphate, 40 per cent so- lution. A strength of 1 to 1200, which is equal to one pint in 150 gallons, is sufficiently strong for most troubles; frequently higher dilutions are possible. Soap or lime-sulphur improves the spreading and killing powers of the nic- otine solution. Oil Sprays: The use of oil emulsions for the dormant spray has not been generally recommended or practiced in Oregon. For certain insect troubles they are superior to other sprays, and they are probably of equal value with lime-sulphur as a dormant insecticide for scale, red spider, mite, etc. Limited observations indicate that an occasional application of oil spray has a beneficial effect in softening and smoothing the bark and producing a generally stimu- lating effect on the tree. The action of an oil spray is comparatively slow and where rain follows within six or eight days after the application, the effec- tiveness is materially decreased. Par- ticular care should be taken, therefore, to apply the oil during settled weather. Spreaders are substances to be added to the spray solution which improve the effectiveness by increasing the wetting and covering powers of the spray as well as the adhesiveness, thus affording a greater protection for a longer time. It is our conviction that most of our standard sprays will be materially im- proved by the use of spreaders. Their use is particularly advised in the sum- mer applications of arsenate for the codling moth. Unsafe Combinations: The combina- tions recommended in this article are safe under ordinary conditions. Re- garding combinations not referred to here, consult the Oregon Agricultural College. The Dusting Method. The possibility of applying fungicides and insecticides in a dust form has re- cently attracted much attention. The advantages are rapidity of application, the saving in labor, and the very light outfit required. There is also no water supply problem or need of hauling heavy loads of liquid. The cost of mate- rial is, however, much greater than for liquid sprays. A great disadvantage also seems to be that effective work is impossible where even a slight breeze is blowing. Furthermore, there have been found no dust materials effective for the control of scale, aphids, apple- tree anthracnose, peach-leaf curl, and some other troubles. Unless later de- velopments overcome these disadvan- tages, therefore, the dusting outfit must be considered only as a supplement to the regular spray outfit, and not a prac- tical substitution for it under Oregon conditions. With very few exceptions, the regu- lar spray program as recommended for the control of apple scale and codling moth should be followed in the bearing orchard. Frequent orchard inspections should be made, and where other pests and diseases are found, the proper ap- lications for their control should be given. Applicaltoi 1. Dormant t Spray. SPRAY PROGRAM Time Applied FOR APPLIES AND PEARS Pest or Disease and Materials to Use As the winter buds are swelling and before they open. For San Jose Scale, Red Spider Mite, Blister Mite: (Pear) Use lime-sulphur 1-8 or miscible oil 1-17. For Leaf Roller* : Use miscible oil 1-17. 2. Delnyedf Pears: Cluster bud scales Dormant separating. Spray. Apples: Young leaves sep- arated just enough to expose blossom buds. For Scab and Mildew': Use lime-sulphur 1-30. For Aphids: Add nicotine 1-1200. For Bud Moth : Add arsenate of lead 4-200. 3. Pink or Pre-blossom Spray. When the blossom buds are well separated in the cluster, just before opening. For Scab and Mildew: Lime-sulphur 1-40. For Bud Moth, Leaf Rotter, Pear Fruit Worm: Add arsenate of lead 4-200. 4. Calyx Just as the last petals are Spray. falling and before the calyx closes on main bud of each cluster. For Scab and Mildew: Lime-sulphur 1-40. For Codling Moth (apples only): Add arsenate of lead 3-200. 5. Ten-day Spray. Ten days or two weeks after the calyx applica- tion. For Scab and Mildew: Use lime-sulphur 1-40 or 1-50 (or self-boiled lime-sulphur S-8-50, if burning is feared). For Pear Slug: Add lead arsenate 3-200. 6. Thirty-day Spray. Four or five weeks after the calyx application. 7. July Spray. 8. August Spray. July 10 to 25, depending on locality and season. For Scab and Mildew*: Use lime-sulphur 1-50 (or self-boiled lime-sul- phur 8-8-50, to prevent burning). For Codling Moth*: Add arsenate of lead 3-200. For Green and Woolly Aphis: Use nicotine 1-1200. 1'or Codling Molh* (second generation) : Use arsenate of lead 3-200. August 5 to September 5, depending on locality and season. 9. Fall Spray. Late October, or imme- diately after fruit is picked. For Anthracnose: Use Bordeaux 6-6-50, or lime-sulphur 1-8. For Pear Leaf Blister Mite* and Scale: Use lime-sulphur 1-8. SPRAY PROGRAM FOR PRUNES AND PLUMS Dormant Spray. Just as the winter buds are opening. For San Jose Scale, Red Spider Mites, Twig Miner: Use lime-sulphur 1-8. Pre-blossom Spray. When the blossom buds are showing white, just before opening. For Brown Rot* Blossom Blight: Use Bordeaux 4-4-50, or lime-sulphur 1-30. For Rnd Moth: Add lead arsenate 2-100. For Aphids: Add nicotine 1-1200. First Fruit Spray. As soon as the "shucks" or calvx parts are off the fruit. For Brown Rot and Leaf Spot*1: Use Bordeaux 4-4-50, or self-boiled lime-sul- phur 8-8-50, with spreader. For Synela: Add neutral or triplumbic lead arse- nate paste 7-100. June Spray. About June 1. For Leaf Spot (beneficial for Brown Rot also): Use Bordeaux 4-4-50, or self-boiled lime-sul- phur 8 8-50, with spreader. 5. July Spray. About July 1. For Leaf Spot (beneficial for Brown Rot also): Use same materials as in preceding. 6. August Spray. About one month before picking time. For Blown Rot': Use Bordeaux 4-4-50, or self- boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50; add spreader. SPRAY PROGRAM FOR PEACHES Leaf Curl Spray. From December to mid- February. Late Dormant Spray. Just as the first buds are ready to open. For Pench Twig Miner. San Jose Scale, Red Snider Mite: Use lime-sulphur 1-8. (If scale is absent dilute 1-12.) For Aphids: Add nicotine 1-1200. For Bud Moth: Add lead arsenate 2-100. First Fruit Spray. Just after the "shucks" or calyx parts fall off. For I'eueh Wight' on fruit and leaves: Use self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50. (Many growers use Bordeaux 1—1—50 with good results.) Second Fruit Spray. Last Fruit Spray. About two or three weeks after the preceding. FPr Peach Blight on fruit and leaves: Use self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50. About one month before picking. For Brown Hot: Use self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50. For Hud Moth and Peach Twig Miner: Add lead arsenate 2-100. 6. Early Fall Spray. 7. Late Fall Spray. As soon as the fruit is picked. SPRAY PROGRAM FOR CHERRIES Dormant Spray. Just as the winter buds are beginning to open. Pre-blossom Spray. When blossom buds show- white, just before they open. First Fruit Spray. As soon as most of the "shucks" or calyx parts have fallen. Second Fruit Spray. July Spray. After the fruit is picked or about first of July. For San Jose Scale and Red Spider Mite: Use lime-sulphur 1-8. For Aphids: Add nicotine 1-1200 and apply Tan- glefoot in band around trunk to prevent ants carrying aphids up the tree. For Brown Rot Blossom Blight*: Use Bordeaux 4-1-50, or lime-sulphur 1-30, with spreader. For Bud Moth and Syneta: Add neutral or tri- plumbic lead arsenate paste 7-100. iFoVLeaf Spot* and Brown Rot: Use Bordeaux 4-4-50, or lim. self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50. For Syneta: Add neutral or triplumbic lead arse- nate paste 7-100. _^__ ~Fol- Brown Rot and Leaf Spot: Use Bordeaux 4-4-50, or self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50. For Slug: Add neutral or triplumbic lead arse- nate paste 7-1 no. For Leaf Spot: Use Bordeaux 4-4-50, or self- boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50. August Spray. About the first week in August. •When a pest or disease is marked with a star (•) see special discussions regarding it. t Spraying for San Jose scale and red spiders may be deferred until the Delayed Dormant (No. 2) if the strength of lime-sulphur in No. 2 is increased to 1-3. February, 1921 Diseases of Apples and Pears. Apple Scab: Dormant sprays are of no value against scab. In Western Ore- gon with the more susceptible varieties the delayed dormant spray (No. 2) must be given as the first scab spray to pre- vent early infections. At least four scab sprays are required to insure a clean crop where rains continue into June. Lime-sulphur will burn through scab spots which are already present on the leaves, and not infrequently also will cause a slight edging and tip burn of healthy leaves; but this is unavoidable. Periods of hot weather, however, are conducive to fruit burn and to more se- vere foliage injury. At such times the use of self-boiled lime-sulphur is sug- gested. Pear Scab: This disease, which is similar to apple scab, is controlled in the same way. At least two thorough sprays before blossoming must be given to catch early infections. Some varie- ties, however, are extremely susceptible to lime-sulphur injury and very weak dilutions of this material are suggested. In fast, on the sorts most liable to spray injury, the use of self-boiled lime-sul- phur beginning with the calyx spray- would be advisable. The addition of a spreader to this material will greatly increase its covering power. Fire Blight: While scab may destroy an entire crop, fire blight may destroy the entire orchard. It is the most dangerous of all known diseases of the apple and pear, and must be watched for unceasingly. In cases of suspected fire blight, send specimens at once to the Agricultural Experiment Station at Corvallis for microscopic examination, and get in touch with your county fruit inspector or Farm Bureau agent. Do not attempt to cut out blight until you have received careful directions from a reliable source. It is highly contagious and may easily be spread by persons who do not under- stand the disinfecting process. Do not be duped into using so-called blight cures. Many orchards have been ruined because owners have unwisely put their trust in some reputed "expert" or in some alleged "remedy" backed up by fine testimonials. Apple Tree Anthracnose: Infections on fruit and branches start in the fall during the rainy spells. To clean up a badly attacked orchard an application of weak Bordeaux mixture should be given in August or early September, followed by winter strength Bordeaux immediately after picking time. When well under control, a single thorough spraying just after picking season will often be sufficient to keep the disease within bounds. Powdery Mildew of Apples: Prune out all affected tips before spring. The ordinary sprays for the control of scab when given according to schedule will keep the mildew down to a practically negligible amount. The special iron sulphide mixture formerly advised is probably not of great advantage under Oregon conditions. Moss: Moss is rarely troublesome where a regular spray schedule is main- BETTER FRUIT Page 9 Ammonia | — . lb Top-Dressing Talk No. 3 Fertilizer Booklets Free What fertilizers are you going to buy for your next year's crops? Do you know about the top-dressing fertilizer^ rca- dian Sulphate of Ammonia? We have had prepared a number of fertilizer booklets which discuss in a practical way the use and value of Sulphate of Ammonia as a supplement to the mixed fertilizers. These booklets contain the opinions and suggestions of practical growers who are using Sulphate of Ammonia, as well as of scientific investigators who have tested this fertilizer in comparison with other forms of nitrogen. These booklets will be sent free upon request. Order by number. Address Desk No. 9, Agricultural Department, The Barrett Company: 1 — Important Facts About Arcadian Sulphate of Ammonia. 5 — Intensive Market Gardening. 6 — Sulphate of Ammonia by Those Who Know. 8 — The Use of Sulphate of Ammonia in the Fertilization of Peaches. 27 — How to Increase the Yield of Timothy. 61 — Oats and Their Fertilization in the South. 69 — More Cotton. 71 — Fertilizer Note Book 81 Arcadian Sulphate of Ammonia — Directions for Use. 85 Fertilizing the Apple Orchard. 86— More Wheat. 88 — Successful Potato Growing. 91 — Sweet Potatoes and Yams. 94 — Sulphate of Ammonia for Sugar Cane. 97- -Field Expansion on Availability of Nitrogenous Fertilizers. ARCADIAN Sulphate of Ammonia Sulphate of Ammonia is the well-known standard article that has done you good service in your mixed fertilizers for years past. Arcadian is the kiln-dried and screened grade, made fine and dry for top-dressing purposes. Ammonia 25 %% guaranteed. Made in U. S. A. Arcadian Sulphate of Ammonia is for sale, by the larger fertilizer dealers and their agents. Order A rcadian early. ARCADIAN IS FOR SALE BY CALIFORNIA: San Francisco; Hawaiian Fertilizer Co., Pacific Bone Coal & Fertilizing Co., Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co., Western Meat Co., California Fertilizer Works; Los Angeles; Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co., Pacific Bone Coal & Fertilizing Co., Agricultural Chemical Works, Hauser Packing Co., Hawaiian Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Southern California Fertilizer Co. OREGON: Portland; Swift & Co. For information as to application, write Desk No. 9 T^ @lm0 Company &££ 510 First National Bank Building, Berkeley, California Page 10 tained in the orchard. To clean up an old moss-covered orchard add common soda lye to the dormant spray or spray straight lye dissolved in water at the rate of one pound to five or six gallons. Such strong caustic, however, should be used with caution. Bordeaux mix- ture and winter strength lime-sulphur are also of value. Drouth Spot, Cork and Bitter Pit or Baldwin Spot of Apples: These are physiological troubles not caused by parasite organisms and hence not con- trollable by spraying. Diseases of Stone Fruits. Brown Bot of Stone Fruits: This is the worst disease of prunes in Oregon, frequently destructive to cherries, and sometimes bad on peaches. It varies tremendously in severity from year to year. It often causes considerable dam- age in prunes and cherries by blossom BETTER FRUIT blight. Attacks of fruit rot are likely to develop at any time during the sea- son when there is continued moisture, particularly when accompanied by warm temperatures. A rigid spray schedule, therefore, cannot be adhered to. The worst attacks occur almost al- ways during the ripening and picking period. Hence it is usually very desir- able to give a thorough spraying about a month before picking. Other sprays should be given when conditions seem to justify them. Leaf Spot or Yellow-Leaf Disease of Prunes and Cherries: Caused by a fun- gus known in its summer stage as Cylin- drosporium. Besults in dropping of leaves. This, if severe, brings about poor fruit development, retarded growth, and reduced or weakened fruit buds. Spray- ing will materially lessen the disease. Attacks vary greatly in severity from year to year. Hence growers are ad- February, 1021 vised to watch and spray when first signs of the disease are evident. Internal Browning and Gum Spot of Prune Fruit: These are physiological troubles and not controlled by sprays. Often mistaken for brown rot and in- secl attack. Peach Blight: Infections take place abundantly during fall rains and cause the death of buds and the girdling of twigs during the winter. Then in the spring new infections attack fruit and foliage, causing fruit spot and leaf shot- hole. The first fall spray should be given before rains begin. Peach Leaf Curl: Infections take place just as the leaves are emerging. The one spray needed must be applied before any of the leaf tips are out. Fvery bud and twig must be thorough- ly covered. Leaf curl may be controlled by a winter application even as early as the first of December. Bordeaux gives more uniform success than lime- sulphur in controlling the disease. Powdery Mildew of Peaches: The first control applications should be given soon after the winter buds have come out and while the leaves are still very small; repeat at intervals of three or four weeks until mildew is elim- inated and give another spray if it be- gins to show again. Use self-boiled lime-sulphur 8-8-50 with spreader added. In warm weather dusting with very finely powdered dusting sulphur should be effective. Bacterial Gummosis: This disease is common and destructive on young sweet cherries, and sometimes troublesome on other stone fruits in Western Oregon, but is apparently unknown east of the Cascades. It cannot be controlled by spraying. Insect Pests. San Jose Scale: This manifests itself as small, ash-gray or blackish, pimple- like scales clustered on the bark. Be- moving scale discloses a flattened, oily, lemon-yellow insect beneath. The bark is thin, and stained with purple, the trees becoming bark-bound and devital- ized. Infested fruit shows bright red spots. The ideal time to spray is during February. To avoid an extra applica- tion, may be put on earlier, or deferred to the delayed dormant. Use lime-sul- phur 1-8. Application for control is ad- visable only when one is reasonably sure of presence of pest. Thoroughness is essential: drive the spray under the buds. Oil emulsions are effective, and are probably occasionally advisable as a substitute for lime-sulphur because of their beneficial effect on the tree. Bed Spider Mites: Use Spray No. 1 (or No. 2 on apple, pear and peach). Application is advisable only when one is reasonably sure of presence of pest. Codling Moth: Use Sprays No. 4, 0, 7, and 8. The exact date for the applica- tion of Sprays No. 0, 7, and 8 will vary with the season and with the locality. In the case of No. 6 the date of appli- cation should correspond with the first deposition of eggs. Procure a standard thermometer and take daily readings at 8:00 p. m. during the season imme- diately following the calyx application. WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 When the evening temperature registers 60 degrees or above, it is time to apply this spray. As a general rule, this date will follow the calyx spray by about three and one-half to four and one- half weeks in Eastern and Southern Oregon; four to five weeks in the Hood River Valley, and five to six weeks in the Willamette Valley. In a bearing orchard, it is never advisable to omit this spray. Generally speaking, our most serious codling moth injury occurs in late sum- mer resulting in the costly "September sting." To assist in minimizing this in- jury it seems advisable to increase the poison dosage by one-half in the last summer application, using 4.5-200 in spray 8. The element of time of appli- cation is of first importance and will vary greatly with the season, locality, and local conditions. Where possible, if in doubt, consult the fruit inspector, county agent, or some official who is in a position to know when to apply these summer sprays. In Southern Oregon the rule is, "Keep the fruit covered with spray." Aphids or Plant Lice: Nicotine sul- phate, 40 per cent, added to Spray No. 2, at the rate of two-thirds pint to 100 gallons of the dilute spray, is the stand- ard application for control of plant lice. As aphids are nearly always present in the orchard, this application is gener- ally advisable. Reinfestation of apples may take place in June, in which case, add nicotine to Spray No. G. In the case of cherry trees ants carry aphids up to reinfcst the trees. Band the trees with Tanglefoot or other material tc prevent this. Bud Moth: This is a chocolate-brown worm one-third inch long, found in a mass of webbed leaves at tip of twig. On apple and pear add lead arsenate 4-200 to Sprays No. 2 and 3. On stone CARE and efficient methods are nec- essary to grow and maintain a profit- able orchard. Your bank account needs the same careful attention to pro- vide the greatest bene- fit to you. The First National Bank, through its size and the comprehensiveness of its service, is able to offer you the most in banking service. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF PORTLAND, OREGON mimiimiimijiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimimnii fruits add neutral lead arsenate 7-100 to Spray No. 2. Application is advisable only where pest has done injury the past season. Pear and Cherry Slugs: These are greenish-brown, slimy, slug-like larvae, which skeletonize foliage of cherry and pear. On pear use Spray No. 5, adding lead arsenate 4-200. On cherry use Spray No. 4, adding neutral arsenate of lend, 0-100. Road dust, air-slaked lime, sulphur, or any finely divided powder applied as a dust is also very effective. Blister Mile: This is usually serious only on pears. Use Spray No. 1, ami be very thorough in applying it. Th'j sprayed trees should appear as if white- washed. The ideal control for blister mite is a spray applied in the fall (see Spray No. 9). When thoroughly done, one application in three years is gen- erally sufficient for satisfactory con- trol. Leaf Rollers (on apple) : Most com- mon in Northern and Eastern Oregon. Use miscible oil emulsion recommended in Spray No. 1. For maximum effi- ciency, apply during period of settled weather. Application is advisable only where one is reasonably sure of pres- ence of pest. Fruit Worms (on pear) : Serious in Valley. Use Spray No. 3. Lead arsen- ate in the pink. Wooly Apple Aphis: This pest occurs as clumps or masses of cotton-like patches about wounds, cracks, and galled areas of bark, or on water sprouts and exposed rootlets. Beneath this cottony mass are wriggling col- onies of soft brown aphids. When thoroughly established, this is a very serious pest in apple trees. Mark in- fested trees for special treatment. Borers: They are not controlled by sprays, but require special treatment. Fruit Tree Leaf Syneta: This is a small, elongate, active, creamy-white beetle. Feeds on buds, unfolding leaves, blossom petals, and developing fruit, making unsightly holes. Use the neutral arsenate of lead, 7-100, in sprays as indicated. Cherry Fruit Maggot: This is a small, white cylindrical maggot found feeding inside the fruit. If lead arsen- ate sprays are applied for the control of cherry slug, they will also ordinarily control the maggot. If it is desired to apply a special spray, use lead arsenate, 3-50, plus 2 gallons of cheap syrup. This should be applied at the rate of one pint to the tree. Us a hand pump throwing a fine misty spray which will deposit minute droplets on the outer leaves. This is to poison the fly which produces the maggot. Treat the trees just as the fruit begins to color well. Peach and Prune Twig Miner: A common and serious pest of prune and peach. Occurs as a chocolate-brown worm one-quarter inch in length found in tunnels at the base of a wilted tip or fruit spur. Worms also tunnel into young fruit, causing it to drop. Sum- mer applications are ineffective. Use spray indicated. Applications are gen- erally advisable as the pest is usually present. More complete information on particu- lar pests and diseases, and also directions for making any particular spray mate- rial, may be secured by writing to the Oregon Agricultural College at Corval- lis. If information is desired regarding the identity of any insect or disease, send complete description, together with specimens of disease and of the affected plants, if possible. Wrap the material in a container which will not be crushed in the mails. Put your name and address on the package. Garden Tractor Takes the Place of A Horse Plows, Harrows, Culti- vates—Operates CreamSeparator, 1 k Pump, Washing Machine, Etc. Beeman Garden Tractor Is Ideal for the Rapid Cultivation of Berries Potatoes orJiny Root Crop Will also do anything that a 4-horse- power stationary gasoline engine will do. Efficient and speedy for making irrigation rills in the orchard. A necessity for any fruit or berry grower whether he uses horses or a big tractor. Write for catalog and full informa- tion as to what this machine will do. Wentworth & Irwin S. E. Cor. Second and Taylor PORTLAND, OREGON NG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER Pace 12 BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 Specifications Horsepower: izatdraw- bar, 20 at belt pulley. Length: 96 inches. Width: 50 inches. Height: 52 inches. Weight: 3420 pounds. Turning Circle: 1 2 feet. Traction Surface: About 800 square inches. Center to Center of Tracks: 38 inches. Belt Pulley: Diameter, 8 inchesj face, 6 inches. Cletrac Holds an Acre-an-Hour Gait First on the field in spring, Cletrac strikes a steady acre-an-hour gait — turning well-mulched furrows and completely burying the cover crop. And it's a fast, steady pace it holds no matter what work you put it to — cutting cost and increasing production. Cletrac's two broad, ground-gripping tracks dis- tribute its weight evenly and lightly for working over soft and uneven ground. That is why it rides powerfully ahead regardless of the condition of the soil — like a wheelbarrow on a plank. Cletrac turns short — swings quickly back to the furrow without loss of time or power. Built low, without projections, it weaves easily in and out around trees without injuring them. Its water air- washer always gives plenty of cool, moist air — keeps the motor running smoothly in scorching, dust-heavy summer. The Cletrac replaces six to eight horses — does practically any jobs they do — and is fresh enough at the end of the day to continue through the night at emergency pumping or other belt work if need be. You can handle more acres with a Cletrac, and still have plenty of time and power to put into each of them. See your dealer for full details of how the Cle- trac does more work at less expense — or get them by writing today for the whole story in the inter- esting booklet, "Selecting Your Tractor." The Cleveland Tractor Co. "Largest Producers of Tank- Type Tractors in the World" 19145 Euclid Ave., Cleveland PACIFIC COAST SALES OFFICES Los Angeles, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. MG ADVERTISERS MENTIO February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 7; Pedigreed" Trees— Where Do We Stand? By A. E. Murneek, Assistant Professor of Horticultural Research, Oregon Experiment Station WHILE we have been fast elim- inating the scrub or unproduc- tive cow from our dairy herds, and in its place have been introducing the selected or pedigreed animal, very little, if any, selection work of syste- matic and organized nature has been done with our fruit trees, the exclusive mortgage lifters of many a farmer of the Northwest. If there is a marked difference in respect to productivity among the Holsteins; if a Jersey is not always a Jersey; if "blood" counts; can there not possibly be also as real fundamental and tangible difference between two Newtown trees, though the buds from which they were propagated may have come from the same orchard. If "blood" counts in the Jersey, may it not count in the Spitzen- burg as well? This analogy may not be permissible exactly, but it conveys the meaning just the same. Undoubtedly there have been numer- ous, though largely spurious, attempts at selection of fruit trees. Most of them have, however, not justified the measures of precaution and necessary expenditure connected with such a practice. Perhaps the lack of a ready and convenient method of judging the exact commercial value of a selected tree — a "Babcock tester" for plants, so to speak — has been the main cause of these failures. Yet the waves of en- thusiasm for "pedigreed" trees visit us often enough. They are within the easy memory of the horticulturist of to- day. Just now one such wave is reach- ing us from our sister state in the south. Recently much interest and great ac- tivity has been displayed by citrus growers in California in propagating "selected" trees and grafting over un- productive trees or whole orchards to "selected" buds obtained from trees of known performance. These are the di- rect results of long continuous and la- borous investigations of A. D. Shamel, of the United States Department of Agriculture, who, with the help of sev- eral assistants, has been working on this problem ever since 1909. The re- sults of this endeavor have been em- bodied in a number of bulky bulletins published by the federal government. They are quite striking and illustrative, to say the least. The records of Mr. Shamel show that great variability exists within the com- mercial varieties of almost all culti- vated citrus fruits. Thus, for instance, thirteen important strains have been found in the Washington naval orange alone, while the total number of strains existing in this variety, though un- known, may exceed many times this number. Some of these strains have been named and are now used almost exclusively for propagating purposes. Others have been found to be worthless. Tree performance records have shown that many drone trees of low produc- tivity are to be found in almost every citrus orchard, some having as many as 75 per cent of such trees. As a result of these investigations most of the citrus fruits propagated in California at present are from buds of selected trees, which have been found either by continuous observation or by tree performance records to be pro- ductive and of the desirable type or strain. This practice has become so es- tablished that even such dominating and conservative organization as the California Fruit Growers' Exchange has established a special department of bud selection. According to the last an- nual report of the general manager of the Exchange, this department has fur- nished to date approximately 1,000,000 buds cut from selected trees, and will increase this number by 250,000 during the present season. Consequently al- most all of the leading nurserymen in the state are now propagating their citrus nursery stock only from selected buds. Moreover, it is estimated that more than 40,000 undesirable citrus trees in California orchards have been top- grafted with selected buds. Some of these top-worked trees are already in bearing. According to Mr. Shamel not a single case has been found where the chosen tree characteristics have not I N S E C T I C I D E B. T. S. DRY POWDERED BARIUM- SULPHUR COMPOUND PATENTED APRIL 23, 1918 —COMBINED IN POWDERED FORM— shi tra It dissolves readily in cold water. By the elimination iping is reduced about 8O9J. as compared with lime-s isportation costs are cut to a minimum. B T S may be substituted for lime-sulphur solution of the water and redu tlphur solution, loss fr n any spraying operat ml on w to dry :lk;iU'' here it 1.1 * veight in ted, and use the Before being offered in the market B T S was subjected to exhaustive tests, in both dormant period and growing period sprayings, by Prof. W. M. Scott. These tests proved conclusively that the same results were obtained with it as with lime-sulphur solution. Based upon these tests, B T S has been offered generally in the market for the past several years with the same satisfactory results to the growers. *™ T §-'l KB£!e?i?flE PreParat'°" combining the Insectlcidal and fungicidal properties of barium and sulphur, and in which both the barium and the sulphur are available as active Ingredients Although barium belongs to the same chemical group as calcium (or lime) it possesses in addition certain properties which when combined with sulphur greatly inerea.se the efficiency of both material- 1 , nd.'i in- the compound remarkably effective in killing scale insects and also as a fungicide. Our interests are the same as yours. Write us about Dormant, and Bulletin No. 5 on Growing Period Spraying of Deciduous Fruii "in tree troubles, and ask for Bulletin No. 3 on F U N G I C I D E Our service includes ware" house stocks at convenient distribution points, including Wenatchee, Yakima, Spo- kane, Walla Walla, Lewiston, Boise, Provo, Hood Kiver, Portland, Medford. MATERIALS Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead Packed In i-li>. paper bags 1 in and 96-lb. cases) and in hulk (200-lb. drums 1. Standard Paste Arsenate of Lead. Atomic Sulphur (patented). Bordeaux Mixture Paste. Dry Powdered Bordeaux Mixture. Universal Brand Dormant Soluble Oil. Universal Brand Miscible Oil. Universal Brand Distillate Oil Emulsion. GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY, 1811 L. C. Smith Building, Seattle EN WRITING ENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 14 been established by means of this prac- tice. The results obtained in California are given here at length not only due to their conspicuous character, but also because of their economic importance. Here we witness the first really good example where bud selection of fruit trees apparently has become a decided success. Thus it is clearly seen that generally speaking, there is something, perhaps a whole lot, in bud selection. The citrus varieties are famous, however, for their great variability. Here then one would be tempted to stop and insist that though bud selection may be of pro- found practical value in the case of citrus trees, it would hardly be worth while to think of bud selection or "ped- igreed" stock of deciduous trees. The Ship Your Fruit TO Europe BY Holland-America Line RefrigeratorSteamers Regular Monthly Direct Freight Service between Portland, Oregon, AND United Kingdom and Continental European Ports S.S. "KINDERDYK," March 15th S.S. "MOERDYK," April 15th (Both 12,000 tons D.W.) Steamers especially equipped with large cool-rooms and refrigerator plants for transportation of fruit, fish and other perishable commodities. Oregon-Pacific Company GENERAL AGENTS Wilcox Building Portland, Oregon Witheach order one trial packet each of: PINK WOOLFLOWERS, j which tt shows all season. 6 pick, in great profusion. Japan iris, pew hybrids of all colors. Matrnificent. DIFNER TOMATO, gruws to weigh 3 lbs. As smooth and beautiful as an apple. Most startling new vegetable. And our Big Catalog, all for 20 ots. Big Catalog, tree. All flower and Vegetable se.'ds. hulh.. Blanta and new berriea. We grow the finest Gladi. li. 'ahlia*. Cannas, Irises. Peonies. Perennials, Shrubs. Vines, etc. All prize strains — many sterling novelties. JOHN LEWIS CHILDS. Inc. Floral Park. N Y BETTER FRUIT apples, pears and stone fruits are con- spicuous for their great stability. Notwithstanding the many arguments that have been advanced pro and con on the subject of bud selection of de- ciduous trees, it has not yet been set- tled. There are many fruit growers of life-long experience and wide reputa- tion who are firm believers in this prac- February, 1921 tice. Thus George T. Powell, a well known fruit grower of New York, in a paper recently read before a conven- tion of California nurserymen, relates his valuable experiences with bud se- lection extending for more than 30 years. It is the firm belief of Mr. Powell that buds for propagating pur- poses should be chosen from trees or Ridley,Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy AKE every seed planted, and every '^■p^s^. acre cultivated, yield the , J^~~~~^^ biggest return. Diamond *^^ Quality Seeds are tested and adapted to the climatic and soil conditions of the Northwest. You can "bank" on big crops when you plant Diamond Quality Seeds. Our Seed Catalog and Planters' Guide is the stan- dard reference for growers of the Northwest, listing our complete lines of Seeds, Trees and Plants, Ferti- lizers, Poultry and See Supplies and Sprayers, Dairy Supplies and Equipment. Ask for Catalog No. 200. Portland Seed Ccn Portivand.Oregon „.„ IM l:S MFNTION* BETTER February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 parts of trees of known type, vigor and productivity. Scores of such opinions may be obtained from other growers of like experience. There are many horticulturists, to be sure, who are taking the opposite side and declaim the idea. The many and extensive in- vestigations conducted by several agri- cultural experiment stations in the United States and Canada are of par- ticular significance in this respect. With but a few exceptions they have given invariably negative results. In view of the present widespread interests among fruit growers of the Northwest in setting out new orchards and the current activities of the Cali- fornia growers respecting "selected" buds, it seems to be timely that the question of pedigreed or selected trees should be given a careful considera- tion. It may be well then to ask where we stand on this question. What infor- mation has been precipitated by horti- culturists and plant breeders regarding the value and practicability of bud se- lection of horticultural plants and par- ticularly so of deciduous fruit trees? How much is there in it anyway? The subject leads us straight to the consideration of the nature and fre- quency of bud variations. It is of com- Use International Tillage Tools for Safe and Profitable Orchard Cultivation No doubt you appreciate the necessity for cultivating your fruit trees and small fruits just as much as culti- vating any row crop such as potatoes, corn, etc. Weeds are the enemy of big yields, no matter what the crop. And the Disk Harrow is the enemy of weeds and conserver of moisture. The International Orchard Disk Harrow is the ideal implement for orchard cultivation, because it is especi- ally designed for this work. The frame is hung low and the disk gangs covered with broad curved sheet metal shields which prevent the disks from injuring low-hang ing branches or fruit. The gangs are reversible for La- throw or outthrow and can be set for ridging or hilling. An extension frame can be furnished to permit cultiva- tion under very low-hanging foliage. Safe and profitable orchard cultivation requires an implement designed especially for orchard work. That is why we strongly recommend the International Orchard Disk to all fruit growers. Write the Chicago address for literature on the subject of good tillage tools. Depend on the International dealers for efficient tillage implements and for uniformly % good service. International Harvester Company OF AMERICA (INCORPORATED) CHICAGO U.S.A. Cheyenne, Wyo. 8. Cal. Portland. Or an Francisco. Cal. Denver. Colo. Helena, !. Salt Lake City. Utah Spokane. Wash. mon knowledge that no two trees are exactly alike in an orchard, as no two buds or fruits are the same on a tree. Modifications or variations in nature are the rule, not the exception. This is true with all plants and parts thereof. It is due primarily to the unstability, change, and hence continuous differ- ence in both the internal and external environment of the plant. Most of these modifications are, however, so small that they are of no particular signifi- cance to the fruitgrower. In fact they are a blessing to all of us, for what dreadful monotony would there be if plants of a certain kind or variety and their fruits would be exactly alike. Sometimes, however, variations of this type are of such a degree that they may be very striking and quite valuable to the gruit grower. The exact causes and reasons of such cumulative and ex- pressive variations are not known, all one can tell is that they are the results of impressive and striking changes of the environment. In literature, such variations are referred to as "discon- tinuous variations," "somatic vari- ations," or less pretentious terms are used, such as "fluctuating variations," or simply "modifications" or "fluctu- ations." Technically of course more or less clear cut differences could be drawn regarding the proper use of these terms, for our purposes, however, it looks as if the last two terms would be as good as any and would convey the proper meaning. Hence, because of their general instability, we shall call variations of this type fluctuations or modifications. Fluctuations may be exhibited by any part of the plant, stem, branches, leaves, buds, blossoms, fruits, etc. They may appear in various forms. The fruit may be larger or smaller in size, or may exhibit a modification in form, color, or time of maturity. The eating or keeping quality may have changed. Then, of course, the tree itself or part of it may be so modified that it will bear prolific crops or remain unpro- ductive. Recently it has been shown that because of fluctuating variations, trees may be changed from a condition of self-fertility to that of self-sterility and vice-versa. These are but a few il- lustrations. Concluded in next issue. Renfrew Portable Weighing Machine Read what this man says about it: I do not need this scale one month to use to tell you my opinion about it. I have used the same scale in Canada for several years, when I came into the United States three years ago. I have been looking always for it, till I saw your .id., ami you know I ordered II away. This letter proves you plenty that the Renfrew weighing machine is of'entire satisfaction to me. fours truly, .1. M. Janssen, Box 35. Route 1. Bend, nregon. Weighs a 1-pound chicken or a POUnd a ninial Willi ;nvill;h'y. DEALERS WANTED J.C.ROBINSON CO. 56 First Street PORTLAND, OREGON Page 16 BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 Special for 30 Days Only MAKE YOUR MONEY BUY MORE Bargain Club Offers Bargain Club Offers Save Money by Securing Your Reading Matter Now Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly . . .1 year People's Home Journal 1 year Woman's World, Monthly 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Good Stories, Monthly 1 year Today's Housewife, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly. . .1 year Collier's Weekly, Weekly 1 year People's Home Journal 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Pictorial Beview, Monthly 1 year Modern Priscilla, Monthly 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Woman's Home Companion 1 year American Magazine, Monthly 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Youth's Companion, Weekly 1 year People's Home Journal 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Boys' Magazine, Monthly 1 year Today's Housewife, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Christian Herald, Weekly 1 year McCall's Magazine, Monthly 1 year Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-M'thly .. .1 year Modern Priscilla, Monthly 1 year Today's Housewife, Monthly ... .1 year Offer "A" $2.20 Value $3.75 Offer "B" $1.15 Value $2.25 Offer "C" $2.35 Value $3.75 Offer "D" $3.65 Value $5.50 Offer "E" $4.10 Value $6.50 Offer "F" $4.00 Value $5.75 Offer "G" $1.60 Value $3.00 Offer "H" $2.05 Value $3.50 Offer "I" $2.85 Value $5.00 BETTER FRUIT and WESTERN FARMER, WITH People's Home Journal Value $2.85 WITH American Magazine Value 4.10 WITH Boys' Magazine Value 2.60 WITH Collier's Weekly Value 3.60 WITH Christian Herald Value 3.60 WITH Woman's H. Companion. . .Value 3.60 WITH Delineator Value 4.10 WITH Everybody's Magazine Value 4.35 WITH Etude .- Value 3.60 WITH Hunter-Trader-Trapper ...Value 3.60 WITH Illustrated World Value 4.60 WITH Little Folks Value 3.60 WITH Literary Digest Value 5.60 WITH Modern Priscilla Value 3.60 WITH Mentor Value 5.60 WITH Motion Picture Magazine ..Value 4.10 WITH N.Y. Thrice-a-Week World. Value 2.60 WITH Pictorial Review Value 4.10. WITH Popular Science Monthly . .Value 4.60 WITH Review of Reviews Value 5.60 WITH Sunset Magazine Value 4.10 WITH Today's Housewife Value 2.60 WITH Illustrated Review Value 2.60 WITH Youth's Companion ($2.50). Value 4.10 1 year, FOR $2.00 FOR 3.10 FOR 2.10 FOR 2.85 FOR 2.35 FOR 2.60 FOR 3.10 FOR 3.35 FOR 2.50 FOR 2.60 FOR 3.20 FOR 2.50 FOR 4.95 FOR 2.35 FOR 4.35 FOR 2.85 FOR 1.85 FOR 2.85 FOR 3.60 FOR 4.60 FOR 3.10 FOR 1.60 FOR 1.75 FOR 3.25 -Use this Order Form Today SPECIAL— ALL 6 FOR 1 YEAR, ONLY $1.95 Better Fruit, Monthly 1 year Western Farmer, Semi-Monthly 1 year Good Stories, Monthly 1 year Household Guest, Monthly 1 year Mother's Magazine and Home Life 1 year Woman's World, Monthly 1 year FARM NEWS, STORIES, FANCY WORK, FASHIONS, HOUSEHOLD HELPS. 84 COPIES OF THESE PUBLICATIONS The entire six publications will come to you regularly for a full year for only $2.00. SEND ALL ORDERS TO FARM MAGAZINE COMPANY 800 OREGONIAN BUILDING PORTLAND, OREGON FARM MAGAZINE COMPANY, 800 Oregonian Building, Portland, Oregon. Enclosed please find $ for which send me Name Town R.F.D State.. WHEN WRITING SERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 1; S*W Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead is a powerful control of insects but safe to use freely and thoroughly without fear of damage to blossom, foliage or fruit. It contains 30% to 33% arsenic oxide and less than \ of one per cent water soluble ar- senic. This is both the safest and strongest formula on the market. In addition to chemical advan- tages, Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead has many points of working superiority. Among these are: More Bulk, giving greater spread and covering with minimum amount of material. Longer Suspension, giving finer, closer cover with more uniform dis- tribution of poison. Greater Adhesion, sticking to foliage throughout heavy dews and rains, giving longer efficiency to each spray. Enduring poisoning power, with greater certainty of killing, assur- ing control with fewer sprayings per season. Sherwin-Williams Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead also combines perfectly with S-W Dry Lime Sul- fur for summer spray. S-W Dry Lime Sulfur is the regular standard 33 Baume So- lution, in dry powdered form. It does everything the liquid did, but saves cost of water, freight, leaks, freezing and deterioration. S-W Pestroy is an efficient combination of arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture. It is a blight preventive, fungus control and bug killing mixture of great power, but safe from burn on foliage. S-W Tuber Tonic is a combined insecticide and fungicide made of Paris Green and Bordeaux mixture. Simplifies potato protection, killing bugs and controlling blight. Fine suspension, cover and adhesion. Sherwin-Williams Products S-W SPRAYER'S MANUAL 10c A scientific book by a practical authority on every form of spraying control. New Edition illustrated in color, postpaid for ioc. Address The Sherwin-Williams Company, 602 Canal Road, N.|W., Cleve- land, Ohio. Insecticides, Disinfectants Wood Preservatives Paints and Varnishes Pigments and Colors and Cattle Dips Page 18 BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company 703 Oregonian Building PORTLAND, OREGON OFFICERS AND STAFF D. L. Cabpexter President A. W. Stypes Vice-President E. E. Faville Secretary-Treasurer W. H. Walton Editor C. I. Moody Advertising Manager E. C. Williams. .. San Francisco Representative Hobart Building Founder of Oregon Horticultural Society Dies. Ezra Leonard Smith, born in Vermont in 1837, died at Hood River, Oregon, January 22, 1921, in his eighty-fourth year. While a student at Lombard Univer- sity, Galesburg, Illinois, Mr. Smith at- tended the Republican Convention in Chicago, in 1860, when Abraham Lin- coln was first nominated for the presi- dency. He came to California in 1861 and interested himself in mining, later going to Washington Territory, of which he became Secretary in 1867. Mr. Smith was associated with the group of men who established the first bank in Olympia. March 1, 1876, with his family, he arrived in Hood River. He early be- came interested in fruit growing and planted one of the Valley's first com- mercial orchards. Through his love for fruit trees, Mr. Smith, affectionately known among his friends as "Hood River" Smith, quite naturally became a leader of the men engaged in their culture. He was one of the founders and for several years president of the Oregon Horticultural Society and dur- ing the years of his long and useful residence in Hood River, was an en- thusiastic leader in the local fruit in- dustry. Care of Your Assets. In the home (if the country dweller, infinitely more than in the city, the wife is an asset and not a liability! In view of the multitudinous duties devolving upon her, surely she deserves much consideration. The fruit grower who, year after year, is forced to get along the best he can with inadequate equipment — doing by hand what he should have a machine to do, working early and late under heavy handicaps — will not remain in the industry long. Under such condi- tions he will dispose of his place, ;it a loss if necessary, and seek some other less arduous and more hopeful em- ployment. The average fruit grower's wife could not sell her place, nor could she give it away if she wanted to, but sin is loyal enough and true enough not to want to. Yet, how often is she forced to do by hand what she should have a machine to do? Running water in the kitchen, at least; electric power, what a vista thai opens to the imagination — easier wash days, brighter light in the evening by which to sew, and a dozen little helps in the day's work. Does anyone hut the wife herself know know what it means to get along without these things? (Her helpmeet should know.) She is a practical asset! Upon her should he bestow at least as much consideration and attention as he gives to the equipment for orchard operations, and in return she will give to the home health and contentment. Adequate Fruit Inspection Imperative. Every shipper and grower should stand solidly back of any move to im- prove fruit inspection. It is only the perfect fruit which has won for the Northwest and the Pacific Slope its world-wide reputation. The grower who is not "for" rigid inspection and enforcement of grade and pack regula- tions is a menace to the fruit industry of the territory. It is unfair that one careless shipper in a community should jeopardize the returns of every grower whose fruit happens to be shipped in the same car. The Pacific Northwest, through its progressive methods of handling its enormous fruit tonnage, has attracted IMPORTANT NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Effective January 1st, 1921, the subscription price of "Better Fruit" was reduced to $1.00 a year, and subscribers who have renewed re- cently at the old rate of $2.00 a year will be extended in accord- ance with postal regulations. the attention of practically every fruit producing country in the world. They are copying the great American North- west, buying the same orchard and packing house equipment, adopting the same rules of pack and grade, and, hav- ing learned all we can teach them, are entering the lists against their teacher. Surely this is no time to let down the bars. Hope in the Freight Rate Situation. Growers and shippers of fruit may well be encouraged by the curren dis- cussions of existing freight rates. The subject has been thoroughly aired at every convention or other gathering of men who are interested in fruit produc- tion or transportation and there are many evidences that the railways them- selves are becoming alarmed at the ef- fects of the existing rates and will use every means within their power to re- adjust them before another shipping season. The current rates, which went into effect last September, are approxi- mately 25 per cent higher than the rates which existed before that time and in the brief period since the new tariffs became effective, it has been demon- strated thai in many cases they absorb all the profits from fruit shipments and leave the grower with a net loss on his 5 ear's operations. There can be only one result of the continuation of these tariffs and that is decreased production and shipment, with resultant loss in profits to land owners, growers and railways alike, and market scarcities which will be both inconvenient and disastrous. When the freight increases were al- lowed, the one thought which seemed to be uppermost in the minds of the tariff makers was that the railroads must be given a chance to make more money. There is little indication that the new tariffs were scientifically formed or that the tariff makers gave any thought to the ultimate effect upon such indus- tries as fruit growing. Back of the in- creased rate is the unholy control which the railway labor organizations have over the railroads. While wages and other lines of industry are grad- ually being adjusted to meet reduced prices, the railroads are tied up by gov- ernment fiat to a schedule of wages and operating regulations which make it extremely difficult for the railroads single-handed to reduce rates. There is reason to believe, however, that when the public understands the situation, public opinion will be a powerful factor in bringing about the establishment of tariffs which will be fair to railways, labor and industry, alike. Did you tackle the trouble that came your way With a resolute heart and cheerful; Or hide your face from the light of day With a craven soul and fearful? Oh, a trouble's a ton, or a trouble's an ounce, Or a trouble is what you make it; And it isn't the fact that you're hurt that counts, But only how you take it. — .4non. What Papers Interested in Fruit Are Saying ORDER PACKAGES EARLY. If the fruit growers want a guaranteed sup- ply of baskets next year, they should give their order early to the manufacturer — this month or next — and permit the manufacturers to deliver a certain percentage of the baskets direct to the fruit growers' barns or railway station as early as he wishes. This advice from the pen of Mr. J. M. Wallace, president of the Oakville Wire-bound Box and Basket Co., Ltd., in a recent issue of the Toronto Globe, is sound business. While the manu- facturer does not expect payment until the following October, he wants orders in early so that he may run his plant throughout the year, instead of the usual procedure of closing down for a number of months during fall and win- ter. The Clarkson Fruit Growers' Association, which buys supplies of all kinds for 172 mem- bers, has placed an order for about 42,000 crates and 1,250,000 berry boxes for delivery at any time direct to the members' barns. A far-sighted policy of that kind will be well repaid when the next fruit rush is on. Other associations and individual growers might well follow the example, and order now. — The Canadian Horticulturist. ACTION NEEDED IN FREIGHT SITUATION. Column after column of news and comment from the trade concerning the freight rate sit- uation and its effect upon the fruit and vege- table industry have been pi Ented in The Packer during the last few weeks. Distribution of food is being curtailed, production threatens to be checked materially another season, freight I lage is being reduced and something must lie .lone at once to relieve all factors in the perishable food industry. The railroads are not goin^r to lower their rates unless they can be shown thai the pres- ent freight costs will reduce their income by curtailing the volume of traffic. Once the heads of the railroad companies are con- vinced of this fact, they will voluntarily go to Ihe Interstate Commerce Commission and February, ipsi BETTER FRUIT Page 19 ask for authority to put lower rates into ef- fect at once. The problem before the growers, shippers and distributors, then, is to show the railroads wherein their present attitude con- cerning freight rates is having the effect of reducing the shipments of perishable freight. The trade, acting as a unit from all parts of the United States, ought to ask a conference with the responsible railway executives, and armed with facts and figures, show the car- riers just what harm the high freight rates are doing to the fruit and vegetable industry and the resultant loss to the railroads in de- creased tonnage. Every state in the Union should be represented in this conference, and it should be called soon enough to all new rates which might be agreed upon to be put into effect before another crop season arrives. — The Packer. During the months of October, November and December, 98 permits were issued by State Engineer Percy A. Cupper, covering the appropriation of water from various streams and other sources for the irrigation of 28,398 acres of land, the development of 180 horse- power, domestic, mining, fluming lumber, and various other purposes, at an estimated cost of approximately §100,000. Seven reservoir permits have been issued, covering the storage of 3,714 acre feet of water. Among the more important projects con- templated for irrigation development are the Fort Klamath Meadows Company, of Fort Klamath, Oregon, for the irrigation of 9,318 acres of land in Klamath County, with the waters of Four Mile Creek, Seven Mile Creek, and Anna Slough; A. M. Geary of Portland for the irrigation of 7,100 acres of land in Klamath County, with the waters of Upper Klamath Lake, and the Mt. Reuben Mining Company of Grants Pass, Oregon, covering the appropri- ation of water from Reuben Creek for devel- opment of 87 horsepower at an estimated cost of §.10,000.— Hertford Sun. That the eastern barrel crop is now practi- cally off the market and that there is a better outlook for the western box apple is the opin- ion expressed recently by Harry Lassen, travel- ing representative of the Bean Sprayer inter- ests. Mr. Lassen, whose business takes him into the various apple growing centers through- out the world, had just arrived from the East, where he devoted close study to the condi- tions there. He stated that western growers of the later varities, especially Newtowns, are justified in being optimistic concerning the future, for, with the barrel crop now off the market, there will be an increasing demand for the boxed variety, which, he thinks, will begin to show an upward movement imme- diately. While there has not been any great de- mand in the home market for western fruit, prices have shown a slight improvement over those prevailing two weeks ago. The English market is rapidly improving, and with the sharp rise in exchange and the cutting of the freight rate on Atlantic steam- ers, there are indications that next month will bring better returns. Latest quotations from England show the following prices for boxed apples, extra fancy, §2.99, C. grade $2.61 to $2.80; Oregon Newtowns from S3.92 to $4.67 per box; Spitzenbergs, $2.99 to $3.36. Last weeks for the first time this season, the box shipments were heavier than those of the barrel variety. — Hood Hiver Xeivs. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1921 CATALOG FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK "Genuineness and Quality" OpD SEEDS "jjjj Grown from Select Stock =~ — None Better — 5i.i years 1^ selling seeds. Prices below all |J. others. Buy and test. If not - O.K. return and I will refund. Extra packets sent free in all orders I fill. Send address for ^ Big Catalogue illustrated with 9 over 700 pictures of vegetables and flowers of even- variety. R. H. SHUMWAY.Rockford.lll. Better Orchard Cultivation AT LESS COST The Orchard Cultivator illustrated above stirs the soil up from the bottom, it does not simply push it to one side, nor does it leave ditches and ridges, but instead leaves the soil in a wavy level condition. The Forkner Light Draft Harrow No. 32 Has been built especially to our specifications for orchard use and we have sold a great many of them to North- western orchardists who report that they are the best orchard cultivators they have ever used/ The Forkner Light Draft No. 32 is to be had in horse or tractor drawn styles and as built for us is of extra heavy construction, heavy frame and sections and teeth extra size and strength. LET US MAIL YOU CATALOG OF THIS ADVANCED ORCHARD CULTIVATOR A Full Line of Farm Machinery Myers' Spray Pumps and Power Sprayers Cutaway and Lean Harrows PORTLAND — SPOKANE Planters, Farmers, Poultry Keepers If you want a complete, reliable and upto date buyers guide send for Our 1921 Annual Catalog of Garden, Flower and Field Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Trees, Berries, Incubators, Brooders, Poultry, Bird and Pet Stock Supplies, Fertilizers, Sprays, Ftc. A Western Catalog for Western Buyers. Up-to-date, complete and nicely illustrated— a reliable, truthful guide. ROUTLEDGE SEED & FLORAL CO. ^StS. WHEN WRITING ISBRS MENTION BETTER Page 20 BETTER FRUIT February, 1021 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Trees, Shrubs, Vines and Plants We are Growers, not merely Dealers. Bartlett Pears on resistant Japan stocks in quantity. Most Extensive Assortment of Hardy Ornamentals in the Pacific North-west. J. B. Pilkington, Nurseryman Portland, Oregon OUR TREES Carefully Grown Carefully Selected Carefully Packed Will give satisfaction to the planter Salem Nursery Company 428 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon Additional Salesmen Wanted. Blight-Proof Surprise Pear Stock on Japan Root Don't worry about blight taking your pear orchard. Plant the blight-proof Surprise and insure against loss. The following year topwork it to Bartlett, Bosc or any desired variety and you have a blight-proof trunk and frame- work. This method is endorsed by Professor Reimer of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, Talent, Oregon, and recommended by him after exten- sive experiments. Thousands of these trees have been planted the last few years in California and Southern Oregon, and to some extent in the Yakima Valley, Washington. Our buds were secured direct from Professor Reimer. Twenty thousand discriminating families last year secured stock of us. This year our business is better than ever. "There's a reason," and that is the class of stock we deliver and the service we render. For other dependable fruit trees, shade trees, roses vines, etc., write WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenish, Washington Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. WE CAN SUPPLY YOU WITH THE CLARK SEEDLING STRAWBERRY in large lots. Also — ■ ANJOU PEAR BOSC PEAR BARTLETT DELICIOUS ITALIAN PRUNES ROYAL ANN CHERRY WINTER BANANA Many kinds of Peach trees and other sorts for the home orchard. Ideal Fruit & Nursery Co. HOOD RIVER, OREGON FILBERT TREES I have choice trees of the most approved varieties. They are of my own grow- ing, hence the supply is limited. Please state when writing the varieties and number of trees wanted. DR. J. H. WILKENS Box 12G McMinnville, Oregon Oregon Nursery Company ORENCO, OREGON Since 1867 Growers of DEPENDABLE TREES Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Berries, Roses, etc. Large Illustrated Catalog sent on request. Yakima & Columbia River Nursery Company Growers of Choice FRUIT TREES SMALL FRUITS AND ORNAMENTALS Yakima, Washington "Yakima Grown" is the best guarantee. j'ACIflc o4, (o, ■ WL. PROD'S^ Thrifty, well rooted plants offered, grown in the famous PUYALLUP VALLEY Blackberries Raspberries Loganberries Strawberries Gooseberries Currants Dewberries Crapes Rhubarb Asparagus Rosecroft Nurseries F. H. Burglehaus, Proprietor SUMNER, WASHINGTON WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Capital City Nursery Co. Our Specialty: Apple, Prune and Walnut Trees ORNAMENTAL AND FRUIT BEARING SHRUBBERY A good line of trees for WINDBREAK AND SHADE Address, Salem, Oregon UNIQUE HOME COLLECTION ALWILD PRODUCTIVE SUGAR PEERLESS NEW RACE DULUTH LUCKY + UNIQUE EVERGREEN PLANTATION NEW MEADOWS, IDAHO Strawberry Better Canner FREE Everbearing 15 plants $ .25 Strawberry 15 plants .45 Everbearing 15 plants .75 Strawberry 15 plants .90 Everbearing 15 plants 1.75 Everbearing 15 plants 5.00 And one other ALL PREPAID $9.10 The Woodburn Nurseries WOODBURN, OREGON Growers, not jobbers. All of our offerings are our owngrowing. Think what this means to the planter. APPLES, PEARS, PEACHES PRUNES, LOGANBERRIES STRAWBERRIES, ASPARAGUS ENGLISH HOLLY Three generations of Settlemier's growing trees in Oregon. Grandfather 1850 Father 1863 Son 1892 Buy your trees from those who know how. Every nursery using this trade- mark has subscribed to a standard of ethics which obligates for quality, efficiency and honesty in every prac- tical way. It signifies a fight against all questionable schemes, methods and utterances that would lead to disappointing results with nursery products. General cooperation af- fords satisfaction to planters and nurserymen. Nursery Stock We still have a surplus in many lines, including Apple, Pear and Cherry Seedlings, Gooseberry and Currant, Strawberry plants and Logan tips. Your want list will be appreciated. If you are interested in stock for next year it will pay you to corre- spond with us. Portland Wholesale Nursery Co. 971 Sandy Blvd., Portland, Oregon Canyon Home Nursery Strawberry Plants for Spring Delivery Everbearing Strawberries a specialty. Extra Fine Marshalls. F. I. MOFFET Ellensbnrg, Washington Idaho's Largest Nurseries Wants your orders for TREES, SMALL FRUITS, SHRUBS, ROSES, PERENNIALS. Highest Quality — Lowest Prices. Inquire about our FREE LANDSCAPE SERVICE Kimberly Nurseries Kimberly (Twin Falls County) Idaho Modern Methods of Codling Moth Control W. H. Wicks, Director Bureau of Plant Industry, State Department of Agriculture, Boise, Idaho IN THE Idaho horticultural law as passed by the fifteenth session Idaho legislature, 1919, we find the following: Section 2077. Spraying for codling moth. "All apple and pear trees of bearing age within the State of Idaho infested or known to be infested at any previous season with codling moth shall be sprayed at least two times each season with arsenate of lead solution or its equivalent, first spraying to be made within thirty days after the first ap- pearance of the blossoms on the tree, second spraying within thirty days from time of first spraying." As a result of the most recent and thorough experiments in addition to the successful practices of successful grow- ers and the experience of the inspectors of the Bureau of Plant Industry, State Department of Agriculture, this section is recommended for revision to the sixteenth session of the legislature as follows: "All apple and pear trees of bearing age within the state of Idaho infested or known to be infested the previous season with codling moth shall be sprayed at least two times each season with arsenate of lead solution or its equivalent, first spraying to be made when petals have fallen and before the calyx closes, and the second applica- tion to be given on the date and in the manner specified by the Department of Agriculture." Spraying for codling moth is there- fore necessary in complying with the horticultural law of the state. I'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS ME Page 22 BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 Extent of Apple and Pear Industry. In connection with the enforcement of this law it is interesting to note the extent of the apple and pear industry as shown by an inventory taken of the fruit situation hy inspectors in 1920. From a card index record of all orchards in the state there are 26,759 acres devoted to apples and 284 acres in pears. This represents the commer- cial acreage that must be sprayed for codling moth as well as isolated pear and apple trees throughout the state. In 1919 as estimated by the Federal Bureau of Crop Estimates, Bureau of Markets, State Department of Agricul- ture, State Horticultural Society and rail- road officials, the apple crop amounted to 4,000 cars divided into districts as follows: Cars Payette- Weiser District 250 Boise Valley District 500 Twin Falls District 400 Lewiston District 350 Emmett Valley 115 Coeur d'Alene-Moscow District 114 Other Districts 21 Pears 6 For 1920 the Department of Agricul- ture figures our apple crop at 4,875 cars, pears 10 cars. Horticultural Inspection Districts. Until 1920 the state was divided into 16 districts which was based on the geographical formation and the loca- tion of the fruit industry in each which was designed to facilitate the inspection service. In 1920 the state was divided into inspection districts based upon the car-lot production of commercial fruit. It is now divided according to the fol- lowing districts with an inspector in charge of each district: Boundary County District. Bonner County District. Kootenai County District. Latah County District. NezPerce-Lewis-Clearwater County District. Jonathan-Crystal District. Payette-Crystal District. Washoe Bench-Payette District. Fruitland District. Council District. Boise-Beatty District. Perkins District. Meridian-Eagle Heights District. Nampa District. Middleton-Homedale-Caldwell District. Parma-Apple Valley-Boswell District. New Plymouth District. Emmett Valley District. Twin Falls-Filer-Buhl District. Idaho Falls District. Blackfoot District. Pocatello District. Detailed Plans of Codling Moth Control. The conditions during 1919 were ex- tremely favorable for the congenial de- velopment for fruit pests, particularly codling moth, San Jose scale and red spider, and due to much lack of interest on the part of many growers in caring for their orchards the loss from worms and scale for this year as proven by the cull pile at harvest time was estimated at 25 per cent average state loss of the apple crop, 15 per cent being due to worms and 10 per cent being due to scale. By redividing the state, strength- ening the inspection service under the reorganized Department of Agriculture and a concerted effort on the part of the growers to reduce the culls due to codling moth and scale to the lowest possible amount in 1920 the following plan was inaugurated and carried out: Codling Moth Control Based Upon a Study of Its Life History and Activities. "You have been sent 20 pieces of mos- quito netting for the purpose of making an inverted cone around 20 trees for the purpose of trapping the emerging adult codling moth. These trees should be selected in various parts of your dis- trict which will represent the various elevations and environments which you believe will influence the activity of the codling moth. These cones should be placed on the trees just as soon as the calyx spray is given. Cut out the center of the cloth to fit the size of the tree trunk, tie this tightly around the tree trunk with a strong cord so the moth cannot escape between the bark and the cloth, placing the cloth about 2 feet up the trunk. Spread out the bottom of the cloth in a circular manner as far from the tree trunk as possible. Peg it down first with small sticks and then cover the edges firmly with dirt which will prevent the wind from blowing up the edge of the cloth. This will make an inverted cone. The essential thing is to pick out locations and trees where you have the greatest chance of trapping a number of emerg- ing moths. These will be coming from under rough bark on the trunk and rubbish on the ground near the base of the tree. Watch these cones from day to day for the emergence of adult moths which you will see fluttering under the cloth. The insect control poster which you have distributed in your dis- trict gives the details of how the traps and burlap bands are used. "When the first moths appear advise Your 1921 Fruit Tonnage When planning the handling of your fruit tonnage this year, we recommend that you consider the merits of independent marketing. Prior to the advent of Produce Reporter Organization independent marketing was fraught with grave risks, but since the advent of the "Blue Book" you can ship to distant points with impunity. Particulars cheerfully furnished upon request. Produce Reporter Company 938-948 State-Lake Building Chicago, Illinois New York, Boston, Washington, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, Sacramento, Yakima S'G ADVERTISE February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 through the papers of your district that the second spray, or sometimes spoken of as the first cover spray, should be given two weeks from the date the moths begin to emerge. Be sure that your specimens are representatives of the sections of your district and from your study of the traps give the date for the entire district. "To date the third spraying, put 30 to 40 burlap bands around the tree trunks, watch for worms two or three weeks after the second spraying and date the third application 25 days after the lirst worms are caught. These bands should be put on the trees immediately after you put on the cones, but put the bands on separate trees. By having the bands and cones in the same or- chard it will be handy for you to take care of both on the same trip. Cut the burlap in strips 12 inches wide and long enough to go around the tree. Fold over 4 inches which will permit an 8- inch flap to hang down the tree. Tie tightly so the worms will crawl down over the burlap and up under the same for protection and pupating. These bands should be about 2 feet from the ground. FOR THE ORCHARD Takes place of team; costs less to operate. Biggest small tractor, smallest big tractor made. /"Yj-I-.- G»/\ £*f\ f. o. b. Portland. 5 H.P., weight 1100, height 36 inches, V-JIllj' *P^tOvf width 36 inches, turning radius 6 feet. AGENTS WANTED. Write for particulars. ALEXANDER! BADLEY CO. Distributors for Oregon and Washington 425 E. Morrison Street, PORTLAND, OREGON EWING Orchard Ladders LIGHTEST AND MOST DURABLE. SUCCESS Box Lid Presses SWIFT IN OPERATION. STRONG IN CONSTRUCTION. LAST LONGER. GIVE BETTER SATISFACTION. It Pays to Buy the Best WRITE FOR LITERATURE AND PRICES Success Seed Grader Co. Inc. Spokane, Washington "It will be necessary in order to name the spray dates most accurately for you to observe the cones daily in order to determine the date when the first moths are seen under the netting. Refer to the bulletins, from the Univer- sity of Idaho, Utah and Pullman, Wash- ington, which have been sent you, in regard to the life history of the codling moth." The district under the supervision of an inspector is sufficiently small that close supervision of details is possible pertaining to each orchard in his dis- trict. The inspectors were authorized to work among the growers, lending all possible aid in securing spray mate- rial, urging repair of spray machinery and better equipment if necessary and Free Spray Calendar Tells When to Spray-What to Use The Dow Spray Chart is the result of years of experiment and research. It tells how to care for apples, cherries, plums, grapes, currants, gooseberries, peaches and other traits — explains in- sect enemies and diseases of potato, tomato, cabbage and vine crops. Directs the mixture of all spray materials, tells the proper time for spraying and how to apply each particular spray. You should not be without this Calendar if you grow fruit of any kind. We will gladly send it free. Quality brings the high price and quality is not possible without spraying. Write for this free chart today. Dow Powdered Lead Arsenate Extremely light and fluffy — Dow Pow- dered Lead Arsenate possesses many advantages over the heavier and more granular varieties. It mixes so readily and remains so well in suspension that it entirely covers foliage with a milky, filmy coating. Because it reaches and covers every part of foliage and branch — because it sticks where it touches and because of its high content of as- senic, it has a deadly effect on all forms of foliage eating pests. Dow Powdered Lead Arsenate is a great economy and a great convenience. Managers of large orchards, and directors of state stations have used this product for years and now purchase in carload lots. Packed in %, 1, 5. 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200-pound containers. Sold through our dealers or direct where we are not represented. all ll.i siT.iy Hate- .vdiTt'd Lead Ar- 3e-Sulphur. Dow Lime- He Lead Arsenate. Dow i, Dow Powdered Bordo, enate. Tnese are the wn, for the control of s, and are used by the and state departments union Win f.,r THE DOW CHEMICAL CO. MIDLAND, MICHIGAN, IT. S. A. Mark SEND FREE SPRAY CHART TO Send This riNG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUI Page 24 BETTER FRUIT February, 1021 in assisting wherever possible for the production of better fruit. All neglected orchards or plants which were known to be a source of public nuisance were sprayed by the owner, the state or cut down. Coop- eration in this matter was given by fruit growers desiring to grow good fruit to stimulate interest in this pest control campaign. Five thousand copies of an insect control poster were distrib- uted in stores, depots and other public places and given to fruit growers who desired a copy of the same. In addi- tion to giving the life history of the codling moth, San Jose scale, peach twig borer and red spider, this poster gave information in regard to insecti- cides and a time of applying them for each one of these pests. Throughout the pest control campaign three out- standing facts were constantly kept be- fore the mind of the growers. These facts are: (1) proper spray material; (2) proper time of application; (3) thorough work in applying. The Bureau of Plant Industry has frequently been informed by insecticide dealers and dealers handling spray equipment that they sold more spray material and more modern spray equip- ment during 1920 than any previous year. The prospective high prices for fruit and a determined effort on the part of the fruit growers to reduce the loss by worms to the minimum were factors which brought splendid coop- erative action in this matter in connec- tion with the newly organized pest control work. use: Nitrate of Soda (CHILIAN) WHY? BECAUSE, it is a plant food increasing the vigor of your orchards. BECAUSE, its application is recom- mended by all government authorities and experiment stations in the Northwest. BECAUSE, it is the cheapest source of nitrogen so essential to plant life. The early application is pro- ductive of best results. For literature and quotations write or wire: The Nitrate Agencies Co. 8th Floor, Hoge Building Seattle, Washington Test of Spray Material. Practically all of the standard makes of arsenate of lead were used and tested. All proved good. During the spraying season of 1920, inspectors of this bureau endeavored to make an official Baume test of the con- centrated lime-sulphur solution which was used in their district and also a test of the spray material in the spray tank of commercial sprayers and grow- ers. In all 534 tests were made. The records show that the lime-sulphur as it came from the factory average 33° Baume and the average test in the spray tank was 5° Baume. When a commercial sprayer or grower was found with a less degree he was im- mediately urged to increase the strength. This met with ready response. Chemi- cal analysis of lime-sulphur solution were made by the state chemist in co- operation with this bureau and practi- cally all samples show satisfactory analysis. . Results. The records of the inspectors of this bureau show that in orchards properly sprayed at the right time less than 1 per cent worm damage, ranging as high as 60 per cent in orchards improperly sprayed and cared for. A detailed state- ment is given in the following table: Per Cent Bruise Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent Undersize Loss All District Scale Worms Frost Causes Perkins 2 10 7 19 Bcatty 2 5 7 14 Ichleberger 5 5 10 20 Ustick 10 10 7 27 Wood Station... 10 10 10 30 Manvillc Station. 10 10 15 35 Yost 3 10 10 23 ISissi-11 2 5 7 14 Meridian 2 3 6 11 Onveiler 2 3 7 12 McF.lmv 10 5 10 25 Victor Station... 10 5 8 23 McDermott 4 2 3 9 Noble 1 2 1 4 Sonna 1 2 9 12 Ten .Mile 1 2 15 18 Kuna 7 5 20 32 Sandpolnt 0 1 820 21 Council 0 5 3 8 Bonners Ferry.. .*10 t2 §20 32 Coeur d'Alene... 0 2 6 8 Moscow 0 JO-100 3 28 Lewiston 5 10 T50 65 New Plymouth.. . 1 20 4 25 Payette 1 6 "4 11 Parma 1- 11 2 14 Emmett 1 4 tf5 10 Grangeville 7 3 H15 25 Twin Falls 0 30 5 35 Blackfoot _0 10 _4 14__ 3.6 ~lJ~ 9.8 20T •Oyster Shell; t Codling Moth; J Average 25%; § Scab; 'Hail; "Frost 2, Bruise 2; tt Hail 3, Frost 2. For 1920 the loss due to worms for the entire state shows an average of 7.5 per cent with an additional loss also of 3.6 per cent due to scale. Thus it is seen that the worm loss was reduced 50 per cent over the previous year and the scale loss considerably more. It should be borne in mind that these fig- ures represent the average and that many conscientious fruit growers had practically no loss due to worms or scale. The pest control campaign for 1921 is planned on a similar basis and by earnest cooperation on the part of all fruit growers the damage from worms and scale for the state is expected to be materially reduced over the results of 1920. V'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS ME February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT -'5 The Big Two-In-One A Bean Sprayer m A Fordson Tractor IN COMBINATION Gives You the Power of the Tractor Behind Your Spray This marks progress of the best sort, combining perfect Efficiency with Economy In one hour the sprayer can be detached, and your tractor is ready for other use. The 300-gallon tank and the return trips made three times as fast as with horses, saves much time in refilling. It will pay you, Mr. Grower, to write us for full par- ticulars or see your nearest Fordson dealer. E. A. Mitchel Tractor Co. Distributors for Oregon, Washington, Xorthern Idaho, Western Montana 314 East Madison Street, Portland, Oregon Branch, 15] South Post St.. Spokane. Wash. READ WHAT ONE BIG GROWER SAYS : RICHEY & GILBERT CO. Yakima, Wash., October 5, 1920. Fred Chandler Inc., Yakima, Wash. Dear Sirs: The Fordson Super-Bean Sprayer which we have used in our apple orchards through the summer of 1920 has given satisfactory service. It lias been used 360 hours, putting on six sprayings. The pressure and volume of liquid thrown has been anything we desired. The ability of the outfll to get about among the apple laden trees without knocking oil' the fruit has been greater than any horse-drawn outfit. Between sprayings the spray outfit has been removed from the Fordson so that the tractor could be used for disking. Since the tractor can thus serve a double purpose, we believe a combination such as the Fordson Super-Bean Sprayer will prove dependable and we will make additions to our spraying equipment along that line. Yours truly, H. M. Gii.hf.rt. VERTISERS MENTI BETTER FRUIT Page 26 Spray Guns and Their Operation Continued from page 4. perfect control of the liquid, you had better get one that will or go back to rods and nozzles. If you could follow a minute particle of spray from the gun nozzle you would find that it would go forward in a spiral direction. When it reaches the point where the air resistance is equal to the pressure behind it there will be a sort of roll and it will float in the air. Every cubic inch of air space will be full of this finely atomized liquid which will thoroughly cover either the fruit or the limbs. This can be accom- plished only by a high pressure depend- ing on the distance sprayed as I stated before. At one time I was showing the gun to a crowd of fruit growers when this point came up. I sprayed a telephone pole until it was dripping, standing about fifteen feet from it. On examin- ing it we found that it only lacked a few inches of covering entirely around the post. The second post was sprayed from the same distance, using about the same amount of water. On examining it we found that only the half next to us was wet. The first had been sprayed with the gun only open enough for the spray to well reach the post where it floated in the air like a cloud of smoke. On the second post the gun was wide open and the spray which did not strike the post was going from ten to twelve feet beyond it. What struck the post on the sides was deflected off BETTER FRUIT with the driving pressure behind it. It did not roll or cover any of the sur- face not directly in line with the nozzle. Had this been a fruit tree the results would have been unsatisfactory. In regard to using the gun on calyx spray. There is the same difference of opinion as I mentioned before, even among our leading horticulturists. I have always contended that the right gun properly operated would do just as effective work as any rod and nozzle and can be accomplished with less la- bor and liquid. However, as I said before, you must have the pressure to give you a very finely atomized spray. There are different densities of water, from ice to the finest fog. If you would dip a calyx into a bucket of water yon would get it all wet, a 100 per cent perfect spray. You, of course, cannot do that in an orchard, but you can take a high pressure and atomize the water. In other words thin it down and entirely envelope the blossoms in a cloud of thin water long enough for the inside of every calyx to be thoroughly coated with spray regardless of the angle at which they stand. This finely atomized spray will enter calyx that are closed too much for a coarser spray to enter and will therefore give you bet- ter results than a driving spray which is nearly always a coarse spray. . Care should be used in handling the gun to see that you are not over shoot- ing by having the gun too wide open and driving the spray beyond the blos- February, 1921 soms instead of filling the area around them with a cloud of spray. You can- not cover the far side of an apple or the inside of a calyx with a solid stream of coarse spray shot from the ground. Some operators have made a mistake by long distance spraying and too little walking. You will not get the results at thirty feet that you will at fifteen, regardless of the pressure you are using. Bear this in mind and wherever pos- sible get within fifteen feet of the point you want to spray. Much depends upon the operator re- garding material saved and effective- ness. I have known of some instances where there was 40 per cent saving on material, the man doing 70 per cent as much as two men with rods and noz- zles. Other instances where one man did more than two men, but kept no record of material. My observations prove to me that one man with a gun will do SO per cent as much as two men with rods and nozzles with a saving of about 12 per cent in liquid. These same men tell me they are getting a lower percentage of wormy apples than ever before, using the gun for all sprays and getting as low as one-half of 1 per cent wormy apples. In these days of close competition and small profits it behooves the fruit grower to produce the maximum qual- ity with a minimum spraying cost and the right spray gun will be a big aid in solving the problem. WHY EXPERIMENT WHEN YOU CAN SPRAY with DORMOIL The Miscible Oil for Dormant Use FOR THE CONTROL OF Leaf Roller, Scale ApHis, Red Spicier Blister Mite, Pear Psylla Mosses and Lichens "DORMOIL unquestionably gave me satisfactory results on the Leaf Roller." W. FIKE, Hood River, Ore. ' ' I have used your D O R M O I L f or the past two years and have had splendid results." M. M. HILL, Hood River, Ore. DORMOIL is Uniform in Quality. Years of use have demonstrated it to be the best and most efficient MISCIBLE OIL MANUFACTURED BY HOOD RIVER SPRAY COMPANY HOOD RIVER., OREGON State Distributors of the "FRIEND" Sprayers FN WRITING February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 27 For Better Fruit "Friend" NEW SYSTEM Sprayers The only low built, short turn, cut un- der, large wheel sprayer made Jn Olir olZCS Before you decide on any sprayer, see THERE IS ONE FOR YOUR ORCHARD TESTIMONIALS Hood River Spray Co., Hood River, Oregon. Gentlemen: I have been using a large size "Friend" sprayer for two years and as far as I can tell, both from my own experience as well as that of others, it is the best sprayer made. It has eliminated a large amount of the "troubles" of spraying and does the work so much quicker than other sprayers as to be a great satisfaction. This matter of time saved is of much more value than is represented by the cost of labor saved, for in many cases it means that the spray is put on the trees when otherwise it could not be, on account of bad weather. I certainly would recommend this sprayer to anyone who has consider- able spraying to do. (Signed) W. J. Cady, Hood River, Oregon. "I have used three different makes of sprayers, but never got real satis- faction until I bought a 'Friend' sprayer a year ago. They have both power and deliver plenty of material to do efficient work." (Signed) Edward E. Lage, Hood River, Oregon. "We have used a 'Friend' AX sprayer the past season on our 60-acre orchard and same has given us the best of results. "At this time we would not consider changing to any other make of sprayer on the market, for we believe the 'Friend' AX sprayer is far superior to the other sprayers being offered for sale at present." (Signed) Harbake Land & Development Co. By W. W. Hardlnger, Pres. Hood River. Oregon. a "Friend" owner. He will tell you what "Friend" Construction means — not only in ease and speed in spray- ing, but in the actual saving of money from fewer replacements, fewer repairs. THE ORIGINAL Puts the spray where you want it. Use it with any machine. MANUFACTURED BY Friend Manufacturing Co. GASPORT, NEW YORK DISTRIBUTED IN OREGON BY Hood River Spray Company HOOD RIVER, OREGON ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUI Pase 28 BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There OREGON. The Hood River Apple Growers' Association still holds in storage about 270,000 boxes of fruit. It received in all for the past season 043,930 boxes. The apple acreage in Oregon, according to the figures of the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association, is 50,000. The prune acreage is about 10,000, while that of pears is 13,500. C. I. Lewis, manager of the organization de- partment of the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association, is still strong for prunes, not- withstanding present conditions. He says that ultimately, prunes will prove as they have in the past, a good investment. In the planting of cherries, he calls atten- tion to the fact that the Royal Anne, Bing and Lamberts are not only self-fertile, but also inter-sterile, and that with these varieties must be planted the Long Stemmed Waterhouse or some other good pollenizer. The Spitzenberg apple is likely to come into its own within a few years, Mr. Lewis says. He believes the time is coming when this apple will sell at a premium as the acreage has been greatly reduced, due to collar rot in the Inland Empire and winter injury in the Hood River country. Mr. Lewis is of the opinion that next year will be a good year for apple growers in west- ern Oregon, as the East is not likely to have a bumper crop next season as it did last year. Jackson County fruit growers, through the Oregon legislative assembly, have addressed a memorial to the Honorable, the Secretary of Agriculture, earnestly petitioning the Depart- ment of Agriculture to maintain the frost warning service with which the weather bu- reau has been serving the growers of the Rogue River Valley for several years, during the spring months when orchard heating is practiced. The memorial says, in part: Whereas, this service has proven of inesti- mable value to the fruit growers of that sec- tion as a guide in the taking of measures for the prevention of frost damage to their crops, whereby many hundreds of thousands of dol- lars worth of fruit crops have been saved, and Whereas, the fruit growers of that district, many of whom were at first skeptical as to the value of frost prevention measures, have rapidly grown to appreciate the value of the same bv reason of the results obtained during iiiilllllilllllllllllllllllllUllllililillllllllllllllillllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllli QUAUTY LABELS CARTONS F.CSYEYYLER. MFG. CO. PORTLANDyOREGON. U.S.A. Big New Stump CDCCi Puller Book / l\LL Tells the Cheapest and Easiest Way to Clear Your Land ! ■ °<>k t Write for the book today. Read how Kirstin scien- tific leverage enables ONE MAN ALONE to pull big, little, green, rotten, low cut, tap rooted stumps, also trees, hedges or brush. No horses or extra help reeded. No digging, chopping or other expense. The Kirstin is lowest in first cost— lowest in operating: cost. Soon rays its cost in Bigger Crope, and Increased Land Value. It addB thousands . >f dollars to profits each year. "" ' J for the Now FREE Book Sow I Six Months to Pay! Thousands of farmers . buy on Easy Payments. In that way the KIRSTIN usually payi for itself be- fore you pay The famous Kirstin is made of finest steel. # Guaranteed 3 years against breakage— flaw-or-no-flaw. It weighs less— Coat less. Yet has greater speed, power, strength, and lasts longer. A few pounds on handle exerts tons on stump. Single, duuble, triple power. Several speeds. Low speed loosens stump. High yanks it out quick. Patented quick take-up for slack cable. Easily moved around field. A WONDERFUL SUCCESS. Try It 30 Days FREE! A. i. KIRSTIN. "« A, J. KIRSTIN CO.. 277 E.Morrison St., Portland.Oregon Get this Big Kirstin Book Free WORLD'S LARGEST MAKERS OF STUMP PULLERS the years this service has been maintained by the weather bureau, and are building up a stable horticultural practice of frost preven- tion measures under the direction of the weather bureau's representative sent to the valley each spring. Therefore, be it resolved, that the legisla- tive assembly of the state of Oregon earnestly petitions the Department of Agriculture to maintain the frost warning service herein- above referred to without interruption, to the end that many thousands of dollars worth of fruit crops may be saved to the growers of southern Oregon. Gordon Brown of the Hood River experiment station is doing a real service to local growers contemplating setting out nursery stock this spring, having procured the names of Wash- ington nurserymen who can supply stock in quantities. There is a heavy demand for small fruit and berry plants in the Valley, and several hundred acres will be set this spring. The organization of the Oregon Mint Grow- ers' Association to further the production and marketing of peppermint oil was completed at a meeting of growers at Eugene, recently. Professor A. Ziefle, head of the school of pharmacy of Oregon Agricultural College, spoke to the growers on the methods of har- vesting and curing the crop and the most ef- fective manner of distilling the oil. The plan of the Oregon Mint Growers' Association is to link together all the mint interests of the state in production and marketing, and it was shown by statistics that it would be possible not only to increase the revenues from the in- dustry, but to quadruple the output in the Valley, which was about 10,000 pounds last season. With their own refinery in the Val- ley, operating under the best methods, it is be- lieved that the growers will derive a far great- er margin of profit. WASHINGTON. Washington's shipments of white potatoes were slightly greater by Christmas last year than they were at the same time in 1919, 2,022 carloads being shipped last year and 1,874 shipped the year preceding. Frank Miller, manager of the Zillah branch of the American Fruit Growers, Inc., recently made a statement against the packing of 5- tier apples in a year such as 1920. He said, in part : "There would have been a different market situation today had we let alone packing 5- tier stuff for home consumption. "The growers would actually have made more money, for the large sizes would have brought them more per box and they would not have had the loss which they are now sustaining on the 5-tier stuff. It clearly was a blunder to pack the 5-tier, but no concert of action was possible and with some concerns packing them of course the rest did the same." What is the answer? Is it cooperation? . Whereas there have been a good many sales lately of Wenatchee Winesaps at ?2.00 per box, the large sizes are held at §2.50 to ?3.00. Holders of the big sized fruit are confident that they will realize more later in the season. It is estimated that the Wenatchee district has grown 9,300 cars of apples and has shipped 7,500 cars, leaving 1,800 cars still to be dis- posed of. Apple shipments for Washington for 1920 up to December 25 fell 1,000 carloads behind the shipments for 1919. The shipments for last year was 14,712 carloads as compared with 18,958 at the corresponding date of 1919. Prosser fruit men agree that present indi- cations favor a bumper crop next season. Or- chardists are convinced that trees have re- covered from the damage occasioned by ex- treme weather last winter. There has been no zero weather this year. E. Bowles, who har- vested $11,480 worth of cherries from 6V. acres in 1919 and got virtually no crop last season, was of the impression last winter that his trees were nearly all killed, but he now re- ports that he lost only 14 trees out of his en- tire orchard and that he is assured of a heavy crop next season. Manchuricw Walnuts. — In the month of Jan- uary, 1920, there were 4,000 sacks — approxi- mately 200 tons — of walnuts imported to the Port of Seattle from Manchuria, China. These arrived after the holiday season of 1919. There was little sale for them, as we understand, and they were held in dry storage during the hot months of 1920, allowing them to become ran- cid and unfit for food, after which they were placed ill cold storage for a few months and then placed on the market for sale about WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 29 Thanksgiving Day, 1920, or the beginning of the 1920 holiday season. The standard on wal- nuts is they must be 85 per cent or more good; two shrivelled nuts counting as one. These walnuts were traced over the state to Spokane, where we found them in the hands of retail dealers, transfer, express and rail- way companies. They were seized, samples taken, sent to the state chemists, and found to run from 32 to 80 per cent bad. The original shipment at Seattle was seized, and now the State Food Division has "nuts to burn." Twenty-six tons of potatoes to the acre is the record made by Edward J. Bedard of Cowiche, who planted five acres with Minne- sota seed last spring. Mr. Bedard gave the crop personal attention and irrigated it Ave times, each application being light. The total yield for the five acres was 130 tons and potato men say it was a perfect crop in every respect. IDAHO. A pamphlet is being prepared which will show that the work of the University of Idaho extension division, in cooperation with the county farm bureaus, has added $6,716,000 to the profits of Idaho agriculture in the last two years, according to an announcement from the ofTice of L. W. Fluharty, director of ex- tension. This seems like a big sum for farm bureau and extension wrork to have added to Idaho farm profits in two years, but when you consider that 10,000 farmers have helped to make and save it, it doesn't look so large. Idaho's apple shipments up to December 25 last amounted to 2,312 cars compared with 3,197 carloads for 1919. The state shipped 4,913 carloads of white potatoes in 1920, as against 5,002 cars in 1919. $3,000 Extra on Cherry Crop. — Organization of a cherry growers' association is considered by the county farm bureau the outstanding feature of its horticultural program for the year just past. The association obtained a price for its cherries that exceeded previous offers bv three cents a pound and represented an added profit of $3,000. Five hundred thousand acres of arid land lying between Boise and Mountain Home may be thrown open to irrigation through a tunnel from the Stanley Basin. What They're Doing in California California is the leading honey producing state of the Union, and the Sacramento Biver and the bottom land area produces tons of honey each year, purely as a by-product of other crops, for blossoming plants such as alfalfa, fruit trees and the wild shrubbery and flowers along the banks of the river afford an abundance of nectar for the busy insect. Sut- ter County, in which Sutter Basin is located, boasts of thousands of stands of bees. Most of these are of the perambulating type for the owner transports them about, following the honey flow. One grower has 2,000 stands and carries them up and down the Sacramento Biver on a small barge, placing them on the banks of the stream where the blossoms are abundant. At certain seasons of the year he even takes some of his stands over into Ne- vada to gather sagebrush honey. California honey producers are organized into a coopera- tive association and they are marketing the product direct to the trade. Only recently they made their first shipment direct to New York. This shipment consisted of 400,000 pounds, which went by steamer through the Panama Canal. The annual meeting of the California Fruit Exchange in Sacramento and it is stated re- funds aggregating between $675,000 and $700,- 000 to the growers was made by the organi- zation. John L. Nagle, manager of the ex- change, announced that the refund totaled 5 per cent of the gross sales of the year, the total business amounting to $13,500,000. Last year the dividend amounted to 4.72 per cent, while the disbursement of the previous sea- son was 4.47 per cent. Potato growers of Marin and Sonoma Coun- ties met in San Francisco recently and formed a potato growers' association under the prefix of "Northern California." As the result of the committee of seven ap- pointed by the governor meeting with forty representatives of various railroads in Chi- cago recently, the railroads agreed to a sched- THE HONOR -BILT ' LINE OF MANUFACTURED BY F.E.MYERS & BRO. ASHLAND PUMD AND HAY TOOL WORKS 135 ORANGE ST. ASH LAND, OHIO. You are going to spray again in the near future. No doubt you are thinking about it already. Just a question of a few weeks until the weather is right then the fight against the numerous enemies of plant and tree life will be renewed with vigor. Perhaps, your old spraying equipment is about worn out and wilt have to be replaced with new Possibly, you will only need a new nozzle or two. a spray gun, some hose or fittings to put the outfit you have been using in good shape and thus make it do for another season. Whatever your need, be it small or large, (t can be satisfactorily met from ^ the MYERS line of "Honor-Bilt" HAND and POWER SPRAY PUMPS } and ACCESSORIES for Spraying. Whitewashing, Coldwater Painting . Disinfecting. Regardless of style or size, or method of operation, MYERS / SPRAY PUMPS combine efficiency and durability with economy, and produce a standard of spraying service difficult to obtain through j use of other spray pumps. Our new Spray Pump Catalog. No SP21, which not only shows the complete line of MYERS SPRAY PUMPS and ACCESSORIES, but also devotes many of its pages to spraying calendar, reliable formulae and instructions "How and When to Spray," is ready for distribution. Whether ou need a new Spray Pump or not, you should have a Myers Spray Pump Catalog to refer t< doing your Spraying. Just drop us a card. Without the least obligation on your part, we will mail you a copy and if you so desire, tell you how and where you can quickly obtain MYERS SPRAY PUMPS — Write today, the 1921 Edition is limited. FOR SPRAYING.WHITEWASH I NG, COLDWATER PAINTING AND DISINFECTING. Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER MUSICAL WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET MERCHANDISE W. Martins Music House Inc. MUSIC WRITE 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington WRITE US Everything Known in Music US Page 30 ule of eight days to Chicago and twelve days to New York, instead of the nine and thirteen days time existing at present. The deciduous tonnage rolling east out of California this year is approximately 40,000 cars and it is anticipated that the tonnage of deciduous fruits in five years* time will be close to 100,000 ears. It is also stated that about CO per cent of the citrus acreage is bear- ing at this time but that the production from the bearing acreage is around 60,000 cars and it is estimated that the movement of citrus fruits will be increased by 6,000 cars per year for at least the next five years. Notes Oregon Growers' Association C. I. Lewis, with the Oregon Agricultural College 14 years as chief of the horticultural department, and now manager of the organi- zation department of the Oregon Growers* Co- operative Association, advises the planting of the Bartlett, Bosc and Clairgeau pears. The Anjou is not favored as it has a functional disease and is slow coming into bearing. Nor does Mr. Lewis recommend the Winter Nelis, as it does not produce large fruit in western Oregon. R. C. Paulus, sales manager of the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association, reports the pear pool for this season amounted to $495,- MJ0.47. Bartletts ranked first with sales of §241,996.97 with the Bosc second, its sales amounting to $78,211.55. Anjou pears were third with sales of $56,871.52 and Winter Nelis fourth with sales of $14,000.00. C. I. Lewis of the Oregon Growers' Coopera- tive Association believes in the future of the BETTER FRUIT apple industry of Oregon. He says history repeats itself in apple crops, and that next year the West may look for a big crop, with a short one in the East. Although there was the largest pear crop in the United States last year ever known, members of the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association received the highest prices on record west of the Cascades. This was due to skillful handling by the association, holding pears in cold storage and awaiting favorable market conditions. From the Oregon Growers' Cooperative As- sociation comes this information to those who intend to plant cherries: With the Royal Anne, Bing or Lamberts, which are not only self-sterile, but inter-sterile, plant about one- fourth in Long Stemmed Waterhouse, or some other good pollenizer. It is now the prune rather than the raisin when it comes to mince-meat. J. O. Holt, packing manager of the Oregon Growers' Co- operative Association, at the Eugene plant, is making a prune mince-meat much better than that manufactured with raisins by the big packing plants. It is just another way of patronizing a home industry, even if you make your own mince-meat. Use prunes and help Oregon. The name "Mistland," by which the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association is selling Oregon prunes in New York City, seems to be quite a favorite. Now we have in Salem a Mistland gun club, a Mistland bakery, and even a Mistland orchestra. The large prune dryer constructed by the Oregon Growers' Cooperative Association at Sheridan, has been completed at a cost of $20,000. The dryer is of 40 tunnels capacity. February, 1921 Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruit Growing Department of Agriculture reports the value of farm crops for year 1920 as around $9,000,- 000,000, as against $11,000,000,000 for the year preceding. The federal horticultural board is now ad- mitting fruits from Cuba, the Bahamas, Ja- maica and the canal zones only after vacuum fumigation. The steamers "Marconi" and "Vauban" re- cently arrived at Buenos Ayres from New York with 24,000 packages (boxes and barrels) of apples and 4,000 boxes of pears. Particular mention for arrival in good condition was made of boxes from Hood River, Yakima and Payette. SPRAYING PAYS. Ralph Irwin of Lancaster, Wisconsin, found that spraying his orchard of 680 trees re- turned him 5,487 per cent on his spraying in- vestment. This is the report he made to F. R. Gilford, extension man for the horticultural department at the Wisconsin College of Agri- culture, who aided him. It cost Mr. Irwin, according to his records, $228 to buy the spr&y and apply it. It took 1,500 gallons of mixture for each of the four applications, and 20 hours* work on the part of two men and a team. The eighty hours work he figured at $140. On one sprayed tree, an average one, he picked eight bushels of clean marketable fruit which sold for $2.50 a bushel. There 30 unmarketable apples on this tree, and these were only slightly injured. On one tree which was purposely let unsprayed, four bushels were picked. The ground was covered with rotten apples. Of the four bushels of apples taken from the tree, but 10 apples were clean. Your Friend Yesterday Today Tomorrow THE American Beauty Dust Sprayer For Orchard and Farm Price $22. 50 DELIVERED Our Nicotine-Sulphur-Dust is instant death to thrips, leaf-hopper, aphis and similar insects The American Beauty Dust Sprayer is not an experiment. It is standard equipment; one hundred per cent efficient. Thousands are in use. WE INVITE CORRESPONDENCE The California Sprayer Company 6001-11 Pasadena Avenue, LOS ANGELES February, 1921 BETTER FRUIT \e 31 SUTTON'S SEEDS Imported Direct from Reading, England Catalogue on application to I A. J. WOODWARD 1 615 Fort St. VICTORIA, B. C. -How Much are YOU Leaving Unharvested? VT'OU wouldn't leave actual ■*■ fruit on your trees — yet you are leaving lots of it in your trees, unless you bring it forth with NITRATE OF SODA oA FACT; In actual use in an apple orchard it resulted [in an increased yield of 100 bushels and improved the quality. Write for book of results. DR. WM. S. MYERS Chilean Nitrate Committee 231 Douglas Building, Los Angeles, California The grocers refused to buy them for $1. The market value of the apples on the sprayed tree was $20; from the unsprayed tree about $1. It cost 34 cents a tree to make this dif- ference. Of course, he says that spraying pays. Senator McNary is doing his utmost to se- cure a tariff on cherries and English walnuts. Italian cherries are now selling in New York City at seven cents a pound in brine. Unless there is a tariff, the cherry and walnut indus- try of the Northwest is in for several hard seasons. The purchasing department of the Michigan State Farm Bureau is developing rapidly. It estimates conservatively that it saved members 820,000 during November and December. The State Horticultural Society has placed in the hands of the purchasing department the busi- ness of handling spray materials for its mem- bers. Cooperation properly applied makes converts wherever practiced. Chinese and Japanese walnuts were selling last month at seven cents a pound wholesale. The meat is dark and often wormy, but the average buyer did not know the difference between the Japanese and the sweet meated Oregon walnuts until they got them home. Hence the need of a protective tariff. HOW SHALL THE FRUIT GROWER PAY HIS INCOME TAX? The government allows the farmer to make his income tax return in one of three ways, namely: On the cash basis where he accounts for all receipts and disbursements only; on the crop basis where he deducts the cost of raising each crop from the proceeds of its sale; and on the accrual basis where he takes inventories and accounts for all sums owing him from the sales as well as for the sums received and deducts all expenses, whether paid or merely incurred. Practically all in- come tax returns of farmers in this district have been made on the first basis mentioned, namely, the cash basis, and it is this class of taxpayers that are now interested in having their expenses allowed against their income from sales of grain in 1921. The big question is how the farmer who has sold only part of his 1920 crop can get credit for all of his expenses incurred in 1920 against the income from the sale of the entire crop, sold in 1920 and 1921. The answer to this question is that the farmer must change his system of accounting from the cash basis to the accrual basis and set up an inventory of his crops on hand on December 31, 1920, valued at market price less the cost of mar- keting. But this change must be carried out strictly according to regulations, which are as follows: Treasury decision 2,873, Paragraph 3 reads: "A taxpayer who changes the method of. ac- counting employed in keeping his books for the taxable year 1919 or thereafter shall, be- fore computing his income upon such new basis for the purposes of taxation, secure the consent of the commissioner. Application for permission to change the basis of the return shall be made at least thirty days in advance of the date of filing return and shall be ac- companied by a statement specifying the classes of items differently treated under the two systems and specifying all amounts which would be duplicated or entirely omitted as a result of the proposed change." There were 79,133 barrels and 77,342 boxes of apples shipped to Europe from American ports during the week ending January 15. Of these, 51,586 barrels and 71,239 boxes were shipped from ports of the United States, 32,109 barrels and 02,025 boxes going out of New York alone. All of these were shipped to British ports with the exception of 4,347 boxes which went to Scandinavian countries. Cable advices give the following apple prices prevailing in various British cities: Bald- wins in London $7.03^8.32 per barrel; in Manchester $4-62® 6.47; in Hull $6.47@7.77. Yorks in Glasgow $5.18(ci>6.29; in Southamp- ton $6.1 0 Donovan ,L-u.m.]oeTr ioi8 White Blag. Malls Seattle U.S.A. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 40 BETTER FRUIT February, 1921 Classified Advertisements RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK. MISCELLANEOUS. ITALIAN PRUNE TREES— A few more thou- sand in all grades, at greatly reduced prices. 200 trees at 1,000 rates. First quality stock; satisfaction guaranteed. State quantity and grades wanted. Rlackcap and Cuthbert rasp- berry plants in quantity at exceptionally low prices. If interested in other stock ask for our general price list. We offer 70 acres choice fruit land for sale. Reasonable price, desirable location. LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO. Lafayette, Oregon. CHOICE strawberry plants, interesting prices. Oregon, Marshall, Magoon, Trebla, Etters- burg No. 121, Wilson, Gold Dollar, Progres- sive Everbearing. 100 each of any four var- ieties, $4.75 postpaid. Postal brings price list and descriptions. Ward K. Richardson, 2379 Front Street, Salem, Oregon. BERRY_PLANTS~D1RECT FROM GROWER— Loganberry, Cuthbert Raspberry, Trebla, Oregon and Wilson Strawberries, and oilier best varieties. Priced right and plants dug when ordered. Wrile Paul F. liurris, 1270 N. Summer St., Salem, Oregon. CORY' Thornless Mammoth Blackberry, origin- ated here at Mountain Pass Ranch. Strong plants, $3 dozen, postpaid; also Phenomenal, Loganberry, Gooseberry, Currant and Giant Crimson Rhubarb. G. S. Wills, Jamestown, California. CHOICE Loganberry tip plants direct from largest producing section. Write for inter- esting prices on quantity wanted and free cultural information. Per 100 postpaid S6. Ward K. Richardson, 2379 Front St., Salem, Oregon. STRAWBERRY' plants; rigid inspection guar- anteed. Progressive Everbearing, JI.SO per 100 prepaid. Oregon Improved, Magoons, Wilsons, Gold Dollars, Premiers, $5 per 1000. J. W. Vinacke, Canby, Oregon. FOR SALE— Cuthbert and Antwerp Red Rasp- berrv plants, .$15 per 1,000; Marshall and Magoon Strawberry plants, ?8 per 1,000. Oscar Hovey, Sumner, Washington. STRAWBERRY plants. 100, 000" Gold- Dollar and New Oregon, $5 per 1,000; Cuthbert and Marlboro Raspberry plants, ?2.50 per 100. Lawson Nursery, Gates, Oregon. LOGANBERRY plantsrfor saledirect from the grower. J. P. Aspinwall, Brooks, Oregon. STRAWBERRY^ P L A N T S, $ 5 per 1,0 M. Hriggs Fruit Ranch, Olympia, Wash. SALESMEN WANTED. MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a com- mission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid territory may be had by answering immcdiatelv. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon FARMS FOR SALE. GREATEST ORCHARD VALUES IN THE NORTHWEST TODAY. The famous MclNTOSH RED apple com- mands the highest price in chief Eastern mar- kets. It is grown to PERFECTION ONLY IN the irrigated BITTER ROOT VALLEY, MONTANA. Bearing commercial MclNTOSH orchards can be bought from .?200 to IfoOO per acre, with fine improvements. Climate and all living con- ditions ideal. Write for FREE illustrated booklet. W. P. RICE CO. 4 COULTER BLOCK, HAMILTON, MONTANA. WANT to hear from party having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. CALIFORNIA farms near Sacramento for sale; easy terms. Write for list. E. R. Waite, Shawnee, Oklahoma. POULTRY BABY CHICKS, six varieties; best stock; prices reasonable. C. N. Needham. Salem, Oregon. BUFF LEGHORNS — First pen State Fair. Set- tings $2; cockerels 55. Bush Farm, Route 3, I. cuts Station, Portland. Oregon. ~ AUTOMOBILES %-TON Buick truck, pneumatics in front, s.ilids in rear: mechanically good. Old price $475. Now (350. Terms. USED CABS— THAT'S ALL. \I TOMOBILE TRADING CO. I at 7 Sprague Ave, Main 4170, Spokane, Wash. TRESPASS SIGNS. Don't allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof "No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send |1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. DON'T WAIT1 November is mating time foi geese. I'm offering young breeding stock from mv prize-winning Toulouse geese. Femiles $6; males $7.50. White Pekin ducks from imported stock; large, thrifty best obtainable. Ducks 54.50; drakes 55.50. R. E. Baumgardner, Wenatchee, Wash. THE~CUTLER^"TOlTllR^DEffis~thTLEADER. Nearly 1,000 now in use. The market de- mands well-sized fruit. Use a CUTLER GRADER and better your pack. Built for both box and barrel packing — in small and large models. Send for literature. Cutler Mfg. Co., 353 E. 10th St., Portland, Oregon. KENTUCKY'S extra fine chewing and smoking tobacco. Aged in bulk, 2 years old; nice and mellow. Long silky leaf; best grade, 15 pounds, $6.80; second grade, 10 pounds, $4. postpaid. Satisfaction guaranteed. Refer- ence, First National Bank, Bardwell. Adams Brothers, Bardwell, Ky. FOR SALE^-One goorTas new 2~Ninch low lTf centrifugal pump, capacity 14,000 gallon per minute, with two 14-inch suction pipes 16 feet long and one discharge pipe 10 feet long. Price f.o.b. Sturgeon, Idaho, $1,000.00. f J. J. Satre, Post Falls, Idaho. BOOK KEEPER — Learn complete elementary bookkeeping in your spare time at home. Makes income tax reports easy. Only 537.50. Write for terms. The Lincoln Institute, Spokane, Wash. PRACTICAL fruit man wants position, care of orchard; wide experience; 12 years field work and packing. Married; best of refer- ences. Address Dept. G, care Better Fruit. Inland Poultry Journal, Dept.BF, Indianapolis. Ind. Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple. Pear. Cherry, Peach. Plum, Prune. Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery. Plants, Raspberries. Black- berries, Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Flowering Shrubs. Rosea. Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees, Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. MAUDE INA DECKER, M. A. Principal A business course Is necessary in suc- cessfully operating an orchard! We offer you the opportunity of learn- ing the best system for your use. Make profitable the winter months in Portland. A POSITION FOR EACH GRADUATE. Alisky Building, Third and Morrison. Winter Nelis Pears Sweet Cherries Apricots and Grapes A SPECIALTY Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND, WASH. BEES PAY. Ea«y interesting work. Send $1.00 today for 9 months trialsubscriptior totheAmer- d 24-page BEE PRIMER. Just ican Bee J the thing for the beg American Bee Journal, Box 36, Hamilton, Illinois A General Line of Nursery Stock Prune, Apple, Pears, Cherry, etc. Strawberry, Raspberry, etc. Buy direct from nursery; save your money. Do this by buying from us through our Mail Order System. 29 years in business. CARLTON NURSERY CO. Carlton, Oregon Universal Package increase your profits because Send 25c for sample package TODAY it makes quicker sales at better net profits. it can be used for all fruits and vegetables. it carries well and permits good ventilation. it costs but little. it can be used for both shipping and storing. PACKAGE SALES CORPORATION 106 East Jefferson Street, SOUTH BEND, INDIANA VERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT jpu^ THE WORLD - |f^ OUR ORCHARD NKj fc\wm & Kelly I NEW YORK I bNQUE5TI?MrtbLY THE ft°F InMnram Fd(T the adult it- iM w »mnimm, j .1, • J e male continue to mature %,■,)*. • efficiency of the previous spray. durjng ,he seasQn The jgjj Sweetened Poisoned Spray. grubs later become qui- Fi„ 2 sho Lead Arsenate 3 pounds escent and transform to hole'borer Wafer Molasses '•■■• r2 gallons adult beetles in the tun- "'Jury to twig. nels where they remain until the fol- Apply as a fine misty spray to the lowing spring. There is but a single outer foliage. Use about, a quart of generation during the year. solution to the tree. Limited tests and the experience of Injury. some commercial growers in the Cove Apparently vigorous trees suddenly district of Union County indicate that exniuit signs of devitalization. Usually the regular arsenic sprays 2-100 as ap- the whole tree is affected, though the plied for the cherry slug, when applied att:lc,k may be confined to one side of during the active period of the adult !he !ree or ,0 a sin§Ie ,imb- An exam- fruit flies, arc very effective in the con- ina'i°n of the affected trees disclose trol of the maggot. numerous small shot-hole tunnels in the tl oL * tt , r> bark. Upon examination, a small, black- The Shot-Hole Borer. ish-brown, bluntly built beetle is found It is the exceptional cherry orchard, within the tunnel. The combined at- probably, in which from time to time tack of numerous beetles with their an occasional tree does not develop a tunnelling tends to girdle or seriously severe case of shot-hole borer infesta- weaken the tree. Heavily infested trees tion. This condition has been particu- exhibit serious symptoms. The foliage larly common during the past three becomes yellow, the forming fruit seasons, following a series of adverse shrivels and often the infested trees climatic factors which tended to de- succumb to the attack. vitalize the orchard trees. n , „ .. ,. . _ A , , Only Devitalized Trees Attacked. Description and Seasonal History. Careful studies have proven conclu- The shot-hole borer passes the winter sively that this serious pest does not as an adult beetle in tunnels formed the breed successfully in normal, healthy previous season in the tree. The females trees. The beetles are attracted to and become active in the late spring and breed successfully only in devitalized Page 4 BETTER FRUIT March, 1921 46381— BetFrt— 2-24-21— J Galley 2 trees that have developed sour sap. Trees injured from any one of a variety of causes, the most common being winter injury, are the inviting host for this borer. The larvae, contrarj t<> the general rule of similar forms, do not tunnel in wood. They belong to a group termed "Ambrosia Beetles" and feed only on Ambrosia fungus planted by the adult beetles. This fungus grows in the pres- ence of sour or fermented sap. Control. Discover the initial cause of the de- vitalized condition of the tree if pos- sible, be it winter injury, poor drainage, root injury, need of irrigation or other- wise. Practice such measures as are most needed in the way of fertilizers, improved cultivation, irrigation, drain- age, etc., to revitalize the trees. Paint the infested trees in the spring cover- ing the infested portions only with the following: Wsiter 3 Gallons Soft soap or liquid fish oil soap. 1 Gallon Crude carbolic acid y? Pint Apply when infestation is first ob- served and repeat at weekly intervals until three treatments have been given. The Cherry Slug. The cherry and pear slug occurs as slimy, greenish-brown, mollusk-like lar- vae on the foliage of both pear and cherries. They cause a typical skele- tonizing effect of the foliage. The adult of the slug is a small robust, wasp-like insect, known as the saw-fly. Seasonal History. The winter is passed in the soil. The adult saw-flies become active in late spring and deposit their eggs within or between the two surfaces of the leaf. The ovipositor of the female is pecul- iarly modified for slitting the tissues for the purpose of egg laying and it is • due to the presence of this saw-like organ that the insects get the name of saw-fly. The young larvae on hatching attack the surface of the leaves, feed voraciously and are mature in about 25 days. They drop to the soil, tunnel in and pupate and give rise to a second generation of slugs during August and September. Control. Spray for the pest when it appears. Regular lead arsenate sprays, 2-100 are effective :in>\ probably advisable for a large acreage. Finely divided dusts of any sort are excellent as a contact spray. Road dust, ashes, sulphur or the orchard dust sprays prove very effec- tive. The Black Cherry Aphis. The cherry aphis is of wide distribution and general prevalence in the North- west. The masses of curled and dis- torted foliage on the terminal branches, the typical evidence of aphis attack, is a common and disgusting sight in our orchards. Description and Seasonal History. the aphids are the usual soft-bodied, long-legged, plant louse type, mahogany brown in color, robust and active. They Fig. 3. Twig of cherry showing rolled and dis- torted foliage due to attack of cherry aphis. pass the winter mostly as eggs on the cherry tree. These eggs hatch in the spring. As with most plant lice all of these forms are sexual females having the unique ability to give birth to living young. The true sexed forms appear only in late autumn. After the earlier generations both winged and wingless individuals occur. The rate of increase is enormous and the foliage of the af- fected trees soon develops the typical curled and distorted appearance, the interior of the crumpled leaves bearing a mass of aphids, honey dew, lady birds and ants. The winged aphis produced in the colonies may migrate to other trees, though generally in mid-summer the majority of the cherry aphis desert the cherry and fly to the shepherds purse where they continue to feed and repro- duce until early fall. They return to the cherry tree in the fall, the sexed forms develop, eggs are deposited, and so the winter is passed. Ants and Ahpids Cooperate: A very interesting relationship is found be- tween the cherry aphis and their at- tendant ants. In the fall of the year as adverse climatic conditions develop, the ants collect some of the cherry aphis and probably their eggs as well and transport them to their colonies. Here the aphids are maintained until the following spring when the ants re- turn them to the foliage of the cherry. They guard the aphids from their nat- ural enemies, attending them carefully until the colonies of aphids develop to a considerable size. For this service they receive or appropriate in return the honey dew which the aphids secrete. Control. The regular contact sprays as applied generally for aphids will control the cherry aphis if the spray actually wets the insect. The difficult thing is to wet the aphids in the curled leaves. This same handicap is evident in an attempt to spray (except at the proper time) for most of the orchard plant lice. The standard aphid spray for orchard con- ditions and of equal merit for the cherry aphis is lime-sulphur 5-100 plus Black Leaf 40, three-fourths of a pint to the hundred gallons. This should be ap- plied as a delayed dormant spray or just as the buds are bursting well and before they are open. Use Tangle-Foot Barriers: The ants tend to reinfest the tree with aphids subsequent to the application of the standard aphis spray. To prevent this, in connection with the spray, apply some mechanical barrier about the trunk of the tree to shut out the ants. Bands of tree-tanglefoot about three-fourths of an inch wide are very satisfactory. Bands of cotton batting or other me- chanical devices may be used. This treatment in conjunction with the spray application is very necessary. To thrive properly grapes require a well-drained soil of good fertility. A General Line of Nursery Stock Prune, Apple, Pears, Cherry, etc. Strawberry, Raspberry, etc. Buy direct from nursery; save your money. Do this by buying from us through our Mail Order System. '29 years in business. CARLTON NURSERY CO. Carlton, Oregon ; Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Pear. Cherry. Peach. Plum, Prune, Apricot. Quince. Grape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants. Raspberries. Black- berries, Logans, Dewberries. Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. Rosea. Vines. Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Fig, I. The pear and cherry slug on folingr. March, ir>2 1 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 Peach Growing in the Pacific Northwest WITH the many processing plants that have been established throughout the Northwest the possibilities of a greater development in peach growing are being empha- sized with a view to having the peach take its place in this section with the greater growth of other fruits. Many sections of the Northwest are especially adapted to peach growing and with adequate marketing facilities peaches are a very profitable crop. In growing peaches in this region C. I. Lewis who has investigated the mat- ter says in part: "Generaly speaking peaches prefer a light, sandy loam. Many of the volcanic ash soils of the Inland Empire are ideal. In Southern Oregon we find that the granite soils of the hills are the best, while in the region west of the Cascade Mountains the sandy loams of the river bottoms should be selected. Occasion- ally the red-shot hill lands of the higher exposures of the valleys are good. "The proper elevation at which to grow this crop is largely relative. In a general way the lower elevations are to be preferred, as they are apt to be earlier and nearer good shipping facil- ities. In the western part of Oregon we find that peaches should be grown either at the lower elevations or else at a fairly high elevation. That found in between is often more exposed and subjected to frost. "The peach is an early bloomer and is therefore often caught by frosts that would not damage to any extent the apple or pear crop. One should avoid di aws where cold air settles. In frosty regions the northern exposures are apt to be better than the southern. Large bodies of water, such as lakes or rivers, exert an influence. We notice this par- ticularly in the case of the Columbia and Willamette, the regions in close proximity to these rivers being less frosty. Good air circulation is an essen- tial of successful peach growing. The site should also be near good marketing facilities, as the peach is a very per- ishable crop. "Before planting the ground should be given thorough preparation, much as is practiced with other fruits. Oc- casionally peaches are grown success- fully in Western Oregon on land that has not been entirely cleared, some of the stumps being allowed to remain to rot while the peach orchard comes into bearing. Probably the early spring months, such as March and April, are to be preferred for planting. Give your trees plenty of room. You want a broad, spreading tree instead of a tall, rangy o n e. Many growers who formerly planted 12x12 are now allowing 20 feet for the tree. "The budded one-year-old trees are to be preferred, as they adapt themselves to conditions more easily and give the giower a chance to start his trees low, with well formed heads. As regards variety, the number grown at the pres- ent time is rather limited. "No one phase of peach culture is so neglected as the pruning. We must start with the one-year-old tree. This is generally topped at about fifteen inches from the ground and the head in some cases formed as low as eight or nine inches. The present tendency is toward lower heads. Vigorous trees that have not been exposed to hardship can be trained to a whip, but where there is some doubt as to their growth it is sometimes advisable to leave one or two buds on the small laterals. At the end of the first year it is advisable to select from three to five of the best branches, and remove all the remain- der. Cut back these frame branches from ten to twenty inches, according to conditions. In the selection of these branches you should keep in mind that a broad-spreading tree is desired, -and the pruning the first two seasons should be with this view in mind, coupled with the fact that you must also have strength if the tree is to bear large crops. After the framework is well formed the aim should be to develop as much strong bearing wood as possible. The fruit is always borne on the one-year-old wood. The fruiting wood at the lower and in- side portions of the tree is liable to die out, unless care be taken to thin out where the growth becomes too heavy, and to head in somewhat to force out new lateral growth. Wherever trees tend to become too rangy head them back. This may be at the expense of some fruit, but the peach naturally tends to overbear. In years of no crop the peach grower has a fine opportunity to head back rangy trees and produce an abundance of wood for the next crop. Rather old trees that have been neglected can be rejuvenated by remov- ing practically the whole of the top, cutting back the main branches to stubs. In two years a magnificent top can be developed. "Cultivation should be very thorough in the springtime. Where irrigation is not possible this intensive cultivation is generally necessary up to the time of maturity of the crop. There is a danger at times in cultivating young trees and sometimes bearing trees too late into the fall, thus not allowing the trees properly to harden so as to ward off winter injury. With irrigation the same rule applies. A tree should never be allowed to suffer for water; at the same time the water should be so applied that for a period of three weeks during the maturity of the fruit no application of water will be necessary, as too much water at this time will result in a large, coarse peach which is watery and in- sipid and of poor shipping qualities." Roof Cement Triangle Brand Liquid Asbestos Roof Cement is a composition of asphaltum, asbestos and other ma- terials fused to a consistency of heavy molasses. It is absolutely waterproof and fire retarding. Comes in barrels ready for use. Applied cold. Anyone can apply it. Will positively make your warehouse waterproof. Saves money. Write — Our representative will call — anywhere. Asbestos Products Co. S 113 Madison Street SPOKANE, WASHINGTON, U.S.A. Pazc 6 BETTER FRUIT March, 192 1 "Pedigreed" Trees -Where Do We Stand? By A. E. Murneek, Assistant Professor of Horticultural Research, Oregon Experiment Station (Continued from February Number.) THERE is no limit to the number of fluctuating variations. All charac- ters of the tree and fruit are subject to fluctuations. It is one of the means of adjustment of the organism to gross changes of the environment. It may sometimes express itself, in extensive regional variations or fluctuations of one or more characters of a variety. The eastern varieties of apples, for in- stance, when grown in the west as- sume a different, generally more oblong form. The soil, atmospheric conditions, cultural practices, such as priming, fer- tilization, spraying, irrigation, may cause marked fluctuations from the average of trees in a whole region, an orchard, the individual tree, or only a part of the tree. Most probably the ef- fect of food supply would be of prime importance as a factor causing fluctu- ations. Thomas A. Knight, the eminent English horticulturist, recognized this fact when he said that "Nutrition reigns supreme in the whole realm of variabil- ity." So, too, Darwin was of the opin- ion that "of all the causes which in- duce variability, excess of food is prob- ably the most powerful." The com- plexity of the situation becomes at once evident when we consider that fre- quently more than one and often all of the factors enumerated above may be the direct or indirect causes of this type of variations. Moreover, it may exhibit itself in varying and changing degrees. Fluctuating variations as a rule are extremely seldom if ever inherited, that is, they may not be perpetuated either sexually through the seed or asexually through cuttings or buds. Any attempt to propagate by means of buds, a tree that is bearing particularly heavy crops, or well formed or highly colored fruit, if these characteristics have been brought about and maintained by fa- vorable environmental conditions and hence are of a fluctuating nature, would be of no avail. Neither the output of an orchard nor a particular strain or characteristic of the variety may be ac- centuated or established by this prac- tice. For the sake of emphasis may it be repeated once more that such vari- ations or fluctuations are not trans- missible. This permits us to explain why bud selection experiments of the agricul- tural experiment stations, as stated previously, have given almost invari- ably negative results. As an example, trees propagated from heavy and light bearing Ben Davis at the Missouri Agri- cultural Experiment Station did not come true to the parent plants— the bearing habit was not transmitted. Likewise strawberries propagated by means of runners (buds) for ten gen- erations at this station, gave the same results— the offsprings from high yield- ing plants were no nunc: productive than those from parents with a low record of hearing. Moreover the vari- ations exhibited by the two would-be strains were just as great as in the orig- inal stock. Similar negative results with strawberry selection have been re- ported from other stations. Recently a full account has been pub- lished of exhaustive apple-bud selection investigations of the University of Illi- nois Agricultural Experiment Station. Buds from twenty-one varieties were used in connection with this work. They were chosen in regard to their size and location on the tree. It was found most conclusively that, for pur- poses of propagation, there is no dif- ference between buds of large and those of small size. Neither does it make any difference from what part of the tree the buds are taken. So much for fluctuations. Another type of bud variation is, however, not infrequently exhibited by plants. It differs most distinctly from ordinary modifications or fluctuations, though a strict line between the two is often dif- ficult to draw. In horticultural litera- ture variations of this character are known as "bud segregation," "vegeta- tive mutation," "bud sports," or simply "mutations" or "sports." For the sake of clearness and brevity let us call this type of variations true "variations" or "mutations." In cases of mutations the internal or genetic constitution of the bud has changed. The "blood" of the tree or branch is different, the external environment, the orchard practices, having very little, if anything, to do with this striking and permanent change in the plant. May it be remem- bered here that fluctuating variations on the contrary are caused solely by environmental differences. A word as to the frequency of bud mutations. In Coleus, a greenhouse plant, it has been found that one true but variant may occur in from 500 to 20,000 normal buds. While in cases of other plants, like the potato or tobacco, it may be as rare as one in 200,000 plants. It is not known how often bud variations are exhibited by deciduous trees, the apple for instance. We can assume, however, that they may be as infrequent as in the instances cited. Dorsey tabulated the parentage records of 2,0fi4 leading varieties of apples, cherries, grapes and plums and found only five cases of origin from true bud variations ("sports"). Bud mutants are of the greatest im- portance to both horticultural science and practice, for (1) they are often in- herited and hence are transmissible by seeds and (2) in most instances they may be established and propagated by vegetative means, such as cuttings, grafts, buds, etc. This type of vari- ation or mutation may establish a strain or a new variety and may increase the output of the orchard, if the mutation is in the direction of greater fruitful- ness. A large number of instances of true bud variations or mutations have been recorded, only a few of which may be mentioned here. Beach has described and named a deep-colored 20-ounce ap- ple, which has been propagated asex- ually and is now known as Collamer. The heavy bearing Paragon is supposed to be a bud sport of Mammoth Black • Twig. Kraus discovered a striped branch of Bartlett pear. It bears striped fruit and shows unmistakably the char- acteristics of a bud mutant. Yellow plums have given rise to fruit of red color. Purple grapes have produced green fruit. Shamel has described a new variety of the French prune, the Coates, which originated as a bud sport on the Petite. The existence of several distinct strains of Italian prunes has been mentioned. The nectarine orig- inated as a bud sport on the peach. Many more instances of true bud vari- ations resulting in increased size — or in differences in the form of the fruit could be cited. So, too, the time of Figure 1. Apple trees are bench grafted before Ihej are set out in the nurserj ro March, 1921 BETTER FRUIT re 7 maturity and the quality of the fruit may be affected because of bud vari- ations. Moreover, but mutations may occur in any part of the tree, though it may not be directly evident in the fruit. Undoubtedly the largest number of mutations are exhibited by the tree proper. But because of their lesser practical importance, they have es- caped observation and reference. It is of particular value to emphasize here that the productivity or perform- ance of the tree may be determined in many instances by bud mutations. In respect to economic value, it may have worked in either direction — toward greater or lesser productivity of the tree. ShameFs work with citrus fruits, shows us quite clearly that here we have to deal with instances of real bud variations or mutations ("bud vari- ations"— Shamel) that are of tremen- dous economic significance. Individual trees or whole orchards may have been propagated from buds that could have been called mutants or variants in re- spect to their bearing habits, which in many instances has been in the direc- tion of lessened productivity. Already as early as 1910 Coit ex- pressed the belief that through unin- tentional propagation of undesirable sports, an increasing proportion of trees in citrus orchards of California are of the drone type. The investiga- tions of Shamel tend to show that this most probably is the case with all vari- eties of citrus trees. It appears that because of convenience and economic considerations, bud-wood has been ob- tained from trees of low degree of fruitfulness. At least, some such trees may have come about because of bud mutations. These variations have thus been propagated bringing about the present condition. The question now arises as to whether such a state of affairs could possibly exist in some of our deciduous ordchards. At present there is no evi- dence to show that it does. In the first place, as already mentioned, decid- uous fruit plants seem to vary or mu- tate far less frequently than citrus trees, though some varieties may do so more often than others. The Baldwin apple, for instance, is said to sport more often than most any other apple. Perhaps this is due primarily to the length of time this variety has been under observation. The whole Ben Davis group is supposed to be also in a state of unstability. But as the ques- tion of new varieties is not of so great an interest as the increase in profitable- ness of the orchard, the matter may be settled only by the keeping of exten- sive performance records of the indi- vidual trees. Will it pay to keep such records? The meager evidence that we have from our experiment stations throws but little light on the subject. Data gathered for four years of the yields of 1,240 trees at the Virginia experi- ment station show that some 400 trees of this lot produced four barrels of fruit per tree, making up 60 per cent of the crop, while 200 other trees aver- aged less than a barrel per tree. Yield Fruit Growers Need These New Ideas Keep in touch with new methods by reading this monthly bulle- tin. Contains suggestions on storing, shipping, marketing, spraying and packing. Illus- trated. Mailed without obliga- tion or charge to any grower or shipper on request. Write TODAY for monthly bul- letin and proof about Universal Packages. Universal Package Factories lo- cated in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, Arkan- sas, Missouri and Texas. Write for this monthly bulletin TODA Y. Package Sales Corporation South Bend. Indiana. 106 E. Jefferson Street records of McMahon, Patten and Mcin- tosh apples kept for 18 years at a Ca- nadian station have given similar re- sults. The most productive trees yield- ing about twice as much as the least productive ones. How much these dif- ferences in fruitfulness may be as- cribed to environmental conditions, such as soil, moisture supply, etc., is an open question. But because of the fre- quency and importance of fluctuating variations we would be safe to assume that the environment is the main, per- haps the exclusive factor. Then, too, since the stock on which almost all of our fruit trees are grown is a seedling, undoubtedly this has a whole lot to do with these differences in performance of the trees. (The subject of the recip- rocal influence of the stock and scion will be discussed in a subsequent arti- cle.) Granting all this, we are still con- fronted by the possibility that the wide differences of productivity of our fruit trees may be due to the unintentional propagation of low producing strains — bud variations or mutations of an unproductive or drone type. Commonly trees that are shy bearers exhibit ex- ceptional vegetative vigor. They pro- duce good bud wood. They are tempt- ing, convenient and adaptable for prop- agating purposes. It must be under- stood, however, that there is no infor- mation on hand that any such drone strains have been propagated and are in existence in our orchards. Lacking such an evidence, what can the prospective orchardist do to safe- guard himself against such a possibil- ity? Lately there has been manifested a growing and persistent demand for the best, the most reliable trees. To meet it many nurserymen have been offering "pedigreed" trees, taking ad- vantage of the meaning associated with the term "pedigree." Some of such trees probably are no better than any other stock save perhaps that they have been chosen for their healthy appear- ance and size. Others have been grown from buds or scions obtained from trees that were thought to be superior in respect to general vigor of the tree and the quality and quantity of fruit they have borne. May it be stated here that the term "pedigreed" is a misnomer. No tree can really be called pedigreed unless its genetic constitution or at least its vegetative parentage can be traced back for a large number of generations. It would be far more correct if such nursery stock, as Coit has suggested, should be known as "selected." No absolute guarantee can be at- tached to trees selected in this manner. Though the parent plant from which hud wood was cut for propagation of the stock may be all that could be de- sired, there is no assurance that the offspring will he a chip of the same block. The good qualities and be- havior of the scion tree may be due to the exceptionally favorable environ- ment and good care to which it is ex- posed. In other words, it may have ex- hibited fluctuation that can not be prop- agated. Such trees, however, carry some assurance with them at least. They have not been grown from buds of an unproductive tree — one belonging to a drone strain. It is to the honor of many reputable nurserymen that they do select their bud wood with care. It is almost needless to emphasize here that the roots or stock upon which the tree is grown undoubtedly has fre- quently a decided influence upon the behavior of the tree. Witness the dwarfing of a tree if grown on certain roots and the performance of the lat- ter to various soil conditions. The Illi- Page S nois bud selection experiments show us that the stock used reflected in some degree on the scion grafted on it. The little rogueing that is practiced by nurserymen in selecting roots for graft- ing or budding purposes is largely in respect to vigor of growth. We know next to nothing about the compatibility of various stocks to the scions or buds set on them. Any grower contemplating the setting out of an orchard should exercise the greatest care in buying his trees. He should verify the reliability of the nursery and assure himself of the ab- solute health and high degree of vigor of the nursery stock. Then one must always bear in mind that the early neglect of a plant is often very telling upon its subsequent behavior. The young trees, while grown to perfection in the nursery, are often put under the most trying conditions in the orchard. Frequently enough they are entirely forgotten and left to struggle for their very existence. In the meanwhile may it be hoped that further and more extensive inves- tigations respecting bud selection and tree performance of deciduous fruits, more or less similar to the work done by Shamel may throw additional light on the subject. The fruits of the North- west have always been conspicuous for their quality. Anything below the C grade was frequently seen rotting on the ground. With the advent of the fruit products plant the quantity of the crop is, however, beginning to count more and more. BETTER FRUIT March, 1921 DAHLIAS Latest and Best Varieties Write for free Catalogue. Beautify your home lot with a colec- tion of these beautiful flowers. H. G. NEY E614 31st Street Spokane, Wash. Pruning >*< Implements I Catalogue mailed on request. Northwest Fence & Wire 'Works PORTLAND, OREGON Fertilizer for Orchard and Bush Fruit By Gordon G. Brown, Hood River Experiment Station THE time is rapidly approaching when the fruit grower must apply his fertilizer. The aim of this arti- cle is to assist the grower to decide in a m p le time what practice he shall adopt in order that his requirements may „ . „ D be provided for. Gordon G. Brown For the Apple Grower. It must be made plain to the apple grower at the outset that the only fer- tilizer from which we have had any appreciable response has been nitrate of soda or some other fertilizer high in nitrogen. On a limited scale, experi- mentally we have had equally good re- sults from sulphate of ammonia. It is impracticable to attempt to lay down any blanket recommendation for all growers. Obviously, the age of trees, character of soil, previous culture methods, pruning, cover or shade crops, fertilization previously practiced must be carefully considered before any ra- tional plan may be submitted. How- ever, for the sake of argument we will Continued on page 23. Invigorate Your Orchard The damage done by last winter's frost can be repaired. Your orchard can be invigorated and built up by scientific methods. FERTILIZE WITH Nitrate of Soda (CHILEAN) Consult your nearest government experiment station or county agent as to its application and the results you may expect. For literature and price write or wire: The Nitrate Agencies Co. 8th Floor, Hoge Building Seattle, Washington ISERS MENTION BETTE March, ip2i BETTER FRUIT Page p Take Care of Nursery Trees Large numbers of nursery trees, espe- cially fruit trees, either fail to grow or are badly set back by carelessness and delay in planting. Such trees may have been well grown and vigorous in the nursery, and may have been well pro- tected in winter, packed carefully, and shipped promptly, but are so poorly handled before planting that they are seriously damaged. In many cases the blame that is laid on the nurseryman is really the fault of the buyer and planter. The Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsyl- vania Department of Agriculture, gives the following points regarding the treatment of nursery trees so as to ob- tain the best results. (1) As soon as received examine the roots to see if they are still moist. If not moisten them immediately and keep them so until they go into the ground. Never allow the roots to dry out even for a few minutes. (2) If the trees cannot be planted immediately heel them in by digging a shallow trench and covering the roots and lower stems with moist earth. (3) Just before planting prune both roots and tops. Take away most of the fibrous roots which are likely to be dead and useless. Cut such small root- lets near the larger roots with a clean cut. Always trim the roots with a slanting cut on the under surface to hasten rootlet growth. Prune the top to a single whip and shorten it so that the top will make a trunk of the desired height. After growth is well started pinch or rub off all but the three or four shoots that will be needed to form the main branches of the tree. (4) The soil should be loamy and loose so as to allow the new rootlets to reach said food very quickly after they are formed. (5) Plant a few inches deeper than the tree stood in the nursery. The hole should be large enough to contain the roots in their natural position without bending or crushing. (6) Do not merely fill in the hole after the plant is set and tramp the earth about the surface. First add some top soil and pack it firmly, then add more and tramp this in, and so continue till the hole is filled. This careful pack- ing is needed not only to bring the roots in close contact with the soil and thus give the reduced root system every op- portunity to absorb water, but it also helps to hold the plant firmly in a cor- rect position till the new root system can obtain a secure hold. (7) If by any chance the trees arrive in a badly dried out condition bury them in damp but not wet earth and leave them in the ground for four to seven days. This will bring them back into condition and may save a heavy loss to the buyer. Never has the demand for berries for market been better than at the present time. While there has been some diffi- culty in marketing other fruits berries have more than held their own with the result that there has been a greatly in- creased planting. Top-Dressing Talk No. 4 From Bag to Fertilizer Distributor Think what it means to have a top-dressing fertilizer which is ready for use without pounding of hard lumps and without laborious screening — one that is fine and dry and which gives every plant a uniform feeding. Then think of having a fertilizer which contains one-third more ammonia (one-third more active plant food) than any other nitrogenous top-dressing. Also, think of a fertilizer which doesn't wash out of the soil— one which is ever ready to feed but which will last the season through. To all these advantages add low price per pound of actual plant food and you have in mind The Great American Am moniate ARCADIAN Sulphate of Ammonia the efficient top-dressing fertilizer for Orchards, Vegetables and general farm crops — all crops needing ammonia. Sulphate of Ammonia is the well-known standard article that has done you good service in your mixed fertilizers for years past. Arcadian is the kiln-dried and screened grade, made fine and dry for top-dressing purposes. Ammonia lS\i°/' guaranteed. Made in U.S. A. Write Desk No. 9 for free bulletins on the proper use of Arcadian Sulphate of Ammonia. ARCADIAN IS FOR SALE BY CALIFORNIA: San Francisco; Hawaiian Fertilizer Co., Pacific Bone Coal & Fertilizing Co., Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co., Western Meat Co., California Fertilizer Works; Los Angeles; Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Co., Pacific Bone Coal & Fertilizing Co., Agricultural Chemical Works, Hauser Packing Co., Hawaiian Fertilizer Co., Ltd., Southern California Fertilizer C'<> OREGON: Portland; Swift & Co. For information as to rrt* application, write | flG Desk No. <> Company ^ric"ltura Department 510 First National Bank Building, Berkeley, California Page 10 BETTER FRQ IT March. 102 1 M fi 1 Titan 10-20- for Economy Farming DURING THE YEAR 1921 AND THE YEARS TO COME TRACTORS come and tractors go but Titan 10-20 continues its steady traveling along the roads of popularity, and in the fields of labor, con- quering the most difficult of practical farm tasks. Theories and experiments in design and construction run their course among manufacturers and among farmers — and leave behind a varied history. But the service record of Titan has been a revelation in the agri- cultural world. Its record as an efficient farm power unit has been, to state a plain truth, convincing. During its history, Titan sales have swept ahead; this tractor has carried its success into every county and country. Yet, except for minor improve- ments and betterments, Titan design has remained unchanged. It has stood the test of time, the test of hardest, roughest usage, the test of strenuous com- petition, so that to date the farming world has invested over seventy million dollars in Titans. Can there be better proof of thorough practicability? Titan 10-20 is now more than ever standard because it is fundamentally simple, enduring, reliable, right. Do not be deluded by initial false economy. Increase the efficiency of your work for 1921 by an investment in this power. The International dealer is the man to see. International Harvester Company USA of America (incorporated ) CHICAGO 92 branch Houses and 15,000 "Dealers in the United States STION BETTER FRUIT March, 192 1 BETTER FRUIT Small Fruit Diseases and Their Control By H. P. Barss, Plant Pathologist, Oregon Experiment Station LOGANBERRY Anthracnose: Small spots with light centers and dark margins on canes and leaves. May at- tack fruit, causing discoloration and shrivelling of drupelets of berry. Dry- ing up of fruit due to dry weather or lack of soil moisture, or root-cutting or borers may be mistaken for anthrac- nose effect. Caused by a fungus. Spread by spores produced in spots on canes and leaves. Favored by damp weather. Carried over on dead leaves and old canes. Control: Cut out old canes and badly spotted new growth immediately after picking. Spray with Bordeaux (4-4-50) with soap or other spreader (1) when first new leaves in spring ap- proach full size; (2) just before bloom; and if necessary spray (3) about two weeks after petals fall with Burgundv (2-3%-100). If disease has been bad, spray new canes with Bordeaux soon after cutting out old growth in summer. Bluestem of Black Cap: Dark discol- oration of cane followed by wilting and drying up. Cause: A soil fungus which attacks roots and growing up inside canes plugs sap tubes. Spread in soil. Control: No preventive known. When started will gradually take whole patch. Growers must abandon old ground, starting new on healthy soil with sets from healthy plants in healthy fields. Gooseberry Mildew: Whitish powdery growth on foliage and fruit turning dark brown. Ruins fruit. Worst on European sorts. Cause: A fungus which lives over winter on branches and with- in the buds and spreads on leaf and fruit surface like a mold. Spreads also by spores carried by wind, rain, insects, etc. Control: spray with lime-sulphur, 1 to 25 or 30 when first leaf clusters be- gin to open out. Cover everything all over. Spray again with lime-sulphur (1-40) just before bloom. Repeat if necessary. Bordeaux will not kill mil- dew. Dusting the bushes at intervals with the finest grade of dusting sulphur will also keep down the mildew. Currant and Gooseberry Anthracnose: Small angular leaf spots. Worst on cur- rant. May cause very severe dropping of leaves. Cause: A fungus spread by spores from new and old leaves. Con- trol: Clean up or turn under old leaves before buds begin to open in early spring. Spray as for mildew, but fol- low fruit harvest at once by another spray, preferably of Bordeaux, 4-4-50. (Lime-sulphur burns worse as the hot weather comes on.) Grape Mildew: Whitish growth over foliage and fruit. Causes stunting, dis- torting and hardening of fruit. Caused by a surface mold carried over on old leaves, canes, etc., and possibly in buds. Control: Dust thoroughly with dusting sulphur (finest obtainable). Begin when new shoots are 6 or 8 inches long and repeat at intervals. An application just before bloom is a good thing. Others should be given whenever inspection shows any live mildew anywhere. Crown Gall: Irregular tumor-like swellings on roots or breaking out from canes. Caused by bacteria getting into wounds, mostly below ground. Spread from plant to plant by cultivation or pruning. Control: None. Pull out and destroy affected plants as soon as dis- covered. Before replanting remove in- fested soil and replace with good soil. Do not set out plants with suspicion of galls on roots or crown. NICOTINE DUSTING. The Bureau of Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture, has been conducting experiments with nico- tine sulphate applied in dust form. Mixed with kaolin to give the poison bulk, 40 per cent strength nicotine sulphate did remarkable work in controlling melon, cabbage, and pea aphis, onion thrips, and western cucumber beetles. All these insect pests are hard to reach with ordi- nary sprays, but the floating dust settles upon the under side of the leaves as well as on the surface. The experi- Page II ments show that much larger areas can he treated in less time than is required by spraying. Moreover, the equipment necessary to apply the dust is much less expensive than a spray outfit and its cost of application is less than by the older method. It weighs less than spray and is more conveniently handled. It can be mixed with arsenate of lead or sulphur for use against insects and fun- gus diseases. 0. A. C. Experiment Station Notes It is not economy to skimp in the use of spray materials in orchard insect and disease control. Growers whose reports show less than average spray materials per tree invariably report poor control and losses. Those that show a uniform usage throughout the season just as regularly report good results. All brown rot mummies and dead spurs are removed in pruning stone fruit trees on the Oregon Agricultural College experiment station farm. Like- wise all mildewed twigs are cut away in pruning the apple trees. A large amount of infection arises from these sources unless controlled when the trees come out in the spring. Most plant diseases are more easily controlled if the host tree is pruned to thin out the top well, leaving such dis- tribution of branches as favor entrance of sunshine and circulation of air. This type of pruning also makes spraying easier and more thorough, and allows the fruit and foliage to dry off more promptly, which hinders germination of disease-bearing spores. This is the time to look over the har- vesting equipment, for in thirty to sixty days the spring work will commence and from then on there will me no let up. Give all working parts plenty of oil. Tighten nuts, and replace any that are missing. Do not wait until you are ready to use it, do it now. Simply stir into any spray solution. "SPREADO" produces a uniform, inconspii uous coating completely protecting the fruit, but no leaving an objeel lona bl< appeal "SPREADO" Increases thi adhesiveness of the gpray, especially desirable In rainy sections, "SPREADO" Increases the wetting power in" spray, more than paying i"i itself in the saving of spray materials. "SPREADO" acts ;is i deterrent to aphid "SPREADO" is also an el i ireader with lime- sulphur, 1 Hack 1 leaf 1 1 '>" deai "SPREADO" does not in any way Injure ill, foliage or fruit. MANUFAC] ORED i:v Portland, Oregon, Box 983 MILLER PRODUCTS COMPANY Grants Pass, Oregon SOLO i:v OREGON GROWERS CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION, Salem, Oregon BETTER FRUIT March, 192 1 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Capital City Nursery Co. Our Specialty: Apple, Prune and Walnut Trees ORNAMENTAL AND FRUIT BEARING SHRUBBERY A good line of trees for WINDBREAK AND SHADE Address, Salem, Oregon OUR TREES Carefully Grown Carefully Selected Carefully Packed Will give satisfaction to the planter Salem Nursery Company 428 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon Additional Salesmen Wanted. Blight-Proof Surprise Pear Stock on Japan Root Don't worry about blight taking your pear orchard. Plant the blight-proof Surprise and insure against loss. The following year topwork it to Bartlett, Bosc or any desired variety and you have a blight-proof trunk and frame- work. This method is endorsed by Professor Reimer of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, Talent, Oregon, and recommended by him after exten- sive experiments. Thousands of these trees have been planted the last few years in California and Southern Oregon, and to some extent in the Yakima Valley, Washington. Our buds were secured direct from Professor Reimer. Twenty thousand discriminating families last year secured stock of us. This year our business is better than ever. "There's a reason," and that is the class of stock we deliver and the service we render. For other dependable fruit trees, shade trees, roses, vines, etc., write WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenish, Washington Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. WE CAN SUPPLY YOU WITH THE CLARK SEEDLING STRAWBERRY Also- in large lots. ANJOU PEAR BOSC PEAR BARTLETT DELICIOUS ITALIAN PRUNES ROYAL ANN CHERRY WINTER BANANA Many kinds of Peach trees and other sorts for the home orchard. Ideal Fruit & Nursery Co. HOOD RIVER, OREGON The Woodburn Nurseries WOODBURN, OREGON Growers, not jobbers. All of our offerings are our own growing. Think what this means to the planter. APPLES, PEARS, PEACHES PRUNES, LOGANBERRIES STRAWBERRIES, ASPARAGUS ENGLISH HOLLY Three generations of Settlemier's growing trees in Oregon. Grandfather 1850 Father 1863 Son 1892 Buy your trees from those who know how. Oregon Nursery Company ORENCO, OREGON Since 1867 Growers of DEPENDABLE TREES Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Berries, Roses, etc. Large Illustrated Catalog sent on request. UNIQUE HOME COLLECTION ALWILD PRODUCTIVE SUGAR PEERLESS NEW RAGE DULUTH LUCKY t UNIQUE EVERGREEN PLANTATION NEW MEADOWS, IDAHO Strawberry 15 plants Everbearing 15 plants Strawberry 15 plants Everbearing 15 plants Overbearing 15 plants FREE $ .25 .45 .75 .90 1.75 5.00 $9.10 Canyon Home Nursery Strawberry Plants for Spring Delivery Everbearing Strawberries a specialty. Extra Fine Marshalls. F. I. MOFFET Ellensburar, Washington VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT March, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 BERRY PLANTS Of all Standard Commercial Vari- eties, for immediate shipment. Write us for prices and submit your wants. Twenty- Five Years in Business All plants first class, carefully graded and packed and grown from record producing vines, sure to give satis- faction. Stock grown on contract for next season's delivery. M. J. MONIZ Berry Specialist Sebastopol, California The Nursery Business By C. A. Tonneson, Executive Secretary Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen. THE nursery business as it exists at the present time is a development of the propagation of trees and plants to meet the requirements of the domes- tic and commercial planters all over the country. In the early stages the nurs- eryman grew only a small block of the kinds of trees required in his imme- diate vicinity. Expenses were nominal, risks and hazzards not considered. With the development of commerce the de- mand for nursery products expanded, orders coming from innumerable inter- state localities and nurseries naturally became both manufacturing industries and selling concerns on an increasing- ly large scale. It naturally transpired that a con- siderable number of the good propa- gators were not skilled in business mat- ters and therefore unable to fill re- quirements of an efficient distributing system. Others knew how, also, to do the selling but were unable to handle properly both departments of the voca- tion. Many of those engaged in the work therefore, gave attention only to the growing and sold at low wholesale prices to parties who developed the business of selling and distributing. The result was that responsibility for an ideal product was not definitely fixed. In some cases unscrupulous dis- tributors would buy from growers whose methods were more or less defi- cient, because their prices were lower than those of others who observed painstaking methods and in cases where these distributors did their own assem- bling and filling of orders, labels would sometimes get mixed. This created dissatisfaction on the part of planters and caused a reflection on the entire nursery vocation. In later years reputable nurserymen realizing that a reform was necessary have devised methods whereby the growing, the sale and distribution might remain under their control until the products were in the hands of planters. This reform has not been an easy job and considering the thousands of acres of commercial orchards planted and the small per cent of mistakes which have occurred their endeavors show good results. But for years previous and up to the world war the nursery business was hampered because of both indifference and ignorance on the part of some prop- agators as to the requirements and the actual expense incurred in the produc- tion of reliable products. This caused a selling price in many cases too low for the production of a standard and satisfactory product, the few cents thought to be saved by the buyer in reality causing him dissatisfaction. At a recent meeting of the Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen action was taken to eliminate as far as possi- ble, every element of inefficiency. A standard of ethics was adopted, now bearing the signatures of a majority of leading nurserymen on the coast and of some of the states east, which sig- nifies all reasonable endeavor to con- form to sound and approved methods and square dealing as implied in their trade mark, "Dependable Nursery Prod- ucts." This cooperative endeavor also in- cludes a fight against unscrupulous schemes and fakers, and against care- lessness in any matter that may work to the detriment of the valuable horti- cultural industries of this country. ^HONORBILT" » *MakeProfife MoreCerfain" SPRAYING is in order — Dormant spraying is already being carried on in many localities — soon will come the general activities now universally in- dulged in during bud and blossom time — following this, a repetition of the work during summer months com- pletes the cycle of protection. If the new MYERS AUTOMATIC POWER SPRAY RIG pictured in the scene above is of too great a capacity for vour spraying work you will find among the other stvles of MYERS SPRAY PUMPS manv types suited to your spraying needs. The MYERS LINE is wonderfully comolete and covers every phase of spraying. And don't forget MYERS SPRAY PUMPS and ACCESSORIES from the smallest Atomizer. Knapsack and Bucket Pump, to the medium Barrel Pumps and complete Hand Outfits, up to the medium and large capacity Power Pumps and complete Power Rigs, regardless of style, size or capacity are dependable, fully proven ; nd known for the results they pro* duce. And not only one style of each of the sizes but in most cases several reliable types equipped with the best of hose, tested nozzles and fittings, await vour choice. You will make your SPRAYING PROFITS MORE CERTAIN this year if you use a MYERS "Honor-But" SPRAY PUMP to do your spraying, white- washing, coldwater g and disin- fectii xaaii.it,, 1 No. SP21 Catalog, just off the press, mailed free to anyone. Addr Department 135. HaTgmMTBSfiESi ASHLAND PUrVIPAND HAY TOOL. WORKS. ALBANY HARRISBURG-MILWAUKEE-CEDARRAPIDS-ST. LOUIS-KANSAS CITr-NEW YORK Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 14 BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Fruit Growing and Marketing. Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company 400 Lumber Exchange Building PORTLAND, OREGON OFFICERS AND STAFF W. H. Walton Editor C. I. Moody Advertising Manager E. C. Williams. . .San Francisco Representative Hobart Building Interplanting in the Orchard. An announcement recently made by the United States Agricultural Depart- ment is to the effect that cotton as an interplanted crop is rinding much favor in the San Joaquin Valley of California. It seems to be especially well adapted for use in first-year vineyards or in young orchards. In Department Circu- lar 1C4, issued by the United States De- partment of Agriculture, a representa- tive of the Bureau of Plant Industry reports that a Kern County farmer planted cotton between young apricot trees which were making their third- years' growth. From about two acres of orchard land he harvested nearly $500 worth of cotton in 1918. The cot- ton plants occupied only 1.27 acres of the entire plat. In this instance the farmer was enabled to pay the upkeep costs of his orchard with the proceeds from his cotton and to pocket a good profit in addition. Another farmer in the same county set out 12 acres of grapevines and inter- planted with two rows of Pima (long- staple cotton) placed between each two rows of the vines. He obtained a yield of nearly a bale to an acre. At the end of the season his vines were in ex- cellent condition, only one being lost in the entire lot. Specialists say the practice is a profitable one; the cotton is as good as when grown alone, and the young grapevines are equal in every way to those grown without an inter- crop. While intercropping has been prac- ticed successfully and beneficially in orchards in many instances with such crops as alfalfa and clover we believe that care should be exercised in plant- ing crops in orchards that are not legumes. The success of orchardists in California in planting cotton as an inter- crop is interesting and proved profit- able. The question, however, is how long will the soil of an orchard stand the extra drain from such a crop as colton which requires a large quantity of plant food to mature properly. It would seem that continued planting of tlii1^ no a similar crop in an orchard must result in affecting the growth or bearing qualities of the trees in a light crop dl' cotton or possible unprofitable returns from both. BETTER FRUIT telegraphed to state officials by the Fed- eral Horticultural Board, United States Department of Agriculture. The board expresses a fear that there has been laxity on the part of the French inspectors and urges careful and consistent examination of all ship- ments of fruit seedlings from France coming under state jurisdiction. The inspectors of the board at ports of first arrival make a superficial inspection of all foreign shipments of nursery stock to determine their agreement with the permit invoice and original certificate of inspection as to quality and kind of nursery slock, and as to compliance of the shipment with other regulations; but owing to lack of facilities and in- spectors it is not possible to make the the port inspection thorough enough to guarantee the exclusion of plant pests. The French inspection service has been advised by cable of the condition of stock under their certificate arriving in this country, and a warning has been issued to French exporters and Ameri- can importers. Experiments are under way in Boston to determine the possi- bility of killing hibernating brown-tail larvae by vacuum fumigation. In the meantime steps have been taken to have all French shipments given such fumi- gation as is now required for cotton. If vacuum fumigation will not kill all lar- vae contained in nests it may be neces- sary to cancel all existing permits for French stock. The board strongly rec- ommends the burning of all packing material. Inasmuch as there is a possibility of confusing the nests of the brown-tail moth and the white-tree pierid, it is suggested that, if there is any doubt as to the insect killed, it should be for- warded to the Federal Horticultural Board for determination by specialists, after steps have been taken to kill any larvae which may be contained in the nests. Just what procedure will be neces- sary to destroy these fruit pests and safeguard the fruit industry of the United States can be safely left to the United States Department of Agricul- ture. One of the most important mat- ters in connection with this work is that i! shall have the cooperation of all interested in the fruit industry in order that this new menace may be effectually stamped out. March, 1921 comfort from this comparison, and agree, each one to do his "bit" by talk- ing optimism, doing a full day's work, and determining to make the 1921 fruit crop at least the cleanest we have ever raised. The Importation of Fruit Pests. Discovery of heavj infestations of brown-tail moth nests on fruit seedlings ami of ncsis of the white-tree pierid on other shipments received from France have caused a general warning to be Optimism and a Clean Crop. Misery loves company, especially when the company is more miserable than we are. A few quotations of pre- vailing prices in Havana may tend to make us more contented with our lot. Grapefruit sells at New York prices, though a few miles from the city they are left to go to waste. A good pair of men's low shoes are priced as high as $28; flannel trousers at $:r>; silk shirts al $30, and $8 for a cotton um- brella is considered cheap. Cigarettes which cost us 20 cents sell for (in .nils there, ami for a *2 box of American candj they ask $7. For a fairly good suil of clothes, out of stock, the Havana merchant charges $100; for women's wear it is even higher. Let us take Fruit Trees for the Farm. Every farmer where it is possible to grow them should have a few fruit trees in a fenced orchard or yard. An acre is little enough, but at least any farm should have ten apple, five peach and five cherry trees. These cost but a trifle, but if cared for properly will supply a family with fruit in some form for the entire year. Then a row of raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries and a square row of straw- berries will add much to the happiness of the family. What the Papers Interested in Fruit Are Saying The establishment of a frozen fruit industry would furnish another outlet for fruits that otherwise might be wasted or at best find only a sluggish market. That the .well-known methods of preserving fish, meat, poultry, eggs and butter by freezing should be extended more generally to small fruits and tomatoes, thus in effect making fresh fruit of these kinds available throughout the year. — Canadian Horticulturist. Very much more needs to be done before the mass of farm women will have even the mod- erate advantages enjoyed by a limited number, the Secretary of Agriculture points out. The States Relations Service has published the results of a survey through home demon- stration agents of 10,000 farm homes in north- ern and western states. Wherever it has been in operation the system of county home demonstration agents has proved to be the most helpful agency for the benefit of farm women, and it should be ex- panded, the Secretary asserts. He also urges increased appropriations for the research work of the Office of Home Economics of the depart- ment.— New York State Fruitgrower. On the Pacific Coast there are four separate power farming and implement associations. They are the Northwest Power Farming Asso- ciation of Spokane, the Portland Tractor and Implement Association, Portland, Oregon; the Traction Engine and Implement Dealers' As- sociation, Los Angeles, and the California Tractor and Implement Association, San Fran- cisco. These four associations united and or- ganized the Pacific Coast Tractor Associations early in 1920. Members of this Coast associa- tion have now made arrangements by which there will be affiliation, even closest coopera- tion, with the National Implement and Vehicle Association, a large national association which has had more to do with advancing power farming than any other. — The Sunsweet Stand- ard. In the growing of each fruit there are prob- lems which stand out bright above others. The three that we would mention in pear growing are the small pear, fire blight and pear scab. The small pear must go. The time is at hand when our canneries are (;"inK to demand the '_>'.. inch nail In I. Formerly tiny would take pears as smalt as two inch, but they are grad- ually increasing their demands and will do so more and more as the tonnage increases. It is doubtful if Bartletts as small as 1811 and smallei should he classed as Extra Fancy. Large Bartletts can be produced by nivinn the trees more pruning, more rigid thinning, better tillage and irrigation when necessary. Fire blighl has been ably handled in this edition by Messrs. (ale ami Hrimcr. and we urge all growers to read their articles. Pear scab is treated in this Dumber and can be nicely controlled if tile grower will make up his mind to follow thorough spraying as rec- ommended by the Oregon Experiment station. There are a few minor troubles such as the large fruit worm, canker worm and the blister mite. This last is on the increase, but there is im excuse for its presence as it can be easily controlled. — Oregon Grower. March, ip2i BETTER FRUIT Page 15 A writer in one of the leading agricultural papers states: "It is poor policy to band trees with sticky or greasy substances to prevent in- sects going up. While it prevents the insects climbing, it seems to be only a question of time when the material kills the tree, especially thin barked trees." This question was recently referred to Dr. E. B. Fracker, state entomologist of Wisconsin, who says: Banding trees with sticky substances has long been recommended for the control of climbing insects, such as cankerworms, tus- sock moths, gipsy and borwn-tail moths, and ants which may carry plant lice. Two forms of these bands are recommended by park superintendents and tree surgeons as being harmless to trees. One is Tree Tangle- foot, made by the O. & W. Thum Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan. The other is "Rau- penleini" which the owner can mix for him- self and which is used extensively in gipsy moth control in Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire. Too much confidence should not be placed in banding as it is useful only for the insects named, but for them it is a valuable control measure. The writer has never heard of the two substances described above injuring trees. Perhaps the writer is referring to tar, printers' ink, and some other compounds which are un- questionably harmful. — Wisconsin Horticultur- ist. Export of Peaches Partly Successful An experimental shipment of peaches to Great Britain made during the month of September shows that a de- mand exists for this fruit if it can be delivered in satisfactory condition. The quality of the greater portion of the peaches was poor when placed on British markets. The fruit held up for a few days, then went down rapidly. The deterioration was partly the re- sult of overtight packing, which caused bruising and led to the development of decay, and partly the result of a lack of ventilation in the packing and in the ocean storage compartments. The peaches were packed in crates holding ten double cardboard cartons. The inside space was divided by corru- gated cardboard into ten sections on the plan of an egg box. The crates were practically air tight. When placed in cold storage the moisture from the fruit was absorbed by the corrugated parti- tions of the carton with the result that the partitions became damp and lost their shape. The cost of the crates was approximately S3. 60 each, about one-half the value of the peaches. If shipments of peaches to Great Britain are to be successful and profitable, a cheaper crate with some provision for ventilation must be used. Some crates holding 160 peaches sold at private sale for £2 a crate (about $7 at the prevailing rates of exchange) or about 3 pence (nearly 4 cents) each. However, on account of the defective condition of some of the fruit, claims for reimbursement were made on one- third of the sales. The United States agricultural trade commissioner thinks that better prices and a desirable pub- licity would have been obtained at the Convent Garden fruit auction. There the peaches would have been sold in competition with fruit from Belgium and at least a better test of market value would have been given. To SnuSKis^ Life out requires powerful insecticides — he is as tenacious of life as a mud turtle BECAUSE the Codling Moth is a tough customer and the principal insect enemy of Mr. Apple, you can afford to take no chance. This little pest breeds like the proverbial trouble- and if even one is left, wormy apples and pears are the certain result. Eliminate every atom of risk by spraying with GRASSELLI GRADE Arsenate of Lead just after the blossoms have fallen (and at regular intervals later). That is certain death to them. Don't risk your 1921 crop by using any ordinary insecticides when you can be absolutely certain with GRASSELLI GRADE- The Grasselli label protects your fruit income— it's your "fruit insurance." GRASSELLI GRADE Insecticides and Fungicides have won place as the World's Standard by their year-in-and-year-out, unvarying uniformity and "triple A" strength. Behind the Grasselli name is 82 years of Chemical leadership and the tradi- tions of Grasselli Quality— no less. That is your protection. Specify GRASSELLI GRADE when ordering your spray mater- ials from your dealer. Grasselli Grade — A rsenate of Lead Calcium Arsenate Lime Sulphur Solution Bordeaux Mixture Sulphate of Nicotine The Grasselli Chemical Co. Page i 6 BETTER FRUIT March, 1921 Gasoline of Quality orists You know it. It is the "Red Crown" sign on garages and service stations. It is the sign of quality in gasoline— the sign of an all-refinery gasoline with a continuous chain of hoiling points— insuring ready start- ing, rapid acceleration and maximum power. Before you fill— look for the "Red Crown" sign. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) WHEN WRITING ADVE ISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT March, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Timely Tips on Stump and Boulder Blasting These tips will help you get better results whenever you use dynamite for land-clearing, ditching, or tree- planting. Cut them out and save them. Crimping the Cap Cut a sufficient length of fuse squarely off, and slip cap over the end. Crimp cap to fuse, as shown, with cap crimper, — it is absolutely essential to USE A CAP CRIMPER, — obtainable from your dealer or direct from us. Priming the Cartridge Punch a hole with handle of cap crimper in the side of cartridge deep enough to contain all of the cap. See illustration at left. Securing Fuse After inserting cap with fuse attached, tie a cord around fuse and then around cartridge, as shown. If several cartridges are needed, this "primer" cartridge is put in last. After loading, tamp earth tightly in hole using a WOODEN tamping stick. The success of the shot depends largely on the tightness of the tamping. For most satisfactory results,be sure that your dealer sells you Explosives and Blasting Accessories The Farmers' Handbook of Explosives tells how to use explosives for land-clearing, ditching, tree-planting and other farm work. Write for free copy today. E. I. du Pont de Nemours 8C Co., Inc. Seattle, Washington Portland, Oregon Spokane, Washington manager of the Hood River Fruit company. Apple boxes were retailed to growers last year at 27 to 28 cents each. A price of 17 and 18 cents, it is expected, will be established this year. The cost of strawberry crates and pear boxes show's a similar decline. The Wasco Farm Bureau News notes that the cherry orchards in that vicinity injured by the freeze a year ago will need unusually good cultivation this year. Trees which had a great deal of top killed will be in danger of losing a large part of their root system also, and this must be prevented if possible by good care this year. When the top of a tree is sud- denly kilted, there is often insufficient vegeta- tion to support the roots and some of the roots die. A root system partially dead lets in rots, grubs, and disease. Give the trees as good a chance as possible by keeping the orchards free of weeds. A meeting of the North Marion County Berry Glowers' Association held at Woodburn re- cently was largely attended. Twenty-three names were added to the membership roll making a total membership in the association of 50. E. J. Forsythe was re-elected president of the association, F. P. Wolfe, vice-president; Ray Glatt, secretary, and Theodore Nehl, treas- urer. The executive committee consists of L. Lawrence, W. L. Bentley and C. C. Guilliford. A committee which reported to the meeting on fruit prices for this year stated that the mini- mum prices should be seven cents on logans, 12 cents on raspberries, nine cents on straw- berries and seven cents on gooseberries. According to a report of the U. S. Census Bureau recently issued Oregon in 1919 had 3,- 315,093 apple trees, 727,444 pear trees, 2,999,480 prune- ami plum trees and 395.073 cherry trees. The production of small fruits in 1919 was 18,977,822 quarts, including 4,159,200 quarts of strawberries, 1,824,901 quarts of raspberries, 10.198,011 quarts of loganberries, and 2,139,110 quarts of blackberries and dewberries. On February 19, C. W. McCullagh, sales man- ager of the Hood River Apple Growers' Asso- ciation, reported that only 40 cars of apples belonging to the association remained unsold. A plan in which the Cherry Growers' Union of The Dalles is taking the lead is the estab- lishment of a cooperative fruit and vegetable selling agency. The erection of a large con- crete packing and storage house is being con- sidered in connection with the establishment of the agency. Oregon prune week, February 14 to 19, to encourage a greater consumption of Oregon prunes, resulted in a widespread campaign throughout the state and the disposal of many thousands of pounds of prunes. In addition to this phase of the work was the valuable amount of advertising which the Oregon prune received in all parts of the country. At the be- ginning of prune week it was stated that there were 22,000,000 pounds of prunes in the state still unsold. Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There orchard, surrounded by orchards, and I am unable to believe that they were poisoned to any extent. During that time, my colonies be- came strong during this spraying season, and I have never failed to get from 50 to 75 pounds of honey on an average per colony, and fre- quently individual colonies have produced as much as 125 pounds. When the petals have fallen the bees no longer work on the apple trees. There is danger, however-, of poisoning them in some of the later sprays if an ex- cessive amount of arsenate of lead is allowed to fall on alfalfa or clover in bloom." The cost of producing a box of apples in 1921 will be approximately 25 per cent under 1920 costs, according to Charles H. Castner, OREGON. The fact that anthracnose has caused many apple raisers in Oregon considerable losses this year is being called attention to as the necessity for greater effort in fighting this dis- ease. Shipments of apples which have arrived in eastern markets from this state are said to have shown losses as high as $400 per car from this disease. In discussing the poisoning of bees by the calyx spray A. G. Wing, a Hood River apple grower and also a beekeeper, makes the fol- lowing interesting observation: "Is it necessary to leave this spray off to protect the bees? Some think so. For eight years I have kept from 1 to 15 colonies in an WASHINGTON. Unless unforeseen disaster happens to the apple crop of Chelan, Douglas, Okanogan and Grant counties, known as the Wenatchee dis- trict, the vield this year will be 16,000 car- loads, or '12,000,000 boxes, according to the forecast of District Inspector P. S. Darlington. This is 4,000 cars, or 3,000,000 boxes, more than the previous high record of the 1919 crop. All indications point to a 100 per cent yield in every orchard. The ground has been soaked by fall rains and heavy snows which melted, going into the soil. Fertilization and cultiva- tion, together with pruning and thinning, have been done under the direction of experts in this district. To make the 12,000,000 boxes in which the 1921 apple crop of the district will be packed over 00.1)00,000 feet of lumber will be required. This number would fill 2,000 cars, figuring 30.000 feet to the car, or 40 solid trains of 50 cars each. More than hall the boxes used in packing the Wenatchee district crop are made in that part of the state, but many are shipped from Spokane, Seattle and other Puget Sound points. District mills are now preparing to begin op- erations for the season in anticipation of the heavy demand for boxes thai will develop if the crop comes up to expectations. In addition to the apple crop the Wenatchee district will probably produce 2,000,080 boxes of summer fruit, which would use up more than ."..000,000 additional feet of lumber. Paper for fruit wraps will be another item of considerable importance. No less than 6,- Page iS BETTER FRUIT March, ip2i 000,000 pounds will be needed. This would fill 150 cars, carrying 30 tons to the car, or three solid trains. If apple boxes sell at 20 cents apiece this year the growers will have to pay $2,400,000, lint if they only bring 18 cents, as some author- ities predict, the cost to the growers will be about $2,000,000. Paper at 15 cents a pound will cost $90,000. With approximately 100 delegates present the eleventh annual convention of the Western Washington Horticultural Association opened at Port Angeles February 11. The visitors were welcomed to the city by Secretary W. H. Tay- lor of the commercial club, response being made by Charles W. Orton of Sumner. An interesting feature of the session was Profes- sor J. L. Stahl's reminiscences of horticulture in the Northwest. The Bing cherry and Island Belle grape were named as distinctively North- west products, having originated here. Mr. S t:i lil also told of how the berry industry got its start in the Puyallup-Sumner district in 1885. Cherry culture, by C. E. Fitzgerald of Ferndale, and gooseberry culture by F. H. Burglehaus of Sumner, were features of the afternoon program. Solid train load apple shipments were re- sumed out of the Wenatchee district on Febru- ary 19 for the first time since Christmas. The first train to leave this year consisted of 57 cars. Up to that date 7,900 cars had been shipped from Wenatchee with 1,000 cars still to be shipped. The total crop from the district is offi- cially estimated at 9,500 cars. In addition to this, 1,304 cars of summer fruit were shipped, making total fruit shipments 10,804 cars, val- ued at about $16,000,000, compared with 13,700 cars shipped last year, which returned the growers about $22,500,000. A report from Wenatchee is to the effect that as a result of the visit there of Aaron Sapiro. organizer of cooperative associations of San Francisco, announcement is made that H. G. Bohlke has resigned as manager of the newly organized Wenatchee District Coopera- tive Association and his place has been filled by Lee M. Lampson, formerly county agent of Benton County, and recently organization man- ager for the Washington Wheat Growers' As- sociation. Mr. Bohlke will devote his atten- tion to his fruit business, and Mr. Lampson will conclude the organization of the new as- sociation. The election of permanent officers of the association will occur at the annual meeting to be held in March. The Okanogan Growers' Unit covering terri- tory north of Spokane has begun repacking Winesaps held in storage through the winter. The pack will total about 18,000 boxes. The unit also has on hand about 20,000 boxes packed last fall and not previously shipped on account of low prices. Labels bartons rana i\ames Irade Flaws lutouts Hangers Billboard- rosters Car Lards Window- Displays rro^ram- Lovers enus OnowlarA }6urProcIuct he it PrunesorPearls will he compellwalyadyerfisediylhe SCHMIDT LITHOG WR CO. Our Advertising Service Department will assist you in selecting a brand name, in originating a trademark, m designing your package. * *. * Our Specialists in this Departm ent will help you plan your selling campaign. They will be glad to confer with you on your m arketing proh lems. *. + *.**■*. Seattle ^Schmidtf PORTLAND SACRAMENTO LOS ANGELES FRESNO HONOLULU SAN FRANCISCO Increased freight rates have deprived the fruil growers of the Spokane valley of their profits on the 1920 crop of apples. It is de- clared that lower freight rates will have to be secured for the 1921 crop in order to secure any returns from the orchards. This is the report of several large growers of Opportunity and shippers in Spokane. They assert that the 1920 crop was raised at the peak cost of production, sold on a low market, and moved to eastern markets under the highest freight rates which absorb the ordinary margin of profit. As for the 1921 crop, they assert that lower costs of production will be offset by the low prices, leaving the increased freight rates to absorb the profits. The cost of shipping a box of apples to eastern markets before the two freight increases were granted was approx- imately 50 cents, shippers say; while the pre- vailing cost is from 90 cents to $1, of which more than 40 cents is taken by the increased freight rates. Bits About Fruit, Fruitmen and Fruitgrowing The adoption by the United States Senate of the amendment to the tariff bill placing a duty of 4 cents a pound on imported cherries was announced February 17 by Senator Mc- Nary of Oregon. The news of this action on the part of the senate is being received with a great deal of satisfaction on the part of North- west cherry growers and packers who will now be able to more than compete with the cheaper foreign fruit that was being shipped into the United States. Other legislation that is being asked for the fruit industry is an appro- priation of $10,000 for the purpose of studying new spraying methods for codling moth thai . will not be objected to by eastern buyers as poisonous. The idea of the investigation is to determine if it is possible to discover a spray that will be effective against this insect and Irrigate and Drain Economically The "MALDE AIMER PUMP" Is the most efficient large capacity pump on the market. Capacities up to 11,500 gallons per minute or 25 acre Inches per hour. For particulars, write 0. G. MALDE, Tomah, Wis. March, igsi BETTER FRUIT Page ip at the same time do away with any objection that eastern apple buyers and fruit inspectors may have as to the material used being poison- The fruit growers of America have requested the American Farm Bureau Federation to call a conference of their representatives to discuss ways and means of advancing their interests. President J. R. Howard has issued a call for such a meeting to be held in the Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, on April 5. The De- partment of Cooperative Marketing will have the meeting in charge. Each State Farm Bureau Federation has been requested to send at least one oflicial representative of the fruit growers of its state. The Welch Grape Juice Company announces that it will build a grape juice factory at Springdale, Arkansas, to be ready for operation in 1922-23. The first investment in land and buildings will be about |300,000. It is the in- tention of the company to build additional units as fast as the growth of the acreage in the Ozark grape belt warrants. Farmers in Ihe v;cinity of Springdale have pledged them- selves to plant 1,500 acres of grapes this year in addition to the acreage which the grape juice company has purchased. E. C. Crosby, who, with his son, lives on a 15-acre orchard, 15 miles southeast of Spokane, has prepared figures on the apple business which he thinks should be investigated. The Crosbys lost their 1919 apple crop because of lale frost, but by smudging last spring they raised an enormous crop of the best quality and at the time of picking figured upon a net profit of $4,000. Their apples were hand- sorted and carefully packed and in many of Ihe boxes a card was placed asking the con- sumer to write the grower how much he paid for the box and in what condition the apples were found. Mr. Crosby says that from Pitts- burg, where he netted an average of 60 cents a box above freight charges, two consumers wrote that they paid $7.25 and $7.75 a box and that from Indianapolis, where his apples netted 65 cents, the consumer wrote that he paid $10.25 for a box of extra fancy Jonathans. All reported the fruit in good condition. Mr. Crosby further states that receipts show that the railroad companies received $3,600 for transporting his crop, but that in addition to receiving nothing for his labor, he will also be out all the money paid for help in raising and marketing the crop. He figured that each box cost him $1.10 when put upon the market. The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruit and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will be mailed to anyone desiring it on the following terms: One card FREE with a nev tion to Better Fruit. subscrip- One card without subscription 10c Twelve cards without subscription. . .$1.00 For quantity prices write us. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. 703 Oregonian Building Portland, Oregon STOCKTON SEATTLE SAN FRANCISCO Sales Offices: Portland, Fresno, Sai Planters, Farmers, Poultry Keepers If you want a complete, reliable and up-to-date buyers guide send for Our 1921 Annual Catalog of Garden, Flower and Field Seeds, Plants, Bulbs, Trees, Berries, Incubators, Brooders, Poultry, Bird and Pet Stock Supplies, Fertilizers, Sprays, Ftc. A Western Catalog for Western Buyers. Up-to-date, complete and nicely illustrated— a reliable, truthful guide. 14= Portland, Oregon imr$ Insure Your Crop If you are going to plant legumes such as Alfalfa, Clover, Peas, Beans, Vetch, etc., use <^„,_ The Standard Inoculation FARmogerH ^"^^ Higb-Bred Nitrogen Gathering Bacteria. "^- It is a pure culture or growth of nitrogen fixing bacteria select- ed and bred up to transform large amounts of nitrogen from the air into a form where the growing plants can use it. Not only are the plants as they grow supplied with nitrogen but large quantitii W.- Clo Sweet Peas, C When order intend using it let No. 10 of infc Price: Garden Postpaid. left in th; ground for the folio ish it for Alfalfa, Red Clover, Alsike, White >r Bokhara Clover, Garden Peas, Field Peas, y Peas. Vetches and Beans. g BE SURE TO MENTION which of these you >n, this is important. Write Seattle for pamph- Drmation. $8.00. e, 50c, Acre size, $2.00; S-a liBGs Established IS&i lu^ The Chas. H. Lilly Co. i SEATTLE Portland Ellensburg Wapato Page 20 BETTER FRUIT March, 1921 Cannery Notes Representatives of 10 canneries located in Oregon and Washington gathered at the annual session of the Northwest Canners3 Association held in Portland during the latter part of Feb- ruary. According to the reports read before the meerings of the association the canning in- dustry in the Northwest is in excellent condi- tion as far as the sale of products for the Nice BrJght Western Pine FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. SUTTON'S SEEDS Imported Direct from Reading, England Catalogue on application to A. J. WOODWARD | 615 Fort St. VICTORIA, B.C. 1 season is concerned. Among those who ad- dressed the convention were W. R. Scott, of Albany, Oregon, whose topic was, "Closer Co- operation of Canners in the Willamette Val- ley," and C. J. Pugh of Falls City, Oregon, who discussed the child labor law. At a ban- quet held at the Multnomah Hotel, given by the American Can Company, the speakers were Paul W. Paver of Chicago, Preston McKinney, secretary of the Canners' League of California, and Ernest D. Clark of Seattle. The election of oflicers resulted as follows: W. G. Allen of Salem, president; W. S. Pride of Bellingham. Washington, vice-president; C. D. Minton of Portland, Oregon, secretary-treasurer. According to a recent statement of \V. G. Allen of Hunt Brothers Packing Company of Salem, Oregon, more than 7,000,000 pounds of loganberries will be packed by Washington and Oregon plants during the present year. He also staled that of the loganberry pack of last year there is 30 per cent of the stock un- sold in the two states and 27 per cent of the entire stock of all fruits still unsold Febru- ary 20. California canneries are reported to have put up 267,000 tons of fruit in 1920 making the total number of cases 11,382,863. The total vegetable pack was 5,249,946 cases. It is announced that the California Central Berry Glowers have decided this year to sell direct to the canner in order to eliminate the commission heretofore paid the jobber. The central California berry production in 1920 was: Strawberries, 84,000 chests; blackber- ries, 19,000 chests; raspberries, 9,000; logan- berries, 8,500. "iiiiiiiiiiiii milium iiiiiiiimin What They Are Doing in California Extensive investigations on the question of arsenical spray residue in regard to the mar- keting of pears are planned by the Federal Bureau of Entomology in cooperation with the Pest Control Service of California State De- partment of Agriculture. The work will be done under the direction of A. J. Ackerman of the United States Department of Agriculture who will establish his headquarters at Sacra- mento. Save and Prosper With constant, systematic saving your account should grow to be the foundation of a fortune. You will have capital to in- vest advantageously when opportunity offers. You will be on the road to success. A Savings Account may be opened with an initial deposit of one dollar. THE FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF PORTLAND, OREGON NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Company MILTON, OREGON FOR THEIR 1921 CATALOG FULL LINE OF NURSERY STOCK "Genuineness and Quality" THE American Beauty Dust Sprayer For Orchard, Vineyard and Farm IOOX Efficient The most powerful blast of any dust sprayer. Almost all insect pests and fungus dis- eases are controlled by our dry prepara- tions. Our Nicotine-Sulphur Dust is instant death to Thrips, Aphis, Leaf-hopper and similar insects. One man will average 15 acres per day. The Cost Is Very Low wcm We Invite Correspondence The California Sprayer Company 6001-11 Pasadena Avenue LOS ANGELES YHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT March, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 Almond trees are reported to have com- menced blossoming in some of the districts in California the first of February while decid- uous fruit buds began swelling preparatory to blooming. The California orange and lemon crop ma- tured nicely in most sections. The crop of oranges is reported as unusually large al- though the size of the fruit is generally smaller than it was last year. Walnut groves in Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties which will come into bearing this and next season it is expected will shift the supremacy of walnut production from Southern California to other sections of the state. The California Walnut Growers' Asso- ciation reports its total pack for 1920 crop as 321,480 bags, of which 11,827 bags remained unsold February 1st. Kings County fruit growers realized a total of $7,355,653 for their 1920 fruit crop, an in- crease of more than a million dollars over 1919 •Igures of .$0,258,810, according to the annual report of the county horticultural commis- sioner. Grapes led with a total value of .?4,- 615,720. divided as follows: Raisins, .?2,813,- 100; shipped fresh, $1,432,906; wine, $369,720. Peaches, canned, dried and shipped fresh, yielded $1,776,477; apricots, $778,290; prunes, $168,000; plums, $17,160. The apricot crop was only about 60 per cent of that of 1919, and the prune and plum yield much lighter, grapes and peaches about equal, the increased return being due to the uniformly higher prices re- ceived for all fruits. Railroads operating in California have short- ened by two days the running time of fruit trains between the coast and eastern markets. The change was inaugurated at the request of a committee appointed by Director of Agricul- ture Hecke at the Fresno convention of fruit- men in November. Advices from the Horticultural Commis- sioner of Yolo County are to the effect that 500 additional acres of grapes will be planted in that county this season. Last season Yolo County planted 1,132 acres of table grapes and 1,532 acres of wine grapes. BEST SERVICE- QUALITY 6t PRICES PERFECTION IN FRUIT VLABELS -[HE Simp 24 NORTHWESTERN BANK B10G. PORTLAND, OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan ". N0RTHWE5TERN MANAGER WE CARRY -AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, PPLES.CHERRIES & STRAWBERRIES. Ask for Ghirardelii'' " s Ground Chocolate at the store ivhereyou do your trading. Never so/din bulk but in cans only. In this luay Ghirardelii 's retains its flavor and strength — the tivo most important elements of good chocolate. IT'S simple enough — the chocolate -sweetness of Ghirardelli's makes additional sugar unnecessary. Youlose nothing of its deliciousness, its flavor, its strength, when you "pass up" the sugar. ForGhir- ardelliV'standsonitsownfeet' as a complete food beverage — sufficient unto itself ! Say ' ' Gear-ar-delly" D. GHIRARDELLI CO. Since 1852 San Francisco GHIRARDELLI S EDTJITf ng QUAUYY LABE1S CARTONS F.C.SYEYTLER. MFG. CO. PORTlANDyOREGON. U.S.A. ■AG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT March, 1921 SIMONS, SHUTTLE WORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits FOR MARKET INFORMATION ADDRESS SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Sulphur It has been proven id so recommended ' the University of V _>V'"" California that If you ^^^^^< sulphur your grape ^r ^^ ^v vines and orchards 6 ,V_ ^k 'M times they will not be ^\^0jT affected by MILDEW X^V^ or RED SPIDERS. ANCHOR Brand Vel- vet Flowers of Sulphur, also EAGLE Brand, and Fleur de Soufre, packed in double sacks, are the fluffiest and VgjL PUREST sulphurs that - money can buy; the best for vineyards: the best for bleaching purposes, LEAVING NO ASH. VENTILATED Sublimed Sulphur— Impalpable Powder. 100% pure, in double sacks, for Dry Dusting and making Paste Sulphur. For LIME-SULPHUR SOLUTION, use our DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR We can fur- nish you this sulphur at such a low price that it would pay *»"?** FLOUE SULPHUB you to -lull 1 and net you a profit equal to labor In sprayinu your orchard, $5 per day for making the solu- unt paid even If you pay yo tion and applying same. To create additional available plant food, and prevent smut in grain, drill into the soil 220 pounds per acre of DIAMOND "8" BRAND POWDERED SULPHUR, 100% pure, or our COMMERCIAL POWDERED SULPHUR. This soil treatment has increased various crops up to 500%. Send for Circulars No. 6. 7 and 8. Ask us for prices on PREPARED DRY DUSTING SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR COMPANY 624 California Street, San Francisco, Cal. We are equipped to make Immediate shipments. Sei or Price-list and Samples. Ask us for prices for Carbon Bisulphide, the sun emedy for destroying ground squirrels. Ridley,Houlding&Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy CftRO WRAPPERS CARO" PROTECTS "Caro" Protects- tZStStEO^-Ptonr Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition . United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, Calif. W~EN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT March, 192 1 Fertilizer for Orchard and Bush Fruit Continued from page 8. assume various conditions under which the grower may be working. First, there is the young orchard, not yet in bearing. As a rule such trees will not need fertilization of any kind. Gen- erally, such trees are planted on new soils and clean cultivation practiced. Strawberries or other hoed crops are planted in between the trees. The fer- tilization and care given the inter-crop should be sufficient to keep a healthy tree growing vigorously. On the other hand, if the trees are receiving good care but do not respond, the writer recommends the use of a small amount of nitrate of soda ranging from one- half to one pound per tree. The above will apply to apple, pear, cherry or peach. The use of nitrate is recommended as a supplement to good BETTER FRUIT Page 23 Winter Nelis Pears Sweet Cherries Apricots and Grapes A SPECIALTY Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND, WASH. Established 1882 ^Company Printers WE print anything from the smallest to the largest and always welcome orders of any size or quantity, giving prompt, personal and efficient service. Mail or phone inquiries are solicited. We do not specialize — experience and equipment enable us to print everything equally well. We render service in preparing copy and illustrations and furnish plans and estimates for catalogs, booklets, publications, billboard and any other kind of advertising. First and Oak Streets Main 165; Auto5ll-65 Portiand, Oregon 1 SAVE MONEY "£=- MAGAZINES Special Clubbing Offers BETTER FRUIT AND WESTERN FARMER, 1 year WITH People's Home Journal Value $2.85 FOR $2.00 WITH American Magazine Value 4.10 FOR 3.10 WITH Boys' Magazine Value 2.60 FOR 2.10 WITH Colliers' Weekly Value 3.60 FOR 2.85 WITH Christian Herald Value 3.00 FOR 2.35 WITH Woman's Home Companion Value 3.60 FOR 2.60 WITH DELINEATOR Value 4.10 FOR 3.10 WITH Everybody's Magazine Value 4.35 FOR 3.35 WITH Etude Value 3.60 FOR 2.50 WITH Hunter-Trader-Trapper Value 3.60 FOR 2.60 WITH Illustrated World Value 4.60 FOR 3.20 WITH Little Folks Value 3.60 FOR 2.50 WITH Literary Digest Value 5.60 FOR 4.95 WITH Modern Priscilla Value 3.60 FOR 2.35 WITH MENTOR Value 5.60 FOR 4.35 WITH Motion Picture Magazine Value 4.10 FOR 2.85 WITH N. Y. Thrice-a-Week World Value 2.60 FOR 1.85 WITH Pictorial Review Value 4.10 FOR 2.85 WITH Popular Science Monthly Value 4.60 FOR 3.60 WITH Review of Reviews Value 5.60 FOR 4.60 WITH Sunset Magazine Value 4.10 FOR 3.10 WITH Today's Housewife Value 2.60 FOR 1.60 WITH Illustrated Review Value 2.60 FOR 1.75 WITH Youth's Companion ($2.50) Value 4.10 FOR 3.25 SPECIAL— ALL 6 FOR 1 YEAR, ONLY $2.00 Better Fruit Monthly Western Farmer, Semi-Monthly Good Stories, Monthly Household Guest, Monthly.. Mother's Magazine and Home Life, Monthly Woman's World, Monthly . 1 year .1 .1 1 year year year . 1 year . 1 year HORTICULTURE, AGRICULTURE, STORIES, FANCY WORK, FASHIONS, HOUSEHOLD HELPS 84 COPIES OF THESE PUBLICATIONS The entire six publications will come to vou regularly for a full year for only $2.00. SEND ALL ORDERS TO BETTER FRUIT 800 OREGONIAN BUILDING, PORTLAND, OREGON — Use this Order Form Today — BETTER FRUIT, 800 Oregonian Building, Portland, Oregon. Enclosed please find $ for which send me Name Town R. F. D SUitc. ^ ^==?fl RHODES DOUBLE CUT PRUNING SHEAR RHODES MFG. CO., . DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. TTIE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. .'HEN WRITI Page 24 BETTER FRUIT March., IQ2I irrigation and cultivation but not as a substitute. There are many young trees (rc-plants) in the old orchard. Often these trees are badly neglected in that they are growing in sod and receive no clean cultivation. These conditions should be remedied and here again ni- trate can often be used to advantage. Trees just starting to bear must be handled with considerable care. Often they are making a very vigorous growth and heavy fertilization and pruning will retard the formation of spurs and pro- duction of fruit. If the trees are making a normal growth it is doubtful whether the use of nitrate will be advisable. On the other hand if trees are starling to bear heavily and growth is but mod- erate, the use of probably two pounds nitrate per tree will be advisable. Such trees as a rule have not yet been grow- ing in the presence of a shade crop such as clover or alfalfa. Then there is the older orchard. In most cases the grower has been using nitrate of soda for a number of years. The response from its use has been very satisfactory in that greater yields have been secured. Tree growth has been much more satisfactory. In the meantime, clover or alfalfa has been grown and turned under. Such a prac- tice is sufficient to furnish enough nitro- gen for several crops if followed by clean cultivation, assuming of course that the soil is average and has not been depleted of plant food by protracted clean cultivation or intercrops. On the poor sandy soil, more than one green crop must be turned under to build up a soil and provide sufficient humus. It should be pointed out that two tons Be On Guard WITH "Black Leaf 40" for Aphis Aphis is a serious menace to your orchard profits. "Black Leaf 40" is readily soluble in water — is a spraying solution that can be used as recom- mended in "combination sprays" with Lime and Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead, Bordeaux Mixture, etc. "Black Leaf 40" carries the endorsement of the Experiment Stations and Agricultural Colleges throughout the United States. Universally con- ceded by growers to be the most effective and practical material for the control of Apple Aphis, Thrips, Leaf-hopper, Woolly Aphis and other soft-bodied, sucking insects. On receipt of your request, we shall gladly supply you with name of nearest dealer and copies of our complete spray chart leaflet and bulletins. Manufactured and Guaranteed by Tobacco By -Products & Chemical Corporation (Incorporated) LOUISVILLE, KLXTH KY of alfalfa are capable of furnishing ap- proximately 200 pounds of nitrogen, an amount sufficient to grow a 500 box crop of apples in addition to taking care of tree growth. In most orchards alfalfa does fairly well. That a great deal of nitrogen, not formerly fixed in the soil is now being secured from such a source is quite evident. Trees growing under such conditions make a normal growth and produce well. Experiments with nitrate of soda were made with trees growing in the presence of alfalfa which had been seeded for several years. Neither the alfalfa nor the trees have ever been fertilized. The use of nitrate of soda under such condi- tions during the year when a heavy crop of apples was borne did not in- crease yields or improve the quality of Free Spray Calendar Tells When to Spray-What to Use The Dow Spray Chart is the result of years of experiment and research. It tells how to care for apples, cherries, plums, grapes, currants, gooseberries, peaches and other fruits — explains in- sect enemies and diseases of potato, tomato, cabbage and vine crops. Directs the mixture of all spray materials, tells the proper time for spraying and how to apply each particular spray. You should not be without this Calendar if you grow fruit of any kind. "We will gladly send it free. Quality brings the high price and quality is not possible without spraying. Write for this free chart today. Dow Powdered Lead Arsenate Extremely light and fluffy — Dow Pow- dered Lead Arsenate possesses many advantages over the heavier and more granular varieties. It mixes so readily and remains so well in suspension that it entirely covers foliage with a milky, filmy coating. Because it reaches and covers every part of foliage and branch — because it sticks where it touches and because of its high content of as- senic. it has a deadly effect on all forms of foliage eating pests. Dow Powdered Lead Arsenate is a great economy and a great convenience. Managers of large orchards and directors of state stations have used this product for years and now purchase in carload lots. Packed in %, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200-pound containers. Sold through our dealers or direct where we are not represented. Ask for folder describing all Dow Spray Mate- rials. The line includes How Powdered Lead Ar- senate. Dow Powdered Lime-Sulphur, Dow Lime- Sulpluir Solution. Dow Paste Lead Arsenate. Dow Powdered Calcium Arsenate. Dow Powdered Bordo. Dow Powdered Bordo-Ar-enate. These are the finest spray materials known, for the control of Send coupon below for >pr;iy Calendar. THE DOW CHEMICAL CO. MIDLAND. MICHIGAN. U. S. A. Mark SEND FREE SPRAY CHART TO Send This VHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS' MENTION BETTER FRUIT March. 192 1 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 the fruit which was excellent. Evi- dently the alfalfa was capable of fur- nishing sufficient nitrogen. On the other hand there are orchards making scarcely a normal growth on which heavy crops are expected this year. The alfalfa may be pretty well "run out" being largely replaced by grassy sod. We know that such alfalfa is less capable of fixing nitrogen and that the grass takes a great deal of available nitrogen. Consequently the trees do not receive a normal supply for maximum production. Such orhcards should be plowed or disked up and clean cultivation followed for one or two years, after which it may again be seeded to alfalfa, vetch, etc. In the meantime cultivation should be thor- ough and persistent not only to liberate plant food but to free the land of weeds and grass. Where orchards are being seeded to clover or alfalfa, especially for the first time, it appears well worth while to use a small amount of nitrate of soda. This is especially so in the case of clover. If this is not done the trees during the second season following seed- ing do not do well. This is a common observation at Hood River. During the period when a shade crop is being es- tablished it is advisable to use a small amount of nitrate which will supple- ment the supply of nitrogen when culti- vation cannot be given and before that time when the shade crop may be ex- pected to furnish this element. Strawberry Fertilizers. For strawberry growers the writer recommends the use of a complete fer- tilizer testing approximately as follows: Nitrogen, 6.5 per cent; phosphoric acid, 7 per cent; potash, 8 per cent. This is made up as follows: Nitrate of soda, 800 pounds; superphosphates, 800 pounds, beet char, 400. Flume Cement For coating- w o 0 d e 11 or concrete flumes, tanks, troughs, etc. Stops leaks and the waste of water. TheC.G. BettsCo. S. 113 Madison Street Spokane, Washington FOR SALE Twenty-nine acre, nine-year-old. irrigated, bearing, apple orchard, in Twin Falls county, southern Idaho. Varieties: Jonathan. Wine Sap. Delicious and Rome Beauty. Excellent condition. Will sacrifice for $8,000.00 cash. Address, JOSEPH B. LYOING 25 East Washington Street Chicago, 111. This fertilizer should be applied at the rale of 500 pounds per acre annually in two equal amounts. In early spring put on 250 pounds per acre. Apply the other 250 in late summer right after the topping season. When thus used the grower should secure a maximum pro- duction of firm berries. HART'S POULTRY BOOK With Plans for an Ideal Brooder My 1 idei plans tell how to make a brooder for 100 to 500 chicks. Use one- burner oil cook stoye for heater. I threw out my coal and distillate stoves when I inw'tited this system. No thermometer or thermostat needed. No over-heating, chilling, worry or grief. No burnt air in the brooder room or hover. Don't need to teach chicks to roost. A child can operate it. Very simple. Turn any old shed into a brooder house. Directions for new house. Feeding directions for chicks tells not only just what to feed but exactly how much — right to the ounce — no guess. No gapes, toe-picking, leg-weakness, diarrhea, etc., in our chicks. My book also contains my feed formulas and methods that save me 25c to 50c a hen a year, and produced fourteen 300-cgg hens out of 450 pullets. How I fed a test pen of 90 pullets one grain feed a day and got four 300-egg hens. How I selected the pullets from the general flock to be trapnested that made so many high producers. Other items are: Self-feeding hoppers that are absolutely wasteproof, Artificial lighting. Self-cleaning chicken crates. Self-cleaning nests. Sanitary dropping board with miteless roosts. No. 1 Mite Paint at 10c to 25c a gallon, Wet mash mixer for 500 to 1000 hens for $1, etc. HART'S POULTRY BOOK $1 Remember this— your money back if not satisfied with the book. Over 700 sold last spring. You can't lose. W. H. HART, R. 3, Box G, BEAVERTON, OREGON Reap A Rich Return PLANT DIAMOND QUALITY STOCK FOR BEST BEARING — Specially selected varieties that have been proved most suitable for Oregon. GRAPES BURBANK'S THORNLESS -Sweet and luscious; a heavy pi Aflf RPPPIPQ yielder and a rampant grower; the Dl_/rtV^I\DU-r\r\ll_0 coming Oregon berry. ™5L~™™"JJVr?~ "Berries large, pale green, sweet, GOOSEBERRIES busn stronB- proIific bearer LOGANBERRIES STRAWBERRIES — Partake of the flavor of both the blackberry and the raspberry. Ripen early. -New Oregon, Gold Dollar, Mar- shall, Magoon, Clark Seedling and Drous Western varieties. RIVERSIDE GIANT DH1 1R ADR — Unequalled for yield and quality, crisp, tvnUDfArvD tender, free from stringiness. — Many splendid varieties of this profit- able, easily grown berry. CURRANTS PERENNIAL AND ANNUAL —We have for early delivery a plendid va Order now, almost any quantity. Order earl} the leading varieties in 'mond" Quality are large, sturdy, two - year - old, field - grown roses that will give you splendid flowers the first season. Write for our Nursery Catalog which gives full information of a very help- ful nature. ORTLAN 1SFRS MENTION BETTER Page 26 BETTER FRUIT March, Ip2i l_____l „|^,s some satisfaction" Inquiries Answered Contributions Solicited 1 niilllliiimillttmiiH unit 11 11111 nun mil: CULLING A FLOCK OF HENS. In a bulletin recently issued on culling a flock of hens Byron Alder, of the Utah experi- 111. ill station, brings out the following salient points: Hens which are expected to produce eggs at a profit must be housed in comfortable roomy quarters, must he fed a ration which supplies all that is necessary to manufacture the eggs, and above all, must have the ability to lay. In all breeds or strains of fowls there are indi- viduals which are pour layers because of some inherent quality which prevents them from making the best use of the care and the feed they receive. It is this which robs many poultry raisers of part or all of their well- earned profit. The elimination of the non- producer from the laying flock is an essential part of good poultry management. Many flocks which are now producing at a loss would be made profitable by culling the poor layers. Be- cause of the high price of all poultry feeds the necessity for a strict, rigid culling was never more important than now. More eggs will be obtained from a few good, vigorous, well-selected hens properly fed than from three or four times this number of ordinary hens over-crowded and poorly or under-led. The first "essential for a good layer is a strong, vigorous, well-developed body. Any hen that shows a lack of vigor should be eliminated. This lack of vigor may be indi- cated by a long thin beak and head, (crow head) by dull eyes, pale swiveled comb, long toenails, and by the habit of spending much of the time during the day on the perches. This type of hen should be sent to market at any season of the year she is observed, whether she is three months or three years old. Culling the Pullets— The flocks of pullets should be gone over carefuly early in the fall and all those eliminated which show a lack of development, are thin and emaciated, or have an unthrifty, listless, inactive disposition. The ability of a pullet to lay is limited by the amount of feed she can consume; therefore she must be large through the body and must have a well-developed abdomen. The color pigment lest cannot he applied on pullets before they begin to lay. All White Leghorn pullets and most pullets of the American breeds should have deep yellow shanks, beak, and skin until they have been laying several weeks. Every flock of layers should be gone over thoroughly at least once each year and each bird handled and the culls eliminated. This can best be done in August or September for two reasons. First, it is easiest to pick out the poor or non-layers at this time and it will be several months before they will begin lay- ing again. Second, part of the old hens should be disposed of to make room for the pullets. PARASITES ON POULTRY. At least nine different species of lice, several species of mites, and at least two species of fleas attack the hen, according to entomologists at the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University. Hens, geese, ducks, and in fact all kinds of domestic fowls, are likely to be infested. Waterfowl are popularly sup- posed to be free from such pests, though the experts say they are always infested. Some of these cause serious injury to the fowls, with a consequent loss of profit to their owners. The bird lice thai are found on poultry are known as permanent parasites; that is, they spend their entire lives on the bodies of the low Is. They have biting, not sucking, mouth parts and their feet have sharp claws which scrape the skin of the fowls in the constant movements of the lice over the fowls' bodies. The constant irritation caused by the pres- ence of the lice it is stated, eventually weakens the fowls infested and renders them susceptible In such diseases as gapes, cholera, roup, ami others. lit mites there ate at least eighteen species p;n:isiiic on poultry. Some of these are not permanent parasites, but attack the fowls Baby Chicks from the Famous O. A. C. Strain Eggs from 221-cgg hens mated to cockerels from 300-egg hens. All chicks tested and guaranteed free from white diarrhoea. Deliveries begin February 15, 1921. PORTLAND SEED COMPANY 180 Front St., Portland, Oregon asserts the Boss Packer "to handle boxes that hold up like those Diamond B's from Bloedel Donovan Mills." Standard apple boxes, crates and cases of selected materials, care- fully constructed. Yes, the prices are right. Our large and complete stock enables us to guarantee prompt shipment. Write for price lists. Bloedel <^*^> Donovan Lr-u-TYvbeir 2vTill,S 1018 White Bldg. Seattle TJ.g.A. Pioasands of Kirstins Try If 30 Days Free ^end No Money One Man Alone Handles Biggest Stumps! Write for Big New Free Book \of Kirstin Stump Pullers! ,~, ' published— pictu :'HORSE"fOW*E"R'."Jfl^"" ^r'KIB^irn^™- Wr't " f-"; KKKK HOUK'sti'VTCUa A. J. KIRSTIN CO., 290 E. Morrison St., Portland, Ore. How large is your "ghost pile ? " For every crop of Apples you actually gather there are many piles of "ungathered fruits" left behind. NITRATE OF SODA will bring forth the "phantom crop." a4 FACT: Its actual use in an apple orchard resulted in an increased yield of 100 bushels, and improved the quality. Write for book of results DR. WM. S. MYERS 231 Douglas Building Chilean Nitrate Committee Los Angeles, California RITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRVTT March, 192 1 BETTER FRUIT ?e 27 only at night, hiding during the day in cracks about the poultry house. Some of the species of mites are blood-sucking; others cause af- fections of the skin. Under certain conditions they become exceedingly abundant, and great loss to the poultry owner results from their effect on the fow Is. Methods of Control — The most potent cause of the presence and increase of these parasites is filth. This statement is not only the result of common observation, but of experiments in control measures made by the college experts. Filth as here used includes decaying and de- cayed eggs, and bits of decayed matter of all kinds. The poultry house and the nests should be always kept clean, and there should be ample provision for light and air. Poultry parasites, like most other pests thrive much better and increase much more rapidly in dim than in well-lighted places. If a poultry house is already infested with mites and is too val- uable to be burned down and rebuilt, it may be sprayed inside with kerosene or crude pe- troleum, which may be made into an emulsion if desired. Two, and sometimes three appli- cations should be made. HIGH PERCHES. An authority on poultry says that if you have heavy birds do not let them jump too far from the perch to the ground or floor. If you have board floors or hard ground it is likely to bruise the foot so that the hens will have what is tailed "bumble foot." Besides being unsightly, this is a real painful condi- tion and hens cannot do their best which have it; so it pays to look after these little things that make for hen comfort. All in all, the hen whose comfort is looked after is the prof- itable hen, and that is what the average poul- tryman wants. POULTRY NOTES. One of the most essential things in securing vigorous chicks is care in selecting the hatch- ing eggs whether they are to be placed under the hen or in the incubator. You should see to it that your hatching eggs come from your best fowls. Nothing kills young chicks more quickly than to allow them to become chilled. Thou- sands of chicks die annualy from this cause- Place the brooder where it will get plenty of sun and where the little fellows will have plenty of room to run about, yet be protected from the cold. Or if it is heated see that a proper amount of heat is evenly maintained. You may feed your poultry well and still get few eggs. An examination of your poultry house may reveal one of the reasons. A tightly built warm poultry house is as essential to egg laying as is plenty of fresh air during the daytime. The Oregon Agricultural College experiment station calls attention to the fact that hens fed for egg production should get feed con- taining the food elements found in the egg. An analysis of the egg shows that it is composed of ash 12.2 per cent; water 65.7 per cent; pro- tein 11.4 per cent; and fat 8.9 per cent. The hen cannot counterfeit her product, so must be supplied with the necessary raw materials or she cannot manufacture the finished product. Economize by Planting a Garden -T.FA/^QtJS 1 Biq Hafcticsf f jrtnniq Heallhy Cnick^Thdt Live and Grow^s^- . jfcafete FREE TRIAL GARDEN SEEDS Once you plant our seeds we feel con- fident you will always use them; that's why we can give you 55c worth of seeds in regular size packets for Only 1 0 cents which is just enough to pay for packing and mailing. Here is the assortment: . Cabbage, Gill's Oregon Ball Head Spinach, Long Season - - - - - Turnip, Golden Ball or Orange Jelly Radish, Early Scarlet Globe - - - Carrot, Coreless or Nantes - - - Our FREE CATALOG, describing Seeds, Dahlias, Roses, Perennials, Nursery Stock, Fertilizer, Etc., Mailed on Request' Gill Bros. Seed Co SEEDS PORTLAND, OREGON ROUTE I MUSICAL WE SAVE YOU'MONEY! SHEET MERCHANDISE W. Martius Music House Inc. MUSIC WRITE 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington WRITE US Everything Known in Music US FOR THE ORCHARD BERRY GROWER AND GARDNER Takes place of team; costs less to operate. Biggest small tractor, smallest big tractor made. /^V__|A7. fl»/ICA f. o. b. Portland. 5 H.P., weight 1100, height 36 inches, vJlllY Jp^rUU width 36 inches, turning radius 6 feet. AGENTS WANTED. Write for particulars. ALEXANDER-BADLEY CO. Distributors for Oregon and Washington 425 E. Morrison Street, PORTLAND, OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER PKUIT Page 28 BETTER FRUIT March, 192 1 Classified Advertisements RATE, 4 CENTS PER WORD POULTRY NURSERY STOCK. ITALIAN PRUNE TREES— A few more thou- sand in all grades, at greatly reduced prices. 200 trees at 1,000 rates. First quality stock; satisfaction guaranteed. State quantity and grades wanted. Blackcap and Cuthbert rasp- berry plants in quantity at exceptionally low- prices. If interested in other stock ask for our general price list. We offer 70 acres choice fruit land for sale. Reasonable price, desirable location. LAFAYETTE NURSERY CO. Lafayette, Oregon. HIGH GRADE Strawberry Plants, interesting prices. New Oregon, Marshall, Magonn, Trebla, Ettersburg No. 121, E. No. 80, Wil- son, Gold Dollar, Progressive Everbearing. Postal brings price list and descriptions. Ward K. Richardson, 2379 Front St., Salem, Oregon. CHOICE "well developed loganberry tip plants, direct from largest producing section. Write for prices on quantity wanted. Interesting. Cultural information free. 25 or more, 6c each, postpaid. Ward K. Richardson, 2379 Front St., Salem, Oregon. PRUNE TREES. We are extensive growers of prune trees on peach and myrobolan roots. A limited amount left at prices that will move them. Now is the best time to plant. Columbia Nurseries, 1490 Union Ave., N., Portland, Oregon. CORY Thornless Mammoth Blackberry, origin- ated here at Mountain Pass Ranch. Strong plants, $3 dozen, postpaid; also Phenomenal, Loganberry, Gooseberry, Currant and Giant Crimson Rhubarb. G. S. Wills, Jamestown, California. STRAWBERRY PLANTS— New beds. Pro- gressive Everbearing, $1.50 per 100, prepaid. Oregon Improved, Magoon, Gold Dollar, Premier, ?5.00 per 1000. Wilson, .?4.00 per 1000. J. W. Vinacke, Canb y, Oregon. A GENEROUS planting of Gladioli will ma- terially increase the beauty of your garden. 12 choice bulbs, assorted named varieties, SI. 00, postpaid. F. M. Edwards, Hood River, Oregon. FOR SALE — Marshall Strawberry Plants, hor- ticulturist inspected, ?0 per 1000. Cuthbert and Antwerp Raspberry Plants, $9 per 1000. Oscar Hovey, Sumner, Wash. CHOICE Loganberry Plants, healthy stock. Reasonable prices. Write for quotations. R. C. Deming, Estacada, Oregon. STRAWBERRY plants, Marshall, Gold Dollar, Ideal, S5 per thousand postpaid. John Myers, Rochester, Wash. LOGANBERRY plants for sale direct from the grower. J. P. Aspinwall, Brooks, Oregon. STRAWBERRYT^LAn TS, $5 per 1,000. Briggs Fruit Ranch, Olympia, Wash. FARMS FOR SALE. GREATEST ORCHARD VALUES IN THE NORTHWEST TODAY. The famous McINTOSH RED apple com- mands the highest price in chief Eastern mar- kets. It is grown to PERFECTION ONLY IN the irrigated BITTER ROOT VALLEY, MONTANA. Bearing commercial McINTOSH orchards can be bought from $200 to $500 per acre, with fine improvements. Climate and all living con- ditions ideal. Write for FREE illustrated booklet. W. P. RICE CO. 4 COULTER BLOCK, HAMILTON, MONTANA. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables, hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write own- ers for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, Washington. 30 ACRES of high grade, 11-year-old Apple Orchard. Commercial varieties. Entire place seeded to Alfalfa. Gravity flow irri- gation. First (hiss business and' home. 1919 receipts ovei 813,000.00. Priced right, and Will take in trade sonic good income city property. Address, Dipt. A, Better Fruit Pub. Co. WANT to hear from party having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls, AUTOMOBILES S-ltiN Buick truck, pneumatics in front, in rear; mechanically good. Old price $475. Now $350. Terms. THAT'S ALL. TOMOBILE TRADING CO. 1017 Sprague Ave., Main 4176, Spokane, Wash. i FEW choice Cockerels — R. I. Reds and Whites, both combs. Dark red and pure white. High grade qu»lity. Show winners. Bred from best strains in America. Mam- moth Toulouse Geese. Winners. Mammoth Bronze Turkeys. Bird Bros, strain. Egg orders solicited. Highland Fruit and Poul- try Ranch, J. Nonnenmacher, R. 3, Yakima, Wash. LIGHT RRAHMA. Bred to lay, winner wher- ever shown, stock and hatching eggs. Chas. Bylsma, Route 1, box 278, Seattle, Wash. BUFF LEGHORNS and Thompson Ringlet Barred Rocks, Cockerels, $5.00. Circular free. Bush Farm, Rt. 3, Portland, Oregon . MINORCAS, black, white; utility and exhibi- tion. Eggs. Catalog free. C. E. Murray, route 1, San Diego, Cal. S. C. W. L. HATCHING EGGS, Hollywood Strain, $8.00 in 100 lots. Mrs. Rominger, Underwood, Wash. BABY CHICKS, six varieties; best stock; prices reasonable. C. N. Needham, Salem, Oregon. SALESMEN WANTED. MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a com- mission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid territory may be had by answering immediatelv. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon KENTUCKY'S extra fine chewing and smoking tobacco. Aged in bulk, 2 years old; nice and mellow. Long silky leaf; best grade, 15 pounds, $0.80; second grade, 10 pounds, $4, postpaid. Satisfaction guaranteed. Refer- ence, First National Bank, Bardwell. Adams Brothers, Bardwell, Ky. FOR SALE^-One good as new 24-inch low lift centrifugal pump, capacity 14,000 gallons per minute, with two 11-inch suction pipes 16 feet long and one discharge pipe 10 feet long. Price f.o.b. Sturgeon, Idaho, $1,000.00. J. J. Satre, Post Falls, Idaho. BOOKKEEPER — Learn complete elementary bookkeeping in your spare time at home. Makes income tax reports easy. Only $37.50. Write for terms. The Lincoln Institute, Spokane, Wash. ARROW CARBOLINEIM kills chicken mites in poultry houses. Preserves wood against rot and premature decay. Write for cir- cular and prices. Carbolineum Wood Pre- serving Co., 222 E. Water St., Portland, Ore. U. S. NAVY TENTS— We sold thousands of these last year and have procured a new supply for this season. 9x9, 12 ounce, $17. Tent flies — fine for wagon covers — 10x15, $9. Alaska Junk Co., 203 Front St., Portland, Ore. GROW Ginseng. $12 per lb; many others. How to know them. How to grow them. Send for Free Instruction Book and Price List. Twitchell Co., West Milan, N. H. MISCELLANEOUS. TRESPASS SIGNS. Don't allow trespassers to destroy your property. Our big waterproof and sunproof "No Trespassing" signs will keep out tres- passers. Send $1 for six signs, size 11x14 inches. Twelve for $1.75. Sent postpaid. Out West Supply Company, Portland, Oregon. DON'T WAIT! November is mating time for geese. I'm offering young breeding stock from my prize-winning Toulouse geese. Femiles $6; males $7.50. White Pekin ducks from imported stock; large, thrifty, best obtainable. Ducks $4.50; drakes $5.50. R. E. Baumgardner, Wenatchee, Wash. THE CUTLER FRUIT GRADER islheLEADER. Nearly 1,000 now in use. The market de- mands well-sized fruit. Use a CUTLER GRADER and better your pack. Built for both box and barrel packing — in small and large models. Send for literature. Cutler Mfg. Co., 353 E. 10th St., Portland, Oregon. DECKER BUSINESS COLLEGE MAUDE 1NA DECKER, M. A. Principal A business course is necessary in suc- cessfully operating an orchard! We offer you the opportunity of learn- ing the best system for your use. Make profitable the winter months in Portland. A POSITION FOR EACH GRADUATE. Alisky Building, Third and Morrison. .LANS FOR POULTRY HOUSES ' All Styles. 150 Illustrations. Also copy of "The Full Egg l:.,-k.,t ■' -li.r..- will surely please y..u--send 26c. Inland Poultry Journal, Dept.BF, Indianapolis, Ind. BEES PAY. Easy interesting work. nd $1.00 today for9 months al subscription to the Amer- ican Bee Journal and 24-page BEE PRIMER. Just the thing for the beginner. American Bee Journal, Box 36, Hamilton, Illinois "In Every Respect*' says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste lasjts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. T hat's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco ruton Comoany, 1107 Broadway. New York City WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Easy on a track The Cletrac Way belt pulley. Length: 96 inches. Width; 50 inches. Height: 52 inches. Height: J4ZO lbs. Turning Circle More Work and Shorter Hours — 'with the Cletrac Guarantee yourself a bigger crop and more profit — give yourself more time for other work by plowing and discing this spring with a Cletrac. Rugged and powerful enough for any kind of work — steady and dependable— the Cletrac cuts the cost and time of doing it. Its sturdy motor and strong parts keep it on the job straight through the year — and 24 hours a day if you get behind. Cletrac makes short shift of plowing, and gets right back on the field again with the discs. With its weight distributed over 800 square inches of track surface — only 4J/£ pounds per square inch, or half the pressure a man exerts — Cletrac treads lightly over mellow earth without slipping, digging in or wallowing. Cletrac al- ways delivers the full rated drawbar pull of its heavy- duty motor — and never packs the soil. Turns short — a turn of the wheel does it. On open land Cletrac swings quickly back to the furrow, without loss of time or power. And ia the orchard its low build lets you weave in close to the tree trunks. Cletrac is the one traitor adapted to all conditions — wet or dry, flat or hilly — that will pull your implements, harvest as well as cultivate, and run your belt machinery cheaply, too. Read the whole story in that inter- esting booklet, "Selecting Your Tractor." Write today — it's free. The Cleveland Tractor Co. "Largest Producers of Tank-Type Tractors in the World" 19145 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland i' u'lkic coast sales offic1 s Los Angeles, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. I'HEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER ■| AND OTHER. FRUITJ OUR MARKET- THE WORLD WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT Volume X\ APRIL, 1921 Number 10 THE RED GRAVENSTEIN APPLE. (Full size reproductioi \ Variety of This Well Known Apple That Is Bright Red ii Color, and Said to Po i th< Good Qualiti. - of the Original Gravenstein 20 Cents The Single Copy BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1 per Year in the United States; ( anada and Foreign. Including Postage, $2, Payable in American Exchange Farm Hauling Enters a New Era TODAY progressive farmers are plac- ing old farming methods on trial. Value must be proved or the old must go. In these times of high costs the wastes of past years must fall by the wayside. In the search for economies, the always- important work of farm hauling is being rigorously revised. On many farms, Inter- national Motor Truck haulage has already ushered in a new era of energetic move- ment— of time- and work-saving efficiency. By this transportation short-cut, stock is marketed in less time and with less shrinkage — crops are hauled when prices are right — supplies are delivered promptly when needed — hard-hauling jobs are made easy and long trips short. The fact that International Motor Trucks are the product of a concern that has a broad -as -agriculture reputation for fair dealing, good value, and the production of dependable labor-saving farm equipment, should be ample assurance that these trucks will in all cases provide low- cost hauling service. The sizes range from ^-ton to 3^2 -tons capacities and there is a style of body for every hauling requirement. International Harvester Company of America chicago (incorporated) usa 92 BRANCH HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES f j International % iMotorTrucks April, 1921 BETTER FRU IT Page 1 Special Farm Paints For Buildings, Silos, Machinery, Wagons, Etc.— Made for Western Climate We make special paints and varnishes with western farm needs and western weather conditions in mind. It's vitally important that you get such paints. They must be the best that any one can make, for real economy lies only in good paint. It costs more to rot a build- ing than to paint it. Paint now if your buildings need it, and save money. Beware Cheap Paint But use the best paint, for the best if properly applied will be good from five to ten years hence. Cheap paint, on the average, starts cracking in twelve months. It's what paint covers that you want to save — not merely a few cents per gallon on first cost. Cheap paint doesn't spread as easily or as far as good paint. So when you figure labor and square yards cov- ered, cheap paint costs just as much as good paint. Cheap paint, in practically every instance, is the most ex- pensive you can buy. Fu Hers SPECIFICATION Farm Paints House Paint -Barn & Roof Paint Waqon Paint-Rubber Cement Floor Paint i protect!1 Roofs. Fence: good glo 1 dependable lect fr< ed for repainting agricultural Imple- ments, farm Wagons, Windmills. A glossy and durable finish offered in 7 colors. Rubber Cement Floor Paint: a sani- tary, waterproof and durable paint for floors of kitchens, closets. At- tractive in color and gloss. Dries hard over night. Made in 12 colors. Als aake Pacific Wagon Paint: adapt- Wall finish, and SUke of Decoret. Washable vhite For 72 Years The Paints specified by Fuller are the result of 72 years' experience in the making of all kinds of paints, var- nishes, etc., for western use. We use the best materials as others do. But we combine them with a 72- year knowledge and long-time skill. Our Pioneer White Lead base is finely ground — pure white. It must pass through silk screen with 40,000 mesh to the square inch. We use special machines for mixing the materials in scientifically exact proportions. Fuller paints are noted for covering capacity, ease of spread and great durability. If you want from five to ten year protection for your property in- vestment, get Fuller's — western paint for west- ern weather conditions — a paint you know. Free Advice On Painting IF you cannot get a master painter and wish to paint your home your- self, but do not know much about painting, ask Fuller's Specification Department for advice. How to treat the old paint. What color scheme to use. How many coats. The proper brushes. The best time to paint, etc. Send photo of your house or barn with dimensions of the roof and siding, and we'll estimate the cost — without obligation. Take advantage of Fuller Service as well as Fuller Paints. Write us now. Take steps to paint now. Don't let weather depreciate your investment. Send Coupon For Interesting Book — Free Mail coupon for "Save the Surface" - — a free book that tells of the im- portance of good paint. We'll send also our booklet describ- ing Fuller's Specification, Farm Paints, Varnishes, etc. Send coupon now. Find out what good paint means to you. W. P. Fuller & Co. Dept. oooo, San Francisco. Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Surface" and your booklet of farm paints and varnishes. W. P. FULLER & CO., Master Paint Manufacturers for 72 years F.stablished 1849. San Francisco— Branches in 16 Cities in the Wesl Dealers Everywhere I Name- I Street.. City State.. WHEN WRITIXfl ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT April, 1921 {^■■HONiti ATractor that meets every requirement of orchard work. CKS%P© Reg. US. Pot Off 5-TON ORCHARD TRACTOR Here, in the famous 5-Ton "Caterpillar" Tractor, is an or- chard tractor that solves your par- ticular power problems — fully meets your special needs. It has power — big power — and that's your foremost essential. With the 5-Ton you can plow or subsoil deep, finish up your work quickly, keep a safe distance away from the trees. And the 5-Ton's power is com- pact power — the tractor is narrow, low-down, has clean, smooth lines, with nothing projecting to knock off fruit or catch low-hanging limbs. "Caterpillar" 5-Ton Tractors' wide range of speeds — iy2, 3 and 5% miles per hour — gives it splendid versatility, There's only one Caterpillar Holt builds it y makes it adaptable to a wide range of work. The 5-Ton turns short, pivoting on either track. Most important of all are the factors of long life, low upkeep cost, low operating expense, in which the "Caterpillar" 5-Ton Tractor holds a position of super- iority not even approached by any other orchard tractor — a position established by its achievements, on two continents, in every kind of work, under every conceivable condition. Investigate this Tractor now. Every day that you wait delays your profiting by this Tractor's ability to decrease your orchard costs. The HoltManufacturing Company Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois Los Angeles, Cal. Spokane, Wash. San Francisco, Cal. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT An Illustrated Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Modern Progressive Fruit Growing and Marketing Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 Volume XV Portland, Oregon, April, 1921 Number 10 Controlling Brown Rot of Stone Fruits By D. F. Fisher, Pathologist, Fruit Disease Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture ONE of the most serions menaces to the crop of stone fruits in the humid sections of the Pacific Northwest is the disease called brown rot, and caused by a fungus technically known as Sclerotinia Cinerea (Bon.) Wor. Most orchardists are familiar with its attacks on the ripening fruit, but few appreciate its significance at other seasons, such as the rot of immature fruit, twig and limb cankers, and par- ticularly as a "blossom blight," which prevents the setting of a crop. Fewer still understand important facts in the life history of the fungus which have a bearing on control methods. Since brown rot generally accompanies a period of rainy weather, the manifestation of the disease, both on blossoms and fruit, is frequently regarded as "just rot," or an unavoidable result of climatic condi- tions. Wet weather is essential to the growth and dissemination of the fungus and the spread of the disease, but is not otherwise concerned in the damage, ex- cept as it may hinder control methods, such as early spring cultivation or spraying. Life History of the Fungus SINCE most people are more familiar with its occurrence on the ripe fruit (fig. 1), this stage will be a convenient one from which to start an account of the life history of the fungus. There is never difficulty in finding plenty of fruit destroyed by brown rot during the ripening season of cherries, prunes, and other stone fruits in the humid sections west of the Cascades, and if there hap- pens to be a rainy period at this time a large proportion of the crop may be de- stroyed. One rotten prune or cherry car- ries enough spores, or "seeds" of the fungus (a parasitic plant) which causes the disease, to infect the whole orchard or neighborhood. These spores are mi- croscopic in size and are produced by myriads in the ashy gray tufts which cover the rotted fruits. The spores are wafted about by the wind or carried by insects, and if one is deposited upon a sound fruit and there be moisture pres- ent it will germinate the same as any other seed. But the germ tube in this case penetrates the skin of the fruit and destroys or "rots" the tissues. Within a short time spore-tufts break the skin of this fruit and a new crop of "seeds" is ready for dissemination. If rainy Fig. 1. Brown rot on maturing Italian prunes. The small tufts scattered over the rotted prunes are composed of millions of spores, each one of which is capable of infecting a sound fruit if it finds suitable lodgement on it. The disease also spreads by contact as shown in the illustration, having first started on the dried up prunes and spread progressively through the cluster. weather continues the disease spreads like wild-fire, and fruit that is sound at night will show rotted spots in the morn- ing. Brown rot is omnipresent in all orchards of this section and it is due to this fact that long distance shipment of the ripe fruit is impracticable. It is never known whether fruit is infected or or not, or whether in the humid atmos- phere of a refrigerator car it will "stand up" in transit. Fortunately the district is well supplied with canneries and dry- ers which furnish a profitable way to handle the crop, and fresh-fruit ship- ment is not essential. But even with the canned and dried fruit outlet serious difficulty is frequently met in saving the crop long enough to process in rainy seasons. THE rotted fruits either cling to the tree over winter as "mummies" and shed more of the same kind of spores in the spring to infect the blossoms, or, as is more generally the case in the Pa- cific Northwest, at least, they fall to the ground where the fungus undergoes a certain change of development. Under these conditions it forms hard or stony "sclerotia" or resting bodies in the tis- sues of the rotted fruit. By this means it is carried over into another growing season. Whether it rests one or two years is a mooted point with different investigators, but evidence collected by the writer indicates that it may be either one or two years. These "mummies" become covered with soil or refuse, or are kept moist by close contact with the soil, and about the time the buds are swelling in the spring they also resume activity. From the sclerotia in these mummies a stalk- like body appears, growing toward the surface of the ground. The length of the stalk varies with the depth the mummy is buried, the writer having collected some as long as five inches. Reaching the surface, there is unfolded from the top of the stalk a cup-shaped structure that soon flattens and some- times becomes inverted like an umbrella. (See fig. 2). This is similar to an ordi- nary mushroom or "toad-stool" and is technically called an "apothecium." It carries myriads of spores of another type than those produced on the ripe fruit. They arc contained in tiny sacs which are closely packed together on the inside of the cup — or outside of the um- Page 4 brella. as the cas< may be. When the proper stage of maturity is reached the containers are ruptured and the spores are expelled. These "ascospores" are disseminated the same as the spores on the ripe fruit — by wind and insects, and, rinding lodgement on a fruit or bud or blossom in the presence of moisture, will grow as in the other case described, thus pro- ducing a rot or "blight" of the blossom (fig. 3). Apothecia continue to appear until after the blossoming season, and so when weather ^conditions are favor- able particularly a day or two of con- tinuous wet or muggy weather at a time) serious damage is done to the prospec- tive crop. There is hardly a season but what some loss occurs and actual obser- vations of the writer have frequently shown as high as 90 per cent of cherry blossoms affected by brown rot. Or- chardists have often attributed this dam- age to the rainy weather preventing pollination, to frosts, or to some other more generally understood reason. WITH the rotting of the blossoms the growth of the fungus follows the same course as in the case of the rotting fruit and the spores produced are the same kind as on the ripe fruit. Ascospores are produced only from old mummies that winter over on the ground. The other type, or summer spores, as they may be called, are produced throughout the growing season and are visible over a considerable period. Blight- ed blossoms with their store of spores may be found attached to the trees as late as June or July. Thus a supply of spores is always at hand to infect the young green fruits if weather conditions are favorable, and the fungus is carried over until the time of harvest the sec- ond year, when the cycle begins over again. Usually the seasons when great- est damage occurs are at the time of blossoming and at harvest, but if an ex- tended wet period occurs serious loss may be expected at any time. Considerable work has been done by the Oregon Experiment Station relative to limb cankers and it is possible that they may be a source of infection in the spring, but in general these cankers are unimportant in the life economy of the fungus. Twig blight sometimes occurs when the fungus works back from in- fected blossoms or fruits. This has been observed especially on sugar prunes in the Northwest and on peaches in the East and South. Control Methods EXPERIMENTS on control methods were carried on by the department in Clark< county, Washington, and Ma- rion county, Oregon, from 1915 to 1919, and the recommendations below are based on this work. BETTER FRUIT Effective control of the disease re- quires attention to cultural and spray- ing practices. Mummies should not be allowed to hang on the trees over winter and it would be beneficial if all the rotted fruit should be gathered and de- stroyed, but under large-scale opera- tions this is impracticable. Resort should be had, therefore, to thorough tillage from the time the buds first show color April, 1921 of application must be emphasized, for if a fruit or a portion of a fruit is not thoroughly covered there is a chance for infection to take place on this area. Finally, we must use an effective fungi- cide or spray material. Of these there are several that can be relied upon to control brown rot, but mention will be made of only three that may be re- garded as standard. Fig. 2 Itali; nd shed une mummy with five apothecia attached. Apotl.^cia appear during the blossoming yriads of spores which blight the blossoms and prevents them from setting fruit. until after the blossoms fall. This will destroy large numbers of apothecia and reduce the chance of infection at this season. Heavy wet soils will seldom permit of this practice so early in the season, but where it can be followed it will be found of distinct value. Prun- ing the trees to admit air and sunlight will also be beneficial since drying will follow more quickly after rains and fa- vorable conditions for spore germination will thereby be curtailed. But these cul- tural practices, while in themselves val- uable, are only to be regarded as sup- plementary to spraying, which must be the main reliance of the orchardist in combatting brown rot. In spraying for this, as for other fungus diseases, the point to keep in mind is that this treatment is preventa- tive and not curative in nature. That is, by applying a fungicide we cover sus- ceptible parts with a material that pre- vents the spore from germinating or de- stroys the parasite before it can invade the host. Once infection has taken place, meaning that the tissues of the fruit or blossom have been invaded by the fungus it is too late to destroy it by sprays. Hence timeliness of spraying is a prime essential. Next, thoroughness BORDEAUX Mixture. 4-4-50, is the old stand-by, and for effectiveness can hardly be improved upon, but it is not safe to use on peaches and some ten- der plums. For cherries and Italian prunes it is quate satisfactory, although frequently causing more or less severe foliage burning early in the season or during wet weather. It is also more ex- pensive than the other materials men- tioned beltfw. Commercial lime-sulphur is safe to use on cherries and prunes at a dilution of 1 to 50, but must not be used on peaches or Japanese plums at any dilu- tion. Applied during late summer, when hot weather prevails there is sometimes severe foliage injury. It is, however, an effective control agent for brown rot. Self-boiled lime-sulphur, 8-8-50 (8 lbs. lime, 8 lbs. sulphur, 50 gal. water), is possible the safest and best all around fungicide for use on stone fruits, and may be used on peaches without danger if properly prepared. It is best made in lots sufficient for '200 gallons of spray. Place 32 lbs. of good fresh stone lime in a 50-gallon barrel and start slaking by adding sufficient water for that purpose. When the action is well I ( 'ontinued mi page 15) April 1021 BETTER FRUIT Western Apple Industry Problems By Dwight L. Woodruff, District and Export Manager Hood River Apple Growers' Association at New York THE apple season of 1920-1921 is still. We must either advance or recede, now about ended. The curtain for we are surely now facing unusual will soon be rung down on the final act conditions which must be met and mas- and many in the audience will turn tered if we would maintain our rightful away not wholly satisfied. place. Every industry has its trials and The most outstanding problems we victories, smooth sailing never developes have to deal with, as I see them, are: strong, brave and capable sailors. First — Transportation charges. No business has escaped the experi- Second — Size and quality of our fruit, ence of post war readjustment. All lines Last — Wide difference between of industry are slowly but surely set- wholesale and retail prices, tling down to a basis of safety and ad- The three problems are closely inter- justment to new conditions brought related. Transportation rates may de- about by the awakening from the experi- cline and then again, they may not. If ence of exorbitant prices, big profits, they do decline, the grower directly ben- easy money, unnatural demand and lax efits, but his difficulties are not there- financial methods. by altogether overcome, as many would Perhaps no class of producer has suf- have us believe. Should the rates re- fered more severely during the business main unchanged, we must rapidly alter depression of the past eight months than our export methods and use the all water has the American farmer, but among routes to the United Kingdom and Con- these probably the Northwestern fruit tinental Europe for pears and apples, grower has been as little injured as any. The question of size and quality of We are all disposed to believe our lot our Western apples is a most serious the most burdensome and difficult. It one. Fifteen years ago with our young is easy to see the fine points of the "other trees bearing large clean fruit, our out- fellow's" particular line of business put decidedly limited in quantity, we while bemoaning our own situation. had no task to readily dispose of our Statistics stem like dry reading, but crops at satisfactory prices and, in fact, reference to the table below will be both the buying competition was exceedingly helpful and cheering. keen- Dealers in New York, Chicago, Wholesale decline in prices between Philadelphia and other large cities were February 1, 1920, and February 1, eager for all the fruit we could pro- 1921, as published by the Irving Na- duce. tional Bank, New York City: As our crops increased, the growers _ in New York state, New England, Vir- Breadstuffs 3^.3 gin,a ^ {n fa(^ aR applg producing Livestock ^8. stateg saw wha(. the Nortjlwest was do_ Provisions • ing ancj qUjckjy bestirred themselves to *rults "" ' meet this new competition by systematic Hides and Leather 41.1 spraving pruning, cultivation, fertili- lexuies • zation, improved grading and packing Metals • methods and while this was going on, *Coal and coke *J.O the West had suffered some serious dis. U s "_ appointments — low prices, the result of Naval stores 50.7 outf?rown seliing methods. Building material 9.8 This wag the direct cauge of m Chemicals and Drugs 6.0 growers neglecting their orchards until Miscellaneous 60.8 ag a whole the Northwest produces far Increase. too many seeontJ and third grade small Thirteen commodities, including the sized apples that come in direct compe- miscellaneous list, show an average de- tition with apples grown much nearer cline of 42.3 per cent, while fruits only the large consuming centers which can show 16 per cent. Coal and coke show profitably be sold at the price Western advances and only two items less de- growers pay for freight, cline than fruits. The freight on a box of jumble pack A comparative reference to gross Ben Davis is the same as on a box of sales at the big consuming centers show 3I/2 tier extra fancy Spitzenburgs or only slight declines on standard varie- Delicious, but the value in New York ties and sizes of apples, but the net re- is as one dollar is to five dollars. The turns are very much less on account of one shows a dead loss ; the other a sub- greatlv increased freight charges, stor- stantial profit — which will you grow? age rates and other advances. Let us forget the two or three ab- Sober thought compels us to admit we normal years just passed and get our have much to be grateful for. However, feet back on earth again. Stop deceiv- we should not lose sight of the funda- ing ourselves into believing that the only mental fact that no business can stand (Continued on page 16) Page 5 Red Gravenstein Apples See front cover of this copy of Better Fruit for full sized colored illustration of the Red Gravenstein apple which possesses all the good qualities of the old Gravenstein in flavor, size, shape and ripening period, to which is added a bright red color, greatly increasing its attractiveness and market value. The Red Gravenstein has established a record for quality and productive- ness which makes it a leader. Our stock of Red Gravenstein trees is entirely sold out, but we will again offer trees of this splen- did variety for fall, 1921, and spring 1 922, delivery. Place your order now and be sure of getting your Red Gravenstein trees next season. Meanwhile: For commercial planting we still offer in limited quantities the fol- lowing fruits in proven varieties: APPLES PLUMS PEARS CHERRIES PRUNES And other PEACHES Fruits Also a big line of small fruits, choice shrubbery, shade trees and roses. Whether a few trees for a home orchard or thousands of trees for a commercial orchard, you want the best. Good trees soon pay their own cost. Eighteen years in business at this same location and thousands of sat- isfied customers throughout the West are evidence of good trees and good service. Planting time is at hand. Write us now. Satisfaction guaranteed. TREES SHRUBS ■ ROSES BERRIES ■HSU Toppenism. Wash. FET^" "Largest in the State" Salesmen Everywhere — More Wanted Page 6 BEST SERVICE- QUALITY & PRICES BETTER FRUIT April, mi Keeping the World Warm Overnight 2&P PERFECTION IN THE weather bureau of the United States Department of Agriculture has been able to discover the weapon used by that old enemy of mankind, Jack Frost, and in a recent published report it tells the farmer and fruit grower just what Jack's invisible wea- pon is, and how, under ordinary condi- tions, the sprite's own artillery can be used against him. Frost, of coures, occurs whenever the mercury drops to 32 degrees Fahren- heit or lower. If much moisture is pres- ent in the atmosphere this drop in tem- perature is manifested by the white ma 1423-24 NORTHWESTERS BANK BLOC. ■'.' PORTLAND,QRECQN. E Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER •'■' we carry- and cam ship in 24 • sto c k l as els for p ears, :herries Play Safe Hart's Poultry Book With Plans for an Ideal Brooder My brooder plans tell how to make a brooder for 100 to 500 chicks. Use one- burner oil cook stove for heater. I threw out my coal and distillate stoves when I invented this system. No thermometer or thermostat needed. No over-heating, chill- ing, worry or grief. No burnt air in the brooder room or hover. Don't need to teach chicks to roost. A child can operate it. Very simple. Turn any old shed into a brooder house. Directions for new house. Feeding directions for chicks tells not only just what to feed, but exactly how much — right to the ounce — no guess. No gapes, toe-picking, leg- weakness, diarrhea, etc., in our chicks. My book also contains my feed formulas and methods that save me 25c to 50c a hen a year, and produced fourteen 300-egg hens out of the 450 pullets. How I fed a test pen of 90 pullets one grain feed a day and got four 300-egg hens. How I selected the pullets from the general flock to be trap- nested that made so many high producers. Other items are : Self-feeding hoppers that are absolutely wasteproof. Artificial lighting. Self-cleaning chicken crates. Self- cleaning nests. Sanitary dropping board with miteless roosts. No. 1 Mite Paint at 10c to 25c a gallon. Wet mash mixer for 500 to 1000 hens for $1, etc. HARTS POULTRY BOOK $1.00 Remember this — your money back if not satisfied with the book. Over 700 sold last spring. You can't lose. W. H. HART, R. 3, Box G, BEAVERTON, OREGON "Black Leaf 40' L*» (Nicotine Sulphate) is safe and effective for APPLE aphis and red bug PEAR psylla GRAPE Leaf -hopper "thrips" and other soft-bodied, sucking insects on fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. "Black Leaf 40" does not injure Fruit or Foliage "Black Leaf 40" may be com- bined with Lime-Sulphur, Bor- deaux, Lead-Arsenate, soap and other spray materials, thereby saving the expense of a separate application. For further information as to formulas, nearest dealer, etc., address Tobacco By-Products and Chemical Corporation (Incorporated) LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY crystals of frozen moisture upon leaf or grass stem, and there is what is known as "white frost." If the temperature drops to the required degree and does not reach the point when water from the air is condensed, there will be few crystals deposited, and the result is a "black frost." A "freeze" is the term applied to a condition of cold more permanent than frost, and such a con- dition may occur when there are high winds. True "frosts" occur only when the surface air is relatively calm. Temperature, like water, seeks a lev- el. During the day the earth receives more heat than it can throw off, but at night, this supply of heat is stopped. During the day the heat thrown off by the earth warms the thin blanket of air next the ground. This blanket, as it warms, loses its density and ascends. Cooling as it rises, presently it en- counters air of its own temperature, and there it stops. Meanwhile its place has been taken by other colder air, which is in turn warmed by contact with the ground. This exchange goes on until, at sundown, all the air of a wide layer above the earth has been warmed, and the highest temperature is felt nearest the earth. Orchard Heating Scene in the Grand Junction Valley, Colorado WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRCIT April, 1921 IN FROST susceptible districts pro- gressive fruit growers have learned that the best way to protect their or- chards is by kindling numerous small fires or by the use of heaters. This method of preventing frost is very efficient, and each year it saves much money for American fruit grow- ers. Just how it has been applied, how many fires are needed to the the acre, and the form and style of burner giving the best results, are well discussed in the Weather Bureau Bulletin No. 1096. Many a fruit grower has nursed an expensive orchard to the point of bear- ing only to see his well-deserved reward vanish in a single night. But more and more we are discovering that, if we can not defy certain natural laws, we may still nullify their results through a better understanding of their princi- pals. This is what the up-to-date fruit grower does. He cannot eliminate frost but he can use its principles to protect himself from its effect. THE weather bureau bulletin treats the frost prevention methods very thoroughly, and the pamphlet should be particularly useful to anyone who owns an orchard or who contemplates planting one. First of all, the experts point out, the orchard owner should de- termine whether his crop will pay the expense of protection if it will not, then he had better move to a less erratic climate. Certain fruits will stand a lower temperature than others and the experts furnish a temperature chart to show this. Here it is: TEMPERATURES ENDURED BY BLOSSOMS FOR 30 MINUTES OR LESS Fruit l'|fe * fe^ Degrees Degrees Degrees Apples 25 28 29 Peaches 25 26 28 Cherries 25 28 30 Pears 25 28 30 Plums 25 28 30 Apricots 25 27 30 Prunes 28 29 30 Almonds 26 27 30 Grapes 30 31 31 Charts which show in a graphic way how the fires should be distributed through an orchard are reproduced. These have been prepared from studies made in successful orchards and are the result of the best method in use in this country. Overhead costs are discussed, as well as the care of the frost-fighting apparatus. BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Precautions against pear blister mite should be taken at once. The use of lime-sulphur put on at a strength of 1 to 8 or miscible oil, 1 to 17, just as the buds are swelling will give control of this pest. Out! and ready for the pile in no time! Just one hole bored at the proper angle and loaded with a few sticks of STUMPING POWDERS Du Pont and Repauno Brands (Pacific Northwest Products) firmly tamped in with three feet of fuse attached, the flare of a match — and this great stump was torn from its resting place and ready to be laid on the pile. Quick, simple and cheap — Du Pont or Repauno Stumping Powders are ready right now to help you clear your land, or plant your trees. Use Du Pont Nitroglycerin Dynamite for ditching. Your dealer will supply you with Du Pont Explosives and Blasting Accessories. Our free book, "Development of Logged-off Lands," tells you how to use explosives for stump and boulder blasting, ditching, tree- planting and other farm work. Write for a copy TODAY. It's free. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Portland Seattle Spokane Winter Nelis Pears Sweet Cherries Apricots and Grapes A SPECIALTY Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND WASH. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 8 BETTER FRUIT The Peach and Prune Twig Borer By Claude Wakeland, Entomologist, University of Idaho THE peach and prune twig borer which annually causes severe in- jury to peaches, prunes and apricots can be easily controlled with lime-sul- phur solution when applied to the trees just before the blossoms open. The borer passes the winter as a tiny, brown worm in the crotches of the trees "—and it's a real box too " boasts the boss packer "for it's made by the Bloedel Donovan Mills. They use the best selected spruce and hemlock shooks. The quality of the box means a lot in preventing shipping losses." Standard apple boxes, crates and cases of selected materials, carefully con- structed. Our large and complete stock enables us to make prompt shipment. Write for price lists. Bloedel <^^> Donovan Lr-u-mloe-r* lyTillfi 1018 White Blag. Seattle TJ.g.A. April, 1921 and emerges to begin boring into the tips of the trees about the time the blos- soms have opened. Like most of the injurious insects in the United States, the twig-borer is not a native but was introduced into this country from Western Asia. It has been known in the United States since 1860 and now has a wide distribution. While it feeds more generally on the peach than on others of the stone fruits, it attacks also apricots and plums and is of particular importance in Idaho be- cause of the loss it causes prune grow- ers. Cause of Injury INJURY is caused by the larvae or worms of the borer. • These hiber- nate in small, silk-lined cells just be- neath the surface of the bark in the crotches of branches and twigs. In the fall they may be easily located by the presence of little mounds of borings over the entrances of their burrows. After larvae have ceased activity in the fall and the borings are destroyed or rubbed off, they are difficult to dis- cover and the orchardist who would find them is likely usually to have con- siderable digging around in the crotches if he observes them. At about the time peach buds begin to show pink in the spring the over- wintering larvae become active, work themselves out of their silk-lined cells and make their way to the twigs where, POTASH PAYS YIELD, size, flavor, and shipping quality of fruits are dependent on the kind and amount of plant food available to the crop. With the right kind of fertilization riper fruits can be harvested and shipped, and still reach the consumer in satisfactory- condition. The improved flavor, odor, and appear- ance of such fruits help sales in whole- sale and retail markets. The fertilizer for fruit should be well balanced, and contain from 7 to 10 per cent, of Potash. SOIL & CROP SERVICE, POTASH SYNDICATE H. A. HUSTON, Manager 42 Broadway New York WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS BETTER FRC1T April 1921 in the course of a day or so, they eat into the tips until they are concealed and protected. Here they eat not only the tender tips but also burrow into the pith of the small twigs, causing the leaves to wilt and die. In the spring when wilted twigs may be easily no- ticed, the work of the twig-borer is more evident than at any other time of the year. A single larvae may go from one twig to another and the in- jury caused by only a few of them may be great. Number of Broods Annually THERE are probably not more than two broods annually in Idaho and in the higher altitudes but a partial second brood. As already mentioned, the first brood attacks the foliage, but larvae of the second brood bore into the fruit, usually through the stem end, and feed freely on the fruit or inside the pit. The appearance of wormy peaches and prunes is too familiar to most orchardists to need description and a very large proportion of the gum- my peaches and prunes which are a source of no small annoyance to pack- ers and loss to growers are the result of injury caused by larvae of the twig- borer. Losses of as great as twenty- five per cent have been reported, but it is a significant fact that little or no loss occurs in orchards which are regu- larly sprayed with the dormant spray of lime sulphur. Appearance of the Twig-Borer WHEN fully grown, the larva is about three-eighths of an inch long, of whitish yellow or pink color and sparsely covered with fine, bristle- like hairs. The fore part of the body and the head are brown or almost black. After the larva has become fully grown, it changes to the pupa, in which stage it remains for two or three weeks. The pupa is enclosed by a few threads of fine silk. The first brood passes the pupal utage in cracks or rough places in the bark, between fruits which touch each other and among trash and vege- tation on the ground. The later brood is believed to pupate mostly in the de- pressions at the stem-ends of the fruits. The adult of the peach and prune twig-borer is a small, gray moth about one-fourth inch in length and one-half inch from tip to tip of outstretched wings. Botli front and hind wings have a fringed border. Moths are not easily observed and are rarely recognized by orchardists. Eggs of the first brood of moths are laid on leaf stems but those of the second brood are laid in the scem- end depressions of fruits and in crev- ices of bark between crotches. When first laid they are nearly white but be- fore hatching change to yellow. BETTER FRUIT Page 9 TOP-DRESSING TALK No. 5 Fertilizing for the Cover Crop An early application of Arcadian Sulphate of Ammonia to the orchard will stimulate fruit bud formation, increase the amount of fruit set and enable the tree to carry a full crop of fruit to maturity. In addition, the nitrogen and the sulphur will greatly increase the growth of the cover crop, which if plowed under, will build up the organic matter content of the soil. The picture above shows the beneficial effect of this fertilizer on a cover crop of sweet clover. Arcadian Sulphate of Ammonia Arcadian is the ideal orchard fertilizer. It is fine and dry and can be distributed easily and uniformly by hand or machine. Being a non-leaching form of nitrogen it can be applied early in the spring without undue loss from washing by spring rains. Sulphate of Ammonia is the well-known standard article that has done you good service in your mixed fertilizers for years past. Arcadian is the kiln-dried and screened grade, made fine and dry for top-dress- ing purposes. Ammonia 2514% guaranteed. Mlade in U. S. A. Write Desk No. 9 for Free Bulletins. No. 8. "The Use of Sulphate of Ammonia in the Fertilization of Peaches" and No. 85. "Fertilizing the Apple Orchard" FOR SALE BY CALIFORNIA: San Fr Fer ;o., Pacific Bone, Coal & Fertilizing Co.. Pacific "Western Meat Co , California Fertilizer Works. Los Angeles; Pacific Guano & - -n SL~;G~ -Rn-, r^at r.y„., -90 Duluth Ev.rbe.ri.. ^ ^ 1.75 Lucky -I E™b"Tfl,.nt. 5.00 Unique """Tll'prepaid $910 Evergreen Plantation NEW MEADOWS, IDAHO April, 1921 Knowing Spray Quanti- ties Important By Leroy Childs, Superintendent Hood River Experiment Station IN CONNECTION with the investi- gational work on sprays and spray practices carried on at Hood River some interesting figures have been gath- ered relative to the amount of diluted spray required to obtain effective con- trol of the various orchard pests pres- ent. On all the problems of spraying which come to the attention of the or- chardist, the actual requirements of trees of different ages for different spray mixtures are least known and per- haps least seriously considered. To this lack of understanding can often be traced the failure to check the ravages of the many familiar insects and di- seases. Thorough spraying is to be de- sired, but over spraying is a waste of expensive materials and time. Incom- plete spraying, on the other hand, is a double disaster, a waste of materials and time, and a failure to control the pests. Every orchardist should more closely check up his average tree usage for every spray applied (during the season. There is no more clear-cut method of telling just what has been done in the orchard, from the stand- point of spraying than an analysis of this sort. With sprays of a similar na- ture in an orchard of more or less uni- form trees, a very high degree of uni- formity in the number of trees covered should be maintained with each tank of spray applied. If this is not main- tained, there is something decidedly wrong in the technique of the applica- cation. During years of light crops growers who "spray for fruit" in their codling-moth control are frequently at a loss to account for the many wormy apples present in picking time. A study of the average quantity of spray used per tree in an orchard thus sprayed as compared to a well-sprayed orchard usually proves a revelation of start- ling inadequacy. Spraying for fruit in the case of both apple-scab and cod- ling-moth or for the control of other insects or diseases, for that matter is not an advisable practice. In the early applications it is almost impossible to determine accurately whether a tree has fruit on it or not. If the missed or part- ly sprayed tree turns out to have a box or even a portion of a box of fruit on it. a large portion of the fruit will be ■wormy. Not only is this fruit lost, but the very fact that a good number of worms have been propagated and have spread to surrounding well-spra) ed trees results in a general increase in the percentage of wormy apples and a very WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTEH FBUIT April 1921 decided increase in the percentage of "stings." During the summer applications, that is, after the trees have developed a large proportion of their foliage, the spray requirements for each application are about the same. In orchards where careful records of spray usage have been obtained we have found that as- sociated with regular amounts of spray used is a very decided irregularity iD insect and disease control. In numerous instances it has been observed that these irregularities — failure to use suf- ficient amounts of material (gallons per tree) in some of the sprays — has caused a loss through the increase in damaged fruit that would have more than paid the total spraying charges for the entire year. AVERAGE SPRAY REQUIREMENTS FOR BEST CONTROL ON TREES OF DIFFERENT AGES" 3 c BETTER FRUIT Page 13 So ui < l-0 RTL.AND, OREGON Quality Products Are Half Sold When Attractively Labeled. F.C.STETTLER MFG. CO. PORTLAND, OREGON Offers you the art and ingenuity of years of experience in the composition of forceful and beautiful advertising art work. LABELS — CARTONS— POSTS— ETC. WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRDIT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT April, 1921 100 Per Cent Spray Use your old Bean Rig, if you have one. Simply add our subframe and power-take-off and you'll have a 100 per cent spray rig. You'll do your work faster and better. Lower your costs. Spray the GMC Way. Seattle Spokane Eldridge^^Sales (q OMC on a Truck Is Like U. S. A. on a Bond Yakima Walla Walla The American Beauty Dust Sprayer For Orchard, Vineyard and Farm 100% Efficient It is the fastest, most thorough and economical dust sprayer ever built. It is the standard of efficiency in sul- phuring vines. It is absolutely unequalled in the control and eradication of red spider. Our method of dust application is the most effective protection against the cod- ling moth. Our Nicotine-Sulphur dust is instant death to aphis, thrips, leaf-hopper and sim- ilar insects. Our method of control and concentration of the dust saves more than half the material- We Invite Correspondence The California Sprayer Company G001-11 Pasadena Avenue LOS ANGELES WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT April, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 19 My thought would not be to attempt "one big union" idea, but rather the bringing together of all interests on some common ground of mutual helpful- ness, where the problems confronting the industry could be freely and fairly discussed. By so doing, everyone would benefit and the producer and consumer most of all. At the present time the various apple growing sections are in a state border- ing on "armed neutrality." We should not lose sight of the fact that we are all working to the same end. What helps one, helps all and vice versa. The biggest apple crop year for the Northwest appears to be just ahead of us. Are we suitably fortified to meet the issue? Ours are individual problems to be collectively worked out. Northwest Fruit Notes from Here and There WASHINGTON THE Yakima Fruit Growers' Association an- nounces an increase in its capital stock from $150,000 to $300,000. AAA THE annual report for horticultural district No. 1, comprising Walla Walla, Columbia, Gar- field and Asotin counties, recently completed shows that 908 cars of fruit were grown there last year. AAA DURING the latter part of the apple shipping season in the Wenatchee district an unusual demand for Winesaps of the larger sizes was prevalent. As a result a high premium was offered for the big sizes. AAA EARLY estimates of the peach crop in the Yakima valley are to the effect that it is below normal, owing to the fact that many trees injured in the 1919 freeze have not fully recovered and did not make sufficient wood growth in 1920 to set fruit spurs. AAA CLAIMING to be the center of the strawberry growing industry in Washington, Centralia is planning an annual strawberry festival. The event, which will be held during the early part of June, will be put on under the direction of the local chamber of commerce. Between 500 and 600 acres of strawberries are now tributary to the Centralia district. AAA APPLE box prices are approximately 30 per cent lower this year than at the correspond- ing time in 1920, according to the recent announce- ment of a box making company in Spokane. The wholesale price quoted is from 14 to 17 cents, while at the same time last year they were 24 cents. AAA ACTION taken by the members of the Yakima Horticultural Union will result in making an assessment of two cents a box on all fruit han- dled by the organization this year for the pur- pose of starting a building fund. The financial report of the union shows assets of $433,115. The property and plants are valued at $286,556, and the equipment at $30,151. Its profits and surplus at the end of the year were estimated at $20,426. AAA THE total value of the fresh fruit crop grown in the Yakima valley during the season of 1920 was $16,065,540, according to statistics re- cently compiled. Of this amount the apple crop totalled $11,792,500; pears, $1,982,200; cherries, $211,200; plums and prunes, $142,800; peaches, $275,745; strawberries, $95,000; grapes, $42,000; cantaloupes, $490,000; watermelons, $45,000. The balance of the amount was received from mixed shipments of fruits sent out by express and parcels post. Make no mistake! Nothing can take the place of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate — at your table or on your dealer's shelves. Be- cause Ghirardelli's fills a daily household need— and fulfills every essential of food and beverage. Ask for Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate at the store where you do your trading. Never sold in bulk but in cans only. In this way Ghirardelli's retains its flavor and strength — the two most important elements of good chocolate. Say "Gear-ar-de/ly" D. GHIRARDELLI CO. Since 1852 San Francisco GHIRARDELLI S NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good stan shipments. Well made. Quick less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. QUAWX Our 1921 Annual Catalog la 1111 . mi and tells all about the best SEEDS. PANTS & TREES, IN- CUBATORS, FOODS and SUPPLIES, SPRAYS, PUMPS, FERTILIZERS, Etc. A reliable truthful guide for Western buyers. Ask for Book No. ROITTT RDGE SEED & FLORAL CO. 146 Second St, Portland, Or* Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" For Sale by Leading Dealers Everywhere Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON WHEN WHITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 20 BETTER FRUIT April, 1921 Free Spi-ay Calendar Tells When to Spray-What to Use The Dow Sprav Chart is the rc*ult rf years of experiment and research. It tells how to care for apples, cherries, plums, grapes, currants, gooseberries, peaches and other fruits — explains insect enemies and disease of potato, tomato, cabbage and vine crops. Directs the mixture of all spray ma- terials, tells the proper time for spraying and how to apply each particular spray. You should not be" without this Calendar if you grow fruit of any kind. We will gladly send it free. Quality brings the high price and quality is not possible without spraying. Write for this free chart today. Dow Powdered Lead Arsenate Extremely light and fluffy — Dow Pow- dered Lead Arsenate possesses many ad- vantages over the heavier and more granular varieties. It mixes so readily and remains so well in suspension that it entirely covers foliage with a milky, filmy coating. Because it reaches and covers every part of foliage and branch — because it sticks where it touches and because of its high content of arsenic, it has a deadly effect on all forms of foliage eating pests. Dow Powdered Lead Arsenate is a great economy and a great convenience. Managers of large or- chards and directors of state stations have used this product for years and now pur- chase in carload lots. Packed in V2t 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200-pound containers. Sold through our dealers or direct where we are not repre- sented. Ask for folder describing all Dow Spray Materials. The line includes Dow Powdered Lead Arsenate, Dow Powdered Lime-Sul- phur, Dow Lime-Sulphur Solution, Do Paste Lead Arsenate, Dow cium Arsenate, Dow Powde Powdered Bordo-Arsenate. finest spray materials known, for the con- trol of vegetable and orchard pests, and are used by the world's leading orchardists and state departments in carload lots. Send coupon below for our free Spray Calendar. THE DOW CHEMICAL CO. MIDLAND, MICHIGAN, U. S. A. Powdered Cal- led Bordo, Dow SEND FREE SPRAY CHART TO TREES and SHRUBS Fmit trees budded from bearing orch- ards, Apple. Tear, Cherry. Peach, Plum, Prune, Apricot, Quince, (irape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants, Raspberries. Black- berries, Logans. Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Flowering Shrubs, Roses. Vines. Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenlsh, Washington. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. OREGON AUTHORITIES on cherry marketing in Oregon state that they do not expect the price of cherries this year to reach the sensational figures of 1920, but that they will not drop to pre-war prices. A price of 8 cents a pound is predicted for the coming season. AAA REPORTS from the various fruitgrowing dis- tricts in Oregon are to the effect that weather conditions have been extremely favorable for both orchard and bush fruits and that the unusual num- ber of fruit buds indicate abundant crops this year. Fruiting plants and trees of all descriptions are much more forward than usual and the only possible drawback feared now is that late frosts may do considerable damage on this account. AAA ACCORDING to the annual report of General Manager A. W. Stone of the Hood River Apple Growers' Association its business for the year will total $2,476,899.12. The invested capital of the organization is $332,345. During the past year the association handled a total of 1,052,969 packages of fruit, apples leading with 942,458 boxes. The average price for all varieties of apples for the 1920 crop is given at $1.60 per box as compared to $1.98 in 1919. An abundance of smaller sizes in 1920 and additional transportation charges are given as accounting for the reduc- tion in the price during the past season. IN ORDER to keep China pheasants from feed- ing on valuable pear seed imported from Japan a nurseryman in the Hood River district is trying the experiment of coating them with coal tar. Last year this nurseryman claims to have lost $1,000 worth of sprouted seedlings as a result of the work of these birds which are reported to be very abundant in the Hood River valley. AAA ALTHOUGH it costs but l]/2 cents a pound to lay Oregon prunes down in the markets of Europe by shipping by way of the Panama Canal as compared to 2^4 cents by rail through New York, it is stated that on account of the excessive heat and humidity in the canal zone it has been found hazardous to ship the large sizes through the canal, except under refrigeration. IN a campaign to clean up neglected orchard districts of Douglas county. County Fruit In- spector Armstrong recently destroyed 40 to 50 acres near Sutherlin and will remove others that are a menace to the rest of the fine orchard dis- trict in that county. Most of the orchards de- stroyed were the property of non-residents. Doug- las county now has over 10,000 acres in tree fruits and is making a rapid development in the berry industry. JL V-^AV i nr i zxki^i How many times haveyou seen just such a request ? Much space and money is devoted io making people look for the labeLandyet the label itself is not given the thought it deserves . When the true function of the label, the selling and identiticationvalue it possesses isreali3ed,more care will be given to the choosing or l - 1 1 I L\ I II Y l\tM*l .^ NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1921 Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" SCHMIDT LITHOGRAPH (D. Seattle - Sacramento- Fresno -Manila Portland - Los Angeles-Honolulu ' San Francisco WHEN WRITINT. ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTEE FBUIT April, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 THE signing of the co-operative marketing bill by Governor Olcott now makes it possible for five persons to organize a co-operative association. One of the salient features of the law is that "no association complying with the terms of this act shall be deemed a combination in unlawful restraint of trade or an unlawful monopoly or an attempt arbitrarily to lessen competition or fix prices." The law also provides that in the event of a breach or threatened breach of contract by a member, the association shall be entitled to an injunction to prevent the further breach of con- tract. k k k ACCORDING to a statement recently issued by F. L. Kent, in charge of the state bureau of crop estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, the total value of the fruit crop pro- duction in Oregon in 1920 was $15,787,803 and the total acreage, 106,831 acres. The acreage of the various fruits is given as follows: Apples, 48,565; pears, 9,583; prunes, 26,516; cherries, 4,115; loganberries, 5,427; strawberries, 3,500; raspberries and blackberries, (not including wild), 4,500; cranberries, 125; miscellaneous fruits, 1,500; nuts, 3,000. In compiling these figures the report states that the acreage is based on the returns made by the county assessors to the state tax com- mission with such additions as were considered warranted after correspondence with most of the assessors. AAA IDAHO PROSPECTS for a big fruit crop in Latah county, Idaho, are said by fruitgrowers in that section to be particularly bright. The winter in Idaho has been the mildest in many years and the trees generally throughout the state are in fine con- dition. Last year the crop was light. Latah county is one of the best strawberry districts in the Inland Empire, the acreage around Moscow and Viola being particularly large. Unless frost damage occurs one of the largest crops of fruit ever shipped out of the state is anticipated this AAA THE Department of Bacteriology of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station announces that it prepares cultures for all leguminous crops. The cultures are prepared by thoroughly trained men and sent out with full directions as to their use by the farmer and orchardist. Last year the department sent out sufficient cultures to innocu- late 13,211 acres and estimates of the benefits from their use are from 25 to 75 per cent in a majority of the cases. =• »"""' ""'" "" "'" """' '"= I "TheWiseMen J of Appletree lown [ — are the men who choose their banking connection with the same discrimina- tion they use in pruning. The First National Bank, because of its size and com- prehensiveness of its de- partments, is particularly equipped to offer the hor- ticulturist the most in bank- ing service. | Its facilities and the per- sonal interest of its officers are at your disposal. J The | First National Bank OF PORTLAND, OREGON 1 The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains 1 III,, , , iiiiiiiiimim iiiii i i ,,T Your Crop Depends Upon the Spray Material You Use! So Does the Producing Life of Your Orchard Therefore, you cannot be too careful in the selection of your materials. ORCHARD BRAND DRY POWDERED ARSENATE OF LEAD is the out- growth of years of scientific experiment, laboratory tests, extensive field demonstrations and long use by successful commercial fruit growers. It is always uniform, high in concentration, adhesive, lasting and spreads evenly without collecting in splotches. Its results show in clean, perfect fruit. A thorough coating on the leaves during the late summer and fall will prevent manv worm "stings" and wormy fruit. Some people may be able to afford gambling on some things, but mighty few fruit growers are willing to risk a crop failure by taking chances on spraying appeal is to the thoughtful fruit grower who fighti ands to be sho naterials shy of unsupported claims, Brand Dry Po To such fruit growers we offer Orch and tree protection. It has been proi to give you the names of many successful fruit growers Suggestion : Write for the booklet. Also v of Deciduous Fruit Trees. Other spray materials, for specific purposes d Arsenate of Lead as a crop are known. We shall be glad e enthusiastic about its results. rite for Bulletin No. 3 on Dormant Spraying MAIEB&^LS Dry Powdered Arsenate of Lead Packed in 4-lb. paper bags (48 and 96-lb. cases) and in bulk (200-lb. drums). Standard Paste Arsenate of Lead Atomic Sulphur Bordeaux Mixture Paste Dry Powdered Bordeaux Mixture Lime Sulphur Solution B. T. S. Dry Barium Sulphur Compound Universal Brand Dormant Soluble Oil U 1 Brand Miscible Oil Un rsal Brand Distilla i Whale Oil Soap Oil Emuls GENERAL CHEMICAL COMPANY 1811 L. C. SMITH BUILDING SEATTLE. WASHINGTON The Kimball Cultivator at work in an orchard at M"orrisania, Colorado. This tool is the greatest weed eradieator and mulch producer ever made. Its blades cut three to four inches under the surface, pulverizing the soil, cutting weeds and leaving the surface smooth. Write for catalogue and prices direct to the manufacturer. W. A. JOHNSTON THE DALLES. OREGON WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MEN1 CF.TTER FRIIT Page 22 BETTER FRUIT April, 1921 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS The Old Reliable BELL & CO. Incorporated WHOLESALE Fruit and Produce 112-114 Front Street PORTLAND, OREGON Treat Your Soil With Toro Brand Agricultural Sulphur It will increase your crop in some instances up to 500 per cent, prevent wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. For Lime- Sulphur Solution use DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. For dry dusting use ANCHOR BRAND VELVET FLOWERS OF SULPHUR. Sold by leading dealers. For rodent control use CARBON BISULPHIDE. Write for circlars 6, 7 and 8, prices and samples. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy "CARO fruit\ WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects— "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit— Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Ca from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United Statet Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT April, 1921 CARE OF BREEDING FOWLS POULTRY specialists connected with the United States Department of Agriculture advise that if cockerels or pullets are to be used in the breed- ing flocks they should be well matured. Hens, according to these specialists, are better than pul- lets. They lay larger eggs which produce stronger chicks. Yearling and two-year-old hens are better than the older ones. Pullets, if they are used as breeders, should be mated with a cock rather than a cockerel. If a cockerel is used he should be mated with pullets. Generally well matured cock- erels will give better fertility than cocks. When possible free range should be given to the breeding stock. It is considered better to pro- vide it during the fall and winter before the breed- ing season, but if this is not possible, free range just preceding and during the breeding season will be of great value. Birds on free range will get more exercise and will therefore be in better health to give higher fertility, better hatches and stronger chicks. Breeding flocks need careful watching to make sure that the fowls keep in good breeding condi- tion. The birds and houses should be examined often to see that they are not infested with lice or mites. Either of these pests in any numbers will seriously and often totally destroy fertility. In feeding the breeding flock the breeders should be fed so as to keep them in the best of condi- tion to produce eggs. Any good laying ration is suitable for this purpose. A point that should not be overlooked is to examine the breeding male after feeding to see that his crop is full and that he is not growing thin. This should be done be- cause some males will allow the hens to eat all the feed with the result that they get out of condi- tion. Provide the breeding stock with a house that is draft proof, yet well ventilated and dry. With the above precautions observed the result should be a high percentage of vigorous, strongly-bred chicks. BETTER FRUIT FEEDING YOUNG CHICKS WATER and fine grit is the first food that should be given young chicks if they are artificially hatched. This should be given from 40 to 60 hours after they emerge from the shells. If the chicks are being brooded with hens the first grain and grit may be given at the same time. One of the best grain feeds for young chicks is chicken rolled oats which is fed in small quantities from four to five times a day for the first three or four days. At the end of this time any good brand of commercial chick feed may be gradually added to the* oats, until in a week the larger part of the ration is commercial chick feed. In two weeks the rolled oats may be discontinued entirely. The young chicks should be kept active from the start as activity is essential to their health and development. By feeding them small quantities frequently they are kept moving and not liable to become chilled. This frequent feeding in little amounts applies to their care during the day. At night they may be given all they will eat. It is not good practice to give chicks under the age of five days a mash of any kind. Grains cracked fine are the best tissue and muscle builder for young chicks. While there are other ways of starting to feed young chicks this method is one of the most successful used by expert poultrymen. POULTRY NOTES you intend to sell broilers they are more Page 23 ■m. profitable at larger. nd and a half than when SUNFLOWERS planted along the edge of the poultry yard make shade in summer and ex- cellent feed in the fall and winter. AAA IN building nests make them big enough so that the hens can get in and out without breaking the eggs. The entrance to the nests should be made in the back, so that they will be dark. AAA TOO much care cannot be given to cleanliness in the poultry house and yard. Clean nests are very essential in producing clean eggs. Change the nest material quite frequently and as a precau- tion against insects burn the discarded material. A LITTLE salt added to the sprouted oats will be relished by poultry as a change. AAA IT IS well to remember that it is the early hatched pullets that produce eggs in the fall and winter when prices are high. AAA ATABLESPOONFUL of charcoal added every other day to the soft food of fowls will brighten up their combs and tone up their systems. AAA IT IS interesting to note that it is the heavy laying breeds of chickens that lay a white egg. The general purpose breeds lay brown eggs. AAA IF YOU have a flower garden save the poultry droppings to fertilize it. There is no better fertilizer to help in growing fine flowers. AAA CLOVER and alfalfa leaves thrown in the litter will be good food for the flock until they can get on the range in the spring or be given some other form of green food. AAA ALMOST as soon as the young chick can eat it will drink water. A bountiful supply of pure, fresh water is therefore necessary at all times. See that it is placed where the chicks can get at it easily. AAA TO PLUMP a dressed fowl dip it for ten seconds in water nearly or quite boiling hot and then immediately plunge it into cold water. It should then be hung in a cool place until the animal heat is entirely out. The fowl will be given a much more attractive appearance for market by this process. AAA THE Oregon Agricultural College experiment station calls attention to the fact that hens fed for egg production should get feed containing the food elements found in the egg. An analysis of the egg shows that it is composed of ash 12.2 per cent ; water 65.7 per cent ; protein 11.4 per cent; and fat 8.9 per cent. The hen cannot coun- terfeit her product, so must be supplied with the necessary raw materials or she cannot manufacture the finished product. North Pacific Coast Line Joint Service of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company — Holland- America Line Fast Freight Service Between VANCOUVER, B. C— PUGET SOUND— COLUMBIA RIVER— SAN FRANCISCO— and LOS ANGELES HARBOR LONDON— LIVERPOOL— HULL— ROTTERDAM— AMSTERDAM- HAMBURG and HAVRE -ANTWERP— FROM PACIFIC COAST S. S. KINDERDYK (12000 tons d. w.) loading early March S. S. MOERDYK (12000 tons d. w.) loading late April S. S. EEMDYK (12000 tons d. w.) loading late May FROM EUROPE S. S. EEMDYK, loading April S. S. KINDERDYK, loading May S. S. MOERDYK, loading June All Steamers Equipped with Large Coo Irooms and Refrigerators for the Transportation of Fish, Fruit, Cheese and Other Perishable Cargo For freight rates and space apply: Oregon-Pacific Co., 203 Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Oregon— Main 4565 SAN FRANCISCO Holland-America Line, 401 Market Street. Phone Garfield 2034. Sub-Agents — W. L. Comyn & Co., Inc., 310 California Street. Phone Sutter 6122. LOS ANGELES— C. J. Lehman, 786 Pacific Electric Bldg. SEATTLE — The Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., 204-5 Rainier Bldg. Phone Elliot 1021. Sub-Agents — A. M. Gillespie, Inc., Arctic Bldg., Seattle. Phone Elliot 3526. ASTORIA— E. M. CHERRY. VANCOUVER — The Royal Mail Steam Packet Co- Pacific Bldg. Phone Seymour 7108. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK LOGANBERRY~plants for sale direct from the grower. J. P. Aspinwall, Brooks, Oregon. CHOICE Loganberry Plants, healthy stock. Rea- sonable prices. Write for quotations. R. C. Deming, Estacada, Oregon. STRAWBERRY planFs7 MarshaTT7~Gold "Dollar, Ideal, $5 per thousand postpaid. John Myers, Rochester, Wash. SEND FOR OUR NEW PRICE LIST on fruit trees, berry bushes, shade trees and roses. Krause Nursery, Spokane, Washington. CORY Thornless Mammoth Blackberry, originated here at Mountain Pass Ranch. Strong plants, $3 dozen, postpaid; also Phenomenal, Logan- berry, Gooseberry, Currant and Giant Crimson Rhubarb. G. S. Wills, Jamestown, California. STRAWBERRY plants. 100,000 Gold Dollar and New Oregon, $5 per 1,000; Cuthbert and Marl- boro Raspberry plants, $2.50 per 100. Lawson Nursery, Gates, Oregon. SUPERB AND PROGRESSIVE EVERBEAR- ing strawberry plants will solve your fruit ques- tion; 100 plants should give you 100 to 200 pts. berries this season if planted early in good soil, kept clean, moist and runners off. They come well packed to you, guaranteed, inspected and prepaid by insured parcel post at: 100, $1.40; 500 at $6; 1000, $11; 2 Lucretia dew- berry plants free with first 1000 orders; Lu- cretia dewberry plants, 75c per dozen, prepaid. N. B. Matthiesson, Model Fruit Farm, Emmett, Idaho. FARMS FOR SALE BETTER FRUIT BABY" CHICKS, six varieties; best stock; prices reasonable. C. N. Needham, Salem, Oregon. DAY-OLD CHICKS FOR SALE. O. A. C. White Leghorns; also eggs for hatching. J. L. Russell, Rt. 3, Corvallis, Oregon. LIGHT BRAHMA. Bred to lay, winners wherever shown, stock and hatching eggs. Chas. Bylsma, Route 1, box 278, Seattle, Wash. BUFF LEGHORNS and Thompson Ringlet Barred Rocks, Cockerels, $5.00. Circular free. Bush Farm, Rt. 3, Portland, Oregon. MINORCAS. black, whTte; utility and exhibition. Eggs. Catalog free. C. E. Murray, route 1, San Diego, Cal. S. C. WHITE LEGHORN CHICKS May 2 and 24 delivery, $15.00 per 100. Standard Poultry Farm, Monmouth, Oregon. TRAPNESTED BARRED ~ROCK and White Leghorn eggs and chicks, $1.50 per IS; $8.00 per 100. Lendell Stock and Poultry Farm, Elmira, Oregon. A FEW choice Cockerels— R. I. Reds and Whites, both combs. Dark red and pure white. High grade quality. Show winners. Bred from best strains in America. Mammoth Toulouse Geese. Winners. Mammoth Bronze Turkeys. Bird Bros, strain. Egg orders solicited. High- land Fruit and Poultry Ranch, J. Nonnenmacher, R. 3, Y'akima, Wash. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon AUTOMOBILES April, 1921 WANTED— To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F Mvisli, Minneapolis, Minn. WANT to hear from parties having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables, hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Ed- wards & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, Washington. POULTRY S. C. W. L. HATCHING EGGS, Hollywood Strain, $7.00 in 100 lots. Mrs. Rominger, Underwood, Wash. 34-TON Buick truck, pneumatics in front, solids in rear; mechanically good. Old price $475. Now $350. Terms. USED CARS— THAT'S ALL. AUTOMOBILE TRADING CO. 1017 Sprague Ave., Main 4176, Spokane, Wash. MISCELLANEOUS THE CUTLER FRUIT GRADER is the LEADER Nearly 1,000 now in use. The market demands well-sized fruit. Use a CUTLER GRADER and better your pack. Built for both box and barrel packing — in small and large models. Send for literature. Cutler Mfg. Co., 353 E. 10th St., Portland. Oregon. KENTUCKY"S extra fine chewing and smoking tobacco. Aged in bulk, 2 years old; nice and mellow. Long silky leaf; best grade, 15 pounds, $6.80; second grade, 10 pounds, $4, postpaid. Satisfaction guaranteed. Reference, First Na- tional Bank, Bardwell. Adams Brothers, Bard- well, Ky. lraung makes it easy to get label and carton service QjoU&=z>*^ There's a Traung- trained man less than n hours by mail from you- this is localized service by a coast- -wide institution SanFrancisco- Stockton Sacramento- Seattle Portland- Fresno Tacoma Portlar d, Oregon, Feb. 27, 1921. Bett er Fruit, Portland, Oregon. G loca clos send I for ntlemen : Will you kindly change my adv., in your paper to read as en- d. If there is any extra charge please statement. find that inquiries have cost me less each one than any other medium I using. I am using five others. Respectfully, CARROLL D. BUSH. GROW Ginseng. $12 per lb.; many others. How to know them. How to grow them. Send for Free Instruction Book and Price List. Twitchell Co., West Milan, N. H. WANTED— A position on a farm for the sum- mer, by a young man of experience from Ohio. Prefer a place near Spokane. Best of references. State wages. Fred Sprinkle, Polk, Ohio. TOBACCO— Kentucky's Homespun ^Smoking or chewing; mild or strong; fine grade; aged and mellowed, like old wine in the cellar; 10 lbs., $3.50, 15 lbs., $4.75, 5-lb. sample. $2.00, post- paid. Reference First National Bank. Waldrop Brothers, Murray, Ky. U. S. NAVY TENTS SPECIAL— While they last— 9x9, 12-ounce at $12.00. These are fine value and make pretty cheap housing for your extra help. Also have limited number tent flies — fine for wagon covers— 10x15, $9.00. Alaska Junk Co., 203 Front St., Portland. Oregon. ARROW CARBOLINEUMldihT^hTcken mites in poultry houses. Preserves wood against rot and premature decay. Write for circular and prices. Carbolineum Wood Preserving Co., 222 E. Water St., Portland, Oregon. BOOKKEEPER — Learn complete elementary bookkeeping in your spare time at home. Makes income tax reports easy. Only $37.50. Write for terms. The Lincoln Institute, Spokane, Wash. Baby Chicks from the Famous O. A. C. Strain Eggs from 221-egg from 300-egg hens, guaranteed free from white diarrhoea. Deliveries begin February 15, 1921. PORTLAND SEED COMPANY 180 Front Street Portland, Oregon Kills prairie dogs, trrocnd hogB, ground Bqoirrela, pocket goph- ers. Saves alfalfa. Experiment- al stations approve. 1000 tablets P. P. $1.50. Warranted. Ask your druggist Yakima Expects Big Crop REPORTS from the Yakima valley are to the effect that fruit of all varieties has wintered exceedingly well and prospects for a bumper crop this year are very bright. Barring the unforseen, authorities who are in touch with the fruit crop prospects in this region this year esti- mate that the apple crop there will be close to 12,000 cars. This estimate was recently made by the state department of agriculture workers who also esti- mate that it will require 9,000,000 boxes to pack out the 1921 crop. If this estimate proves to be anywhere near accurate it will require 1,500 cars of lumber to make Yakima's apple boxes, while 4,500,000 pounds of paper will be necessary to provide fruit wrappers. Its expenditure for boxes alone is ex- pected to be considerably over $1,000,- 000 and the bill for fruit wraps to total over $-100,000. Yakima's total fruit shipments dur- ing the past season approached the 10,- 000 car mark with a valuation of over $12,000,000- WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT W^Mm — Hr^-'"*r™,'IMJ xT-— J 1 Hard this ray but— Wi Mb Easy c TheC etrac IVay «8p Specifications Hjnepotver: 1 2 at draw- bar, io at belt pulley. Length: 06 inches. Il'idth: 50 inches. Height: 52 inches. Wright: 3455 pounds. Turning Circle: 1 2 feet. Traction Surface: About 800 Sijuare inches. Center to Center of Tracks: 3 8 inches. Belt Pulley: Diameter, 8 Halt-way methods won't "get by" this year. You need results and profit — more work at cheaper costs. And here's the very reason that now more than ever betore you need Cletrac on your farm. Cletrac has proved itself on every Pacific Coast farming job. Every orchard man knows its marked success in orchard work. Low-set, smooth-bodied, short- turning— Cletrac works close to the trees, leaving no patches for horses to finish up. On any draw-bar work — plowing, discing, drill- ing, harvesting, hauling — no matter what the job and no matter what the soil — even soft sand, tule, volcanic ash or gravel — in good condition or bad, Cletrac works when you need it and finishes on time. This tank-type tra<5tor lays its own endless track and gets a firm grip on any ground. When it comes to tough jobs — plowing "nigger wool" or up-grade work in the foothills — Cletrac has the power and low center of gravity to perform in many cases where even horses would find it hard to satisfy. Add to this Cletrac 's all-the-year, all-purpose ability on draw-bar and belt work and you'll know why every Cletrac owner will tell you that Cletrac has more than made good for him and will for you. You will find real value in our booklet — "Se- lecting Your Tractor." Write for it today and see your local dealer. The Cleveland Tractor Co. "Largest Producers of Tank- Type Tractors in the World" 19145 Euclid Ave., Cleveland PACIFIC COAST SALES OFFICES Los Angems, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. I HI IslltS Ml N I ln\ III I IKK I Kill JPL-J^ Jgnuj™ THE WORLD- OUR ORCHARD g«^ OUR ORCHARD N5*j SfEllllMDbT & Kelly I NEW YORK I bhOUE5TI. 'i cars for shipment. Experience has (shown that whetre fruit is received on a line of gravity and conveyed to the point allotted, one re- ceiving door will do the work of some four or five doors where the boxes are merely placed in the opening and trucked in. The use of gravity roller conveyors does away with unnecessary delay in receiving fruit, and allows the orchardist to make more trips daily to the warehouse, which naturally pleases him, because there is nothing more an- noying than to have to wait in line for hours before being able to discharge Play Safe y-out of a Standard Conveying System as Applied to Apple Packing and W; Requirements. "Black Leaf 40" (Nicotine Sulphate) is safe and effective for APPLE aphis and red bug PEAR psylla GRAPE Leaf-hopper "thrips" and other soft-bodied, sucking insects on fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. "Black Leaf 40" does not injure Fruit or Foliage "Black Leaf 40" may be com- bined with Lime-Sulphur, Bor- deaux, Lead-Arsenate, soap and other spray materials, thereby saving the expense of a separate application. For further information as to formulas, nearest dealer, etc., address Tobacco By-Products and Chemical Corporation (Incorporated) LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY ; ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT May, 1921 fruit at the warehouse. This is espe- cially so when warm days are causing the fruit to ripen quickly, or when the crop is likely to be caught by frost at night if it is not promptly received at the storage house and protected. Recently I made a tour of one of the principal apple districts in the state of Washington and found to my amaze- ment that in one large plant while the packing room was wonderfully well equipped, the old method of using four wheeled trucks was employed in receiv- ing and shipping out of the basement — which was itself below grade level — in conjunction with a small elevator. Man- ifestly this was a slow and costly opera- tion entirely too much dependent upon the human element. While installing conveyor systems, the management should bear in mind that standardized equipment should be used which has been so designed, and which should be so placed that addi- tional units may be added from time to time so as to make an enlarged but a perfectly operating system. According to a recent report of the United States Bureau of Crop Esti- mates, the commercial acreage of straw- berries in the United States for 1921 will show a considerable increase over that of the preceding year. It is esti- mated that the acreage in strawberries this year will be 57,219 acres as com- pared to 48,619 acres in 1920, giving an increase of 8,600 acres. Orchard cultivation should start with a rush now. Clear, sunny days causes the ground to dry rapidly. It often pays to hire extra teams or a tractor in order to plow just at the right time so subsequent cultivation will be cheaper. — 0. A. C. Experiment Station. BETTER FRUIT Pager The Wenatchee Fruit District By E. H. McPherson THE Wenatchee fruit district, which includes all of the fruit growing areas in Chelan, Douglas, Okanogan, and Grant counties, has the best pros- pects for the 1921 apple crop ever known in its history. Preliminary esti- mates made by District Horticultural Inspector P. S. Darlington, indicated a total yield of between 15,000 and 16,- 000 carloads of 750 boxes each, or be- tween 11,000,000 and 12,000,000 boxes. A record breaking crop of summer fruit is also predicted, 'including cherries, apricots, peaches, pears, prunes and plums, of which the estimated yield for the present year is 2,000 carloads. This compares with the total apple yield of 9,500 cars in 1920, and 10,034 cars of summer fruit. It is also prob- able that there will be more planting of new orchards in the Wenatchee dis- trict during 1921, than for any season during the past five years. Nursery men estimate that 2,000 acres of fruit trees will be put out this year, most of which will be apricots, peaches, cherries and Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy CARD fruity WRAPPERSl feJtSAJRJD1 ^^i W^% HiHBP PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Ca from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the r.pen.ng process FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and perm.tsju.ee to escape and . BAC I tKIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" mgred.ents harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA. UnTteVsLuVD.itributo'r'., AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO.. 112 Market Street. San Francisco. California WHEN WBIT1NO ADVERTISEHS MENTION BETTEB FBUIT Page 8 pears. In the western Okanogan irriga- tion district, extending from above Oro- ville to Tonasket, about 500 acres of summer fruit will be set out this year. This new planting is being done under contract with the Puyallup & Summer Fruit Growers' Canning Company of Puyallup. This company will establish a shipping station at Oroville and Ton- ask. -t from where the fruit will be sent to the main cannery at Puyallup. Straw- berries, tomatoes, and other small fruits and vegetables will be planted between the rows of trees for the first few years. The total area of orchards in the We- natchee district is 35,000 acres, most of which is now in bearing, and divided among the counties as follows: Chelan county, 17,360 acres; Okanogan county, 8,480 acres; Douglas county, 6,350 acres; Grant county, 3,500 acres. Over 30,000 acres of this is in apples, which is the staple fruit crop of this district. This comparatively small area produced over 12 per cent of the entire commer- cial apple crop of the United States in 1919, and about 10 per cent of the en- tire commercial apple crop in the coun- try in 1920. About one-third of the total amount of boxed apples grown in the United States are produced and shipped out of the Wenatchee district annually. The total money value of the 1919 fruit crop in the district was $22,500,- 000, or an average yield of about $700 per acre, which is said to be the largest financial income per acre from any simi- lar area of land in the entire world. The 1920 fruit crop returned to the growers less than $15,000,000, owing to the de- creased volume and lower prices re- ceived. For the 1921 fruit crop, 60,000,000 feet of lumber will be required to make boxes. This is equal to the total timber yield of twenty sections of eastern Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" For Sale by Leading Dealers Everywhere Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON BETTER FRUIT Washington pine land, or six sections of the heaviest western Washington or Oregon forests. About one-half of the boxes used in the district are made by local mills, while the rest are shipped in from Spokane, Seattle, Bellingham. Tacoma and even Portland. Practically all of the land suitable for growing fruit, and capable of being irrigated has been taken up and put into orchards, in the Wenatchee district. Nearly all of the orchards are located in the valleys of the Columbia. We- natchee, Entiat, Methow and Okano- gan rivers, also along the shores of Lake Chelan. As a result of the unusual prosperity enjoyed by the fruit grow- May, 1921 rrs in this district during the past three or four years, the orchards are gener- ally equipped with modern packing and storage houses, and the fruit growers live in fine modern homes and drive the best makes of automobiles. Their or- chard work is done by the aid of trac- tors, and power sprayers, while trucks are used to do their heavy hauling. Horses are almost unknown throughout the more settled orchard areas. Good roads connect the orchards with the towns and shipping points, and also reach the many beautiful hunting, fish- ing and camping resources, which are easily accessible from every part of the district. 100 per cent Efficient Dust Your Orchard with the American Beauty Dust Sprayer This powerful sprayer — built for orchard, field and vineyard — is one of the fastest, most thorough and economical dust sprayers ever built. The American Beauty, operated by one man alone, will economically spray 15 acres a day in orchard work, with the correspondingly greater acreages in field or vineyard. Government experiments have proven the superiority of dry dust over wet sprays in the control of Red Spider, Thrips, Aphis, Leaf-Hopper and similar insects. Our dry dust preparations used in the American Beauty Sprayer are unequalled in the eradication of insect pests and fungus diseases. Write for Detailed Information The California Sprayer Co. 6001-11 Pasadena Avenue Los Angeles rtlTIN.; AUVKH'I ISHts MF.NTI..N HFTTF.R FRUIT May, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 Currant Grape Growing THE heavy importation of currants into this country and the profitable price received for them has caused con- siderable investigation on the part of horticulturists with the view of ascer- taining the possibilities of producing the currant grape in the United States. The viticultural investigations of the United States Department of Agrieul ture, therefore, have demonstrated thai the choicest varieties of these currant grapes, which formerly it was believed could not be made to bear sufficiently, can be made to produce regular and good crops, and the specialists in the department state that this paves the way for the establishment of another very important and extensive grape in- dustry in this country. An exceedingly important feature in connection with this new fruit industry is that currant grapes are among the very earliest to ripen. In fact they ripen so early that they can be dried and put away before the earliest rains occur in districts where other raisin varieties are too late in ripening. In the present raisin producing sections id* the coun- try currants can be grown as an advance crop and cured and stored by the time other raisin grapes ripen, so that the same labor employed in harvesting and curing currant grapes can harvest and cure the other raisins after having ac- complished that work. Experiments made by the United States Department of Agriculture at the Fresno experiment vineyard indi- cate that when vines of the currant grape are planted at distances the equi- valent of 8 by 8 feet apart, an acre of good vineyard in this country will yield from 6 to 15 tons (an average of 10l/o tons) of grapes, or, conservatively, from 2 to 5 tons of cured currants. From this it is estimated that 3,400 to 8,500 acres would be necessary to produce the 34,000,000 pounds of currants which are annually imported into this country. The Value of Tillage THE importance of tillage cannot be too strongly emphasized. Many years ago a student of plant pathology coined the phrase "tillage is manure". This idea of the benefits of tillage still holds good and in fact intensive cult i vation of all root crops is practiced to a greater degree today than ever be- fore. Before plant food can be taken up by the tender roots it must be dis- solved in water, tilt- solution then being taken up by the roots. The finer the soil is pulverized the greater is the surface exposed to soil water, result- ing in more plant food being dissolved and made available for the plant roots. Look for Paint That's Cracked or Checked DON'T let your protective coat of paint crack and come off. Even tiny breaks will let weather in, and that means decay. You can't save by not paint- ing, if your paint is wearing out. Look for those signs and paint now, if you need paint. The best paint spread more easily — saves labor cost. It cov- ers more square yards — you buy more gallons of cheap paint. The best paint, if properly applied, protects the house from five or mure years longer. There is no question as to which costs less. Don't allow surfaces to rot. It costs less to paint them. "72-Year" Paints The best material s — pure PIONEER WHITE LEAD, pure linseed oil, zinc, and color in scientifically exact proportions, arrived at through 72 years' ex- perience. Our process super-purifies and "whitens" the lead base. It must be fine enough to pass through a silk screen with 40,- 000 meshes to the square inch. A fine lead means easier spreading, and a more elastic, tougher protec- tive coat. The "whiter" lead base means more beauty in the colors.. The best paints are scientific Such paint will last from in formula and preparation. five or more years longer than We've made them for 72 years — cheap paint, if properly ap- to meet weather conditions in plied, and look better through the West. the years. Fullers SPECIFICATION Farm Paints House Paint -Barn 6- Roof Paint Waqon Point- Rubber Cement Floor Paint W. P. Fuller & Co. Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints. Varnishes. Enamels. Stains and PIONEER LEAD for 72 Years. Branches in 16 cities in the West— Dealers everywhere Established 1849 San Francisco Also makers of All-Purpose Varnishes. Silkenwhite Enamel. Fifteen-for- Floors Varnish, Washable Wall Finish, Auto Enamel, Porch and Step Paint and PIONEER WHITE LEAD. Free Books Send Coupon Send coupon for "Sa ve the Surface." a free bo ill which tells of the impor- tance of good paint, a id the need for painting n if your paint is weari off. Also ask for sm ill booklet of Fuller's Fa m Paints and Varnishes. Ask our Specificati on Department any questi on that you'd like to ha ve W. P. Fuller & Co. Dept. F-1.5, San Francisco, Please send me, without charge, a cop; of "Save the Surface" and your small booklet of farm paints and varnishes. Name WR1TINC AL1VI HI INIKS MKNTION HHTKH KRUIT Page 10 BETTER FRUIT May, 1M1 Low Cost QW&V for Orchards ^JS^t^JLi^^^^JM^ Here's the tractive power needed for orchard work — in compact, flexible form — and at a minimum cost. The "Caterpillar" 5-ton Orchard Tractor shares the record of larger "Caterpillar" Tractors for lowest cost per operating hour — tor economical use of fuel and oil. The "Caterpillar" 5-ton Orchard Tractor is narrow and low-down. It gets between, under and around trees in a closely planted orchard without hitting limbs or fruit. It is short turning, easy handling and has three speeds, 1 J/^, 3, and 5 % miles per hour. It has plenty of power for plowing and sub-soiling deeply. Besides all of these special features the fact that its a "Caterpillar" Tractor is assurance of long life, low upkeep and operating costs and dependable, trouble-rree perform- ance. Get full information about the "Caterpillar" 5-ton Or- chard Tractor now — see the Holt representative in your neighborhood or write us. The Holt Motor — sold separately Built for the severe requirements of tractor service it is especially adapt- ed to economical operation of pump- ing plants and other farm work. It is a perfected motor of the valve-in- head type in 30, 45, 55, and 75 horse-power ratings. Holt acuracy and dependability guarantee its ser- vice. The Holt Manufacturing Company Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois Spokane, Washington San Francisco, Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. WHFN HKIHNl. Al>VKKTlSKHS MF.NTION liKTTER FRUIT May, 1921 Larger Sized Apples npHE NEED for larger sized apples, A as voiced during the past season by some of the largest handlers of North- western box apples again calls attention to the importance of thinning. In ad- dition to this while the production of faucy apples is dependent upon many other factors such as spraying, pruning irrigating, etc., thinning is one of the most important practices in securing for the grower the highest market returns. As competition in the apple industry of the country has become more keen the necessity of thinning to produce the highest grade of fancy box apple has become more apparent, although many apple growers have not yet rea- lized the importance of practicing thin- ning in a systematic way. A well known authority on apple culture says: "It no longer pays to grow ordinary fruit. There are but few localities in the United States in which medium to good sized apples cannot be raised. Therefore, ordinary fruit or the choice grade must compete iwith the home- grown product wherever it is shipped. On the other hand, localities in which strictly fancy apples can be raised are much less numerous and such grades compete less frequently with the home grown product. The larger the apple within certain limits, that is the larger the edible portion, the more highly it is valued. According to market standards, by increasing the diameter of the apple one-half inch, we increase its market value many times. By the removal of part of the crop at an early stage in its development, this increase in size can be obtained and it is usually impossible to obtain it otherwise. "Although the increase in the current year's crop is ample reason for thin- ning, it is not the only benefit to be de- rived. By reducing the tree's crop this year, there is more likelihood of a good crop the following year. Much of the so-called habit of "alternate bearing" in apple trees is directly traceable to the fact that they overbear one year and recover from this overtax by bearing a very light crop the following year. Many broken limbs in the orchard can be averted by proper thinning and much time and money saved in propping the orchard. "Methods to be used in the thinning operation will vary somewhat with the conditions, such as soil, age of trees, va- rieties and methods of irrigation and pruning. The fruitgrower should ex- periment and learn the best methods to use under his conditions. Some orchard BETTER FRUIT Page 11 Big Stumps— or Little! Get them all out with W PONX STUMPING POWDERS Du Pont and Repauno Brands (Pacific Northwest Products) SIZE makes no difference — they all yield to Du Pont or Repauno, now recognized as the farmer's best friends for land clearing. Dynamite is the modern method. Most farmers use Du Pont or Repauno Stumping Powders because they are efficient, reliable, low-freezing and remarkably economical. It costs money to clear land by hand labor — too much money, when dynamite is available to all to do the work at a fraction of the time and expense. Right here in your own county many farmers are clearing their stump lands economically and efficiently with Du Pont or Repauno Stumping Powders, — Pacific Northwest Products. Your dealer will supply you with Du Pont Explosives and Blasting Accessories. Our free book, "Development of jLogged-off Lands," shows you ways to clear land, dig ditches and plant trees with dynamite. Write for a copy. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Portland Seattle Spokane ists thin to a definite number of boxes on a certain aged tree. This is deter- mined by counting the apples on one or two trees. These counted trees are used as models and the rest of the orchard thinned accordingly. Other growers adopt the plan of thinning the fruit ac- cording to distance. The latter plan is much easier of adoption and produces the desired result where the work is carefully done. "For the best results thinning should commence immediately after the .June drop, the work being done while the apples are about an inch in diameter. By removing the fruit from trees that are overcrowded at this time the re- maining apples receive the entire strength and nourishment of the tree and reach a much finer degree of ma- turity. The cost of the work under average conditions is only slight com- pared with the increased returns, in ad- dition to the fact that much time will be saved at harvest time in sorting the crop." Page 12 BETTER FRUIT May, 1921 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Unique Home Collection Alwilds— b"&terC.MerFREE Productive EverbT5pL,, $ .25 Sugar S.rawberry ^ ^ 4g Peerless Everbearin«15p,„,. .75 "New Race" StI Duluth E«rbe"in« Lucky -|- Everbe 15 Plants jwberry 15 Plants 15 Plants iring 15 Plants 1.75 5.00 Unique ALL PREPA n$9.10 Evergreen Plantation NEW MEADOWS, IDAHO OUR TREES Carefully Grown Carefully Selected Carefully Packed Will give satisfaction to the planter Salem Nursery Company 428 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon Additional Salesmen Wanted Yakima and Columbia River Nursery Co. Growers of Choice FRUIT TREES SMALL FRUITS and ORNAMENTALS Yakima, Washington "Yakima Grown' is the best guarantee. This is to announce that 1 have resigned my position as President and Salesmanager of a Nursery Com- pany, which position I have filled for over sixteen years, and I am now doing business under the firm name of E. A. Bennett Nursery Company with a full line of fruit, nut, and or- namental trees and shrubbery. 1 am now soliciting the patronage of the public. Assuring square deal- ing, first class stock at correct prices I am in need of a salesman in every nook and corner of the Northwest. E. A. BENNETT BETTER FRUIT'S BIG FAMILY OFFER! OJTTTF1* BETTER FRUIT for one year] ALL FO(JR ^ ^ V-/1 1 XvXX Western Farmer, for one year I mm r\ J^ Good Stories, for one year u)«»7U The Household, for one year J You Get All Five Publications by Returning This Coupon and $2.70 This offer expires in 30 days. Order now and make this big saving '.! M Ik FRUIT, Portland, Ore. Gentlemen: I am returning this Coupon with $ for which I am to receive ' Ml. as listed hereon. My Name is Town Street or R. F. D. State Oregon Nursery Company ORENCO, OREGON Since 1867 Growers of DEPENDABLE TREES Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Berries, Roses, etc. Large Illustrated Catalog sent on request. Capital City Nursery Company SALEM OREGON Will supply you with first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS, ROSES Send for catalog Fruit For the Garden FOR home use red raspberries pro- duce the best results when grown in hills and tied to stakes. Cultivated in this way they are easily kept within hounds and the grass and weeds are kept under control. The best way is to set three plants in a hill four or five feet apart. The object of setting three plants instead of one is to secure a good growth of canes and a crop of fruit the second year. Stakes one and one-half to two inches in diameter and five to six feet apart are set in the center of each hill early in the spring and the canes are tied to these with a heavy cord near the top. The ends of the canes may be shortened a little or Ctrl off just above the stake. To produce plenty of fruit for home use live or six canes are enough for each hill. WHEN WRIT1M. ADVERTISERS MENTION RFTTER FRUIT May, 1921 Our Bulletin Service CO-OPERATION of banks of the Pacific Northwest in assisting grow- ers of this section to recoup losses of last year by taking advantage of frost damage in the eastern states is urged in a current Better Fruit Bulletin issued by this magazine and sent to every banker in the Northwest. It pointed out that a bumper crop was expected in this region because of ideal weather condi- tions and last year's short crop while the heavy eastern crops of fruit last year combined writh frost damage this season meant an undoubted shortage there. Harvesting costs being materially lower than last year should mean good, profitable prices for fruit on the At- lantic seaboard and abroad, asserted the bulletin, which called attention to the vital necessity of keeping up the nec- essary activities which alone can make certain a clean marketable crop. Letting down the bars means disaster, contend- ed the bulletin, which held that the bankers' assistance in restoring confi- dence of fruit growers who have lost heart is invaluable at this time. The Better Fruit Bulletin Service is part of the magazine's policy to back up the fruit industry of the Pacific Northwest. BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Good Stationery Dignifies Your Business! THE business farmer or fruit grower needs high-class station- ery and envelopes. We create the kind of stationery which is a credit to Hie business which it rep- resents. We are also the builders of effective advertising literature of all forms — booklets, folders, mailing cards or anything else you need to help you sell your product. Write for full infc The Arcady Company 12th and JEFFERSON STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON Let Gravity Move Your Fruit! A Standard Combination System for the indoor transportation of your fruit in the course of receiving, packing, boxing and shipping. Wherever — Whatever your handling problems are, there is a Stan- dard Service within immediate reach. Get in communication with our nearest sales office and have them become your conveying-efficiency assistant in planning with you a Standard System to meet your specific needs. Standard Conveyor Company Formerly Minnesota Manufacturers' Association NORTH ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA Write for catalog for the fruit-packer WESTERN SALES OFFICES Denver. Colo. 535 First National Bank Bldg. Los Angeles.Cal. .617 I. N. Van Nuys Bldg Portland. Oregon 701 Gasco Bldg Salt Lake City. Utah Dooly Bldg San Diego. Cal 6th and Ma " San Francisco, Cal 417 Market St Seattle. Wash Lumber Exchange Bldg Spokane, Wash Paulson Bldg Tacoma. Wash 501-2 Provident Bldg Butte, Mont 431 Rialto Bldg Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER WHEN WRITING \m t.HTISI.RS MI.MIoN 111 1 Tl II I HI II Page u BETTER FRUIT D ~C rT"' T"1 "C1 "D T-7 T5 T T T T an(^ should result in a short time in stimulating every effort toward a gen- Published^Monthly ^j betterment of conditionS. Better Fruit Publishing Company 406 Lumber Exchange Building Portland. Oregon Shipping by Water W. H. WALTON Editor „^IT^ „ jerrold owen Associate Editor A LTHOUGH recent statements C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager /» EDWIN c. WILLIAMS Il made by authorities in the railroad San Francisco Representative, Hobart Bldg. ■ ■ world to the effect that freight rates STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS . , , j . __ ____ " ^ t V ti . ,. . should come down as greater economy OREGON — C. I. Lewis. Horticulturist. & \vashingtc>\ D, \ i.. Meiander, Ento. \n t]10 operation of the roads develop mologist; O. M. Morris. Horticulturist, Pull- ' . r man. are encouraging to the fruitgrower who COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- . , . ,. , . ., mologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State must Ship his product acrOSS the COn- Agricultural College, Fort Collins. , , n , . . ., ARIZONA— F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. tinent to find a market, the success in MONTANA— H. Thornber, Victor. , . „ .. , . , , , CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth. Entomolo- shipping fruit by water through the gist. Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist. r, _ /-* i • i Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist! Panama Canal is much more encourag- indiana-h. s. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. ing- I* is more encouraging because ; ~ ■ ; ; this mode of transportation at a reduced All Communications should be addressed and * Remittances made payable to rate can be taken advantage of in the BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY ., ., . .. . Subscription Price: near, rather than in the remote future, In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. {■_ f,uj4. shinments to the Atlantic spa- Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, lor Irul[ *>"'pmenr.S to tne Atlantic Sea payable in American exchange. hoar(J and for export Advertising Rates on Application. r == And this is what the Pacific North- Financing the Grower west fruitSrower needs, and needs now T,,___ . . .i . -ii — a relief from transcontinental freight HERE is one point that will great- e rates that are so high that Eastern ly help in making the coming sea- , . , ' , „ . . , apple growers during the past season son in the Northwest fruit industry sue- , , , , . , were able to self a barrel of apples at a cessful and that is for bankers and other , *, , , ... profit for what it cost the Northwest financial agencies to lend their utmost grower to produce and ship. v\ hile it is assistance to the grower. As in many , , , , , „ , ., quite probable that the two steamship other lines of business at the present r ' . , . . , fines that have announced that they will time the fruitgrower needs financial as- ... , , . . .. handle large shipments of apples sistance and it is only by receiving it , , , ,, through the canal this year will do so that he can produce the maximum re- * „ . ,, . . . ,. largely for export, still the establish- sults in the way of producing the great- • , . , . , , » ■.. .. . ment of these water routes from the est volume of high-grade fruit. Jt is ., , , , ,, i . .. Pacific Northwest is the opening: wedge necessary that he be enabled to continue ° ° ,. , , , . that must lead to coast to coast ship- to practice the best methods in crop r ... , ., , . . , ,, , ments. At any rate the handling of a production, despite the fact that uncer- , , „ . . . , . , . , large volume of the export box apple tainty and unrest are reported to be ° rr ,, . , , . trade from the Northwest at a reduced causing the grower to take a somewhat .... . ... .... rate by steamship lines will be a big pessimistic view of the situation. ,» factor in making it possible for many With reports of greatly reduced crops ,. .. . , ' r growers to sell their product on a mar- owing to' frost damage, in most of the . P ~. ° s ' gin of prom, fruit growing sections of the country, ... ,, . . ,., n .„ XT ., These all water routes, therefore, with the exception of the Pacific North- . .i ., , r -. , , should be supported by being given all west, the outlook for a profitable season rr • 8 e • ., , ,. . , , the tonnage that they can handle in in the latter region appears to be ex- ° J j. i j T?- • i -i order that the service may become as ceedingly good. Financial assistance, ' .if'.,,.., . , xtended as possible, therefore in helping the grower to take r advantage of producing and placing on the market one of the largest and best crops ever shipped out of the Northwest should not be lacking. The close co-operation of the financial institutions of the Northwest in this respect will inspire a confidence that the fruit growing industry greatly needs May, 1921 latest and most efficient ways of doing business or of engaging in some special industry, as well as to bring to the at- tention of the reader the particular article which the advertiser has to offer the public. In fact, the advertisement of today is a story — a sales story devoid of the extravagant and unreliable statements which so often characterized the mer- chant's or manufacturer's appeal for business through the printed page in the past. In its place we have as a rule a plain statement or sales argument from the advertiser in presenting his wares to the public. Along with this is the fact that local and national associa- tions of advertisers are just as anxious to see that nothing but advertising that bears the stamp of genuineness is placed before the public and they act as a safeguard against unscrupulous ad- vertisers. The advertising in Better Fruit em- bodies the best and most reliable that can be presented to its readers and we are satisfied that they will find its per- usal both interesting and profitable. Our Advertising WE BELIEVE that the advertising in Better Fruit should be just as interesting to our readers as the articles and news matter. Mlodern advertising is educative. It is written nowadays to keep the reading public posted on the The Outlook THE INCREASE in freight rates. high production costs, a general curtailment in buying and the deflation program all had their influence in making the past season for deciduous fruits in the Northwest from being as profitable as preceding seasons. Indications now are that the coming season should be much more favorable. So far weather conditions have been admirable in the Pacific Northwest for a good crop of all fruits, while produc- ing costs along most lines show a ten- dency to come down. The outlook for improved business conditions in the near future are promising as well as the probability of a widening of the export trade for all American fruits. Co-operative and other agencies for handling the Northwest fruit crop are getting in line on a much more settled basis than seemed possible a few weeks ago, so that expectations now lead to the belief that the coming year should show a successful outcome for the fruit industry generally. May, 1921 Bits About Fruitmen and Fruit Growing THE REPORT that a new company is being organized to operate the eight large Rupert canneries in Oregon and Washington is welcome news to the fruitgrowers of the Northwest, who have found these institutions to provide an excel- lent market for their cannery products. The re- organization of the company is taking place under the direction of H. F. Davidson who was recently elected president of the Rupert company, and a committee of bankers and businessmen, with the assistance of the creditors who express them- selves as anxious to see the Rupert company again put on its feet. The canneries which will be turned over to the new company are located at Newberg. McMinnville, Falls City, Roseburg, Lebanon and BETTER FRUIT Page 15 "In Every Respect" says the Good Judge Or and North Puyallup, these plants ex- capacity of 750,- annually. Springbrook, Wash. The valuation pla ceeds $4011,000 and they 1 000 cases of fruit and vegetable AAA LATE investigation of the extent of the damage caused by the freeze in the early part of April to fruit in the middle west and east is to the effect that the loss runs into many millions. The loss was made much worse by the fact that tree fruits in all sections of the country were much further advanced than they have been in many years. Even the south did not escape, as the loss in the Cumberland-Potomac-Sh'enandoah fruit belt is variously estimated at $10,000,000 tn $15,000. 000. The huge loss to fruit in the east is causing fruit men in the Pacific Northwest to regard the coming season for the marketing of fruit from this region from an optimistic viewpoint. You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste lasjts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B CUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco rases art BE ipany.1107 Broadway, New York City e^ew who KNOW your truck engine Your truck engine was de- signed to stand up and give full service. It's an investment that must show returns. To give full service your truck engine must be correctly lubri- cated. Our Board of Lubrication En- gineers recommends the correct grade of Zerolene for the lubri- cation of your truck engine. These lubrication experts know your truck engine, know what it should do to give you afair return on your investment. Follow their recommendations as given in the Zerolene Correct Lubrication Chart. Ask for one. Use Zerolene for Correct Lubri- cation. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) QA gradejvr each type ofevpjnt vmrtsms MF.NTION HFTTFK FRUIT Page 16 Training Bush Fruit {Continued from page 4) young canes in place after they have reached that height. Picking is done mostly from one side. Where weaving is done on both upper wires, half of the canes of each hill are trained to one wire and half to the other. This plan gives greater spread between canes on the wires. Picking is done from each side. The weaving system is an easy and fast method of training the fruiting canes and when well done it is usually very satisfactory. Upright System THE upright system requires a simi- lar trellis, but the fruiting canes, in stead of being woven to the wire are left upright and tied with a heavy string. When in fruit, the upper part of the canes will bend down within reach of the pickers. The young canes growing upright are held between the upper wires during the picking season and are not easily injured. By this system training can also be done either on one or both upper wires. The fruiting canes may be removed from the field and burned just after harvesting or just before training the new canes to the trellis in the spring. Some growers, instead of trellising raspberries, prefer to cut off the tops of the fruiting canes at a height of about six feet. The berries produced are larger but not as early. The top- ping is best done just before the leaf growth starts in the spring. Loganberries CURL and fan system. Two com- mon methods of training logan- berries are to curl or spread the fruit- ing canes on two or three wires strung one above the other and stapled direct to posts 20 to 25 feet apart. Where two wires are used one is about 32 and the other 54 inches in height. The canes are raised on the wires and curled in a BETTER FRUIT more or less spiral form in both direc- tions or spread out fan-shape. Where there is considerable wind it is best to tie the canes near the tips to the wires so that there is no chance of loosening. The young or new canes are left on the ground and kept under the trellis during the growing season by bending heavy wires in the form of arches or by placing cross sticks every few feet along the row. Evergreen system. Another system quite similar to that for training ever- green blackberries is used by some of the best loganberry growers with excel- lent results. Evergreen Blackberries OVERHEAD system. A good sys- tem for training the evergreen is to place the fruiting canes on a trellis of two wires and cross slats supported by cross pieces nailed to the posts at a height of about four feet from the ground. The wires are usually strung about 20 inches apart. The cross slats are notched to fit the wires and are placed about two feet apart. The canes are usually serpentine fashion over and under alternate slats and are held firm- ly to the trellis. During the growing season the new canes are carried to a similar trellis about two feet above the fruiting canes. The cross pieces and slats on the trel- lis need not be quite so long nor the wires so far apart as on the trellis supporting fruiting canes. Both trellises are supported by 8- foot posts set between plants 16 or 18 feet apart and two feet deep. Nine-foot posts well braced are used for ends. The trellis supporting the fruiting canes is of number 12 wire and number 1 4 for the new canes. After the fruit is harvested or in early spring before the buds begin to swell the old canes are removed and burned and the new ones dropped to the lower trellis. A common method of training ever- May, 1921 Make Old Cars Look Like New Your own car can be dressed and reflnished in a few days ready for use — from the top to the tires — and when you overhaul the motor you need Gasket Shellac for tight gaskets. THE. GOODS AND WHERE TO USE THEM Mohair Top Dressing. Waterproofs leaking tops and at the same time dyes faded material a black uniform color. Leather Top Dressing. A black oil dressing that renews and softens leather and imitation leather tops. Lining Dye. Dyes stained and faded linings a black uniform color. Cushion Dressing. Brightens and renews leather and imitation leather upholstery. Ford Top Dressing. Brigthens. preserves and renews Ford top material. Lamp Enamels. (Gloss and Dull) Rich air drying enamels, cover solid witli one coat. Cylinder Enamels. (Black and Gray) Fine air drying gloss, heat, grease and gasoline re- sisting enamels. Black Japan. (Extra Fine) A fine air drying gloss enamel for all round use. Fender Japan. (Jet Black) A heavy bodied, rich gloss, air drying enamel for hoods and fenders. Liquid Wax. A hard drying wax polish In liquid form. Easy to apply and polish. Auto Body Polish. An oil polish to brighten and renew varnished sur- faces. Mlrrorold. A clear varnish for owner's use where the finish has lost its lustre. Battery Box Black. An acid resisting enamel for wood and metal. Rim Paint. A protective coating. Keeps rims from rusting and allows tire to be removed with ease. Touch-Up Black. A quick air drying gloss enamel tor all round use. Gasket Shellac. Goes in tack quickly. Makes a perfect seal oa all kinds of gaskets. Very Heavy Body. Carbon Remover. A liquid that removes carbon and gives the motor more power. Color Finishings. Air drying enamels for owners to paint their cars. Dry over night. In the 8 colors: Straw Color, Yellow, Gray. Red. Blue, Green. Black and White. Ask the Garage and Supply Dealer for catalogue and the goods. Complete directions on the back of each can tells how to use tbem. Sold in red lithographed cans. Hade only by THE COLUMBUS VARNISH CO. COLUMBUS, OHIO Ready for Use th< spray solution. . coating completely nate of Lead 6-200 No Spreader iALEW i iREGON Simply sti Spreado ' produces a uniforr \< cting the fruit. spreado" increases thi ad of the spray, especially desirable in rainy sections. Spreado" increases the wetting and covering power of the spray, more than paying for itself in the saving of spray materials, 5preado" does not in any way injure the foliage or fruit. Spreado" is highly recommended as a spreader by Professoi A. I.. Lovett, Oregon Agricul- tural Experiment Station. Write for prices and samples. Manufactured bv MILLER PRODUCTS COMPANY Sold by OREGON GROWERS' I'O-OI'KHATIVK ASSOCIATION WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Lead 6-200 "Spreado" GRANTS PASS, OREGON MEDFORD, ' >i EGO May, 1921 greens is l<> trellis the fruiting canes at about four feet in height and the new canes underneath about 18 inches from the ground. When training is done the new canes are raised to the upper trellis. BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Marketing Conference (Continued form page 5) districts to consolidate their marketing machinery. THE FAILURE of the North •*■ Pacific Fruit Distributors has been a monument which certain speculators have been prone to point out to growers of the Northwest. The details of the plan of this organization were made subservient to the desire to get 'tonnage. The large salaries that were paid to the bell wethers of the different growing districts and the little attention that was devoted to developing a marketing sys- tem, will surely not be repeated. The committee to be appointed by the American Farm Bureau Federation will include representatives of the Florida growers and of the California growers and of organized growers and authori- ties throughout the country. Its delib- erations will he concerning not how to get more tonnage, but rather how to get an economical distribution. There should be no personal attack upon individuals and private marketing interests that are not endevoring to mislead the growers. There should simply be an elimination as far as possible of unnecessary factors and a stabilization of prices paid for fruit and the profits realized thereunder. The national convention passed a resolution, however, warning the grow- ers not to tie np their tonnage with private marketing concerns under the impression that they are participating in the movement towards co-operative marketing by so doing. Box Shooks East Side Box Co. SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK Box Shooks Foot of Spokane Avenue Portland, Oregon • < \* IX ■ t < 3 s / - LABELS that reflect the quality of the goods they cover Schmidt Lithograph Co. SEATTLE EOS ANGELES FRESNO PORTLAND SACRAMENTO HONOLULU SAN FRANCISCO Renfrew Portable Scale If you sell ANYTHING you need a RENFREW Weigh your berries for the cannery before they leave your farm — it saves much time at point of delivery. Your spuds or cull apples for the cider mill all must be weighed. This fine weighing machine is a com- bination Scale and hand truck. You can wheel it to the object to be weighed and weigh it accurately on uneven ground. J. C. Robinson Co. 55 First St Portland, Ore rtF.TCTION BFTTER KRI'IT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT May, 1921 Twentieth Anniversary THE 1921 BLUE BOOK IS READY! — It Is the Best Ever The painstaking work of our 50,000 carefully selected local correspondents, I 3 experienced traveling field men, and 75 skilled office employes is well reflected in the up-to-the-minuteness and accuracy of our ratings. The 1921 Blue Book contains hundreds of new shipping towns, showing the shippers in those towns, as well as many new shippers, receivers, commission merchants, brokers, jobbers, etc. in old towns, with full ratings on all. The shipping indices, Law Digest, Trading Rules and Grades, Brokerage Rates, and other encyclopedic information has been brought up to date. The twenty years of ancient history accumulated in our files, coupled with the continuous re- vision of our ratings— OUR RATINGS ARE IN A CONSTANT STATE OF REVISION— make our ratings the safest guide in existence for the fruit and produce trade. Every credit man knows that antecendent information is one of the most vital fundamentals of credit, and hence, ratings. Authoritative antecedents can only be gathered at the time of happening. When gathered later they are hearsay and hence are not as dependable. During twenty years of endeavor we have carefully assembled and verified the history of the handlers of the perishable products of the farm and orchard, and our entire organization is busy the year round doing just this, keeping our Produce Reporter Members posted up-to-the-minute at all times. The "BLUE BOOK", while a vital part of Produce Reporter Service, is by no means all there is to it. Membership Service consists of: Blue Book Detailed Reports Inspections Arbitrations Credit Sheet Weekly Legal Advice Adjustments Railroad Claims Supplement Quarterly Business Advice Collections Exchange Bulletin Each one of the features is essential to your business and especially in this year — of low com- mercial morality — when many of those who were stable and reliable a few months ago are near the rocks and an unusual number of difficulties are arising daily. Great credit discrimination is essential NOW, so get the national authority — the well and reliably known Blue Book and at- tendant service. THE PRICE OF FULL MEMBERSHIP HAS BEEN $85 SINCE 1908 Produce Reporter Company Chicago, Illinois Los Angeles San Francisco Detroit Philadelphia 938-948 State-Lake Bldg. NewYork Boston Washington Baltimore Sacramento Yakima Cleveland VHF.N WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT May, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page in Oregon Growers' Association Notes PROSPECTS for a splendid crop of apples were never better in Western Oregon, according to reports received by the Oregon Growers' Co-opera- tive Association. And not only are there indica- tions of a fine crop, but sizes will probably be large. This favorable condition is due to the ex- cessive moisture of the past winter, which has added largely to the vitality of the trees, and also to the fact that many trees have recovered from the great freeze of December, 1919. With these favorable conditions and at the same time reports of damage in the middle western states, as well as along the Atlantic seaboard and into New Eng- land, and a complete failure of the Arkansas apple crop, the indications are that the box apple crop of the Northwest will be sold on a high market. AAA BERRY conditions are also favorable in West- ern Oregon. Due to the large amount of mois- ture of the past winter, loganberry vines are look- ing especially vigorous. There has been a heavy planting of loganberries this past season and with the increase of the past year, and a fairly fa- vorable market established, it is thought that in the Willamette valley alone the acreage will ap- proximate 10,000 within a few years. AAA NURSERYMEN report the planting of about 150 acres of filberts in the Willamette valley. C. I. Lewis of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association, says that Oregon and Washington can produce the finest filberts and walnuts in the world and that in these two states there are 10,- 000 acres adapted to filberts and walnut growing. AAA IN SOME parts of the Willamette valley there has been planting of the Montemorency cherry, which produces a crop in about five years. It is said that this cherry is favored by canners. AAA LEAF SPOT or anthracnose has done great damage to gooseberries the past few years and growers to combat this disease, are urged by Harry E. White, field representative of the Ore- gon Growers' Association, to spray carefully. The first indications of leaf spot, Mr. White says, are small black spots on the upperside of the leaf. Later on the leaf begins to turn yellow and will drop off by mid-summer. Spraying for this dis- ease of the- gooseberry leaf should not be delayed. The first should he an application of Bordeaux mixture using 5-5-50 strength. Then immediately after blooming period, the same of a 3-3-50 strength and after picking, again of 3-3-50 strength. After spraying the three times, if there is no indication of the disease, additional spraying is not necessary. But if there are signs of leaf spot, spraying should be continued every three or four weeks until fall. CANNERY NOTES rpHE business men of Rupert and Paul, Idaho, J- have under contemplation the erection of a $60,000 canning plant at the latter place. AAA THE California Peach and Fig Growers, who recently purchased a site two blocks long at Merced, will build the first unit of a packing house this season that will be 80 feet wide by 120 feet long. The building will be of partial concrete con- struction with concrete floors and the work of building it will be commenced in time to have the plant finished in time to handle this year's fig crop. AAA A PROCESS adopted by the Hood River Can -£*- ning Company for making strawberries avail- able for use in filling chocolates has resulted in this new confection being placed upon the market. Although many experiments have been made here- tofore by candymakers in attempts to make straw berries firm enough for this purpose they have met with failure. The entire berry is used and the demand for this new candy specialty has be- come so popular that it is expected that much of the high-grade fruit handled by the Hood River company will be processed for this purpose in future. The variety of berry being used is the Clark Seedling. AAA THE incorporation of the Falls City Canning Company with a capital stock of $50,000, to be located at Falls City, Oregon, was recently an- nounced. The incorporators are C. J. Pugh, J. A Griswold and W. H. Weaver. Make the "unseen" trees in your orchard produce Your apple orchard is able to produce much more than it does now. By using NITRATE OF SODA aa apple grower increased his crop at the rate of 100 bushels of apples. Write, now for facts showing how you can use the "invisible" trees that are on your lands. DR. WM. S. MYERS Los Angeles, Californie Chilean Nitrate Committee 231 Douglas Building •::.....: :.:.--\t ' :■. ■ ' ■*•-.?- ■.-. .''sr^jLilj I msr m* CAl DESIGNED LITHOGRAPHED PRINTED Musical Merchandise Write Us WE SAVE YOU MONEY! M. Martius Music House, Inc. 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington Everything Known in Music SHEET MUSIC Write Us Interplanting A S AN intcrplanted crop in cherry -^*- orchards, gooseberries and cur- rants may be left several years depend- ing on the growth of the orchard and the size of the bushes. In apple and pear orchards they may usually be left somewhat longer although the ground occupied should be restricted to one or two rows of bushes through the center of the space between the rows. Other- wise the bushes will interfere with the proper care and cultivation of the trees. As an interplanted crop in young or- chards, currants and gooseberries, if properly handled are a profitable crop and provide an income in a short time until the tree fruits come into bearing. Vage 20 BETTER FRUIT May, 1021 Spray the Seattle Spokane GMC Way Time is Money Why waste one-third of your time going to and from your filling station with your spray rig.? Your time is money. Save it by spraying the GMC way with a steady high pressure that will surprise you. Your investigation invited. ELDRIDGE^ ^£>ALES (0 Yakima Walla Walla GMC on a Truck Is Like U. S. A. on a Bond North Pacific Coast Line Joint Service of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company — Holland- America Line Fast Freight Service Between VANCOUVER, B. C— PUGET SOUND— COLUMBIA RIVER— SAN FRANCISCO— and LOS ANGELES HARBOR LONDON— LIVERPOOL— HULL— ROTTERDAM— AMSTERDAM- HAMBURG and HAVRE -ANTWERP— FROM PACIFIC COAST S. S. NOORDERDYK Loading End May S. S. EEMDYK Loading Middle June S. S. KINDERDYK Loading Middle July S. S. MOERDYK Loading Middle August FROM EUROPE S. S. EEMDYK Loading April S. S. KINDERDYK Loading May S. S. MOERDYK Load.ng June All Steamers Equipped with Large Coolrooms and Refrigerators for the Transportation of Fish, Fruit, Cheese and Other Perishable Cargo For freight rates and space apply: Oregon-Pacific Co., 203 Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Oregon— Main 4565 Line, 401 Market SAN FRANCISCO— Holland-Americ Street. Phone Carfield 2034. Sub-Agents — W. L. Comyn & Co., Street. Phone Sutter 6122. LOS ANGELES C. J. Lehman, 786 Pacific Electric Bldg. 310 California SEATTLE — The Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., 204-5 Rainier Bldg. Phone— Elliot 1021. Sub-Agents — A. M. Gillespie, Inc., Arctic Bldg., Seattle. Phone— Elliot 3526. ASTORIA — E. M. CHERRY. VANCOUVER — The Royal Mail Steam Packet Co., Pacific Bldg. Phone Seymour 7108. May, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 ntaloupes in reported to What They are Doing In California JOHN NAG I.E. manager of the California Fruit Exchange, predicts a shipment of 40,000 cars of fresh fruit out of the state in 1921. AAA OF the 3.066.S71 cases of the 1920 pack on hand January 20th last, the California Canners' League report a reduction of ovei 1,000,000 cases. AAA THE decrease in the acreage in c the Turlock district this year i b< about 1,000 acres less than last year. AAA A FREEZE which visited the state during the early part of April it is believed will involve a 50 per cent loss to capri or early figs. That {his loss will curtail the production of Calimyrna 5gS also is certain, according to J. F. Niswander, vice-president and general manager of the fig asso- ciation, on account of the fact that the Calimyrna fig is dependent upon the capri fig for polleniza- tion. AAA RESPONDING to the demand of farmers and orrhat -lists for more information on the qual- ity of the various dusting materials on the market, the division of chemistry of the California state de- partment of agriculture is now engaged in a special study of the matter. Manufacturers have been warned to exercise more care in labelling and to correct certain misleading statements which have been made in some instances. AAA ACCORDING to late reports a bumper pear crop is forecast for California this year. It is stated that the increase will probably be 45.000 tons over the 1920 production of 90,000 tons. The raisin crop of 192] is predicted to be 225,000 tons. AAA SACRAMENTO canneries started their season this year by putting up a large tonnage of spinnach. It is reported that the biggest pack in tlit history of the fruit and vegetable industry of the Sacramento valley is expected by cannery officials this year. To get a fine misty or fog-like spray with some life behind it from low-pow- ered spray rites, decrease the number of rods in use and the size of the openings in the discs of the spray nozzles. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1921 Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" jfe ONE thing that agrees withu all the family %, and that all the family agrees on Say tiGear-ar~delIy* tJKARPtLLl CO. Sv frmoKP GHIRARDELLI S The KIMBALL CULTIVATOR— and a Perfect Mulch! How to Use the Kimball to Keep Your Orchard in Perfect Condition The first thing in the spring, as soon as the ground is dry enough it should be well plowed or disced both ways, or diagonal if the trees are planted in that man- Ww" yi The rest of the season nothing is needed but the KIMBALL, which should be run over the ground at least twice each month during the summer, or as soon as the ground is dry enough after a hard rain or after irrigation. This will break up the crust and stop evaporation, for when the soil bakes and opens in cracks is the time of the greatest evaporation. The Dalles W. A. JOHNSTON, Mfg. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT M ore cu Itivation and le is irr igation will pi oduce better ruit, ,u d it w 11 keep ong- ei than where too in uch w ater is jsed. Oregon Page Sex of Strawberries STRAWBERRIES produce two types of flowers, imperfect, or pistillate and perfect, or staminate. Imperfect or pistillate flowers contain pistils, but not stamens, while perfect or staminate flowers contain both pistils and sta- mens. Pollen, which is produced in the stamens is essential to the setting of fruit. A variety with perfect flowers, therefore, can produce fruit when plented by itself, but one with imper- fect flowers can not set fruit unless perfect flowering plants are near to furnish pollen through the agency of bees or other insects. Because of this, varieties having imperfect flowers are not as desirable as those having perfect flowers, and fewer of them are grown. However, some of the sorts having im- perfect flowers or "imperfect varieties," as they are commonly called, are very productive and are liked in certain sections. Imperfect varieties also are injured less by the strawberry weevil than perfect sorts, since this insect feeds on pollen, and in regions where it is serious, imperfect sorts are often grown in relatively large proportions. However, they form less than 5 per cent of the total acreage devoted to strawberries in the United States and their planting appears to be decreasing. Where imperfect varieties are used the usual practice in planting is to set one row of a perfect variety for every two or three rows of imperfect ones. There are certain varieties of straw- berries that under ordinary conditions produce flowers having both stamens and pisiils, but frequently, under pe- culiar weather conditions, they produce so few stamens that they do not have sufficient pollen to' insure the setting of fruit. A variety producing an abund- ance of pollen should be planted with such varieties in the proportion that perfect varieties are usually planted with imperfect ones. AAA Northwest Fruit Notes From Here and There OREGON THE LARGEST prune deal of the season was announced during the early part of the past month when the Drager Fruit Company of Salem purchased 1 ,450,000 pounds of Italian prunes in Oregon and Washington for shipment to Germany. Of the quantity purchased 1,025,000 pounds were bought from the Oregon Growers* Co-operative iation, 300,000 pounds from the Washington Growers' Co-operative Association, and 125,000 pounds from the Dundee Prune Growers' Associa- ea were 70-80s, 80-90s, 90-100s, and 100-120s, and the dial is said to have cleaned up these size- in the Northwest. The purchase is believed to have constituted the largest single sin]' ment ever made in this section of the country. AAA STATISTICS recently compiled give the apple acreage in Western Oregon during the past season as follows: Benton county, 1,336 acres; 'lackama; county, 1,630 acres; Douglas county, .1,- BETTER FRUIT May, 1921 BUY FROM THE SPECIALIST We deal in Box Shook and Kindred Lines Exclusively Box Shooks - Car Strips Lath - Bracing Material Pine - Spruce - Hemlock - Fir SAWN OR ROTARY CUT for packing fruits, vegetables, etc. Delivered Prices quoted to any point in the U. S. Send your inquiries to the nearest office, as listed below Federal Box & Lumber Co. PORTLAND. OREGON 15 Park Row 4ew York City Central Savings Bank Bldg. Denver, Colo. 128 North Wells St. Chicago. 111. R. R. Ave. & "B" Yakima, Wash. 2X7 acres; Jackson county, 5,091 acres; Josephine county, 400 acres; Linn county, 225 acres; Ma- rion county, 2,417 acres; Polk county, 1.600 acres; Washington county, 1,500 acres; Yamhill county, 1,550 acres. According to this report Hood River county leads the state in apple acreage with 11,- 770 acres; Wasco county coming second with 5,- 660 acres and Jackson county third, with 5,091 AAA THAT the state of Washington is rapidly ex panding its loganberry industry, of which Ore- gon now has 85 per cent, is shown in the fact that there were shipped from Marion county. Ore gon, during the past winter 2,000,000 loganberry plants to be set largely in Northern Washington. On a basis of 660 plants to the acre this would mean that more than 3,000 acres of new plants would be in bearing in Washington in two years. Oregon is credited in recent reports with 5, SOU acres and ('. I. I. .-wis ,,( the Oregon Growers' dogs, ground hogs, nrrels, pocket goph- alfalfa. Experiment- approve, low tablets Ft. Dodge, Iowa Co-operative Association estimates that within a few years there will be 10.000 acres of logan- berries in bearing in Oregon. THE PRODUCERS' Canning \ 1'... ki pany, recently organized at Salem, has taken over the canning, packing and evaporating plant of the F. A. Kurtz Company and will operate it along cooperative lines. The plan is to have growers purchase stock in proportion to their acreage, which will entitle them to have their fruits processed and marketed, less the actual May, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 costs of these transactions and 5 per cent of tin- selling price. The company is capitalized for $125,- 000 and it is stated that more than $100,000 worth of the stock has been subs cribed. F. A. Kurtz will be manager of the A com A A jany. \ will last this moi REPORT fron the Hoc d River district is to the effect that be considerabl year received season will th. wages o ' reduced $100 per eceive fr orchard this year, month, it om $65 t abor there Help that is stated. > $75 per FROSTS damaged fruits in some sections of the state during the past month. Strawberries are reported to have been injured to some extent in the Eugene district, while stone fruits and pears were considerably damaged in the Medford section. AAA WITH 600 acres in strawberries this year Hood River is looking forward to a crop of 100,000 crates if the weather conditions continue favor able. Although a keen demand is anticipated for this season's crop, it is not expected that prices will rule as high as they did last year, when the record average price was received. AAA WASHINGTON ESTIMATES of the acreage planted to berries in the state of Washington compiled by the district horticultural inspectors of the state are as follows: Strawberries, 2.100 acres; raspberries, 1,900 acres; loganberries, 350 acres; blackberries, 675 acres. AAA ACCORDING to a check made in the early part of April by E. E. Samson, representative of the International Apple Shippers, there were 98.- 591 boxes of apples in common storage at Yakima at that time and 16.720 boxes in cold storage. To clean up the crop before the season for soft fruit shipments it was estimated that it would be neces- sary to ship out ISO carloads of apples weekly for two months. It is stated that this is a greater amount of apples unsold in the Yakima district at this time of year than in any previous season. AAA A REPORT from Prosser is to the effect that the apple cron there has been entirely dis posed of at satisfactory prices. This statement has caused considerable interest in Northwest apple shipping circles as the reverse has been the case in many of the districts. AAA TO DO a general fruit and produce business John H. Wilson. F. C. P.arthell ami John H Roberts have incorporated the Spokane Commis- sion Company with a capital stock of $15,000. Mr, Wilson is president of the company which has teased a warehouse. AT a meeting of the credito Fruit Company at Wenatchi failed, it was decided to ha1 the of the Bholke which recently affairs of the the stee . A report sub- of the company, a value of $1.- ount to $1,328.- o warehou of company administered by a t direction of a creditors' committ mitted bv C. \Y. White, secretar showed that the total assets hai 167,000 and that the liabilities a nnn Included in the assets are I Cashmere and Wenatchee, over 200 .Teres of bea ing orchard, which should vield 125,000 boxe apples this year and 450 carloads of apples unsold. in addition to accounts receivable of about $200. 000. The liabilities include $580,000 due to grow ers and $200,000 due to othej creditors. It was shown that nearly $1,200,000 had been paid out by the Bohlke Company to growers in the Wenatchee district before it became insolvent. AAA THE announcement is made that another large berry ranch has been started in Skagit county. The berry acreage is being planted by Charles C. Calahan near Burlington and consists of 33 acres The varieties being planted are strawberries, ever green blackberries, raspberries and loganberries. AAA REPORT from Prosser is to the effect that fruit bloom in that district was the earliest in years Judged by the bloom the crop is expected to be one of the heaviest ever harvested in that section. AAA A CLASS of eleven ex-service men enrolled in vocational training work at the Washington State College recently made a ten-day tour through the apple growing districts of the state to secure practical instruction in cold storage practice and A pipe's a pal packed with P. A.! Seven days out of every week you'll get real smoke joy and real smoke content- ment— if you'll get close-up to a jimmy pipe packed with cool, delightful, fra- grant Prince Albert! You can chum it with a pipe — and you will — once you know that Prince Albert is free from bite and parch! (Cut out by our exclusive patented process!) Why — every puff of P. A. makes you want two more ! You can't resist such delight ! And, you'll get the smokesurprise of your life when you roll up a cigarette with Prince Albert! Such enticing flavor you never did know! And, P. A. stays put because it's crimp cut — and it's a cinch to roll! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal glass humidor with sponge Fringe Albert national joy smoke Improves alkali soil, trans- forms potash and phosphor- ous into plant food. Prevents wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. 220 lbs. per acre has increased crops up to 600 pe Wt rcula and and 8, pric pies. DIAMOND "S" BRANE for Lime-Sulphur Solution ANCHOR BRAND for drs dusting. CARBON BISULPHIDE foi rodent control. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Our 1921 Annual Catalog la un-to-UKi« and telle all about the best SEEDS. PANTS & TREES IN- CUBATORS. FOODS and SUPPLIES. SPRAYS, PUMPS. FERTILIZERS. Etc A tellable truthful guide for Western buyers. Ask for Book No. RO'" * "'DGE SEED & FLORAL CO. 146 Second SU Portland, Or* WHEN WRITINC ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FBUIT Page ..'.', BETTER FRUIT orchard management. The class made the tour under the direction of II. Noel Bakke, member of the teaching staff of the elementary science de- partment. AAA IN the Zillah district, where there has been con- siderable new orchard plantings the varieties are chiefly confined to pears, peaches and prunes. The pears planted are almost entirely Bartletts. the peaches Elbertas and the prunes largely of the Standard and Italian variety with a sprinking of Tragedy. AAA AN experiment in the treatment of collar rot which will be watched with interest was re- cently conducted at Natches, Wash., by County Horticulturist C. W. Hauck. It consisted in scrap- ing the affected portions of the tree and applying a coating of Bordeaux paste, bridge grafting the roots still alive and the grafting of three young trees to the old above the diseased section by the inarching method. The experiment was made in the presence of 25 orchardists, many of whom have trees that are affected with this disease. AAA IDAHO ACCORDING to William Crapo, manager of the largest canning and packing plant in Northern Idaho, there will be a decrease in prices paid to growers in that section for fruit and vege- tables during the coming season. This is due, Mr. Crapo says, to the fact that many canneries were hard hit last year by the slump in foodstuffs and large losses prevailed throughout the West. AAA UNDER the direction of C. G. Andrus, horticul- tural inspector for Nez Perce county, a power spray machine was recently put into service by the authorities of the city of Lewiston, and an intensive campaign against diseased trees con- ducted. The step was taken to insure proper treatment of all trees or shrubs affected with scale as previous experience had demonstrated that hap- hazard methods were permitting the disease to spread. Spraying has been made compulsory, both in Lewiston and Clarkston and the municipal au- thorities have control of the operations. A Banking Service for the Horticulturist A complete banking service is offered you through our various de- partments. Our officers welcome the opportunity of ad- vising you how best to use these departments. Or a little booklet out- lining the functions of each department may be had from the tellers upon request. The First National Bank OF PORTLAND, OREGON NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good stand shipments. ck des. Well made. Q Is or less. Get our prices Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. May, r.m BEST SERVICE- QUALITY a PRICES PERFECTION IN iHffllffF)(taU. 23-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLDC PORTLAND, OREGON. E, Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY- AND CAN SHIP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, j 'APPL'ES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERRIES. The Success Ewing Orchard Ladder Scientific tests and calculations insuring MAXIMUM STRENGTH MINIMUM WEIGHT Clear, Bone-Dry Spruce 6 foot Ladder weighs 24 lbs. 8 foot Ladder weighs 27 lbs. I 0 foot Ladder weighs 3 1 lbs. 12 foot Ladder weighs 40 lbs. 14 foot Ladder weighs 44 lbs. 16 foot Ladder weighs 5 3 lbs. NO WOBBLE— ALWAYS STEADY Washington Representatives Wenatchee District Wells & Wade Yakima District A. B. Fosseen Co. Spokane District Mitchell, Lewis & Staver Co. Manufactured by Success Seed Grader Co. SPOKANE, WASHINGTON Manufacturers of ORCHARD SUPPLIES, FANNING MILLS, SEED GRADERS PEA AND BEAN THRESHERS, ETC. HI KIISKUS MENTION BETTER FBUIT DEALERS WRITE FOR PRICES, TERMS AND TERRITORY May, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 21 Our New Water Export Gateway By Charles A. Malboeuf NINETEEN hundred and twenty marked the inauguration of direct water service between Pacific Coast ports and Europe. As a starter some 300,000 boxes of Northwest and Cali- fornia apples were shipped to British and Holland markets by steamer under refrigeration, and reached their respec- tive destinations under record condi- tions that challenge admiration. The average time between loading and discharging ports was thirty days, and the amount of cooperage required at unloading ports did not exceed three boxes per one thousand. The condi- tion of the fruit on arrival, which was confirmed by subsequent inspection on the markets, was ideal. It did not suf- fer deterioration in the cold storage chambers of the vessel any more than it would have in the most efficient cold storage plant at shipping point. Service begets service to the same degree as results beget results. The man who originated that axiomatic ex- pression, while he perhaps did not say so aloud, or write it down for public benefit, evidently had the idea of effi- ciency tagged on to it in his own mind. It is certain that to have accomplished such results as the Holland-America line have displayed in their initial ef- forts, efficient management of the high- est order played a very important part. There has been a lot of talk about export markets and direct steamer service. Here it is already established and its first season finished in a fashion I think any one will agree surpasses our most earnest hope. Better still, we will have a second line of refrigerator vessels of the most up-to-date type, the Royal Mail Steam Packet line, to help move the 1921 crop. This service with that of the Holland-America, will give to Pacific Coast fruit districts, a total cold storage space of upwards of 500,- 000 boxes of apples. London, Liverpool, Antwerp, Amster- dam. Rotterdam, Havre, Hamburg and other European markets will be reached direct through this new element in transportation. Sailings will be every three weeks early in the shipping sea- son and during the heavy periods of movement, approximately every two weeks. Allowing three round trips per vessel, this service will provide a carrv- ing capacity for the combined fleets of around our and one-half million boxes of apples for the season. Granting that these schedules will be carried out. as we have every reason to believe they will, we can readily per- ceive the great possibilities now within mmitG amble wiih ese Fellows They always win! YOU are gambling with them if you use any insecticide but THE BEST. But if you spray with GRASSELLI GRADE you are SURE they are dead — 'dead as the proverbial door nail. Grasselli Grade Insecticides — Fungicides are a risk-proof investment. Backed by 8^ years of dominant reputation for unquestioned quality, for uniformity to formula and for scientific accuracy of preparation the Grasselli label is your protection against disappointment at harvest time. See that this label is on the sprav material you order. At conveniently located dealers in every fruit and farming community. The Grasselli Chemical Company, Cleveland Founded in 1839 IS You can reach a Traung; factory- trained label and car- ton expert foi never more than $i.So by phone v^ s> s^ >° You get the advantage of— dealing with a coast-wide in- iwith localUecC iiitu] esse* service ~SanFi ancisco ,N Rl-TTKR 1RI IT M *m .■Jtan*"**!?"'"**!' International 8-16 The Adaptable Farm Power ON sun-baked slopes, in rain- soaked valleys, on rolling up- lands and level plains — everywhere you will find International 8-16 Kerosene Tractors working effici- ently, converting cheap kerosene into valuable farm power. Plowing, disking, seeding, culti- vating orchards, haulingheavy loads on road and farm, pulling stumps, dragging roads, drawing mowers, hay loaders, grain harvesting ma- chines; threshing grain, baling hay, cutting ensilage, sawing wood — -on all heavy farm tasks where depend- able power is required either at the drawbar or belt pulley International 8-1 6 Kerosene Tractors are render- ing satisfactory, year-'round service. The International 8-16, because of its light weight, snug compact- ness, ease of control, generous reserve power above its rating for emergency pulls, three speeds for- ward, economical operation and generalfitness for diversified service, is highly popular with farmers in every branch of agriculture. Fifteen years of tractor building experience and over three-quarters of a century of general farm ma- chine success, backed by a broad- as-agriculture reputation for fair dealing, good quality and depend- able after-sale service — these fac- tors are your assurance of satisfac- tion when you buy an International 8-16 Kerosene Tractor. International Harvester Company OF AMERICA CHICAGO USA 92 Branch Houses in the United States [ N HON THE WORLD- OUR ORCHARD W?^ OUR ORCHARD N^ 5TEINWT Kelly I NEW YORK I . bNQUE5TIWl&>LY THE tl°jT InwDrairr fti(T?R IN THE DI5TRIBUTH1 *P THE^UNTRY'5 FaN^Y APPLET AND OTHER. FRUIT J OUR MARKET- THE WORLD VRITING ADVFHTISKRS MKNTloN HI IT! R I III IT Volume XV JUNE, 1921 Number 12 Use of Dust Spray in California Tractors in Orchard Work Relation of Bee Keep- ing to Fruit Growing The Value of Spray Spreaders Experiments in Cherry Breeding 20 Cents The Single Copy GEORGE AHRENDS ROSE Pink Erau Karl Druschki. One of the Famous Blossoms of the Pacific Northwest Which Help to Make the Orchard Home Garden a Riot of Color With Approach of Summer BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1 per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $2, Payable in American Exchange Big Power in Compact Form for Orchard Work Inch for inch of size and pound for pound of weight, the "Caterpillar" 5 -ton Orchard Tractor gives more pull at the drawbar than any other tractor. Look how low down, narrow and compact it is — nothing projects to catch limbs or knock off fruit. But the power is there for deep tillage. And then you can do more with this handy machine. It has three speeds — V/z, 3, 5% miles per hour. It turns short, pivoting on either track. That means work done quicker and better — money saved. Besides all of these special features the fact that it's a "Caterpillar" Tractor is assurance of long life, low upkeep and operating costs and dependable, trouble free performance. Get full information about the "Caterpillar" 5-ton Orchard Tractor now — see the Holt representative in your neighborhood or write us. The Holt Motor — sold separately Designed especially for the severe service required of "Caterpillar" Tractors, the Holt Motor performs dependably and economically, as a stationary engine. It is especially adapted to the operation of pump- ing plants and other farm work. It is valve-in-head type, 30-45-55-75 horsepower ratings. Let us send special circular describing the Holt Motor. The Holt Manufacturing Company Spokane, Washington Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois San Francisco, Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION HETTER FRUIT June, 1921 BETTER FRUIT \ OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coating for prepared roof- ing and metal roofs. Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubricating film under every pulling condition. Keeps the axle cool; no hot-boxes, no gumming. The MICA makes it bet- ter. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leather and keeps it soft and pli- able. Keeps harness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, un- der the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. to treat that roof The rains are over, the hot sun is out. Now is the time to put your shingle roofs in condition to give longer service. ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserves Shingles Use Oronite Shingle Oil — a high-quality preservative for all shingles, old or new— on roofs or on side walls. Oronite Shingle Oil penetrates the fibre of shingle wood and acts as a moisture-resisting pre- servative. It retards the evap- oration of natural oils in the wood— the cause of cracking and warping— and counteracts the effect of age and exposure. Last winter was one of the heaviest ever experienced on the Pacific Coast. Your roof took the brunt of all that heavy weather. Now is the time to examine that roof and put it in shape to withstand the rains of another winter. An application of Oronite Shingle Oil now may save the cost of repairs or an entire roof next season. Oronite Shingle Oil may be readily mixed with colors. Ask our nearest agent for formulas. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) \ORONITE means QUALITY^ WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 2 BETTER FRUIT June, 1921 A Cutler Fruit Grader For the Small Fruit Grower For Box Packing FILLS THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SMALL GROWER, who with the help of his family can pack out his crop. With a Cutler Grader you can handle your crop quicker and at the least cost of sorting, packing and handling. You do not have to depend on skilled packers. A Cutler Grader will soon pay for itself in the saving made in the handling of the crop. Eventually You Will Buy a Cutler Grader Why Not Now? Fill out the coupon below and mail to us today. You may regret not doing so. Cutler Manufacturing Co. 353 East Tenth Street, Portland, Oregon Please send me descriptive circulars and prices of the equipment as indicated below. Check the equipment you are interested in. Off grade return belt attachment Cull Separation attachment Grader Box Press Grip Trucks Crop expected in 1921 " Name Address Box Presses See the Cutler Press before buying. We have the best press on the market today Write Today for Catalog and Prices Cutler Manufacturing Company 353 East Tenth Street Portland, Oregon WHEN WRITING A1H Kill ISERS MENTION HETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT Pioneer Horticultural Journal of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 Volume XV Portland, Oregon, June, 192 1 Number 12 Use of Dust Sprays in California By W. L. Howard, Professor of Pomology, University of California. In Charge Deciduous Fruit Station, Mountain View, California DUST sprays, used both as fungi- cides and insecticides, have been in general use in California for many years. Dry sulphur has always been the standard remedy against mil- dew in grapes, and since the vineyard business in California has always been one of our most important agricultural industries, enormous quantities of sul- phur have been used in dusting the vines. In no other instance, however, has a dry spray proved of practical importance in California as a fungicide. There has never been any serious effort to use dTy sprays against diseases of tree fruits, except possibly to employ dry sulphur against the mildew in apples, and this was always a failure. Wet sprays, it may then be said, are now almost exclusively employed for con- trolling diseases. In striking contrast with disease con- trol, splendid success has attended the use of dry sprays against certain in- sects. One of the first marked success- es in this direction "was the use of sul- phur dust against red spider on almond, peach and prune trees. The dust is ap- plied, usually by means of a hand dust- ing outfit, after the insects appear in midsummer. It is believed that the kill- ing principle of the spray depends upon the slow volitalization of the sulphur under the heat of the sun, and that it is these slowly liberated fumes that kill the mites. During the past year or two, another long step has been taken in the use of dust sprays by the discovery of a new insecticide which can be used as a dry spray. The new dusting material con- sists of a carrier made of kaolin clay, which easily reduces to an almost im- palpable powder, to which is added specific quantities of nicotine sulphate (Black Leaf 40). This material, the or- iginal brand of which is known as nico- dust, is now available in different strengths, namely twe per cent, five per cent and ten per cent. This spray- ing material was designed by Prof. R. E. Smith, head of the Division of Plant Pathology of the College of Agriculture of the University of California, as a remedy against leaf aphis of walnuts. It had never before been possible to control this insect on walnut trees, mainly for the reason that the trees were too large to be successfully sprayed wTith liquids. It often required hours to spray a single tree properly with a liquid, and then the results were Prof. E. O. Essig has secured some splendid results during the present sea- son in the control of the rosy apple aphis by dusting with what is known as the double nicodust, which contains 5.9 per cent of nicotine sulphate. This corresponds very closely to the so-called ten per cent nicodust of last year. The dust seems to penetrate the clumps of Applying Nicodust in the Orchard far from satisfactory. The job may now to be done with two per cent nico- dust in a few minutes, and obtains a very satisfactory slaughter of the in- sects. During the season of 1920 the De- ciduous Fruit Station of the University of California found that a five per cent nicodust could be very successfully used in controlling thrips on prunes and pears, as well as on nursery stock. Ow- ing to the fact that nicodust kills by the rather rapid liberation of the nicotine fumes, it is necessary to apply the ma- terial to the trees during the warm part of the day, under California conditions, as the nights and early mornings throughout the spring and most of the summer are apt to be very cool. leaves that have been curled by the work of the aphis much better than liquid sprays, and the kill of the insects has been very gratifying. The same dust seems to penetrate the clumbs of the mealy plum plant louse, with very promising results, even after the leaves have been badly curled. Strange enough, the nicotine dust has not been a success against the red spider. This may possibly be due to the fact that the fumes are liberated too rapidly. Apparently after about three hours all of the nicotine vapors have become completely dissipated, whereas sulphur fumes are liberated more grad- ually and continue for days. Arsenical sprays in dust form, as well as certain fungicidal sprays, are Page 4 now in general use in California, but all these are reduced to a liquid for spraying purposes. Dry arsenate of lead is now in almost universal use, and a dry form of lime-sulphur is rapidly supplanting the customary liquid lime- sulphur in the principal fruit districts. Dry Bordeaux, which is added to water, is now similiarly being used by those who prefer Bordeaux to lime-sulphur or require it for certain purposes. The dry lime sulphur is mixed with water for spraying. Beginning with the season of 1921, the Deciduous Fruit Station has been making extensive tests of dust sprays against brown rot. Judging from the results secured by peach growers on the Atlantic coast, first-class control by dusting is scarcely to be expected. How- ever, if the apricot growers, for ex- ample, are prevented from spraying with liquids at the proper time on ac- count of rains or wet soil, they would be content with a lower degree of con- trol if this could be obtained by some other means, as by the use of a dust. The advantage of the dust will lie in the ability of the grower to get on the land with a lighter spraying outfit and be able to spray his trees much more quickly. Dusting outfits, as used against thrips in prune orchards for ex- ample, are able to cover from four to thirty-five or forty acres a day, de- pending upon whether a hand outfit or a gasoline power outfit is used. Arsenate of lead as a dust has never been used, except in a very small way against such insects as the codling moth, and where it was employed it was not an unqualified success. The future de- velopment of dry sprays as insecticides seems to lie in the direction of those that give off fumes rather than in the use of arsenicals. What the future holds for dust as fungicides is problematical. Probably they will always be of only secondary value for the purpose, but even so they would have a place in the fruit grower's program and might be expected to be highly valued under the special conditions under which they are employed. Dusting Costs TN FIGURING the relative cost of -*- dusting and spraying, Prof. H. H. Wihetzel, plant pathologist of Cornell University, says that the time and labor saved in dusting may more than offset the relatively high cost of dusting ma- terial and that, if the factor of valuable time saved for other work be added dust- ing will have to be regarded as much the cheaper orchard practice. "Why have fruit growers everywhere looked with such hope and favor upon this new method of applying fungicides BETTER FRUIT and insecticides?" asks Prof Whetzel in a paper presented before the New York State Horticultural Society. "Not primarily because you have seen in it a more effective means of controlling diseases and insect pests, but because you have discerned in it at once certain efficiencies and advantages over the ap- plication of fungicides and insecticides in liquid form. "No intelligent and practical grower or expert would argue as yet that dry materials as such are more effective than liquid sprays. That their success- ful application in dry forms assures certain distinct advantages of decided economic value everyone has appreciated and acknowledged from the beginning; greater rapidity of operation and con- sequent saving of valuable time and expensive labor; more timely applica- tion and thereby more uniformly effec- tive control ; elimination of the undesir- able waterhaul and its attendant diffi- culties, all these have been acknowl- edged without question or debate." In a questionnaire sent out by Prof. Whetzel, the following results were shown : "Did you dust your apples this past season? Yes 73. "Did dusting control scab as well or better than spraying? Yes 49, No. 9. (Three were in doubt, twelve did not answer.) "Did dusting control codling moth as well or better than spraying? Yes 51, No 6. (Two were in doubt, 14 did not answer.) "Will you dust apples next season ? Yes 68, No. 4. (One is in doubt.) "Evidently apple dusting still looks good to about 95 per cent of the duster owners in this state. "Recently I visited the Annapolis Valley, the great apple growing section of Nova Scotia. Picking of Graven- steins and some other early varieties was just beginning so that I had an excellent opportunity to see the fruit on the trees in its finished conditions. I visited many of the commercial or- chards throughout the valley. Some 50 dusters were in use in this region. Every dusted orchard visited showed practic- ally as good or better control of scab and insects than did the sprayed or- chards. In a season said to have been the worst scab year since 1913 with un- sprayed Gravensteins running approx- imately 100 per cent scabby, actual counts made by Professor Sanders in the orchard of C. M. Roscoe, dusted but three times, showed 91 per cent abso- lutely scab free fruits as against 97.5 per cent scabby on undusted check trees of the same variety in the same orchard. I found every dust user I met not only satisfied but enthusiastic over dusting. It was the consensus of opinion among June, 1921 growers, investigators and fruit inspec- tors with whom I talked that dusting would very rapidly replace spraying throughout the valley. "Considering the question then of the efficiency of dusting for scab and worm control on apples, on the basis of, first, experimental evidence and sec- ond, the opinion of the growers who dusted the past season, one is forced to the conclusion that dusting wins. "In spite of the fact that the evi- dence at hand clearly proves dusting to be quite as effective as spraying for the control of scab and worms, I am well aware that its general adoption as a substitute for spraying largely de- pends upon the solution of certain ac- cessory problems. The most important of these is an effective contact dust, a dust that will kill sucking insects like the aphis, red bug, psylla and the like. The problem clearly lies within the en- tomological field but it cannot be di- vorced from the problem of scab con- trol." Refrigerator Ships APPLE growers of Oregon and -^*- Washington will be asked to co- operate with the citrus growers of Cali- fornia in utilizing the Panama canal and the new refrigerator ships now be- ing developed for shipments direct to Europe through the canal. Shipping agents are arranging for many thous- ands of carloads of citrus fruits and northwestern apples to be handled in this manner. The steamer Charles H. Cramp has been converted into a floating labora- tory, plying between the Pacific Coast and the eastern seaboard through the canal, to determine the best conditions for the handling of citrus fruits and apples. Cargo space has been divided into compartments in which different conditions can be produced and con- trolled. In the tests it will be made pos- sible to make records under variable transit conditions. Factors to be studied include the temperature, ventilation and humidity both individually and in com- bination. On the first shipment of northwestern apples a 40 degree refrigeration will be experimented with. This test may be made in June. "JT IS not realized generally that farm- ers and fruit-growers own and oper- ate fully fifty per cent of the automo- biles and trucks in this country, the total of which now exceeds 9,000,000. They wore out half at least of the 24,- 000,000 tires used last year and will buy their share of the 27,000,000 tires required this year to keep the cars run- ning. June, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 5 Tractors In Demand For Orchard Work By J. W. Ray FROM the peach orchards of New Jersey, the apple orchards of Ore- gon, the citrus groves of Florida, the cherry orchards of Wisconsin, the pear and prune orchards of Washington, and the walnut groves of California comes indisputable evidence of the fact that tractors are replacing horses in or- that the tractor increased the crop on fourteen acres to the extent of $5000 in one year, because of the deeper cul- tivation permitted. 2. Horses are too slow to get the work done at the proper time. The speed of the tractor, coupled with its ability to draw large implements, The Small Crawler Tractor, Because of its Compactness and its Smooth Exterior, Handles Implements Right Up to the Bases of the Trees. chard work. In fact there is no other class of farming in which the tractor is so nearly universally used or in which it so completely displaces horses. The reasons for this can be most clearly understood by pointing out in some detail the advantages of the trac- tor over horses, as outlined in reports from tractor salesmen in these differ- ent sections, and in letters from prac- tical orchardists throughout the country. 1. Horses are not powerful enough to draw implements suited to the best orchard culture. If more horses arc used the outfit becomes unwieldly and impossible to handle around trees. The ample power provided by the tractor permits a much better quality of cultivation. Better plowing is done, particularly where there is a heavy growth of cover crop to turn under, or where it is desired to plow close up to the base of the trees. Disc harrows can be weighted and set to secure the depth and pulverization demanded for good work, particularly where it is de- sired to disc under a cover crop instead of plowing it. Spring tooth harrows may be set deep to tear up the soil. Subsoilers can be used to break up the hard pan formed by the plow sole. A California walnut grower claims remedies this very vital factor. Often- times this makes cultivation possible where otherwise it could not be done at all, and makes the difference between a good crop and a very poor one. Get- ting spring cultivation done early and quickly is a big item in the citrus groves of California. ments close enough to the trunks of the trees to do most of the work formerly done by hand. 4. Horses cause considerable dam- age to trees, both by brushing against limbs, and by scraping the traces and single-trees against the trunks of the trees. Tractors, if of the proper type, get in under the low hanging limbs without injury to the fruit spurs, and, because of their narrowness, can put the imple- ments close to the trunks without dan- ger of themselves coming in contact with the tree. 5. Horses require feed the year 'round. Since orchard culture requires power only about five or six months of the year in most sections, there is a long idle period during which horses produce nothing, yet have to be fed and cared for. Commercial orchardists grow very little horse feed. Grain must be bought. This makes expenses high. The tractor is, of course, free from this objection. When not in use it can be stored away in a small shed and forgot- ten. 6. Horses suffer greatly from the heat when working at cultivation dur- ing the summer months. This is par- ticularly true in level orchards where the trees are of bearing age. An Illinois apple grower claims that his tractor paid for itself the first year because it made possible cultivation dur- ing the hot month of July. 7. Horses have severe limitations when it comes to operating the spraying outfit. 3. Horses are large and teams are unwieldly around trees. The tractor, especially one of the small crawler type, is much more easily handled around, under and close to the trees, making it possible to get imple- Aniong Small Orchardists Tractors make possible the spraying of hundreds of additional trees every day. This is because a larger sprayer may be drawn, and because more speed can be made in traveling to and from the {Continued on page 16) Page 6 BETTER FRUIT June, 1921 Relation Of Bee Keeping To Fruit Growing By Dr. A. L. Melander, Entomologist, State College of Washington THIS paper will deal with two as- pects of the problem suggested by the title: first, the necessity of having bees in the orchard if the trees are to produce their maximum fruit yields; second, the necessity of chang- ing spraying methods if bee keepers are to remain in the orchard districts. Bees have long been known to be of value in pollinating plants, but, just how far fruit trees are dependent on bees is not so thoroughly known to the general fruit grower. A number of carefully conducted experiments have been recorded in various bulletins and reports from which the following cita- tions have been gleaned. Different varieties of fruit are either self-sterile, partially self-fertile or else entirely self-fertile. In the first in- stance, bees or other agencies for the transfer of the pollen grain are an abso- lute essential if the fruit is to' set at all. In the second instance, where flow- ers are only partially self-fertile, a full crop of fruit would not result if all in- sects or other agencies for the transfer of the pollen were eliminated. In the third instance, of complete self-fertility, there are abundant records to show that crossing produces better fruit. Hence, in every case the fruit grower will profit by having bees in his orchard. In no case are bees detrimental. Among the varieties of apples that are known to be self-sterile are the Ar- kansas Black, Gravenstein, Gano, Jona- than, King, Mammoth Black Twig, Mis- souri Pippin, Rome Beauty, Rhode Island Greening, Transcendent Crab, Wealthy, Winesap, Yellow Bellflower and York Imperial. Among those only partially self- fertile are included the Ben Davis, Spit- zenburg, Wagner and Yellow Trans- parent. Among those that are self-fertile are the Baldwin, Grimes Golden, Dutchess of Oldenburg and Yellow Newtown. Experiments conducted by the Ore- gon Experiment Station have shown that while the Spitzenburg is regarded as partially self-fertile, it produces only three per tent of fruit when self-polli- nated, but when receiving pollen from the Arkansas Black it will set 70 per cent of its fruit. Similarly pollen from the Ortley, Jonathan, Baldwin or Red Cheek Pippin produces a heavy set on Spitzenburg while pollen from the Yel- low Newtown produces only about 40 per cent set. Such experiments are the result of hand pollination, but are indi- cative of what would happen when bees visit from flower to flower. Other varieties of fruit show a simi- lar variation as to fertility. Most pears require cross pollination since they are only partially, if at all, capable of setting fruit when self- fertilized. The California Experiment Station has demonstrated that plums and prunes will present a vastly heavier crop when cross-pollinated, both being more or les3 self-sterile. Of the cherries, the Royal Ann, Bing, Black Tartarian, Lambert and Black Republican are self-sterile. Thirteen varieties of almonds experimented with at the California Experiment Station were wholly self-sterile. Peaches have also been deomnstrated to be almost en- tirely dependent on the visits of bees if a good crop is to ensue. Of the smaller fruits, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, cranberries, etc., are all abundantly visited by bees and the amount of fruit that would set is entirely proportional to the number of visits. THE question of the distribution of pollen by wind has been settled at the Oregon Experiment Station by fast- ening slips of vaselined glass in and near apple trees. So few pollen grains were caught on the sticky glass as to prove conclusively that wind is not at all an agency in carrying across apple pollen grains from one flower to an- other. It has been proved that if blossoms do not receive pollen grains they fail to set. This io the main explanation for the familiar "June drop." It requires one pollen grain for each seed, five pollen grains must therefore, fall upon and enter each apple flower, while the strawberry or raspberry would require many more grains. When a pollen grain falls on the sticky stigma, the female part of the fiower, it starts to grow down a tube carrying the sperm cells into the inner- most parts of the blossom. The union of a sperm cell with an egg cell starts the growth of the seed. Unless all seeds are started, the fruit becomes mis- shapen in its growth, if it does not drop entirely from the tree. Hence a complete pollenation with healthy viable pol- len is the first requisite in the setting of a fruit crop. As shown some varieties of pollen srcm to be better adapted than others in insuring a complete fer- tilization. Even in case of self-fertile varieties, pollen from other blossoms or better from other trees, or perhaps bet- ter still from other varieties, is needed for best results. It is interesting to note that con- trary to popular opinion pollen grains do not affect the color of the apple. A Spitzenburg pollenated by an Arkansas Black is no darker than if pollenated by a Yellow Newtown, bu many more ap- ples would set from the Arkansas Balck pollen than if the pollen were obtained from a Yellow Newtown tree. The for- mer pollen is more effective, more like- ly to' start the complete production of seeds, hence the result is larger and better formed apples even though the color is not affected. Mlany millions of years ago the first flowers came into existence and also the first bees. Since that time, these two developments of nature have worked up an inter-dependence so that the midifi- cations of flowers as we now know them have been developed through the agency of bees. In a corresponding way the bees have become modified in their body parts, as an adaptation to floral struc- ture. FLOWERS develop showy petals to attract the bees. Nectar is produced at the bottom of the floral parts to force the bee to dip down as far as pos- sible in securing it. Pollen is produced in over-abundance as a delicious food for the bees. Bees in their turn have developed a long tongue for lapping up the nectar, a crop for storing it for the flight home, a body covered with re- markable pronged hairs for collecting the pollen and adaptations on the legs, the pollen baskets, for scraping together and transporting the pollen load. In the visits to flowers, bees come in contact with the pollen — the little grains covering their body are then rubbed on the sticky stipma often as a result of a remarkable arrangement in the forma- tion of the flower parts. After polle- nation, the stickiness of the stigma dries up so that the flower is receptive only for a few days, usually at the beginning of the blossoming period. As a further result of pollenation. the nectar ceases to be produced and the petals drop quickly. The flower is no longer at- tractive to bees. Some trees have a tendency to over- set fruit, requiring costly thinning in commercial orchard practice, might be rendered less prolific if bees are with- held or if sprayed with some corrosive spray that would destroy the stigmatic surface. The only drawback to such a recommendation is that if carried out one would not be sure of a setting of fruit at all. Most fruit men would pre- fer to thin a super-abundance of fruit June, 1921 than to run the risk of getting no setting. At the beginning of the fruit blossom season an orchard should be humming with bees. In fact, by actual observa- tion in normal orchards the honey-bee has been found to outnumber all other visitors of flowers a hundred to one. Other insects may be present, as for example, a few bumblebees, some wild bees-, a few butterflies and several spe- cies of flies, but all of these combined would hava little effect in cross-polle- nation if the honey-bee were excluded. Where actual tests have been made where either branches or whole trees have been inclosed in netting so as to exclude bees, it has repeatedly been found that the fruit crop suffers. Many practical orchard men hire bees for the blossoming period, the usual price to bee keepers being $5 per colony. Keep- ing a small apiary in the orchard will bring returns many times greater than the cost of the colonies. Everyone has noticed how fruiting has been interfered with by bad weather at blossoming time. When bees are not flying, the trees hold out the inducement of their blossoms a longer time, but if cross - pollenation is not forthcoming a heavy June drop may be expected. This is an important factor in growing prunes, berries and other fruit, especially in western Washington. In this mutual arrangement of give and take the fact must not be lost sight of that it is the fruit grower who prof- its most. The bees insure a crop of fruit. Due to their activity the crop is increased, perhaps by ten per cent, per- haps doubled. In return during the day or two that each flower is visited they get some pollen and nectar, not enough to build up stores, but only enough to rtimulate brood rearing. BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Freight Rates Must be Lowered By THE EDITOR INCREASED freight rates have pre- cipitated a crisis in the affairs of fruit growers of the Northwest states which, unless early relief is granted, will result in smaller production and in many cases in ruin to the growers and corresponding loss of income to the rail- roads. This is the situation as presented to Henry J. Ford, interstate commerce commission examiner, by witnesses at the hearing held in Yakima last month. Unless relief is forthcoming for this serious condition, growers must pin their hopes to the development of water transportation, concerning which a meeting will be held at Seattle June 1. Apple exporters at that time plan to organize a corporation to handle all fruit shipped abroad and to the Atlan- tic seaboard. It is hoped to obtain pledges of 10,000 carloads of perish- able products from the Pacific coast for water transportation. At the Yakima hearing, J. Curtis Robinson, traffic manager of the Northwest Fruit Exchange, testified Ridley, Houlding & Co, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy CARD WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, California WHEN WBITINC ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTES FHUIT Page 8 that if present freight rates had been applied at any time from 1912 to 1920, growers of fruit receiving highest aver- age prices during those years would have lost an average of 33 cents a box on apples. A. W. Stone, general manager of the Hood River Apple Growers' associa- tion, declared that if Hiood River or- chardists had their land and all equip- ment donated without cost with no de- preciation, interest charges, nor taxes, their total costs would have been $1.35 a box during the last year and their av- erage net return of $1.23 a box would have brought a loss of 12 cents a box. F. A. Duncan, vice-president of the Yakima National Bank, which places 50 to 55 per cent of its loans directly or indirectly on fruit in normal times, said that the bank finds itself unable to make further loans in the face of the present losing situation of the fruit growers. Hundreds of cars of potatoes have been fed to the hogs in Montana re- ported H. MS. Louis, manager of the Northwest Potato Growers' Association. H. M. Adams, vice-president of the Union Pacific System, appeared as spokesman for the carriers, introducing figures to disprove contentions of the fruit men, but declaring that if the roads could reduce labor and operat- ing costs they would voluntarily reduce freight rates. H. F. Davidson of Hood River was chosen to be chairman of the organiza- tion committee to arrange for forma- tion of an export corporation at Seattle. Others on the committee are : R. W. Kel- ly, Hood River; B. A. Perham, Yak- ima ; W. F. Gwyn, J. C. Porter and J. MacPhee Ferguson. The meeting at Yakima decided that the export organization should work through established channels. Firms represented were the H. F. Davidson company and Kelly Brothers, Hood Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" FcT Sale by Leading Dealers Everywhere Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND. OREGON BETTER FRUIT River; Oregon Growers' Co-operative association, Salem ; Wells & Wade, Wen- atchee; Earl Fruit company, Spokane; Northwestern Fruit Exchange, Seattle; Thompson Fruit company, Richey & Gilbert, J. M. Perry & Company, Per- ham Fruit company, Yakima Fruit Growers' association and J. M'acPhee Ferguson, Yakima. Gopher Poison A STRYCHNINE poison devoid of bitter taste may be obtained from county agricultural agents in Oregon at cost for use in eradicating the gopher. In using this poison the roots should June, 1921 be peeled and cut in !/2 inch cubes. Six quarts of these cubes are treated by sprinkling one ounce of strychnine over them, stirring thoroughly to insure an even distribution of the poison. Care should be exercised in exposing the baits. The main runway being lo- cated by the use of a prod about % inch in diameter and through the holy made by this probe two or three of the poisoned cubes should be dropped into the main run and the prod hole closed with the aid of a firm clod. Caution should be exercised not to place the bait in the short lateral runway leading from the mound of earth to the main run. In The Orchard In the orchard, where insect pests infest the tops of the trees, a powerful sprayer is always necessary. The American Beauty Dust Sprayer was designed to meet this very need. Its powerful blast forces dry in- secticides to all parts of the tree, penetrating the center of every leaf and blossom cluster, thereby giving great- est protection. In the control of Aphis, Thrips, Mildew, Red Spider and other pests "Calispray" dusts and the American Beauty Dust Sprayer are unequalled for economy and efficiency. The machine is operated by one man and places the dust only where needed and in its most efficient form. In orchard work 15 acres a day may be covered, with larger acreages in field or vineyard. For best results use "Calispray" dusts made in our own factory — a brand, ready prepared, for every insect pest. Through dealers or direct from us The California Sprayer Co. 6001-11 Pasadena Avenue Los Angeles, California WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT May, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 How It Pays To Use the Best Paint on the Farm IT costs more to rot a house or barn than to paint it right. De- preciation costs more than good paint. The best paint is the best pro- tection, and it is protection that you're seeking. You can't protect your house with color only. You must use good paint — the kind of paint that saves the surface. The best paint protects the wood, keeps heat, moisture and rain from creeping in and rotting it. It's the only inexpensive paint. Such paint spreads easier — saves labor. And covers more per gal- lon. Figuring the lesser cost of application and the greater cover- ing capacity, your best paint is actually less costly on the house or barn than cheap paint. Don't al- low surfaces to rot. It costs less to paint them. Paint with such paint regularly and your buildings are as good years hence as now. If you should sell you'd get an extra price sev- eral times your entire investment in good paint. Fuller's Specification Farm Paints are the finest, therefore the "least expensive" we can make after 72 years' experience in the manufacture of paints for western use, where conditions are so differ- ent than elsewhere. Let Fuller specify for you and paint will never cost you anything because of what that paint will save. KULLEg paints Fuller's SPECIFICATION Farm Points House Point-Born £• Roof Paint Waqon Paint-Rubber Cement Floor Point M'f 'd. by W. P. PULLER & CO., San Francisco ■neer Manufacturers of Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Stains < PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years Established 1849 Branches in 16 Cities in the West — Dealers Everywhere For all Kterior jobs of painting it is ain the services of a Master Ask Us For Free Advice WE maintain a special department to give advice on painting to anyone who wants it. Its services are free to you. We tell how to treat the old paint, what color scheme to use, how many coats, the type of brush you need, the best time to paint, etc. Use Fuller Service as well as Fuller paints. HOUSE PAINT: Fuller's Pure Prepared Paint, Phoenix Pure Paint, for Painting Houses. The purest, best protective and most durable paint made. Made in 32 colors. BARN AND ROOF PAINT: A protective coating for barns, roofs, fences. Dries with a good gloss and wears. Economical in cost and dependable in quality. Six colors to select from. FLOOR PAINT: Fuller's Rubber-Cement Floor Paint— sanitary, waterproof and durable paint for floors of kitchens, closets, etc. Attrac- tive in color and gloss. Dries hard over night. Made in 12 colors. IMPLEMENT PAINT: Fuller's Pacific Wagon Paint adapted for repainting agricultural implements, farm wagons, windmills and farm machinery. A glossy, durable finish offered in 7 colors. Free Book Send Coupon Mail the coupon for free book, "Save the Surface," which tells why good paint is im- portant. We'll also send a small catalog of Fuller's Specifica- tion Paints and Varnishes for the farm. Send coupon now. It's well to know the reasons for good paint. W. P. Fuller & Co. Dept. F-I6, San Francisco. Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Surface" and your small booklet of farm paints and var- nishes. Name Address.. City WHEN VVB1T1NG ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTEB FRUIT Page 10 BETTER FRUIT June, 1921 EFFICIENT DURABLE ECONOMICAL Price $460. f.o.b. Portland— The Oldsmar Garden Tractor Especially Designed for Use in Orchards, Berry Fields and Orange Groves Fruit growers and truck farmers through the Pacific Northwest as well as California and Florida are using hundreds of these tractors in the hardest kind of work, and they are proving every day that THE OLDSMAR is the "biggest small tractor and the smallest big tractor" on the market. More dependable than any horse or mule — and it eats only when it is working. The price, $460 f. o. b. Portland, puts this fine machine within the reach of all. Being built low, THE OLDSMAR will not break or damage the overhanging branches of your trees or vines. The independent clutch in each wheel makes short, quick turns possible. The comfortable riding sulky makes play out of otherwise hard work. THE OLDSMAR plows, harrows and prepares the seed bed, plants the seed, applies the fertilizer, cultivates the field, harvests the crop, hauls, loads and does the work of a stationary engine. In fact, it replaces the horse or mule entirely on the small farm. Write today for literature and let us tell you how THE OLDSMAR will meet your particular requirements. Dealers, we have an attractive propo- sition to offer you. ALEXANDER BADLEY CO. Oldsmar Frost Protector Absolute frost protection at a cost that is saved many times over through the pre- vention of damage during a single freeze. Write for literature de- scribing this crop insur- ance. Don't wait until frost comes, it's Spray the GMC Way A Good Crop or a Poor One The speed and pressure of your Calyx spray will determine whether you will be blessed with a good crop this year or a poor one. Three hundred pound pressure, that's what you need when you put on your Calyx spray. Make sure by spraying the GMC way. Your investigation is invited. Seattle Spokane ELDRID6E&MSALES (§ Yakima Walla Walla GMC on a Truck Is Like U. S. A. on a Bond WHEN WHITING ADVEKTI8ERS MENTION BETTE» FRUIT June, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 Do Not Over-Spray Fruit THE Washington State Insecticide and Fungicide board, in recent ses- sion at Pullman gives the following timely warning to fruit growers with reference to the over-spraying of apples and pears with arsenical materials: "During the past few years there has been some agitation about the presence of arsenicals on western fruit and in a number of cases shipments have been condemned. Spraying with arsenate of lead or some other arsenical is judged necessary for the control of coddling moth, and with judicious application fruit is never so coated as to become actually detrimental to health. But the heavy application of arsenical spray, the custom of frequent and particularly of late spraying, and the tendency of over-doing the spraying, have resulted in so much spray material adhering to the surface of the fruit, especially in the rainless districts where most of the commercial western fruit is grown, that many shipments have been condemned. "Quite obviously, over-spraying is wrong and should be discouraged. It is wasteful of material; no additional ben- efits accrue from doubling the strength of the spray, or spraying oftener than the generally accepted spraying pro- gram calls for, or for continuing the application until the trees are drenched and dripping. Over-spraying causes a blotching of the fruit, irregularly color- ing and a deposit of arsenic that wiping cannot eradicate. It is responsible for the poisoning of bees from the drip on the cover crop. It is giving orchard grown hay the reputation of being unfit for feed. "Spraying practices for codling moth have been fairly well worked out and should be generally understood. Ade- quate spraying of fruit for this insect pest calls for at least four or five appli- cations. The arsenate of lead need not be used stronger than three pounds at the most to every 200 gallons of spray. When the tree is best covered it has not begun to drip. Especial emphasis on the first brood of worms, particularly through the calyx spray, should make the later applications less essential. The use of a spreader with the arsenical such as sodium caseinate, increases the covering power of the spray and ren- ders less material necessary. High pressure pumps better the application by forcing the spray against the skin of the fruit in the case of fan-spray nozzles, or by breaking up the spray into finer particles in the case of the spray guns. "Bearing in mind and applying the principles underlying codling moth treatments should make it unnecessary for the west to become alarmed over Get More Profits by Clearing More Land! Measure the Profit of Your Stump Land- Cleared! WHEN not plowing, cultivating or harvesting, put some of your time into clearing land. Every acre cleared adds to your farm profits. The crop from newly cleared acres often pays clearing costs and there's a profit besides. Put your idle acres to work by using STUMPING POWDERS Du Pont and Repauno Brands especially made for land-clearing. Du Pont and Repauno Stumping Powders have maintained their leadership because they give the best results per dollar spent for explosives — and every "stick" ?s uniform in quality. See your dealer for Du Pont Dynamite and blast- ing accessories. Write for free book— "Development of Logged- off Lands." E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. Portland, Ore. Seattle, Wa»h. Spokane, Waah. poisoning its fruit so as to make it unhealthful. Its reputation for clean, carefully graded fruit has been built up on its methods of conscientious spraying. The public spirited orchardist should keep watch over his over-zealous neigh- bors as well as over his neglectful ones and impress on them both alike the ne- cessity of safeguarding the reputation of western fruit." The board comprises the following individuals: E. L. French, Director of Agriculture, ex officio; C. L. Robinson, Supervisor of Horticulture, chairman ; E. C. Johnson, Director of Experiment Station, vice-chairman; Dr. A. L. Fe- lander, Entomologist, secretary ; Dr. F. D. Heald, Plant Pathologist; George A. Olson, State Chemist. The volume of fruit crop in the region traversed by the Denver & Rio Grande will be equal to, if not greater than, that of last season, reports W. H. Olin, the railroad supervisor of agri- culture. In 1920 the territory pro- duced 5093 cars, apples and peaches predominating. Page 12 BETTER FRUIT By C. Experiments In Cherry Breeding E. Schuster, Assistant Professor of Pomology, Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station PREVIOUS work by this station has established the fact that the Bing, Lambert, and Napoleon (Royal Ann) cherries are both self-sterile and in- tersterile varieties. These varieties cannot be expected to bear much fruit when self-pollinated; neither will they bear fruit when polli- nated by either one of the other two varieties. Where these varieties have been planted singly or in combinations, the crops have been very small or noth- ing at all. Many reports are being con- stantly received that cherry trees ten, twelve and fourteen years old blossom profusely each year, but produce no fruit. Investigation of this condition generally shows that the trees belong to the Bing, Lambert or Napoleon variety and are receiving no pollen from any other varieties. Wihile these three above mentioned varieties are inter-sterile with one an- other, they respond readily to' cross- pollination from several other varieties like the Black Republican, Black Tar- tarian, or the Waterhouse. The first two varieties mentioned being unsuitable for canning are not in general favor except for home use. The W(aterhouse more nearly approaches the Napoleon in size, color and solidity; it is more satisfac- tory to the canners as it brings a better price to the canning trade than any of the other varieties used for pollination. Two types of Waterhouse are in cultiva- tion, the long-stemmed and the short- stemmed of which the long stemmed is the more desirable. If one were to go' back to the early history of horticulture in Oregon, he would find that the Napoleon was often propagated by means of seed. Many of these seedlings were inferiot, while others were almost identical with the parent and worthy of being kept as or- chard trees. They were sometimes known as Napoleon or Royal Ann Seed- lings ; at other times simply as Na- poleon or Royal Ann trees, and were often propagated by owners and set out in orchards. From these orchards they were scattered by propagation in the nurseries over the state and as a result we often have a Napoleon type rather than a strictly Napoleon variety. Many of these are more or less inter-fertile with the Napoleon, Bing and Lambert varieties. This will undoubtedly ex- plain the reason for the partial crop of Napoleons in many of the commercial orchards where they have planted the Napoleon, Bing and Lambert varieties in solid blocks. Besides the problems of sterility, there comes up the question of suscepti- bility to disease. All of the sweet cher- ries are at times severely attacked by bacterial gummosis. On account of these problems breeding work with cherries was started. Seed, resulting from crosses on these varieties by several other varie- ties, was planted in an endeavor to re- produce a new heavy yielding variety of high quality, free from gummosis, self-fertile and inter-fertile with the Bing, Lambert and Napoleon. A number of seedlings were obtained, some of which have been bearing for three or four years. In the spring of 1920, eighteen of the more promising of these seedlings were placed under test for self-sterility. Over 3300 blossoms were bagged and allowed to self-pollinate. From these blossoms a number of fruits developed to one-third or one-half size and then shriveled up and dropped off, but not one developed to maturity, indicating a condition of self-sterility for all of these seedlings. On the trees where tests were being carried on, good crops of cherries were produced as a result of insect pollina- tion. Due to the fact that there were many other seedlings blossoming in this lot, it is impossible to tell whether these eighteen promising seedlings were inter- fertile among themselves or were polli- nated by the surrounding inferior trees. The question therefore of inter-fertility or inter-sterilitv between these trees re- "WENATCHEE ' FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PICKING BAG (Carpenter's Patent) Made of heavy canvas, reinforced with leather, stitched with waxed harness thread, to a steel frame. Halter webb carries the load from the shoulders as suspenders. These patented features make it so popular, serviceable, practical and labor-saving. Send for Sample, $2.50 Postpaid. Special Prices to Quantity Buyers C. A. CARPENTER 3837 35th Ave. S. W. SEATTLE, WASH. Also write the Manufacturers and Distributors SCHEFFER & ROSSUM CO. ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT June, 1921 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen An Early Order For Fall or Spring Delivery Placed with SALEM NURSERY COMPANY 428 Oregon Building SALEM, OREGON Will receive careful atten- tion and give you good choice of varieties Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building SALEM OREGON Will supply you with first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS, ROSES Send for catalog PLANT NOW To Gain a Year Four dozen tested Everbearing Strawberry Plants mailed pre- paid $1.00. HYBRED (Trade Mark) New double crop variety — mountain grown — best for the West. Write for list to Evergreen Plantations NEW MEADOWS, IDAHO June, 1921 mains to be determined by further tests. Resistance to gummosis is variable. Several of the better seedlings have rec- ords showing almost complete freedom from the disease, while others are very susceptible. The surprising feature of the experi- ment has been the relatively large num- ber of trees that have produced fruit of medium or excellent quality. Only those of excellent quality have been re- tained. One of those kept for further tests bears fruit as large as that of the Bing variety, but ripens at the same time as the Black Tartarian. Another one of the Napoleon type, but larger than the Napoleon, ripens from a week to ten days ahead of the Napoleon. The last one to ripen is just taking color when the Lambert is ready to pick. Can- ning tests by the horticultural products section have demonstrated the adapt- ability of several varieties for the can- ning trade. With all of the seedlings the question of inter-sterility ot inter-fertility and the annual production of fruit per tree remains to be tested out. Unless a seed- ling, after being carried through all the tests, is unquestionably of much greater value than any other variety now in cultivation, it will be discarded. BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Cross Pollination By A. F. Gillette, Oregon Agricultural College CROSS pollination of bartlett pears is proving to be of great benefit to pear growers in California to increase the set of fruit and to decrease the amount of June drop. A series of experiments carried on at Davis, Grass Valley and Vaca Valley, by the department of horticulture of the University of California, show that cross pollination is beneficial in every case, although soil, altitude and climat- ic conditions seem to bear some relation to the amount of fruit setting. The Bartlett pears in some of the valley districts seem to be self fertile, but in all cases where they are cross pollinated with some other good com- mercial variety they 'have a larger per cent of fruit set and lose a smaller pro- portion due to June drop, besides pro- ducing a better quality of fruit in most cases. Due to its long blossoming season in California — March 15 to April 20 — and to the inter-fertility of all pear vari- eties with it, Bartletts can be crossed with most any variety except a few early bloomers as Anjou and Kieffer. The best results were obtained with the Winter Nelis and Cornice. In setting out a Bartlett pear orchard, especially in California, one should con- sider the point of planting interacts of good cross pollinators. Let Gravity Move Your Fruit! A Standard Combination System for the indoor transportation of your fruit in the course of receiving, packing, boxing and shipping. Wherever — Whatever your handling problems are, there is a Stan- dard Service within immediate reach. Get in communication with our nearest sales office and have them become your conveying-efficiency assistant in planning with you a Standard System to meet your specific needs. Standard Conveyor Company Formerly Minnesota Manufacturers' Association NORTH ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA JVrite for catalog for the fruit-packer Denver, Colo. 535 First Nat Los Angeles,Cal..617 I. N. Van Nuys Bldg. Portland, Oregon 701 Gasco Bldg. Salt Lake City, Utah Dooly Bldg. San Diego, Cal 6th and Market WESTERN SALES OFFICES lal Bank Bldg. San Francisco ancisco, Cal 417 Market St Wash Lumber Exchange Bldg e, Wash Paulson Bldg i. Wash 501-2 Provident Bldg Mont 431 Rialto Bldg lORHANG] 7" JXlas Undoubtedly, you want light operating, storm, dirt and bird- proof sliding doorways for your buildings. For this reason you will like MYERS FAULTLESS TANDEM ADJUSTABLE DOOR HANGERS and SELF-CLEANING TRACK. You will appreciate their light operation and be more than pleased with their all-weather service You will find their numerous improvements in design, construction, workmanship and finish mean light running, weather resisting, long lasting, doorways for your barns, sheds, garages and other buildings And what's more your doors will fit snugly and shut out cold drafts, rain and snow There are so many good features about the Myers Fault- less and the other styles of Myers Stayon and Tubular Door Hangers that it is impossible to tetl about them here If you are interested in sliding doorways for your old or new buildings write us for free catalog which illustrates and describes all styles of Myers Door Hangers for all kinds of doors Good dealers everywhere sell Myers Pumps, Hay Tools and Door Hangers— see the one near you annuPMnnii NQ 186 ORANGE STl . ASHLAND OHIO. ASHLAND PUMP AND HAY TOOL WORKS Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page u BETTER FRUIT BETTER FRUIT Encouraging Signs Published Monthly On the heels of the announcement of a reduction in the price of steel Better Fruit Publishing Company made b the United States Twelfth and Jefferson Streets * PORTLAND, OREGON poration comes notice of 10 per cent W. H. WALTON Editor cuts in the prices of farming and or- JERROLD OWEN Associate Editor , , . . , C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager chard implements by some of the larg- EDWIN C. WILLIAMS . c , . ,, ° ....San Francisco Representative, Hobart Bldg. est manufacturers >n the country. Re- ===^==^=^==^^^^= duction in published prices for 1921 of STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS ' r OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. 10 per cent on all machines and imple- WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- . ... ., mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- ments, with the exception of motor COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- trucks, manufactured by the Interna- mologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State K-„«l t_t„„..„ i.„ n p a Agricultural College, Fort Collins. tlonal Harvester Company of America ARIZONA— F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. „_J _ 0jmil__ -,,4. • :„„i»„„„,. c \. ■ MONTANA-H. Thomber, Victor. and a similar cut in implements fabri- CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- cated bv Deere & Cn nf Mnlin. Til gist, Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist, Lalea "7 -L»eere « to., Ot Moline, 111., Ri«rsPdV WRITING ^s PRINTI NG /nl* MAILING ([&& You,ll enjoy the sport of rolling 'em with P. A.! FIRST thing you do next — go get some makin's papers and some Prince Albert tobacco and puff away on a home made ciga- rette that will hit on all cylinders! Do it while the going's good! Such flavor, such coolness, such more-is'h-ness — well, the only way to get the words emphatic enough is to go to it and know yourself! And, besides Prince Albert's delightfulness, there's its freedom from bite and parch which is cut out by our exclusive patented process! Certainly — you smoke P. A. without a come- back. Joy'us? You'll say so! Prince Albert is the tobacco that revolu- tionized pipe smoking. If you never could smoke a pipe — forget it! You can — AND YOU WILL— if you use P. A. for packing! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal glass humidor with sponge moistener top. Fringe Albert the national joy smoke Weighs accurately, from 1 pound to 1 ton Renfrew Portable Scale This machine will save you money in your sales and pur- chases. Used like a hand truck or a platform scale. J. C. Robinson Co. 55 First St Portland, Ore WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 24 BETTER FRUIT Paulus Heads Oregon Association June, 1921 RC. PAULUS, prominent in fruit • circles of the northwest and sales manager of the Oregon Growers' Co- operative association since its organiza- tion in August, 1919, was elected gen- eral manager of the association and Oregon Packing Corporation at the an- nual meeting of directors and executive committee of the association. C. I. Lewis, former manager of the organization department, was made assistant general manager. All the man- agement of the association will now be centered at the Salem office. Mr. Paulus, until the association was organized, was manager of the Salem Fruit Union. He has held positions of trust in a number of the large horticul- tural associations in the west and north- west. Mr. Lewis was for 14 years head of horticulture at the Oregon Agricultual College and is a recognized authority on all matters pertaining to horticul- ture. The Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association, during the past year, has shipped about 1,500 cars of fruits and vegetables, according to the report of the sales department, submitted at the annual meeting. Of the 12,000,000 pounds of prunes delivered to plants of the association, all had been sold up to April 26, ex- cepting 3,077,043 pounds. Eighty mar- kets were developed for Oregon prunes, forty of these buying in car lots or more. The state of New York was the heaviest purchaser, receiving 1,940,015 pounds. England bought 861,550 pounds in di- rect shipments from Oregon plants. Of loganberries, the association sold 1,072,956 pounds at an average price of 12.7 cents. Of cherries there were sold 1,014,955 pounds, also at an aver- age of 12.7 cents. Other average prices were: Gooseberries, 7.9 cents; raspber- ries, 20 cents; strawberries, 16.9. cents; currants, 10 cents; evergreen black- berries, 7 cents ; green prunes, 4.4 cents. Of the 210,930 boxes of apples shipped by the association, England was the heaviest buyer, receiving direct ship- ments of 86 car lots. Apples were sold in 35 markets with New York City taking 59 cars, Los Angeles, 44 cars, Chicago, 35 cars, Baltimore, 15 cars and Memphis, 10 cars. A total of 5,555,953, pounds of pears were sold the past season to 59 markets. Of the 402 cars shipped, New York City took 123 cars; Havana, 11 cars; Canada, 10 cars; London, 12 cars. From the Rogue River valley, with Medford and Grants Pass as ship- ping points, were shipped 4,575,095 pounds. The association handled 85 per cent of car lot shipments of broccoli out of Oregon. There was a total of 27,514 crates. The Oregon Growers' Co-operative association was organized at Salem, Oregon, August 1, 1919, with 137 mem- bers, controlling 3,000 acres of fruits and berries. The membership now is 1648, controlling 28,838 acres. While the Oregon Growers' Co-oper- ative association shipped 50 varieties of apples last season, Mr. Lewis says that for the benefit of the apple indus- try, there really should be grown only about ten varieties. These ten varieties, he (says, are: Spitzenburg, Newtowns, Ortleys, Rome, Grimes, Winter Bananas, Delicious, Jonathans, Gravensteins and Wagner. It would be better, he contends, if this list was cut down to the first six varie- ties names. What They are Doing in California /BOUNTY Horticultural Commissioner L. O. »-< Haupt, of Hanford, in a recent report says : "The planting season has closed showing a heavy planting of trees and vines, especially the latter. Shortage and high price of vines curtailed the planting somewhat. The following were inspected and planted besides stock grown by the growers themselves, which was not inspected: Apricots 25,956 Peaches 33,141 Prunes 22,777 Miscellaneous (trees) 5,286 ^Grapevines (rooted) 1,189,652 "The Tilton was the principal variety of apri- cots planted; Lovells lead in the peach varieties, while prunes were limited to the French variety almost entirely. About half of the vines were Thompson Seedless, as this variety was the only one that could be secured at reasonable prices." AAA EIGHT Japanese strawberry growers from vari- ous parts of the state are in the Oakland city jail charged with violating the standard packing laws of the state. D. P. T. McDonald, deputy horticultural commissioner, of Alameda county, swore to the warrants. The Japanese were traced through boxes of strawberries placed on the Oak- land wholesale markets. These boxes, it is al- leged, were packed with a top row of fine ripe berries, while the bottom rows were composed of overripe and diseased berries. AAA SAN FRANCISCO has received its first car of Mexican watermelons. Owing to the strict regulations pertaining to the introduction of Mexi- can fruit flies, a rigid inspection of the shipment was conducted by quarantine inspectors of the state department of agriculture. AAA CANNERY NOTES THE canning situation is very uncertain, accord- ing to R. C. Paulus, general manager of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association. Can- neries have no orders for future delivery and hence have no means of knowing how much to can or how much they can pay growers for fruit and berries. Wholesale houses are not placing heavy future orders, buying on a hand to mouth basis. If this continues, Mr. Paulus says that the trade will be out of canned goods before another season and in the meantime considerable portions of fruit will have spoiled. Canners, bankers and growers are giving much thought to the canning proposition, Mr. Paulus says, and that some plan may be worked out, although at present it is difficult to say just what this plan will be. AAA when wmrriNO aovkbtisus mention oetteh fbuit sudden service Traung branches are located to give localized label & carton service c^> c^ You can reach one by wire for less than 40c SAN FRANCISCO ~ STOCKTON ~ SEATTLE FREE! An 8x10 Enlargement With $3.00 Worth of KODAK FINISHING QUICK SERVICE Films received forenoon mailed out same day. We pay return postage. All Work Guaranteed WOODARD, CLARKE & CO. Alder at West Park PORTLAND, ORE. era. Saves alfalfa. Exper: al stations approve. 1000 tablets P. P. $1.50. Warranted. Ask your drudRist or send direct. Booklet Free. Address •" FT. DODGE CHEMICAL CO,, Fl. Dodgo, Iowa A RTICLES on incorporation have been filed by -^a. the Silverton Producers' Canning Company, which is capitalized at $100,000. The incorpora- tors are Fred Uphoff, J. R. Mero and M. E. Lee. June, 1921 Northwest Fruit Notes From Here and There WASHINGTON A VOLUNTARY petition in bankruptcy hai been filed in the U. S. District Court in Spokane by the Bohlke Fruit Company through N. M. Sorenson, its attorney. Accompanying the petition was a schedule showing liabilities amount- ing to $1,309,248 and assets of $847,471. With this petition was filed another from the creditor's committee, named some time ago through At- torney D. A. Shiner, asking that William A. Doelle of Cashmere be named temporary receiver to take charge of the company's affairs until a permanent trustee is appointed. This action comes as a culmination of the investigation into the affairt of the company instituted by creditors when they took over the Bolhke affairs April 2. CAR LOT shipments from the northwest, by districts, from July 1, 1920, to March 1, 1921, were as follows: Wenatchee valley, 1862; Yakima valley, 7659; Spokane district, 2764; Southern Idaho, 2244; Hood River, 2166; Walla Walla district, 433; Mon- tana, 436; Rogue River district, 369; Western Oregon, 263; Eastern Oregon, 266. AAA ESTIMATES of Yakima Valley's fruit crop, based on inspections made after the late frosts, show little change from that announced four weeks ago by H. A. Glen, general agent of the Northern Pacific, at Yakima, whose crop predictions have generally proved reliable. Mr. Glen estimates: Apples, 12,500 cars; pears, 2500 ears; peaches, 1200; plums and prunes, 140; cherries, 259; melons, 400; total, 16,990 cars. His figures include Yakima and Benton counties, but not Kittitas county, which produces little fruit. AAA THE Wenatchee District Cooperative asso- ciation, recently perfected, has signed up 4250 cars of apples in the Wenatchee valley, ac- cording to C. A. Campbell, cashier of the Citi- zens' State Bank of Leavenworth. The new or- ganization has completed a selling arrangement with the North American Fruit Exchange, which will open an office in Wenatchee. i AAA ABOUT 250 acres have been planted to ber- ries in the Aberdeen section this spring. While these will not bear this year, a large acreage planted last year will come into bearing. AAA CAREFLTL examination of many orchards in the Wenatchee section shows there is no founda- tion for pessimistic reports. There has been a heavy dropping of blossoms and embryonic fruit, but there are still enough apples left on the trees to insure a record breaking crop, according to all authorities. The extraordinary heavy bloom made it necessary for 75 per cent to fall off or else be pulled off in thinning. Prospects still indi- cate a bumper crop of cherries, apricots, peaches, pears and apples, despite the drop. AAA TWENTY-FIVE thousand boxes of Yakima ap- ples, shipped from Seattle the last week in March, arrived in England on May 4 in perfect condition, according to a cablegram. The message quotes the market at "from 16 shillings to 17 shil- lings, six pence a box." Australian Jonathans, now reaching the English market, are selling for 28 shillings or $3.30 a box, for extra fancy at present exchange rates. AAA THE first crate of strawberries to be ripened this spring in the Prosser section of the Yak- ima valley was brought in by J. Harkema and won the prize given annually by the commercial club, AAA PS. DARLINGTON, district horticultural in- • spector in Okanogan county, north of Spo- kane, states that the late frosts have done no damage to fruit in the Okanogan valley, and judging from a wealth of bloom the apple crop this fall promises to be very heavy. AAA WITH the prospective apple crops in other sections damaged by early frosts, thereby making the demand for northwest apples greater BETTER FRUIT Page 25 PaSaCo Packages deliver your fruit to market in first- class condition. Their excellent display value enables you to get the highest market prices. Equally adapted to both fruit and vegetables. Write today for prices and name of nearest PASACO Package Dealer Package Sales Corporation South Bend, Indiana ... this year, fruit growers throughout the Spokane district are looking forward with optimism to a good season this year in spite of low prices, ac- cording to P. R. Parks, manager of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company. "Prospects now look very favorable," Mr. Parks said. "While a late frost is always to be con- sidered we always consider the crop fairly safe after May 20, so that chances for damage this year are slight." THE contract for the construction of a two- story packing house with an air cooled storage capacity of 40,000 boxes, to be built on the six- acre tract of the Winthrop Fruit Company at Gleed, Wash., has been let to Kelley & Sons of Selah. IDAHO NOW that the "big freeze" is over and the fruitgrowers of the Payette valley are able to take stock of the damage done to their crops, it is manifest that the damage done is not nearly as heavy as was at first feared. Orchardists and shippers alike estimate that the 1921 apple crop will be the largest harvested in the valley for some years. Pears also look promising, although the earlier varieties have been somewhat damaged. Sweet cherries have suffered, though they are by no means all gone, and the sour cherries promise well. Peaches and apricots suffered more than any other variety of fruit, but as there are comparatively few of them in the Payette valley this does not mean a big loss. PRESENT indications are that Idaho will have a normal commercial crop of apples and prunes, a very light crop of cherries, and practically no peaches or apricots, according to W. H. Wicks, director of the Bureau of Plant In- dustry, Boise. In the northern counties, partic- ularly in Boundary, the peach trees were nearly all kiled by winter injury. The outlook is very promising for Bonner, Kootenai and Latah coun- ties. At Lewiston on account of rainy we ther during the blocming period an exceedingly heavf drop of cherry blossoms was occasioned from the lack of proper pollenation. In the Weiscr dis- trict, most varieties of tht apple show only a small number of blossoms killed, which still leaves more apples than can develop. The Deli- cious and White Winter Pearmain seem to have suffered the most. In the Rosswell, Panama and Apple alley section, peaches, apricots and early varieties of the apple are practically a total loss. QUALITY a PRICES PERFECTION IN N 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK BLC PORTLAND.OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGE B - WE CARRY^AMD CAN SHiP IN 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES a STRAWBERRIES: NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1921 Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" Page 26 With the Poultry LATE HATCHED CHICKS LATE hatched chicks are usually something oi a problem to the poultry raiser. These chicks may be made profitable if they are cared for sep- arately and not allowed to run with the other chicks. If but one yard is available, make a feeding coop for the baby chicks into which the older chicks cannot stick their heads. The dan- ger to the laLe hatched chicks from the older chicks mainly comes from two reasons. They may stunt the late hatched chicks by rob- bing them of their food, or they may give them chicken lice. A mistake sometimes made with late hatched chicks is to try to raise them out of doors with- out heat. No matter what the season young chicks need to be kept warm, especially at night. The temperature of the hover should not be less than 90 even in July. This heat must be available to them until they are feathered. AAA TREATING GAPES IT IS during the early summer that most of the trouble is experienced by poultrymen with gapes in chickens. This trouble is caused by worms in the windpipe of the affected fowls. The larva of this parasite is picked up by the chickens in the damp earth which attach themselves to the windpipes of the fowls, where they first cause irritation and later as they grow and develop obstruct the air passages. Treatment for chickens affected with gapes is to place them in a pen or room which has been sprinkled freely with slaked lime. A few drops of turpentine added to the rations is often bene- ficial in controlling the disease. Methods used to dislodge the worms are to use a feather dipped in turpentine and passed down the chicken's wind, pipe or pulling them out with a twisted horse hair. Instruments for this purpose can also be secured at poultry supply houses. Prevention methods are to lime the soil where gapes infected chickens have run ; keeping them from running under outbuildings or in damp places. Chickens badly infected with gapes should be killed while those unaffected should be con- fined in a yard freely sprinkled with a liberal amount of freshly slaked lime. AAA POULTRY NOTES FEED for poultry should never be allowed to become sour or fermented. It should be kept fresh and wholesome. AAA KEEPING a strict account of both the ex- pense and proceeds of fowls is the only way to know if they are paying. This requires but little time, but it is a very important item in successful poultry keeping. AAA A GOOD way to prevent drinking vessels and feed troughs from developing disease germs is to scald them out with hot water every few days. AAA IN BREAKING up broody hens do not use harsh methods. Broodiness is nature's provision for rest and the measures adopted for overcom- ing it should be along intelligent lines. AAA AS WARM weather comes on is the time to keep a close watch for vermin. Remember that whitewash and kerosene are cheap and ef- fective, so don't be afraid of using it too fre- quently. AAA KEEP the young pullets vigorous and growing without pushing tnem too fast, for on them depends the future supply of eggs. AAA GRAIN is a necessity in the feed of every well developed poultry flock. Bran, sloppy feeds and allowing the flock to range will not keep it in the proper condition either to produce eggs or to be marketed unless grain is fed. AAA AN indication of head lice on young chickens is when they become dopey, hank their wings and sprawl on the floor unable to walk. When this condition is noticed they should be given immediate attention. A good preventive is to grease their heads at least once a week. BETTER FRUIT THE orchard affords an ideal ranging place for poultry. They devour innumerable en- emies of fruit trees as well as getting plenty of exercise in scratching up the ground in search of bugs and worms. The orchard also provides them with shade during the hot days. AAA REMOVE the male birds from the flock as soon as the hatching season is over so as to produce infertile eggs. Infertile eggs keep much better than those that are fertile in addition to the fact that the male bird has no influence on the number of eggs laid. AAA THE hen's greatest profit producing time is the first :ind second years. For this reason she should receive the greatest care and attention during this period. AAA T)RIEF rules for the poultryman who desires -L* to raise his egg standards are as follows : 1. Keep the netsts clean; provide one nest for every four hens. 2. Gather the eggs twice daily. 3. Keep the eggs in a cool, dry room or cellar. 4. Market the eggs at least twice a week. 5. Sell, kill or confine all male birds as soon as the hatching season is over. AAA What Papers Interested in Fruit Are Saying June. 1921 ething radically AT any rate there is s with the railroads. For instance, cabbage growers in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas receive $6 a ton for their product. The freight and icing charges to Houston and Dallas amount to prac- tically $15 per ton, or two and a half times the original cost of the product. The rate to Kansas City is more than $31 per ton, or better than five times the amount the grower receives. You can figure it out for yourself; we're in a hurry to go to the circus.— New York Fruit Trade Journal. AAA SOME people cannot seem to get it out of their heads that they can break the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association, and that it is legitimate to resort to almost any means to ac- complish this end. They believe that if the Ore- gon groders can be done away with, that the growers will be at their mercy, and they need not worry very much about what the growers think of them. Recently we have been told on pretty good au- thority that one concern has stated they were willing to spend $100,000 to break our organiza- tion. These insidious attacks do not worry us very much because they always prove to be boom- erangs, and hurt more the men who inaugurate the move, than they do the organization. We are making friends every dav. We are growing every day. We hope we will always be classed as an organization with vision, with breadth and that we will be charitable in our ideas towards others. That we will build our- selves, not by tearing others down, but by putting across a pood, constructive program to upbuild Oregon. — The Oregon Grower. AAA npHE railroads are great at isuing permits to -L farmers to "gather drift wood on the shares." Thev will encourage production of 50 cars of wat- ermelons, cabbage or onions where only one car of corn or cotton grew before. But, when the time of shipping comes the railroads are just as apt as not to demand freight in advance and at rates that are as high or higher than the product will sell for at destination. Thus after the drift- wood is gathered the roads take both their own nnd the farmer's share. But. the farmer is ex- pected to be tickled because he has had a job. — The Packer. ryO DATE a total of 9870 motor ■*- trucks have been registered in Ore- gon. The lighter trucks prevail with those under one ton and from one to one and one-half-ton capacity leading by many hundreds above all others. Around 2000 trucks range from two tons to five tons capacity. CARE and efficient methods are neces- sary to grow and main- tain a profitable or- chai d. Your ban k account needs the same careful attention to provide the greatest benefit to you. The First National Bank, through its size and the comprehensiveness of its service, is able to offer you the most in banking service. The First National Bank OF PORTLAND, OREGON The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains Box Shooks East Side Box Co. Manufacturers SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK Box Shooks Foot of Spokane Avenue Portland, Oregon BEES The Diamond Match Company APIARY DEPARTMENT Manufacturers of Bee Keepers' Supplies Chico, California, U. S. A. (The largest bee hive factory in the world) Write for catalog and discount sheet; and, if a beginner, for Cottage Bee-Keeping. NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grade shipments. Carloads < Well made. Quick less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. June, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 27 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS tithracnose is very western Oregon, vith lime sulphur ildew also. Im- bushes should be O. A. C. NOTES COMMERCIAL fertilizers are best applied to land as sooh after plowing as possible, reports the soils department. When it is applied early the rains carry it into the soil, dissolving it and making it available for the plants. Many in- stances have been found where fertilizer was pur- chased and left in the barn through the entire sea- son. Experiments have proved that late applica- tions, though better than none at all. do not bring the returns that early applications do. AAA SEED grades and regulations of Idaho will be explained at O. A. C, June 13-18, by B. F. Sheehan, state seed commissioner for Idaho. The Oregon seed regulations will be gone into by C. W. Hawley, state dairy and food commissioner and member of the college board of regents. In view of the fact that considerable seed of certain kinds crosses the Oregon-Idaho borders the seed laws for home sales and inter-state shipments are regarded as important marketing factors. These two men are high authorities on these matters in their respective states. AAA GOOSEBERRY leaf spot or a troublesome this season in The bushes should be sprayed fl to 35) which controls n mediately after harvesting the sprayed with bordeaux 4-4-50. AAA MUCH defoliation may be expected this season from cherry and prune leafspot, where this disease is known to occur, unless the trees are sprayed now with bordeaux (4-4-50). This disease is caused by cylindrosporium. The trees should be sprayed now and again in a month. The dis- ease attacks the leaf stems causing the leaves to turn yellow and fall and also the stems of the cherries causing the cherries to shrivel. This bor- deaux spray will also aid in the control of brown rot. AAA PROSPECTS for good crops of small fruits, especially are excellent in the region of Dal- las, Sheridan. Dilley, McMinnville, Forest Grove, Newberg, Dundee and Salem," says W. S. Brown, chief of horticulture at O. A. C. "The prune crop evidently will be small, due to the dropping of the young fruits. Apple and pear crops are of excel- lent size and quality." AAA OREGON GROWERS' ASSOCIATION NOTES rpHE Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association X has advanced its prices on prunes, according to an announcement made by R. C. Paulus, gen- eral manager. The association is now getting nine cents a pound for prunes. 40-50 size, packed in 25-pound boxes, f. o. b. the coast and in some instances a better price. Efforts are being made by the asso- ciation to strengthen the price on smaller sizes of about one cent a pound. AAA A LTHOUGH it is a little early to form a defi- ■£*■ nite estimate of the prune crop, reports com- ing to the association from all prune districts in- dicate considerable loss, especially in the hill or- chards. These blossomed a little later than the lower lands and were caught in the rain and cold weather during blossoming period. ybu. Must Keep Cost records On ybur rarnt- TWEED'S Cost Records are simple and accurate. A few minutes a day will keep your records so you can comply with the law in making out your income statement, and may save you many hundreds of dol- lars in a year, by showing you the leaks and losses which reduce your profits. Tweed System will be sent you on positive guarantee of satisfaction or money back. Remember, you need know noth- ing about book- keeping to keep these records easily. Farm Supply Company 281 12th Street, Portland, Oregon Mail this coupon today for full particulars about Tweed Cost Records. H s the law which you may not knc w ists : Ltion every person corpora part- nersnip on liable to any ta erl In this ac , or for the colli ction thereof, shall keep su rh ords as the Commission ST of Intern al Revenue, wi h the proval of the Secre tarv of the Treasu y. may Fr. m to time prescribe. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT Page 28 BETTER FRUIT June, 1921 Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK TREES— All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries, Albany, Ore. FARMS FOR SALE WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. WANT to hear from parties having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa J^alls.JWisconsin. EXCEPTIONAL ORCHARD BARGAIN — 50 acres fine bearing apple orchard, best varieties, . in good district ; has had best care and attention and is in excellent condition ; attractive build- ings with running water in them ; fully stocked and equipped for operating; should produce 6000 packed boxes this year. Offers for $18,000 ; $5000 down, balance can be paid out of crop. Luddemann Co., 913 Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Portland, Oregon. tear Sacramento for Shawnee, Oklahoma. LOGGED-OFF LAND in Stevens County, Wash- ington, at greatly reduced prices: Why bother with fruit land at high prices when you can get good dairy and stock land at from $5.00 to $20.00 per acre? Write for folder. Phoenix Lumber Co., Dept. B, Spokane, Wash. POULTRY BABY CHICKS— "Only the best." May and June delivery. White and Brown Leghorns, R. I. Reds, Barred Rocks. Safe arrival guar- anteed. All vigorous chicks from good layers. Send for circular. Stubbe Poultry Ranch and Hatchery, P. O. Box 67-L, Palo Alto, Cal. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon AGENTS WANTED— Benedict Nursery Co., 185 East 87th St., Portland, Oregon. MISCELLANEOUS THE CUTLER FRUIT GRADER is the LEADER Nearly 1,000 now in use. The market demands well-sized fruit. Use a CUTLER GRADER and better your pack. Built for both box and barrel packing — in small and large models. Send for literature. Cutler Mfg. Co., 353 E. 10th St., Portland, Oregon. ARROW CARBOLINEUM kills chicken mites in poultry houses. Preserves wood against rot and premature decay. Write for circular and prices. Carbolineum Wood Preserving Co., 222 E. Water St., Portland, Oregon^ TOBACCO— KENTUCKY NATURAL LEAF, chewing and smoking; rich, ripe and mellow; two and three years old, aged in wood; 2 lbs., $1; 7 lbs., $3; sample 10 cents. Maddox Bros., Dept. 22, Mayfield, Ky. TOBACCO— Kentucky's Natural Leaf Smoking or Chewing; mild or strong; aged in wood; rich and sweet; 5 lbs., $2; second grade, 10 lbs., $2.75. Postpaid. Waldrop Bros., Murray Ky. IDAHO CLOVER HONEY, 10c POUND— Two 60-lb. cans, $12; 60 lbs., $6.25; charges collect. 10 lbs., prepaid, $2.50; rich, thick, light color, delightful flavor. Browne, Box 499, Twin Falls, Idaho. HERE'S A REAL BARGAIN while they last: U. S. army tents, 9x9, 12-ounce at $10.00. These tents make the best of housing for your pickers. They are cheap at this pre-war price. Also have some more of our famous tent flys — ■ ideal for wagon covers to protect your fruit when hauling, 10x15, $7.50. Alaska Junk Co., 203 Front St., Portland, Oregon. BOOKKEEPER — Learn complete elementary bookkeeping in your spare time at home. Makes income tax reports easy. Only $37.50. Write for terms. The Lincoln Institute, Spokane, Wash. Statement of Ownership STATEMENT of the ownership, management, circulation, etc., required by the Act of Con- Congress of August 24. 1912, of the Better Fruit, published monthly at Portland, Oregon, for April 1, 1921. State of Oregon, County of Multnomah — Before me, a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid, personally appeared C. J. Owen, who, having been duly sworn according to law, deposes and says that he is the business manager of Better Fruit, and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true state- ment of the ownership, management (and if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the afore- said publication for the date shown in the above caption, requited by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443, postal laws and regula- tions, printed on the reverse of this form, to-wit: 1. That the names and addresses of the pub- lisher, editor, managing editor and business man- agers are : Publisher, Better Fruit Publishing Company, Inc.. 281 12th St., Portland, Oregon. Editor, W. H. Walton, 281 12th St., Portland, Oregon. Managing Editor, None. Business Manager, C. J. Owen, 281 12th St., Portland, Oregon. 2. That the owners are: (Give names and ad- dresses of individual owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of stock). Owner, Better Fruit Publishing Company, Inc., Portland, Orcgcn. Stockholders. Jerrold Owen, 281 12th St., Portland, Oregon: D. L. Carpenter, 800 Oregonian Bldg., Portland, Oregon; E. E. Faville, 800 Oregonian Bldg., Portland, Oregon ; A. W. Stypes, 800 Oregonian Bldg., Portland, Oregon. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of bonds, mort- gages or other securities are: (If there are none, so state). None. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders and se- curity holders, if any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, but also in cases where the stockholders or security holder appears upon the books of the company _ as trustee or in any other fiduciary, relation the name of the person or corporation for whom such trustee is acting is given ; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances and conditions under which stockholders ant! security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trus- tees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner, and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association or coiporation has any interest, direct or indirect, in the said stock, bonds or other se- curities than as so stated by him. 5. That the average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscrib- ers during the six months preceding the date shown above is : (The information is required from daily publications only.) C. J. OWEN, Business Manager. Sworn to and subscribed before me this first day of April, 1921. (SEAL) GEORGE H. CARR, Notary Public for Oregon. (My commission expires April 29, 1925.) The Friend Mfg. C o. of Gasport, New York, who m ake the H'ne nd Spr Mix- ing Machine, report that they received FORTY-TWC inquiri s from the one dis- play advertisement the v ha ;e thus fa in BETTER FRUIT this season Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. Fruit trees budded from bearing oreh ards. Apple. Tear. Cherry-. Peach, Plum Frune. Apricot. Quince. Grape Vines, Shrubbery. Plants. Raspberries. BlacE berries. Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs, Rosea, Vines. Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Good roads and good Gasoline Hfle Gasoline ofQiiality That is the combination brings a smile to the motorist. You can be sure of good gasoline where you see the Red Crown sign. Red Crown is "the gasoline of qual- ity"—the all-refinery gasoline with power in every drop. Look for the Red Crown sign on service stations and garages. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) VR1TING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT A Time Saver on the Farm INTERNATIONAL Motor Trucks are big time savers on the farm. One farmer living ten miles from town makes the round trip with an International in less than three hours. It used to take a whole day with horses. There are fewer chores than when horses do the hauling. The sturdy, reliable International requires little attention. Unsurpassed International service prevents delays and assures low cost operation. This saving in time alone makes the International truck more than worth its cost on the farm. The four-cylinder block-cast, valve- in-head engine has abundant power and sturdiness to meet all farm haul- ing demands. Every part measures up to the rigid standard of quality set by International engineers. Capacities range from 1,500 to 10,000 pounds. Body types include grain-tight boxes, stock racks, hay racks and other styles. Let the nearest International Motor Truck dealer show you why Interna- tional trucks increase farm profits. International Harvester Company OF AMERICA CHICAGO USA 92 Branch Homes and 15.000 Dealers in the United States 7 -1TS^ I'llhN WKiriSi. \1>V ) BBS mi n RON in I I t.K FRUIT Jt^^^B-^^™ THE WORLD - OUR ORCHARD Wjy^ OUR ORCHARD ^ & Kelly I NEW YORK I . bliOUEJTIWIBiy THE N^t InwDraiiT Fd(T Ml K\l iiUBH tPIHiuii bbi ' "■: . ':.n,:. ntHiSJmR nHHUnHHHHUH InlBHHl HHHHM Bi^ft amp ■h tHtTOM $!p!$iH$SiB HflgjfBX it; PNmI •$ life! 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