..^ BETTER FRUIT Volume XVI JULY, 1921 'Or, Xr:MBEB 1 Fifteen Years' Service to the Fruit Industry of the Northwest 20 Cents The Single Copy BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY, PUBLISHERS, PORTLAND, OREGON Subscription $1- per Year in the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, $2, Payable in American Exchange Finish your work on schedule time hj^i!rk::)^iiiJ£^cdiiJjfnricASiil^ You can depend upon the "Caterpillar" Tractor to meet the work schedule that you lay down. It de- velops none of the ordinary tractor's weaknesses in the field. This dependability makes systematic farming a habit with "Caterpillar" owners. And that is the most profitable kind of farming. "Caterpillar" 5-ton Orchard Tractor, besides being dependable, has a record for lowest cost per op- erating hour — for economical use of fuel and oil. it is built narrow and close to the ground — gets be- tween, under and around the trees in a closely planted orchard without hitting limbs or fruit. It is short turning, easy handling and has three speeds, 11/2. 3 and 5% miles per hour. It has plenty of power for plowing and sub-soiling deeply. Get full information about the "Caterpillar" 5 -ton Orchard Tractor now — see the Holt representative in your neighborhood or write us. Stationary Power Units Built for the severe requirements of tractor service, it is especially adapted to economical operation of pumping plants and other farm work. It is a perfected motor of the valve-in-head type, in 30, 45, 55 and 75 horse-power ratings. Holt ac- curacy and dependability guarantee its service. The Holt Manufacturing Company Spokane, Washington Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois San Francisco, Calif. Los Angeles, Calif. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FRUIT ./«///, 19'^1 BETTER FRUIT rji:\\ YORK EOTANlCAL Pag'e i Box and Crate Shocks Buy From the Manufacturer WE CARRY LARGE STOCKS OF DRY BOX LUMBER AT ALL TIMES FACTORY CAPACITY, 150,000 FEET PER DAY SHIPMENT OVER THREE TRANSCONTINENTAL LINES N. P.; C. M. & ST. P.; and U. P. SYSTEMS Grays Harbor Commercial Co. COSMOPOLIS, WASHINGTON \ r^|{ ^r ' '-i ''*^w;^MBS^^^^^^^ *^^^fl^? 2!^s^iif^HHiH p^ E an^^''^ ••" -*'~-"— ^ yjfSKr^'Z'^^'^^ T^'',J^'''''jtfi' !..,.,_.. " ;r'>^;"C*y':.%fl Absolutely No Bruising of the Fruit by Using the Ideal Fruit Grader It is built for two, three and four grades, and room for four, six, and eight sorters to work at one time. The machine can be adjusted while running in about one minute of time. It is the most simple machine on the market, never gets out of order, as there are no complicated parts to get out of adjustment or break. We have placed our new sorting table on this year's output which increases the amount of fruit that is packed per day. It is noiseless in operation. Nothing to break, as the fruit is graded by coming in contact with elastic bands only. We will be pleased to mail you our folders and prices of our several size machines upon application. Our literature explains the working parts in detail, also shows several different views of the machine. Ideal Fruit & Nursery Co. HOOD RIVER, OREGON Page 2 BETTER FRUIT July, 1021 A Cutler Fruit Grader For the Small Fruit Grower Far Box Packing View of "Small Growers' Model" for Box Packing To fill a demand for a smaller model than our Two Section Model for growers of small acreage, or who have only a limited floor-space for packing, we have designed the "Small Grower's Model" shown above. This model handles two erades of fruit with seven bins for each grade and is only seventeen feet in length over all. It can be operated in a mTnlmum space of 1 4x20 feet. THERE IS NO OTHER GRADER ON THE MARKET WHICH SO COMPLETELY FILLS THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SMALL GROWER, who with the help of his family can pack out his crop. With a Cuder Grader you can handle your crop quicker and at the least cost of sorting, packing and handling. You do not have to depend on skilled packers. A CuUer Grader will soon pay for itself in the saving made in the handling of the crop. Eventually You Will Buy a Cutler Grader Why Not Now? Fill out the coupon below and mail to us today. You may regret not doing so. Cutler Manufacturing Co. 353 East Tenth Street, Portland, Oregon iPlease send me descriptive circulars and prices of the equipment as indicated below. Check the equipment you are interested in. Off grade return belt attachment ,CuIl Separation attachment Grader Box Pre«« Grip Trucks Crop expected in 1921 boxe Name Address Box Presses See the Cutler Press before buying. We have the best press on the market today Write Today for Catalog and Prices Cutler Manufacturing Company 353 East Tenth Street Portland, Oregon BETTER FRUIT Pioneer Horticultural Journal of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 ^"OLUME XVI Portland, Oregon, July, 1921 Number 1 Fifteen Years With the Fruit Growers ^ I HAT is the future of the box fruit industry in the Northwest? Could one but look ahead with prophetic eye, and see what is in store for us, he would be much sought after, for this question is the paramount one to all fruit growers. Man will suffer much, will bear much, and will hold to the line when ultimate success is guaran- teed, but it takes a big man of strong character to carry on in the face of disappointment and uncer- tainty. When good prices are promised it is not hard to apply ev- ery recommended spray, to culti- vate and fertilize intensively, and to thin adequately, all for the pro- duction of fine and abundant fruit, which will return big profits. But the lean years. There's the rub. There is a general let down after one such, and when several follow one another, planting of new or- chards ceases and care of bearing trees seems not worth while. Then comes the real test of one's faith in the future of one's chosen in- dustry. All this you may say is far from the subject of the title of this ar- ticle, but the reverse is true, for the past and future of any industry are linked irrefutably. The future of today is tomorrow's past. A short resume of the past fifteen years, practically the life of our North- west box fruit industry, may be of interest and profit in attempting to draw therefrom conclusions as to the future, which is the real con- cern of us all. Many growers have pet theories on co-operative selling and buying, By Charles I. Moody of BETTER FRUIT on independent shipping, on the best way to assure proper distribu- tion, and of course, how the sales manager should have sold last year's crop. Unfortunately very few growers have any real comprehensive idea of the ramifications surrounding ized for profit, and at the bottom of the fall of practically all, has been lack of confidence, not by any means always justified, but rather bred of ignorance of conditions on the part of the members. Probably the first growers' association was the original Hood River Fruit Scene in typical apple packing-house showing four big, motor driven grading machines and practical application of gravity conveyor. Thi« unit can turn out an average of 4000 boxes a day easily. the disposition of several .million boxes of fruit. This very ignor- ance of selling and market con- ditions (which too many association heads seem to foster in their mem- bers), is the rock-bound coast upon which the staunchest co-operative craft have come to grief. During the past fifteen years there have risen and fallen dozens of marketing organizations throughout the Northwest, some purely co-operative, some organ- Growers' Union, purely co-oper- ative, formed about 1892 to handle only strawberries. Since then, and particularly throughout the fifteen years just past, there have sprung up a mul- titude of marketing associations, most of them for, of and by the growers, with kaleidescopic reor- ganizations of the same. The first car lot shipment of packed and wrapped apples to leave the Northwest was shipped by the Page 4 BETTER FRUIT Julij, 1921 Davidson Fruit Company from Hood River in 1898, to Scobel & Day, New York City, and was a solid car of Spitzenburgs. Since then thousands of cars of fruit have followed that daring lead Eastward, even as thousands of sturdy sons, attracted by the won- ders of the Northwest, have flowed in the opposite direction. In 1905 E. H. Shepherd, founder and own- er of Better Fruit until his death in 1916, was manager of the Hood River Apple Growers' Union. In 1906 the millenium presum- ably had come to the fruit industry in the formation of the North- Western Fruit Exchange at Seattle. This organization was formed to whip into line every association in the Pacific Northwest, to act simp- ly as a clearing house, or sales head for them. Each district asso- ciation was to retain its individ- uality in everything but sales. Prac- tically all of the marketing asso- ciations in the field went in, but during the next year dissension crept in, and the toboggan of se- cession commenced, which in a few years was the ruination of this first attempt at Northwest unity in mar- keting. From then on, as new districts were opened up, thousands of acres planted to trees, and the real devel- opment of the Northwest fruit in- dustry fell into its stride, district associations were formed by the dozen. The Yakima County Horticul- tural Union came into being, as the first growers' organization in Yak- ima. It was purely co-operative. In 1911, and again in 1 9 1 7 it passed through reorganization. Today it is functioning as the Yakima Fruit Growers' Association, and is still co-operative. Throughout the Rogue River, Willamette and Spokane Valleys, the Wenatchee and Puyallup dis- tricts, the Bitter Root valley in Montana, and the Boise, Payette and other districts in Idaho, the seed of some sort of co-operation in selling was germinating, fertil- ized by reports of the strength and success of the Citrus Growers' As- sociation of California, perhaps the strongest association of its kind in the country. In 1912 Hood River answered the call, when all local selling or- ganizations and all independent shippers joined forces within the then existing Apple Growers' Union. For four or five years this situa- tion held, when dissention and mis- understanding finally prevailed, and certain of the organizations and independents dropped out, leaving within the union approx- imately sixty-five per cent of the valley's tonnage. This organiza- tion is functioning today as the Hood River Apple Growers' Asso- ciation, and is still co-operative. In 1913 another effort was made for territorial unity, in the formation of the North Pacific Fruit Distributors, with head of- fices in Spokane, a purely co-opera- tive organization for the marketing of Northwest fruits from all sec- tions. It was recognized as the ex- clusive sales agent for the follow- ing districts: Yakima Valley Fruit Growers' Association, North Yak- ima, Washington; Apple Growers' Association, Hood River, Oregon; Idaho-Oregon Fruit Growers Asso- ciation, Payette, Idaho; Walla Walla District Fruit Distributors, Walla Walla, Washington; Mon- tana Fruit District, Hamilton, Montana; Spokane Fruit Growers' Company, Spokane, Washington; Central Idaho-Washington Fruit Growers' Association, Garfield, Washington; and the Wenatchee North Central Fruit Distributors, Wenatchee, Washington. This apparently strong and ideal The finished product — the consummation of years of eternally keep- ing at it, and holding one's faith in the ultimate outcome Juhj, 1921 combination came after many years of travail, and lasted until 1917. The Oregon Growers' Co-oper- ative Association was formed at Salem, Oregon in 1919, and has done much to unify the Willamette Valley fruit and berry growers. It also operates extensively at Med- ford, The Dalles and other points within the state. There are many problems for us to solve today, and new ones will present themselves as our distribu- tion broadens, as it surely will, to take in the rich and absorbent markets of South America and the Orient and the furthermost coun- tries of Europe. The immensity of the Pacific Coast fruit industry today, with an annual production of more than 100,000 carloads, or approximately 57,000,000 boxes, is such that those in control of its movement are worthy of cultivation by our great public carriers, both rail and water. When the Panama Canal, pos- sibly the greatest monument in the world to American resourcefulness and brains, was nearing completion, our Northwest fruit growers were promised an economical and ade- quate transportation service to the Atlantic seaboard and England. Not until last year, however, was it ever even tried out commercially, when the Earl Fruit Company loaded 30,000 boxes of apples on the refrigerator ship Kinderdyck for London and Liverpool. Two other ships were loaded from the Northwest for foreign ports also. Instantly upon reports of the suc- cess of these shipments, however, it became the "big stick" raised against the railroads for the lower- ing of their rates. The railroads cannot afford to permit any consid- erable tonnage to go to the Canal, for they realize the difficulty in di- verting it to themselves another year. Already the North Pacific Coast Line has been formed, affording a joint service of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and the Holland-America Line. They of- fer a fast freight service between Pacific Coast ports and England, Holland and Germany, all their BETTER FRUIT steamers being equipped with re- frigerators to handle fresh fruits and other perishable commodities in commercial quantities. There are too many of our grow- ers, unfortunately, who are deep in the rut of routine, too busy all day and too tired when night comes to do more than scan newspaper headlines and then tumble into bed. Day after day, they perform the round of seasonable tasks in a more or less mechanical way. They will tell you that they know how to prune, how to spray, how to thin, and have packed more apples than you have ever seeuj that they used to read their fruit magazine and federal bulletins before they Mr. Sliepard was not only an able editor and entertaining companion, but he knew how to grow fine fruit as well. learned it all, but not now. These wiseacres have lost absolutely the broad vision with which they en- tered the game, and are narrowed down to a hum-drum and deadly existence. There have been many lean years 'tis true, enough to try men's souls to the breaking point, but it's coming back, so let us awake to a future infinitely greater than the rosiest era of the past, and come to some realization of the big things developing in our industry. There are too many millions of dollars invested, too many big and able men in the game to permit of anything put progression. Last year our growers found many reasons besides the failure of their associa- tion to market wisely for low re- turns. High harvesting costs and Page 5 high prices of boxes and other ma- terials, together with excessive freight rates, were held responsible. There was another cause, how- ever, and probably nearer the true cause than any of the others men- tioned, though naturally they con- tributed. The annual report of one of out strongest marketing associa- tions shows that of the entire ton- nage handled by it in 1920 only 44 per cent was Extra Fancy, 1>() per cent Fancy and 20 per cent C-Grade, whereas the averages for the three years previous were Extra Fancy 52 per cent, Fancy 32 per cent and C-Grade 16 per cent. The report shows further a decrease in the size of the fruit grown, as follows: 1920, 4-tier 40 per cent, 43/2-tier 'i'i per cent, 5-tier 25 per cent. Averages for the three pre- ceding years were: 4-tier 54 per cent, 43/j-tier 30 per cent and 5-tier slightly over 16 per cent. With only 44 boxes Extra Fancy, out of 100 packed, and only 40 per cent of those, or 17.6 boxes of 4-tier, surely we can read the answer. A let-up in spraying, failure to adequately thin, passing up the nec- essary feeding of the trees through fertilization and then, in natural sequence, a low grade crop of small fruit. A preponderance of Extra Fancy fruit, of large size, such as we used to grow and still can, will always return a profit. The struggle has been and still is for a perfect selling plan. Co- operation has, it is true, been much misused and abused, yet the suc- cess of the future marketing of fruits lies in true co-operative sel- ling. To too many people, however, co-operation is the act of some indi- vidual or association helping them solve their troubles but asking nothing in return, whereas true co- operation means work on the part of all concerned for a common end. Let there be a franker under- standing on the part of the mem- bers of our marketing associations of the countless hair-trigger de- cisions the sales manager is called upon to make, with an equal chance {Concluded on fage 21) Page 6 BETTER FRUIT The Value of Thinning By Clayton L. Lone. Extension Horticulturist, Oregon Agricultural College July, 1921 THINNING apples in the early summer will do more to in- crease the size and color of the fruit and the total value of the crop than any other operation supplementary to common orchard practices. It is also the most satisfactory as well as profitable way to' prevent loss of branches from breakage on trees bearing full crops. Although it will not increase the vigor of the tree, it will be a very important factor in maintaining that which the tree al- ready has. The activity of an apple tree, whether for fruit-bud formation, fruit production or growth is controlled largely by the relation- ship of the raw food materials as furnished by its environment and utilized by itself. The soil furnishes the moisture and "soil foods" and the atmosphere furnishes the "air foods." If the rainfall is ample or irrigation practiced, the soil properly drained yet capable of holding moisture, and excessive evaporation prevented by proper cultivation or mulching, the soil moisture will not be the limiting factor. If these conditions are not right, and a uni- form moisture supply is not available dur- ing the growing season, this is where our first attention is needed. If the soil needs draining, this should come first and nothing else can take its place. If it will not retain enough water to mature the crop, organic matter should be incorporated and other means of increas- ing the water holding capacity of the soil practiced. If these corrections, together with preventation of evaporation from the surface soil, do not supply the tree with a sufficient supply of moisture, a condition often met in unirrlgated, semi-arid sec- tions, nothing can be done other than that of reducing the top of the tree by pruning to fit this shortage. After this moisture supply is made to fit the tree or the tree to fit the moisture, our next step is to properly balance the two groups of foods, the soil foods and the air foods, to bring about such activity of the tree as is desired. If the soil is thin or worn out, which usually means low in organic matter, the soil foods may be the limiting factor and should be given next considera- tion. Annual application of nitrogen will be a temporary remedy, but the incorpora- tion of organic matter, by plowing down straw, rough manure, cover crops, etc., are necessary in any long time solution of this soil problem. The nitrogen of the soil, which is the limiting factor in the group of soil foods, is carried in the organic matter of the soil and can be maintained only by annual contributions of organic matter forming materials. The growing of catch crops should be an annual practice in culti- vated orchards. THE "air foods" are abundant in propor- tion to the area of leaf surface of the tree, together with the strength of the light playing upon this leaf surface. These foods may be the limiting factor where the soil is extremely fertile or the orchardist a heavy pruner or where a combination of the two exist. In this case the remedy would be a slowing up of the pruning, excepting a light thinning out in very dense trees, and a withdrawal of all nitrogenous fertilizers, manures and leguminous cover-crops. In other words let the tree accumulate a larger leaf surface and do not add nitrogen to the soil. This condition is seldom met in ma- ture trees as their usual lack of vitality shows. Most mature trees would be more productive of profits if their vigor was con- siderably increased. Thinning of the fruit becomes necessary whenever the activity of the tree is too largely consumed in the formation of fruit buds and the production of fruit at the ex- pense of wood growth, a condition brought about by an over supply of air foods as com- pared to the soil foods. The young, vigor- ous tree comes into partial bearing, then into full bearing and finally over-bears before it is forced into the habit of alternate bear- ing. A tree that overbears is under-vigorous and carries a large number of very slow- growing fruit spurs that seldom bloom and when they do bloom never set fruit, another large number that bloom and bear and very few that are vigorous, making a good growth, that do not bloom. Practically all apple trees that are consist- ent annual bearers have 25 per cent or more of their fruit spurs too vigorous each year to form fruit buds. This will insure enough vigor in the tree as a whole to make a good annual growth with a good number of new spurs forming fruit buds on the one year old wood. This condition cannot be brought about in over-bearing trees by thinning the fruit, no matter how severe the treatment. The trouble is more deeply seated than this year's crop of fruit. It is an unbalanced re- lationship of the "soil foods" and the "air foods" with the latter greatly predominat- ing. This unbalanced condition may be of short or long standing, but continually growing worse as the natural tendency of the tree is to increase rather than to diminish it. In fact this plight may become so ex- treme that the tree will get beyond this alternate bearing stage to a seldom bearing or even to a never bearing stage. Artificial means that tend to increase the "soil foods" and decrease the "air foods" must be used and used strenuously. The natural ten- dency of the tree must be overcome, the un- balanced relationship of these two groups of foods must be rectified and the accumu- lation of the over-abundant "air foods" of previous years must be matched. The com- bined influence of pruning, fertilizing, cultivating and cover-cropping (or mulch- ing), and thinning at their very best will be required to get this tree out of its alter- nate bearing habit back into the proper stage of vigor. It will be a much harder task to get old trees out of their alternate bearing habit than it will be to keep young, vigorous trees from getting into it. In either case the ten- dency of the tree will have to be fought against annually. THE effects of thinning may be a big factor in keeping young, vigorous trees from forming the alternate bearing habit, but it is not enough to get trees with the habit established back into annual bearing. It will help to conserve the vigor already there, but it will not instill new vitality into the tree. The greatest benefit jrom thin- ning will be on this -gear's frtdt. It will pay big dividends on the increased size and color of the fruit and continue to pay for years to come on the branches saved from the breaking that so often takes place in heavily loaded trees. Time will be saved in the picking, grading and packing of the crop equal at least to that required for thinning. The most economical time to do this thinning is immediately after the June drop, after nature has done her thinning. At this time most of the apples left will ma- ture and one need not hesitate to do all necessary thinning at one time. It is far cheaper to remove all surplus fruit the first time over the trees, than it is to make two or more thinnings. In practice all imperfect fruit should be removed. Each cluster should be reduced to not more than one fruit and then enough others removed un- til those remaining are at a desirable dis- tance apart. Variety as well as vigor of the tree should be considered in determining the right distance apart to leave the fruit. On vigorous trees the smaller varieties will net most if left six or seven inches apart while eight or ten is none too far for the large varieties. These distances should- be increased an inch or two whenever the tree shows lack of vigor. The time required to do this work will vary with the size of the tree, as well as set of fruit. Trees capable of bearing three or four boxes of marketable fruit will re- quire about one-half hour, those equal to ten boxes in the neighborhood of one hour {Concluded on fage 16) Jnhj, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Transportation Problems of the West By C. De Vere Fairchild of Yakima, Secretary Deciduous Bureau, Pacific Coast Producers' and Shippers' Association I MAINTAIN that Wenatchee, Yakima, Seattle — Washington, Oregon and California are merely the names of certain geographical locations and that the existence of these names should not in the slightest degree lessen our interest in each other. We are associates in the fullest sense of the word and actuated by this spirit of unity, we are going to successfully solve one of the most stupendous problems confronting the fruit grower and all other interests of the Pacific Coast — the efficient and economi- cal transportation of western fruit to the markets of the world. The capit.il invested in the fruit industry of the Pacific Coast is in excess of $300,- 000,000, and the annual production ex- ceeds 100,000 carloads, or approximately 5 7,000,000 boxes; consisting principally of apples, pears, oranges and lemons. These figures convey some idea of the magnitude of the problem of distribution and the im- portance of efficiency and economy in transportation. This is further exemplified in the statement that the mere saving of 10 cents a box means a total of $5,700,000. This tremendous industry is however still in its infancy, large areas suitable to the production of the highest quality of fruit can yet be brought under irrigation and for many years to come the grower can iceep pace with an increased demand. The pro- duction of fruit on the Pacific Coast there- fore for many years to come will be regu- lated by demand, and demand in turn is largely controlled by the cost and efficiency of transportation. Apples shipped from the Pacific North- west enjoy a wider distribution than any other commodity shipped from one section. In addition to the distribution to over 2,500 cities and towns in the United States a large export trade is being developed to Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, South America, Canada and Cuba and now that Mexico is showing signs of peaceful en- deavor, possibly its sixteen million inh.abit- ants can be pursuaded to join the ranics of the consumers of western fruits. yvriTH the exception of a few varieties, '' which constitute a neglig.able percent- age of the total production, all of our apples with proper refrigeration facilities can be distributed to the markets of the world; some varieties require prompt shipment, other varieties can be held in cold storage for a period of seven months and then be safely transported to Europe. This makes possible a shipping season of eight months. During the coming season we hope to make a shipment of 40,000 boxes of Bart- lett pears from Seattle to England, and it is confidently expected that the condition of these pears upon arrival will permit of ex- tended distribution. The export trade presents unlimited pos- sibilities; the installation of refrigeration on vessels engaged in general cargo traffic .ample to meet the possibilities of the trade at port of entry and tributary territory will revolutionize this outlet for western fruit; // the Pticific Coast is to realize the maximum benefits from the great fruit industry, which already refre- sents a capital invest7ne?it of more than $300,000,000 in this section, closer co-oferation between individ- uals, communities and states is nec- essary, in the opinion of C. de Vere Fairchild, Yakima grower, zcho was one of the Washington representa- tives at the recent Pacific Coast conference of fruit growers and shippers held in Seattle. At the con- ference the Pacific Coast Producers^ and Shippers' Association was organ- ized to provide water transportation from the Pacific to the Atlantic for thousands of tons of fruit which the railroads cannot now handle econom- ically or efficiently. m many centers it will increase consump- tion more than ten fold; in others, where western fruit is practically unknown today, a flourishing trade can be developed. To illustrate this statement, a friend of mine operating a newspaper in Toyko, some time ago wrote me as follows: "I am satisfied that a large quantity of Pacific Coast pears could be disposed of among the upper class of Japanese pro- vided you had some way of delivering the fruit here in perfect condition." Hundreds of foreign markets that are capable of consuming tremendous quantities of western fruit are lying dormant waiting for American initiative to equip vessels with proper refrigeration so that western fruit may be delivered to the furthermost corners of the earth with practically no de- terioration in transit. These statements of water transportation possibilities are based on the actual results of certain shipments from Seattle, the offi- cial report of which is as follows: WASHINGTON, D. C, Feb. 4.— Considerable interest has been mani- fested in the results of the venture of Paci- fic Coast apple growers in shipping apples from points on the Pacific direct to Eng- land via the Panama Canal. The American Agriculture Trade Commissioner at London reports that the fruit on both vessels arrived in excellent condition." In speaking of this venture, the Depart- ment of Agriculture says the enterprise of the Pacific Coast Shippers is commendable In every respect. Most of the apples in the consignment were C grade because north- western shippers were naturally somewh.it cautious about placing their best apples in an experimental shipment. However, grati- fying results obtained will encourage them to ship only the highest grade to the British markets in the future. The fruit on the steamship Eemdyk reached Southampton in the latter part of November and went on sale the day after arrival. Deliveries were made throughout the United Kingdom within 24 hours, a notable achievement on the part of the auc- tioneers and the London & Southwestern Railway Company. A representative set of buyers from England and Scotland attended the sale, and many lots were disposed of. The trade commissioner calls attention to the fact that in spite of the long trip there were less than 180 slight breakages in a shipment of over 30,000 boxes. These breakages were so slight that they were easily remedied by putting in a few extra nails'. Though the prices received for this fruit at Southampton were less than the pre- vailing prices of the markets farther north, it must be remembered that the cargo con- tained a great deal of C grade fruit, which is an important factor in accounting for the low prices received. THE fruit on the steamship Kinderdyk, which arrived in London on December 16, was also In excellent condition. The ap- ples were most carefully stowed and were held in position with wooden dunnage nailed along the tops of the boxes. It was declared by a specialist in refrigeration and transportation of the United States De- partment of Agriculture, now in London, that the apple cargo of the Kinderdyk was intact, showing scarcely any evidence of shifting or breakage, and was in remarkably fine condition. Both the steamship com- pany and the Pacific Coast loaders are to be congratulated on the success of these two shipments. As stated in the preceding report, the success of these experimental shipments is due in large measure to the modern and efficient f.acilities which the citizens of King county have wisely provided, to the care and diligence of the dock authorities and steamship representatives, and reflect great credit to the officials connected with the Port of Seattle. While the possibilities of export trade {Continued on page 20) Page 8 BETTER FRUIT The Honey Situation J illy, 1921 By E. H. Tucker, Economic Statistician, First National Bank of Los Angeles and Los Angeles Trust & Savings Bank IT IS ONLY recently that the honey industry has become a specialized important industry in the United States. This develop- ment has taken place almost en- tirely in the State of California and is to a great extent the result of the activity of co-operative mar- keting associations. Heretofore, statistics as to honey pro- duction and consumption in the United States have been almost negligible, be- cause of the fact that the production of honey was maintained as a side-line by the average agriculturist. The development of the honey industry upon a scientific com- mercial basis has created the necessity for accurate information as to honey produc- tion and for a careful scientific analysis of the honey situation. California produces approximately 1 5 per cent of the honey produced in the United States of America. Iowa is the sec- ond state, producing 6 per cent of the en- tire crop of the United States. New York, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin each pro- duce approximately 4 per cent, and Penn- sylvania, Georgia, Florida, Ohio, Indiana, Missouri and Colorado 3 per cent. No other state produces more than 2 per cent of the entire honey supply of the United States. California alone markets the major pro- portion of its honey production outside of the state in which it is produced. As a gen- eral rule from 70 per cent to 90 per cent of the commercial honey produced in Cali- fornia is marketed outside of the state and from one-third to one-half of the honey marketed outside of the state in which produced is California honey. Careful estimates as to commercial honey production in California during the past 20 years are given below: Year Pounds 1900 2,208,000 1901 8,112,000 1902 5,125,000 1903 . 8,400,000 1904 1,040,000 1905 10,000,000 1906 -- 4,510,000 1907 7,120,000 1908 4,5 24,000 1909 11,532,000 1910 4,080,000 1911 9,500,000 1912 4,710,000 1913 3,720,000 1914 7,950,000 1915 9,360,000 1916 __ 8,100,000 1917 6,500,000 1918 ._ - -- 5,500,000 1919 6,3 50,000 1920 (not final).... 9,500,000 It is impossible to secure accurate figures as to total honey produced in the United States of America. However, the chief of the field service of the Department of Agriculture estimates that 130,000,000 pounds will approximate the total honey production in the United States during 1916, and states that it is his belief that these figures are within 10 per cent of the actual production. Upon this basis it is three forms in which honey enters the com- mercial market. Next in importance to ex- tracted honey is comb honey and there is a small amount of chunk honey sold upon the market. By chunk honey is meant that honey which is sold in the form in which it is taken from the hive, wax and honey being intermingled. Practically all of the honey now pro- duced in California is extracted honey. In 1916, 81 per cent of the California com- mercial production was sold in such form. In 1917, 82 per cent; in 1918, 90 per cent; in 1919, 97 per cent, and in 1920, estimated that the total production for the United States was about 150,000,000 pounds in 1917, 180,000,000 pounds in 1918, 210,000,000 pounds in 1919 and 250,000,000 pounds in 1920. It may be, however that the 1920 production of honey in the United States totaled as much as 300,000,000 pounds. This is the estimate made by Dr. E. F. Phillip, epiculturist of the Bureau of Entomology. COMMERCIAL honey is produced al- most exclusively in the form of ex- tracted, or bulk honey, although there are 96 per cent. In the United States approxi- mately 5 5 per cent to 60 per cent of all honey produced is sold as extracted honey. Comb honey is relatively unimportant in California, production of such honey in 1920 amounting to only 2 per cent of the total amount of honey produced in the state. This is the result of the gradual change to extracted honey, as in 1916 approximately 18 per cent of California honey was sold as comb honey. The production of comb honey is ex- ceptionally difficult and its lasting qualities are such that it is hard to market comb July, 1921 honey outside of the state in which it is produced. As a consequence, the bulk of the comb honey sold in the United States is that produced and sold locally in various Eastern states. In 1916 and 1917, 38 per cent of all the honey produced in the United States was produced in the form of comb honey. In 1918 the percentage was 31 per cent and in 1919 and 1920, 30.5 per cent. Approximately 1 0 per cent of the honey produced in the United States is sold as chuni< honey. In California only from one to two per cent of all honey produced is sold in this form. The principal markets for honey moving through the regular channels of trade are reported as Medina, Ohio; Cincinnati, New York City, Chicago, Kans.as City, Philadel- phia and Boston. It is estimated, however, that approximately 90 per cent of the honey produced in the country, with the excep- tion of the California production, does not get 25 miles from the home of the honey producer. In the past the markets for commer- cially produced honey have been, to a great extent, foreign markets. In 1919 there were 9,105,362 pounds of honey exported from the United States. The principal im- porting countries were the United King- dom, which imported 2,882,951 pounds; France, which imported 1,129,704 pounds; Sweden, which imported 1,128,1 52 pounds; Belgium, which imported 922,008 pounds; The Netherlands, which imported 690,595 pounds; Denmark, which imported 417,- 492 pounds; and Canada, which imported 297,414 pounds. While these exportations to foreign countries during 1919 were slightly larger than normal exportations, because of the sugar shortage, they may nevertheless be taken as indicative of the proportion of American produced honey formerly absorbed by foreign markets. AT present, these markets are being defi- nitely closed to United States honey producers. In 1920 there were only 1,5 39,- 725 pounds of honey exported from the United States of America, almost 5 0 per cent less than total exportations to Great Britain during 1919 and approximately 83 per cent less than total exportations during 1919. Several factors are closing these foreign markets to American honey producers. The first of these is the depreciation in foreign exchanges, which is making it exceptionally difficult for foreign countries to purchase American produced goods. This situation may be only temporary and the organization of the new $100,000,000 Foreign Trade Financing Corporation may materially assist in stabilizing exchanges. The other factor which is closing foreign markets to American productions is probably permanent. Throughout the world, com- panies are being formed to further honey production. Cheap labor costs, and inferior BETTER FRUIT methods in handling honey will probably assure these corporations a comparative mo- nopoly on foreign honey markets. The situation is made doubly serious by the fact that many of these companies are formed with the express purpose of ex- ploiting United States markets. They are shipping quantities of extracted honey into the New York market. This honey, it is alleged, is sometimes shipped into the United States in containers, consisting of previously used casks, barrels, and even five gallon oil cans. This imported honey is not always produced under sanitary conditions and may even contain bacilli larvae, which are germs of a very contagious disease, sim- ilar in seriousness to the boll weevil in the cotton industry. Consequently, efforts are being made to secure an emergency protec- tive tariff of not less than 5 cents per pound upon every pound of honey imported into the United States from foreign mar- kets. The purpose of this tariff is not only NOTICE NURSERYMEN Nursery licenses expire June 30th. The law requires renewals each year, July 1st, by payment of the annual license fee of $5.00 and filing a bond in the sum of $1,000.00. Only surety company bonds will be accepted by the Director of Agriculture. Nursery agents' licenses must also be re- newed July 1st. The fee for each agent's license is $1.00. to protect United States honey from com- petition with foreign honey, but is also to protect the honey industry from possible in- roads which .these larvae might make upon the bee of the United States, if importation is permitted to continue. A movement to require rigid inspection of imported honey and rejection of any honey containing in- jurious larvae could do much to correct this evil, but present attempts by producers seem to be directed toward efforts to secure tariff protection. The United States honey industry is to- day definitely faced with the fact that it must rely almost entirely upon domestic markets in the future. In the past it has been the custom to market domestically pro- duced honey in five-gallon cans, containing sixty pounds of extracted honey. As a gen- eral rule two of these cans form a case. A considerable proportion of this honey was retailed direct from the can into containers belonging to the consumers. The baking trade in the United States has used large proportions of the United States produced honey in preference to sugar, be- cause it permits the holding of a certain proportion of moisture In baked goods. As commercial baked goods tend to dry and chip easily if sugar is used, honey is con- sidered superior for sweetening purposes. IN ORDER to better exploit local markets a new means of marketing honey is fast gaining in favor In the United States and is being pushed by co-operative honey assocla- Page 9 tlons in California. Honey is being put up for the retail trade in one pound, two and a half pounds, five-pound and ten-pound friction-top cans, and in eight-ounce and sixteen-ounce glasses. These containers carry a label showing the name of the canning company and the source of the honey, so that its cleanliness can be vouched for. Ac- tive steps are being taken to develop larger home markets for this new form of honey. The food value of honey is unquestioned, as it contains 1485 heat calories per pound. High railroad freight rates are interfer- ing with the marketing of California pro- duced honey, and active steps are being taken to secure a reduction in these rates so that California honey can enter the Eastern markets of the United States. With the de- velopment of water transportation, through the Panama Canal, It is anticipated that in- creasing amounts of California honey can enter Eastern markets at cheaper transpor- tation costs. It is being found that co- operative marketing of honey, as at present carried on In California, Is reducing the cost of marketing honey by several cents per pound, thereby assisting in profitable mar- keting. The California Honey Producers' Co-operative Exchange, with head offices in Los Angeles, markets the honey of ap- proximately 85 per cent of the California commercial producers. The problems which the honey industry of the United States, and particularly of California, are faced today are, therefore, three-fold. The first Is the securing of an effective means of excluding any infected foreign honey, the second Is a reduction in freight rates to Eastern markets, the third Is the preparation of honey in more mar- ketable forms and the development of larger consumption in the United States. The first of these problems will require Congressional action. The solution of the second will be made easier through the de- velopment of water transportation through the Panama Canal and the ready response which is being made in retail markets to the new forms of marketing honey will go a long way in solving the third problem. Honey prices have dropped materially in the past year, because of general readjust- ment and because of the closing of foreign markets. While in 1918 and 1919 and the earlier part of 1920 the prices for the bet- ter grades of California honey in Los An- geles markets ranged between 1 8 cents and 23 cents. These prices have now dropped to as low as 12 cents and 13 cents. Predic- tions as to future honey prices can not be made with any accuracy today, but indica- tions are that with the development of new domestic markets the excess honey for- merly shipped to foreign countries will tend to be absorbed in the United States. A poor spraying equipment makes con- trol difficult. No more spray rods or guns should be used than the outfit will sup- port and still maintain a good reserve with- out overtaxing the engine or pump. Page 10 BETTER FRUIT Jtilfi, ui.n North Pacific Coast Line Joint Service of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company— Holland- America Line Fast Freight Service Between VANCOUVER, B. C—PUGET SOUND— COLUMBIA RIVER— SAN FRANCISCO— and LOS ANGELES HARBOR LONDON— LIVERPOOL— HULL— ROTTERDAM— AMSTERDAM— ANTWERP- HAMBURG and HAVRE From Pacific Coast Ports Loading M. S. SOMERSETSHIRE Late July S. S. KINDERDYK Early August S. S. MOERDYK Late August S. S. NOORDERDYK Ute September S. S. EEMDYK Early October From Europe Loading S. S. MOERDYK Early August S. S. NOORDERDYK Early August S. S. EEMDYK Late August All Steamers Equipped with Large Coolrooms and Refrigerators for the Transportation of Fish, Fruit, Cheese and Other Perishable Cargo For freight rates and space apply: Oregon-Pacific Co., 203 Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Oregon— Main 4565 Orchard Queen Cider Mill 100'A JUICE It doesn't crush the apples, but grates or grinds them, breaking the juice cells so that when the pomace is pressed in the sani- tary cloth sacks, all of the juice is ex- tracted. Orchard Queen is the simplest, easiest operated, cleanliest and most efficient of cider mills. No metal in cylinder or hop- per to ■ discolor juice. Operated by hand or power. Made in two sizes. Our folder explains in detail the construction and operation of the Orchard Queen Mill. Write for it. Puffer-Hubbard Manufacturing Co. 3203 Kast J6th St. Minneapolis. Minn. WHEN WRITING AOVERTIBEBS MENTION BETTEB FHOIT July, Ifl.'l "Decision Day" By J. S. Crutchfield, President American Fruit Growers, Inc. THE general business situation is charac- terized by the lack of any distinct character. In other words, the country, and probably the world, has perhaps now reached the extreme height or depth of un- settlement. If this be the case, and we be- lieve it is a fact, it means, speaking m basic terms, that conditions are ripe for a distinct and healthy restoration of confi- dence in business. All that is lacking at the present time is definite leadership and a decision day. When general business has stopped .as still as it now has in many lines, it requires concerted action, under compe- tent direction, to make the initial start. A verv pertinent question is: Have we reached the time when the word "Go" should be given? In other words, should July 1 5 next, be "Decision Day," when the secretary of commerce, representing the ad- ministration, sh,all give the "Go" sign to .all commerce and industry: Most assuredly no earlier date than July 1 would have been opportune, and it might even be better to defer the date for this "all-together effort" until .August 1 or Sep- tember 1 . It is hard to im.agine how fundamental conditions in the United States could be better than at present. The present acute depression is artificial, unnatural and unnecessary. In our opinion, anv such acute depression is wholh' due t) the unwillingness of the human factors in the rank of both capital and labor to recog- nize and bow to the inevitable. Economic forces are actively in operation which refuse to follow the direction or ideas of either the captains of industry, the leaders of labor unions, or even the dictates of governments, unless such dictates con- form to such natural laws. The three big lines which make for nor- mal volume of business are: 1. The approaching harvest of a crop produced at post-war costs, and which should, and undoubtedly can be sold at a net profit to the farmer. 2. The great building needs of the nation. 3. The vast and immediate needs of the railroads, in anticipation of a-resumption of normal traffic. Only such a crisis as the past year could have forced the farmers of the nation to get their production costs down in connec- tion with the present maturing crops. It would be a tremendous misfortune for the coming generation if an extensive na- tion-wide building boom should have taken place on the basis of the inflated costs of material, transportation and labor, hereto- fore, and even now, prevailing. It would be nothing short of a calamity for the impoverished railroads to have been forced into the market for extensive im- BETTER FRUIT Page 11 <7r-0 qUAR.ANTEE \V) best r<-sults in dust- ing use "Calispray" Du.'ls made in our own factory for the American Beauty Dust Sprayer — a brar\cl, ready prepared, for every insect pest. In Difficult Places Convenience in the use of any sprayer is determined by the ease with which inaccessible places may be treated. The American Beauty Dust Sprayer forces its strong blast to the very center of the tree, dusting the underside of leaves and penetrating the blossom cluster— good breed- ing places for pests but seldom treated with the average sprayer. Being a hand machine the operator can go into most diliicult places, treating the infested plant with greatest convenience. One man can dust 15 acres a day in orchard work, and in fields or vineyards the acreage covered is, of course, much greater. Dusting with an American Beauty Dust Sprayer and "Calispray" Dusts is a method un- equalled in the control of Aphis, Thrips, Mildew, Red Spider, Leaf Hopper and other pests. Through dealers or direct from us. The California Sprayer Co. 6001-11 Pasadena Avenue Los Angeles, California 624 N. Sixth Street Walla Walla, Washington Write for Terms E F F I C I E N C Y POWER PRUNE DIPPERS AND TRAYERS We make the best. Write for our catalogue. This is the dipper demonstrated at the State Fair at Salem last season. Order now while we have the supply. SALEM MFG. CO., Salem, Oregon Factory located at 1396 North Front an.l Hood Streets WHEN IVRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FBUIT Page 12 provements and extensions at the rate of wages and cost of steel and other material. The great American business machine came to a stand-still while the major ad- justment was being made; and it is perfect- ly obvious and gratifying to know that it will be impossible to make any substantial start on the major recovery unless it be on a right, sound and permanent basis of price of materials, transportation and labor. July 1 5 is a possible "decision day" pro- vided the railroads are willing on that date, simultaneously, to put into effect perma- nent or emergency rates on agricultural products, building materials, road materials, coal and similar heavy lines which go into the matter of the nation's food and build- ing needs. These freight rates were, on September 1 , 1920, simultaneously raised 25 per cent to 40 per cent. The nation's business is so closely related that the present program of "nibbling" at one rate after another, and to such an inadequate degree except where water transportation is forcir.g adequate re- ductions, obviously does not meet the need of the situation. The decreased rates must be put into effect simultaneously, at least on the above lines, in order to make possible the necessary simultaneous stimulation which is needed to get business really started promptly. Steel and material of all kinds for build- ing and railroads' construction, which are materially above a pre-war price, must also put in emergency prices for a while, and simultaneously, if they would have general business resume witncit further unnecessary sacrifice; and labor^ (.n the same date, must be willing, for the time being at least, to accept such a wage as the traffic will bear. The question of profit, on the first few months' business is immaterial. The farmer produced a whole crop 1: ' year at a tre- mendous loss below the cost of production. No corresponding sacrifice will he i-i-uired from labor or from other lines of business, if concerted actio i and co-op -ration can be secured on July !5, August i, or Septem- ber 1 — whichev;^ day is determined upon as "Decision Da) .'' It is unreasonable 'o force 60 per cent of the nation's traffic to do what has been done during the past fen- months, namely, pay to the railroads a hi,-; ler gross and net income than 110 per cent traffic produced in gross and net incc-.ie one year ago. On julv 1 the railroads received a dis- tinct and material decrease in their labor costs and improvement in the classification and rules affecting the employment of la- bor. This succor having been afforded by the government's action through the labor board, it is perfectly right that the govern- ment should insist that either permanent or emergency freight rates should be put into operation; and these freight rates, in the above lines, should approximate the basis ob- ( Concluded on fage 13) BETTER FRUIT July, 1931 Water Instead of Ice! This process of cooling by evaporation is recommended by the United States De- partment of Agriculture, and is being used successfully in thousands of homes. The Empire Iceless Refrigerator will save your food from spoiling through the hot sum- mer months, and there is absolutely no expense attached to its use. Made also in windlass type for use in wells, etc. It is a proven success, and is guaranteed to do the work. Let us send you descriptive folder and prices. Farm Supply Company 281 12th St. Portland, Ore "Always At Your Service" Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: LADDERS BOX PRESSES PACKING CHAIRS BOX-MAKING BENCHES and AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS all GRAVITY & POWER CONVEYOR kinds POTATO GRADERS AND SIZERS of PRICE FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Special NELSON FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Equipment PRICE "PRICE PRODUCTS" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packmg house or v^arehouse. Illustrated Booklets and Price List on Request Fruit Appliance Company Successors to Price Manufact'iring Company, Inc. YAKIMA, WASHINGTON July, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page IS Marketing Conference ELIMINATION of wastes in assembling and warehousing fruits at shipping points, amalgamation of existing co-opera- tive associations, financing of the industry, principles of fruit marketing, evils of the present system of handling fruit and other national problems will be considered at the Western Fruit Mariieting Conference to be held in the rooms of the Chamber of Com- merce at Portland, July 11,12 and 13. The committee in charge of the confer- ence consists of H. L. Hull, Yakima, chair- man; Dr. S. B. Nelson, Washington State College, Pullman, Wash., and A. G. Craig, East Farms, Wash. The program, which is sponsored by the state farm bureaus of Oregon, Washington, California, Montana, Idaho and Utah, will include the following addresses: ' Water Transportation — C. De Vere Fairchild of Yakima, secretary decldvious bureau, Pacific Coast Producers' & Shippers' Association. Fundamental Principles of Fruit Marketing — Dr. Hector McPherson, Corvallis, director farm markets. History and Evils of Present Fruit Market Sys- tem— Colonel Weinstock, San Francisco. National Marketing Problems — Samuel Adams, Chicago, editor American Fruit Grower. "rinicples of Marketing Systems — W. S. Shearer, Lewiston, Idaho, president Idaho Farm Bureau Fed- eration. Advertising Plans — C. I. Lewis, Salem, assistant manager Oregon Co-operative Growers' Association. Elimination of Wastes in Assembling and Ware- housing Fruit at Shipping Points — Ed Pierce of Opportunity, Wash., manager of Spokane Valley Growers' Union. Refrigeration — R. R. Railthorp of Spokane, gov- "Decision Day" ( Continued from fage 1 2 ) taining before the advance of September 1, 1920. It is unnatural and undesirable to expect business conditions to be very stable the next few years. Hence the need in all phases of business is sufficient elasticity and adapt- ability to meet the varying trade currents. Foreign developments, as well as the final outcome of the crops, are always important, but uncertain, determining factors. If the nation should again enter a period of great prosperity, which is possible, the railroads should be allowed immediately to participate in such prosperity — certainly un- til they fully recover and are able to supply the increasing needs for transportation of any such prosperity. The administration's ability to success- fully cope with the foreign situation, and gradually institute such improvements as will approach the extreme needs of our own and foreign nations, is unquestioned. No nation could have more reason to be optimistic than the American nation has today; a world in great need of our prod- ucts and our financial assistance, on the one hand, and our abundant supply of both products and money with which to respond to such needs, on the other hand. ernmcnt specialist in fruit storage and railway transportation. Loading and Supervision of Cars in Transit' — W. J. Urquehart of Yakima, Wash., manager Yak- ima Valley Traffic & Credit Association. Storage at Points of Origin and Destination — F. W. Graham of Seattle, western immigratiorx and industrial agent, Great Northern railway. Increasing Efficiency of Distributing Points — C. H. Swigart of Yakima, manager Yakima Fruit Growers' Association. Amalgamation of Existing Co-operative Mar- keting Associations and Organizations of Addi- tional Units — George A. Mansfield of Medford, president of Oregon State Farm Bureau. Financing the Growers and Acceptance of Fruit Paper by Local and Federal Reserve Banks — F. A. Duncan, Yakima, Wash., president Yakima Na- tional Bank. The Future of Co-operative Marketing — E. A. Bryan, Boise, Idaho, state commissioner of edu- cation. Necessity for an Annual Western Fruit Market- ing Conference — Ward M. Sachett, Hamilton, Mont., manager Montana Fruit Distributers- Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" Flll .velfare of the industry at heart. Published Monthly Eveii With the reductioii in Better Fruit Publishing Company freight rates about which so much Twelfth and Jefferson Streets [l^g beCIl Said aild SO little matCr- PORTLAND, OREGON j^jj^^^ ^^ y^^. ^j^^ ^^^^^ ^f transpor- JkuRoiZ^owEN .■.■.Assodaie'Edhor tation arc far from the pre-war i•Dl^IN°°''wILLIAMs.•.•.'''r"'r'."^''"^'" level which must be approached if ....San Francisco Representative, Hobart Bldg. ^^^ grOWCrS are tO rCCcivC a fair STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS profit on their product. If, with °^\lH°NGT6N-Dr' A "^^^ Mdander, Ento- lowcr ratcs, stcamship lines are able mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist. Pull- ^^ deliver Pacific CoaSt fruit in ^S^i-^t°°E-g-Sou^;frr=rig?.'irE;pe"rt.l"?e good Condition to Eastcm distrib- ARfztNAllS°."«de^°Honi^uUurist, Tuscon. utiiig Centers, they are certain to MONTANA— H. Thornbcr, Victor. get a heavy volume of business. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- & / , gist, Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist, It IS nOt altogether a OUCStlOU Ot Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, o J . Riverside. , , ratcs. It IS a question or tacilities, INDIANA — H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. 11 r-i ^ r ^ 'U ^'^" ■' as well. Shortage of cars contnb- All Communications should be addressed and ^j-gg gj-eatlv tO the difficulties of Remittances made payable to T • ' 1 • BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY the shipper endeavoriiig to move Subscription Price: l^' f„,,:(- from the Wcst It ITlUSt In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. tllS irUir irom me VN CSl. .1 UlUbl Canada and Foreign, including postage, »z.oo, ^ remembered that all freight cars payable in American exchange. "^ o Advertising Rates on Application. ^j-g j^qj adaptable tO the tranSpOr- tation of fruit. And that there is Fifteen Years ^ distinct shortage in refrigerated With this issue of Better cars is admitted by all the railroads. Fruit is begun its sixteenth year Plans to provide excellent re- of service to the fruit grower frigeration facilities on steamship of the Pacific Northwest. Through lines plying to the Atlantic coast, years of discouragement, when the Asia and Europe insure their use to fruit industry truly was in its in- a large extent by the fruit growers. fancy in this section of America, An important step in the solving Better Fruit continued the coun- of transportation difficulties was seller and friend of every grower, taken in Seattle last month when "Service!" That has been the the Pacific Coast Producers and watchword of Better Fruit. Shippers Association was formed. Only through service to the grower Six thousand carloads of fruit from has the publication of such a maga- California and 4000 to 5000 from zine been justified. For the future the Pacific Northwest were prom- we have pretentious plans. We ised representatives of steamship hope to extend our scope and inf lu- lines at the organization meeting. ence, to concentrate in our columns The aim of the new association, not only the technical horticultural we are told, is "to encourage the developments in fruit growing but shipping of fruit by water to Gulf the solution of marketing problems and Atlantic Coast ports as well as and other difficulties facing the to Europe and the Orient, and to industry. endeavor to obtain better general To our friends of many years, service in delivering Pacific Coast we express our cordial appreciation fruit to eastern markets through of their loyalty and pledge our- water transportation." selves to greater service in the fu Better Fruit has no quarrel ture. with the railroads. The rail lines have faced tremendous problems of Water Transportation readjustment and their burdens are That the real solution of trans- heavy. Better Fruit can recall portation difficulties for fruli"- that co-operation of the railroads growers of the Pacific Coast lies in has been of vital assistance in the the development of the water development of the fruit industry- routes to the Atlantic seaboard and in the West. But the railroads are Europe is the belief of many well- not meeting the situation today, Julij, 10£1 likely through no fault of their own. We believe that the provision of adequate water transportation for fruit will be of great importance to the industry if the West, which is growing so fast that future years will require the utmost facilities of combined rail and water routes to move the crops. The Outlook The increase in freight rates, high production costs, a general cur- tailment in buying and the defla- tion program have all had their in- fluence in making the past season for deciduous fruits not as profit- able as preceding seasons, yet in many respects the fruitgrowers of the Northwest are in much better condition financially than those of most other sections of the country. This is especially the case in regard to the box apple industry which, although far from being as satis- factory as growers and shippers would wish will wind up in much better shape than that of the citrus growers, who have had to take a loss instead of making a small mar- gin of profit or at least breaking even. Indications now are that the com- ing season will be more favorable. So far, weather conditions have been admirable for a good crop of all fruits in addition to the fact that producing costs along most lines are coming down. The price of boxes compared to last year has declined very materially, while la- bor and other costs show a tendency toward a sharp decline. Authentic reports on the outlook for improved business conditions in the near fu- ture, and efforts toward a widening of the export trade for American commodities of all descriptions lead to the belief that the coming year should result in a much more suc- cessful outcome for the fruit in- dustry generally. 'T'HE United States apple crop this year is esti- -^ mated at 107,698,000 bushels as against 24-0,- 442,000 bushels in 1920. A much grcnter pro- portion of the total will originate in the North- west this year, however, as the big producing states of the east and south have suffered severe frost damage, and besides they would naturally expect a lighter crop following their heavy one of last year. ./»///. ion BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Water Shipment of Fruit ON June 1 delegates from the fruit dis- tricts of California, Oregon and Wash- ington held a convention in Seattle and or- ganized the Pacific Coast Producers' and Shippers' Association. C. S. Whitco;nb, vice-president of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, was elected president of the association. The object of the new association is to encourage the shipping of fruit bv water to Gulf and Atlantic Coast ports, as well .is to Europe and the Orient, and to endeavor to secure better general service in delivering Pacific Co.ist fruit to Eastern maricets through water transporta- tion. At the meeting steamship companies w^ere assured that for this season the asso- ciation would guarantee 6,000 cars from California and 4,000 to 5,000 from the P.a- cific Northwest. The new .association has two branches, the citrus for California interests .and deciduous for shippers and growers of fruit in the Pa- cific Northwest. J. H. Wade of Wenatchee W.IS elected president of the deciduous fruit branch; C. DeVere Fairchild of Yakima, secretary and treasurer. Directors at large, C. L. Lewis of Salem and H. F. Davidson of Hood River. The shipments of fruit will be largely from the ports of Seattle, Tacoma, Portland and San Francisco. Steam- ship companies have indicated their willing- ness to equip vessels with cold storage facili- ties for handling shipments of fruit. Unequal Readjustment IN a recent tabulation by Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce, a graphic illus- tration was given of the unequal progress in the various steps in economic readjust- ment. It showed the danger of the agri- cultural industry and its standards of living being undermined. The following index numbers show present heights — 100 being 1913: Farm crop prices, 115; farm meat ani- mals, 123; wholesale index, all commodi- ties, 162; building materials, 212; house furnishings, 275; clothing, 192; fuel and light, 207; railway rates, 166; building- trade wages (skilled), 177. Put YOUR Waste Acres on the Right Side of the Ledger TAKE an "account of stock" of your land. See how much of it is in debt to you — idle, cropless acres cutting down your income and reducing the profits of your labor. Clear this land of stumps. Turn your idle acreage into product-bearing fields adding dollars to your yearly income. Clear land by the modern means — use STUMPING POWDERS Du Pont and Repauno Brands Experiments and actual operations in this section of the country have proved the true economy of Du Pont Stumping Powders. In some cases a saving of 50^ in time and labor has resulted by using the easier and quicker dynamite method. The constant supervision under which Du Pont and Repauno Stumping Powders are manufactured make them the most efficient and most uniform powders on the market today. Send for "Development of Logged-off Lands", telling how to use dynamite for land-clearing, ditch- ing and tree-planting. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. Pond Products (Nation-Wide Distribution) With the exception of the sizing machine, no horticultural invention of modern times has SO reduced the cost and improved the qua! it V of output of our orchards as the POND PROP-HOOKS. POND SCREW- EYE and POND "CENTIPEDE" LAD- DER. No fruit grower can afford to he without these devices. Descriptive cir- culars and prices on request. Russell G. Pond ' Forest Enciiicer) INVENTOR AND SHIPPER Parkdalc. 1 lood River Valley, Oregon ARE YOU BUILDING A DRYER? Don't Waste Money! Buy the FIEBER AIR HEATER Requires no piping — Eliminates fire dangers — Uses little wood- Increases the capacity of your dryer. THREE YEARS IN PUBLIC OPERATION For Particulars, Write to W. W. ROSEBRAUGH CO. SALEM, OREGON WHEN HTBITINR A0VEBT1BES8 UKNTION BnTEB FBDIT Page 16 BETTER FRUIT July, 1921 B Standardization Improves Berry Pack ASED upon reports from Inspector Bot- tel, County Horticultural Commis- sioner H. J. Ryan, of Los Angeles, has the following to remark on the value of stand- ardization as affecting the southern berry pack : "The method employed this season of preparing strawberries for market and ship- ment unpacked or loose packed is meeting with great favor by growers, shippers, deal- ers, retailers, and consumers. It does away with the incentive for deceptive packing and at the same time permits of full com- pliance with the fresh fruit and vegetable standardization laws. "The grower is fully convinced that it is to his interest to grade the berries, and the consumer feels that he can now buy with a fair assurance of getting a full box of good fruit. The shippers are agreed that loose packed berries carry to distant markets in much better condition than when placed compactly. The dealer and retailer can now offer berries in three grades — No. 1 consist- ing of mature, well-colored, well-picked berries, uniform in size, of fine quality, free from all defects and averaging about one inch in diameter. The No. 2 berries are of about the same quality as No. 1, except that they will average about three-fourths inch in diameter. No. 3 grade consists of small berries of fair quality." Picking Raspberries RASPBERRIES should be picked just as soon as they will come off the core without crumbling in the picking. Place the first two fingers and the thumb behind the berry and gently pull it off without much pressure. Do not hold many berries in the hand at one time or they will be crushed and be spoiled for shipping. Also do not put over-ripe berries in the same box with good, solid ones, or they will not ship well. A soft berry soon molds and spoils the whole crate. Fill the boxes full, but do not round or heap up in the center or the cover will crush them. Be careful not to allow the sun to shirie on the berries any more than po.-.sibIe after they are picked. The Value of Thinning (Continued from page 6) and those of fifteen to twenty boxes ca- pacity will require from one and one-hal f to two hours each. In removing the fruit the hand is much more rapid than thinning shears and should be used with all varieties excepting the very short stemmed ones and those clinging very tenaciously to the spurs. Of all orchard practices that tend to in- crease the size and color of the fruit, thin- ning is the only one under the complete control of the grower. It is sure to increase the value of the crop with the least drain upon the tree. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spplding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. COPPER CANSc;fd"S'Trec. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiimiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiri Copper with Screw Caps. Highest Grade Cans on the Market. Mail Orders Shipped atcincein Strong ^ xVood Boxes. Money Back ifOid'^li^fied. 1 K** Circu'nr^^ rei-, I Hydrometers $1.50 COPPER ""rUBlNG per foot. '^-inch. 20c: «.in. 25c: !i-in.35c: ^-in.60e: l.in.9Jc (length. uplo30ft.) Unions: ><-in. 35c; '^-in. 50c; K-in, 75c; V(-in. $1.00; l-in. $1.50. STANDARD METAL WORKS 6 Beach St., Boston, Mass. Depi. 014 Me-o-my, how you'll take to a pipe — and P.A.! Before you're a day older you want to let the idea slip under your hat that this is the open season to start something with a joy'us jimmy pipe — and Prince Albert! Because, a pipe packed with P. A. sat- isfies a man as he was never satisfied before — and keeps him satisfied! Why — P. A.'s flavor and fragrance and coolness and its freedom from bite and parch (cut out by our exclusive patented process) are a revelation to the man who never could get acquainted with a pipe! Ever roll up a cigarette with Prince Albert? Man, man — but you've got a party coming your way! Talk about a cigarette smoke; we tell you it's a peach! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal slass humidor with sponge moistener top. PRINCE Copyrletit 1921 by B. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Wlnston-Salem, N. C, the national Joy antoke Albert Jtdy, 1921 BETTER FRUIT The Nut Industry of the Northwest By Knight Pearcy of Salem THE Northwest country of America can produce commercially three varieties of nuts, chestnuts, walnuts and filberts. The nut producing sections of this region are limited almost wholly to that part of the states of Oregon and Washington located west of the Cascade range. While there are few or no commercial orchards of chestnuts of any considerable size, still there are groups of trees scattered pretty well over this whole region whose performance is such as to warrant the be- lief that chestnuts can be grown here com- mercially in case the market demands are such as to make such groves desirable. Near Salem is a planting of trees some t^venty years of age. In spite of the fact that these trees are planted much too close together and that they have been given poor care they average fifty pounds of nuts per tree annually. Some of the trees have produced 100 pounds and one yielded 150 pounds one season. Other small plantings in the Willamette valley have done equ.illy well. We can be assured of an average yield of at least 1200 pounds per acre. Chestnuts have brought twenty-five to forty cents per pound to the grower on the Chicago market in past years. The great native chestnut regions of the East which have heretofore furnished the needs of the American trade are fast van- ishing as a result of a terrible disease which has been killing off thousands of acres of trees annually for the last twenty years. Plant pathologists say that there is no hope of saving these plantings and that it is im- possible to grow commercial plantings in the area of the native chestnut since the dis- ease spreads to the cultivated varieties, with these nuts they must be either supplied Hence if our markets are to be supplied from foreign sources or else from a limited section of the middle west in which the nut is not native, or from our Pacific North- west. There is no question as to whether we can grow the nut here successfully. The ques- tion to be decided is simply whether market demands are such as to warrant planting the orchards. The writer believes that in time we will plant a limited acreage of chest- nuts along with other nuts. The chestnut is easy to grow. It thrives on a free soil where drainage is good. It should be planted at thirty-five to forty feet intervals. The walnut is a nut that has proved its adaptability to conditions of this country. It will some day be listed among our great crops, along with the loganberry and the prune. The United States has averaged annually for the last ten years an importation of 18,000,000 pounds of unshelled walnuts and 11,500,000 pounds of shelled walnuts. California in 1919 produced 56,000,000 pounds. Consumption of nuts is increasing very rapidly in this country. Oregon has about 8000 acres of walnuts. Fifty per cent of this acreage will in all probability develop into high grade proper- ties. One may wonder why only half of the total plantings of the state show prospect of succeeding commercially. The reasons are several. The walnut is not adapted to a Ridley, Houlding & Co. CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy Page 17 ALBATROSS BRANDS How to prevent the "blotch" or "burn" of the spray on fruit Observe this study in contrasts. The apple at the left was sprayed with Arsenate of Lead— a wonder- fully good spray. But the user neylectt-d to mix "Spray Spread" with it. Below is a similar apple- sprayed with the same kind of spray— but Albatross Spray Spread was mixtd with the spray. Note the difference — the* "lead" dried on the FIRST apple in I spots— orblotchs.xiit; second apple received an equal amount of proteciive spray — but it spread over the apple in a thin film. .Appearance and mar- keting appeal of the apple is thus retained, i The pictures tell why I Government experts I are so enthused over I "Spray Spread" — I why experienced hor- I ticulturists say it has ., ^ ,,..,,, ... , ,, ^NO pQual for spread- Aote he blotch vr burn of ^^ "arsenate of the lead on this apple lead" spray. ALBATROSS SPRAY SPREAD (CaUiiini Casemate l'o)!;t''uiH() Quality Features: 1. Very finely ground — always uniform. 2. Quickly Soluble. 3. No lost time. 4. Protects fruit with uniform coating. 5. Does not injure foliage. 6. Recommended by experts. 7. Guaran teed by manufacturers. Directions sent with each order \'ote the mit/oritt. adhcjtng film on this apple PACKAGES AND PRICES 2001b. Bbl. B>xes 2 lb. Pkgs. 22^ lb. 2^f? ID. 25^ lb. Freight prepaid to Northwest points. Note: If you use Casien. Albatross Superfine, is the brand to buy. Very finely ground — quickly soluble when mixed with alkali. MbatrosSi PaTntT ■BflL BASIC pWP.p — for Storage plants, packing sheds, etc. During the last six years a very large proportion of the major in- dustrial plants, warehouses, lumber mills and can* neries ( list on application! have been nade "spick and span" with Albatross Cold Water Paint. This paint is very economical to use — dry s snow white- will NOT peel or rub off —retards fire - easy to apply — and when properly applied, reduces insurance rates. Has remarkable spreading and covering qualities — will W(irk over wood, rock, plaster or other material. For almost any kind of commercial interior. AlbatrossCold Water Paint is unequalled. Extensively used in the fruit world for storage plants, packing sheds, etc. Tell us your require ments — we can meet them to your complete satis- faction. • • * Gt-neral Basic Products Co., Sole Manufacturers. 2')2u lf)ih Ave.S.W.. Seattle. U.S.A. Dealers . Address us for attractive sales proposition. Page 18 \vidc range of conditions as are the prune, loganberry or filbert. It does very well when conditions favor it, but it is a waste of money to try to make it grow where con- ditions are unfavorable. .\ large amount of money has been wasted b\- trying to grow nut groves in locations where air or water drain.ige is poor or where the soil is shallow. Others lost out by planting inferior trees or inferior varieties and still others by not properly caring for their trees after they were planted. The young walnut tree re- quires a lot of babying. AIR drainage is of first Importance in selecting a site for a walnut grove. Ws know of one grove that has lost crops in recent years from both late spring frosts and from early fall frosts. The hill lands are general] v well drained both in respect to air and water, but it does not always follow that because a site is in the hills that such is the case. The walnut grows to be a large tree and is a heavy feeder and thrives much in pro- portion to the depth and fertility of its soil. The white, poorly drained, level lands should never be planted to nuts. The river bottoms will grow a fine tree and grow it more rapidly than will the hills, but they are more subject to frost than are the hills. Some locations along the river bottoms seem much more frost free than are others and on these nut growing may be successful. They will usually be hit by frost more often than will the hills, but they will yield larger crops and will bear commercially a little earlier when the frosts do not inter- fere. The hill lands are the safest for heavy plantings, especially where the walnut is to be a major crop. Where filberts are to be the major crop and walnuts a minor crop the river bottom soils are best. The hills generally are more free from frost, but are more difficult of cultivation, mois- BETTER FRUIT ture is more difficult to hold and often the soils are less fertile. While the walnut is not native to our Northwest country it, nevertheless, finds conditions here congenial. Nowhere in the world is a walnut produced which excels our properly grown and properly cured Kranquettes. Too few of our growers un- derstand how to harvest and dry the nut. As it falls off the tree the Oregon walnut has no superior, but poor handling often reduces it to a cull product by the time it reaches the market. By running the tem- perature a little too high or a little too low in drying the quality of the nut can be seri- ously injured, and by not properly washing Juhi, 1921 IRl'.AT Mil R soil. WITTI Toro Brand Agricultural Sulphur It will increase your crop in some instances up to 500 per cent, prevent wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. For Lime - Sulphur Solution use DIAMOND "S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. For dry dusting use ANCHOR BRAND VELVET FLOWERS OF SULPHUR. Sold by leading dealers. For rodent control use CARBON BISULPHIDE. Write for circulars 6, 7 and 8, prices and samples. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street San Francisco, California BEES The Diamond Match Company APIARY DEPARTMENT Manufacturers of Bee Keepers' Supplies Chico, California, U. S. A. (The largest bee hive factory in the world) Write for catalog and discount sheet; and, if a beginner, for Cottage Bee-Keeping. The Hood Shock Preventer (o^^-~~^ ^^^ ^— -Vo "-i^fl^^^ for all cars Saves springs, brakes, gasoline, tires, time, irons out the road, Snubs the bumps. Eliminates side-sway. No rattle. Be your own judge as to the merit of THE HOOD Satisfaction Guaranteed Ford Sets, $15. Others up to $32.50 29 Park St., N. Portland, Ore. "WENATCHEE' FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PICKING BAG (Carpenter's Patent) Made of heavy canvas, reinforced with leather, stitched with waxed harness thread, to a steel frame. Halter webb carries the load from the shoulders as suspenders. These patented features make it so popular, serviceable, practical and labor-saving. Send for Sample, $2.50 Postpaid. Special Prices to Quantity Buyers C. A. CARPENTER 3837 35th Ave. S. W. SEATTLE, WASH. Also write the Manufacturers and Distributors SCHEFFER & ROSSUM CO. ST. PAUL. MINNESOTA "GftRD WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, •'Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTEIRIA, arrest the decomposition. United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO.. 112 Market Street, San Francisco, California WHKN WRITING ADVEBTlSBftg MENTION BETTEE FBDIT Juhi, 1U'>1 BETTER FRUIT Fage 19 or by keeping in sacks too long after picking and before drying, the shell may become so discolored as to put the nut into the cull grade. One great advantage to our growers who live in centers where the Oregon Growers' Association has drying plants is that they may have their nuts washed and dried by experts equipped with suitable machinery. The commercial success of a crop depends largely upon its yield. The walnut yields well in this favored horticultural paradise. There is a big black walnut tree near Hills- boro which has been worked over to Eng- lish walnuts and which bore 408 pounds of nuts one year. An orchard in the Sheridan highlands produced 25 pounds per tree of dried nuts the ninth year, which gives the lie to the statement that in planting walnuts one is planting for his children rather than for himself. Another orchard at Wheatland on sandy river bottom land bore 5 00 pounds per acre the tenth year. These two plant- ings are grafted orchards and have been well cared for. There is a twenty-one-year- old planting of seedlings at Jefferson which averaged 1000 pounds per acre in 1919 and this from an orchard which was given al- most no care at all for many years. The average production per acre in California for the state at large is 800 pounds, al- though there are plantings which have yielded as high as 400 pounds per acre. Walnut trees should be planted fifty to sixty feet apart in order that they may not become too crowded in later years. As it takes a good many years for the trees to grow to a size which will utilize this amount of space it is considered good prac- tice to plant between the walnut trees a variety of fruit which comes into bearing young and which does not grow to a large size. The prune and the filbert are best adapted for this purpose. While the walnut is a little slow to come into bearing it still makes a very nice crop to grow. With the filbert it appeals espe- cially to the city man who wishes to retire to country life, in that these two crops can be produced with less attention to such de- tails as thinning and spraying and are much easier to harvest than the more perishable fruits. TY7"HILE the walnut offers many advant- » » ages the filbert offers still more and is, in our mind, the most attractive orchard crop in the Northwest, bar none. Among its advantages is the fact that it blossoms in winter and the pollenization is in little danger of injury from winter rain or frost. The tree is adaptable to a large variety of soils and locations. Its crop is easily and cheaply harvested, no expensive driers or harvesting equipment or large crews of pickers being needed. There is no spraying to amount to anything and no thinning and there are few insects and dis- .Vrescuate of LciJ No Spreader. Reary for use. Simply stir into the spray solution "SPREADO" produces a uniform coating, completely protecting the fruit. "SPREADO" increases the adhesiveness of the spray, especially desirable in rainy sections. "SPRE.ADO" increases the wetting and covering power of the spray, more than paying for itself in the saving of spray material. "SPREADO" does iH)t in any way Injure the foliage or the fruit. "SPRE.ADO" is highly recommended as a spreader by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. DIRECTIONS When the spray tank is nearly filled, start the agi- tator and sift in slowly the required amount of "SPREADO." Keep the agitator in motion. "SPRE.ADO" is especially recommended for use with arsenate of lead for the cover sprays in the propor- tion of 5 to 6 lbs. of powdered arsenate of le.id with 2 lbs. of "SPREADO" to the 200 gallon tank. Arsen.Ue of Lead With "Spreado." NOW ^f'S" SPREADO" Manufactured by MILLER PRODUCTS COMPANY I'OKTI.AM) (IKKGON (;U\NT.'< I'A.^S, OREGO.N ■Sold by Oregon Growers' Co-operatice Association Eugene Fruit Growers' Association SAl.KM. SHKRIDAN. K(ISKi!rRr, AM) MKni-'IIKD. OREGON i:r(;l',N'K, (-KKSWRTJ.. AXP 1 T NTTIO \ l■IT^•, OR 1:G( l\ WHEN wtmNO ADnnTiBEBa uention (ettzi nuiT Page 20 eases to combat. The nut is not easily per- ishable and bears at an early age, producing large crops of high-priced products. Over- production is improbable, the American public consuming now 20,000,000 annually of foreign grown nuts. In fact, this is an ideal "lazy man's" crop, easily grown and returning good dividends. The filbert will never be grown in any other part of the United States because of limitations of climate and of disease. The one thing that prevents rapid increase in planting in this section is the limited sup- ply of nursery stock. The filbert cannot be propagated rapidly like other trees and it will be years to come before enough trees will be available to fill the demands for stock. Under ideal conditions the filbert will begin to produce commercially the fifth Box Shocks East Side Box Co. Manufacturers SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK Box Shooks Foot of Spokane Avenue Portland, Oregon BETTER FRUIT year and will increase rapidly in yield there- after. The Moission orchard near Salem pro- duced a ton per acre the tenth year and it was not in the best condition possible. The Kruse orchard at Wilsonville, one of the finest in the state, produced thirty pounds per tree the tenth or eleventh year. This is at the rate of 3000 pounds per acre. The owner received thirty cents per pound that year which netted him a very fine revenue. However, we cannot expect that price now that prices are returning to normal, although we can expect eighteen to twenty-five cents to the grower. There is a thirty-two-year-old tree in East Portland which produced 150 pounds one year. This is at the rate of over seven tons per acre. George Dorris, the veteran filbert grower of Springfield, states that an acre of number one Barcelona trees, given everything favorable, should produce 500 to 1000 pounds the fifth year; 2000 to 3000 pounds the eighth year; 3000 to 4000 the tenth year and 4000 to 5000 pounds the twelfth year. Dorris is per- haps the best posted man on filbert yields in America, but if we discount his esti- mates by fifty per cent we still have a most attractive commercial proposition. Nut growing is one of the most attrac- tive fields open in this section of the coun- try. It is especially attractive to the man coming from other avenues of life than that of farming. The man who leaves be- hind him a well grown grove of walnuts and filberts will leave his children a legacy that will insure them a steady income. It will be but a few years until the nut in- dustry will rank in importance with the berry, prune and apple industries of the Northwest. ^e Gasolive of Qjiality "Red Crown" is the gasoline of quality — the power-full motor fuel. Its continuous chain cl boil- ing points also insures ready ^' art- ing and rapid acceleration. It is the well-balanced motor fuel. Get it wherever you see the Red Crown sign on service sta- tions and garages. July, 1921 Transportation Problems {Continued from fagc 7) cannot be overestimated, and it is our pur- pose to develop it to the highest state of efficiency, still our domestic trade is and for many years to come will probably re- main our main source of demand. Situated within 300 miles of the coast of the Pacific Coast we have a population of 6,000,000; within 300 miles of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic ocean, includ- ing the coastal zone of Eastern Canada, we have a population of 58,000,000. As a fur- ther illustration, within 25 miles of the Statute of Liberty in New York harbor there resides a population of 8,000,000, which is greater than the combined popula- tion of the seven states of California, Ore- gon, Washington, Idaho, Montana, Utah and Colorado. Tributary to the Port of New Orleans they claim a total of 13,869 miles of nav- igable rivers. This inland waterway, in connection with the New York barge canal, creates what we term the Inland Waterway Zone, having a population of 25,000,000. IT HAS been said that the secret of suc- cess is to grasp an opportunity when it presents itself. This is our opportunity, to distribute the deciduous fruits of the Pacific Northwest and the citrus fruits of Cali- fornia to the 5 8,000,000 people resident within the Gulf and Atlantic coastal zones. These figures illustrate most forcibly the concrete fact that the United States is destined to become a maritime nation. The demand for efficiency and elimination of waste, the necessity of applying more close- ly the fundamental principles of economics, and the positive demand for lower rates of transportation if our industries are to sur- vive, constitute the primary causes of the present national movement for water trans- portation. An analysis of the consumption of west- ern fruit in our domestic markets shows that the large population of the southeast section of the United States does not pur- chase its portion. It is our firm belief that water transportation will alter this condition and result in a tremendous increase of con- sumption in that territory. It is gratifying to note that the United States Department of Agriculture is to equip a vessel for the express purpose of making a comprehensive study of the trans- portation of western fruits via the Panama Canal to the Gulf and Atlantic ports. It shows that our government is awake to the necessity of intelligent and constructive ef- fort and the result of this study will mean much distribution to the world's markets. YAKIMA County Beekeepers' Association, numbering more than 400 apiarists, has elected J. P. Espey of White Swan, president; R. C. Im- mell of Toppenish, vice-president, and C. W. Hig- gins of Wapato, secretary-treasurer. H. N. Paul of Mabton will be purchasing agent. July, 1921 Fifteen Years (^CrjKttnued from page 5) either way for failure or success, of the endless fight to place his fruit in a market flooded from other dis- tricts. Let the growers in on the problems every selling organization has to face 5 educate them to a pro- per realization of the difficulties of sales, deliveries and collections, and there will be less criticism, less dissention and a more wholehearted co-operation, which will make for success. Co-operation in some form or other is the bulls-eye at which so many shots are being fired, with so comparatively few hits registered, but, with the vast experience of the past, the fruit growers of the Pa- cific Northwest are unwise indeed if they do not train their sights for a clean hit. BETTER FRUIT Page 21 "In Every Respect" says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste la^ts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B CUT is a long fine-cut tobacco RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco Weyman-Bruton Company, 1107 Broadway, New York City Before You Buy a Grader See The NEWELL! A Perfected Weighing Machine, Accurate and Efficient The operation is simply this; Fruit is raised automatically from hopper to sorters, by conveyor belt, fixed with rol- lers to prevent bruising. Passed by the sorters, it is de- posited by belt conveyor, one at a time, upon aluminum scales, which are attached to single sprocket chain, carrying fruit along the side of the shunt-board, which gradually pushes them farther out on scales, until their weight tips scales, depositing them in packer's bins. All fruit of same weight will tip scales at same bin; it n^ust functioni If fruit is running large, shunt board may be set in; if small, set it out. This is the only necessary adjustment. A Few Outstanding Features of the NEWELL Low Hopper — no step up when filling. Automatic feed from hopper to sorting table; controlled by head sorter without leaving his place. One piece scale with no deh- cate adjustment to get out of order or wear out. Scales on SINGLE chain, not double. Made in Two, Three and Four Section Models TIMOTHY NEWELL, Manufacturer Parkdale, Hood River Valley, Oregon Page 22 BETTER FRUIT July, 1921 We Want You to Have One of These FINE CAMERAS The Season for Picture Taking Is Here, So Let Us Know That You Want One D/^VC HERE IS YOUR /^ 1 D I C 0\J \ O™ OPPORTUNITY — VJlIX 1-1 0 How fine it would be to have a camera all your own. You can keep a picture record of your camping trip, and go over it all again next winter around the fire. You can make beautiful pictures and frame them for Christmas gifts for your friends, or to hang in your room. Any boy, girl, man or woman can easily earn one of these hand- some, standard Ansco 2'/4 by 3'/4 Cameras in a few days. All you need do is to tell your friends what a good magazine BETTER FRUIT is, and get them to give you their sub- scriptions. When you get twelve subscrip- tions at $1.00 each ($12.00 in all) send them to us and we send you the camera abso- lutely free and post paid. Make Up Your Mind Right Now to earn one of these machines. You will be surprised how easily and quickly you can get the necessary twelve subscriptions, so mail the coupon today and get started. Dad's renewal will count as one. GO GET HIM. When you go to your friends, tell them what you are going to get, and they will surely give you their subscriptions. Renewal subscriptions at $1.00 each will count the same as new subscriptions. A few hours' work at odd times and this fine Camera is yours. Mail This Coupon Today or your friends may get a start on you. Further, we absolutely guarantee you a generous reward for your efforts, whether you secure two subscriptions or twenty; send the coupon NOW. You may forget it to- morrow. BETTER FRUIT 12th and Jefferson Sts. Portland, Ore. BETTEK FRUIT 1 2th and Jefferson Sta. Portland, Oregon. Gentlemen: I am going to earn one of the Cameras. Please send me receipt blanks and complete information. Name 1 Address R. F. D WHEN WUTINO AOVEBTISERS MENTION BETTER FBUIT July, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 SOONER OR LATER Some kind friend will tell you about Bailey's Fine Kodak Prints and Enlcirgements Why not let us serve you now? Send in a couple of film negatives for two FREE SAMPLE PRINTS A. A. Bailey, Jr. LIPMAX-WOLFE BUILDING PORTLAND, OREGON Northwest Fruit Notes From Here and There Save and Prosper With constant systematic saving your account should grow to be the foundation of a fortune. You will have capital to in- vest advantageously v^rhen opportunity offers. You w^ill be on the road to success. A Savings Account may be opened with an initial de- posit of one dollar. The First National Bank OF PORTLAND. OREGON The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains FREE! An 8x10 enlargement with $3.00 w^orth of Ko- dak finishing Quick Service! Films received forenoon, mailed out same day. We pay return postage and give S. & H. Green Trading Stamps with all Kodak Finishing Or- ders. Try us I Kodaks Films Accessories Albums Woodard-Clarke & Co. Alder at West Park Portland. Ore. OREGON A T the annual convention of the Oregon State "^ Bankers' Association at Seaside last month, Vice President Cox, of the National Bank of Com- merce, New York City, made an interesting ad- dress. Mr. Cox said that fruit growers must In- crease the quality and decrease production costs, If they were to show a profit over a period of years. He called attention to the fact that the raisin growers of California had suddenly awakened to the fact that their product was too generally con- sidered as a luxury, and they immediately took steps to correct the situation. The first aim of all growers should be to produce their crops cheap enough to assure their coming in the staple list. AAA ID L. M.'^NSER, secretary and manager of the • Hood River Fair Association, reports that plans are being laid for the biggest fair in the history of the apple valley next September. More than usual Interest is being shown throughout the valley. AAA "W/'ESTERN OREGON walnut growers have every expectation of a record breaking crop this year, according to Earle Pearcy, president of the Oregon State Horticultural Society, and an authority on nut culture. Mr. Pearcy says that the Manchurian walnut shipped to this country from Japan, without flavor and often wormy, hurts the local demand, for many people do not know the difference between our Pregon grown English wal- nuts of fine flavor and thin shell, and the poor, thick-shelled Manchurians. One who gets the Man- churlans a few times, is going to buy some other nut, and will be lost as a walnut consumer. AAA A NEW grading and apple packing plant will be erected at Sutherlin, Oregon, at once, to care for some of the big crop expected In the valley. The 'new plant will be 50x100, two stories and modern in every respect. AAA T'HE Marion county loganberry crop this year is estimated at 10,000,000 pounds, an increase of approximately 30 per cent over last year. Can- neries will handle most of the crop. AAA TTOOD RIVER'S 1921 strawberry harvest is a thing of the past. Ninety-three cars were shipped in all Instead of the estimated one hun- dred and ten. The fruit was of high quality, and an average price of approximately $2.50 per crate was realized. Cherries are not yielding as heavily as was at first expected, only three cars having thus far been shipped, one of straight Royal Annes, one of Bings and Royal Annes and one of Black Republicans and Bings. There will be perhaps two cars more, mostly Lamberts. AAA WASHINGTON An interesting map of the Wikersham quad- rangle has just been published by the geologi- cal survey. The scale is one inch to the mile. This map may be purchased from the Director, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C, for ten cents. AAA ' I ^HE cranberry district of Pacific county is threatened with serious loss through the black headed fire worm and the end rot, according to Charles L. Robinson, supervisor of the state de- partment of agriculture. After an inspection trip recently made by Mr. Robinson, Professor O. M. Morris of Pullman, Senator E. L. French and in- spector Theo. Albert, a special appropriation was made by the Pacific county commissioners for in- tensive control work this summer. The depart- ment has been fortunate in arranging for P. S. Darlington, inspector of district No. 4 at We- natchee, to assist the growers of Pacific county this summer. WHKN W«rnNO ADTKRTUEU MENTION BBlTKft FBCIT A CCORDING to P. R. Parks, manager of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Association, it will cost the growers $ 1.50 per 1 00 pounds to ship apples to Chicago under the 10 per cent freight rate cut. Mr. Parks further stated that shippers were continuing their plans for water transporta- tion, and would do so until the rate came down to at most $1.25. The fruit growers, he said, will not be in a really favorable position until the old rate of $1.00 per hundred pounds comes back. AAA T^HE nineteenth annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Association of Nurserymen will be held at Seattle, July 12, 13 and 14. C. A. Tonneson, secretary, can be reached at the Butler Hotel, Se- attle, the headquarters of the association while in session. Authentic reports of the nursery stock sit- uation for next spring point to a decided shortage in many lines. This means that the early bird will have the best selection. 'I^HE summer session of the Washington State Horticultural Association will be held in Yak- ima July 26-27, according to M. L. Dean, secre- tary of the association. W. L. Close and the Yak- ima Valley Traffic and Credit Association are co- operating in arranging for the meeting. The po- tato growers of the state will hold a two-day meet following the fruitmen's meeting, to discuss cultural methods and to establish standard grades. AAA 'T'HE Yakima valley now expects approximately 900 cars of peaches this year, as against 120 cars last year. This estimate is a cut from the earlier one of 1500 cars, but is a material increase over a year ago. In 1919, 2,060 cars were shipped. AAA TDANKS of Spokane, New York and Wenatchee have underwritten a loan of from $500,000 to $600,000 for the Wenatchee District Co-opera- tive Association. The issue Is of 8 per cent serial crop-moving notes and is a new plan in the North- west for financing co-operative organizations. This loan will enable the Wenatchee District Co-opera- tive Association, which was recently organized, to finance Its members who will require assistance, in boxes, paper, warehousing and cash advances. The association has 457 members, which makes the loan average more than $1200 per member. AAA CKAGIT county, Washington, harvested an exceptionally large strawberry crop. A large share of these berries were placed upon the fresh market at a price which averaged the grower around $1.50 per crate. The Burlington Canning Company in Burlington, Wash., has been taking care of Its strawberry contracts, paying during the early part of the season six cents per pound and later dropping to five cents per pound. The Everett Fruit Products Company, which has con- siderable strawberry acreage under contract in Skagit county, has with the co-operation of the growers been placing strawberries in barrels with the idea of putting these on the market at acme later date. AAA T S. McINTOSH, deputy agricultural commls- •'• sloncr of the state of Washington, has com- piled figures showing that Washington last year grew 728,759 bushels of pears, more than double the amount grown during 1909. At the same time It produced 1,534,859 bushels of peaches. Ten years earlier 84,500 bushels was the amount of this state's peach crop — showing an Increase to over 18 times the crop of 1909. AAA Xf^RUIT growers and shippers of Yakima will save $56,000 this year on paper alone at two cents less a pound than the price paid last year. It is estimated that fruit wrap will cost the valley growers $375,000 this season, on a basis of 70 cars needed for the season's crop, besides 30 cars esti- mated held over from last year. Page H BETTER FRUIT Juhj, 1021 'T'HE Wt-natchcc District Co-operative Associa- tion has taken over the five warehouses of the Wcnatchce Northern Warehouse and Marketing Company at Wcnatchee, Cashmere, Monitor, Olds and Rock Island, the price being in the neighbor- hood of $150,000. IDAHO T EWISTON ORCHARDS, outside of the city -■-'of Lewiston, was settled about 1907, and is a communistic organization covering 4300 acres di- vided into individual orchards. The residents en- joy electric lights, city water, church, school, com- munity packing house, several miles of paved streets and as many more of macadam. The grow- ing season is long, the soil very productive, the scenery unsurpassed. Land sells for from $250.00 per acre up, according to improvements. Elevation approximately 1400 feet. Apples are the principal crop, though other fruits and vegetables grow to perfection as well. All T AST year the state loaded 3100 cars of apples and has every expectation of shipping about the same number this year. The prune crop will probably be the largest ever raised, conservative estimates placing the amount at 1550 cars, as against 1267 cars shipped in 1920: Below is given estimate of condition of various fruits averaged from reports from ten important counties. Apples - 83.8 Prunes 84.2 Pears 67.8 Peaches 48.5 Cherries - 60.4 111 'T'HE summer session of the State Horticultural Society held on June 1 1 at Fruitland, was re- ported the most interesting of these meetings ever held. There were demonstrations of spr.iys and spraying, and top-working of trees, also many ol the problems confronting the growers were dis- cussed by experts from all over the state. Kills prairie dogs, eronnd hops, giuunj squirreis, pucKet goph- ers. Saves alfalfa. Experiment- al stations approve. lOOO tablets P. F. $1.50. Warranted, ^ok your druggist or send di^-. .'C. Booklet Free. Addre.'is rtlCAL CO., Ft. Dodge, loma ONE-ELEVEN Cigarettes To tell you of the care in blending to- baccos for ONE-ELEVEN Cigarettes would behighr ly interesting But- just buy a package and find out. I <« 111" ^Oci^arettesljf Cu«rant««d by What They Are Doing in California "Dunning true to the progressive form of the state. Imperial valley melon growers and ship- pers arc co-operating with the Bureau of Markets, United States Department of Agriculture, in the matter of broadening their distribution. The de- partment opens a temporary office at Brawley, Calif., at the beginning of the season, and by means of a large chart is able to know the daily distribution of each day's shipments and divertions. It is in telegraphic communication with 20 to 25 of the country's big markets and Is able to visualize upon the chart the exact state of each for the benefit of all shippers, who have free access at all times to the chart. There is no discrimination i all have an equal knowledge of market condi- tions. Ill ClXTEEN years ago California supplied only about one-fourth of the lemons used in the United States, the balance being imported from Sicily. Today three-fourths of this country's de- mand is grown in the state. There are today 22,651 acres of bearing lemon trees and 16,799 acres non-bearing. This nieans that some day we will be producing approximately 75 per cent more lemons than we do today. ai the Sign DftheFir Do You Like Your Letterte? Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple. Pear. Cherry-. Peach. Plum. I'nine. Apricot. Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery. Plants. Raspberries. Black- berries. Logans. Dewberries, Asparagus. Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. Roses. Vines. Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. ToppenlBli, Washing-ton. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. We have just one recipe for making a good letter- head. It is: Mix (1) sales experience, (2) a knowl- edge of design, and (3) common business sense. This combination results in good stationery at the lowest possible cost. It is rare, indeed, that you find all these " in- gredients" combined in one organization. But you do in Arcady. Telephone Main 8829 The Arcady Company Cornpiete Adiiertising WRITING PRINTI NC MAILING AOCAoy OLoa MULTIGf5APHINa MAILING LISTS na&jeFFErisoN Many homes and farms are being modernized by- handy water facilities, and their water supply instead of being a heavy burden as it always has been in the li^ past. IS now their best servant. MYERS t ELECTRIC HOUSE PUMPS, DIRECT WATER SYSTEMS. HYDRO PNEUMATIC PUMPS and CYLINDERS are playing an important part in this change by making It possible for any home anywhere to n.ive running v.ater at the turn of a faucet for household use — bath, liitchen. laiindry. toilet; for stock watering, sprinkling tighlmg fire and innumerable other pur- ooses- MYERS PUMPS for Private Water Systems lire simple, easy to install and operate, fully proven and dependable. They are designed and built in many styles and Si2es, and thus will meet your requirements as to capacity, depth of your well or cistern and method of operation II you are still carrying water Irom some outside source, you are interested in M Y E R S ■ Honor-Bilf PUMPS for a Myers Water System will save you more real hard work every day in the year than perhaps any other device in your home or on the farm. Write immediately toi copy ol our late Catalog, No, HP20— Sent to anyone without the least obligation Pacific Northwest Distributors Portland, Oregon Spokane, Wash. BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER WHEN WBITIKG ADVERTISEBS MENTION BETTER FEUn Juhj, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Fage 25 i^OVERNOR WILLIAM D. STEPHENS rc- ^^ cently telegraphed President Harding that thousands of acres of food in California, espe- cially potatoes, will not be harvested unless some relief is forthcoming in the matter of freight re- ductions. Governor Stephens stated in his telegr.im that the state's vegetable industry is "slowly but furely being strangled to de:ith by what seems to the producers to be prohibitive rates." Cannery Notes W/" E. ST. JOHN in charge nf the big plant of " • the Oregon Growers' Co-operative .A.ssocin- tion at Sutherlin, Oregon, announces that canning machinery is being installed in the main building, and everything made ready to handle the big loganberry crop in the valley and vicinity. AAA /California, the greatest of all our states in the matter of the canning of fruits, canned In 1920, fruit of approximately $1 10,000,000 in value, while the little island of Hawaii put up a pack of pineapples alone to the value of $31,- 000,000. AAA TT F. DAVIDSON, president of the recently formed Oregon Canning Company, operating five canneries, in speaking of the cannery situation says: "Marketing conditions this year do not war- rant a capacity pack. For this reason we will be unable to take all the fruit offered, but will handle all we can with safety, and will pay the growers as much as we can afford under the existing con- ditions." AAA T^HE Hood River cannery has been running strawberries and will handle cherries, pears and peaches as they come along. AAA ''pHE Idaho Canneries, Inc., at Payette, canned 16,700 cases of fruits and vegetables in 1920. The management reports a production plan for 77,000 cases this year, warranted they say, by the ready demand for their pack last season. AAA A S a result of an agreement between creditors "^^ of the A. Rupert Company and the recently organized Oregon Canning Company, at least two of the big Rupert Company plants in the Wil- lamette valley will be operated this season. There is a possibility of more than two of the plants being operated. This means that a much larger proportion of Oregon's fruit crop will find a mar- ket this year. The amount handled by the plants will depend largely upon the growers. The two plants which will definitely begin operations arc located at New berg and Leban/m. They have a combined packing capacity of about 400,000 cases of fruit and vegetables and are the largest of the Rupert canneries. Negotiations are also under way for the operating of the McMinnville and Rose- burg plants and tor suble.ising the plant at Spring- brook. The Oregon Canning Company controls all five of the plants. In addition the company has acquired the Rupert brands and has taken over the Rupert office, plant staffs and Its nation-wide distributing organization. H. F. Davidson of Hood River Is president of the company. Oregon Grov^ers' Association Notes At a meeting i.f the Oregon Growers' Co-opera- tive Associ.ilinn members last month, a price of one cent a pound for cherry picking this season was unanimously agreed upon. This price was voted for loganberry picking also, but no definite deci- sion was arrived at as to offering a bonus to pickers who stayed through the entire season. Last year many school children were able to make as high as $6.00 a day, with a picking price up to 4 cents a pound, more than the berries are bring- ing this year. Your Plant is Rich In This Free Power — Are You Using It? Gravity — this universal free power is ever present in every nook and corner of your plant. It is there, waiting to be harnessed and trans- formed into a force that will put your indoor handling on an efficient and economical handling basis. Write for Hook, "Kntrancc to Hettc Your product can be neatly and sw^iftly conveyed from truck to ware- house, from floor to floor, with a laving in labor cost and time. Without obligation, a Standard en- gineer will show you the best way to utilize this FREE FORCE with Stan- dard Conveyors. Knowledge on Handling Methods." Standard Conveyor Company NORTH ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA Representatives in all principal cities £fAti.iATi^^A^.WA,^A^A^A^■A■^J.\'-i^7-X^A'^?i.\'l'^lTi.'^l.^^l-^AtA^fA^A-^^^^ f^ E. RAMP, manager for the Oreg-on growers at Dallas, reports that many prune orchards in the district south of Independence, will produce heavy crops of large-sized fruit. Earlier reports from most of the prune districts were to the effect that there was a universally short crop in all dis- tricts, so that Mr. Ramp's findings are encour- aging. NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE. WASH. Catalog mailed on request. WHEN WRITING ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER FROIT Page 26 With the Poultry CHANGING CROINI) RAISING chickens on the same ground year after year Is frequently the cause of disease in chicks. The colony houses for chicks should be moved to fresh ground each second year. The soil of the old run should be broken up and corn, oats, alfalfa or garden truck grown on it. The plowing of land and growth of a new crop is beneficial from the standpoint of sanitation. Many brooder chicks that are started and kept confined in a very small run contaminate the ground in a very short time and by the time they arc eight weeks old, the young chicks fail to make a satisfactory growth in response to the feed they consume. The trouble lies in the fact that every time they pick up a grain of feed they take Into their system the infection of the soil. It is desir- able, therefore, to get them on fresh ground at frequent intervals and feed them on fresh ground. AAA HOW TO TREAT GAPES TOURING the early summer much trouble is ex- "^ perienced by poultrymen with gapes in chick- ens, caused by worms in the windpipe. The larva of this parasite is picked up by the chickens in the damp earth and the parasites detach themselves in tlie windpipes of the chickens, where they first cause Irritation and upon growing obstruct the passage of air. Where chickens are affected they should be placed in a pen or room which his been sprinkled freely with slaked lime. A few drops of turpen- tine added to the rations may be beneficial in con- trolling the disease. In an effort to dislodge the worms, feathers may be dipped in turpentine and passed down the chicken's windpipe. Worms are sometimes removed with a twisted horse hair or a specially prepared instrument that may be ob- tained at any poultry supply house. However, pre- vention is the best means of control. Lime the soil where gapes — infected chickens — have run. Con- fine the chickens so that they cannot run under out-buildings and In shady or in damp places. Where a chicken is badly infected with gapes, it is best to kill it and burn. Confine unaffected chickens In a yard freely sprinkled with a liberal amount of freshly slaked lime. AAA PREPARING POULTRY FOR MARKET T^XPERTS in poultry raising advise that In selecting chickens for market they should not be fed from 15 to 18 hours before killing. In killing either stick the chicken in the roof of the mouth or dislocate its neck by bending the head back as far as it will go and then at the same time pulling the neck. It is preferable to dry pluck the chicken as soon as it Is killed, but by care in scald- ing it can be made to preserve a good appearance. To do this hold the chicken by the head and feet and immerse the body sufficiently long to soak the feathers In water that Is not quite boiling. The feathers then can be removed by inexeprlenced help without trouble. By leaving the feathers on the upper half of the neck, few can tell thit the chicken has been scalded. If the head and feet are placed in hot water, the head turns pale and shrinks, while the shanks scale off. In hot weather immediately after plucking the chickens should be placed in tubs of ice or cold water where they should remain for several hours to be chilled before being packed for shipment. BETTER FRUIT Ry using the chilling system and packing care- fully poultry can be transported long distances in warm weather and arrive in good condition. AAA /~\NE of the best antiseptic sprays for use In the ^■^ hen house is Carbolineum. It is a sure pre- ventive of mites and red spider when applied prop- erly, and is a general cleanser. AAA "r\0 NOT expect your hens to produce many eggs "^"^ if you simply turn them loose in the orchard and give them no other food than that which they can pick up. The best time for the grain ration is in the morning, and it can be scattered in the litter at night In the hen house, so that by the time they are let out in the morning they will have worked for and found practically all the grain. With one good grain feed a day to augment what they can rustle, they will pay for their care. AAA "TJISINFECTANTS help keep up the health of •^"^ chicks. It prevents the spread of diseases, de- stroys mitcs and lice and kills germs of contagion and infection. The coops and houses should be cleaned and sprayed thoroughly at least once a week. Prevent the disease before it makes its appearance. AAA T^HE low price of eggs this summer means that more of them are being eaten fresh and fewer are going Into cold storage, which will mean that the man who keeps his hens for fall and winter laying will in all probability enjoy high prices for all the eggs he m.^y have to sell. AAA TN TRAP nesting one nest for each three hens is about right. AAA COFT shelled eggs are caused by the hen being too fat, or from a lack of lime In the ration. Laying hens should have access at all times to a plentiful supply of lime, grit and charcoal. AAA "IVTOST people strive for the earliest possible hatch of chicks. This is all right if you expect to market them for food, but for the best egg production later hatched chicks are the best, for pullets hatched before March H are pretty ' apt to molt the next fall, whereas when they hatch after that date they rarely molt until the fall of the next year. AAA TT is a common belief that the dark-colored eggs are the richer in flavor. This is not true, however, for it is the food the hens get that flavors the eggs. July, 19-21 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Musical WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET Merchandise W. Martius Music House, Inc. MUSIC Write 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington Write U» Everything Known in Music Us Bits About Fruitmen and Fruit Growing According to Ralph Budd, president of the Great Northern railway system, the fact that the Pacific Northwest will have a bumper apple crop this year, has pronipted his road to place or- ders with the American Car & Foundry Company for 500 refrigerator cars, to be delivered by Octo- ber 15. Mr. Budd stated further that the Gre.qt Northern had on its lines 87 per cent of its cars at this time, as against 35 per cent a year ago. This Is an encouraging sign, and shows the inter- est our fruit awakens in the big carriers. AAA D WIGHT L. WOODRUFF, eastern sales and export manager for the Hood River Apple Growers' Association in New York, has been em- ployed as general manager of the Wenatchee Dis- trict Co-operative Association and will take charge An Early Order For Fall or Spring Delivery Placed with SALEM NURSERY COMPANY 428 Oregon Building SALEM. OREGON Will receive careful atten- tion and give you good choice of varieties Additional Salesmen Wanted Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building SALEM OREGON Will supply you with first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS, ROSES Send for catalog WE Need Salesmen Plant a Patch I of these Everbearing Strawberries for your own use They have a wonderful flavor, and will keep coming long after all other berries are gone. Four dozen tested Everbearing plants mailed prepaid for $ 1 .00 Write for information and list of varieties to Evergreen Plantation New Meadows, Idaho WHEN WHITINQ ADTEBTISEBS MENTION BETTER FRUTT July, 1921 June 1. Mr. Woodruff was connected with the old W'enatchee Valley Fruit Growers' Associa- tion 13 years ago, and went from there to Salem, where he was at the head of a fruit growers' asso- ciation. He then took his position with the Hood River association, and has been in New York five years. Announcement is made by the association that a loan of $1,000,000 has been made through Spokane and New York banking interests, to be used by members of the association in growing and harvesting their crops. Contracts for 3.000,- 000 apple boxes have virtually been closed, mostly with local mills. The entire crop of association members, estimated at 4.in0 cirs. will be marketed BETTER FRUIT through the North American Fruit Exchange of New York. AAA T^HE United States Department of Agriculture Is forever on guard to protect our agricultural and horticultural interests. One of the latest pro- tective measures it has instituted is Quarantine No. 37, relative to the importation of nursery stock, which reads: "Where any packing material is needed for the safety of nursery stock * * * such materials as sphagnum, cocoanut fibre, straw, chaff, excelsior, shavings, saw-dust, charcoal and ground peat may be used. Such packing material must not h.ive been previously used as packing or otherwise Page 27 in connection with living plants and must be free from sand, soil or earth, and must be so certified by the duly authorized inspector of the country of origin." AAA T^HE United States Department of Agriculture reports a big increase in the number of stands of bees in many eastern states. Why are not our Northwestern states on the list? Here where fruit growing occupies such a prominent place, and where we claim to be leaders in the adoption of modern methods, surely every orchard should have at least one st.ind to assure pollenlzatlon. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgo'w GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS qA Qvadcjor each type of engine Keep faith your truck engine ZEROLENE c»: Your truck engine is an invest- ment. You expect it to give you full service— maximum perform- ance and long life. Your truck engine will not de- liver full service unless you keep it correctly lubricated. Zerolene is Correct Lubrica- tion. Our Board of Lubrication Engineers has recommended a grade of Zerolene for yovr en- gine and embodied that recom- mendation in the Zerolene Cor- rect Lubrication Chart. Ask for one. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ^iil^ Page 28 BETTER FRUIT Jidy, 1921 Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK TREES — All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries, Albany. Ore. FARMS FOR SALE WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. WANT to hear from parties having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane ; extra good soil ; spring brooks ; grows grain, vegetables hay, fruits ; several developed ranches ; few stock ranches ; $10 to $20 acre ; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Col, E.k, Washington. LOGGED-OFF LAND in Stevens County, Wash- ington, at greatly reduced prices: Why bother with fruit land at high prices when you can get good dairy and stock land at from $5.00 to $20.00 per acre? Write for folder. Phoenix Lumber Co., Dept. B, Spokane, Wash. MISCELLANEOUS ARROW CARBOLINEUM kills chicken mites in poultry houses. Preserves wood against rot and premature decay. Write for circular and prices. Carbolineum Wood Preserving Co., 222 E. Water St.. Portland, Q regon. TOBACCO— KENTUCKY NATURAL LEAF, chewing and smoking; rich, ripe and mellow; two and three years old. aged in wood; 2 lbs., $1; 7 lbs., $3; sample 10 cents. Maddox Bros., Dept. 22, Mayfiel d , Ky. TOBACCO— Kentucky's Natural Leaf Smoking or Chewing; mild or strong; aged in wood; rich and sweet: 5 lbs., $2; second grade, 10 lbs., $2.75. Postpaid. Waldrop Bros., Murray Ky. CORN HARVESTER cuts and piles on harvester or winrows. Man and horse cuts and shocks equal Corn Binder. Sold in every state. Only $28 with fodder tieing attachment. Testimonials and catalog FREE showing picture of Har- vester. Process Harvester Co.. Salina. Kansas. DO YOU EVER USE TENTS? We have them! Good U. S. Army Tents, 9x9 — 12-ounce at $10. They make fine housing for your pickers, also as extra shelter in a pinch. Also have few more of our fine Wagon Covers for hauling fruit in rain, 10x15 at $7.50 each. We have limited quantity tarred tree twine at 10 cents a pound. You can't touch this price an v where else. — Alaska .Tunk Co.. 203 Front St., "Portland, Ore, POULTRY ORDER CHICKS NOW for delivery any time after August 1st. Broilers pay. Pullets make good layers- R. I. Reds, White Leghorns, Barred Rocks. Safe arrival guaranteed. Write for circular. Stuhbe Poultry Ranch & Hatcherv. P. O. Box 67 Palo Alto. Calif. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon AGENTS WANTED— Benedict Nursery Co.. 185 East 87th St., Portland, Oregon. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1921 Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON Phone Main 6018 for Rubber Stamps, Seals Stencils ROGERS COMPANY 514 Gerlinger Building Portland, Oregon . You Can Tell Uncle Sctirt If Y6i4 Keep Fqrnrv Records! Tweed's Cost Records — will make it possible for you to comply with the law. A few^ minutes a day is all that is re- quired to keep these simplest of records. No knowledge of bookkeeping is necessary. What would you think of a merchant who kept no books? You fruit growers are in a business just as much as any merchant, yet many of you keep no records, and do not know where the leaks occur. TWEEDS COST RECORDS have been worked out carefully by a man w^ho was raised on a farm and knows from experience how little time a farmer has for bookkeeping. Hundreds of farmers are finding the TWEED SYSTEM simple and practical. Write today for full particulars, stating size and kind of farm you operate. FARM SUPPLY CO. 281 Twelfth Street Portland, Oregon OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coating for prepared roof- ing and metal roofs. Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubricating film under every pulling condition. Keeps the axle cool; no hot-boxes, no gumming. The MICA makes it bet- ter. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leatner and keeps it soft and ph- able. Keeps harness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, un- der the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. oNewJliefor Old Shingles That old shingle roof — neglected — is a danger signal! It means the cost. of re- pairs or even a new roof soon, unless you put it in good condition. ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserves Shingles Natural oils in the fibre of unprotected shingles soon evaporate from exposure to the hot sun. Cracking and warping of the shingles follow — and the roof begins to leak. Rain and wind pene- trating the shingle fibre hasten disintegration and decay. An application of Oronite Shingle Oil will help put your shingle roof in condition to stand up to the weather and give longer service to you. Oronite Shingle Oil is a high-quality preservative for all shingles— on roof or on side walls. It pen- etrates the shingle fibre with a moisture-resisting preservative. It retards evaporation of natural oils in the wood and counteracts the effect of age and exposure. Oronite Shingle Oil will cover from 80 to 100 square feet of shingles per gallon, according to the age and condition of the shingles. It can be mixed with colors— ask our nearest agent for for- mulas. Use Oronite Shingle Oil on your roofs — now. It may save the cost of repairs or even an entire new roof next season. STANDARD OIL COMPANY ^California) ORONITE means QjJALITY WHEN >VBITING ADVEBTISEBS MENTION BETTEK PBDIT l!^^=^ THE WORLD- ^^aj ^^^ OUR ORCHARD ^M 6c Kelly I NEW YORK I , TI^Ph^BLY THE RT/1I1T Rl(Pi:^ bl5TRIBUTPH uriTRY'3 Fancy OTHER. FR.VITJ MARKET- WORLD BETTEBJRUIT Volume XVI 20c the Single Copy Subscription One Dollar per Year In the United States; Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, Two Dollars, Payable in American Exchange H' August, 1921 "^ ^/^ "/o,. FEATURES IN THIS ISSUE; iinMiiiiiiriiiuiiMiiiiiinirtiiitiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiriiiiiilliiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiMii'iiiiiitiiiiiliilillllllliiiliiiltiiiiiitiiiiriiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiirii Spraying Methods to Improve Pest Control By Leroy Childs Superintendent Hood River Experiment Station Methods of Prune Drying in Oregon By Ray Powers Commercial Dehydration Laboratory, Bureau of Chemistry U. S. Department of Agriculture The Relative Value of Cover Crops By H. Thornber Suf)erintentient Horticultural Substation, Victor, Montana Budding the Peach, Plum and Cherry By Joseph Oskamp Horticulturist, Missouri Stale Fruit Experiment Station The Central Cooperative Marketing Plan By The Editor 'Q Number 2 BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY PUBLISHERS PORTLAND OREGON Q, Q EFFICIENT DURABLE ECONOMICAL Price $460.00 f.o.b. Portland-The Oldsmar Tractor Especially Designed for Use in Orchards, Berry Fields and Orange Groves Oldsmar Frost Protector Absolute frost protection at a coat that is saved many times over through the pre- vention of damage during a single freeze. Write for literature de- scribing this crop insur- ance. Don't wrait until frost comes, it's fj /^"^^^gj ^^IP '/'i^^^^^^B ^^H' f ^^^^^^^^^^H ^^^^^Pi' f m^^^^^t^^^^^^^^ ^B 1 S^j^^^^^K .jPp' ! MHTMOJI OF STAGGF.Kl.VG TRAVS 0\F.R AIR INLET OR DRIER ping, without the disadvantages. In some cases the prunes are merely run through cold water on a chain conveyor, or dipped into cold water by wire baskets, the operators of this system claiming that no advantage is to be gained by the use of lye or boiling water. In a few instances the prunes are not dipped into any solution previous to drying, but it can be said that these instances are few. The cost per pound to dry prunes in the Oregon type drier varies considerably as the figures are presented by different plants. The range of costs as given lies between one-half and two and one-half cents per pound. A great deal of variation may be accounted for in the factory methods of handling, the kind of fuel used, and the construction of drier and heating chamber. The average figure taken from actual ob- servations, where satisfactory factory methods are employed, is 1J4 to 1^ cents per dry pound exclusive of invest- ment and depreciation. The fuel used in this vicinity is almost entirely wood since this may be obtained nearby in sufficient quantities and at a price which makes its use less expensive than coal. The price per cord varies with the kind of wood, ranging between 5 and 8 dollars per cord for the year 1920. It is estimated that between one and two cords of wood are required to dry one dry ton of prunes, with the drying time averaging from 20 to 25 hours. The degree of heat employed to dry prunes is another factor of wide variation. Temperature from 150 degrees Farenheit to 195 degrees have been observed. Those using the lower temperature claim the prunes will scorch above 155 degrees, while those using the higher temperature claim no scorching at the higher temperatures. Probably not over 170 degrees as the high- est limit should be used for prune drying, and 160 degrees of heat would be a safer margin in order to prevent scorching or caramelization of the sugars. Observations of humidities proved that in all driers of the Oregon type that were tested, the relative humidity was always below 1 0 per cent at the intake, and from 11 to 27 per cent at the ventilator. In the Oregon type drier installed at the Oregon Agricultural College, an attempt was made to increase the initial humidity of the in- coming air by cementing off about one- fourth of the floor of the heating chamber by a wall six inches high, and filling this space with water. Although the water evaporated rapidly, the relative humidity was not raised above 10 per cent. From these observations it would appear desir.ible: ( 1 ) To change the design of the driers in order to give more rapid circulation of air by enlarging the size of the ventilators and increasing the pitch of the tunnel from 2-3 inches to the foot. (2) To secure greater circulation and greater heat transmission by (a) increasing the height of the furnace chamber and (b) increasing the radiating surfaces within the furnace chamber. The latter may be done bv supplying more lengths of flue pipe within the chamber in order to remove a greater amount of the heat from the flue gases before passing out at the stack. (3) To aid circulation by increasing the number of holes around the furnace cham- ber. This will necessitate increasing the fire correspondingly in order to heat the greater volume of admitted air to the de- sired temperature. (4) To adrnit air on all four sides of the furnace chamber in order to obtain equal distribution of air within the tunnels. This practice is followed in single unit driers and m.iy be followed in multiple unit driers by constructing the heating chambers with a space between them of about one foot, in order to provide for the necessary {Concluded on fage 21) A„,„„t.iv„ BETTER FRUIT P-se o The Relative Values of Cover Crops By H. Thornber, Superintendent Horticultural Substarion, Victor, Montana rpHE problem of maintaining the fer- The two plots in peas are treated the 1918 and 1919 cut down the yield of the 1 tility of the soil has always been o?. same with the exception that one plot re- Mcintosh Rfd/l'Sl^ 1^ ^^ f, P"/^" /^ ereat importance. It is the history of every ceives eight loads of manure per acre to compared with the 1917 -nd 1920 yields, fa.min/district, that sooner or hter, some- each crop of peas plowed under. The Rome Beauty trees, although twelve thine has to be done to replace what was The chemical analysis of the soil from years old_, have just commenced to bear, removed from the soil by the crops, or the the different plots show that the most after havmg lost practically all their fruit yields would decrease until farming became nitrogen has been added where no clover spurs up to 1918 by fire blight in the unprofitable if not impossible. The Bitter growth wa. removed, the next greatest blossoms. Plot five, which shows the least Root Valley is no exception in this respect. ..mount where only one crop of clover was yield per tree, cannot be considered a test The Montana Experiment Station, realiz- removed, and the least where all growth because it was clean cultivated for e.gh ing that the soils of the valley would need was removed. With the peas the addition years, and as Bulletin 1 U shows the trees something to maintain their fertility, plan- of nitrogen was also greater on the plot were nearly -"-d by rosette which is ned an ofchard cultural test in 1908, when which received the manure. While the generally conceded to be the result of mal- he Sub-station was started. This test w..s chemical analyses are of value, the growth nutrition and was caused by continuous St planned to determine the relative of the trees and the yield of fruit are per- clean cultiv.ation The trees are recovering v'le of clover and peas as cover crops as haps of greater interest from a practical ^:^^^'^'l^'J.^ "^ '^- compared with clean cultivation and inter- standpoint. ^ cropping with a cultivated crop of potatoes. -^he following table shows the average ^^ , , . , , -i After eight years it was very evident that ^^-^^^ ^..j diameters of the trees in the T^ROM observations made on the soil continuous clean cultivation and continuous different plots, and the average annual ^ during the past three years, that of plots Inter-cropping with potatoes were not the -^id per tree for the last four years. one and two is m the best physical condi- proper methods of orchard cultivation, and ^ A,.yi,H tion. The soil on plot five has improved in order to save the trees from premature Average Average per tree rapidly during the three years of plowing death the methods employed on these two Height Diam. for4yrs. under peas and manure whi e the soil on 1 . u ^ J ., J;„„f;or,^rl ;,-, a rprent Plot Variety feet inches pounds ] j jj^^gg j^d four IS inclined to bake plots were changed as mentionea in a recent ,, , . . d.j 197 find 121 '^ , , ,• • 1 • u u ' , . . J .1. 1 Mcintosh Red liJ o.uu lii ,,,Upn wpt and shows distinctly It could be bulletin and also m my paper read at the ^^^^ ^ _ 12.o 5.99 55 l^^ien wet ana snows a stinctiy u last annual meeting of the state horticul- 2 Mcintosh Red 13.6 6.61 102 improved by the addition of more vege- tural society and published in Better Fruit, Rome Beauty ..... 12.1 5 98 50 table matter. Evidently plowing under peas of which this paper is a continuation. ^ Mcintosh Red._.... .2 , 4 ,lone does not add as much vegetable mat- ui viiii^ii ui ' v v _ Rome Beauty U.4- i-J-3 'u , , clover, although the bulk In the beginning a five-acre area was 4 Mcintosh Red....... 10.6 5.25 48 'er as does tne ^'°]^^' « divided into five one-acre plots. Cross-ways Rome Beauty 11.5 5.53 33 appears to be considerable. The plot in o these plots were four rows of each of the 5 Mcintosh Red......_ 11.3 5.59 40 clover where all the growth is removed following varieties: Mcintosh Red, Rome ^^^ Beauty..._..... 11.1 5.45 8 demonstrates that the orchard is not the Beauty, Alexander and Wealthy. By this W7HILE the above table does not show place to grow hay. Hay and apples are no arrangement a certain number of trees of W a great difference in the average %ooi companion crops, and sooner or later each variety were planted in each plot. height and diameter of the trees on the ™-^ apples wi ai . ^ Unfortunately fire blight destroyed all the ..^i-ious plots, one must actually see the The common and almost universal rea- Alexander and most of the Wealthy early trees to appreciate the difference. For son for not growing a cover-crop in the in the experiment, leaving only the Mc- example, an average tree on plot four, orchard is because of the expense How- Intosh and Rome Beauty. which m.ay be only eighteen inches shorter ever, it is pointed out m Bulletin 114 that At the end of eight years when continu- and have a diameter of only one inch less clean cultivation is actu.ally_ more expensive ous clean cultivation and inter-cropping with than an average one on plot two, may have than where a cover crop is used. hi e a cultivated inter-crop were found to be a spread of branches of only eleven feet, clover is usually considered more expensive injurious to the trees these two plots were while the other has a spread of nineteen than peas, probably on account ot the cost changed to peas with manure, and clover feet. Pruning undoubtedly has done much of the seed, it is the cheaper crop to use with one cutting removed for feed the sec- to equalize the height and a stunted tree Our records show that while the =1"^" ="d ond year. As the experiment now stands, often has a trunk out of proportion to its costs $8.40, or 70 cents per pound, which is and has been running for five years, we have size. an unusual price, the pea seed costs $5.00 as follows- The growth of the Mcintosh Red trees, or 5 cents per pound, and_ must be sown Plot 1. Clover two years, one crop re- as shown by the above t.able, is in the order each year, while the clover is good lor two moved for hays'second crop plowed under. of plots 2, 1, 3, 5 and 4. The diameter years. This means plowing twice, preparing Plot 2 Clover two years, no growth re- of the Rome Beauty trees is in the order of the seed bed twice, seeding twice, and mark- moved, and plowed in fall. plots 1, 2, 4, 5 and 3, and the height in ing for irrigation twice, f-'ll'^^J^^ Plot 3. Clover two years, all growth re- the order of plots 2, 1 , 4, 3 and 5. Gener- but only once for the clover. Besides where moved, then plowed in fall. ally speaking, the trees on all the plots ex- one crop of clover was --0-^ Je hay Plot 4. Peas two years with all growth cept plot four, have made a satisfactory about one ton, was worth (1919 pices con Plowed under growth under the present methods of cul- sidered) the total of all the costs of the Plot 5. Pe.as two years" plus manure and ture. Those on plot four have made the clover. However vve do not f«l that over all plowed under. least growth and have produced more small one cutting shou d be removed-better not ■it year Following the two years of applet than the other four plots combined. any until the soil is wel -PP -^ - J - cover crops all the plots are clean cultivated The yields of the different plots during trogcn and humus. ^^^ ^ "^^ /'^f^^'^'^;^ to get rid of the weeds, then the same the past four years indic.ite the value ol the between the '°''\°l '^^ '^^I'^J'^l^^l rot.ation is started again. As will be noticed various methods of culture. While one - =°v- "°PJ -^ ^^ J^^ 3'"^*^' ^p^^^^^ this gives one plot with no clover growth might conclude that the average yield per per acre m favo "^ '^^^ ^;°;;^. ^ J^ ^' removed, one with one cutting removed tree is low in all cases, the station records cost $33.20 and the clover $22.20 per and one with all growth removed. show that severe frosts during the two years acre. Page 10 BETTER FRUIT August, 1921 Budding the Peach, Plum and Cherry By Joseph Oskamp, Horticulturist Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station BUDDING is commonly resorted to in the propagation of peaches, plums and cherries, although apples may be budded with good success. The work is done dur- ing July, August or September when the bark will peel or readily separate from the wood. Where the growing season is early it is possible to bud earlier in the summer. Buds inserted in the late summer unite with the stock, but no growth takes place until the following spring, when the stock is cut off just above the bud and all the growth forced into the desired bud. A very much larger percentage of buds can be expected to grow if they are in- serted in wood that grew the same season that the budding is done, although buds will grow in older wood. If trees are grown from the seed, apple trees may sometimes be too small for budding the first season, in which case they can be cut back to the ground and the new sprouts budded the following summer. In the case of the stone fruits the bud- ding is done as near the ground as it is con- venient to work, usually two or three inches from the surface of the soil. Apples are budded at about the height that it is wished to start the head, or the buds are even set in the lateral branches when it is the desire to use a hardy stock which is not susceptible to disease or winter injury. The buds are procured from the twigs of the current season's growth of the variety to be propagated and these twigs are known as "budding sticks." The buds are less well developed on the ends of these sticks and therefore the three or four inches of term- inal growth is cut off. The first step in budding is to make a longitudinal slit in the bark of the stock or seedling tree at the desired point and at the upper end of this slit a cut crosswise is made thus forming a letter "T" in the bark at the point where the two cuts meet. The bark at the intersection is gently raised with the point of a knife and the two ends are rolled back so that the bud can be in- serted. The bud is cut from the "budding stick" by slipping the knife blade through the bark from beneath the bud upward to a point about a sixteenth of an inch above the bud. The knife is withdrawn and a crosswise cut severs the bud from the stick. For convenience in inserting, it is well to leave a portion of the leaf stem on each bud when cutting off the leaves from the budding stick. The flaps are opened as suggested and holding the bud by the short leaf stem, it is forced from above down- ward until the square end of the patch of bark bearing the bud comes down to a point where it fits the crosswise cut made in the seedling tree. The bud is now ready for tying. Nurserymen frequently use carpet string for this purpose. Starting to wind the string at the bottom of the bud, bring the end up in such a manner that it will catch beneath the wound string, so that no knot is necessary and proceeding until the string covers practically the entire cut area, ex- cept only a small portion of the bud and adhering stem. The top end is secured in a loop so as to hold the twine in place. It will be necessary to examine the buds within ten days from the time of wrapping be- cause the young trees are growing at this time and the string soon begins to bind and choke. The string is cut by running the blade of a sharp knife through it lengthwise of the seedling on the opposite side from which the bud is inserted. Peach, plum or cherry seedlings can be purchased from nurserymen or the seeds from the family orchard may be planted and the seedlings grown in which to set the buds. Peach seeds should be allowed to freeze during the winter by placing in sand or dirt out of doors where they may become well soaked by rain and snow. The pits are planted out in the spring. Plum seeds are treated in the same manner. Cherry seeds should not be allowed to dry out, as they will then sprout with great difficulty. Seed from the common varieties of plums and cherries may be used for growing seed- lings, but the more desirable stocks used by nurserymen for this purpose are the Myro- bolan and Marianna plums and Mahaleb and Mazzard cherries. The Value of Topping Strawberry Plants By Gordon G. Brown, Horticulturist Hood River Experiment Station IVrOW that the strawberry harvest is over •^ ' it is well that the grower lay plans for the most important factors connected with the care of such plants for the remainder of the season. Topping of plants and fertilizing now command attention because upon the manner in which this is done depends results for next year. It is well to keep in mind that sturdy, thrifty plants only will pay and that stunted plants as a rule are a liability rather than an asset. The writer has been conducting a num- ber of experiments during the past two years with reference to the best time to top plants. The customary practice is to allow from two to four weeks to elapse after harvesting before doing this work. A common concep- tion is that the plants require a "rest" and that they will do better when so handled. During the two or four weeks mentioned the plant remains somewhat inactive until topping is done. Then new leaves are thrown out rapidly. Experiment station rec- ords favor topping both in point of yields, size of fruit, vigor of plants and practical economy in cultivation. When the tops are not removed it is quite difficult to hoe around the plants thoroughly and economic- ally. The main consideration is the question of the best time to top. Shall we wait two weeks or a month before doing this? Ap- parently there is little to support the de- lay. The old leaves have practically ceased to function. Obviously, more plant food cannot be stored up until new leaves are present to manufacture this; neither will a new vigorous root system be developed. In two tests bearing upon this problem the re- sults for 1920 and 1921 support this view. The fruit from plants thus handled was larger both in size and yield. Five year old plants that were not topped were less vig- orous than the plants which were topped. The crowns, as a rule, were smaller and sup- ported leaves of smaller size than topped plants. The tests, as suggested have been running only two years, but preliminary results favor early topping. Dynamite Improvement f I ^HE announcement is made that the •*- DuPont Powder Company has per- fected a formula for the manufacture of straight dynamite which results in that explosive being proof against freezing even in zero temperatures. As a consequence of this development, the company has de- termined to discontinue the manufacture of its former straight dynamite and hereafter all this kind of explosive will be made by the new low freezing method. Straight dynamite has for years been the standard of the world in nearly every kind of open work, but a disadvantage has been Us liability to freeze at temperatures below fifty degrees Fahrenheit. As any dynamite loses some part, if not all, of its efficiency when chilled or frozen, many attempts have been made to make it low-freezing. The perfection of the new "powder" by the Du Pont compa- ny makes it possible to use straight dynamite the year round in industrial operations. Thawing, with its loss of time and at- tendant dangers, has practically been elim- inated. The new explosive has been fully tested and proved and the formula for making it has been made standard in all the plants of the company producing dynamite. August, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 Packing Fancy Northwest Peaches THE various varieties of peaches should be picked at different stages of ripe- ness, as weather conditions will modify the time to some extent of picking even one variety. Peaches should not be picked when they are green, as the green peach is neither a good shipper or a good keeper. To ship and keep best the peach should be "just ripe." In picking, pick with the hands and not with the fingers. That is, the peach should be grasped gently but firmly in the hand and removed in a method that will not bruise it. Not a mark should be left on even the ripest peach and they should not be poured from basket to box, but should be handled like eggs. A well lighted and well ventilated part of the packing room should be selected for packing peaches, so that the packer may easily see and lay aside any damaged fruit that passes the sorters. It is well for each packer to have room for two boxes so that two grades can be run at the same time. The end of the boxes farthest away from the packer should be raised about six inches. Benches placed behind the packers to set the packed boxes on until they are nailed and placed in piles should be provided. Peaches should never be packed when they are warm and the greatest care should be used in handling and hauling them for shipment. The pack should be uniform and the fruit absolutely free from blem- ishes and fungus, and properly matured. The pack, to secure the best results in ship- ping, must be tight and up to, but not above the end of the box. The sizes of the boxes most largely used for peach packing in the Northwest are 18 inches long, 11 J/^ inches wide and 4 inches deep, and 18 inches long, 115^ inches wide and 4J/2 inches deep. Below will be found diagrams showing methods for putting up fancy peach packs: o®o®o cmh 7 )^( 7 )^( 7 0X0X0 pXD 65— EXTRA FANCY 3.2 (7-6) PACK 75— FANCY 3-2 (8-7) PACK 90— CHOICE 3-3 (8-7) PACK Interesting and Valuable Topics Discussed npHE summer meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Association which was held at Yakima, July 21 and 22 brought out an unusually large attendance and the discussion of a unmber of interest- ing and valuable topics to the fruitgrower. One of these topics was in regard to the value of oil paper as a fruit wrap, a subject that was handled by D. F. Fisher, plant pathologist with the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, whose experiments led to the discovery of the great advantages of this new wrapping material. Apples wrapped with the oil paper were exhibited by Mr. Fisher that had been left in a room with ordinary ventilation and temperature, that appeared almost as fresh as when packed. While apples wrapped in the ordi- nary wrapping paper and held in storage for the same length of time which were exhibited, were badly decayed. Next to the importance of the oil wraps being a great fruit saver was the statement of Mr. Fisher that it costs only 3 cents a box more to use the oil paper. In discussing the subject of cover crops Roy Larsen, soil specialist of the Wenatchee Experiment Station, strongly advocated leaving orchards covered with vegetation and even condemned the cutting of alfalfa planted in orchards as inimical to the best soil conditions for fruit trees. In supporting his views he referred to the Wenatchee district where growers he said had virtually abandoned clean cultivation and yet were producing larger yields of apples than formerly. R. J. Newcomer, of Yakima talked on the value of the calyx spray while Dr. A. L. Melander of Washington State College, spoke interestingly on the methods of com- batting the leav roller. P. S. Darlington, horticultural inspector, discussed collar or crown rot and C. DeVere talked on the development of water transportation. As an outcome of the prevalence of col- lar rot in the Yakima valley the association made a unanimous request to the Uhited States Agricultural Department to send an expert to Yakima to study this disease. Owing to the keen interest in the meeting this year, M. L. Dean secretary of the as- sociation announced that next year Wena- tchee and Yakima would each have a two day session of the association. Procedure to Protect Oregon Apples A PROCEDURE to protect the reputa- -'-*- tion of Oregon apples for excellence that will interest the fruit growers and shippers of the Northwest has just been in- stituted by the Federal Trade Commission. Upon an application for the issuance of a complaint the Federal Trade Commission, as required by law, has cited the Caraval Company, Inc., an exporting company in New York City, to appear before it on a charge of unfair competition in foreign commerce. The complaint recites that in the State of Oregon certain apples are grown which have become well known as "Oregon New- town Pippins" and which have acquired a reputation of superiority for shipping and keeping qualities for export purposes. The complaint further recites that in re- sponse to an order from Aktiegolaget Half- dan Buhrman, an apple dealer in Stock- holm, Sweden, for "Oregon Newtown Pip- pin" apples, the Caravel Company shipped to this firm 2,000 boxes of other apples with the knowledge that these apples were not the Oregon apples ordered, invoiced the apples as "Oregon Newtown Pippins," and received for the shipment the higher price commanded by Oregon apples. When the shipment arrived, the apples were spoiled. The commission avers that this conduct has the capacity and tendency and does in- jure the business of other apple growers exporting apples from the several states who maintain selling grades, and discredits in foreign markets the good name and business reputation of competing American export- ers and of American products. Complaint is filed by the commission after preliminary informal inquiry made upon the suggestion of the Department of Commerce. The filing of the complaint and the citing of the Caravel Company to appear and make answer initiates a pro- ceeding to try out in a formal way the questions raised by the complaint, this in- cluding the examination of witnesses under oath and introduction of testimony on both sides. The hearings will commence on August 31, or a date to be later announced. Now is a good time to make a survey of your apple and pear harvesting equipment. Don't wait until it is time to pick the fruit. Page 12 BETTER FRUIT August, 1921 The Central Cooperative Marketing Plan By The Editor FROM present indications the long sought for and desired central co-opera- tive organization to assist in the marketing of box apples grown in the Pacific North- west states may be realized. Although no definite information has been given out as to when the organization will materialize members of the committee who were ap- pointed at the marketing conference at- tended by representatives of the six Pacific Northwest states and held in Portland, July 11, 12 and 13, say that the outlook for such an organization is very favorable. With this in view- it is expected that the organization will be formed some time during the early part of the new year. However, whether the proposed central marketing organization materializes or not there is no mistaking the fact that the rep- resentatives of the various co-operative box apple handling associations in the Northwest are thoroughly in earnest in securing at the least a close working agreement that should greatly benefit the industry as a whole. While the concrete results accomplished at the big meeting held in Portland do not loom very large on paper the interests and influences brought together put this im- portant element of the fruit business in much closer touch than it ever has been and seemingly clinched the long entertained idea that it is only by amalgamating their interests that the apple and other deciduous fruitgrowers of the Northwest can attain the greatest degree of success. Held under the auspices of the Farm Bureaus of the Northwest the meeting was made notable by an absence of conflict which so frequently characterizes such gatherings, with the result that such action as was taken was constructive and progres- sive. The need for an organization to han- dle the combined box apple output of the Northwest was recognized and approved; a committee was appointed to devise a nation- wide advertising campaign and a resolution adopted opposing haphazard methods of legislation in connection with the fruit in- dustry. The direct aim of the resolution is to have all contemplated legislation ap- proved by all of the various organizations which will compose the central body before it is submitted for action. The committee appointed to perfect an advertising plan is a representative one, be- ing composed of J. A. Warman, manager of the Skookum Packers' Association of Yak- ima; Dwight L. Woodruff, manager of the A Dependable Ladder Made of clear well seasoned spruce, it is light and strong. Designed especially for orchard work with wide spreading side legs and a rod reinforcement under each step. This strong, rigid construction gives your picker confidence and a wider range of picking. Its use soon saves its cost. Hardie ladders and other orchard de- vices are fully described in our free catalog, which is mailed on request. THE HARDIE The Hardie Manufacturing Co. Portland, Oregon 55 N. Front Street PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, California August, 19^U BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Wenatchee District Co-operative Associa- tion; C. I. Lewis, assistant manager of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association ; C. H. Swigert, manager of the Yakima Fruitgrowers' Association, and A. W. Stone, general manager of the Hood River Apple Growers' Association. Incidentallv an important development in connection with the meeting was the promise of the Portland Dock Commission to the representatives of the Northwest co-operative associations that it would estab- lish a municipal cold storage plant on the city terminal docks to care for shipments of fruit and other perishables by water. With a municipal cold storage plant on the docks in Seattle and one established in Portland the fruit growers of the Northwest will be well provided with land terminals for using water transportation. The general outlook for the organization of the proposed central co-operative market- ing body in the near future seems bright and another year should see it in success- ful operation. Liming the Orchard LIME is a healthful adjunct in the or- chard for either the cover crop or grass mulch system of management. In either case, a good growth of crop is desired to supply adequate amounts of organic matter and nitrogen to the soil and better to protect the soil against injury from erosion. For a cover crop, legumes are generally employed, and, being sensitive to lime-de- ficiency, they respond to liming on acid soils. When plowed down or disked into the ground, their decay is promoted and regulated by lime. The better decomposi- tion thus fostered provides assimilable ni- trate for the fruit tree. Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" Ftfr Sale by Leading Dealers Ever}rwhere Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON Aresenatc of Lead No Spreader. Ready for use. Simply stir into the spray solution "SPREADO" produces a uniform coating, completely protecting the fruit. "SPREADO" increases the adhesiveness of the spray, especially desirable in rainy sections. "SPREADO" increases the wetting and covering power of the spray, more than paying for itself in the saving of spray material. "SPREADO" does rot in any way injure the foliage or the fruit. "SPREADO" is highly recommended as a spreader hy the Oregon .Agricultural Experiment Station. DIRECTIONS When filling the tank start agitator, sift in gradually the re()uired amount of "SPREADO" keeping the agitator in motion until the tank is filled and spray- ing is begun. "SPREADO" is especially recommended for use with arsenate of lead for the cover sprays in the propor- tion of 5 to 6 lbs. of powdered arsenate of lead with 2 lbs. of "SPREADO" to the 200 gallon tank. Arsenate of Lead With "Spreado." NOW yfu'S "SPREADO" Manufactured by Miller Products Company PORTLAND OREGON GRANTS PASS. OREGON Sold by Oregon Growers* Co-operative Association Salem, Sheridan, Rosehurg and Medford, Oregon Eugene Fruit Growers' Association Eugene, Cresswell and junction City, Oregon Hood River Apple Growers' Association Hood River. Oregon Page U Annual Conference of Horticulturists HORTICULTURISTS, entomologists and plant pathologifts of the North- west and British Columbia held an im- portant series of meetings at Hood River, Oregon, July 26 to 29, when they gathered for their fourth annua! conference. The conference was held under the direction of W. S. Brown, chief of the Division of Horticulture of the Oregon Agricultural College and was attended by 30 to 40 experts. Containing a list of im- portant problems that are confronting the fruitgrowers and farmers of the Northwest the program brought out information and discussions that proved highly valuable to all present. The various colleges and experiment stations in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah and British Columbia were represented and the comparative data se- cured on some of the foremost questions considered will lead, it is expected, to an improvement in a number of the methods employed in fruit culture. An interesting phase of the conference were a number of demonstrations conducted in Hood River orchards by Gordon G. Brown and Leroy Childs of the Hood River Experiment Station. Social features were a dinner at the Columbia Gorge Hotel an automobile tour of the valley and a vis't to Cloud Cap Inn, where 20 of the party remained over night and made the ascent of Mt. Hood in the morning. At the close of the meeting it was de- cided to formally organize a body to be known as the Northwestern Association of Horticulturists, Plant Pathologists and En- tomologists. Professor O. M. Morris of the Washington State College was elected president, and a vice-president and jpcrc- tary-treasurer will be elected later. It is the plan to have each of the three sciences represented by an officer. An AppleBook of Notable Interest "T^HE Commercial Apple Industry of -'- North America," is the title of a new book by J. C. Folger, assistant secretary In- ternational Apple Shippers' Association, and S. M. Thompson, formerly fruit crop spe- cialist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Professor Brown of O. A. C, has reviewed the book and considers it very good — "one of the most up-to-date books on the sub- ject," is his comment. In collecting material for this work, the authors have visited practically every im- portant apple-growing country in the United States; first in connection with a special investigation of the cost of pro- ducing apples in important regions, con- ducted by the office of farm management, U. S. Department of Agriculture; and later as fruit crop specialists engaged in organiz- ing a system for estimating the commercial apple crop of the United States. BETTER FRUIT The scope of the book is a wide one covering every phase of apple growing, handling and marketing, and Better Fruit recommends it to those seeking a volume containing information of this character. The state of Washington supplied more than half of the country's box apples in 1920. Worth Many Dollars Lewiston Valley Water Co. Lewiston Orchards Leu-iston, Idaho, June 21, 1921. Belter Fruit Publishing Co., Portland, Oregon. Gentlemen: — / have before me the June cofy of Better Fruit. I tvish that every fruit grozier in the North'.vest could read this issue. You will fmd inclosed a list of the fruit growers on the Lewiston Or- chards. 1 hofe you will he able to mail each one a cofy of the June number. This one issue is zcorth many dollars to any fruit grozcer. Yours truly, {Signed) Davis S. Wallace, Manager August, 1921 BEST SERVICE QUALITY a PRICES PERFECTION IN FRUIT 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BANK PORTLAND.OREGON. E.Shelley Morgan NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY-ANO CAN SHIP (N 24 HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, 'PLES.CHERWES a STRAWBERRIES. ^^eJienMttf J .the dominating ieature of Caterpillar'Tractors MANUTACTURING COMPANY Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois LoM Angetea, Cat. Spohant, Waah. San Francitco, Cat. August, 1921 American Apples In China FROM a bulletin just issued hy the United States Department of Agricul- ture it is interesting to learn that the mar- ket for the apples of the Northwest in China is more susceptible of expansion than for other fruits. The varieties that meet with the most favor in China are the Yellow Newtown, Spitzenberg and Winesap and the grade that is said to be best suited to the trade is a fancy or No. 2, although an extra fancy is wanted in limited quantities for the Christmas trade. The sizes that are the most popular with the trade run from 120 to 163, but both larger and smaller sizes have reasonable demand and sale. The largest quantity of apples sent to China from the United States in any one year was approximately 40 carloads. American apples are sold in China by the pound and retail at $5 to $6 a box. BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Get ready for the compaign against an- thracnose in your apple trees. Remember that a clean crop next year depends on the thoroughness with which you spray this fall. Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy Before You Buy a Grader See The NEWELL! A Perfected Weighing Machine, Accurate and Efficient The operation is simply this: Fruit is raised automatically from hopper to sorters, by conveyor belt, fixed with rol- lers to prevent bruising. Passed by the sorters, it is de- posited by belt conveyor, one at a time, upon aluminum scales, which are attached to single sprocket chain, carrying fruit along the side of the shunt-board, which gradually pushes them farther out on scales, until their weight tips scales, depositing them in packer's bins. All fruit of same weight will tip scales at same bin: it must function I If fruit is running large, shunt board may be set in; if small, set it out. This is the only necessary adjustment. A Few Outstanditig Features of the NEWELL Low Hopper — no step up when filling. Automatic feed from hopper to sorting table; controlled by head sorter without leaving his place. One piece scale with no deli- cate adjustment to get out of order or wear out. Scales on SINGLE chain, not double. Made in Two, Three and Four Section Models TIMOTHY NEWELL, Manufacturer Parkdale, Hood River Valley, Oregon Page 16 BETTER FRUIT D'RTnrP'Q pi'RTTTT' ^^'^ should, we think, cause Dili iXl(XVrrvL>lll reflection on the part of Northwest Published Monthly j^j^,^l^ applc shippers before they Better Fruit Publishing Company widen the wedge that may prove Twelfth and Jefferson Streets disastrous to the industry. To make PORTLAND. OREGON ^^^ ^ppj^ industry in the far West j^rr6l'S''owen .•.•.■.■.•;.■. Associaie-lditor pay, it must reccivc a superior price gbwiN°r WILLIAMS./.*':'"'."'."'. '''"'" for its product. Its long distance ....San Francisco Representative, Hobart Bldg. fj-Qj^ (-^e \>,\g fruit COUSUITling CCn- STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS tcrs of the country make this higher ?v'\lH°NGT6N-D^'!^."L:'"Snder, Ento- price imperative. Without it the mologist; O. M. Morris. Horfcultunst, Pull- j,.,^,^jgtj.y cannot SUrvive. COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- \J\cyhpr- nnrkincr msts WaS the mologist; E. B. House. Irrigation Expert, State JrllgnCr paCKing LOSMb Wdb IIIC ARi?J5NA-FS°"crWel°Ho';S?urist. Tuscon. rcason givcn for shipping bulk ap- ^'aTifornTa^-c' w'Vooro'rth, Entomoio- plcs from the Northwest. Why ^.^:^''C.:^h^J^. Ho-rS'tufls?: continue a practice that is not now iNmAlii-H. s. jacKson. Pathologist, Lafayette, necessary and may mean disastcr. All Communications should be addressed and a o XT n 1 i_* ' Remittances made payable to A I^qD, iNot a KedUCtlOIl BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY r^' • -i Subscription Price: When all is Said the cut in rail- In the United States, $1.00 per year m advance. , . . , r -^ r .■.! Canada and Foreign, including post^age, $2.00, j-Oad freight ratCS On f rUlt f fOm thc Ad^ni's'ing" RaTeTon" Application. Pacific Coast to Chicago and the At- — lantic Coast is not a reduction but Bulk Apples a sop handed out apparently to , , ■ .u XT ^i,„,„.^ avoid further action for adequate Apple growers in the Northwest who have been marketing their pro- '"^ ^^ ' a . ■ .u duct in bulk will do well to ponder What the alleged cut in the rate before continuing this practice. The really amounts to is a shaving of demand and higher price for apples the old rate of 12/. cents per from this section has almost entire- If pounds or 6/ cents on a box ly been built up by superior packing of apples. This applies to points methods and employing a container west of Spokane, the la ter receiv- that is more convenient and attrac- nig a cut of 1 7 cents per 1 00 pounds tive to the consumer. Quality and or 8/ cents a box. For granting grading have played their part, but this generous favor to the fm, fbove all the pack has been the shippers of the Northwest they thing that has made Northwest ap- have the va uable stonng-m-transit pies renowned the world over and pnvilege taken away unless they made the big development of the are willing to pay an extra! 0 cents apple industi^ in the Pacific North- f 1 00 pounds on such f rui as mav west possible. be stored before it reaches its desti- Other apple growing sections nation. As_ it is necessary to store know this and thev are commenc- big quantities in this way the cut ing to wake up to the advantages w'H amount on much of the fruit that mav accrue to them by utiliz- that goes to Eastern markets to the ing boxes instead of barrels. A case highly gratifying sum of 3/2 to in point was the recent visit to this ^'A cents per box. region of an apple handler from It can be truly said that the fruit Pennsylvania for the purpose of fa- growers of the Northwest ,n apply- miliarizing himself with our pack- ing for a cut in freight rates asked ing methods and obtaining box ma- for bread and were given stone, terial. Shipping 20,000 barrels of r^ ^ j D i Albermarle Pippins from the Blue Crade and rack Mountain district of Virginia an- We thorougly believe that this nually, he stated that he was satis- will be a year in which profitable fied that he could sell twenty boxes prices will be realized for apples in of these apples packed as they are the Pacific Northwest. Eastern in the Northwest where he now sold frost damage in the spring and un- two barrels, and get a higher price, favorable conditions in many sec- Augiist, 1021 tions since should assure a heavy demand. But the fruit must be of good quality. It will be a serious mistake for the grower to attempt to mar- ket at a profit, any off-grade, wormy, or poorly sized fruit. We urge the grower to do every- thing possible to produce good quality fruit. Spraying must be timely, judicious and thorough. Also it is necessary that more at- tention be paid to grading the fruit. The successful grower will remem- ber these things and will be certain of a market again next year. To compete on the open market, fruit from the Northwest must be well graded, well packed and in de- sirable containers. A Double Saving Marketing experts in the United States Agricultural Department call attention to the fact that enormous losses are caused annually because large quantities of fruit is frozen in transit. Last winter shippers of apples in the states of Oregon, Washing- ton and Idaho filed claims against the railroads amounting to over $3,000,000 to cover losses from freezing. To assist in reducing these losses the Bureau of Markets of the department has distributed as wide- ly as possible information relative to the proper methods of loading and heating cars. It has also prac- tically completed the designing of' a heating equipment that it expects will very materially reduce these losses if employed and it is hoped it will. There will be another and a safer way, however, of avoiding these losses from frozen fruit — shipping all the fruit tonnage possible from the Northwest by water transpor- tation. In the initial stage of car- rying fruit from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic or to foreign mar- kets by steamer, there may be some slight loss by improper ventilation, but this will be corrected. Entire shipments will not be ruined. Most important a double saving will be effected — a lower transpor- tation cost and avoiding a loss by freezing. August, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Shortage of Apple Boxes Probable THE habit of pre-financing fruit box deals by box manufacturers of the Pa- cific Northwest to growers and dealers will, it feems, this season mean a shortage of apple boxes. For months past manufacturers have urged the advance buying of apple boxes in order to more evenly distribute the manu- facturing and delivery of the heavy de- mand that is made on manufacturers dur- ing the closing months of the season when picking and harvesting of apples in the Northwest is at the peak. To encourage early buying, make for a more even distribution of delivery of apple boxes and eliminate the extreme market conditions as was experienced in 1919 with an uncertainty on a rising market, the same uncertainty prevailing in 1920 on a de- clining market, it should be understood the earlv spring market should prevail during the life of each season's crop. Owing to the unusual financial situation this year most manufacturers were unable to extend credit as has been the rule in former years. Growers and dealers were to a great extent in the same depressed condi- tion, which resulted in increased efforts to hold manufacturers to their former practice of extending credit. Most manufacturers being utterly unable to meet this situation has resulted in less apple boxes having been furnished this season than any year in the history of the industry. With less than a 25 per cent normal de- mand in the salmon box business for West Coast manufacturers this season, they were forced to increase efforts in a further de- velopment of other markets. The result of this has developed considerable business from eastern territory as well as from for- eign fields. This came from concerns who placed large contracts and take the cash discount on delivery. These early efforts in that direction it seems are now bringing results, enhanced by the apparent break of the "buyers' boycott" of all merchandise and food products. With this increased business from mis- cellaneous commodity shippers and with about 70 per cent of the apple box require- ments together with pear and peach boxes and the usual demand for dried fruit, ct cetera, a great many manufacturers find themselves unable to take additional busi- ness for immediate delivery. Growers and dealers anticipating a bump- er crop now sense the situation and are endeavoring to have apple boxes delivered promptly. West Coast plants are trying to meet the situation through the increased length of the working day, while others are operating night shifts. One plant is operating a ten- hour day shift with an eleven-hour night shift. Another is operating three eight- hour shifts. Stump Land 75%?? Cleai^ed Land 25% Take an Inventory of Your Land ! ARE you making as much money as you can L out of your farm.? Just stop and do a little figuring for a moment. This table will make figuring easier. Fill in the proper figures: Acres Profit Loss 1. Under cultivation 2. Stump and swamp land 3. This same idle land (2) cleared pro- ducing profit per acre equal to(l) 4. Present total profit(l-2) 5. Possible total profit (1+3) Is it not just plain ^ood business to make idle stump and swamp land into producing land — to shift it from the loss column to the profit column.' The dynamite method is the usual method today for stump and boulder blasting, ditching and tree-planting as well. But to make sure of the best results in land clearing always use STUMPING POWDERS Du Pont and Repauno Brands It is the most reliable, efficient and economical explosive on the market. Constant improvement, through over a hundred years of manufacture has made it so. One hundred page book, "Farmers' Handbook of Explosives," giving complete instructions for the use of dynamite on the farm, sent on request. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., INC. Portland Seattle Spokane Loganberry Borers T^HE loganberry crown borers, which oc- ■'• cur as elongated white worms timnel- ing within the crown and roots of the loganberry and raspberry, are causing an unusual amount of injury this season. Seriously injured plants should be dug and burned. The borer tunnels up in the new cane and girdles it from within, form- ing a blush ring around its base and caus- ing the cane to wilt. Because of this habit the best method of control as yet developed is as follows: Visit the fields in late June and again in July looking for the wilted canes, typi- cal evidence of borer work. Grasp the wilted cane in the gloved hand and re- move it by twisting and pulling at the same time. The borer will generally be in the severed cane, but in case that it is not, a wire should be pushed down into the stub left on the bush. The borer in the cane will die a short time after the cane has been broken off. Where rigorously followed up this treatment will reduce the infestation to a negligible degree. Page 18 BETTER FRUIT August, 1921 How to Propagate Small Fruits Grapes GRAPES are propagated in the fall and winter by means of cuttings. Well matured canes of average thickness, having nodes or joints somewhat close together for the variety, make satisfactory cuttings. Overgrown "bull canes" should be avoided and the wood should be of last summer's growth. Such suitable growth therefore as is cut away in the annual pruning m.ay be used for propagating purposes. Having se- lected a suitable cane, begin at the butt and cut off just below the node, then skip a node and cut off the cutting just two inches above the next or third node. This is re- peated until the best part of the cane is used up. The cuttings will average about a foot in length and should be tied up in bundles and packed in moist sand or sawdust until spring. Or they may be buried upside down in the ground in a well drained spot. For these varieties which do not root readily from cuttings one or more canes are pulled down to the ground in the spring and cov- ered with soil, leaving a part of the ter- minal end out of the ground. Roots or sprouts will generally be thrown out at the nodes and each rooted piece will make a new plant. Blackberries THE bushes of the blackberry usually sprout up readily and these may be transferred to a new location. During the winter, roots a quarter to a half an inch in thickness may be dug and cut into three- inch lengths. These are stored away as directed for other cuttings and planted out in the nursery row in the spring. Raspberries THERE are three kinds— the reds, black- caps and purple canes or hybirds. The reds sprout profusely from the roots and are multiplied the same as blackberries. With the blackcaps and purple varieties new canes are produced from the long drooping branches which bend down to the ground and take root. In the spring these plants are cut away from the parent plant and are ready for setting. Gooseberries and Currants THESE are easily rooted from cuttings of the new wood which are taken any time after the leaves have fallen. Cuttings therefore, may be made from such new wood as is pruned out. They are made about eight or ten inches long, tied in bundles and buried upside down in a well-drained loca- tion or packed in moist sand or sawdust in a cool cellar. The plants may also be propa- gated by drawing the soil up in a mound over the bushes, covering them about a fourth of the way up. Each one of the branches will take root in the course of one or two season's growth and then thev can be separated to form new plants. Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash;. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. TORO BRAND AGRICULTURAL SULPHUR Improves alkali soil, trans- forms potash and phosphor- ous into plant food. Prevents wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. 220 lbs. ^ ^A j per acre has increased crops iSJM ' up to 600 per cent. Write for circulars 6, 7 and 8, price list and sam- ples. DIAMOND "S" BRAND for Lime-Sulphur Solution. ANCHOR BRAND for dry dusting. CARBON BISULPHluE for rodent control. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Prince Albert's a new note in the joys of rolling 'em! Talking about rolling your own cigarettes, you've got a handful-of-happiness comingyour direction when you pal it with Prince Albert and the makin's papers! For P. A. is not only delightful to your taste and pleasing in its refreshing aroma, but our exclusive patented process frees it from bite and parch! You smoke P. A. with the bars down! And, for a fact, rolling up Prince Albert is mighty easy! P. A. is crimp cut and stays put and you whisk it into shape before you can count three! And, the next instant you're puffing away to beat the band! Prince Albert is so good that it has led four men to smoke jimmy pipes where one was smoked before! It's the greatest old buddy- smoke that ever found its way into a pipe or cigarette! And you'll o. k. that say so! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and Half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal glass humidor with sponge moistener top^ PRINCE the national joy smoke Albert Copyright 1821 Ijy R. J. RejTiolds Win'fon-Snlem.N C Axigust, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 19 Tree Protectors MECHANICAL protectors are recom- mended for young trees on new ground, as they ward off attacks of cut worms, bud weevils, click beetles and other pests that prey on opening buds. Protection from ants that carry aphis into cherry trees is also recommended by the use of protec- tors by the entomologists of the Oregon Agricultural Experiment station. For this purpose cotton batting strips about five inches wide and long enough to reach around the tree are endorsed as excellent. Tie the band loosely at the lower edge with a string and then grasp the upper edge and roll it down over the lower edge. Tree tanglefoot is also recommended. A band three-fourths of an inch wide is the most efficient. If too wide the bands injure the young trees. DESTROY ROADSIDE WEEDS Because — 1. They act as centers of weed infesta- tion for adjoining fields. 2. They may be carried for many miles by passing vehicles and animals. 3. They harbor harmful insects and plant diseases. 4. They create insanitary conditions. 5. They are unsightly. Methods for destroying roadside weeds, approved by specialists of the United Statei Department of Agriculture, are; By— 1. By mowing twice a year while they are in full bloom, usually in June and August. 2. Utilizing the roadsides for growing hay. 3. Grazing with tethered animals. 4. Converting weedy roadsides into lawns. GRADE ALL ROADSIDES SO THE WEEDS CAN BE CONTROLLED. 'X'HE price set by the California Pear Growers' Association this year for Bartlett pears of No. I grade is $61.75 net to grower; No. 2 grade, $33.25 per ton. Last year the price received by the association was $100 per ton. The organization decided to limit the tonnage to be sold to the canners to 60 per cent of the pack. "Always At Your Service" Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: LADDERS BOX PRESSES PACKING CHAIRS BOX-MAKING BENCHES and AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS all GRAVITY & POWER CONVEYOR kinds POTATO GRADERS AND SIZERS of PRICE FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Special NELSON FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Equipment PRICE "PRICE PRODUCTS" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated Booklets and Price List on Request Fruit Appliance Company Successors to Price ManufactMring Company, Inc. YAKIMA, WASHINGTON SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.. London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page 20 BETTER FRUIT August, 1921 Spraying Methods (Continue J jrom fage 6) the upper and under surfaces of the leaves with spray in order to keep them clean as it is to spray the fruit. In fact if we keep the foliage clean the fruit is incidentally protected. The spray required for the best results in scab control is one broken up in very fine particles. The spray can be made fine bv cutting down the openings in the discs of the guns when used on a small out- fit, but in so doing the "push" behind it is lacking and as a result little spray reaches the tops of the trees — none If the wind is blowing. We have found as high as 45 per cent scab infection occurring in the tops of the trees and only 5 or 6 per cent in the lower parts of the trees where growers have attempted control with inadequate equip- ment. Adjoining orchardists with sufficient equipment have completely controlled this disease. What is true with the control of codling moth and scab is true also of other orchard troubles. The tops of trees must be sprayed if results are to be expected. A sprayer of generous capacity is the most gratifying im- plement that can be owned by an orchardist and it pays for itself in a very short time if properly handled. Users of spray guns are often fooled in the character of the work that they are do- ing. A very great percentage of the or- chardists in the Northwest often use insuf- ficient material per tree. This is particu- larly true of the early spring applications. This failure to use sufficient material is largely due to the fact th.U the operator sees the spray high up in front of him, but does not see exactly to what extent or to what height he has covered his trees. The result is the worker hurries on and the tree does not receive spray sufficient to cover it thor- oughly or give it the protection needed. The actual cost of the spray is usually the least expensive of the entire operation and many growers could materially increase the degree of pest control that they are now obtaining by using more material and dis- tributing it better over the tree when they spray. Spraying can be and is, over done. This, however, is much more the exception than the rule. There are many growers who can use this advice to their advantage. The average spray requirements of trees of various ages and for different applica- tions has been determined by the Hood River station. Figures were obtained from growers who have been successful in their handling of various orchard troubles. The following table shows the result of the in- vestigation; for the most part these figures are conservative: Summer Miscibk Applications . Oil ■for scab Age Gallons and of per codling Fall tree tree moth Bordeaux 11 4.1 4.1 12 4.5 4.5 5.0 U 5.6 4.5 5.1 14 7.n 5.2 15 7.2 5.6 6.1 17 8.0 6.0 7.4 Beekeepers in the Yakima valley are again declaring that the honey industry in that section is doomed unless orchardists change their methods of handling arsenate of lead sprav in orchards, where alfalfa is grown. I "The Wise Men | I of Appletree | i 1 own 1 are the men who choose their banking connection with the same discrimina- tion they use in pruning. The First National Bank, because of its size and com- prehensiveness of its de- partments, is particularly equipped to offer the hor- ticulturist the most in bank- ing service. Its facilities and the per- sonal interest of its officers are at your disposal. The First National Bank OF PORTLAND, OREGON The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains Orchard Queen Cider Mill 100'/. JUICE It doesn't crush the apples, but grates or grinds them, breaking the juice cells so that when the pomace is pressed in the sani- tary cloth sacks, all of the juice is ex- tracted. Orchard Queen is the simplest, easiest operated, cleanliest and most efficient of cider mills. No metal in cylinder or hop- per to discolor juice. Operated by hand or power. Made in two sizes. Our folder explains in detail the construction and operation of the Orchard Queen Mill. Write for it. Puffer-Hubbard Manufacturing Co. 3303 East 26th St. Minneapolis, Minn. Many homes and farms are being modernized by handy water facilities, and their water supply instead of being a heavy burden as it always has been in the past, IS now their best servant. MYERS ELECTRIC HOUSE PUMPS, DIRECT WATER SYSTEMS, HYDRO PNEUMATIC PUMPS and CYLINDERS are playing an imporlant pari in this cliange by making 11 possible for any home anywhere lo have running water at the tum of a faucet for household use — bath, kitchen, lafindry. toilet; for stock watering. sprinkling fighting fire and innumerable other pur- poses MYERS PUMPS for Private Water Systems are simple, easy to install and operate, fully proven and dependable. They are designed and built in many styles and si.'es. and thus will meet your requirements as to capacity, depth of your well or cistern and method of operation I) you are still carr>-ing water Irom some outside source, you are interested in MYERS ■Honor-Bill ' PUMPS for a Myers Water System will save you more real hard work every day in the year than perhaps any other device in your home or on the farm. Write immediately lor copy of our laic Catalog, No. HP20 — Sent lo anyone without the leasJ obligation ;: ^XdXiddj^ K^j^rade for each type ofen^im STANDARD OIL COMPANY (CALIFORNIA) ZEROLENE *foman Wolfe Bi'ik'- Portland. ()regon BEES AND BEEKEEPING T^HE number of hives of bees on farms in the United States on January 1, 1920, according to the fourteenth census, was 3,476,346, as com- pared with 3,445,006 in 1910, showing an in- crease of 31,340, or 0.9 per cent. In making comparisons between these two years the change in the date of enumeration, from April 1 5 in 1910 to January 1 in 1920, should be taken into consideration. Especially in states where the win- ters are severe, the number of hives of bees on farms in April of any year is likely to be con- siderably less than the number in January. In such states the 1 920 figures may be somewhat too high for a fair comparison with 1910. It is probable, therefore, that a count of the hives of bees In April, 1920, would have shown a decrease, as compared with the number in 1910, rather than even a slight Increase. The states reporting the largest number of hives of bees on farms on January 1, 1920, were Texas, with 235,111; Tennessee, with 191,898; California, with 180,719; North Carolina, with 163,956; Illinois, with 162,630; Missouri, with 157,678; Kentucky, with 156,889; and Alabama, with 153,766. These eight states are the only ones which reported over 150,000 hives of bees in 1920. Tennessee showed the greatest absolute increase, with 47,417 more hives of bees in 1920 than In 1910, and Oklahoma was second, with 27,330 more hives in 1920 than In 1910. The production of honey in 1919 was 55,261,- 552 pounds, as against 54,814,890 pounds in 1909, an increase of 0.8 per cent. The production of honey is fairly uniformly distributed throughout the United States. Six states reported more than 2,000,000 pounds of honey produced in 1919, ss follows: California, 5,501,738 pounds; Texas, 5,026,095 pounds; New York, 3223,323 pounds; Iowa, 2,840,025 pounds; Wisconsin, 2,676,683 pounds; and Colorado, 2,493,950 pounds. The amount of honey produced In 1919 by the Northwestern states was as foUews : Washington, 1,596,206 pounds; Oregon, 929,555 poundsj Ida- ho, 1,208,229 pounds; Montana, 630,608 pounds. On January, 1920, Washington had 56,906 hives of bees; Oregon, 45,264; Idaho, 35,000; Mon- tana, 11,918. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON Phone Main 6018 for ROGERS COMPANY Rubber Stamps, Seals Stencils 514 Gerlinger Building Portland, Oregon Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards, Apple, Tear, Clierrj', Peach, Plum, Prune, Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants. Raspberries, Blaeb- berries. Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Flowering Shrubs, Rosea, Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NUFISERY CO. ToppexiiBh, Washington. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. CORN HARVESTER f^'*^^'*'^'- Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Sp?lding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. WHAT ISlfoUR INCOME? You Cat\ Tell Uncle Sdirt, If Yovi K^cp Farm Rccordsl Tweed's Cost Records ill make it possible for you to comply with the law. A few minutes a day is all that is required to keep these simplest of records. No knowledge of bookkeeping is necessary. What would you think of a merchant who kept no books? You fruit growers are in a business as much as any merchant, yet many of you keep no records, and do not know where the leaks occur. TWEEDS COST RECORDS have been worked out carefully by a man who was raised on a farm and knows from experience how little time a farmer has for bookkeeping. Hundreds of farmers are finding the TWEED SYSTEM simple and practical. Write today for full particulars, stating size and kind of farm you operate. FARM SUPPLY CO. * Idk for cut- ting Com, Cane and Kafiir Com. Cuta and throws in piles on harves- ter. Man and horse cuts and ehocta __ ' equal to a Corn Binder. Sold ia every state. Price only $28 with fodder binder. The only eelf gathering corn harvester on the market, that is giv- ing universal Ba; is fact ion.— Dexter L. Woodward, Sandy Creek, N. Y.; writes; "3 years n^o I purchased a Com Harvester. Would not take 4 timcg the price of the ma- chine if I could not cct another one," Clarence F. Hug- gins, Specrmore, OLIa., *\VorI;3 5 times better than I expected. Saved 540 dollara in iriborthis fall." Roy Apple, Farmersville. Ohio., "I have used a com shocker, com binder and 2 rowed machines, but your machine beats them all and takes less twine of any machine I have ever used." JohnF. Haag. MsyneUl. Oklahoma., "Your heir- veeter gave good satisfaction while using tilling our Silo." BL F. Ruognitz, Otis. Colo., "Just received aletter from my father saying he received the_ corn binder and he ia cutting corn aad cane now. Says it works fine and that 1 canai^l iota of them next year." Wrtto for free catalog ebow* Ins pirtureof harvouLor at woclt aait tesUmoolalu. PROCESS n:FG. CO. Sallna» Kansa*. 28! Twelfth Street Portland, Oregon ^^VC the roof and kip save the buildinp OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coat- ing for prepared roofing and metal roofs. Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubri- cating film under every pull- ing condition. Keeps the axle cool; no hot boxes, no gum- ming. The MICA makes it better. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leather and keeps it soft and pliable. Keeps har- ness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, under the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. \A/inter rains and winds are coming! Protect your buildings where the weather strikes hard- est— the roof! ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserves Shingles Drenching rains and whipping winds cause moisture and air to penetrate the fibre of un- protected shingles and cause disintegration and decay. The hot sun causes evaporation of the natural oils in the shingle fibre and cracking and warping occur. These results of exposure hasten the day when you must stand the cost of repairs or an entire new roof. Use ORONITE SHINGLE OIL on all shingles Oronite Shingle Oil is a high-quality preserva- tive especially prepared to protect shingles against exposure and the effect of the elements. It is used on side walls as well as on roofs. It penetrates the shingle fibre with a moisture- resisting preservative. It retards the evapora- tion of natural oils in the wood, prevents crack- ing and warping and gives longer life to the shingles. Examine your shingle roofs now. Last win- ter was one of the heaviest in the experience of the Pacific Coast. Your shingles need atten- tion. Put them in condition to stand up under next winter's weather. An application of Oronite Shingle Oil now will save your roof and help save your building. Oronite Shingle Oil may be readily mixed with colors. Our nearest agent will be glad to give you formulas. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ORONITE means QUALITY WHEN WRITI.M. ADVKKTlStKS MF.NTION nUTtH KKl 11 ill jii iiii ■ ■ iji^^^inii***!^^^^ Jl^Ci^^ OUR ORCHARD ^m r^EINI^DbT & KELLY I NEW YORK I , briOUE3TI?M^bLY THE bl3TRIBUTPn UNTRY'3 Fancy OTHER FRV/ITJ OUR MARKtT THE WORLD PRESS OF THE ARCADY COMPANY, PORTLAND, OREGON k[ SEP 1 51921 BETTER FRUIT Q (ill 20 Cts. the Single Copy Subscription One Dollar per Year in the United States i Canada and Foreign, Including Postage, Two Dollars, Payable in American Exchange BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY P U BLIS HERS PORTLAND OREGON Making the Boxed Apple Safe for Delivery By CURTIS STRONG Manager Box Department West Coast Lumbermen's Ass'n Picking for Flavor and Keep- ing Quality By F. W. ALLEN Assistant Professor of Pomology University of California Power Farming's Victory in the Orchard By H. M. BOLAND of the California Peach and Fig Growers' Association 'I Apple Packing House Needs of the Northwest By Specialists of the Bureau of Markets, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture m ^^^3 Better Fruit^s Standard Apple Packing Chart An Up-to-date Guide for Grading and Packing Boxed Apples B Cables: POUPART, LONDON Codes : ABC (5th Edition) Marconi International Bankers : Merchants Bank of Canada Bank of Nova Scotia, Etc. T. J. POUPART (John Poupart, William Ravenhill) Convent Garden, London, W. C. 2 REGISTERED SPECIAL NOTICE We have now opened a branch at Liverpool which will be conducted on the same lines as London. Grow- ers can communi- cate direct with the manager, T. J. POUPART 54 Stanley St. Liverpool TRADE MARK The Largest Firm of Fruit Salesmen in Great Britain (ESTABLISHED OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY) SALES BY PRIVATE TREATY ONLY (Gives best results) COMMISSION THE EXCLUSIVE BASIS (Purchase propositions cannot be considered) ADVANCES OFFERED TO COVER FREIGHT CHARGES Special Facilities for Handling Consignments from Co-operative and Other Organizations We are pleased to announce that we have arranged for Sam Birch to again visit all our ship- pers. Correspon- dence can be ad- dressed to him in advance, care of "Better Fruit" of- fice. Members of North Pacific Coast Line Joint Service of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company — Holland- America Line VANCOUVER, B. Fast Freight Service Between C— PUGET SOUND— COLUMBIA RIVER- LOS ANGELES HARBOR -SAN FRANCISCO— and AND LONDON— LIVERPOOL— HULL— ROTTERDAM— AMSTERDAM— ANTWERP- HAMBURG and HAVRE From Pacific Coast Ports Loading S. S. MOEKDYK Late August S. S. NOORDERDYK Late September *S. S. MOLIERE Early October S. S. EEMDYK Early November S. S. KINDERDYK Late November * Southampton and Glasgow only. From Europe Loading *S. S. MOLIERE Early September S. S. EEMDYK Late September S. S. KINDERDYK. Early October S. S. MOERDYK Early November All Steamers Equipped with Large Coolrooms and Refngerators for the Transportation of Fish, Fruit, Cheese and Other Perishable Cargo For freight rates and space apply: Oregon-Pacific Co., 203 Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Oregon— Main 4565 September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Fage 3 Has the Farmer a Real Grievance? Yes, he has I He has a real grievance because the prices he receives for his products have declined more than have the prices he must pay for almost everything he buys. Because of these facts the farmers are not making as large profits as they believe they are entitled to make. Some blame their troubles largely on the railroads. "Freight rates," they say, "are the cause of low prices for grain and live stock." The real cause lies much deeper. The decline in the prices of farm products began before freight rates were advanced, and would have occurred if freight rates never had been advanced. It is due to world-wide changes resulting from the transition from war to peace. The Railways Have the Same Grievance as the Farmer The rates the railways are getting, although they have been advanced, are much lower in proportion than the cost of almost everything the railways must buy. High Costs Make High Rates The average passenger rate is about 50 per cent higher, and the average freight rate about 74 per cent higher, than five years ago in 1916, before this country entered the war. From these facts it might be thought that the railways should be making money. BUT — the prices the railways are paying for Materials and Supplies are no^v 65 per cent higher than in 1916; Taxes are 90 per cent higher; Coal per ton is 144 per cent higher; and Wages of railway employees are still 124 per cent higher per hour. In consequence of these things, while the total earn- ings of the railv^ays are 60 per cent greater than in 1916, THEIR EXPENSES ARE I I 0 PER CENT GREATER and THEIR PROFITS, SINCE THE PRESENT FREIGHT AND PASSENGER RATES WERE MADE, HAVE BEEN LESS THAN ONE-HALF AS GREAT AS IN 1916. What Has Happened to the Railroads Since 1916: Increase in Revenue ■■^■b^™™ 60 7/) Increase in Expenses ■■^iBMMBM^i^"""" \ \ 0 7/) In 1916 railway zvages zvere $1,4-69,000.000. After the Railroad Lahor Board advanced them last year they were at the rate of $3,900,000,000, an increase of 165 per cent. The recent reduction ordered by the Lahor Board was only 12 per cent, leaz'ing zvages about $2,000,000,000 greater than in 1916. Coal cost $1.76 per ton in 1916, the total fuel bill being $250,000,000. In 1920 the average price was $4.20 per ton and the coal cost $673,000,000, or $423,000,000 more than in I9I6. The average cost of railway coal is now $4.29 per ton. With prices of materials and supplies still 65 per cent higher than in 1916, the materials and supplies which the rail- ways bought for $447,000,000 in 1916 would now cost them $750,000,000, or over $300,000,000 more. Present Railway Rates Chiefly Due to Labor Costs — Not to Return on Capital Elxisting rail%vay rates are higher not because railroad capital is receiving or seeking a larger return, but be- cause railroad LABOR, and labor producing things the railroad must buy, is getting so much more than formerly. EVERY INCREASE in rates since 1916 has been in- tended to meet — but has not met — these increased ex- penses, CHIEFLY LABOR, and NOT to increase profits. Railway profits have GONE DOWN. In 1916 the railroads earned 6 per cent. In 1921 they will be fortunate if, on present rates and present expenses, they earn 3 per cent. A GENERAL reduction of rates now could not be made without BANKRUPTING most of the railways and making business of ALL KINDS much worse for everybody. The managements of the railroads are making every effort to reduce expenses so that rates can be reduced later. Some reductions of rates already are being made. There is NO OTHER WAY than by reductions in ex- penses to secure general reductions in rates that will not be ruinous to the railways and make them unable to ren- der to the farmers the transportation service they need. Those who obstruct reduction of expenses not only hurt the RAILROADS but the FARMERS as well. Association of Railway Executives 61 BROADWAY NEW YORK 764 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING CHICAGO, ILL. ^hose de'sering 'furiher^ information &n the railroad situation are requested to address the offices of the Association or the presidents of any of the individual railroads. MUNSEY BUILDING WASHINGTON, D. C. Better Fruit, Vol. 16. No. 3. Published monthly at Portland, Oregon. Entered as second class matter at the post office at Portland, Oregon under the Act of March 3, 1879. Page 4 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 Ready for Use — Simply Stir Anthracnose ^ZtltZ Now Spray with Bordeaux 6-6-50 and add 1^ pounds of "SPREADO" to the 200-gallon tank. "SPREADO" is highly recommended as a spreader by the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. "SPREADO" increases the sticking power of your Bordeaux. Especially desirable in rainy sections as the spores of anthracnose continue to spread for some time. '*SPREADO" increases the wetting and covering power of your Bordeaux, making your spray go further, thus more than paying for itself in the saving of spray material. DIRECTIONS Start the agitator; begin filling tank; sift in gradually the required amount of "SPREADO," keeping agitator in motion until the tank is filled and spraying is begun. Manufactured by Sold by Oregon Growers* Co-operative Association Salem, Sheridan, Roseburg, Medford, Sutherlin, The Dalles, Oregon Eugene Fruit Growers' Association Miller Products Company ^Eugene, aesswen and Junc, on CUy, Oregon Canker of Anthracnose on apple twig showing spore pustules in bark PORTLAND OREGON Apple Growers* Association Hood River, Oregon Horticultural Union Yakima, Washington 'f^^^^^ SASH AND DOORS O. B. Williams Co. 1943 First Avenue South, Seattle Chicken House Sash 20 inches wide by 35 inches high, 93c A dozen different sizes in stock for immediate shipment Sky Lights for Chicken Houses 36 inches by 40 inches; price glazed, $2.50 This is the size recommended by the West- ern Washington Experiment Station — wc carry them in stock for immediate shipment. Sash and Doors for all purposes at lowest prices. All orders receive prompt attention. Our large illustrated catalogue No. 19, showing ful line of building material and built-in fixtures for the home, free on re- quest. O. B. Williams Co. Established 1899 Ridley, Houlding & Co. CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codes: A. B. C. Sth Edition and Modern Economy BETTER FRUIT Pioneer Horticultural Journal of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 Volume XVI PoKTLANu, Oregon, September, 1921 Number 3 Power Farming's Victory in the Orchard By H. M. Boland of the California Peach and Fig Growers' Association ^iiiiiiiiiitiiiniiiuiiuiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiuiuiiiitiiiiiiiiiiHiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I The frediction that the sa7ne ec- 1 onomic forces that caused the horse I to supersede the ox in the nineteenth I centstiry zvould disflace the horse I '.c'lth the tractor is coming nearer and I nearer iuljillment. In sections of I the country where there are hard I surfaced roads, the tractor and the I motor car and truck have caused the I abando7iment of horses almost en- 1 tirely u-hile everyzchere that the use I of these agencies is at all fracticable I the use of horses is rapidly declin- I ing. — Editor. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiniiniiiiiMiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiii IMIIIIJIIIIMIIIIIIII POWER farming has achieved a signal victory in the fig growing sections of California which center in the city of Fresno. Its progress is shown in the uni- versal adoption of the tractor for the cul- tivation and care of the vast tracts which are being planted to figs in the interior valleys of the state. An old venture in point of years, fig growing has recently as- sumed the dimensions of one of the state's foremost fruit industries and is character- ized by the introduction of the most mod- ern methods of culture, both through neces- sity and expediency. Large tracts have been planted to figs in the past six years in California and with the progress made in bringing the fruit to a high point of quality, it is believed that in the near future, the state will supply the markets of the nation with American grown figs. Practically every important fig orchard in the San Joaquin valley district is now cultivated by tractor rather than bv old fashioned methods of horse and man power and the fact is doubly significant on ac- count of the keen competition which is being met in the struggle between the old world and the new for the time-honored fig commerce. Investigation by the U. S. Department of Commerce and others h.as established that the interior valleys of California arc per- fectly adapted to the culture of the fig. In soil, climate and in other natural charac- teristics it has been found that the differ- ence between the California valleys and the favored sections of Asia and Europe where heretofore the fig has reigned su- preme is so slight as to hardly warrant distinction. In establishing this fact, the greatest sur- prise was occasioned by an experiment in which a box of figs was dispatched to Smyrna, where fig growers of that section were loud in their praise of the product, claiming that the figs were not California grown, but Smyrna grown, and in some cases the orchards in Smyrna where the figs were supposed to have been grown were named. WITH the establishment of the fact that in quality and appearance the fruit of the Pacific Coast could not be sur- passed, the advantage in seeking the com- merce of the nation has hinged on the pos- sibility of producing as economically and an equal or better yield per acre. It is believed that perfecting of tractor power for use in the orchards is going to play an important part in the development of this commerce in America and that this realization has been brought home to grow- ers is indicated by the rapid adoption of tractors in orchard cultivation, one of the most important phases of successful fig growing. Fig trees, it has been found, can stand neglect in many ways, but for the sweet, wholesome fruit, such as California has developed in the past few years, inten- sive cultivation is an absolute essential. The fig is grown in sections where the hot summer sun and the cool nights impart to the fruit the flavor and high sugar con- tent which has made it one of the most popular fruits with mankind for untold centuries. But the fig is a fickle fruit. An extra abundance of water will cause such rapid growth of the fruit that it swells and splits, making it unfit for commercial pur- poses. Extreme moisture also causes a fer- mentation which gives the fig a sour taste and deprives it of the exquisite aroma which has increased its popularity. THE ideal fig country is where the mois- ture is retained uniformly in the soil, permitting the tree roots to take it as need- ed, but it must be ever present in sufficient quantities to insure a healthy condition. It has been found that the only way to secure this uniformity is by intensive cultivation which forms a mulch, keeping the moisture from evaporating under the burning rays of the California sun and doing away with the capillary attraction that causes the moisture to evaporate through the tubular formation of sun-baked soil. In Asia and Europe, the cheapness of man power makes it possible to cultivate intensively with comparatively little cost and with the crude implements that have been used for centuries. In California it is different. With man- ual labor commanding four and five dollars a day, and sometimes inefficient at that, the progressive element among the orchardists A battery of tractors at work in a 12,000 acre California fig orchard Page 6 BETTER FRUIT September, 1021 turned to the tractor. It has been found in certain cases that one tractor, intelligently operated, dispenses with the services of sev- eral men. Actual accomplishment per- suaded the orchardists that their salvation lay in the direction of tractor power and it has been almost universally adopted. One of the pioneers in the use of trac- tors has been the J. C. Forkner Fig Gar- dens, the largest fig orchard in the world which is just coming into bearing. It is a 12,000 acres tract situated just outside of the city limits of Fresno and is cue of the show places of California. One of the secrets of tlie Forkner Fig Gardens has been tractor cultivation. It is evident that a 12,000 acre tract would re- quire an army of men to care for it and give it the intensive cultivation that has been adopted as the best means of produc- ing quality figs. Their system of culture calls for irrigation in mid-winter when the rainy season is at its height and through this aid to nature, the ground is saturated with moisture. As spring comes along and it becomes possible to turn the tractors upon the land, the battery of power culti- vators is released and all during the hot summer months, the orchards are disced and cross disced giving the underlying soils the uniformity of moisture sought. 'T'HIS year a battery of 87 tractors is em- -'- ployed which gives each tractor about 125 acres to care for. The trees are so pruned that a tractor with its disc cultiva- tors can cover the orchard up to within a few inches of each tree and a foot or so about the base of the trunk is the only section of the orchard requiring hand cul- tivation. It is believed that the employment of tractors on a large scale by the J. C. Fork- ner Fig Gardens will establish a new idea in the use of farm power in many sections. There are several hundred individual own- ers within the confines of the tract, but all the work of cultivation and care is done by this main organization, under contract to individuals. In some cases they are resident owners who are employed by what m.ay be well termed an orcharding corporation, in other cases ihey are city dwellers raising figs as a hobby or investment. The fig was one of the first fruits intro- duced into America, being brought by the Franciscan padres through Mexico in the 17th century. It was then established that the fig would thrive in California. It was not until the last ten years, however, that tors has been the J. C. Forkner Fig G.ir- mercially profitable. A great measure of its obscurity no doubt was due to the lack of intensive cultivation. The era of the tractor made intensive cul- tivation possible and the fig has gone for- ward by leaps and bounds. It solved the secret of the quality fig and this quality is winning recognition. It is through the "quality fig" that California hopes to win the markets of the world and it is through greatly improved cultivation made possible by tractor power that the orchardist has been able to bring the fruit to its present iiigh standard. LAST fall the fig growers affiliated with the peach men in an association known as the California Peach & Fig Growers with 8,000 members. The association will take the marketing cares off the shoulders of the growers leaving them free to devote their energies to improving their product. One of the first institutions of co-opera- tive endeavor to be established was a "grow- ers' school." The orchardists traveled over the fig belt studying methods of culture employed in both successful and un un- successful orchards. At the J. C. Forkner Fig Gardens several hours were spent watch- ing demonstrations of cultivation methods, a feature of which was the performance of the tractor battery. Those that marveled at the growth and appearance of the mam- moth acreage were initiated into the secret of tractor cultivation and the efficiency and economy of the operation which is making this modern "Garden of Eden" a success. Fire Blight REPORTS from various sections in the Northwest to the effect that fire blight is spreading make it necessary to exercise the utmost vigilance to detect it in its first stages and then to use the most efficient and drastic methods to eradicate it. Owing to the rapidity with which this most dis- astrous of tree diseases gains a foothold and progresses, growers should become informed of its advance symptoms and be on the alert against it. In describing the presence of fire blight H. P. Barss, professor of the department of botany and plant pathology of the Oregon Agricultural College, says that it is first noticed by a wilting of the blossoms and leaves on the fruit spurs or the young shoots. Drying up of the branch and foliage soon follows this action. Later the infected parts become black or brownish, giving the appearance of having been scorched by fire — hence the name fire blight. As the disease progresses it often runs down from the tender growth's to the larger branches, main limbs and trunks of the trees and into the root system. The bac- teria also often enters the roots from the suckers. The final result of the blight is to girdle the part attacked. In fact, so destructive is this disease to an orchard, if not checked, that within three or four years from its first appearance, in the severest cases, the trees have to be removed. Pear trees are particularly susceptible to fire blight and some varieties of apple trees more so than others. The Spitzenburg, for instance, has been found to be highly sus- ceptible while other varieties, notably the Newtown, are more resistant. Growing sea- sons when moist, warm weather prevails are favorable to the infection and spread of fire blight. Many remedies have been tried for eradi- acting this disease, but once it has gained a strong foothold, the only method that has been successful is that of cutting it out. As a preventive in its incipient stages some de- gree of success has been attained by the use of special sprays for this purpose. TN CUTTING out fire blight all the -*■ aflfected parts should be removed and also some of the area around the infection. The work above ground should be followed by a careful inspection below the surface. This should be done by digging the dirt away from the b.ise of the trunk of the tree to determine if blight discoloration is present. If it is the cutting out process should be applied to the base and roots of the tree as carefully as the portion above ground. As the disease is highly infectious the wounds made in cutting should be dis- infected with a solution consisting of one gram of cyanide of mercury and one gram of bichloride of mercury to 500cc of water, while all tools used in cutting or pruning trees affected with fire blight should also be disinfected. The orchardist whose trees mav be sub- jected to an attack of this disease will be well repaid by scrutinizing them frequently and carefully and applying remedial meth- ods at once if they become infected. Must Remove Spray OHIPPERS and growers of fruit in the ^ Northwest who do not want to take a chance on having their fruit condemned will remove spray residue. The United States Department of Agriculture has is- sued a ruling to the effect that fruit hav- ing spray on it will be condemned. The ruling was made after fruit growers at Med ford had complained to the depart- ment that a federal inspector was working a great hardship on Southern Oregon grow- ers by requiring them to remove the spray. When complaint was presented to the de- partment the action of the inspector was upheld and fruit shippers and growers w.irned that the spray must be removed. Oregon's apple crop this year is estimated by F.-L. Kent of the Bureau of Crop Esti- mates to be 5,139 cars. The 1921 pear crop of the state is placed at 8,000 tons and the prune crop at 21,610,000 pounds. Thank You! "/ could not ajford to do without Better Fruit any more than I could do without my sfrayer. They are both specialists in their respective callings." — Excerpt from letter of J. R. Allen, Nepfel, Wash. September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Making Boxed Apples Safe for Delivery By Curtis Strong, Manager Box Department West Coast Lumber Co. THE importance of better made apple boxes is of particular interest to dealers and shippers of the Pacific Northwest this season. If plans of the Northwest com- mittee on water transportation work out as predicted at this time, a total of $20,000,- 000 worth of boxed apples will move from the box is increased more than fifty per cent. It was further demonstrated at the lab- oratory that six six-penny cement coated nails in each side nailing edge will give de- cidedly better results than the nailing meth- od represented in the guide issued by the Proper Nailing of Standard Northwest .\pple Box the Pacific Northwest to Eastern and Gulf association, which specifies five six-penny markets in the intercoastal steamships equipped with refrigerator space. Preliminary but reliable estimates indi- cate that there will be an excess of 30,000 carloads of apples produced in the coun- try tributary to Seattle and Portland ports, and if rates tentatively promised by the steamship companies are put into effect together with adequate cooling space, as carriers have promised in return for pledges of 4,000 carloads of fruit to be shipped, it is reasonable to expect that a much larger number of cars will move to these ports for shipment by water. In co-operation with growers and dealers the box department of the West Coast Lumbermen? Associiation has prepared a very complete mailing guide covering the fundamentals in preparing shipments for safe delivery. This consists of an eight- page letter enclosure, featuring half-tones of a properly nailed box and also one of a box properly nailed and strapped for ship- ment by water. It has been very clearly demonstrated at the laboratory of the United States Forest Service at Madison, Wisconsin, that the average wooden box is made from suffi- ciently heavy lumber, but failure and dam- age losses are largely due to insufficient care in proper preparation of packages. The data shown in the mailing guide is based on tests made at the Forestry Pro- ducts Laboratory at Madison. It is very interesting to note that with one extra nail added to each nailing edge the strength of nails in each side nailing edge. On a recent shipment of 30,000 boxes of apples from the Pacific Northwest through the canal to England, the Amer- ican Agricultural Trade Commission at London reported that there would have been no breakage whatsoever had there strapped boxes were received in excellent condition. Losses common to transportation of farm products by both water and rail have been increasing each year. Recent investigation of hundreds of damage claims against the railroads convince marketing officials that these losses could be eliminated and the railroads saved continual annoyance and ex- pense in settling claims if more care were used in packing, nailing and strapping. Loss and damage claims reported by the Consolidated Freight Classification esti- mated for 1919, due to improper nailing and lack of strapping, was over $100,000,- 000. It has been demonstrated that the slight expense for two three-eighth-inch flat straps, applied just inside the cleats, drawn tight and sealed is warranted, in view of the increased strength of the box. The ap- plication of straps permit rough handling, prevents pilfering and prevents loss and damage to the contents. The Pacific Northwest grower and dealer in apples does not find the objection to the use of the corrugated metal fasteners as has been the case in previous years. Since manufacturers have installed proper ma- chinery for this work, the work is done so much more efficiently than is possible to do it by hand there is no serious objection to the use of metal fasteners. A recent order of 50,000 apple boxes placed in the Pacific Northwest specified that ends could be 75 per cent two-piece stock ii properly fas- tened with corrugated metal fasteners. Proper .Strapping of Apjtlc I been a few more nails used in the nailing of the shooks. Last season over 2,000,000 boxes of ap- ples were strapped and shipped from the Pacific Northwest. Reports received from foreign ports showed that all properly ox for V\ aterbornc .Siiipincnts The president of the Hood River Apple Growers' Association recently reported that it has received 1 5 cents additional per box for apples on the New York auction market, due to the fact that they use nothing but {Continued on page 19) Page 8 BETTER FRUIT September, J 921 Picking for Flavor and Keeping Quality By F. W. Allen, Assistant Professor of Pomology, University of California Formerly in Charge of Storage Investigations in the Northwest, Bureau of Markets, Department of Agriculture WHILE the general topics of how to grow, prune and spray orchard trees are important and by their nature essential as a basis for success, yet these long discussed fundamental problems are gradually giving place to more specific topics or phases of these subjects, which in one way and another have to do not only with increased production, but with plac- ing on the market and into the hands of the consumer a product of increasing high quality. The reputation of the Northwest apples is not based upon the large number of cars shipped to the Eastern markets, certainly not upon the closeness, or rather remoteness, of the fruit-producing districts from those markets, but rather upon the superior class or quality of the fruit produced. The ap- ple is a fruit having wide distribution. It can be produced in many sections, some of which have material marketing advantages over the Northwest, and today the question of transportation and marketing is prov- ing to be a problem of very vital import- ance. Thus with the competition of other sec- tions which may be able to produce and market apples at less cost, there is only one reason why the Eastern trade demands Western apples. It can be summed up in the word "Qu.ality," and quality implies superiority. A superior product has no competition and under any kind of normal conditions will always bring what it is worth. The consumer, however, is becoming more and more critical. The standard of quality to- day is different from what it was yesterday ; and, furthermore, the grower may have a higher opinion of his fruit than does the buyer. This comes about quite often owing to the changes which may take place in the fruit in transit. The grower must antici- pate the appearance and quality of his fruit at the time it is exposed for sale on the distant markets. BY "quality" one may first think of size, freedom from blemishes or fine, at- tractive color. These are all attributes of quality, but quality itself is generally thought of in connection with the flavor and texture of the flesh. Thus fruit pur- chased solely on appearance may sometimes prove disappointing. Apples of high desert quality may prove in some cases of poor quality for culinary purposes, while some of the leading varieties for baking should not be selected to eat out of hand. Each variety has more or less of a characteristic flavor which is soon recognized, and it is, of course, not within the grower's power to transform a Ben Davis into the quality of a Spitzcnburg. It is, however, within his power to influence the quality of his ap- ples to a certain extent, and the relation between the time of picking and quality is one of the factors now receiving consider- able attention. It is assumed that there are very few fruit growers who do not remember at some time in their lives of harvesting and eating a goodly number of apples consider- ably in advance of the normal picking season. Doubtless these were all pronounced of fine flavor at the time, but since one's taste generally changes we now recognize that the real characteristic flavor is not noticeably present early in the spring, but develops later in the season as the apple ripens or passes through certain chemical changes. Chemical analysis shows that the growing apple, aside from being 80 to 85 per cent water, contains some 3 to + per cent of starch and from 10 to 20 per cent sugar; also small amounts of malic acid, tannin, cellulose and esters. While all of these constituents bear a certain relation to dessert quality, yet the one which seems of primary importance in connection with flavor and aroma is the small quantity of esters or flavoring oils. While the relative amount of acid present determines whether the apple will be classed as sprightly sub- acid or sweet, yet it is the flavoring oils, concerning which we still know but little, that give the variety its particular taste. AS mentioned above, during the growing period the apple has little flavor; the esters are not present, but there is found considerable starch, a quantity of tannin and a relatively high percentage of acid. The apple is sour and starchy. After full size is obtained the fruit gradually enters a second period, or ripening stage, when the tannin and astringent taste disappear, the acid decreases and the starch changes into sugars. It is in the latter part of this period that the flavoring oils are present in greatest quantity and the apple is in prime condition for eating. The length of time which the fruit remains in this stage de- pends both upon the variety and the man- ner in which it has been handled or stored. At best, however, it is a short period, as even cold storage, which checks life pro- cesses, cannot entirely stop them. After reaching full ripeness the fruit passes into a subsequent period of decline and decay. The flesh breaks down, becomes mealy and there is a loss of the sugars and flavoring oils. With the apple a living organism pass- ing through the above changes, at what time should it be harvested for highest quality? We usually speak of picking fruit when it has reached maturity, but maturity in this sense is quite different from best eating conditions, or, as we generally say, "ripe." Most fruits, the pear excepted, are re- garded as being of better flavor when al- lowed to ripen on the tree or vines. This practice can be followed with some early apples, where they are grown for local markets. In the case of fall and winter varieties — the leading commercial sorts — it is, of course, impossible to allow the fruit to reach its maximum degree of flavor before harvesting. We do know, however, that certain varieties, the Delicious being a notable example, if picked before reach- ing its normal color, does not have a flavor that at all coincides with the name of the variety. It is certainly safe to say that •picking before the fruit has developed its normal size and color will prove to be at the expense of quality. We cannot allow the fruit to become ripe, but it should be allowed suflicient time to reach its proper stage of maturity. The importance of proper maturity cannot be emphasized too strongly. To try to state dates in this con- nection would be useless. The time of picking is exceedingly variable and can only be ascertained by careful discrimination on the part of the grower. Numerous factors may be taken into consideration to deter- mine when the apple has reached proper maturity for picking. The U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture believes that the most reliable single indication is the "ground color" of the fruit. This ground color, which is green when the fruit is imma- ture, begins to whiten or yellow slightly as the fruit reaches maturity. With such a variety as the Winesap, where the red over- color most often entirely covers the green ground, this factor would be of little value. IN. considering the time of picking for flavor it should always be ketp in mind that the fruit must be well grown. A poorly grown, poorly fed or under-watered tree cannot produce apples of flavor, whether they are picked early or late. The apples must develop properly. If the size is small, let us examine the soil for its supply of water or food elements; if the color is lacking, pruning is needed. Thus ficking for flavor goes hand in hand with growing for flavor. It is interesting to note that evidence seems to indicate that a relatively cool at- mosphere is desirable for the development of high flavor. Summer and early fall ap- ples dp not as a rule possess high flavors, and Stewart found that the late fall and winter apples grown so far south that they ripen before cool weather comes on are likely to be lacking in this regard. On the other {^Continued on fage 20) September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 Apple Packing House Needs of the Northwest By Specialists of the Bureau of Markets, U. S. Department of Agriculture ^iiitillinilitiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiKiiiriiinilriiii nil nil iilliillllll rill iiiiiiiiilliniiniliiiiili I "The construction of v:ell-flanned | I and zvell-equiffed facking hoiisei is | I essential to the economical handling | I oj boxed affles in the Northzvest. | I The recent building frogram has not | I keft face with the demand oj the in- I i d us try, and severe losses have been i i sustained on account oj limited jacil- | I ities jor facking and jor storing un- | I facked jruit temforarily. The | I situation has been aggravated by the | I e?ior?nous increase in froduction dur- | I ing the fast jew years, as well as by | I the serious shortage oj transfortation | I equifment." \ ^illlllllllllllllllllllllllllinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllllltllllllllllltllllllUIIKIIIIIIMl' SPECIALISTS of the Bureau of Mar- kets and Crop Estimates, United States Department of Agriculture, thus sum up the results of their study of methods and practices which have given the greatest sat- isfaction in commercial operations. Full details of the work are contained in Farm- ers' Bulletin 1204, Northwestern Apple Packing Houses, recently issued by the de- partment. Apple packing houses may be classified in two groups, individual packing houses, which are more commonly known as ranch packing houses, and community houses, op- erated either by co-operative associations or by Individuals. The percentage of the crop packed in community houses is in- creasing steadily, and though no definite figures are available, careful estimates show that the amount increased from about one- fourth of the total crop in 1916 to approxi- mately one-half of the crop in 1919. The same basic principles of construction and equipment apply to all types of houses, and the equipment and methods of opera- tions in an orderly way, moving in one di- rection from the receiving point to the storage or car. COMMUNITY packing houses are espe- cially desirable in the apple-growing districts of the Northwest, where the acre- age is usually concentrated in the river valleys, and where individual holdings with few exceptions are small, ranging from 5 to Small type of frost proof Northwest apple packing house. Although constructed of tile, this type of house is both poorly lighted and ventilated. 15 acres. A group of growers by joining forces may easily finance the erection of a modern packing establishment. In a com- munity house it is possible to perfect an or- ganization of trained men to bring the grading and packing operations to a uni- form high standard. The operations are generally on a scale large enough to war- rant the employment of competent work- men to supervise the various operations, and the cost of inspection is greatly reduced by having this work done at a central point. The cost of packing in a community house is not always lower than where the work is done by the individual, but it usually can be done more rapidly. One important factor in favor of central houses is better conditions for the employ- ment of labor. Very few of the smaller ranches have adequate housing and subsist- ence facilities for the care of their addi- tional help during the packing season. Some growers have tried hauling the packers back and forth from town each day, but this practice is not satisfactory because much time is lost on the road. Then, too, help is usuallv at such a premium that if one per- son is tardy in reporting, the grower will detain the rest of the crew awaiting his arrival. As the work is generally paid by the piece, the workers are inclined to seek employment where they can put in full time and have comfortable living quarters. Large type of Northwest apple packing and air frost cooled storage house. Only the latter, however is proof ^ I ■'HE best site for a ranch packing house -■- usually is found near the residence and other farm buildings, close to the main trav- eled road. Such a location is particularly desirable where there is a common stomge house in connection with the packing house, as the storage house is usually air-cooled and requires the attention of some one to operate the ventilators during the storage season. If the house is a great distance from the ranch house it is less likely to be cared for properly. Wood, brick, concrete, or tile are used in the construction of packing houses, the choice of materials being determined by the cost and the fire risk. As the packing and storage rooms are usually parts of the same building, the same material is ordinarily used in its construction, although the stor- age room is insulated, and the packing room is not. The most important feature in the con- struction of the packing house, but the most commonly neglected, is the arrangement for proper lighting. The most efficient work is possible only when the room is properly il- luminated at all times. Most people under- stand that dim lighting interferes with the accuracy and efficiency of grading opera- tions, but comparatively few realize that the glare of a direct light is equally bad. Hipped-roof skylights and high windows in sufficient numbers to light the interior thoroughly are the most satisfactory meth- ods of lighting. The hipped-roof skylight is preferable to a straight, pain glass, as the style of construction permits it to receive light throughout the day. THE successful co-ordination of the many different operations involved in packing Northwestern boxed apples requires in each case a study of local conditions. It is impossible to lay down certain princi- ples which should be followed always; but where it is necessary to determine precisely what style of construction or type of equip- ment is best suited to the particular needs each packing house becomes a separate prob- (Concluded on page 21) Page 10 BETTER FRUIT Better Fruit's Standard Apple Packing Chart Septemher, 1921 All packs to go in the Northwest Standard Box- THE apple grading rules and regulations used in connection with the packs illus- trated below are the new ones adopted for 1921 by the State Agricultural Department of Washington and are largely the same as those that are used in Oregon, Idaho and Montana with slight variations in the grading. All the packs here described are for the standard apple box measuring lOJ^xll^xlS inches inside measurement. A description of all packs not illustrated can be found under the heading "Apple Packs." Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers. 88 apples -10/^x11/^x18 inches inside measurement All apples packed under these regula- tions shall be arranged in the container ac- cording to approved and recognized meth- ods and all packages shall be tightly filled, but the contents shall not show excessive or unnecessary bruising as a result of the pres- sure exerted in enclosing an over-filled package. Each packed box must show a minimum bulge of one-half inch on both top and bottom. Any apples wrapped shall be well wrapped to prevent "flagging." Diagonal 2/2 pack, 4 layers, 96 apples How to start a 2/2 diagonal pack How to start a 3/2 diagonal pack 3/2 pack, 4>^ tier, 5 layers, 188 apples Figure 6 — 96 apples Figure 7 — 104 apples Figure 8 — 112 apples Figure 9 — 125 apples Figure 10 — 138 apples September. 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 Or^d, 31,000; .600. Published by Better Fruit Publishing Company, Arcady Building, Portland, Oregon the cotton plant and its various products. The cotton fields of the Pacific Coast states are clean and free of both of these pests, and also free of the burden and loss that would surely follow their introduction and establishment. The sweet potato weevil has Page IS BETTER FRUIT The Importance of Plant Quarantines By Charles A. Park, Chairman Western Plant Quarantine Board Delivered at .Meeting' of Xortliue.st Horticulturists ' I 'HE importance and value to the crop ■'- producers of the Pacific Coast, of the inception, the issuance and enforcement of plant quarantine is a matter entirely too comprehensive to be compressed into the space and time allotted to that subject upon the current program, and what is to fol- low must be recognized and accepted as the merest outline of the purpose, practice and result of the attempts to maintain plant quarantine on the Pacific Coast. The carefully considered and diligently enforced plant quarantine orders issued by Pacific Coast States up to date, have, in a large measure, resulted in keeping the fruit an dmelon flies out of our orchards and truck farms; in keeping the gypsy and brown-tail moths out of our forests and the blister-rust away from our five leafed pine trees. The Oriental peach moth, now well established in other sections of the United States, has been kept out of the orchards of the Pacific Coast by the ap- plication of close quarantine inspection, and the same may be said of the Japanese beetle. The ravages of the chestnut bark disease, the Eastern filbert blight and the Euro- pean corn-worm, together with the restric- tions they cause to be placed upon these crops, are things we read about in the offi- cial publications of some of the Eastern states, but thanks to the effect of plant quarantine the producers have no actual experience of these virulent crop pests upon the Pacific Coast. The Mexican cotton-boll weevil and the pink boll-worm of cotton — both introduced insect pests — in addition to greatly reducing the annual output of this staple, are causing the issuance of the most drastic and far-reaching federal and state laws, rules and regulations directed against the cultivation and movement of September, 1921 not as yet become established on the Pa- cific Coast, yet the pest is a regular immi- grant and a common acquaintance of the quarantine inspector. The potato wart dis- ease still remains with one exception, in its native habitat, and finally our knowledge of the citrus canker, the most destructive scourge of the citrus industry, is still con- fined to what we read in the official bulle- tins of the state of Florida. I A Dependable Ladder Made of clear well seasoned spruce, it is light and strong. Designed especially for orchard work ■with wide spreading side legs and a rod reinforcement under each step. This strong, rigid construction gives your picker confidence and a wider range of picking. Its use soon saves its cost. Hardie ladders and other orchard de- vices are fully described in our free catalog, which is mailed on request. THE HARDIE The Hardie Manufacturing Co. Portland, Oregon 55 N. Front Street "CAR0 WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY ia retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United States Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San FrancUco, California September, 1921 ALL of the above mentioned crop pests except the fruit flies have become well established in the L'nited States east of the Rocky mountains, and were introduced mto that territory before the adoption and en- forcement of plant quarantine regulations by the several states concerned. Not one of the above mentioned crop pests has be- come established in the Pacific Coast states, yet since the inauguration and enforcement of plant quarantine regulations on this coast each and all of these crop pests with the one exception of the European corn-worm have been repeatedly intercepted in imports of plant products and destroyed by the local plant quarantine inspectors. The true value of plant quarantines to the crop producers of the Pacific Coast can be summed up in the following simple sentence. The present unchallenged en- trance of our crop products into the mar- kets of the world. Such an enviable con- dition is by no means common to the crop producers of the world at large; in fact, it constitutes a very rare exception. CONSIDER the alternatives. The mar- kets of the world promptly closed to our entire fruit crop. The introduction and establishment on the Pacific Coast of the Mediterranean fruit fly would be suf- ficient cause to create such a situation. If this omnivorous pest should gain an en- trance, either by accident or laxity in en- forcing quarantine regulations, every fruit growing state in the Union and all other fruit growing countries would promptly ap- ply, in fact would be compelled to apply, for their own protection, the same prohibi- tive regulations against the importing or bringing into or through their territories of all of our fresh fruits, as are now in force and enforced against the territory of Hawaii and other countries infested with this pest. Any serious contemplation of the possi- bilities of evil or loss that would promptly result from the establishment of the insect pests and plant diseases enumerated in this address, in the farms, forests and fields of the Pacific Coast, should be preceded by a thorough acquaintance with the actual fi- nancial loss to the crop producers of the countries in which the same have been permitted to gain an entrance and establish a residence. The natural deductions from such a study would, we believe, bring about a clearer, better recognition of the value of efficient quarantine work and a con- certed determination to maintain, develop and support the same. Economy in the use of irrigation water on sandy soils is effected by good soil man- agement and by the. strip border method of application. At the Umatilla, Oregon, branch experiment station H. K. Dean, su- perintendent, reduced the duty of water from 9.7 acre-feet to 4.7 acre-feet last year. This stretches the water for one acre at first to more than enough for two acres ]ater, without loss of yield. BETTER FRUIT Page IS Paint Economy Isn't "Cost Per Gallon" THERE'S one way only to save on paint. That way is to use the best of paint. Some think of paint economy as "cost per gallon." That is wrong. Cheap paint doesn't cover as much surface — you need more gallons. Cheap paint is more difficult to spread, requires more labor, so the best paint costs you no more when you've put it on the house or barn than cheap paint does. More than that, it lasts five or more years, if properly ap- plied, while cheap paint, on the average, begins cracking in twelve months. Good paint is an investment that saves money by preventing deterioration. "Cheap" paint is the only paint that really costs. Don't allow surfaces to rot. It costs less to paint them. We've made paints for west- ern use for 72 y;ars. We use the best materials— pure PIONEER WHITE LEAD, pure linseed oil, zinc and color, but we mix them in scientifically exact pro- portions with long-time skill. Our white-lead base must be fine enough to pass through a silk screen with 40,000 meshes to the square inch. That means covering capac- ity and ease of spread. We super-purify the lead to make it "whiter," which means clearer- toned colors. The finished product on the house or barn is an elastic, tough, protective coating. We call these paints "Fuller's Specification Farm Paints" be- cause they are the very best made for the purpose. Fullerb SPECIFICATION Farm Paints House Paint -Born & Roof Point Woqon Point'Rubbcr Cement Floor Paint' M'f'd. by W. P. Fuller & Co. Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints, Varnishes, Enamels. Stains and PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years. Established 1849 San Francisco Branches in 16 cities in the West — Dealers everywhere Also makers of All-Purpose Varnishes. Silkenwhite Enamel^ Fifteen-for- Floors Varnish. Washable Wall Finish, Auto Enamel, Porch and Step Paint and PIONEER WHITE LEAD. Free Information Mail Coupon Send coupon for free book. "Save the Surface." which tells of the vital importance of good paint. Also get our small book- let of Fuller's Specifica- tion Farm Paints, Both books will help you in selecting the right paint for your needs. Mail coupon now. Ask our Specification Department for free de- tailed advice on any question about painting. W. p. Fuller & Co. Dept. F 17, San Francisco. Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Svirface" and your small booklet of farm paints and varnishes. Name Address.. Citv. State.. For all exterior jobs of painting it is advisable to obtain the services of a Master Painter Page 14 BETTER FRUIT Applying the Spray for Anthracnose By M. D. Armstrong, County Fruit Inspector Hood River County D. jiiiiiiiiiiiiiii..tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiuiiiiiiithiiniiiiiittiiiiiiiiiiii itiiiiiiitiiiiuiiiiii^ I Anthracnose Serious | I The rapid spread of anthracnose in | I the Northznest during the fast year | I tnakes it necessary {or grotvers to take | I every precaution against it this fall | I before wet weather comes on. Where | I orchards have not received the A ugust | I or early fall application they should | I be sprayed just as soon as the apples | I are picked and every part of the hark | I surface on the tree covered. The pro- | I portions of Bordeaux to use are | I 4-4-50 for the early fall spray and | 1 6-b-SQ for the delayed fall or tvinter | I spray. If lime and mlphur is tised | I the proportions should be 1-8. Grow- | I ers who will apply Bordeaux for an- \ \ thracnose will find Mr. Armstrongs | I recommendations both a time and \ I labor saver. — Editor. \ r.itiiiiMitiiiitiiiillritlDiiiiiiiDiililiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinliiliiiillilillltiimiitiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiT THE preparation and application of the Bordeaux spray is one of the disagree- able sprays that the growers have and to save time and patience, materials and meth- ods for its preparation should be as con- venient as possiljle. For large orchards per- haps the most convenient plan is to have two elevated tanics at such a height that their contents can be run into the spray tanks where the lime can be slacked and the to fill quickly. The arrangement necessi- tates a platform level with the top of the tanks where the lime can be slaked and the vitriol dissolved in other tanks or barrels and then easily run off into the tanks for the diluted solutions. Where two machines are at work, one man can be employed con- 'stantly mixing and making ready the solu- tions, so that all the sprayers have to do is ;to drive under the pipes and run an equal iamount of the lime and vitriol water into the tanks with the agitators running. For the small orchard the equipment need not be so extensive and as the most trouble comes in the proper preparation of the lime this operation should have careful attention. Much time can be saved if a large mortar box is provided in which a considerable amount of lime can be slacked at once. The amount will depend on the size of the orchard and will be from one to four or more barrels, according to the amount used in a day. The box will have to be built to suit the amount of lime needed and should be large enough so that the mortar will not be over 8 or 10 inches deep. Plenty of water should be used and care taken that the lime is not burned. If two or more barrels are to be slacked it should not all be slacked at once as a smaller amount can be better stirred. The box should be set level and the number of pounds of lime used should be known. After the lime is thoroughly slacked, which will not be in less than a week, the surplus water can be drained off and the mortar checked off into squares so that each block will represent the number of pounds of September. 1921 lime required to make a tank of spray. The best grade of lime should be used, and if slacked several days ahead of time, all par- ticles will be slacked down to a paste and be easily put through the strainer into the tank. In mixing the vitriol and lime water THE DICK SMITH NAIL STRIPPER SELF-FEEDING ADJUSTABLE FOR 2d TO loa NAILS This stripper is a reve- lation in rapidly stripping, or heading nails, and is, without question, the great- est help to the practical box maker. It is intended to be used in handling naiU from 2d to lOd. One of the great advant- ages of the SMITH is its adjustable feature. By the adjustment of thumb screws the stripper can accommo- date nails from 2d to I Od equally well. When not in use, it can be closed like a small suit case, measuring 5 by I 0 by 19 inches, and weighing but I 0 pounds. Ask your local dealer for a demonstration or w^rite DICK SMITH Sole Manufacturer 91J W. 37t]i PI. Los Anpclcs r?! ^ejienUMf' , . the dominating ieature of Caterpillar'Tractors *HOLT MANUFACTURING COMPANY Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois Loa AngeUa, Cat. Spokane, Wash. San Franchco, Cat. September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 15 the .lime should be put into the t.ink lirst unless both can be run together. The tank should be then well filled with water be- 'fore the vitriol water is added. The agi- tator sfiould run continuously while the t.mk is being filled and until it is sprayed out. The vitriol water should be stirred before being put into the tank, as the strongest solution is always at the bottom of the barrel. The Value of Fairs TT'AIRS will pLay a more important part -^ in an industrial way in the Northwest this year than formerly. The value of community, county, state and interstate fairs as an asset to both the business man and producer is gaining wider recognition and those communities which will not hold fairs or an exhibition of some kind this year are planning something of the kind in future. This awakened interest in fairs is of great importance in the industrial life of community, county and state as it indi- cates active public spirit and enterprise. It stimulates better production of orchard, farm and garden produce, engenders com- munity spirit and advertises the superioritv of certain sections to produce certain prod- ucts, as well as those who produced them. To dispose of farm products as well as manufactured goods to the best advantage, they must be talked about. The fair pro- vides the best medium for this purpose. The e.xcellcnce of community products and the special lines in which various indivi- duals excel are brought out and the bene- fits that are attained are many fold. In holding a fair it should be advertised extensively. This should be done by a well organized publicity committee which should leave no stone unturned to create interest in the forthcoming event. A Valuable Book "The Commercial Apple Industry of North America" Published by the Macmillan Com- pany is a new book covering all phases of the Apple Growing Industry that Better Fruit highly recommends to apple growers or those who contem- plate engaging in this occupation. Its authors are J. C. Folger, Assistant Secretary International Apple Ship- pers' Association and S. M. Thomp- son, formerly Fruit Crop Specialist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is edited by L. H. Bailey, the well known authority on horticulture. If you arc interested in obtaining a copy of this valuable book send us $3.50 and we will have same for- warded to you. Remit by postoffice money order or check to Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets Portland, Oregon ^ ^ One-ManTmc-tor t^\-^ A fl ^ o" ° The SmdHest %<2Trdcbr and Bi0Qe5l' Smaff Trdchr made npHE Oldsmar Tractor is built to -*- meet both the purse and purpose of the progressive farmer on a small farm. Designed and manufactured by R. E. Olds, famous in the automotive indus- try, the Oldsmar is the all-season, all purpose tractor. It will plow, disc, harrow and cultivate; run an electric plant, cream separator, churn or other farm equipment. It's powerful enough for hard work and economical enough for light work. And it stands the "gaff." Consider the price of the Oldsmar, $460. Then make your comparisons with all other tractors offered. Your territory may be open, Mr. Dealer. Every small farm's a prospect. Any farm can support an Oldsmar; any farmer can afford it. Write today for catalog, information and terms. O. V. Badley Co. -4E:5 East Morrison Street PORTLAND OREGON "C* "13 "C* "C* An Empire Plow free to the first person buying an Ol'.lsniar Tractor M. JIV M-4 Lj in each community. lion's fail to see this tractor on demonstration at the OREGON STATE FAIR, Salem, Oregon, September 26 to October 1. MULTNOMAH COUNTY FAIR GRESHAM, OREGON, SEPTEMBER 19-24 ■, ro \ Frost Insurance \\SCHEU,w,, $1.1,^ per hour per acre "Used 27 Scheu Heaters to acre on the night of April 25, 1921 — temperature out- side of orchard 23= raised to 30 and 31° inside. I have a full crop in area covered by the heaters," writes W. C. Stone, Prop. Squaw Butte Orchards, Emmett, Idaho. Scheu Smokeless and Canco Heaters Give positive iirntectioQ. Operating cost $1.15 per acre per hour. TempiTatiire as low as lf>° successfully raised above danger point. I'sed by growers tlie country over. More than a million Scheu and Canco heaters now In use. Heaters cost 36c n|i. Order early to get frost protection next spring. Write for free 48 page boolc — "Frost Insur- ance." Resident aoents wanted. Orchard Heater Dept. C WHITING-IVIEAD COM'L. CO., LOS ANGELES |CANCOjJ Page 16 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. WALTON Editor JERROLD OWEN Associate Editor C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES A. II. BILLINGSLEA No. 1 Madison .\ venue. New York J. C. BILLINGSLEA Advertising Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS Ilobart Bldg.. San Francises STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- mologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTANA— H. Thornber, Victor CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist. Berkeley; W. H. V'olck. Entomologist, Watsonville : Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. INDIANA — II. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application. Agricultural Credits More adequate farm credits, lower freight rates, deflation of labor costs, reduction in prices to the consumer and a more equitable adjustment of the tax burden were recently pointed out by Charles E. Gunnels, treasurer of the American Farm Bureau Federation as the foremost problems that must be solved to secure a proper return to normalcy. We agree with Mr. Gunnels that the problems enum- erated are among the most import- ant that must be adjusted to bring economic prosperity and stability. Action, however, that has or will be taken is expected to bring relief along these lines, with the excep- tion of providing a permanent and more expansive form of agricul- tural credits. While the relief bill to aid the farmer in the matter of credits re- cently passed by congress should prove highly beneficial its provi- sions do not make it part of the permanent banking institutions of the country. What the agriculturists of the country need is an expansion of the operations of the credit provisions ot the I'^cderal Reserve banking system. It is to the bank that the farmer or the fruit grower turns and will turn when he is in need of credit. Why then should it not be made available to him through the nearest and most convenient source.'' Representing more than one- third of the wealth of the nation and estimated as an 80 billion dol- lar industry, the Federal Reserve reports show that less than 30 mil- lion dollars worth of agricultural paper was handled by this big bank- ing system in 1920. Why.? Be- cause the provisions of the Reserve Banking system surrounding the extension of credit to agriculture are too stringent and cumbersome. Congress has enacted special leg- islation to give the agricultural producer credit relief. Why not, therefore, have the provisions of this measure incorporated as part of the Federal Reserve Banking act. Instead of making the aid of this powerful financial agency so diffi- cult for agriculture to reach why not bring it nearer to the industry that constitutes the strongest pillar in its structure.? Optimism It takes considerable courage to look a financial slump in the face and smile. A quitter cannot. A winner always does. Not tha: the situation is not just as serious for him. Possibly the smile is no deeper than the surface. He may really believe the financial wound to be mortal, but if he meets it with the grim determination that smiles and will not admit defeat, even when it appears a reality, he has within him a reserve power which may pull him out of the hole. The fatalist who looks upon bad luck as foreordained and believes good fortune will come only if the powers so will it, is not a successful man. He lacks the very germ from which success springs. It is not optimism to don a sillv grin, meet every excuse with the vacant comment, "Well, it can't get much worse!" and sit down to wait for something better or worse to happen. The true optimist is he who be- lieves in himself, refuses to give up, and when ill fortune visits him, rolls up his shirt-sleeves, takes a hitch in his belt, smiles grimly, and plunges into the task ahead determined to blaze a path out of his difficulties. An object lesson to the fruit grower who may become discour- aged and decide to throw up the sponge is the brief story of an Ore- gon apple grower, who last fall, lost faith and tried to sell his or- chard property including his home and all he possessed for $19,000. Unable to do so he was forced to hang on and this year sold the ap- ple crop on his place for $28,000 or $9,000 more than the valuation he had placed on it last year. The fruit grower who neglects his trees or sells his orchard because of one unprofitable year, will never be successful in any endeavor. But the fruit man who sees the tremen- dous possibilities in the industry in the Pacific Northwest and recog- nizes the readjustment period as a financial stomach-ache which can- not last long and which may leave matters in a more sound condition than before the attack, will be the successful grower of the future. Our Markets Abroad While a tariff^ on fruits will aid the American producer in remov- ing foreign competition and raising prices, the schedule should not be made so high and so sweeping as to cause a restriction in the sale of our products abroad. It should be re- membered that the United States produces a surplus of most agricul- tural products and to market them successfully it must have outlets abroad. To secure the best results the part of wisdom will be to adopt a give and take policy rather than erecting a tariff wall so high that producers in foreign countries will be cut off from an income that they would spend in buying Amer- ican products. In short, to prosper ourselves, we must, to some extent, allow our competitors to prosper also. Septemher, 1921 Northwest Fruit Fair Organized THE Pacific Northwest Fruit Exposi- tion, a project for the purpose of more widely advertising and distributing the fruits of the Northwest was organized dur- ing the past month in Seattle and will be in- corporated under the Washington state laws providing for agricultural fairs. The ex- position will be held in the Seattle Port Commission's Bell street terminal in No- vember. Exhibits will be solicited from the various fruitgrowing districts of the Northwest and a program prepared which will include lectures to growers by experts in horticulture, packing, transportation and other features of interest. The officers of the new organization are: J. A. Gellatly, Wenatchec, president; E. H. Pride, Bellingham, vice-president; O. C. Soots of Yakima, executive secretary. The board of governors named includes the following: S. J. Harrison, Benton; William Greig, Cashmere; John W. Langdon, Walla Walla; M. J. Newhouse, Vancouver, Wash.; C. I. Lewis, Salem, Ore.; W. H. P.aulh.i- nius, Sumner; W. C. Mumaw, Aberdeen; F. B. Wright, Everett; George W. Dilling and R. H. Parsons, Seattle; R. T. Reid, Bellview; H. M. Gilbert, Yakima; R. O. Kylen, Zillah; Farwell Morris, Grandview; W. P. Romans, Spokane; Paul H. Wey- rauch, Walla Walla; A. W. Stone, Hood River; J. R. Everett, Okanogan; Geo. W. Lcc, Omak. BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Pond's Centipede Ladder f^S Ask your implement dealer to showr you the latest invention in lad- ders for use in high trees. Made of iron. Oak and clear Douglas fir. Tall, strong, light weight, rigid, stable and rea- sonably priced, the last word in ladder efficien- cy. In tall trees it virill ;ut your picking costs in half. Descriptive circu- lar on request. Ask your dealer for a demonstration. RUSSELL G. POND (Forest Engineer) Inventor and Shipper of Pond Products I'arkdale. Hood River, Ore. Make YOUR Idle Acres Yield Profitable Crops Make These Idle Acres Work for YOU! EVERY farm has its busy acres yielding profitable crops and its idle acres where stumps, boulders and swamps produce only expensive tax bills. Progressive farmers are adding year by year to their profit-paying acres by reclaiming their idle waste land through the use of ME STUMPING POWDERS Every '"stick" is of uniform quality and the best results are assured because these powders are made especially to meet the needs of land-clearing in this section. Bear in mind an acre cleared or drained adds a permanent income to your farm business. Send for a free copy of book entitled "Development of Logged-ofT Lands" telling how to use explosives for land clearing, ditching and tree-planting. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. Portland, Ore., Seattle, Wash., Spokane, Wash. Orchard for Sale! 23'/2 Acres in beautiful White Salmon Valley, Washington, 3 miles from town. I 3 Acres in Yellow Newtowns and Spitzen- bergs, 12 and 14 years old, with proper pollenizers. Fine home orchard of 40 trees — every variety of fruit which will grow in the locality. Fine spring just east of the place, with flow enough to supply several places. Price $4.000.00 — reasonable terms for quick sale. Address C. I. M. care BETTER FRUIT Page IS Advertising Northwest Apples Planned A MO\EMl''.N'r that has been under "^ way for some time by leaders in apple marketing to advertise Northwest apples re- gardless of brand has been launched and is expected to take definite shape shortly. The plan that it is hoped will be worked out is to have enough apple handling agen- cies and organizations in the Northwest get together and appropriate one cent a box this fall so that a substantial fund can be raised to ad\crtise the superiority of North- west apples during the heavy buying sea- son this year. It is believed by the commit- tee which has the campaign in charge that with a light apple crop in the East the time was never more opportune to advertise box apples and create new markets in territory heretofore untouched. Should a sufficient fund be raised to carry out the work it is planned to use a system of advertising that will not only direct the attention of the public to the better quality of box apples, 'but educate it to the fact that fruit is not a luxury, but a food. BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 Apples shipped from the Pacific-North- west have a wider distribution than any other commodity shipped from one section. Reports to the United States Department pi Agriculture from public carriers for the last five years show that 2,567 cities were ,used as primary destinations. Telegraphic reports from railroads during the season of 1919-20 showed that .about 1,400 cities received carlot shipments from the Pacific- Northwest. xwrs For Fall Fertilizing NITRATE OF SODA 15 percent Ammonia SULFATE of AMMONIA 25 per cent Ammonia New Supplies New Prices We recommend Sulfate of Ammonia as furnish- ing' a better and cheaper form of Ammonia. Write for prices on car lots or less to Ijm SEATTLE •'WENATCHEE' FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PICKING BAG (Carpenter's Patent) Made of heavy canvas, reinforced with leather, stitched with waxed harness thread, to a steel frame. Halter webb carries the load from the shoulders as suspenders. These patented features make it so popular, serviceable, practical and labor-saving. Send for Sample, $2.50 Postpaid. Special Prices to Quantity Buyer* C. A. CARPENTER 3837 35ih Ave. S. W. SEATTLE, WASH. Also write the Manufacturers and Distributors SCHEFFER & ROSSUM CO. ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA Buy a pipe — and some P. A. Get the joy that's due you! We print it right here that if you don't know the "feel" and the friendship of a joy'us jimmy pipe —GO GET ONE! And — get some Prince Albert and bang a howdy- do on the big smoke-gong! For Prince Albert's quality — flavor — coolness — fragrance — is in a class of its own! You never tasted such tobacco! Why — figure out what it alone means to your tongue and temper when we tell you that Prince Albert can't bite, can't parch! Our exclusive pat- ented process fixes that! Prince Albert is a revelation in a makin's cigarette! It rolls easily and stays put because it's crimp cut! Oh, go on! Get the papers or a pipe — and some P. A.! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bagSf tidy red tins, handsome pound and half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal glass humidor wit h sponge moistener top. ] 1>R1NCE Copyright 1921 by R. J. Reynolds Tobaren Co. Wlnstoti-Salem.N. C. the national joy smoke Albert September, 1921 Making Box Apples Safe {Coul'niiieil fro??! fage- 7) heavy apple boxes properly nailed. Good boxes and undamaged fruit will always bring better prices, which justifies the slight care and expense in starting ship- ments right. Hood River district of Oregon this year will have about 2,000,000 boxes of apple?. Walla Walla shippers and the Yakima dis- trict of Washington will use about 1 2,- 000,000 boxes and the Wenatchee Valley around 12,000,000. The Inland Empire shippers will handle .about 5,000,000, which is less than normal for that section. The Underwood-White Salmon district and the rest of Washington are figured as re- quiring about 1,000,000 boxes this year. BEST SERVICE - QUALITY d PRICES PERFECTION IN BETTER FRUIT Fage 19 1423-24 NORTHWESTERN BA^K mOG. PORTLAN O.OREGON. E.Shelley Mgrg.an NORTHWESTERN MANAGER WE CARRY-AND CAM bW.P IN 2^ HOURS-STOCK LABELS FOR PEARS, APPLES.CHERRIES & stRAW3ERRir.5.- "Always At Your Service' Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: LADDERS BOX PRESSES PACKING CHAIRS BOX-MAKING BENCHES and AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS all GRAVITY & POWER CONVEYOR kinds POTATO GRADERS AND SIZERS of PRICE FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Special NELSON FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Equipment PRICE "PRICE PRODUCTS" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated Booklets and Price List on Request Fruit Appliance Company Successors to Price Manufacturing Company, Inc. YAKIMA, WASHINGTON SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Atjencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page 20 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 Picking for Flavor {Cont'iinicil from fage 9) hand, if the season is unusually short and the fruit does not have time to develop fully, the acid content, which naturally de- creases through all the stages of develop- ment, will be high. While the time of picking fruit for flavor may not always agree with the time for maximum keeping quality, yet in most cases the two should be considered together. The greater percentage of apples are held in storage, or at least under storage condi- tions, for periods of varying lengths. Some may only be held a few weeks, while others are kept from one year to the next. In either case the keeping quality will be reflected in the flavor of the fruit. Storage troubles may be divided into those which aff'ect the external appearance of the fruit, generally spoken of as skin blemishes and those that injure the flesh, known as decay. The most important skin blemishes are the ordinary and soft scalds and the Jona- than spot. The decays include the physio- logical or natural decay, and the various fungus or bacterial decays. Scald is the most prevalent and is recognized by the familiar characteristic browning of the skin. While in the case of ordinary scald this does not extend into the flesh, it greatly lessens the commercial value, and in cases where the scald is serious it m.iy weaken the skin to such an extent that complete physiologi- cal decay may result. While affecting Jon- athans principally, Jonathan spot is one of the most important skin blemishes. It first appears as small round, brown or black spots about one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, or in some cases simply as indis- tinct, very dark red to black splotches. In later stages these spots may enlarge some- what and become slightly sunken. {To he concluded in October mimher) Decrease in Number of Fruit Trees A RECENT bulletin of the United States Census Bureau shows that the Pacific Coast is the only section of the country that has had an increase in the number of bearing apple trees during the ten years between 1910 and 1920. During this period the number of bearing trees in the coast states has nearlv doubled in num- MAKE YOUR SOIL YIELD MORE. USE TORO BRAND Tills li.'i^ increased crops up to 500 per cent. It prevents wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. For Lime-Sulphur Solution use DIAMOND ■'S" BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHLIR. For dry dusting use ANCHOR BRAND VELVET FLOWERS OF SULPHUR. Against rodents use CARBON BISULPHIDE. Write for circulars 6, 7 and 8, price list and samples. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. ber. The bulletin also shows that there are not one-third as many young apple trees that are not in full bearing as there were ten years ago. These figures indicate that although the Pacific Coast states lead the country in the increase in the number of I A Banking Service for i I the Horticulturist | g A complete banking ^ g service is offered you g g through our various de- g = partments. g g Our officers welcome g g the opportunity of ad- g g vising you how best to | g use these departments. g g Or a little booklet out- g g lining the functions of g = each department may g = be had from the tellers g g upon request. g I The I I First National Bank | g OF PORTLAND, OREGON g ^ The first national bank west of the g = Rocky Mountains = Orchard Queen Cider Mill 100% JUICE It doesn't crush the apples, but grates or grinds them, breaking the juice cells so that when the pomace is pressed in the sani- tary cloth sacks, all of the juice is ex- tracted. Orchard Queen is the simplest, easiest operated, cleanliest and most efficient of cider mills. No metal in cylinder or hop- per to discolor juice. Operated by hand or power. Made in two sizes. Our folder explains in detail the construction and operation of the Orchard Queen Mill. Write for it. PufTer-Hubbard Manufacturing Co. 3203 East 26th St. Minneapolis, Minn. ^m:%TYyw%^ self-oiling n I LKa POWER PUMPS For General Service in the Home or on the Farm Modernize your home and farm — have plenty of running water wherever and whenever needed — install a MYERS SELF- OILING BULLDOZER POWER PUMP — the only pump manufactured today with covered working parts, a perfect system of self-lubrication, extra large valves, unrestricted waters ways, improved rtiethod of power application and other refinements which provide a standard of pumpr ing service unequalled by old style pumps with exposed gears and antiquated oiling systems. Fill the reservoir of a Myers Self-Oiling Pump occasionally with any good lubricating oil and for weeks it will require no further attention. ~ feet lubrication, enclosed working parts and other improvements permit operation at high speed or against heavy pressure greatly increase the capacity, minimize wear and breakage, prevent accidents, and insure economical, long time service. Sizes and styles for shallow or deep wells. Capacities from 500 to 9000 gallons per hour. Operation by motor, gasoline engine or other power Write for literature, or ask your dealer. jL4:U3|;kf^:J:I«Ml^ ORANGE STI IMJ Pacific Northwest Distributors Spokane, Wash. Portland, Oregon BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEAI.ER September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page '21 apple trees coming into bearing that the maximum planting of trees reached its peak ten years ago and has declined each year since. According to the census figures the de- crease in the number of bearing apple trees in the United States during the past de- cade has been 36,057,811 or 28.8 per cent, and the decrease in the number of young trees not yet of bearing age has been 4-5 per cent. The number of bearing peach trees during this same period decreased 28,- 881,736, or 30.5 per cent. Packing House Needs {Contiiiiteil jrotti fdge 9) lem. Those who contemplate the construc- tion of new houses or desire to improve their equipment and methods of operation may secure copies of the bulletin and addi- tional information upon application to the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. A CORRECTION 'T'HROUGH a typographical error the price of a pair of the box handles which are being put out by the Box Handle Company of Seattle, Wash., was made to read $3.50 In one place in their adv., in the August issue and $5.00 in another. The correct price in both instances should have re.id $3.50. Lithographers Color Printers Labels Ckrtons Folding Boxes e\it Outs Display Gards SpeeialAdvertsing Stiff Boxes Plain and Fan s^v*-^^ THE OLD WAY; THE NEW The Box Handle Company of 800 First Avenue, South, Seattle, Washington has become a benefactor to the orchard man, the packer, the expressman, the produce man, and all others who handle boxes. The man who w^orks in the orchard can only pick up one box at a time and it is some strain to pick the box up from the ground. With a pair of handles he picks up two boxes and carries them with ease. He is not half so tired when aight comes, and. does as much work as two men, which cuts your labor down. The apple season is short at the best. You don't lose any apples out of the box by using the handles. You get a better percentage of packing because the apples are not bruised by using box handles. This handle will lift any size box from 1 5 to 22 inches long. Every rancher who owns a ranch from 10 to 50 acres should have from 1 to 1 2 pairs of handles. Your stomach won't be sore or your back lame when night comes if you will use the box handles. The prices are $2.00 for one handle or $3.50 for a pair. After you have used a pair for one day, you wouldn't take $20.00 for theni if you couldn't get another pair. Don't let this opportunity get away. Buy now. Send us $3.50 and let us send you one pair by Parcel Post. We feel satisfied that you will buy more if you need them. The Box Handle Company 800 First Avenue, South SEATTLE. WASH. Page 22 BETTER FRUIT Sej}ter7iber, 1921 Northwest Notes From Here and There "PlOUGLAS county will be the banner section in •^ Willamette valley this year in the produc- tion of dried prunes, according to official esti- mates. The output in Douglas county is placed at 7,500,000 pounds. The Polk county output is given at 2,000,000 pounds; IVlarion county, I,- 500,000 pounds; Yamhill county, 2,500,000 pounds; Lane county, 1,500,000 pounds. Uma- tilla county, with an estimated output of 2,- 000,000 pounds, for the first time becomes a larger factor in the dried prune market this year than several of the Western Oregon prune-pro- ducing counties. The total production of dried prunes in Oregon this year is estimated by F. L. Kent, statistician of the U. S. Bureau of Mar- kets, to be 21,610,000 pounds or less than one- half of the tonnage forecasted early in the season. AAA i~\UTSIDE of Hood River county the largest ^-^ apple crop that will be produced this year will come from Jackson county which will ship 900 cars. Jackson county will lead the state in pear production with an estimated shipment of 4,500 tons for the season. AAA ■pSTIMATES made by the fruit growers of the Calapooia River valley arc to the effect that before the season closes 450,000 pounds of ber- ries will have been produced in that section. These figures do not include the large quantity of berries appropriated for family use. Two hun- dred and twenty-five tons of the berries were shipped to the cannery at Eugene. AAA "W/^ITH the increase in apple production in the " Hood River valley the Apple Growers' Asso- ciation has found it necessary to add to its ware- liouse capacity and is building storage houses at Odell and Dee. The new structure at Odell will be one story high, 130x60 feet. It will be built of tile and will cost $11,000. The Dee plant, which will be constructed of wood, will be 120x50 ■ feet and cost $8,000. AAA At $+0 a ton prune growers in the Ontario ^^ district of Eastern Oregon have made seT- eral contracts and state that they are satisfied with this price. Limited apple sales that have taken place in this district show prices of $40 to $75 a ton with Delicious showing the highest quota- tion. AAA i~^NE of the largest peach crops produced in ^-^ Oregon this year was raised in the orchard of Alex LaFollette, in Marion county. The output from the LaFollette orchards was 12,000 boxes, which sold for an average of $1 per box.. Two years ago the crop of peaches from the La- Follette orchards totalled 18,000 boxes. It is one of the few large peach orchards in the state that was not injured to any extent by the 1919 freeze. Oregon or Italian Prunes From the Red Hill Orchard for Sale Non-Irrigated 40-505 @ lO^c per lb., 50-60s @ 9c., 60-70S @ 8c, 80-90S @ 6c Processed in 25 lb. boxes or in 100 lb. sacks, f. o. b. Salem. Edward Dencer Grower and Packer Route 3. Box 158 Phone 88F2 SALEM, OREGON 'T'OTAL production figures for the loganberry season which recently closed in the Willamette valley are 53,000 tons or 10,600,000 pounds. The output in 1920 was 7,800,000 pounds, the in- crease this year being due to a much larger acre- age coming into bearing and heavier yields. Tlie value of this year's loganberry crop in the Willamette valley is placed at $325,000. In commenting on the increase in the loganberry tonnage in the Willamette valley and average prices extending over a period of six years Fred G. Schmidt of the Northwest Fruit Products Com- pany of Salem, says that tlie average price re- ceived by growers since 1915 is about 5/^ cents a pound. Mr. Schmidt points out that in 1915 the average price was 1 >}4 cents a pound; in 1916, 3 cents a pound; in 1917, 3^ cents a pound and in 1918, 5 cents a pound. In 1919 the price took a pronounced jump to 9 cents a pound, and in 1920 reached Its highest mark at 13 cents. This year the average price ran about 3/4 cents a pound. A Oregon*s Higher Institution of TECHNOL Eight Schools; Seventy Departments FALL TERM OPENS SEPT. 19, 1921 For information write to the Registrar Oregon Agricultural College CORVALLIS University of Oregon CONTAINS: The College of Literature, Science and the Arts. The School of Architecture and Allied Arts. The School of Business Administration. The School of Education. The Extension Division. The Graduate School. The School of Jouinalism. The School of Law. The School of Medicine. The School of Music. The School of Physical Education. The School of Sociology. Fall Term Opens September 26 A high standard of cultural and professional scholarship has become one of the outstanding tnarhs of (he State University. For a catalogue. folders on the various schools, or for any information, write THE REGISTRAR. UN1\'ERSITY OF OREGON. Eugene. Ore. Musical Merchandise Write Us WE SAVE YOU MONEY! W. Martius Music House, Inc. 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington Everything Known in Music SHEET MUSIC Write U. Sepiemher, 19"21 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 \ N apple crop worth $600,000 In Union county "^ is the present estimate following a careful inspection in the various apple belts of the county made by men familiar with crop conditions in that section. The crop, which is reported to be of fine quality will total 500 cars. AAA WASHINGTON "T.XRL S. COE and Fred Baker, White Salmon orchardists, have entered the apple marketing business and have begun the construction of a warehouse. An estimate of the apple production in the districts in which they will operate this year gives the following output: Goldendale, 50 cars; Lyle, 100 cars; White Salmon, 400 cars, and Underwood, 275 cars. AAA 'T'HE North Pacific Co-operative Berry Growers, an organization representing the communities in Kitsap county, Bainbridge Islands, Ollala, Jef- ferson county. Grays Harbor, Sunnyside, Snolio- mish and Pacific counties has been formed for the purpose of marketing the berry output from a large acreage In Western Washington. The pur- pose of the organization is said not to be ob- taining a higher price from the consumer, but to facilitate distribution. AAA T^O provide facilities for handling more than 150,000 boxes of apples through the Dryden unit of the Wenatchee District Co-operative Asso- ciation a modern frost proof brick warehouse, two stories high, will be built immediately upon a site along the Great Northern railway track at a cost of $25,000. The destruction of the Bohlkc Fruit Company's warehouse by fire last February left Dryden without adequate storage and loading fa- cilities. The new warehouse will be designed for the rapid handling of fruit, both in receiving and shipping. AAA A PPLE growers of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company arc amply protected In the matter of boxes for their tonnage this season, according to Charles J. Webb, assistant manager of the company. Because of the abnormally heavy crop In the Northwest this year, the box situation is causing some of the organizations and many of the growers considerable anxiety. With an esti- mated Northwestern crop of 40,000 cars of ap- ples, 750 boxes to the car, the 1921 apples will require 30,000,000 boxes. Where the box supply was not contracted for early in the season diffi- culty may be experienced later in securing enough. AAA Packers of pears and apples In the Yakima district win receive five cents a box for the season of 1921, instead of six cents, the prevail- ing wage last year, according to a statement is- sued by the Yakima Fruit Growers' Association. AAA 'T'HROUGH the agency of the Washington Berry Growers' .Association, growers of Sum- ner and the Puyallup valley have marketed this season 145 cars of fresh berries, more than 75 per cent of which have been placed on the market as far east as Minneapolis, according to F. H. Krug, sales manager for the association. Ap- Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash.. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. L^chwlti mm mxm LITHO of lervice "-^lofnesmaRe /mman '£elsmafe ^/le can '' Let us dress yourSilent Salesman'' to sell your product Schmidt Lithograph Cq los angeles^fresno Sacramento" Honolulu "MANILA" SAN FRANCISCO r^i I35S !sa SERVICE w^m mm The Value of An Apple depends greatly on its appearance. When Nature has done her part, giving size, color and shape to your fruit, do not lessen your profit by use of imperfect picking devices, which may bruise or mar the fruit's appearance, when you can buy A Portland Picking Bag Designed to afford safety to your fruit from tree to box. Price $2.00 Each THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 North Front St., Portland, Ore. Portland Picking Bag 222 Los Angeles St., Los Angeles, Cal. Page 24 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 proximately 4-5 cars of fresh berries have been sold In Chicago, where for the first time in the history of the valley berry business Chicago has been cultivated as a market rather than a dumping ground for excess shipments, according to Mr. Krug. IDAHO A LARGE portion of the apple crop at Frult- ■^ land is reported to be already in the hands of buyers at profitable figures to the grower. As an instance of the prices being paid for apples at Fruitland this year one sale is reported of $28,000 for the fruit from an orchard property that last year was offered for sale at $19,000, Including land, improvements and water rights. The apple crop at Fruitland is estimated this year at 1,200 cars and is expected to bring to growers nearly $2,000,000. AAA "C* F. STEPHENS, owner of extensive orchards "^* near Nampa, reports that he has contracted a large part of his apple crop to be shipped In bulk at $60 a ton and will receive $1.65 for the por- tion of It that will be shipped in baskets. The crop from the Stephens orchards this year will total 35,000 to 40,000 bushels. AAA At Twin Falls the apple crop is estimated to be "^ 50 per cent better than it was in 1920. The shipment this year is expected to be 500 cars and the orchards having been well cared for, the quality of the fruit Is reported to be of tiic finest. AAA MONTANA \\/lTH the completion of its new warehouse at " Hamilton, the Equity Association is in shape to handle 100,000 boxes of apples this year, ac- cording to Manager O. M. Gerer. Last year the association handled 85,000 boxes. The new ware- house will be equipped with two Cutler graders and a system of gravity conveyers that will take the apples from the growers' wagons and finally deliver them in the railway cars. Apple growers at Hamilton, which is largely the center of the apple industry of the Bitter Root valley, are reported to be In close touch with the buyers and indications point to a higher range of prices than were re- ceived last year. Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" Frfr Sale by Leading Dealers Everywhere See our big display of ladders, pruning equipment and other orchard supplies at OREGON STATE FAIR Salem, Oregon Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON Oregon State Fair SALEM September 26 to October I A Wealth of Agricultural Displays Magnificent Livestock Exhibition Complete Machinery and Tractor Exhibit Splendid Night Horse Show Superb Speed Program High Claiss Amusements Special Attractions Both Day and Night Free Camp Grounds Excursion Rates on All Railroads For Further Particulars Write A. H. LEA, Manager, Salem, Oregon Q4t Service Station and Garages (_Ai service stations and garages everywhere you can get "Red Crown," the all-refinery gasoline with a continuous chain of boiling points — insuring ready starting, rapid acceleration and tnaxitnum power. Look for the Red Crown sign before you fill. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 Sykes' Service Bulletin Vol.1 Portland, Oregon, September, 1921 No. 1 What Sells Apples? In the August Blue Goose News, the New York minager of the American Fruit Growers, Inc., makes special mention of the fact that CONDITION of the fruit upon arrival, APPEARANCE of the fruit, and particularly of the package, play an important part in determining the selling price. It is the EYE which brings the first fa- p vorable or unfavor.able impression. |fj Rich red-faced Northwestern ap- ples smile right into your face when you open a box packed under the "Sykes System." All of the good- ness of the fruit is apparent to the EYE — of course if YOUR fruit is inferior it might be well for you to continue to cover it as in the past with a white news wrap, although you are not improving its condition. The RECORDS show that apples packed with Sykes Safety Separator Wraps not only come out of storage in BETTER CONDITION than fruit wrapped in the ordinary way, but SELL BETTER, for they have the requisite APPEAR.^NCE. The salesman can DRESS up 3 box of Syked fruit quicker and better than where any other wrap is used. THAT means better average prices. If you DOUBT this in any way make us PROVE it — we can. The canneries DEMANDED a rebate upon both and THIS season REQUIRED that all fruit shipped them he Syked. Certainly there must be a RE.\SON — the fruit car- ried perfectly. Have YOU a car or so of cannery pears yet to move? Why not TEST it out for yourself — if you DO you will use Sykes ALWAYS in the future. apples >. Sykes System does NOT smother fresh figs. You have SEEN that the Sykes Wraps CARRY fresh figs safely. Just figure how much MORE valuable is a car of fresh figs than a car of apples. BIG VICTORY IN FIGS George Sykes, the inventor of the Sykes .System of fruit packing, was called to Fresno, Calif., early this season by the fig growers' organization and requested to invent a special wrap, by the use of which FRESH FIGS might be marketed in the Eastern markets. The Sykes Fig Wrap resulted after many tests. Of course, every one was skeptical — fresh figs had never carried successfully under any system evolved by the experts. The Associated Press, under date of June 28, told the wonderful story of the arrival of the FIRST C.\R of FRESH FIGS ever seen in Chicago. On the auction block the 1188 packages (6 lbs.), averaged $1.81; the remainder of the car a few days later in New York sold for $2.70 package average. General Manager Niswander said: "The price (Chicago sale) is remarkably satisfactory — it is really higher than we had anticipated." The Asso- ciated Press report said; "Owing to the perish- able nature of the fruit its sale this far East has NEVER BEFORE been attempted. The figs stood the trip well and were reported as hav- ing retained their flavor." Other shipments arc now being made from the late crop with most satisfying results. Do you wonder why the name Sykes is now widely known in the Fresno district? Just stop and REASON this little point out — ^WHY do you SMOTHER an apple with a close, tight wrap? Are figs any LESS perishable than "SYKEING" CALIFORNIA ORANGES Here is a nut to crack which will interest YOU. It may cause you to FIND more real profits in your apples this season. Last May the Sykes Orange Safety Separator Wrap was introduced into California. Each packing house foreman was asked to put the wrap under the most severe tests. An ex- perienced orange packer demonstrated the pack and continuously visited each house until EVERY packer knew the system. One house after another tried the new separator wrap in a small way, then on a larger scale, and finally a number ADOPTED it for THIS season's pack. It takes 83 wraps to pack a box of oranges. During June Southern California orange houses USED 460,000 wraps; in July, 650,000, and in August the total reached 1,340,000. The INCREASE came largely from REPEAT or- ders. The season's total shows NOW some- thing over 3,000,000 wraps used THIS season. What's the answer? The RIGHT w.ay to pack oranges is NOT to smother them. The RIGHT way to pack apples is NOT to SMOTHER them. If NATURE had intended that fruit should be SMOTHERED she would have pro- vided a second coat or hide. Fruit REQUIRES oxygen, for fruit surely breathes. M.ike your own tests — put an apple in a dark desk drawer and lay another on top of the desk; examine both at the end of a week or so — that OUGHT to POINT THE WAY. SPECIAL WRAP FOR EACH FRUIT An orange has one kind of hide or skin, an apple another and a pear still another. You can go on down the list of prunes, plums, figs and so on. Each has its own type of skin. Is it LOGICAL that the SAME wrap which has been used for time immemorial should be ADAPTED to ALL kinds of fruit? The meat in the cocoanut in the Sykes Sys- tem is that EACH variety of fruit has had its own SPECIAL type of wrap designed for it and it alone. This has been done by an expert fruit packer, who has experimented for years along scientific lines — YOU get the benefit of his many years' work — and at no cost to you. MAY WE SEND YOU PROOFS? We have on file a number of recent letters which so fully PROVE all the claims made for the Sykes System that any argument is out of the question-. We will deem it a privilege to mail you copies of these letters along with sam- ples of any type of wrap you may be interested in. Don't take our word for it, but SEE what the other fellow has found out for himself. We are NOT making any point of the SAV- ING in COST of PACKING — you will quickly discover WHERE the Sykes wrap means a PROFIT to YOU. DEMANDING SYKES PEAR WRAPS Last season several Canadian canneries bought California pears in lugs, also in pear boxes. As an experiment the shipper packed with Sykes Safety Pear Separator Wrap. One car was shipped unwrapped and another wrapped the usual fashion. SYKED ORANGES— 2000 CARS During the FIRST season and in the face of the most critical conditions the Sykes Safety Separator Wrap has been used on over 2000 cars — up to August 15. That OUGHT to mean something to YOU. If you are at all informed about the California orange deal you will know that California has the reputation for getting the BEST in every- thing from wrap to box. You also know that California fruit is the STANDARD in the Eastern markets when It comes to appearance or dress. No State has such wonderful fruit packing plants with every device known to handle large volume and yet preserve the best appearance. California demands the BEST — and California, you must admit, GETS the RESULTS. Just figure It out for yourself — what the Sykes wrap has done for the California fresh fig and then what it has done for the Cali- fornia orange — and all of it THIS season. Is it not possible for YOU to get equally as good RESULTS with your apples? EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS SYKES WRAPS BLAKE-McFALL CO., Portland, Oregon AMERICAN PAPER CO., Seattle, Wash. SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO., Spokane, Wash. PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY, San Francisco Page 26 BETTER FRUIT SejJtember, 1921 \ Our Inquiry Depart- | I ment I 7,1 iHiiiiiimiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiinriiiniiiiiiir i mP Filbert Trees TZ'INDLY reply to query relative to filbert trees: Is there any particular season when they should be set out? Would slips from two year old trees answer? Kindly give Instructions as to care of young plants, soil, etc. — F. J., Washington. (1) The best time to plant filbert trees is In the fall or early winter. (2) Slips or shoots from twi year old trees will do if they have suf- ficiently developed roots. Before planting the land should be thoroughly plowed and harrowed and put In good condition. In setting, the best practice is to place the trees about 20 feet apart. The holes should be dug sufficiently large to give the roots plenty of room and filled in at the bottom with some good top soil and some stable manure added. Unless the soil Is rich it should receive for several years a dressing of barnyard manure or other fertilizer. In caring for the young trees, clean cultivation should be practiced during the growing season, with a cover crop planted In the fall and plowed under in the spring. To have the young trees develop properly, ail suckers and shoots should be removed from them as quickly as they develop. The soil for a filbert orchard should be of good quality, well drained and yet have the ability to hold moisture throughout the summer. Where the soil Is defi- cient in lime this material should be supplied. AAA Woolly Apple Aphis I have been Informed by several orchardlsts who have examined trees in my orchard that are In a bad condition that they are attacked by woolly aphis. What can I do to control this pest. — M. H. G., Washington. So far no hard and fast remedy has been de- veloped for the control of this Insect. The Ore- gon Agricultural College Experiment Station gives the following as the best treatment: For infested bark and branches spray with kerosene emulsion 11 gallons stock solution to 100 gallons; miscible oil, 3 to lOOi or nicotine sulphate, I pint to 100 gallons with 5 pounds of soap for a spreader. A driving spray should be used to pene- trate the wooly coating of the insect. It also says that root forms on young trees have been con- trolled by burying tobacco scraps or dust in trenches over the roots and that miscible oil 5 to 100 or kerosene emulsion 14 gallons stock solution to 100 gallons poured in the hollow about the base of the tree has given some degree of control. Box Shocks East Side Box Co. Manufacturers SPRUCE AND HEMLOCK Box Shooks Foot of Spokane Avenue Portland, Oregon Fair Dates rj^AIRS that «ill be held in the Nt)rtliwest this year nt which fruit will form an important part of the exhibits will be held on the following dates: Oregon State Fair, S.ilcm, September 26 to October I. Washington State Fair, Vakima, September 19 to 24. Idaho State Fair, Boise, September 26 to Oc- tober 1 . Fnilt Irces l.iiil.]e,l from bearing orch- ards. Apple, i'ear. Cherr>-, I'each. IMum. ITune. Aprlfdt. Quince, Grape Vines, Siirubljery. I'iants. Raspberries. Blacli- berries. Logans, Dewl)erries, Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrubs. Roses, Vines. Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTOI^ NURSEJ^Y CO. ToppenlBb, Washln^on. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. Make Boxes Right, Fast and Cheap Save you money, time and trouble. n 1 M 1^ J^**^^^J Success Box Making Benches Fold up for easy transpor- tation. Last a lifetime. ADJUSTABLE TO ALL STYLES AND SIZES OF BOXES Handle poor shook more rapiclly than other benches handle good Ta- terial. Make more and better boxes. Buy from the Manufacturer and save money: $30.00 each without racks; $35.00 each with racks to hold stripper and cleats. Prices f. o. b. Spokane, Washington. Use the "No Wobble" Ewing Orchard Ladder that lasts for years, and the sturdy, rapid. Success Lid Press that is a pleasure to use. Success Seed Grader Co., Inc. SPOKANE. WASHINGTON Manufacturers Orchard and Farm Supplies MAIL YOUR ORDER TODAY- NEW CROP SEEDS Vetches, Alfalfa, Clovers, Grains Grasses Selected Recleaned Farm and Field Seed at Lowest Market Prices. Special Mixtures for Wet Land — Dry Land — Burns — Permanent Hay Crops and Pastures Cover Crops for Orchards — Dry Latid Pasture Mixtures OUR SEED LABORATORY is in charge of a skilled analyst and all "DIAMOND QUALITY" Seeds are TESTED for PURITY and GERMINATION WRITE TODAY FOR SAMPLES NOTE THEIR PURITY AND WEIGHT Or send in your order direct. We guarantee full value for the money sent and will Rive your inquiries our prompt and careful attention Ask for Catalog No. 200 PoktiandSeedGo<< X PORTtAND.OREGOlS r '„., ',r,j5?=' Western Agents "CLIPPER" FANNING MILLS September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 27 Cannery Notes /^WING to the fact that the trade would not ^"^ buy canned goods at the prices asked early in the season many canneries remained idle or put up limited packs. The result is that the output of canned fruits is much smaller than was ex- pected. With the larger part of the surplus of canned goods carried over from last year being rapidly cleaned up the demand for new stock is strong and canners are looking forward to a prosperous season next year. 1 A * A RECENT innovation at the plant of the "^ King's Products Company at Salem, was the installation of an attrition mill for use in the manufacture of pumpkin flour. The new machine, which will greatly facilitate the manufacture of this material, was made necessary, due to the in- creased demand which the company has received for its pumpkin pie filler. Don't Experiment It costs money. For $20.00 you can get my blue prints. The DENCER DRIER will shorten time of drying and save money on fuel. It turns out a superior product. It costs less to dry per ton, and less to build than any other drier of same capacity. I use only one stove for six tun- nels. Elach tunnel holds I 36 half bushel trays. My driers have been a pronounced success for five years. Edward Dencer Route 3, Box 158 Phone 88F2 SALEM, OREGON atthpSign nfiheFir L^winff s^ too ' I 'HE right picture does -*- the work of a thousand words — and speaks a lan- guage that EVERYBODY understands. The Arcady Art Department can illustrate your booklet, folder or catalog as well as our other depart- ments can print, bind, address and mail it. TELEPHONE Main 8829 The Arcady Company Complete Advertising Service WRITI N G PRINTI NG MAILING AIKADY OLOa MULTIGRAPHINQ MAILING- LISTS Ijm i,jlffet)SON J. 6f H. GOODWIN Limited Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets By using our service you can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow and Hull, and on the European Continent. This means quick handling, considerable econo- mies and the fruit being sold in the freshest pos- sible condition, which means greater returns. For dependable export information write us at 60 State Street, Boston, Mass., or 127 Duane Street, New York City. I Water Instead of Ice! This process of cooling by evaporation is recommended by the United States De- partment of Agriculture, and is being used successfully in thousands of homes. The Empire Iceless Refrigerator will save your food from spoiling through the hot sum- mer months, and there is absolutely no expense attached to its use. Made also in windlass type for use in wells, etc. It is a proven success, and is guaranteed to do the work. Let us send you descriptive folder and prices. Farm Supply Company 281 12th St. Portland,' Ore. Page 28 fllllllUIIIIIKIIIMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlllllllll llinllllllltllHtlllllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllll»ll> I With the Poultry | ,f, IMimillHIIIIIIIIIIIIII Mil" lllllllllll"""" lllllllUlllMlll"lllllll"llt.- TUBERCULOSIS IN POULTRY TUBERCULOSIS in a poultry flock may be introduced in several ways such as receiving infected fowls, exposure to neighboring infected flocks using same range, infection of premises by free-flying birds, carriers, such as man or ani- mals, whose shoes or feet may carry infected drop- pings from nearby infected farms. Most eggs harboring the organism fail to hatch, thereby re- ducing to a minimum the danger of infection from this source, but if infected eggs are thrown to the chickens, the disease may be established in the flock. Although birds may become infected at any age, the disease is not readily detected by or- dinary observation in those under 1 year old, be- cause months are required for the bacilli to mul- tiply in the system sufficiently to interfere with the normal functioning of the body. The older fowls, from 2 to 3 years old, arc most likely to display symptoms and show a high death rate. One of the first symptoms is gradual emacia- tion, which becomes especially noticeable in the breast muscles. These diminish in size until in advanced stages there is scarcely any flesh left on the breast bone. Feeling the breast region will readily detect this wasting. The appetite con- tinues good. Lameness in one or both legs, or drooping of one or both wings is another symp- tom. A skilled operator can apply the intradermic tuberculin test to detect the presence of the di- sease, but medical treatment for fowls is futile. The wisest preventive measure consists in slaughter- ing the infected fowls. Fowls in good flesh may be used for food if they show no lesions or only slight ones. Those fowls that are badly diseased and all visceral organs should be burned. The premises should be disinfected thoroughly, in- cluding all drinking, eating and other utensils. AAA THE B.\CKYARD FLOCK. TPHE backyard flock should have in addition to the table scraps a light feed of grain every morning. Four or five handfuls of grain — about one-half pint — scattered in the litter will be sufficient for a flock of 20 to 25 hens. By handful is meant as much as can be grasped in the hand. By scat- tering it in the litter the hens will be compelled to scratch in order to find the grain and in this way to take exercise, which is decidedly beneficial to them. In case not enough good, sound, substantial table scraps are available to furnish full feeds, both at noon and at night, another feed of the grain mixture should be thrown into the litter at the night feeding and should consist of as much as the hens will eat up clean. In summer or during suitable weather the grain can be fed by scatter- BETTER FRUIT ing it on the ground outside the house. A good grain mixture for this purpose is composed of equal parts by weight of wheat, cracked corn, and oats. Another suitable grain mixture is composed of two parts by weight of cracked corn and one part of oats. '^ AAA TE.iVCHlNG CHICKS TO ROOST WHERE a large number of chicks are being raised in one brooder house difliculty is often experienced in preventing the birds from piling up at night after the heat is removed, and causing serious losses. To prevent this overcrowding the birds should be taught to roost as early as possible. If roosts are made out of one by three inch strips placed flat so as to provide a three-inch roosting surface, and these arc placed twelve to fifteen inches from the floor, the birds can easily be taught to go to roost. If the chicks do not go up on the roost of their own accord they should be gently placed on the roosts after dark for one or two nights until they get the roosting habit. September, 1921 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen I POULTRY NOTES POR the best results turkeys, geese, ducks and hens should be kept in separate quarters. AAA T DOES not pay to winter poor paying birds. Get rid of the culls this fall as early as possible. "17'EEP the roosts clean at all times, but also -'-*■ remember that it is just as important if not more so to keep the nests clean. FRUIT TREES We are extensive growers of fruit trees adapted to the Northwrest. GET OUR PRICES COLUMBIA NURSERY COMPANY 1490 Union Ave., No. Portland, Ore. FREli* An 8x10 Enlargement With $3.00 Worth of Kodak Finishing. Quick Service Films received forenoon mailed out same day. We pay return postage. AH Work Guaranteed WOODARD, CLARKE & CO. Alder at West Park PORTLAND. ORE. We buy car-lots of fruit. Wire or write us your offerings. Coughlin Brokerage Agency Mitchell, South Dakota Write for Terms E F F I C I E N C Y POWER PRUNE DIPPERS AND TRAYERS We make the best. Write for our catalogue. This is the dipper demonstrated at the State Fair at Salem last season. Order now while we have the supply. SALEM MFG. CO., Salem, Oregon Factory located at 1396 North Front and Hood Streets An Early Order For Fall or Spring Delivery Placed with SALEM NURSERY COMPANY 428 Oregon Building SALEM, OREGON Will receive careful atten- tion and give you good choice of varieties Additional Salesmen Wanted I Most Valuable! Highest Price! $1.00 a Plant for the UNIQUE Double Crop STRAWBERRY Saves you TIME — LABOR — MONEY Gives you the highest profit, the greatest pleasure. Let Us Help You Evergreen Plantation New Meadows, Idaho Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building SALEM OREGON Will supply you with first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS. ROSES Send for catalog WE Need Salesmen September, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 29 £jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii)iMii tiiiiiiniiuiriiiiiiiniiiitiiiiiiii^ I Marketing News of I I Interest | =;iiriiiiriiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii- 'T'HE largest walnut crop in the history of Orc- •^ gon is expected this year. The trees have largely recovered from the effects of the freeze of two years ago and are bearing heavily this year. In addition there is a large acreage of young trees just coming into bearing this year for the first time. Reports from Yamhill county indicate that it is not uncommon to find clusters of six nuts and all indications point toward a bumper yield. The crop will go into the barest market in years, according to information from the California Walnut Asso- ciation. Foreign stocks are not on hand to re- tard the market as they were last year and a serious failure of the French walnut crop thii year indicates that there will be little competi- tion from that source. AAA 'T^HE first car of Winter Banana apples of the 1921 crop was sold by the Rock Island unit, in the Wenatchee district, to G. M. H. Wagner & Son for prices that compare favorably with those received for this variety in the last two years. Three dollars a box for all extra fancy apples, $2.50 for fancy and $2 for C grade will be re- ceived. Last year the unit received $3.40 a box for the first car shipped and the year before the top price for extra fancy was $3.80. AAA npHE entire tonnage of pears controlled by the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association In the Willamette and Umpqua valleys has been sold for prices that are thought to be the best obtained for canning pears this season. The prices ob- tained were $65 a ton for No. Is and $35 for No. 28, f. 0. b. shipping point. The terms of sale will permit of early advances to the grower when the fruit Is marketed. The canning pears of the California Pear Growers' Association were sold at $61.75 for No. Is, and $33 for No. 2s. Reports from Yakima show that the first ten cars of pears from that district sold for $60 per ton, but that the price subsequently dropped to $40 and $45 per ton. AAA A CCORDING to reports received at Spokane, ■^ Wash., the Washington peach crop for 1921 is predicted at 25,125 tons, compared with 8,813 tons last year, when crops were unusually poor, and a crop of 30,333 tons of pears is forecasted, compared with 46,792 tons in 1920. In both Washington and Oregon the yield of all berries were reported to be about 50 per cent larger than they were last year. HIGHEST QUALITY SEEDS FALL CATALOG Now Ready Prices 25 to 50 per cent less This is the year to plant 145 147 l>0 R T i- J* t»^ »-• lyPEARLY one-third of the expected 300-car ap- pie crop of the Spokane Valley Growers' Union has been placed in the east within the last week, at prices ranging as high at $3.00 and $3.25 per box, for extra fancy grades, according to re- cent reports. Edward Pelrce, manager of the Union, who Is now in the east, has telegraphed orders for more than 50 carloads of apples, with prices up to $3.25 per box, f. o. b. Spokane, ship- ments to be made to such points as New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Washington, D. C, and Boston. -iiiiiiiiiriiitiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiriinini Iilllillinilliil1lllllllllllllltr< I Oregon Growers' [ I Association Notes \ ?iiiiiiiii)iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiitiiiiiiitiiitiiriiiriiiiiiiiir rpARL PEARCY, president of the State So- "^ clety of Horticulture, reports that prunes will be of good size this year. As field representative of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association In the Willamette Valley he has made a careful study of the situation and is of the opinion that the average size of the dried product will be 40s. Last year they ran strongly to 50s. The prunes arc giving early Indications of a good sugar con- tent which will develop if weather conditions re- main favorable. Last year the sugar content was low and as a consequence they dried down to 14 to 17 pounds to the bushel. It is expected that they will dry out heavier this season. AAA T^INAL estimates show that the Oregon Grow- ers' Co-operative Association will harvest 1000 cars of apples in the Willamette, Umpqua and Rogue River Valleys and The^ Dalles district. The Rogue River Valley will supply 600 cars of these. The fruit Is large, well colored, and un- usually free from imperfections. The fruit has more color than is usually the case at this time of the year and present Indications are that the fruit will be superior to that shipped in the average years. Harvesting will probably begin a week or ten days earlier than last season. Grimes will move September 5 to 10, Wagener, September 20 to October 1, Spltzenberg and Ortley, October 1 to 15, with Rome, Newtown and other late varieties following. We are handling Oregon and Washington garden, farm and orchard products exclusively. Our facilities and connections for the proper distribution of carlots or less of APPLES - - POTATOES - - ONIONS assures prompt and satisfactory returns to the grower. Let us figure with you before disposing of your crops. W. B. Glafke Co. COMMISSION MERCHANTS East Third and Alder Streets PORTLAND, OREGON recommendecl BY LUBRICATION Aprade for each type oPenPine Page 30 BETTER FRUIT September, 1921 Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY stock" TREES — All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries, Albany, Ore. FARMS FOR SALE CHOICE ACRliAOc. — less than thirty miles to Portland, close to county seat and good payrolls; Good roads best of transportation facilities; Paved Columbia Highway, rail and river. Any size tracts, rich deep soil, no ro«k or gravel ; can give easy terms. Special induce^ ments to settlers.— INTERSTATE LAND CO, 248 Stark St.. Portland, Oregon. BARGAIN — Fine young pear orchard; 12 acres 5 bearing, balance 3 years. Particulars, Owner, P. O. Box 182, KelseyTille, Calif. FOR SALE — 17 55/100 acres all cleared in Wil lamette Valley 30 miles from Portland. Splen did fruit or nut land. $200 per acre. Terms if desired. B. L. Herbert, 51 E 8th St., North, Portland, Oregon. _^__^ WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. WANT to hear from parties having farm for sale. Give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th St., Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for tree book. Edward & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, Washington. BIG APPLE ORCHARD and by-products plant in famous Southern-Pennsylvania Apple Belt. J. P. Stewart, 305 Carlisle Ave., York, Pa. MISCELLANEOUS HAPPY HOME HONEY — From blossoms of alfalfa and sweet clover, in liquid form; 6 10-Ib. pails, $9.00; 1 601b. can $8.40; 2 cans, $16.00, at Mabton. H. N. Paul. Mabton, Washington. CORN HARVESTER— cuts and piles on har- vester or winrows. Man and horse cuts and shocks equal Corn Binder. Sold in every state. Only $28 with fodder tieing attachment. Tes- timonials and catalog FREE showing picture of harvester. Process Harvester Co., Salina, Kansas. POULTRY PETALUMA HATCHERY— Established 1902 by L. W. Clark. Chicks every Monday and Thurs- day, White and Brown Leghorns. Heavy lay- ing strain. Safe delivery guaranteed. Send for prices and terms. L. W. CLARK, 615 Main St., Petaluma, Calif. PULLETS— We can supply O. A. C. and Tancred White Leghorn Pullets. Rhode Island Reds and Barred Rocks at all ages — some ready to lay. Also one and two year old hens, good breeders. Exceptionally fine range-raised birds. Portland Seed Co., 180 Front St., Portland. Ore. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon AGENTS WANTED— Our prices are right. Co- lumbia Nur.-;ery C-:i., 1490 Union Ave., No., Portland, Oregon. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. Bees and Beekeeping 'T'HAT beekeeping is profitable is shown by an investigation recently made by Oregon Agri- cultural College experts who reported that many beekeepers throughout the state had incomes rang- ing from $1,500 to $4,000, while some made earn- ings of more than $10,000. The investigation also developed the fact that the demand for men trained in beekeeping is urgent. Many of the re- quests for trained beemen arc coming from com- mercial horticulturists who want men trained in both beekeeping and horticulture to take charge of their orchards and bees. Large commercial apiaries ar also looking for men experienced in beekeeping to manage their apiaries. More business is reported to have been done in box apples at the annual convention of Inter- national Apple Shippers, held at Cincinnati, this year, than at any previous meeting. The largest lale reported was a block of 60,000 boxes of Wenatchee fruit. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will be mailed to anyone desiring it, on the following terms; One card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Better Fruit. One card without subscription $ .10 Twelve cards without subscription—, 1.00 BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. Arcady Building Portland, Oregon Phone Main 6018 for ROGERS COMPANY Rubber Stamps, Seals Stencils 514 Gerlinger Building Portland, Oregon NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1 92 I Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sale* Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. ORCAS LUMP LIME Pu Free from magnesia and in tight barrels. NOTHING SUPEIRIOR to ORCAS for FRUIT SPRAY or building purposes We make SWANSDOWN HYDRATED LIME as well as Orcas Poultry Grit and ground Limestone Address ORCAS LIME CO. Pioneer Building, Seattle, Wash. «.<{ yf In Every Respect says the Good Judge You get more genuine chew- ing satisfaction from the Real Tobacco Chew than you ever got from the ordinary kind. The good tobacco taste la^ts so long — a small chew of this class of tobacco lasts much longer than a big chew of the old kind. That's why it costs less to use. Any man who has used both kinds will tell you that. Put up in two styles W-B GUT is a long fine-cut tobacca RIGHT GUT is a short-cut tobacco -lan-Bruton Company, 1107 Broadway, New York City OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coating for prepareu ■ ooz- ing and metal roo*s Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubricating film under every pulling condition. Keeps the axle cool; no hot-boxes, no gumming. The MICA makes it bet- ter. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leather and keeps it soft and pli- able. Keeps harness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, un- der the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. Before the rains start asm Examine your shingle roofs. They need pro- tection to successfully come through the heavy rains of another year's weather. ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserves Shingles Oronite Shingle Oil is a high-quality preserva- tive for all shingles (either on roofs or on side walls) — to make shingles last longer through drenching rains, whipping winds and hot, dry- ing sunshine. Oronite Shingle Oil penetrates the fibre of the shingle with a moisture-resisting preservative that retards the evaporation of natural oils in the wood — the cause of cracking and warping — and counteracts the effect of age and ex- posure. Oronite Shingle Oil is especially prepared to make shingles withstand continual exposure. It will keep your roof in good condition and give it longer life. An application of Oronite Shingle Oil to an old roof novr may save the cost of repairs or an entire new roof next season. You can mix Oronite Shingle Oil with colors and obtain an attractive stain and all the ad- vantages of this shingle preservative. Ask our nearest agent for color formulas. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (CaJiibmia) ORONITE me««. QUALITY f PRESS OF THE ABCADY COMPANY, PORTLAND, OREGON j^^rJpj THE WORLD - OUR ORCHARD ^^^ OUR ORCHARD ^ 5rEinpbT & Kelly I NEW YORK I btiOUE^TI'PMflbLY THE mam bl3T JIBUTI' UNTRY'5 FflNQY AND OTHER. FRUITJ OUR MARKET THE WORLD BETTER FRUIT Volume XVI October, 1921 X, /On Number 4 iiiiriiiitiiiriiiiiiiriiiiiiiriiiiiiitiiiniiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiir ikinwiiiiriiiiniiiiiiiiitiiiMiiitiitiiiiiiiMu Features in This Issue: — I I Entree of the Basket Into Fancy | I Appledom | I Thrips Injury to Apples | I Commercial Possibilities of the | I Chestnut | I Advantages of Central Co-oper- | I ative Packing Plants | iTiitiiNiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiitiiiiiiiiiiiriiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiMiniiniiiUR How Young America Can Best Celebrate National Apple Day „ iiiiiiiiniiiiiiimiiiiiiiilii 1 1 1 iiiiiiiiiii I "II" iiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii mil nut i liimii mil iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiimiiui ii mil mil mm mi BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Publisher Portland. Oregon 20 cents the single copy. Subscription, One Dollar per year in the United States. Can- ada and Foreign, including postage. Two Dollars, Payable in American Exchange Cables: POUPART, LONDON Codes: ABC (5th Edition) Marconi International Bankers : Merchants Bank of Canada Bank of Nova Scotia, Etc. T. J. POUPART (John Poupart, William Ravenhill) Convent Garden, London, W. C. 2 REGISTERED SPECIALNOTICE We have now opened a branch at Liverpool which will be conducted on the same lines as London. Grow- ers can communi- cate direct with the manager, T. J. POUPART 54 Stanley St. Liverpool TRADE M.-\RK The Largest Firm of Fruit Salesmen in Great Britain (ESTABLISHED OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY) SALES BY PRIVATE TREATY ONLY (Gives best results) COMMISSION THE EXCLUSIVE BASIS (Purchase propositions cannot be considered) ADVANCES OFFERED TO COVER FREIGHT CHARGES Special Facilities for Handling Consignments from Co-operative and Other Organizations We are pleased to announce that we have arranged for Sam Birch to again visit all our ship- pers. Correspon- dence can be ad- dressed to him in advance, care of "Better Fruit" of- fice. Members of North Pacific Coast Line Joint Service of The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company— Holland- America Line VANCOUVER, B. C. Fast Freight Service Between -PUGET SOUND— COLUMBIA RIVER— SAN FRANCISCO— and LOS ANGELES HARBOR AND LONDON— LIVERPOOL— GLASGOW— HULL— ROTTERDAM— AMSTERDAM ANTWERP— HAMBURG and HAVRE From Pacific Coast Ports Loadii From Europe S. S. NOORDERDIJK.. .. Late September S. S. MOLIERE Late October S. S. EEMDIJK Middle November S. S. KINDERDIJK Late November S. S. NEBRASKA.. Late November Loading S. S. EEMDIJK ; Late September S. S. KINDERDIJK Middle October S. S. NEBRASKA .' Late October S. S. MOERDIJK Middle November All Steamers Equipped with Large Coo Irooms and Refrigerators for the Transportation offish, Fruit, Cheese and Other Perishable Cargo For freight rates and space apply. Oregon-Pacific Co., Wilcox Bldg., Portland, Oregon— Phone Main 4565 Better Fruit. Vol. 16. No. 4. Published monthly at Portland. Oregon. Entered as second class matter at the post office at Portland, Oregon under the Act of March 3, 1897. BETTER FRUIT Page 3 How Can the Farmer Prosper Unless the Railroads Prosper? THE development and prosperity of farming in the United States have in the past gone hand in hand with the growth and development of the railroads. Ahead of or beside the courageous pioneer has gone the railway. The railway is dependent on the farmer for the tonnage which enables it to live and con- duct its business. Likewise the farmer is dependent on good and adequate service by the rail- way as the means of getting his products to the markets of this country and the world under conditions which will enable him to prosper. Railway Development at a Standstill The development of the railways has been prac- tically at a standstill for some years. No industry can grow unless it can get people to put new capi- tal into it. No industry can get people to invest capital unless it can pay a return on this additional capital. Stagnation in the railroad industry is a menace to the farmer. The products of the farms are con- stantly increasing. Without increased means of transportation these increased products of the farms cannot be carried to market. The Earning Power of the Railroads Was Practically Destroyed During the War They are now trying to get it back. They want to get it back so they can provide additional loco- motives and cars to handle the increase in traffic and provide for the future development of the country. They natist raise large amounts of new capital to provide these facilities. Not Asking Return on "Watered" Stock Every farmer and business man knows it is im- possible at present to borrow large, amounts of money for even 6 per cent. How can the railroads be expected to raise new^ capital for new facilities if they are not allowed to earn at least 6 per cent, which the Interstate Commerce Commission has held they need? Is this 6 per cent on "watered" stock? No. It is not based on stock at all, or on bonds either. It is based on the minimum value of the property which the railways devote every day to the public service in transportation — tracks, stations, locomo- tives, cars, shops, and so on. This valuation has been made by the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion under the Valuation Act fathered by Senator LaFollette of Wisconsin eight years ago. It is not based on what it would cost to rebuild the railroads at present high prices of materials and wages, but on what it would cost to rebuild them at pre-wjur wages and prices as they stood in 1914. A valuation based on present wages and prices would be twice as great. Some railroads are "overcapitalized." Many, including most of the big systems, are undercap- italized. But neither in the one case nor the other does this affect the basis on which rates are made. What Regulation Can Not Do The farmer has just lost a friend and the coun- try a valuable citizen by the death of ex-Judge C. A. Prouty. He was for seventeen years a member of the Interstate Commerce Commission. He was in charge of the valuation of the railroads from the time it was begun until his death. He said: "We can regulate the railways. We cannot by legislation force one single dollar of private capital into railway investment against its wiU." The farmer, by favoring regulations that will help the railways to regain their reasonable earning power, can help them to attract hundreds of mil- lions of dollars needed for rehabilitation and en- largement of railway facilities and for increased and improved transportation service to the farmer. The further development of the country will be arrested and the farmers and all other claisses seriously injured unless the railways are given opportunity to raise the capital needed to enable them to make their service better and more adequate. Association of Railway Executives 61 BROADWAY NEW YORK 764 TRANSPORTATION BUILDING CHICAGO, ILL. Those desiring further information on the railroad situation are requested to address the offices of the Association or the president of any of the individual railroads. MUNSEY BUILDING WASHINGTON, D. C. l^aye 4 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 Sykes' Service Bulletin Vol.1 Portland, Oregon, October, 1921 No. 2 What U Syke» Pack? The Sykes Safety Separator Apple Wrap is a moderately thick flexible sheet of wood pulp, CI'* fn fit the standard apple box. Each layer or tier of fruit is separated from the one above and below by one of these Separator wraps. Each tize of fruit has a spe- cial wrap insuring the proper position of the fruit in packing as well as preventing the in- dividual apples from touching each other. A series of cups are stamped in a mathemat- ically correct position, according to the sire of the fruit. A series of cuts in each cup pro- vides tongues of paper between the individual fruits of each tier — the body of the wrap it- self separating the layers or tiers—hence thr name "Separator." This is the SYKES SYSTEM— an inter- locking of correctly sized fruit, correctly packed, forming one solid structure of fruit, the individual apples being separated from each other by these cuts nr tongues of the cups. If there be any shrinkage during storage, each apple retains its position, the interlocking prin- ciple preventing any bruising, hence helpinf to prevent any decay. How to Pack Syke» Many thoughtless criticisms have been made of the Sykes Pack by those who have never seen the "Sykes System" CORRECTLY packed. The fundamental principle of the "Sykes System" is summed up In the term "bridging the arch" — in other words, an INTER- LOCKED structure. A special wrap is provided for each standard size of fruit. If the wrong wrap is used, the experienced Sykes packer detects mistake quickly. If the fruit has been sized wrong, he quickly catches that error. The firat layer or tier MUST be placed CORRECTLY in position. It is the FOUNDATION of the "Sykes System." The box is set flat on a flat table. A Separator wrap is placed in the bottom of the box. The first tier of apples is placed, stem down. In the cups of the wrap (the number and arrangement of cups varying with the iice of fruit). It takes but a few moments to place the first tier CORRECTLY. If the fruit has been properly sized, the indi- vidual apples will not touch each other, the spaces between the apples forming uniform triangles. When the first tier has been placed, a Sepa- rator wrap Is placed over the tier. The cups nest in to the triangular spaces formed by the apples of the first tier. The fruit of the second layer Is then placed in the cups, completing the second tier. Again, the apples of the second tier do not touch each other — the spaces be- tween the apples again forming small tri- angles. The third Separator wrap is placed in posi- tion. The cups again nest into the triangular spaces. This process continues until next to the top tier is In position. A soft wood board, which will fit easily into the box, is used to press down the fruit uni- formly— light pressure in the center, heavier on ends — LOCKING each tier Into the trian- gular spaces In the tier below — in the layman's words, "bridging the arches." The top tier is then placed into position, giving the required bulge at the center. The experienced packer soon learns how to make a finished job In placing the top tier or facing the box. To protect the top tier another Sepa- rator wrap is placed in position and the lid nailed fast. Every tier or layer is thus uniformly wedged into the spaces below, with the exception of the first or bottom tier, which forms the founda- tion for the series of arches. Oiled Wraps Popular Following the several experiments made by federal experts during the past two seasons, using various oil formulas, the use of oiled wraps in the Nnrthwest is grow- ing rapidly. Oiled wraps appear to be the NEXT step in the evolution of Scientific Apple Packing. Oiled wraps, it has been proven, reduce the amount of scald in storage — practically all of the experiments have proven most of the cl.iinii for oiled wraps. '^^ This is a Side View p^ This is a side view of a Syked apple box showing how each tier of fruit nestles Into the spaces in the tier below — the tongues of paper in the cuts or cups separating the in- dividual apples while the entire sheet or wrap separates the tiers. This gives perfect aeration of fruit, assisting nature In pre- venting scald and decay. At a trifle additional cost, Sykes Safety Separator Wraps, tre.ited with an approved oil preparation, may now be had in lim- ited quantities. Next season tliere will be an ample supply for all packers. The oiled wrap, without diubt, has come to stay — progressive manufacturers arc pre- paring to meet the demand. Error in Figures In our September Bulletin, under the cap- tion, "Sykeing California Oranges," the types made us say "It takes 83 wraps to pack a box of oranges." This error was so app,irent that scores of readers have called our attention to it. This paragraph should have read, "1000 wraps (1 bundle) will pack 83 boxes of oranges," Every packer who read the Sep- tember Bulletin knew instantly that the figures were mixed. Why Pack Sykes? Does the hit-and-miss practice of close paper wraps, with corners of boxes stuffed with pa- per, or frequently a small apple wedged in to make a tight layer — produce the correct pack? What is the answer — If you have SUPERIOR fruit — which should be sized correctly and packed correctly — if ynu expect It to keep In storage' SUPERIOR fruit has a value. Is It not false economy to pack superior fruit as cheaply as possible — thereby taking all of the risks of common or cold storage? Sykeing Branded Apples Docs It pay to pack GOOD fruit In the cheapest manner possible — with the cheapest wraps known — and under a hit-and-miss practice? Have you a right to expect good RESULTS from such a pack? Is it not logical that you would get BETTER results from CORRECT ■izing and CORRECT pack? Until you use Sykes Safety Sepa- rator Wraps, you will never know how well your fruit will keep. During the convention of the Na- tional Restaurant Owners' Associa- tion, which met in Los Angeles Oc- tober 3-8, several splendid displays were made of Northwestern apples which had been branded by the Alsberg Electric Branding Machine. The display of the "Blue Goose" and "Skoo- kum" packs was a remarkably fine one. Prac- tically every delegate visiting the fruit show was favorably Impressed. By courtesy of the .American Fruit Growers, who made the display, several boxes of Syked Northwestern apples had a prominent place in the exhibit. The appearance of the^e boxes was most attractive. If your supply house cannot furnish you with Sykes Safety Separator Wraps NOW — please notify Better Fruit at once — and your order will be promptly filled. EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS SYKES WRAPS BLAKE-McFALL CO., Portland, Oregon AMERICAN PAPER CO., Seattle, Wash. SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO., Spokane, Wash. PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY, San Francisco BETTER FRUIT Pioneer Horticultural Journal of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March S, 1879 Volume XVI Portland. Oregon, October, 19"21 NUIMBER 4 The Entree of the Basket Into Fancy Appledom By the Editor ^tiiiiiitiiiiiiiiriiiiriiiiiiiiitiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii iiniit 1 liniliK I I I OKU I iiliiiiiilillirmiiiiiiiiilitiiiilintiinimiiti As the frice of fine quality a f pies has risen and a greater number of fersons are now living in apartments and other quarters zvhere the storage space is restricted, the demand for something in the zi'ay of a container that zvould be larger than the old-time ■peck measure and yet something smaller than the barrel has been grad- ually grooving. In the Far West this demand has been supplied by the ex- tra fancy or fancy selected packed box. Boxes, however, by reason of cost, are not azmilable in many of the apple growing sections of the country in addition to the fact that they are not as well known or as well liked as baskets, which can be put to many uses after they are emptied of their fruits. Another reason for the greater use of the basket itian formerly for shipping fruit is that it is being more scientifically made — that it permits of a tight, fancy pack and is growoing in all sections of the country as a prac- tical, as well as a show conotainer. The evolution of the old "bushel" basket as a receptacle for the better grade of potatoes to its present status as a container for high grade fruit is due, largely, to the persistence of the Package Sales Corporation, an or- ganization that has advocated its use in and out of season. In fact, much of the data used in connection with the following article was secured from this source and we are present- ing this story to our readers because the use of the basket as an apple con- tainer in the Far West is rapidly in- creasing. HlllllMlllllllltlllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllUlllllllllllliniDIII III! nil iiiiiii I iniiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiitiiitiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii AS LH'ING conditions have changed so have the desires of the fruit buying public, not only for better fruit but also for smaller contain- ers. Where formerly apples were only sold in large containers, such as the barrel, they can now be purchased in smaller ones which are far more suited to the needs of the average family. The bushel basket has been found to fill the wants of the consumer be- cause it is not too large or too small. It also gives the buyer a better chance to see what he is getting because of the wide display surface permjssible in this style of con- tainer. The grower who is proud of his fruit has a splendid opportunity of show- ing it to the buyer when in baskets. It can be truthfully stated that the buy- ing public is developing a desire not only for a smaller container, but also for con- tainers with good arrangement and proper grading of the contents. There has been a vast improvement in grading and packing in the last few years, but there is still room for bettering existing conditions. It is a trade axiom that the better the "look"' the quicker the "sale," and every enterprising grower realizes this statement to be the truth. THE round stave bushel basket has a ca- pacity of 2150.42 cubic inches or 32 quarts dry measure. The web is composed of 20 staves, 36 inches long and of vary- ing thickness, according to the density of the wood used. This web is so constructed as to form a basket having a height of 1 1 ]/i inches, a bottom diameter approx- imately 14 inches and an inside top di- ameter of 17 inches. The staves are securely stapled to the top and center hoops. All staples should be driven through both top hoops and well clinched on the inside. The handles should also be driven through both top hoops, the ends bent upward and against the inside hoop. They must be ex- actly opposite each other. In order that the contents of the baskets may arrive on the market in perfect condi- tion it is necessary that the basket be made of sound material, of tight construction and good workmanship. It has been proven to the sorrow of a great many growers that by using weak or poorly constructed baskets the contents have arrived on the market in bad condition and in many instances have failed to arrive at all. It is imperative that well made baskets be used if satisfactory results are to be obtained. IN MANY small orchards apples are packed in the orchard. This, however, is not true of most of the large commercial sections where regular packing houses have been built. The fruit, after picking, is brought to these houses and graded and sized. Grading consists of removing fruit that is wormy, scabby, misshapen, dirty and otherwise injured so as to render it unfit for high grade packing. Sizing refers to the operation, either me- chanically or by hand, of sorting apples into different sizes according to their transverse diameters. A number of mechanical sizers are on the market and used extensively by commercial fruit growers. A few of the best known graders are the Prescott, Starcher, Cutler, Pease and Burke. After the culls have been removed the fruit can be sized into the different grade sizes. Where apples are packed on what is known as "(Orchard Run" basis the work is usually done in the orchard. In this case no sizing is done except to remove the very small apples. The only grading is the re- moval of wormy, scabby and decayed fruit, which is usually accomplished as the fruit is picked. The baskets are, of course, jum- ble packed with a smoothing or semi-ring- ing of the face before the cover is put on. THERE are two methods of packing ap- ples in basket packages, the jumble and ring pack. The jumble pack consists merely of putting apples into baskets in a haphazard way with no attempt at arrange- ment. Some growers put a face on a jumble pack, while others leave the apples in what- ever position they happen to be after being put into the basket. This latter method should be discouraged in most cases. In the ring pack the fruit is placed in concentric circles, beginning at the bottom of the bas- ket and extending to the top. Facing is the arrangement of the fruit on the top of the basket after it has been partly filled. It is this factor alone that determines the appearance or "looks" of the basket. • Looks goes a long way in in- !:■ ~v%, L ■ J Fig. 1. Cli- yx style ot facing Page 6 creasing the sale value of the package, which emphasizes the fact that all baskets should be ring faced. In order to receive top prices baskets should present a very at- Fig. 2. Packed basket, showing wire side hooks and 19-inch pad tractive appearance. This can only be ac- complished by facing. The styles of facing most commonly used are: 1. Stems up, fruit in concentric circles. 2. Cheek up, stems out to edge of basket, fruit in concentric circles. 3. Cheek up, stems to calyx, fruit in concentric circles. TN the jumble pack the apples, after hav- -*- ing been graded and sized, are run into baskets without bruising. Care should be used in this operation, for apples falling but a few inches will bruise and while the bruise may not be apparent, in a few days it can be noticed and at a later date offer chance for deterioration. It is preferable to pack graded and sized apples rather than orchard run. Only sized apples and one size at that should go into the basket. It is bad, and in some cases an unlawful practice to mix sizes. As the basket fills with apples it should be smoothed around so as to fill up all depressions and secure a tight pack. When the basket is half full a "follower"' or "racker'' should be used. This covers the fruit and in racking it prevents the apples from bouncing around and being bruised. When the basket is filled to within two or three inches of the top the "follower" should be again used and the basket well racked. This prepares a good foundation for the face if one is to be put on. It is very important that a bushel of jumble packed apples be well racked. Rack- ing consists of a sharp shake from side to side with the object of settling the apples in place. It should be done on a solid foun- dation, such as a plank or the floor of the packing house, as it can never be done suc- cessfully on the ground. Racking should be done with a slight, sharp jar, rather than a swinging, throwing motion. Unless the baskets are racked properly the fruit will not be settled and the baskets will have the look of a slack pack when the basket ar- rives on the market. It is absolutely neces- sary in good, jumble packing that the bas- kets be well racked. BETTER FRUIT "D ING packing a basket is considered by *-^ some growers to be the best method. Undoubtedly for extra fancy fruit and for the larger sizes as well as for apples that will be put into cold storage ring packing is to be preferred. Do not confuse ring pack- ing with ring facing, as a jumble pack and the ring pack are both faced. Ring packing is the placing of the fruit in the basket in concentric circles. Start at the bottom and .against the sides and pack the fruit in rings. It is preferable to pack the fruit stem to calyx in making the rings and after the first ring has been completed put in the second ring and continue until the entire layer h.is been finished. The second layer is put directly on top of the first layer and so on until the basket has been packed and is ready for the facing on top. In both the jumble and the ring pack the fruit in the center of the basket will be higher than the fruit around the side of the basket. This is caused by the center of the bottom being raised. This raised center causes an incre.ised height of bulge in the center of the face and is one of the very strong points about the packing of apples in bushel baskets. It gives a bulge without using a larger sized apple for the center. The ring packed basket holds very tight in transit, and it is not necessary to rack it unless fruit of uneven size has been used in making the layers. It should not be packed so high that there will be too great a bulge above the edge of the outside hoop when the facing is put on. 'T'HE fruit selected for the facing of the *- baskets should be such as to fairly rep- resent the quality of the contents. If the apples are not graded to size it will be un- fair and unlawful to have the larger size in the face. It will also be unfair to have apples of better color on the face than those in the rest of the basket. In short the face must represent a fair and uniform sample of the fruit in the baskets. The fruit in the face should be placed to the best advantage. To obtain a good looking face the fruit must be uniform in size. The Styles of Facing 1. Stems Up, Fruit in Concentric Cir- cles. This face is very popular and is no doubt used as it is similar to the facing of a barrel pack. This style does not permit the tightest face or provide the greatest possi- bility of showing the maximum color of the apples. This style of face is not so pop- ular with the growers as that of cheeks up. Where the basket has been ring packed from the bottom up this face is easy to put on. 2. Cheeks Up, Stems Out to Edge of Basket, Fruit in Concentric Circles. This f.-ice is the least popular of the three meth- ods of facing does not permit as tight a pack and besides it requires more time in prepa- ration than the other styles. 3. Cheeks Up, Stem to Calyx, Fruit in Concentric Circles. This face (Figure 1) is no doubt preferred to all other styles. It October, 1921 allows the greatest possible display of the well colored checks, it makes an even, smooth, tight pack and prevents slipping or displacement of the rings. This style of face can be put on in much less time than other styles. TN SIZING fruit for bushel baskets the -'- size is the transverse diameter rather than the longitudinal diameter. This is measured by a line through the thickest part of the apple, which is at right angles to a line drawn from stem to calyx. The average transverse size of the apple is considered in this work and not the longitudinal diameter. Five sizes of apples are listed below and for the convenience in this bulletin the dif- ferent sizes have been numbered. Thev are: I 2 in. to 2J4 in. II- -- 2J4 in. to 2^ in. Ill --- lYz in. to 3 in. IV.- _....3 in. to 4 in. V. 4 in and above Due to the variation in the size of the different classes mentioned the number of apples in the different rings of the face will vary slightly. It would be ideal to ring face with apples that were half way between the minimum and maximum of each size. This, however, is not possible unless a hand sizing board is used or the grader is so equipped that it sizes accurately to the transverse di- ameter of the size being packed. In the experimental work on which this data is based the variety used was Ben Davis. The general shape and conformation of this variety is similar to most varieties except those shaped like a Delicious, the York and other off-shapen varieties. The figures obtained are for sizes of apples which were run through the Starcher grader, frequently called the Virginia Fruit Sizer. '■|"'HESE figures are only approximate for -*- the different sizes, and no figures can be e.xact because of the vaiiation in the W % brRnd^;: ill y Fig. 3. Showing wrapping of fruit except center rows to show prospective purchaser quaUty of fruit. Also label on top of basket commercial sizes being packed. The varia- tion in some sizes will be from a quarter ( Continued on fage 15) October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 7 Commercial Possibilities of the Chestnut niiillitiiiniMililiitiiiiiiiiiiiiilMltllimiiiiillllllllililiiiiiiriiiniiriMMiiillllllliiiiiiiiiirnr^ The chestnut, tihile not of the \ high g'aie of some of the other | American grown nuts, finds a ready | and frofitabU sale, farticularly on | the fruit stands in many of th* larger | cities in the East. Of late years it | I has been found that it is being at- | I tacked by a fest that is greatly lessen- | ing its yield exceft on the Pacific \ I Coast. The fossibilities of its frof- | j agation in the latter region therefore | I are of wide importance and are foint- | I ed out in the following article by | I Mr. Pearcy. — Editor. | ^|||||||||||)lllllllllllll^ll^Illlll^lllllllllllllnlllrllllllltMll^lltrllllIlllnlllllllllllllllllllllll? T f I "^HE chestnut, at the present time, is one of minor importance as a commercial product of the North- west. There are but very few commercial plantings and those are small in extent. The behavior of the trees in these few small plantings, together with the performance of the many trees planted all over this sec- tion as shade and ornamental trees have demonstrated that our climate conditions are suitable for chestnut culture. An an- alysis of conditions in the eastern chestnut growing regions should be made before we decide whether we are warranted in making commercial plantings here. Twenty years ago great chestnut forests were growing in the eastern part of this country. Today these forests are disappear- ing, apparently doomed to extinction and that quickly, too. In 1904 it first was noticed that many of the trees in the vicin- ity of New York City were dying of some strange disease. Investigation by patholo- gists demonstrated that the disease was caused by a fungus, Endothia parasitica by name. It spread rapidly all through the native chestnut area and by 1916 was found in 1 3 states, and had caused damage esti- mated at $50,000,000, half the total valua- tion of the American chestnut forests. .-\t the rate that it is eating into the forests the American chestnut will soon be wiped out of its native home. With most diseases of this nature there always appears some immune trees in the forests or the orchards from which may be bred resistant strains of trees, but no Ameri- can sweet chestnut tree has yet been found that shows any degree of resistance. TT HAS been discovered that this fungus -'■ has its home in China, Japan and Korea and that it was evidently transported to America on imported nursery stock. The fungus spreads by means of birds, insects, wind, rain and by shipment of nursery stock, chestnuts and chestnut timber on which the bark is permitted to remain. It causes death by penetrating the bark and attacking the cambium and sap wood areas. By Knight Pearcy, Horticulturitt This disease is deadly both to Amer- ican and European varities. It is spreading rapidly, 99 per cent of the trees in Eastern Pennsylvania already have been killed ac- cording to reports. None of our American and European varities are inmune, although certain nurseries have claimed the Paragon to be so. The disease is practically uncon- trollable, although where one has but few trees he can keep it in check by cutting. An embargo is needed to protect the un- infected western district. The disease can- not be detected on nursery trees. We should not import chestnut trees of any kind from any of the blight districts of the East, which means from any of the native chest- nut area. The Japanese and the Chinese chestnut species are attacked by this fungus, but the injury seems comparatively light since these species in their agelong struggle with the blight have developed resistant strains. The hope of eastern United States to remain a chestnut producing section seems to be in discovering some Japanese or Chinese variety or a hybrid that is blight proof and which at the same time has other qualities which are desirable. Dr. Van Fleet, of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, has developed a number of hybrids between the Japanese chestnut and our native chinquapin, which hold considerable promise to the eastern growers. THE chestnuts of the world are of sev- eral species. The American chestnut, known to botanists as Castanea dentata, is .i tall straight tree, when grown in forests and produces nuts of the highest quality, although smaller than those of most other species. There are comparativly few named varieties of this species, the Rochester being perhaps the leading variety. The European species is known to sci- ence as C. sativa. Its tree is smaller than that of the American species, but its nuts are larger, although of poorer quality. Blight resistance is greater than that of the native chestnut, but not enough to permit it to survive when planted in a diseased sec- tion. There are many varieties of this spe- cies, although most of these are varieties that originated in this country from seed- lings of the European species. Named varieties imported directly from Europe have not succeeded as well in East- ern United States as have the varieties origi- nating on this side of the water, although it is claimed that many of these named French varieties, when grown on the Paci- fic Coast do exceptionally well. This we would expect in keeping with the well known horticultural law that plants im- ported from the Asiatic Coast countries do better in eastern America than on the Pacific Coast while plants from the western Europe succeed better out here than in eastern America. Numbo and Paragon are two of the most popular named varieties of European chestnuts growing in the East. THE Japanese chestnut, C. crenata, is highly resistant to blight, has a very large nut, although its quality is so low that it usually has to be cooked to be palatable, is precocious, a prolific bearer and produces an earlier maturing nut than does either of the above mentioned species. The tree itself is semi-dwarf. It seems to have everything but quality of nut to make it a desirable nut producing species and plant breeders feel that they can improve the quality of the nut and are now working upon this problem. Alpha, Beta, Parry, Coe, Boone and Giant are varieties of this species. The Chinese chestnut, C. molissima, is a relative stranger in this country and we know less about it than the others. It makes a taller tree than the Japanese and produces nuts of good quality. We have not experimented with the chestnut enough in the Northwest to be able to say just what soils are best, but it appears to do well on most of our fruit soils where drainage is good. Spacing of 40 to 45 feet seems to be about the need of the American and Eu- ropean varieties, while the Japanese tree will do with a 30-foot spacing. General culture is about that of the apple orchard. Little is known regarding pollinization, but the general advise is to plant several varie- ties. The Japanese varieties are apparently self fertile. One grower in the Middle West reports the following yields from a Boone seedling tree Eight pounds the sixth year; 26 pounds the ninth year; 50 pounds the 1-th year; 80 pounds the 15th year, and 140 pounds the 17th year. He received 25 to 40 cents per pound in the Chicago market that year. One grower near Salem with 20 crowded trees, all seedlings, harvested an average of 50 pounds per tree from trees in their twenties. One tree yielded 100 pounds. We have records of other Oregon trees that have borne as high as 1 50 pounds of nuts, and of a number that have averaged 50 pounds per tree for years, which would give 1,200 to 1,500 pounds per acre. Most of our nuts are high in fat con- tent and fairly high in protein content. The chestnut, however, is lo win fats, but very high in carbohydrates. Its composi- tion and food value is very close when an- alyzed to that of corn meal or of wheat bread. Many of the Europeans use it much as we use the potato, to supply the starches in their diets. They use this nut boiled, roasted, made into cakes and in many other forms. It enters into their diet very exten- sively. They also use it for feeding hogs as do the Japanese. It has a high feeding value and acre for acre will produce more Page 8 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 fattening value for hogs than will a 25- bushcl yield of wheat. A few chestnut trees planted on waste land would in a few years serve to fatten the hogs for the winter's sup- ply of pork for a farmer, thus releasing more valuable land now used for raising hog feed. AS to the future of the chestnut in America: The native forests of the East are doomed. Any chestnut industry that may be maintained in the present American chestnut regions will have to be based on resistant hybrids that are now be- ing tried out. Parts of the Middle West are planting a few chestnut orchards and these sections many develop plantings to supply the market of the East in case they can keep the blight out. The Pacific Coast is the only remaining section that may step into the breach. This section has the cli- matic conditions necessary to success and is fortunate in not having any native chest- nut forests, hence will have less trouble with diseases and insects than will an old grow- ing region. We know we can grow the nuts commercially. Our question is simply this: Is the eastern market attractive enough to warrant our growers, who can do so well with filberts and walnuts and with so many fruits and berries, to plant chestnuts instead of other nuts and fruits.'' Pomologists to Meet THE thirty-eighth convention of the American Pomological Society will be held this year in Toledo, Ohio, December 7, 8, 9. The meeting will be in conjunc- tion with the National Farmers' Exposition annually held in that city. A considerable exhibit of fruits and by-products will be staged in connection. The American Pomological Society, founded in 1848, is one of the oldest agri- cultural institutions in the country. It has had a long and successful history and has been of large service to the fruit industry throughout its life. Its membership is found in the United States, Canada and a number of other foreign countries. R. B. Cruickshank, Secretary-Treasurer cjillliiitillMiiittlllliiiiiiiiirtiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiitiiiniiiitiihiiiiniDiiinniniiiniiiniiiiiiitiiirr^ I Another Friend | i Kenneunck, Wash,, Aug. 24, 1921. | I Better Fruit, | I Portland, Oregon. I I Enclosed find money order for | I $1.00 for a year's renewal to Better | I Fruit. Wish to say that there isn't | I any reading matter that enters my | I house that I take as Tnuch interest in | I as I do Better Fruit. Keef the good \ I work uf, for we are with you as long | I as we are in the fruit game. \ I Yours truly, \ I y. W. TYSON. I liiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiitiiiitiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiitiiiDiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiinl Picking for Flavor and Keeping Quality By F. W. Allen, Assistant Professor of Pomology, University of California, Berkeley, California Continued from the September Ntanber than spot shows a very close relation be- IN the stomge work which the U. S. De- tween maturity and the percentage of fruit partmcnt of Agriculture has been con- affected. With some twenty lots where ducting in the Northwest for a number of the fruit was picked at diiferent stages of years, the effect of maturity at the time of maturity those of late pickings developed picking in relation to these troubles has from three to six times as much spot as been studied. For comparison two pickings those of the earlier pickings. These re- of fruit were made from the same trees ten suits are in accordance with the general to twenty days apart. The first, or "im- opinion and observation of growers, mature," picking was made at the beginning of the commercial picking season for the .____,.^,__ . , . . ,,. . , . ^ ~, K ,1 . ,< • 1 W/^HILE It may be stated that additional variety. Ihe second, or mature, pick- VV , , ,• • . i J . ..J r» .L c . '' flavor or dessert quality might be ing was made twenty days after the first, .,,, ... r •• 11 r J i' .1 .. 1 ^ earned by later pickings ot some varieties, usually a few days later than the last com- 6""";;" u; ^ , j. 5 , • 1 • 1 T-L 1 .. i_i • 11 vet m so doing some of the earner sorts mercial pick. These lots, comparable in all ' "ynig _ .1 . .i-j-»i. would pass their best eating conditions very other respects, were stored immediately at """'" V ' , , , ,. . , fL. 3i^5oj quickly and their season would be limited a temperature ot between 31 to 32 degrees ^""-'^v • "" "' . , , . , -c n c \ • .• J r »■ to a much shorter period than it should be. r. Carlul inspections were made four times •■" » "i"^"_ ".^ f , , , • 1 j J • »u • . i_ • • u . .L r . Later varieties cannot be left unpicked during the winter, beginning about the first J-""-'-' »aw^i.^o >. ^ of January and continued at intervals ap- """^"^ ^^^f' ,"^'-'" '^ "^"'•'"y ^f^^'^^^J °" ap- proximately six weeks apart. One-fourth =°""t "^ '^^'^ '^^"f" °^ freezing. _ Even of each lot was taken out of storage at each ^J^^" ^""^1 f"","^'"? temperature is not withdrawal, inspected, and held in an or- ^ f^^'°''' ^""^^y"^ picking— in some cases de- dinary warehouse room ten days. The fruit ^^y^^ f°'- s'ze— often resultsin a high per- was then inspected again and discarded. «"'^g« °f water-core. This condition is The temperature of the holding room was '""s' °f'«n ^««" '" *^ Winesap. usually between 50 to 60 degrees F. Some It would seem, therefore, very difficult of the data obtained on apple scald with to lay down any hard and fast rules rela- Rome Beauty and Winesap, published in tive to the time of picking which would Department Bulletin 587, are as follows: hold good in all cases. From data thus far The work carried on as related to Jona- obtained Jonathans have shown less Jona- ROME BEAUTY (Four-year Average) 1st Withdrawal 2nd Withdrawal 3rd Withdrawal 4th Withdrawal Condition Jan. 8 to 12 Feb. 16 to 19 Mar. 31 to Apr. 2 May 4 to 11 Mature Immature Mature Immature Mature Immature Mature Immature Bad Scald: At withdrawal 0 0 U 20.5 1.0 48.9 3.5 58.9 10 days later 1.7 49.9 5.4 70.5 10.4 81.5 17.8 81.6 Decay : At withdrawal 0 .10 0 0 .2 .1 .4 10 days later 2 .6 .2 0 1.6 9.8 2.7 18.0 WINESAP (Three-year Average) Bad Scald: At withdrawal 0 0.1 0 7.6 0 15.5 0.6 15.5 10 days later 0 9.0 .2 13.9 3.3 25.7 11.3 33.5 Decay : At withdrawal 0 0 .3 .3 .5 .3 .5 .6 10 days later 1 .1 .3 .3 .8 .5 .7 .7 I TT'ROM this data it is seen that these -*- varieties are attacked much more quick- ly and seriously when picked prematurely than when picked at full maturity. The most practical remedy for this trouble then is picking at proper maturity, as no other factor has such an important bearing on the amount of scald which develops in storage. Data obtained during the seasons of 1918 and 1919, while the writer was in charge of these investigations, show that with Stay- man Winesap the percentages of scald on the first and second pickings of fruit were similar to those given above, while in the case of a third picking made ten days after the second and twenty days after the first, the percentage of scald was negligible. It is thought probable that the cells which make up the skin of the immature fruit are weak and undeveloped and therefore break down quickly in storage. This may also ex- plain the physiological decay which often follows severe scald. than spot when picked comparatively early. Stayman Winesaps and Grimes Golden gave a much smaller percentage of scald when allowed to become more; mature. Each grower must, therefore, consider his varie- ties and the probable time they are to be held before reaching the market. Most varieties should be of normal size, and in red-skinned sorts they should be of good color. The flesh, however, should be quite firm, or "hard ripe." Green varieties should have the green color changing somewhat to a whitish or cream tinge. There is no doubt but that the proper time for picking a va- riety is comparatively short, and after har- vest is once started it should not be delayed. ' I ^O avoid lice and other vermin keep your hen house light and dry. The greatest preventive of both vermin and disease is sunlight. You will do well therefore to provide plenty of sunlight and dust baths. A good insect powder added to the dirt in the dust bath will prove an added protection against lice and mitct. October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 9 The Advantages of Central Packing Plants nil 11 117 »l? R*--:* U/».U:„»«-»» iiliiiiiitlliitiiiiiiiiiiini nil mil niniiiiii^ I T/ie (■ i! n I r a I (O-oferative apple | I packing plant is becoming recognized | I as a great aiil in handling the crops | I in coinmunities zchere the ■fields on | I individual ranches are small. In | I handling the outputs of the ranchers | I in one of these plants equipped with | I the latest appliances it can be done | I rapidly and cheaply with a compara- | I tivel-j small investment to its pat- | I rons. It is this feature that is taken | I up in a colloquial way in this article | I and worked out to an interesting con- | I elusion. — Editor. \ r„„„ iiiiitiliiiiiiliniiiiiimil iiiiiiiiiiiillliiiiliillllliiilillliiliiillliiii>mmc|.l. .\KricuIture Fig. 1. A well constructed community apple packing house Page 10 BETTER FRUIT A Thrips Injury to Apples By E. J. Newcomer, U. S. Bureau of Entomology, Yakima, Washington IN 1914, when I was first stationed in the Pacific Northwest, my attention was called to certain irregular whitish spots that were quite prevalent on apples. Since then I have seen these spots on almost all varieties of apples wherever they are grown in the Northwest. The spots are frequently very common, sometimes as many as twenty-five or thirty occurring on a single apple. These "pansy spots," as they are sometimes c.illed, invariably show a darit center, or puncture, In 1920, Mr. B. B. Fulton, of the Ore- gon Experiment Station found what he took to be a thrips egg shell in one of the punc- tures, and in May, 1921, I began examin- ing apples shortly after the blooming period. 1 found newly-hatched thrips larvae very common in the calyx cups. One lot of 100 apples harbored 89 of these thrips larvae. By rubbing off the pube- scence of these small apples, I was able to find the whitish spots already present, and Effect of Thrips on Half-Grown York Imperial and are quite obviously caused by an insect. While in most cases the spots practically dis- appear before the fruit is mature, in cer- tain varieties they persist, and cause the fruit affected to be lowered in grade. In any event, they are the cause of much in- quiry on the part of apple growers as to their origin and economic importance. The spots are present on the apples very soon after blooming, and during June and July are usually rather conspicuous. (Fig. 1). As the fruit grows, the white area spreads out somewhat, and on most varieties gradually assumes practically the color of the rest of the surface, until at picking time it has very largely disappeared, only the small and inconspicuous puncture re- maining. This looks very much like a len- ticel and in no way affects the grade. On some varieties, notably the Mcintosh (Fig. 2), the York Imperial and the Northern Spy, the spot shows very conspicuously at maturity and sometimes as much as 25 per cent of the crop is injured in this manner, with a consequent reduction in grade. For the last seven years I have attempted to find the cause of this spot, but with no success until this year. The spots were evi- dently produced at about the blossoming time of the apple, but did not become no- ticeable until after the calyx cups had closed, by which time the insect that caused them had apparently disappeared. I have been able to prove that these spots are not produced by any of our apple-,feeding aphides, nor by the tarnished plant bug, and Mr. Childs, of the Hood River Experiment Station, has shown that they are not the work of the leaf hoppers, though the idea it ttill quite prevalent that leaf hoppers are the caute of these apoti. after a careful examination of a consider- able number with a binocular microscope, 1 was able to find some which contained a thrips egg in the center of each spot. The egg is very small, less than a half millimeter in length, white, and very delicate. After being exposed to the air a few moments, it begins to shrivel. The egg is deposited at nearly right angles with the surface of the apple, and just beneath it, one end of the egg closing the hole made by the thrips ovipositor. The larva, upon hatching, emerges through this outer end, and leaves a small hole in the skin of the apple. The irregular, whitish area is the result of irri- tation produced by the presence of the egg in the apple. This settles the question of what causes these white spots or areas. The matter of preventing them is yet to be con- sidered. In most of our commercial varieties this thrips injury is of no consequence. It is in- conspicuous at picking time on such varie- October, 1921 ties as Winesap, Newtown, Rome and usu- ally Jonathan. In such cases, control meas- ures are unnecessary. Where the Mcintosh, Senator, York or Northern Spy is grown, however, it might sometimes be advisable to use preventive measures. The species of thrips causing this injury has not been de- termined. However, the damage is done during a comparatively short period, and the application of a standard thrips spray of miscible or distillate oil and nicotine sulphate at the time of the "pink" spray should materially reduce the injury. Thripi Injur/ to Mature Mclntoah Red Collar Rot By Luke Powell, Horticulturist, Yakima, Wsishington THE fruit grower little realizes the heavy loss he is sustaining year after year from the so-called collar rot. ■ If the owner of the average ten-acre orchard was to lose three cows or horses per year, valued at $100 each, he would soon realize that he must find the causes and remedies for the losses or quit raising cows and horses. The average fruit grower does not realize that every time a good fruit tree dies it means a loss of at least $100 to him. This is due to the fact that it takes the tree about a year or two to die and usually be- fore one is dead several more have started and so the grower gets calloused to his losses. Nor does he further know that as the trees get older they are more susceptible to the disease, although they are increasing in valu. In reality there is no such diseases known as collar rot. But due to the fact that the trees are most usually affected below the surface first and die when the infection has about spread to all the roots and girdled the tree at the surface of the soil, it is com- monly called collar rot. We have here in the Yakima valley sev- eral different types of this root injury which, if not promptly checked, soon kills the tree. On some slopes with good soil and splen- did drainage we are losing trees during the summer or irrigation season. In other localities the injury is done later on as the fall and early winter sets in, or it may be delayed until spring, de- pending on the factors that cause the trouble. We have some few cases of real pear or fire blight attacking the roots and trunks of the trees. This is easy to control compared to the other cases. There are three factors that enter into the control of this so-called collar rot. First: The grower must fully realize the economical loss he is sustaining from year to year. Second: That he is going to find out the factors that causes it in his orchard and how to prevent its further occurrence. Third: That in the future he will plant only such nursery stock as is as near im- mune to these troubles as it is possible to |TOW. October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 14 Gallons a Minute at 300 lbs. Pressure You growers of the Northwest appreciate the vital importance of speed in your spraying. You know that when it's time to spray EVERY HOUR COUNTS! This new outfit was developed to meet your demand for more power and larger capacity in a light-weight, easily handled rig that two horses can pull without trouble. The Bean Spray Pump Co. Originators of the first high pressure spray pumps. 19 Hosmer Street Lansing, Mich. 118 W. Julian Street San Jose, Calif. Bean Super-Giant Junior has a nozzle capacity of 14 gallons a minute at 300 lbs. pressure This, together with the 300-gallon tank, enables you to cover a surprising lot of trees in a day and do thorough work as you go. You not only save time, labor, and money by reason of the increased capacity — but you get the spray onto the trees when it does the most good and that means bigger crops, better fruit, and more profit. Bean Super.Giant: Capacity, 16.25 Gallons-Minute SEND THE COUPON (or the new Bean Catalog, which illustrates and describes the entire Bean line for 1922, including the Bean Super- Giant Junior and the new Bean 6 H. P. engine, which is a big feature of the outfit, and a very decided improvement in sprayer engine construction J^ A /<^ V I*' /a** '•■■ .j> *<-\ ^ •■ .' • / y / •:s>' / .i;^v:»v^-^ :/ €44" Page 12 BETTER FRUIT The Care and Culture of Vineyards By Daniel Prowant, a Successful Grower "W/'HILE grapes seem to prefer a rather VV high location, and one that will sur- face drain readih', ihcy may be success- fully grown on almost any soil that can be drained properly by means of tile. They do not require a soil as high in fertility as some of the other fruit crops, but they will repay good care. Cultivation must be fre- quent enough to keep out all weeds and grass, and to keep the soil loose enough to prevent the escape of . moisture in dry weather. They are usually a fairly profit- able crop, and in some sections of the coun- try where the land is so broken as to make general farming difficult they are the most profitable crop that can be grown. Our own vineyard is set in rows six feet wide, the vines six feet apart in the rows. Cedar fence posts are placed in the rows twenty feet apart, and wires are stretched for them to vine on. The wires should not be stapled to the posts, as the weight of the vines will pull out the staples, and make an unsatisfactory job. The best plan is to bore one-half inch holes entirely through the posts, and pass the wires through the holes. The end posts must either be se- curely braced or set in concrete to prevent the wires from sagging. Three wires for each row is sufficient, but they should be pretty heavy, as they may be broken when laden with fruit, and should be stretched as tight as possible. This method is quite satisfactory in every way except that it will onl)' permit cultivating in one direction. ANOTHER plan of growing th.u 1 have seen in use that will permit cultivat- ing in both directions, is to set three small posts, preferably steel posts, in the form oi a triangle, with the vine in the center. Three or four wires are stretched around this triangle to support the vine growth. The only objection to this plan is that the grapes are a little more difficult to get at by the pickers. With us grapes are not bothered to any extent by insect pests, but such fungus diseases as rust, rot and mildew are more or less common. This can be taken care of by spraying at regular intervals with some good fungicide. Bordeaux mixture is used with good results for this purpose, or a combined insecticide and fungicide may be used if there is need for it. Insecticides should not be used after the fruit has set, as almost all of them are poisonous to man- kind as well as to insects. October, 1921 Pruning the vines should take place once annually, and the work must be done while the vines arc dormant. We prefer to do this while the weather is quite cold, as the vines often lose much sap if pruned when not frozen. There is more danger of the average grower not pruning enough than there is of pruning too much. All of last year's growth should be cut away except two buds on each branch of the vine, and not more than three or four branches al- lowed to remain. This looks like making a slaughter of the vineyard at the time, it is true, but as the grapes are always pro- duced on new vine growth the fruit will be much larger if the roots are not com- pelled to support too large a growth of \'ines. Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN. LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy "CAR0 WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. „ _ . ^ ,.r . United State. Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO.. 112 Market Street, San Francisco, C«lifornui October, 1921 Sometimes when the grapes set very heavily it will be necessary to thin out some of the hunches if the finest grapes are wanted. If too many arc allowed to re- main the grapes will all be small and of inferior quality. The best time to do this is when the grapes are a little less than half grown, and the worker will have to be governed largely by conditions and u^e his own judgment regarding how far to go with the thinning. When the grapes are to be thinned or gathered a sharp knife or a small pair of shears should be used to cut off the bunches. They should not in any case be broken off as the vine is apt to be torn, and this does it more damage at this time than might be supposed. Grapes are usually marketed in one-half or one bushel baskets, and should be handled with care by the pickers and haulers to avoid crushing. If the grapes are to be shipped to a distant- market it is better not to allow them to get too ripe, as the\- are apt to be badly crushed in transit, and reach the consumer in poor con- dition. BETTER FRUIT Page IS Preserving Sweet Cider SWEET cider or grape juice can be pre- served in a sweet condition indefinitely if the directions furnished by specialists in the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, are carefully followed. As rapidl}- as the juices are pressed from the fruit place them in clean vessels. Wood- en barrels or tubs which have previously been thoroughly scalded will serve the pur- pose very well, although earthenware jars, if available, should be used. These are al- lowed to stand over night, or for not more than 12 to 14 hours, in the coolest location possible so that much of the solid mitter suspended in the juice will settle to the bottom. Glass jars or bottles must be thor- oughly sterilized to receive the juices, which are drained off without disturbing the sediment. If fruit jars are used they should be fitted with sterilized caps and rubbers, and the cap tightened down as far as it can be turned. If bottles using crown caps are used, the bottles are capped as they are filled, using caps which have been sterilized. In case bottles closed with corks are used, set the previously sterilized corks in place in the bottles and tie them down loosely with a strong cord so that steam may es- cape. To relieve the pressure during steri- lization the bottles should be filled only to the neck. AWASH boiler or other convenient ves- sel can be prepared for a "water bath" by fitting it with a wooden rack on >vhich the containers filled as above indicated with juice are placed. The bath is filled with cold water and the bottles or jars, if closed. Paint Economy Isn't "Cost Per Gallon" THERE'S one way only to save on paint. That way is to use the best of paint. Some think of paint economy as "cost per gallon." That is wrong. Cheap paint doesn't cover as much surface — you need more gallons. Cheap paint is more difficult to spread, requires more labor, so the best paint costs you no more when you've put it on the house or barn than cheap paint does. More than that, it lasts five or more years, if properly ap- plied, while cheap paint, on the average, begins cracking in twelve months. Good paint is an investment that saves money by preventing deterioration. "Cheap" paint is the only paint that really costs. Don't allow surfaces to rot. It costs less to paint them. We've made paints for west- ern use for 72 years. We use the best materials — pure PIONEER WHITE LEAD, pure linseed oil, zinc and color, but we mix them in scientifically exact pro- portions with long-time skill. Our white-lead base must be fine enough to pass through a silk screen with 40,000 meshes to the square inch. That means covering capac- ity and ease of spread. We super-purify the lead to make it "whiter," which means clearer- toned colors. The finished product on the house or barn is an elastic, tough, protective coating. We call these paints "Fuller's Specification Farm Paints" be- cause they are the very best made for the purpose. FuMerb SPECIFICATION Farm Paints House Point-Barn 6 Roof Paint Waqon Point-Rubber Cement Floor Paint M'fd. by W. P. Fuller & Co. Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints. Varnishes, Enamels, Stains and PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years. Established 1849 San Franc.sco Branches in 16 cities in the West— Dealers everywhere Also makers of All-Purpose Varnishes. Silkenwhite Enamel Fifteen-for- Floors Varnish. Washable Wall Fmish. Auto Enamel, Porch and Step Paint and PIONEER WHITE LEAD. Free Information Mail Coupon Send coupon for free book. "Save the Surface." which tells of the vital importance of good paint. Also get our small book- let of Fuller's Specifica- tion Farm Paints. Both books will help you in selecting the right paint for your needs. Mail coupon now. Ask our Specification Department for free de- tailed advice on any question about painting. W. p. Fuller & Co. Dept. F 17, S.in Francisco. Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Surface" and your small booklet of farm paints and varnishes. Name Address- City.. State.. For all exterior jobs of painting it is advisable to obtain the services of a Master Painter Page 14 are inverted or laid on one side so as to wet the inside of the caps thoroughly with juice. If bottles closed vvith corks are used, the bottles must stand upright in the water, which should come up to the necks of the bottles. The heating is then started. A thermo- meter is hung so that it will dip for half its length into the water, which is heated gradually until its temperature reaches 175 degrees F. Allow the bottles or jars to re- main in the water for 30 minutes if quart or half-gallon jars are used, and from 40 to 45 minutes if gallon bottles are used. Then remove from the stove and immedi- ately tighten down the caps of the jars, if jars are used. If corked bottles are used, drive the corks firmly into the necks; in- vert each bottle so as to wet the cork thor- oughly with the hot juice; then complete the sealing by cutting the corks off smooth- ly ad pouring hot paraffin over it. Place the product in a dark, cool storage room. Watch it for a period of a week or more for the beginning of fermentation, which will be indicated by frothing at the surface of the liquid. If any bottles show signs of fermenting, return them to the wash boiler and repeat the process exactly as before, loosening the tops, of course, be- fore heating begins, and closing down firm- ly again before the liquid is allowed to cool. WHEN the juice is placed in storage the suspended solid matter will gradu- ally settle out and sediment will accumu- late in the bottom and on the sides of the jars. In the course of two or three months at ordinary temperatures, this settling will be completed and the liquid will be fairly clear. It may be used directly from the bot- tles or drawn off into clean bottles, which should be sterilized before they are filled and which .should then be corked and pas- teurized by heating to 170 degrees F. for the same length of time as in the first pas- teurization. If rebottling is necessary or de- sirable the second heating should never reach the temperature to which the juice was first heated; otherwise, the clarification which is secured by settling and decanting into new containers will be defeated, as a second process of sedimentation will occur. If the temperature be kept 5 degrees below that reached at the first heating, this result will be avoided. A reliable thermometer is a necessity for this work, as it is important that the juice be heated to 175 degrees F. in the first heating, in order to destroy the organisms which would otherwise cause fermentation. It is equally import.int that the juice should not be overheated, as this will give it a cooked taste which is decidedly unpleasant to many people. BETTER FRUIT Applying Oil Spray By Leroy Childs, Entomologist, Hood River Experiment Station THE oil spray is a difficult one to apply owing to the fact that all parts of the trees must be thoroughly covered if good control of the leaf roller is to be obtained. In order to get the best results there are a few points that growers should continually keep in mind while the spray is being ap- plied. These are: Apply the spray during warm settled weather as far as it is possible to do so. The eggs of the leaf roller are deposited on the twigs and branches in all parts of the trees, for the most part on the upper sides of the limbs and twigs. On this account all parts of the trees must be thoroughly cov- ered. It is important to hit every egg mass. From 25 to 75 worms will hatch from every egg mass missed. Therefore, it is easy to understand that a few missed egg masses can result in a very wormy condition of the tree. Failure in thoroughness is the reason why a great many orchardists report poor leaf roller control. If poor control occurred in portions of your orchard last year be sure and pick out the most favorable weather conditions this year to spray this section as many more eggs occur on the trees in such sections than where good control was obtained. October, 1921 After the spray has dried on some of the sprayed trees examine them. If you find unsprayed limbs you can figure that you are doing a poor job. You can also figure that you will have plenty of leaf rollers if you do not do better work. The following amount of diluted oil spray per tree has given excellent control during the past several years in a number of orchards under observation: Trees 11 years old, 4.1 gallons; Trees 12 years old, 4.5 gallons; Trees 13 years old, 5.6 gallons; Trees 14 years old, 7 gallons; Trees 15 years old, 7.2 gallons; Trees 1 7 years old, 8 gallons. Check up your average usage per tree and if you find that you are under these figures it will pay you a big return to increase the amount of spray per tree. FREIGHT RATE REDUCTIONS "JV/TARKED reductions in frtlght rates on canned goods, dried fruits and vegetables, peas and beans in carload lots, shipped from Pacific Coast territory to eastern points, were made effective Monday, August 22. The rates affect shipments from Spokane, Walla Walla, Yakima and Coast points, to all eastern territory extending from St. Paul, Omaha and Denver to the Atlantic seaboard. On canned goods the basic rate is reduced from $1.20^ a hundred pounds to $1.05. On dried and evaporated fruits and vegetables the rate is cut from $2.00 to $1.45 on shipments In sacks or boxes and from I.66J/2 to $1.25 on goods shipped in glass or cans. On dry beans and peat the cut is from $1.25i^ to $1.05. A survey of the dried and canned fruit business In Scandinavian countries finds American canned and dried fruits easily in first place and enjoying continued popularity, reports the American agri- cultural trade commissioner at London. 9^Ui^ dominating feature of Caterpillar'Tractors *HOLT MANUTACTURING COMPANY Stockton, California Peoria, Illinois Lot Angela, Cal. Spokane, WoMh. San Francuco, CaL October, 1921 Entree of the Basket {Continued from fage 6) inch to a full inch, depending on the com- mercial size. This variation is necessary to secure a tight pack. With a little study of sizes the packer is necessary to secure a tight pack. With a little study of sizes the packer will have no trouble in adopting one of the faces worked out in detail below, and will not have to patch a face by finishing with large or small apples. In arranging the apples the beginner will find that he can make great use of the minimum and the maximum longitudinal diameter of the size of the apple that he is working with. If the circle or ring lacks but half an inch, of be- ing filled, or a fair-sized apple will not go in, it will usually be found that by chang- ing several of the apples with a smaller or greater longitudinal diameter as the case may be, the space will be filled. Each circle in the face of the basket should have apples in it as nearly as possible of uniform size of the commercial size that is being packed. Any perceptible size dif- ference will detract from the general ap- pearance. Ring I. is the first ring put on. Start at the side of the basket so that the edge of the apple will not be more than a half inch above the edge of the basket. Succeeding apples should be placed very close together on the style of stem to calyx. If one apple is above the edge of the basket too far be- cause of fruit being high below, select fruit that has a smaller transverse diameter or vice versa so that the result will be an even face. Then ring II. is put on in like fashion. Rings III. and IV. follow and sometimes with small commercial sizes it will be nec- essary to put one or two apples in the center which are spoken of as key apples. As mentioned previously the height of the bulge is very important. The center will be higher than ring I. This is caused by the construction of the basket. Too high a bulge will cause unnecessary crushing of the fruit from the cover or by other baskets being placed on top. Too high a bulge will also interfere with the proper adjustment of the cover. An excessive bulge in the center will prevent the cover from fitting properly around the edge of the basket, which permits the fruit to protrude between the hoop of the cover and the top of the basket, thereby causing lid bruising. It is not likely that it will prove profit- able to ring face any fruit that is below 2 inches in diameter. A jumble pack with a smoothed off face will be best for small fruits. While more time is required to ring pack a basket from the bottom than to jumble pack, a better pack can be secured with ring packing from the standpoint of even facing. It is easier to face a basket that is ring packed from the bottom than to face a bas- ket that is jumble packed. The fruit in a ring packed basket is tighter than in a jum- BETTER FRUIT ble packed basket and will not settle as much in shipment. THE experiments carried on in the ring facing of odd shaped varieties of fruit were conducted with York Imperials. In many instances the longitudinal diameter was less than the transverse diameter in this type of apple, which makes it more difficult to face the baskets as compared with fruit that is regular in shape and con- formation. Due to the shape of this par- ticular variety it was found that the apples could be ring packed more expeditiously than apples of other types. This holds true especially of sizes that are from two and one-half inches up. In ring packing the basket the apples in the rings through- out the basket should be placed stem to calyx. The Yorks were found to pack very closely. The tightness of the face rings can be secured best with apples similar in size and conformation. The juxtaposition of these apples depends on the skill of the packer in arranging these varieties so they will fit snugly one against the other. If there are smaller apples of the commercial size that is being worked with than there are large apples in the size, then the smaller apples should be used to make the first ring, the second ring should be a little larger and the largest apples of the com- mercial size should be in the middle. Height of Bulge THE height of the bulge is a very im- portant feature in the packing of bas- ket apples. Either too large or too small a bulge is unsatisfactory and will give the fruit of the facing an unattractive appear- ance. If the bulge is not sufficient the basket will arrive on the market with a slack pack. This will cause bruising and discoloration of the contents, and very ma- terially reduce the sale value of the pack- ages. It will also result in a disarrange- ment of fruit in the facing. Too high a bulge will result in equally bad consequences. It will result in bruised Fage 16 and cut fruit in the face of the basket. There will be opportunity for the face to slip as the space between cover hoop and basket edge will allow fruit to slip out. (Continued on fage 18) SERV/nE IS OUR FIRST N-AIM THE SIMPSON 8 DOELLER /< '^^v. CO. ^_ >^ GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES WE CAN FILL YOUR ORDER FOR STOCK- APPLE. PEAR.CHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. Frost Protection for your orchards Don't let frost take away your year's income. Orchard heaters are frost in- surance. Use them and have big crops at premium prices when others fail ; get high prices for your crops. Scheu Smokeless and Canco Heaters have saved crops all over the United States. Temperatures of 16° successfully raised above daoRer point. "Outside temperature was 21)^. with Scheu Heaters raised to 40°. Crop saved. 100'^"," says Krnest A. Tonk. apple grower of Cash- mere, W.a3hington. firowers all over United States report simi- ar success. More than a million now in use Cost ."Ific up. Write for free 4 8 page book .... — "Frost Insurance." Resident agents wanted. \ll\\l , ,, \llGANCO jj' Orchard Heater 0;pt. 0 WHITING-MEAD COM'L. CO., LOS ANGELES Page 16 BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. WALTON Ej'"'' lERROLD OWEN Associate Editor C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES A. H. BILLINGSLEA -. V ' ' V i, No. 1 Madison Avenue, New York J. C. BILLINGSLEA ........ Advertising Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS Hobart Bldg.. San Francisco ST.\TE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON — C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. COLOR.\DO— C. P- Gillette. Director and Ento- mologist; E. B. House. Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA — F. J. Cridcr, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTANA— H. Thornber. Victor. CALIFORNIA — C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist Berkelev; W. H. Volck, Entomologist. Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. INDLANA— H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application. The Railroad Situation The railway executives of the country have recently resorted to an advertising campaign that they claim is necessary to educate the people of the country to the neces- sit>' for a pronounced raise in pas- senger and freight rates. To make a short cut in coming to the point this action has not been viewed with either tolera^on or complacency by the shippnig public, more particu- larly the farmer — and when we say farmer we mean anyone who cultivates the soil whether for the production of fruit or other products. The farmer in asking and expecting more liberal terms in making it possible to market his wares is justified. In fact, he is justified by even the railroads who say that compared to other products those from the soil have taken a greater drop than in any other line of business. But — the railway executives point out that the prices of farm products in 1919, when they reached their peak, were 234 per cent higher than in 1913, and are now only 13 per cent higher than in the pre-war period of 1913. On this basis, while admitting BETTER FRUIT that transportation rates on farm products are too high, the railway executives say that they are not so high, but that the farmer can do business on a profitable or at least a living basis. On the other hand it is claimed by the railway executives that the railroads at the present time cannot remain in existence on a lower scale of rates and earnings than at present. These rates, it is officially stated by the railroads were intended by the Interstate Commerce Commission to enable them on the average to earn an an- nual return of 6 per cent on a val- uation of $18,900,000,000. This valuation, which it has been claimed by many is too high, was not made, however, at the instigation of the railways, but by the Interstate Com- merce Commission under a law, the passage of which was secured by Senators La Toilette and which was considered fair, although the rail- roads opposed it. The fact now remains that owing to their greatly increased operating cost the railways are far from mak- ing the earnings allowed them by the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion and since they were returned from government ownership and placed under the present rates have incurred enormous losses. For these reasons the executives of the railways, while stating that a re- duction in the present rates should not be indefinitely postponed, em- phatically proclaim that a general reduction at the present time would be ruinous to the roads. As a matter of fact the crux of the situation seems to be in the fact that while the railways recognize the plight of the farmer in regard to needing a change in rates, the railways cannot assist in changing this condition until the plight they are in themselves permits of it. The most certain feature in re- gard to the situation is that while some commodities are so situated that they can be marketed at a price commensurate with the principle that they can stand all the traffic will bear, others can not. They must have a fair transportation October, 1921 rate to survive. On the other hand it is a well known fact that when the railroads are prosperous the country is prosperous and that we should exert our influence in a fair and equable manner to have the great arteries of the nation be made so. Fire Prevention The week devoted to the cause of fire prevention is assuming an important place in the national cal- endar devoted to civic affairs Fire losses even under the most protec- tive surroundings are often of a heart and purse rending nature. Money cannot in many cases re- place or restore things that have been destroyed by the unquench- able flame. In later years this has become more and more emphasized and while the protection by insurance of architecture in its many forms is more greatly resorted to at present and is made much more easily ob- tainable than formerly, building to prevent fires through the use of in- flammable materials is being taken up to a much greater extent. The fruit of this observance or precau- tion in what may be called a "bet- ter material, better building" cam- paign, has been noted in many com- munities, as well as their more com- plete observance of the things that make fires more impossible. In other words, do not build of wood if concrete and stone will make you- structure safer and more valuable. And it will make it safer and more valuable by the greater security it gives and its lessened insurance risk. In America very little was done along this line until a few vears ago when the National Fire Pro- tection Association was organized at Boston. Since then Fire Protec- tion Week has become a special event in every city and town in the country and has even been taken up by the schools. Fire Prevention Week commences October 9. Do something during this week to help reduce our $1,000,000 annual fire loss. October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Bees Bees, those little indefatigable workers that may be said to be the only rival of the ant in our indus- trial insect life, like Shakespeare's description of man, "play many parts," as they hum through the sunny meadow or orchard sipping nectar here and there. To the beekeeper, generally speaking, this little gold banded or rnaybe black- bodied visitor to blossom and flower means little but pounds — pounds of honey. The buzzing of his diminutive wings likewise, mean little to the average fruit grower except — as he goes from blossom to blossom he instils in it life — the life of propagation; the life that brings fruit and shekels in the fall. But a study of bees show that they mean more than this — that they have a civilization; that they have a well ordered industrial com- munity and a perfectly appointed and operated factory. And last, but not least that they are a great help to man. For years, used as the gatherer of honey they have been exploited for their store of this sweet by the bee- keeper, professional and otherwise. Of late years, they have been found to be the careful and successful or- chardist's best friend, for they make trees whose blossoms are sterile bear, and fruit grow where none grew before. SONG FOR NATIONAL APPLE WEEK By James Havpi^y, Quincy, HI. Tune: Auld Lang Syne. We come .igain on ;ipple days, To sing our songs once more, .And show our harvests of the fruit, Now pLiced in autumn's store j The beaming morning's I'ght, in sparkling dews, ILas painted apples' rosy tints, in brightest hues. And though we wander far away From homes of early days, Bright scenes of blossoming apple trees. Will shine in songs we raise; And when the ripening fruit, with twigs entwine, Then dearest thoughts be brought to m'nd, for Auld Lang Syne. We meet with friends at apple feists, Partake best fruit that grows. And see the flowers of blooming lietlth. In sweetness of the rosei Then to the highest source, for blessings here With joy we join the songs of praise, in thanks sincere. We'll not forget the orphan homes, Nor those whose homes are bare, For all who need in walks of life Should have some watchful care; To them we send some fruit for Auld Lang Syne, And show some kindness yet, my dear, for Auld Lang Syne. Propagated" Ditching CAP AKD FUiE METHOD E1ECTX2C 3LA^UN^ I-l£jnOi> V Ditching with Dynamite Now Possible the Year Round FOR speed, simplicity and economy, ditching with dynamite by the "propagated" method is in a class by itself. All that is needed is the dynamite, caps and fuse and a crow-bar. The detonation of one cartridge sets off the whole line of dynamite. Up to the present time this method could be used only during the warmer months, as the old "straight" dynamite was not wholly effective at temperatures below 50 degrees F. With the NEW Low Freezing fflE NITROGLYCERIN DYNAMITE "propagated" ditching can be successfully carried on in wet soil in any temperature. It is practically freeze -proof. Ditches have been shot perfectly with this new explosive at 14 degrees below zero. Drainage projects can now be planned and com- pleted regardless of weather conditions. See your local hardware or general store mer- chant. Write for 100-page "Farmers' Handbook of Explosives" for complete instructions for ditching, land-clearing and tree-planting with explosives. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO.. Inc. Portland, Ore., Seattle, Wash., Spokane, Wash. Orchard for Sale! 23/2 Acres in beautiful White Salmon Valley, Washington, 3 miles from town. 1 3 Acres in Yellow Newtowns and Spitzen- bergs, 1 2 and 1 4 years old, with proper pollenizers. Fine honie orchard of 40 trees — every variety of fruit which will grow in the locality. Fine spring just east of the place, with flow enough to supply several places. Price $4,000.00 — reasonable terms for quick sale. Address C. I. M. care BETTER FRUIT Page 18 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 My Experience in Filbert Culture By Nat M. Norelius of The Western Walnut Growers' Association MARCH 6, 1894 1 planted my first half dozen filbert tree?, consisting of Eng- lish varieties. Ten years later, April 7, 1904, I planted 100 filbert trees of the Barcelona and Du Chilly varieties. The following year, October 28, I added 60 trees to my filbert grove, making in all about 165 filbert trees divided as follows: One hundred and five Du Chilly, forty- eight Barcelona, four Daviana, three Cos- ford, four English, and one Clarke. These filbert trees I planted in rows ten feet apart and alternating twenty feet apart in the row, thus making the actual minimum distance apart of the trees 13 feet, covering about seven-eights of an acre of ground. My soil is clay loan, and the trees have grown thriftily in this soil from the begin- ning. They have had but one setback, caused by sun-scald. When the trees were three years old, the temperature running up to 105 degrees caused injury to the bark on the south side of the trunk, thus stunting the growth of a number of trees. Those trees that were stunted in growth I cut away and permitted several sprouts to take the place of the one — the stunted trees thus forming a bushy shrub. These 1 have found to bear equally as well as the one-stemmed trees. The filbert tree is almost free from in- sect pests, such as infest our fruit trees, and therefore seldom needs spraying ex- cept for moss and other fungus growth. Spraying for this purpose will improve the condition and appearance of the trees. Since the trees came to bearing age they have borne crops every season, but in vary- ing amounts. Of the varieties I have I con- sider the Barcelona by far the heaviest bearer of crops. We now know that this is due to the need of outside aid in its pollination. With the proper pollinizer, we have found, that the Du Chilly is able to produce crops equal to the Barcelona. Of the mixed varieties, I have found the Cosford to be the largest and best looking nut, of good quality and a fair producer. As to the quantity of the crops, I have no marvelous records to give you, but quote you the amounts of the last three year's crops; The 1918 crop total was 540 pounds, 187 pounds Du Chilly, 312 pounds Barcelona and 40 pounds mixed, which brought me from the crop $144.00. The 1919 crop total was 500 pounds, bringing me $155.00. The 1920 crop tot,il w.is 1061 pounds, 508 pounds Du Chilly, 410 pounds Barcelona, 143 pounds mixed nuts. I will now in closing briefly summarize what I have learned from my experience in filbert culture; Filbert trees thrive and bear crops in a variety of soils, from a heavy clay to a gravelly loan, but in any soil will respond to good care and proper fertilizing. From 18 to 20 feet apart each way. I think is the proper distance to plant filbert trees. As to varieties, I would depend mainly on Barcelona. But, if 1 could get the proper pollinizers, I would plant one- half each of Barcelona and Du Chilly, se- lecting good sized and well rooted trees for planting. I have found that a filbert grove requires less work and expense to keep in good con- dition than a fruit orchard and requires less labor and expense to harvest the crop. Those interested in raising chickens will find a filbert grove an ideal run for their flock. Entree of the Basket ( C'nitintied jrom page 1 5 ) It will make difficult the proper adjust- ment of the cover. The proper bulge should be of that height which will cause the handle slat of the cover to fit snugly against the wire handles and in a concave position when these handles are bent down. The use of cover pads has long been a custom in the packing of apples in con- tainers. They are used to prevent bruis- ing and to add attractiveness to the pack. Come on! Fill your makings papers with P. A. GREATEST sport you know to pull out your L makin's papers and some Prince Albert and roll up a cigarette! That's because P. A. is so delightfully good and refreshing in a ciga- rette— just like it is in a jimmy pipe! You never seem to get your fill — P. A.'s so joy'usly friendly and appetizing. Prince Albert will be a revelation to your taste! No other tobacco at any price is in its class ! And, it rolls up easily because it's crimp cut and it stays put. It's the best bet you ever laid that you'll like P. A. better than any cigarette you ever rolled! And, if you have a pipe hankering, know what Prince Albert can do for you! P. A. can't bite or parch. Both are cut out by our exclusive patented process. Prince Albert it sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, handsome pound and half pound tin humidors and in the pound crystal glass humidor with apongm moistener top, t>RINCE CnpvriKht 1021 by R. J, Hevnultis Tnhncco Co. \vln>itnn-Pn)ern. N. C. the national joy smoke Albert October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 19 They should always be used in packing baskets where an attempt is being made to put up a high class pack that is of g&id quality and appearance. THE proper fastening of the cover can- not be too strongly emphasized. The failure to properly fasten the cover will resell in the cover coming off and the contents being spilled. To properly fasten the cover for carlof shipments by freight the wire handles should be bent inward and down on the hand slat of the cover. It is not safe to ship in carlots and expect good results un- less the covers are so fixed by the handles being bent down. For express and L. C. L. shipments the wire handles should be bent down and inward as in making carlot freight shipments and in addition side hooks should be used as shown in Figure 2. The wire hooks should be driven under the top out- side hoop and bent down over the top of the cover hoop with pliers. There are three general styles of cov- ers in use, namely: the Standard, The Hoop and the Star Hoop Cover. Of these three stvles the Standard cover has proven to be the poorest and should never be used with fruits. Experience has shown that the Standard cover is best suited for spin- ach, kale and other leaf vegetables. The Hoop cover is not as well liked for fruit shipments as the star hoop cover, due ot the fact that the construction of this cover does not give the strength or protec- tion that is needed for some fruits. It is a good cover and widely used, but for ship- ments that receive many handlings and that travel long distances the Star Hoop Cover is to be preferred. The Star Hoop Cover is very strong and offers maximum protection to the contents and greatest strength where it is most required, that is in the center, and is much preferred to any other style of cover for the shipment of heavy fruit in baskets. Work in the plants owned by the Graves Can- ning Company with he^idquarters at Brownsville was recently resumed after a short shutdown. The plants of the company which are located at Woodburn, Sherwood and Sheridan, are now all in operation. "Always At Your Service" Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: LADDERS BOX PRESSES PACKING CHAIRS BOX-MAKING BENCHES and AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS all GRAVITY & POWER CONVEYOR kind* POTATO GRADERS AND SIZERS of PRICE FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Special NELSON FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Equipment PRICE "PRICE PRODUCTS" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department which will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated Booklets and Price List on Request Fruit Appliance Company Successors to Price Manufacturing Company, Inc. YAKIMA. WASHINGTON SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS, JACOBS & CO., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton ■ Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Addrens SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page SO BETTER FRUIT Conserving the Moisture of the Soil NEXT to temperature, moijlurc i? proh- Mx the controlling factor in the growth of plants. The importance of an adequate «upph- of moisture is most strik- ingly demonstrated In regions of deficient rainfall where Irrigation is necessary for the growth of the crops (arid regions), but it is no less important in regions where the rainfall is usually considered sufficient for the needs of crops (humid regions). Not only must there be a sufficient supply of moisture, but it must be properly distributed throughout the growing season. It is well known that crops may be injured in a season that shows a high total rainfall, because there is deficient rain just at the stage where the plant needs it most. Under all circumstances, therefore, it should be the farmer's aim to conserve the moisture in the soil in the arid regions to reduce as much as possible the labor and expense of irrigation, and in humid regions to protect crops against droughts. Various means may be employed for the purpose of conserving and economizing the moisture supply of soils. Subsoiling is one of the most important of these means. Several of the stations have made careful studies of the influence of subsoiling on soil moisture. The Wisconsin station describes this influence substantially as follows: Subsoiling (1) increasese the storage capacity of the soil for moisture, and (2) increasese the rate at which water will sink into the soil, but (3) decreases the rate at which it may be brought back to the surface. Subsoiling also increases the amount of moisture available to crops, since plants are capable of utilizing a larger proportion of the moisture present in loose and coarse grained soils than of those in fine grained and compact soils. As regards the best methods of subsoiling, a report of the Wisconsin station states: "Subsoiling to be most effective should be done in such a way as to leave the soil loose, much as the stubble plow leaves it. To accomplish this much will depend upon the character of the tool and more upon the condition of the soil when the work is done. If the soil is so wet as to be plastic when the plowing is done, then the effect of the subsoil plow' will be to wedge the portion of the soil which is heavily pressed into an even more compact and close texture than before, and thus develop a condition, the opposite of that sought. To simply form a long groove or channel in the subsoil by wedging the dirt aside gives little aid in the direction sought. Such work then, if done at all, should be done itself when the sub- soil itself is dry enough, and this is most likely to occur in the fall after the crop of the se.ason has withdrawn the moisture from it. Subsoiling late, too, leaves no time for the soil to lose its open texture before the rain to be stored reaches it." In humid regions, as a recent bulletin of the California station points out, the soil as a rule is underlaid at a comparatively short distance below the surface by a sub- soil which the roots of the plant penetrate with difficulty and from which they can draw little nourishment. The roots, there- fore, spread out near the surface, and the plants require frequent irrigation or rains to sustain life. A suspension of either rain or irrigation for ten days or two weeks under these conditions usually results in injury to the plant. Under such conditions subsoiling encourages deep rooting, and thus enlarges the stock of water as well as the plant food at the command of the plant. In many parts of the regions of deficient rain- fall as in southern California, plants (espe- cially fruit trees) are capable of withstand- ing months of drought. This is claimed to be due to the fact that "in arid regions, as a rule, subsoils in the eastern sense do not exist; the soil is readily penetrable to great depths." This can be done in humid regions, to some extent at least, by thorough prepara- tion and tillage of the soil and in the case of fruit trees, by guarding against excessive surface fertilization. In arid regions fre- quent irrigation, it is claimed, encourages shallow rooting. To prevent loss of water from the soil by evaporation it is necessary to check the rise of water by capillarity to the surface of the soil. As already noted, this is accomplished October, 1921 to some extent by subsoiling, but in order that the work partly accomplished by the subsoiling may be completed and finished, the surface of the soil must be kept covered by a mulch of loose, well-tilled soil by means of frequent tillage. Some experi- I A Banking Service for | I the Horticulturist | g A complete banking J s service is offered you J B through our various de- J ^ partments. M = Our officers welcome j I the opportunity of ad- g = vising you how best to g g use these departments. | s Or a little booklet out- J g lining the functions of g g each department may = = be had from the tellers g M upon request. g I "^^^ I I First National Bank | 1 OF PORTLAND, OREGON = g = = The first national bank west of the g ^ Rocky Mountains ^ '^M\WW:^Y%^ SELF-OILING HYERa POWER PUMPS For General Service in the Home or on the Farm Modernize your home and farm — have plenty of runnmg water wherever and whenever needed — install a MYERS SELF- OILING BULLDOZER POWER PUMP — the only pump manufactured today with covered working parts, a perfect system of self -lubrication, extra large valves, unrestricted waters ways, improved itiethod of power application and other refinements which provide a standard of pump- ing service unequalled by old style pumps with exposed gears and antiquated oiling systems. Fill the reservoir of a Myers Self-Oiling Pump occasionally with any good lubricating oil weeks it will require no further attention. Per- J^^\ L|| / "^ feet lubrication, enclosed working parts and jSr U^^v'r- other improvements permit operation high speed or against heavy pressure greatly increase the capacity, minimize wear and breakage, prevent accidents, and insure economical, long time service. Sizes and styles for shallow or deep wells. Capacities from 500 to 9000 gallons per hour. Operation by motor, gasoline engine or other power Write for literature, or ask your dealer. ■^ (5^- :\ TWELVE A I SYLESA y)^: ¥ / ORANGE ST.I i:it» ASI-ll_AfMD P>LJMF3 AMD HAY TOOL. VVORI*S— - Pacific Northwest Distributors Spokane, Wash. Portland, Oregon BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER October, 1921 merits of the Kansas station afford an il- lustration of the effectiveness of this means of conserving soil moisture. One of the station fields which contained in round numbers 26 per cent of water in the first foot of soil, had one portion plowed, another disk harrowed, and a por- tion left untreated. The ensuing dry weather in the course of four weeks, not- withstanding several light r.Tins, reduced the moisture of the untreated part to 1 S per cent and that of the disked land to 18 per cent, the plowed ground containing 21 per cent. The last two were in excellent condition for seeding, while the first would plow up lumpy and unsatisfactory. In the experiments at the Kansas station plowing proved as effective as any form of tillage tested. If time does not permit plowing, the speedv work of the disk har- row compares favorably in efficiency. In either case, if rain sufficient to start the weeds, follows, kill them with a harrow. This will at the same time break up any crust and preserve the soil mulch. Whether the best results in preventing loss of moisture from the soil in humid regions will be obtained by subsoiling, shal- low cultivation, or deep cultivation will de- pend very largely upon the character of the soil and subsoil. The Kansas station found no essential difference in the mois- ture content at the different depths of soil that had been prepared in the spring by the shallow plowing, by deep plowing and bv subsoiling. In experiments at the North Dakota station on different methods of pre- paring soil and tillage for wheat the largest yield was obtained from land subsoiled eight inches below a six-inch furrow. A surface mulch of well tilled soil three or four inches thick is usually considered suf- ficient to afford effective protection against evaporation in humid regions. In regions of deficient rainfall, however, twice this depth is considered necessary. In humid regions there is danger of seri- ous loss of nitrates in subjecting bare plowed land to the long continued leaching action of abundant rains, as is done in sum- mer fallowing and fall plowing; neverthe- less, the Kansas station has found that the plowing of stubble as soon as possible after the removal of the previous crop, with fre- quent stirring of the soil, as described above, "not onlv insures a perfect seed bed for wheat in respect to moisture, but the soil has time to settle to the firm condition so advantageous to wheat, and the bareness, warmth and moisture are most favorable to the formation of nitrates from organic mat- ter." In regions of deficient rainfall loss by leaching need not be feared. Under such conditions both summer fallowing and fall plowing may prove of great value in conserving moisture. Fall plowing wherever the land is not naturally adequately absorbent, and is not thereby rendered liable to washing away, is a very effectual mode of utilization of the winter's moisture to the utmost, so as to bring about the junction of the season's BETTER FRUIT moisture with that of the previous season, which is generally considered as being a condition precedent for crop production in dry years. The same, of course, holds true of winter Irrigation, the frequent omission of which in presence of plentiful water supply at that season is a prolific cause of avoidable crop failures. Moistening the ground to a considerable depth by winter irrigation Is a very effective mode of pro- moting deep rooting, and will thus stand in lieu of later irrigations, which, being more scant, tend to keep the roots near the surface. Moisture escapes from soils bearing crops much more rapidly than from bare soils. This fact has been very fairly and clearly demonstrated by investigations by the Iowa, ansas, Wisconsin and other stations. These investigations show that sod land and sol! bearing different crops always maintain less moisture than uncultivated soil of the same character. It is undoubtedly true that the injurious effect of weeds is due fully di much to the moisture which they with- draw' from the soil as to the plant food which thev consume. The poor growth of crops near hedgerows and woods is due largeh- to withdrawal from the soil of moisture required for the proper growth of the crops. It is a well known fact that the culture of crops In the orchards may prove injurious to fruit trees, especially In the dry seasons. This is due mainly to the Page 21 withdrawal of moisture needed by the trees. The danger from this source is especially great If the fruit trees are very shallow rooted. TREAT VOIR SOIL WITH Toro Brand Agricultural Sulphur It will increase your crop in some instances up to 500 per cent, prevent wire worms, eel-worms or nema- todes, smutty grain and po- tato scab. For Lime-Sulphur f-isSitl ' Solution use DIAMOND \.t4— ; ..g., BRAND REFINED FLOUR SULPHUR. For dry dusting use ANCHOR BRAND VELVET FLOW- ERS OF SULPHUR. Sold by leading dealers. For rodent control use CARBON BISULPHIDE. Write for circulars 6, 7 and 8, prices and samples. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street San Francisco, California rV- tiSig'sis Ke.StettlerMfg(?o. PortIa.nd— Oregon Lithographers Color Printers LeiLels Gkrtons Folding Boxes e\it Outs Display Gards SpeeialAdvertsing Stiff Boxes Plain and Fane Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash.. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. -"^-v? ill:illiigii!ili:iiuji!n.{ii;!s!jiiiiiiiiii!aittiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiii)tMri)i;:i!)i]iiiiiiiiii{iiia Page 22 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 Northwest Notes From Here and There OREGON ClXTY carloads of apples will be the output from Wasco county orchards this season, ac- cording to J. H. Fraser, manager of the Oregon Growers* Co-operative Association in that district. The season for small fruits for which The Dalles country is noted has closed successfully, most of the product being marketed in the Northwest. Two cars of prunes which were sent to London brought $80 and $85 per ton, while nine cars of similar quality, which were marketed in New York, brought $59 per ton. The peach crop, which was marketed from The Dalles this year totalled about 15 can. AAA TN estimating the fruit shipments that would be made from the Medford district this year, Mark Montgomery, local agent of the South- ern Pacific Company, says that the railroad has handled over 600 cars of pears and expects to ship out 1200 more cars of fruit before the season ends. In 1920 the total shipment of fruit was 1050 cars. AAA Clifford C. Ross, manager of The Dalles plant of The Kings Dehydrated Products Company, who was a visitor in Hood River recently, stated that the Kings Company expects to dehydrate 7,000 tons of apples this year. The company has re- cently finished dehydrating 675 tons of prunes and 1000 tons of loganberries. AAA A CCORDING to estimates recently made public at Roseburg the prune crop of Douglas county will this year be more than one-third of the total prune crop of the Pacific Northwest. As the eiti- matcB of the prune crop in the Northwest vary from 22,000,000 to 27,000,000 pounds and the crop in Douglas county is said to be approximately 9,000,000 pounds, It can be seen that the one- third estimate hits the mark pretty closely. A PPLE buyers in the Willamette valley are re- "^^ ported numerous this year and the opportunity to move the crop there is said to be the best in several years. A large part of the apple tonnage in the Willamette valley will be moved this year through the Oregon Growers* Association. AAA T^HE demand for the early apple crop at Hood River, consisting largely of Kings and Gra- vensteins, was in excess of the supply at good prices. The movement of Bartletts handled by the association totalled over 22 cars, while the shipment of d'Anjous will be over 75 cars. AAA npHE first car of the Hood River valley's esti- mated apple tonnage of 2,250 cars for this year was shipped a few days ago by the Hood River Fruit Company. The shipment was a car of Gravensteins which was routed to Chicago. AAA A REPORT from the walnut growers of the •^ state is to the effect that the industry is growing so rapidly that it is becoming necessary to develop new markets and establish grades. Fifty prominent Oregon growers who recently attended a conference at Salem under the auspices of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association decided that walnuts will be sold this year under the Mist- land brand as Jumbo grafted, and as No. 1 and No. 2 grades. In addition to a bumper crop from the older orchards this year a large acreage of new stock is coming into bearing. AAA A VERY light prune crop and a far below nor- *^^ mal apple crop is the prediction for the Sheri- dan district this year. About 20 cars of apples Is the number placed as the quantity the Growers* Association will handle. Prunes started to come in about the middle of September, but it was only necessary to use part of the dryer, which is the second largest in the state to handle the crop. /^NE of the large prune deals of the season that has attracted a good deal of attention was the sale by W. F. Dragcr of Salem of 1,000,000 pounds of this year's crop belonging to Indepen- dent growers at Roseburg to Rosenberg Brothers of San Francisco. The sale was on a basis of 9]/2 cents for 30-358. SASH AND DOORS O. B. Williams Co. 1943 First Avenue South, Seattle Chicken House Sash 20 in. wide by 25 in. high, 80c A dozen different sizes in stock for immediate shipment Sky Lights for Chicken Houses 36 in. by 40 in.; price glazed, $2.00 This is the size recommended by the West- ern Washington Experiment Station — wr carry them in stock for immediate shipment. Sash and Doors for all purposes at lowest prices. All orders receive prompt attention. Our large illustrated catalogue No. 19, showing ful line of building material and built-in fixtures for the home, free on re- quest. O. B. Williams Co. Established 1899 ORCHARDISTS FERTILIZE CORRECTLY The MARINE PRODUCTS WAY— a "balanced ra- tion" plant food for fruit, leaf and tree growth. Use Clarke's Wenatchee Orchard Dressing Analysis: Nitrogen, 6 per cent Phosphoric Acid, I 0 per cent. Potash, 4 per cent All organic, containing animal material, such as Blood, Bone, Fish and Kelp. Develops keeping qualities in the fruit, strong wood to bear it, large leaves to digest the plant food, and increases size and grade of fruit. WARNING If you are one of the orchardists who has been advised to use nitrate of soda, or sulphate of soda, or sulprate of ammonia in addition to grow- ing legumes, and if as a result, your fruit did not keep, and you get too much wood growth, or a poor color on the fruit, use Harris Hood River Special Analysis: Nitrogen, I per cent Phosphoric Acid 8 per cent Potash, 1 0 per cent Use this for one year. It will help correct the damage and bring back keeping qualities and will help mature the wood growth properly against the cold dormant season. Secure Reduced Prices of Your Dealer, or Write Marine Products Co. Tacoma„ Washington October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 THE low price of Loganberries and the in- ability of the canneries of many districts to handle the first part of the crop because of a late start, stimulated drying this year. High price of the berries for the past few years has made them prohibitive for drying and this year's dehydrated berries will go into a bear market. The Oregon Co-operative Association dried more than 50 tons of Logans at Sheridan alone. They are being packed in 8-ounce packages similar to those in which raisins arc sold and also in SO pound boies. A large part of the dried berries, v\hlch are in reality a small proportion of the total crop, have already been disposed of. AAA WASHINGTON 'T'HE winter apple shipping season started at ■*■ Wenatchec September 8, when the first car of King Davids was dispatched by the American Fruit Growers, Inc., to New York. Many cars of Winter Bananas have been forwarded from the district, but the King David is usually regarded as the variety that marks the real opening of the season. Carloads of Jonathans will follow im- mediately and within a short time the first solid train load of apples will go east from Wenatchee. AAA AT a gathering of representative cranberry grow- ers at Long Beach, W. E. Schimpf, sales man- ager of the Pacific Cranberry Exchange, predicted a ready sale for Pacific Coast cranberries this fall, owing to short Eastern crop. This, he said, was on the condition that the cranberries are graded and packed right. The meeting recommended to the state horti- culturist that he establish and enforce the follow- ing rules: That the standard grade be berries which will pass over a 7-16 Inch screen; that the fancy grade consist of berries which will pass over a 5-8-lnch screen; that the berries be of uniform color-, that they be solid pack, conform to labels at to variety and the date packed be on the box, and that all berries visibly affected by fungus, worms, frost or Imperfect in any way be culled out and that there be a tolerance of culls of only 2 per cent. '^ AAA ■pVR. R. H. Wells of Yakima, reported receiving -^ $20,451 from his 14-acre peach orchard. Dh. Wells has had the same foreman on his farm for four years. AAA TRRIGATION at Hunters, 75 miles northwest ■■■ of Spokane, has produced a crop of 75,000 to 100,000 boxes of commercial apples In the or- chard of the Hunters Land Company, according to J. M. Glasgow of Hunters, a Spokane visitor. The Hunters Land Company's orchard, made up of Jonathan, WInesap and Newtown apples, Is the pride of the district. State inspectors hold it up as an example to orchardlsts. The 1400 trees on 275 acres are now In their third year. The crop will be marketed direct. AAA Apples escaped all frost damage in the Spo- kane district during the cold snap about September 18, according to C. J. Webb, assistant manager of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company. The only effect of the early freeze, he believes, will be to hasten the maturity of the apples, bringing along the color more rapidly. "The apple picking season will be general in the Spokane district about September 25," said Mr. Webb. "We are picking some Winter Bananas in several sections now, but the tonnage will not be great. Picking of Wag- eners and Jonathans will begin in about two weeks. Our survey of frost damage shows that consider- able loss will result to the growers through the nipping of tomatoes and cantaloupes and the harm done to the fodder crops, corn and sunflowers grown for ensilage for winter feed. There was a big prospective tomato tonnage and it is almost completely destroyed. Cantaloupes are not such a serious Item. The big Northwestern apple crop this year makes tiie possibility of car shortage serious. The railroads already are storing hundreds of cars in the Wenatchee and Yakima districts ready for the first movement of the fruit. The Northwest has more storage than before, but the total space is but a small percentage — possibly 20 to 25 per cent — of the anticipated tonnage. Wenatchee alone will have 15,000 cars of apples and Yakima, 11,000 and nearly all ordinarily will be moved out by the first of the year." AAA /"" ROWERS and shippers of the Spokane valley ^-^ met at Opportunity recently and agreed on maximum figures for the wage scale to be ef- fective this season in orchards and packing houses. These show a slight reduction from 1920. The following scale was agreed upon for packing apples: Fruit sorted and sized, per box, 4^4 and 5 cents; sorted, but not sized, per box, 554 and 65^ cents; clean, but neither sorted nor sized, per box, 7!/2 and 8 cents. Face and fill pack, where one tier faced, per box, 4 cents; face and fill, two tiers, faced, 5 cents. Packing apples containing many culls, price .according to labor Involved. Sorters, maximum, per hour, 35 cents; truckers, laborers, etc., per hour, 30 cents; box Udders, who mail and stamp boxes, per box, 1 cent; minimum wage per day, $5; picking and orchard work, per hour, 30 cents; foreman of sorting crews, truck- ing crews, car loaders, per day, $4 to $5. Good packers can make $7 or $8 a day at the figures agreed upon. No shortage of orchard and pack- ing house labor is anticipated this season. AAA HPHE apple crop in the Northwest, Including •*- Washington, Oregon and Idaho, this year will be one of the largest. If not the largest. In the history of the district, according to J. S. Robin- son, sales manager of the Earl Fruit company. He estimates the crop at about 30,000,000 boxes, valued at $50,000,000 to $60,000,000. "While the crop for the whole Northwest is large this year the yield in Spokane valley is somewhat short," said Mr. Robinson. "The Spokane valley crop will run about 1,130,000 boxes. The apples in the Northwest are high In quality this year. Picking has already begun at Yakima and Kenne- wick on Jonathans and Winter Bananas. Picking started in the Spokane valley the end of September on Wageners first and then on the other kinds. The Palouse corporation crop will be around 150,- 000 boxes, as compared with 100,000 last year, an increase of 50 per cent. The crop in the Arcadia district is good and will be about 250,000 boxes. The average value of the Arcadia apples will be $1.50 a box. While the crop In the Northwest is large this year it is not much larger than the one last year, which was exceptionally good. Most of the apples will be shipped to Eastern points and some will be exported. The decrease In freight rates from $1.62J4 per 100 pounds to $1.50 per 100 will not make much difference in the price of apples." IDAHO /^HARLES G. ANDRUS, state horticultural In ^ spcctor for the central Idaho district, has been transferred to the Payette field and the duties of inspector in the central Idaho district will be taken over by Bert F. Savage, director of agri- culture for north Idaho. In taking over the in- spection duties, Mr. Savage has resigned hii duties with the Northwest Live Stock Association and the Lewiston-Clarkson trl-st.ite fair organi- zation and the offices of these organizations have been removed from the Thlessen building to the Commercial Club quarters in the Bunnell block. While serving with the fair organization Mr. Savage obtained the county exhibits from Lewis and Kootenai counties in Idaho and Walla Walla county. Wash., and directed much of the fall fair advertising in the outside districts. AAA COUTHERN IDAHO has a fine crop of Italian prunes and picking has started. The crop is expected to run about 1200 cars. Musical Merchandise Write Us WE SAVE YOU MONEY! W. Martius Music House, Inc. 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington Everything Known in Music SHEET MUSIC Write Us Page 84 A T a recent meeting of Coeur d'Alcnc valley ■^ apple growers, 35 miles east of Spokane, R. L. Michael, apple buyer from Chicago, offered to buy the entire crop of every member of the asso- ciation, pay 25 cents a boi in advance and fur- nish boxes, the remainder to be paid when the apples are loaded on cars. He quoted the follow- ing prices; Jonathans, $1.50; Wagners, $1.3(1; Rome Beauties, $1.10, and Delicious, $1.75 to $2.25. ^•iiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiimiiiMiiiiiitiii iiiit^ I What They Are Doing | I in California [ niiiiiiiiitiiiHiiiiMiniiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu': /^ROWERS in the state of California will here- ^^ after can their fresh figs themselves. Starting this season a large tonnage of fruit in the form of canned figs, preserved figs and fig jam will be placed on the market by the California Peach and Fig Growers, a co-operative marketing association of over 8,000 members. The move marks the cutting away from the in- dependent canning interests and the growers' or- ganization will not only pack their products, but will market th^m as well. In order to handle the growing tonnage of figs In California, a large proportion each year will be diverted to canned products and the balance dried as has been the case heretofore. The association has erected two of the most modern canning plants on the Pacific Coast, as finely equipped as any In the country and the operations have already been started. The California Peach & Fig Growers is the first of the big growers* organizations on the Pacific Coast to erect and operate canneries for their members on a large scale. The departure represents an Investment of over $100,000 and the two plants now In operation are located at strategic points in the California fig belt, so that the cost of deliveries is so equalized that every section of the belt is adequately served. The operation is being watched with interest by various associations and if successful will prob- ably sound the knell of big Independent canneries depending on grower organizations for their fruit. The association plans to put out the largest variety of fig products ever offered and an ry- perlmental department has been working to per- fect a number of by-products from the fig industry. By doing their own canning, the association believes that violent fluctuations in price that have characterized the fresh fig sales and the scarcity of a growing demand in the United States for high class fig products will be eliminated. AAA 'T^HE California Prune and Apricot Growers' Association, the reorganized California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., which represents more than 82 per cent of the prune acreage and 75 per cent of the apricot acreage of the state, of- ficially came into existence Wednesday when the first meeting of its voting board was held here. The thirty-nine members of the voting board, chosen by popular election last June, elected four- teen directors for the new association and directed them to proceed with the incorporation of the association. The new directors are W. A. Yerxa, Princeton; Lloyd H. Wilbur, Yuba City; Henry Wheatley, Napa; Mark L. MacDonald, Santa Rosa; Geo. C. Alexander, Healdsburg; H. G. Coykendall, Cupcr- tinoi T. S. Montgomery, San Jose; A. Kammerer, San Josci J. O. Hayes, San Josej C. D. Cavallaro, San Josej W. R. Kingston, Ventura; C. G. Ham- ilton, Hemet; Arthur Swall, Tulare; H. C. Dun- lap, at large. The voting board also approved the nomination of W. G. Alexander of San Jose as the represen- tative of Governor William D. Stephens on the board of directors of the new association. The voting board chose Irwin E. Pumeroy of Santa Clara as permanent chairman of the new board and made Martin J. Madison of Hayward, BETTER FRUIT permanent secretary. Both of these men occupy similar positions on the board of trustees of the present association. Sheridan W. Baker of Santa Rosa was elected permanent vice chairman of the new voting board. The old association will continue in existence until the 1921 prune and apricot crop has been completely cleaned up. The first crops which will be sold under the terms of the new contracts held by the reorganized association will be the prune and apricot crops produced in the fall of 1922. AAA HPHE marvelous increase in fruit and melon shipments and in wealth in Imperial county reads like a romance, but cold figures furnished the California State Department of Agriculture by F. W. White, horticultural commissioner in that district, soon dispel any such idea. According to these figures, in 1915 Imperial county shipped $375,000 worth of tree fruits and $400,000 worth of cantaloupes. In 1921 it shipped $600,- 000 worth of tree fruits and $13,000,000 worth of cantaloupes — an actual net valuation of $8,- 000,000 out of a section where but a few years ago the fertility of the soil was questioned, the transportation limited and the market so distant that those who engaged In fruit raising in Im- perial county were looked upon as having en- gaged in a gamble. The factors that carried tlie day, according to Mr. White, were water, capital and perseverance. AAA T^STIMATES of California's deciduous fruit production this season are: Apples, 4,802,400 bushels; peaches, 244,955 tons; pears, 63,000 tons; prunes, 62,450 tons; apricots, 51,750 tons; cherries, 9,900 tons; plums, 21,700 tons. AAA IVTEW walnut acreage in California that came into bearing this year was expected early in the season to bring the state's production up to the 60,000,000-pound mark. Late frosts, however, caused a large loss and cut down the yield in many sections. The crop Is now estimated to be between 36,000,000 and 40,000,000 pounds. October, 1921 Cannery Notes \ /^ANNED Foods Week will be held March 1 to 8, 1922, Instead of the first week InNovember as originally announced. This decision was reached following a conference of the National Canners' Association held recently. The date was changed, It is said, due to the fact that the later date would give the members of the association an increased aUIwSiqn "iijn'ffS ™ 'ffhoFir Drawings^ too ' I 'HE right picture does -*- the work of a thousand words — and speaks a lan- guage that EVERYBODY understands. The Arcady Art Department can illustrate your booklet, folder or catalog as well as our other depart- ments can print, bind, address and mail it. TELEPHONE Main 8829 The Arcady Company Complete Advertising Service W. H. P.ilhamus, president of the Puyallup A Sumner Fruit Growers' Association, predicts that Evergreen blackberries will this year net Wasli- ington growers 10 cents a pound. WRITING PRINTI NG MAILING ADCAOY DLDO MULTIGRAPHING 'V MAILINQ- •'■^t.SnSj3\ LISTS JiJ.ul'-ayi/ Gtt the most {fom J cPmxJ\iotor For your motor to work at its best you must treat it fairly. When you use "Red Crown" you do treat it fairly. *'Red Crown" has a continuous chain of boiling points which insures ready starling", rapid acceleration and maximum power. Look for the Red Crown sign on service stations and garages. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) October, 1921 opportunity for working out more thoroughly numerous details tending to increase the success of the affair. Numerous state and other meeting! will he held between now and the date of the annual meeting and a strong national-wide cam- paign reaching consumers of canned foods in every section of the country is planned. 1 A A 'T'HE cannery at Estacada, Oregon, which was incorporated August 20, has authorized an issue of 5000 shares. The shares will be sold only to berry growers and only stockholders' fruit will be put up. The cannery, which has been in opera- tion only a few weeks, has completed a pack of 1200 cases of berries that has been largely sold in Chicago. From the sales that have been made it is stated that growers will receive 5 cents a pound for loganberries and 9 and 10 cents for raspberries. During the evergreen blackberry sea- son the man.ngcmcnt of the cannery stated that it was prepared to receive 100 torn of blackberries. AAA 'T'HE Newberg, Oregon, cannery made a heavy run on pears this season. Three hundred persons were employed and more than two cars of pears shipped out daily In addition to considerable other fruit. The quantity of canned goods sent ont weekly w.is about four cars and this amount, it is stated, could have been greatly increased if addi- tional help could have been secured. AAA 'T'HE Lebanon, Oregon, cannery closed down September 13 for the season, with the under- standing that it would stay closed unless it be- came necessary for it to run part of the time to close up a few of the Lite crops. The season for the Lebanon institution has been a light one and it has not operated to its capacity at any time, notwithstanding the fact that it handled 100 tons of blackberries this year. The cannery is able of handling 20 tons of these berries a day, but the largest run this year was 17 tons. The season for these berries is usually from three to four weeks. AAA 'T'HE Oregon Packing Company which opened its pear and blackberry canning season at Salem, Oregon, the latter part of August expects a 40- day run on these fruits. During the peak of the season 250 workers will eb employed with a pay- roll of approximately $1,000 per day. As the de- mand for canned blackberries is heavy the com- pany announces that it will receive as much ton- nage of this fruit as it can obtain. The opening price to growers was 4 cents a pound. AAA TfMPLOYlNG 200 persons and distributing a large sum of money to employes and growers between now and January 1 will be the result of the re-opening of the Libby, McNeil & Libby cannery at Yakima, Wash., which was closed dur- ing the cherry season. Officials of the cannery announce that they have closed negotiations for 2,000 tons of pears and will take 3,000 tons of cull apples if they can be obtained at reasonable prices. The company is reported to have paid $40 a ton for pears and will pay $10 a ton for cull apples. :iiiiiiiriiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiti iiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillililllliiMilil BETTER FRUIT Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., according to an- nouncement given out by H. G. Coykendall, gen- eral manager of the association. The advance carried out predictions made less than two weeks ago by association officials in naming the first formal prices for 1921 pack prunes, that any change from the prices quoted at that time would be to a higher level. The new prices named by the association for 1921 pack are: Sunsweet quality, 30-40's, 9^c bulk basis; 40-50's, 8!4c bulk basis; 50-60's, (,yj,c bulk basis; 60-70's, 6J4<: bulk basis. Though no prices have been announced on 20-30 prunes by the association, prices being quoted in the trade at 25c a pound flat, packed in 25-pound boxes, f. 0. b. California common shipping points. Prices for Growers' Brand prunes were also boost- ed by the association one-quarter of a cent a pound on all sizes, 30-40's to 60-70's, inclusive. Prices on all sizes of Growers' Brand prunes are one- quarter of a cent less than prices quoted for Sun- sweet quality. Association officials announced that they had made a very satisfactory booking of orders for 1921 pack prunes and that they had on hand sufficient orders to practically clean up the heavy stocks of 1920 holdover now stored in their packing houses throughout the state. Packing Page 25 I Marketing News of f I Interest I ^•iiiiiiiiiii iiiiitiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit riiiiiiiiiiiMiiii .T 'W/'ASHINGTON state shipped 31 carloads of apples on September 16, being exceeded only by California and New York, according to the daily report of the federal bureau of markets, Spokane. California shipped 45 carloads and New York shipped 81 carloads. The total movement in the United States on September 16 was 265 car- loads. F. o. b. prices at Wenatchec on the 16th instant were; Jonathans, extra fancy, $1.85; fancy, $1.50 to $1.65. Delicious, extra fancy, $3; fancy, $2.25 to $2.50. AAA T)RIC£S on all sizes of 1921 pack prunes from 30-40's to 60-70's, inclusive, were advanced recently one-quarter of a cent by the California and shipping of these holdover stocks is now being speeded as fast as possible and all stocks of 1920 crop prunes will probably have been shipped out of the state by the middle of October. AAA A PPLE buyers are paying $12.50 a ton for cull ■^ apples at Clarkston, Wash., which is said to be a record price for this grade. A number of contracts have been made for orchard run apples delivered at the packing house at $1.10 a packed box. The apple crop is the heaviest in years and the quality is good. AAA A PPLE harvest in the Walla Walla valley start- ed September 12, with the picking of Jona- thans. Prices will run from $2.25 for extra fancy to $1.75 for C grades. The largest single pack in the valley will be at the Baker-Langdon orchard, which is expected to yield about 250,000 boxes. Orders on file at local packing houses call for carload shipments to points as far east as Buffalo and as far south as New Orleans. AAA TVTEW YORK, and Chicago both report the first arrivals of Winter Bananas, selling for $4.50 ,= There is somethin in bein original Ever since the early 70's Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate has been acknowledged the original ^ixonnA. chocolate — the chocolate of proved purity, the chocolate of certainty. As a food-beverage Ghirardelli's stands alone — in taste, in flavor, in everyday economy. S2^y''^Gear-ar-delly" to your grocer and accept no other 0», Made by D. Ghirardelli Co., San Francisco — since 1852. Page 26 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 a box. A New York firm reported to William Fer- guson of Yakima, that a car of his Bartletts sold in that city for $4.25 to $4.65 a box, and that California Bartletts arc off the market, with a strong demand for Northwest Bartletts. AAA t^IFTY Yakima valley potato growers met re- cently with County Inspector W. B. Meyers and State Horticulturist Close at Toppenlsh, for a demonstration of the grades to be used this year to meet the standard United States grades. According tc the men present the valley crop will average well in the No. 1 grade, as most of the potatoes this season have made a good growth, virtually free from disease. The average No. 1 potato was quoted at $25 a ton on the reservation on Sep- tember 18. 'T^HE first annual Rogue River Valley Pear Show which was held In the Chamber of Commerce exhibit rooms at Medford was a big success. On the closing day it was estimated that 4,000 peo- ple visited the pear exhibits which told the story of the excellence of this district for raising this fruit. There were 293 plate displays, while the number of pears on the plates totalled 2,500. AAA pRUNE drying during the latter part of Sep- tembcr was greatly hastened owing to the prediction by the weather man that the rainy sea- son was about to set in and would include the whole Northwest region. Another week of good weather and It is expected to clean up the prune drying season in Oregon. T^HE two largest sales of orchard property dur- ing the year in the Rogue River valley were announced recently. Colonel R. C. Washburn of Table Rock sold his fine 174-acre Table Rock orchard property to Captain , H. M. Tuttle for $40,000. Fifty-five acres are in orchard, 28 acres of commercial pears and 27 acres of Newtown and Winesap apples, and 40 acres in alfalfa. Cap- tain Tuttle, who is from Nebraska, has been In the United States army service five years. The other sale was that of the Hampton orchard nf 50 acres near Medford, owned by Mrs. Bingham of Santa Barbara, Cal., to Eric Wold of Med- ford for $35,000. Your Winters Reading For Only $2.60 PICTORIAL REVIEW is the most beautifully illustrated magazine in the world. The exclusive departments, such as patterns illustrated in colors, cut- out pages for the kiddies, recipes, household hints, and the best fiction have made this magazine the favorite in millions of homes. McCALL'S MAGAZINE numbers an>ong its contributors such famous writers as Robert W. Chambers, Holworthy Hall, Louis Joseph Vance, Mary Gar- den, Fanny Hurst and many others. This furnishes the very best of fiction each month for the whole family. BETTER FRUIT has been published in the Northwest for fifteen years, and carries articles by leading authorities pertaining to your business. We have recently added an inquiry column, and a market news column. The next twelve numbers will be the best yet. WE ARE VERY FORTUNATE IN BEING ABLE TO OFFER YOU THESE THREE FINE MAGAZINES AT THIS LOW PRICE Pictorial Review $2.50 McCalls .- 1.00 Regular Price . $4.50 Better Fruit 1.00 J Our Price $2.60 Your Saving $1.90 This Coupon Will Save You Money If Mailed Before November 1st. BETTER FRUIT, Twelfth and Jefferson Streets, Portland, Oregon. Enclosed fiind $ for which send me Better Fruit, Pictorial Review and McCalls, all for one year. Name Town R. F. D Box State October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 27 ■III ii..iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiMli)lliilliiiiiliiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.niiiiiininiiniiii^ I Our Inquiry Depart- I i ment I E ^ ?iiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiiitiiiiiiitriirilllillliiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilitiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiti)~ "WTiLL you kindly give me the statistics avail- " able in regard to the apple crop from the years 1908 to 1918. Also the meaning of the national apple crop and the Commercial Crop. — J. C. B., Washington. We have no statistics available to give you a comparative report on apples from the years 1908 to 1918. The total apple crop for the country in 1918 was 24,743,000 barrels. Replying to your inquiry as to the meaning of the "national apple crop" and the "commercial crop" of the country, the difference is this: The national crop means the entire crop produced in the United States, while the commercial crop applies to that part of the crop which is marketed or sold on the commercial market. As you are probably aware, there is an immense quantity of apples that is never sold. This portion goes into home consumption and is used for other purposes, or is allowed to go to waste. The fact that one of these crops is frequently described in barrels and the other in bushels have no particular significance. Apparently, the writer seems to use whatever term comes uppermost in his mind in describing quantities. AAA yV/ILL you kindly inform me if there is any comprehensive list that is published of all known varieties of fruit, chiefly apples and pears with a correct description of them. I fancy there is such work published with a glossary of this description. — G. M. G., Kclowna, B. C. There is no book published giving a full list of the varieties of fruit now under cultivation in the United States. The United States Departmeint of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bul- letin number 55 on the Nomenclature of the Apple is the most complete, on that fruit, of anything published. The same department in Bureau of Plant In- dustry, Bulletin 126 on the Nomenclature of the Pear gives the most complete list on that fruit. The New York Experiment Station at Geneva, New York, has published in book form a ver>' good description of the most common varieties grown In that state which, by the way, includes most of the varieties grown in the United States. They have two books on Apples of New York, one on the Plums of New York, one on Peaches of New York, and one on Cherries of New York. These can be obtained, I believe, from the state commissioners of agriculture at Albany at practic- ally the cost of publication and they are the m9St satisfactory rcferance books published. New vare- ties are being introduced every year, of course, and it is impossible for any publication to keep entirely up to date because of this, but the ones listed here are, I believe, the best. PROF. O. M. MORRIS, State College, Pullman, Wash. AAA /^OULD I use something to disinfect the toil in which the roots of my trees are affected with what may be crown gall or some other like disease. — O. R. J., Oklahoma. From what you tell us the diseased trees in your orchard are apparently affected with crown gall, for which there is no remedy. There is noth- ing you could use to sterilize or disinfect the soil in which they are planted. The safest plan for you to follow will be to dig out the trees and set new ones that have been inspected and found to be perfectly healthy. Snapshots Orchardists and other friends of Floyd Young, the frost expert, who until recently was stationed for several years at Medford, will be pleased to learn that he has been promoted in the U. S. We;ither Service and will become meteorologist in full charge of frost investigations and forecast- ing on the Pacific Coast. Mr. Young for the past year has been in charge of the weather bureau at Davenport, Iowa. "W/'ASHINGTON'S apple crop will bring to the state this year $50,000,000, an amount un- precedented in the history of the Northwest apple industry, according to a survey of the eastern and central Washington orchards by experts of the Northwest Fruit Exchange and confirmed by E. B. Kelley, district horticultural inspector at Spo- kane. The state Is expected to produce 27,000 cars. AAA /~"ONTRACTS have been signed by James R. Wilson, secretary-treasurer of the Palouse corporation, whereby 35 girls from California will come to Spokane at apple picking time to pack the company's fruit at Fairfield and Wav- erly. The girls are orange packers in their home state and regard the Northwestern outing as a sort of holiday. The Palouse corporation expects to harvest 150,000 boxes of apples this year from Its 1200 acres of trees at Waverly and Fairfield. J. ^ H. GOODWIN Limited Apple Exporters Headquarters in United States 60 State Street Boston, Massachusetts The Largest Handlers of American Apples in English Markets By using our service you can send your apples direct from the United States into the industrial centers of England. The same organization (J. & H. Goodwin, Ltd., throughout) which ships your fruit from the U. S. A., sells and distributes in London, Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow and Hull, and on the European Continent. This means quick handling, considerable econo- mies and the fruit being sold in the freshest pos- sible condition, which means greater returns. For dependable export information write us at 60 State Street, Boston, Mass., or 1 27 Duane Street, New York City. Page 28 BETTER FRUIT October, 1921 ::iiMiiiiiiiiiiiii)iiiitiriiiiiMiiiliiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiitiiiiniiiiiiliiiiilliiliitliil(liililitr;^ I With the Poultry | .TiiiitiiiiriiiiiiiiiliiliiiliiiitiiiniiiiiliiiiKllilitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillilllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir iiiiiii)7 THE VALUE OF THE TRAPNEST A well known practical poultryman adviics ■^ that the most prepossessing hen is not al- ways the most industrious layer. She may be the loudest cackler, but if her owner uses trapnests she cannot fool him, for he can check up on the retultt. The trap nest is so arranged that when the hen enters she it confined until released by the at- tendant. Specialists of the United States depart- ment of agriculture say that trap nests may be used to advantage by the best breeders of heps. It adds mechanical precision to judgement and experience in developing the flock and maintaining it at a high standard of egg production. It tames the birds and tends to stimulate laying. It furnishes definite knowledge of the traits and habits of each hen. It furnishes the most sat- isfactory basis for breeding, and it eliminates the non-productive hen. In flocks of 50 or more, a three compartment trapnest should be provided for every ten hens. In smaller flocks a slightly larger proportion of nests is needed. Numbered bands are placed on the legs of the hens and a record is kept of their egg production. Frequent visits to the nests are necessary, especially when the hens arc laying freely and during warm weather. There shoyld never be less than three visits a day, and four or five would be better. AAA CONFINING THE BACKYARD FLOCK 'T'HERE is a double reason for confining the backyard flock. It gives a better opportunity for increasing c$s production and from restrain- ing them from straying into your neighbors' garden where they may cause damage and are almost sure to cause ill feeling. The yard should be inclosed by a board or wire fence. Wire is preferable, as it is cheaper and the hens are less likely to fly over it, say poultrv specialists of the United States Department of Agriculture. If cats prove troublesome where one is raising chickens, it may be necessary to cover the top of the yard with wire also. A board should not be used at the top of a wire fence, as this gives the hens a visible place to alight and thus tends to teach them to fly over. A five-foot fence is high enough for most con- ditions, but if the hens show a tendency to fly over such a fence the flight feathers of one wing should be clipped. Leghorns need a six-foot fence. The larger the yard the better the hens will do, as it not only gives them greater opportunity to exercise, but also makes it possible to maintain a sod on the yard. In most cases not enough land will be available so that a sod can be maintained. If the yard is fairly large, it can be divided into two parts and green crops, such as oats, wheat, rye, or Dwarf Essex rape allowed to start in one yard while the hens are confined to the other. The green crops should be sown very thick, and the following quantities will be found satisfactory for a yard 25 by 30 feet: Wheat, 2^ poundsi oats, IJ^ pounds; rye, 3/4poundsi rape, 5 ounces, when the growing stuff reaches a hieght of 3 to 4 inches the hens can be turned upon it and the other yard simllarv sown. AAA ECONOMY IN MODERNLY BUILT POULTRY HOUSES TV/TODERN poultry houses such as are used by successful poultrymen or smaller ones adapted to the small farm flock, can be built more cheaply than the old style, double constructed poultry houses of 20 years ago. How it is done is described by James Dryden, professor of poultry husbandry, in Oregon Agricultural college station bulletin No. 179. The bulletin contains plans and diagrams of construction of several sixes of poultry houses that have proved successful. The type of house advocated has one side or end open and protected by wire screening. All floor space is utilized for scratching by having perches, dropping-boards, and nests supported by bracket braces fastened to the walls. The smaller sire, 8x12 feet, for the farm flock, can be built on runners of 3x6 inch stuff 14 feet long so that a team can move the house easily. This sire is large enough to keep 40 hens in during bad weather without decreasing tgg production. Health and comfort requirements of fowls are discussed in the bulletin by Professor Dryden and the modifications imposed by location on the farmstead and the different types of houses adapted to successful poultry raising are gone into •imply and clearly. AAA Poultry Notes /^RIT is very essential to the proper feeding of fowls. Too often it is not provided continu- ally and when given at odd times causes th^ fowls to eat too much. This should be avoided, as it causes bad digestive conditions. AAA TN keeping your poultry house free of insects you will find that kerosene emulsion is more effec- tive than the plain kerosene. Although the for- mer is more trouble to make it lasts longer and does the work better. AAA 'T'O raise geese most profitably they should be afforded liberty and plenty of grassy range. They thrive best on low lying lands which are not suitable for most other fowls and being coarse feeders will eat nearly everything in* the shape of green vegetation. AAA TV/hen poultry become infected with "pip" the diseased birds should be isolated. Do not re- move the "pip" when it occurs on the tongue. Apply glycerine twice daily. If treated In the be- ginning the trouble may be cured. AAA A LWAYS bear in mind that it pays best to raise and keep good stock. In addition to the re- muneration received from the hatching eggs there Is always the sale of individual birds at good prices. Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Fruit trees budded from bearing orcti ards. Apple. Pear. Ciierrj'. Peach, Plum, I'rune, Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines, .Shrubbery, Plants, Raspberries. Blacli berries, Logans, Dewberries. Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Stirubs. Roses, Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. ToppeniBh, Wastalng-ton. Sale.smen everywhere. More wanted. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON FRUIT TREES We are extensive growers of fruit trees adapted to the Northwest. GET OUR PRICES COLUMBIA NURSERY COMPANY 1490 Union Ave., No. Portland, Ore. NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1921 Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" An Early Order For Fall or Spring Delivery Placed wilh SALEM NURSERY COMPANY 428 Oregon Building SALEM, OREGON Will receive careful atten- tion and give you good choice of varieties Additional Salesmen Wanted Lucky Cross and Unique Two never failing, double-crop varieties of strawberries w^hich we have perfected. WHY grow only ONE crop, when you can grow TWO on the same plants? The increasing number of grow^- ers sending to us, proves that our plants are superior. Write us for more detailed informa- tion regarding these money makers. Evergreen Plantation New Meado\v3, Idaho Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building SALEM OREGON Will supply you xoith first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS, ROSES Send for catalog WE Need Salesmen October, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 39 LrMniililiMiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiii (iiiiiiniiiin KPiitiiiHiiiiii!^ I Bees and Beekeeping 1 I Edited by Amos Burhans | ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiimMiiiiiiiiliiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiimiiiiiniitmii? A LTHOUGH there ha» been a fair flow of -^ nectar the Utter part of the fall and so far during Indian Summer reported from all over the country, it will be a good plan in early October to make sure each colony has jufficient etores for the winter. Pick a warm lunny d.ay for the job and if you find they need feed give it to them fast. A fair colony can put away a gallon of syrup a day. Make it two parts sugar and one of water by bulk. A t A HTHE 1920 census tells us there are 3,476,346 hives of bees in the United States and that they produced about 55,000,000 pounds of honey. This makes an average per colony of less than twenty pounds per season. Many bee- keepers on farms arc getting from one to three hundred pounds per colony because they give the bees care and use modern methods. AAA TF you are one of those who like to keep up to the minute on beekeeping things, you had better send for the new bulletin on Control of Swarming. It is a work of 48 pajes by the well known beekeeper, Geo. S. Demuth and may be had by addressing the Bee Culture Division, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. Control of Swarming is one of the secrets of successful beekeeping and this new bulletin will give you some valuable information about it. AAA CLOWLY but surely the big hive idea is spread- ^ ing. Beekeepers who try one of the modified Dadant hives in their apiaries almost invaribly get more of them. This hive gives the colony additional room for ventilation, provides eleven big frames for the brood nest, each from two inches plus deeper than the standard Langstrqth frame, giving greater room for the laying of the colony in the winter and forty percent greater room for the laying of the queen. My experience with the big hives is that they winter bees better, build up faster in the spring and that the colonies in them gather more nectar. AAA HPHE thrift and work accomplished by a col- ony depends entirely on the queen. She should be young and bred from a mother who has made a great honey gathering record. Two seasons is about the length of her best usefulness. We requeen all colonies every other year and ■ometimes oftener. A good young queen is the one that will stay at laying late in the fall and her colony having the fall reared bees will come through the winter best. It takes young bees to stand the winter culJ. The more of them there is In the hive the stronger the colony will be when it comes out in the spring. AAA TDEES wintered in cellars should be kept in a temperature of from 45 to 50 degrees. The cellars must be dark and clean. They should have outside doors to premit ventilation and regulation of temperature. AAA "TXTRACTED honey is still selling over the "^ country at twenty to twenty-five cents per pound at retail. Comb honey is bringing from thirty to fifty cents per pound. It is a wise beekeeper who sells locally all his product and keeps the price at a fair figure. AAA pjETTER close down the entrance of the hives ■^ on the cool nights from now on until the bees are cellared or put away for the winter. In my yard in August we lost some broods because of a sudden cold snap and entrances too large to help the bees keep the brood from chilling. A space three-quarters by four inches is plenty big enough for the average colony now. AAA 'T'HE sir states producing on farms over two million pounds of honey each in 1920 ?re Iowa, California, Teras, Wisconsin, Colorado, New York. This does not include the production of honey in towns and villages which will greatly swell the amount. TTUBAM CLOVER, also known as Annual Sweet Clover, a compartively recent discovery in the plant world, is pronounced the most perfect bee pasture that has yet been grown. The Annual White Sweet Clover is a legume plant that reaches its full maturity within three to seven months from time of planting. It grows from three to seven feet high, is one of the richest feeds known, and takes nitrogen from the air and stores it in the soil. By its use in the farm rotation as a sub- stitute for the ordinary clovers all the advantages of a clover crop can be had the same year that another crop is harvested and thus a full year saved in the crop rotation. When in bloom the plant is covered with white flowers growing on long slender racemes and is one of the greatest bee pastures known. It is a very heavy seed producer in very wide variations of climate. AMERICAN GROWN FRUIT TREE STOCKS Apple Seedlings, Straight or Branched. Also Pear Stocks from French and Japan Seed. American Plum, Mahaleb Cherry and Peach Seedlings in all Grades. Car Lots to Central Points. Foreign Grown Stocks Apple, Pear, Mahaleb, Myrobolan, Quince, Manetti and Multiflora. All Grades. In Prime Condition. Can quote in France or out of Customs in New York or at Shenandoah, Iowa. Prices reasonable. Remember our Complete Line of General Nursery Stock for Fall and Spring trade. We are now ready to do Business. Submit List of Wants for Prices to SHENANDOAH NURSERIES D. S. LAKE, President SHENANDOAH, IOWA We are handling Oregon and Washington garden, farm and orchard products exclusively. Our facilities and connections for the proper distribution of carlots or less of APPLES - - POTATOES - - ONIONS assures prompt and satisfactory returns to the grower. Let us figure with you before disposing of your crops. W. B. Glafke Co. COMMISSION MERCHANTS East Third and Alder Streets PORTLAND, OREGON Keeps (^rour tractor P engine X^ grade jormchfspt Sl^VNDiUU) OIL COMPANY CCALIFORNIA) Page 30 Classified Advertisements RATES. 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK TREES — All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries. Albany, Ore. NURSERY STOCK— Italian Prune Trees and trees of all kinds. Berries and small fruits of all varieties. Buy direct and save 50 per cent. Brooks Nursery. Lafayette, Oregon. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— 10 lbs.. $2.50; 20 lbs., $4, c. o. d. Ford Tobacco Co.. Mayfield. Ky. FARMS FOR SALE FOR SALE — 17 55/100 acres all cleared in Wil- lamette Valley 30 miles from Portland. Splen- did fruit or nut land. $200 per acre. Terms if desired. B. L. Herbert, 51 E 8th St., North, Portland, Oregon. WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spririg brooks; grows grain, vegetables hay, fruits; several developed ranches ; few stock ranches ; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edward & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, Washington. BIG APPLE ORCHARD and by-products plant in famous Southern-Pennsylvania Apple Belt. J. P. Stewart, 305 Carlisle Ave., York, Pa. HAVE A WONDERFUL piece of fruit land in Josephine county, Oregon. It is sub-irrigated, deep red soil ; on railway ; 20 acres ; some bear- ing cherries, rest ready to plant. Price, $3000, only $2000 cash. Box 44, Hugo. Oregon. WANT TO HEAR from owner having farm for sale; give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th street, Chippewa Falls, Wiscon»in. YAKIMA VALLEY BARGAIN— 15 acres rich soil, irrigated; 4 alfalfa; fruit, strawberries, some barley ; house, outbuildings, well. Owner, R. 1, Box 147a, Kennewick, Wash. MISCELLANEOUS HAPPY HOME HONEY — From blossoms of alfalfa and sweet clover, in liquid form ; 6 10-lb. pails. $9.00; 1 60-lb. can $8.40; 2 cans. $16.00, at Mabton. H. N. Paul, Mabton, Washington. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— Chewing, ten pounds. $3; 20 pounds, $5. Smoking, 10 pounds, $2.50; 20 pounds. $4. Farmers Union, Mayfield, Ky. POULTRY PETALUMA HATCHERY— Established 1902 by L. W. Clark. Chicks every Monday and Thurs- day, White and Brown Leghorns. Heavy lay- ing strain. Safe delivery guaranteed. Send for prices and terms. L. W. CLARK, 615 Main St., Petaluma. Calif. PULLETS — We can supply O. A. C. and Tancred White Leghorn Pullets. Rhode Island Reds and Barred Rocks at all ages — some ready to lay. Also one and two year old hens, good breeders. Exceptionally fine range-raised birds. Portland Seed Co., 180 Front St.. Portland, Ore. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem. Oregon AGENTS W.'MfTED — Our prices are right. Co- lumbia Nur--ery Co., 1490 Union Ave., No.. Portland. Oregon. _^__^^ BITS ABOUT FRUIT AND FRUITMEN CHIPMENT of citrus fruits by sea from Cali- '--' fornia to New York via the Panama Canal is being resumed on a large scale, according to freight traffic officials of the Admiral Line, agent on the Pacific coast for the North Atlantic & Western Steamship company. During the recent hot weather period in the East, when an unusual demand caused prices to advance rapidly the growers resorted to the overland expresses, hut the market since has become stabalizcd again, and the fruit shipping agencies are returning once more to the water lines and their lower rates. Two weeks before its sailing date, August 20, space was engaged on the steamship Springfield for approximately 400 tons of oranges and lemons, BETTER FRUIT .ind the Admiral Line has been advised that licavier shipments may be expected when the crop of navals begins to come in. With the opening of the apple shipping season in the Pacific Northwest shipments by steamer to the ■itlantic Coast and abroad will be greatly increased and the largest tonn.age handled in the history of water transportation of fruits from the Pacific coast. AAA "WAlTH the quantity of cherries preserved in " brine this year in Italy greatly reduced the outlook for good prices for the home product is looked upon as exceedingly bright. The re- duction in the output of preserved cherries in Italy is due to untimely rains which caused a total failure of the sour varieties and a falling off of other kinds of SO per cent. The United States has been the principal market for the pre- served cherries of Italy taking 7,387,030 pounds, valued at $1,497,755 in 1920. Owing to the tariff that has been placed on the importation of preserved cherries by the United States Italian exporters are said to be devoting their attention to developing markets in other countries. AAA A CCORDING to late advices received from "^ London representatives of American apple exporting houses the outlook for American apples in British markets Is very bright this year. Thee advices say that the British fruit crop has been almost entirely ruined by drouth. There will be little, if any, marketable crop of the late varieties of apples while the early varieties will be of a very inferior quality. With the industrial situation righting itself and the purchasing power of the public becoming better, coupled with the fact that exchange is becoming more equalized, it is expected that the export season for box apples will be more than satisfactory. AAA i^N HIS return recently from a trip through the ^-^ Middle West which included the states of Minnesota, Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa and Illinois, F. Benz, general agricultural agent of the North- ern Pacific railroad, reported that this section of the country will have to have Northwest apples this year, but that Western growers must keep in mind that Eastern people will not buy apples this year at extremely high prices. Mr. Benz predicts that if the box apple crop is started this year at prices that will bring a reasonable profit it will be cleaned up early in the season. October, 19 Zl A Valuable Book "TAe Commercial Affle Industry of North America" Published by the Macmillan Com- pany is a new booic covering all phases of the Apple Growing Industry that Better Fruit highly recommends to apple growers or those who contem- plate engaging in this occupation. Its authors are J. C. Folger, Assistant Secretary International Apple Ship- pers' Association and S. M. Thomp- son, formerly Fruit Crop Specialist, U. S. Department of Agriculture. It is edited by L. H. Bailey, the well known authority on horticulture. If you are interested in obtaining a copy of this valuable book send us $3.50 and we will have same for- warded to you. Remit by postoffice money order or check to Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets Portland, Oregon TPO PROVIDE men and women to harvest, pack and ship the enormous crop of apples now approaching maturity, a free employment agency will be established at Wenatchee. To har- vest and ship the apple crop of the Wenatchee dis- trict, now estimated at nearer 16,000 cars than 15,000, the original forecast, efforts are being made to start picking a week or two earlier than usual. The exceptionally favorable weather and the healthful condition of the trees has caused the apples to grow faster than ever before. AAA President Hitz of the Western Fruit Jobbers' Association announces that the next annual meet- ing of the association will be held at Fort Worth, Texas, beginning January 16. MAZZARD SEEDS Nurserymen wishing MAZZARD seeds can book orders with us now for crop of 1922. We will ship the cherries direct from the tree. No money required until crop is mature. Price, 10 cents. CHERRY PARK RANCH Prosser, Washington Virginia Games Fancy Black Breasted, red, exhibition games, gamey fighters. We are booking orders now for immediate shipment or later. Write us now. GREEN VIEW POUL- TRY FARM Waynesboro, V'a. NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at haw 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. How You Can Get Better Fruit's Apple Packing Chart Better Fruit's apple packing chart printed on cardboard so that it can be hung in the packing house, will be mailed to anyone desiring it, on the following terms: One card FREE with a new subscrip- tion to Better Fruit. One card without subscription $ .10 Twelve cards without subscription .-. 1.00 BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING CO. Arcady Building Portland, Oregon ^ftVC the roof and help save the builditip OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coat- ing for prepared roofing and metal roofs. Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubri- cating film under every pull- ing condition. Keeps the axle cool ; no hot boxes, no gum- ming. The MICA makes it better. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leather and keeps it soft and pliable. Keeps har- ness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, under the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. Winter rains and winds are coming! Protect your buildings where the weather strikes hard- est— the roof! ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserves Shingles Drenching rains and whipping winds cause moisture and air to penetrate the fibre of un- protected shingles and cause disintegration and decay. The hot sun causes evaporation of the natural oils in the shingle fibre and cracking and warping occur. These results of exposure hasten the day when you must stand the cost of repairs or an entire new roof. Use ORONITE SHINGLE OIL on all shingles Oronite Shingle Oil is a high-quality preserva- tive especially prepared to protect shingles against exposure and the effect of the elements. It is used on side walls as well as on roofs. It penetrates the shingle fibre with a moisture- resisting preservative. It retards the evapora- tion of natural oils in the wood, prevents crack- ing and warping and gives longer life to the shingles. Examine your shingle roofs now. Last win- ter was one of the heaviest in the experience of the Pacific Coast. Your shingles need atten- tion. Put them in condition to stand up under next winter's weather. An application of Oronite Shingle Oil now will save your roof and help save your building. Oronite Shingle Oil may be readily mixed with colors. Our nearest agent will be glad to give you formulas. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ORONITE means QUALITY WHEN \yitITINO ADVERTISERS MENTION BETTER PRUIT ^^mj THE WORLD OUR ORCHARD ^^^ OUR ORCHHRD x^ 6c Kelly I NEW YORK I TI"i> »'«m llllillllllllllllilS but during extremely cold weather and in early morning artificial heat is needed. Some of the larger houses have steam or hot vvater heat for the offices, and pipes could be installed along the side walls of the packing room. Hot-air furnaces and oil or coal stoves can also be used satis- factorily. To provide for the comfort of the em- ployees while engaged in packing oil hot summer days, it has been found advisable in some houses to place about 8 inches of mill shavings or sawdust in the ceiling to keep out the heat. If the roof is flat or the loft is not used for the storage of boxes, this insulating material may be placed loose- ly on the ceiling boards. This arrange- ment also serves to retain the heat in cold weather. ALTHOUGH the better class of house is utilized usually for both packing and storage purposes, it should be under- stood at the outset that the fundamental priciples underlying the construction of storage houses and of packing rooms are by no means identical. Packing in storage room is a far too common practice. A stor- age room should be well insulated, properly ventilated, without windows, and with re- Gravity Conveyor for Carrying Packed Boxes to the Lidding Press. Underneath Is a Slide for Carrying Empty Boxes to the Packer latively few doors for use in receiving and delivering the fruit. It should be used solely as a storage house. On the other hand, the best type of packing room Is provided with abundant light and adequate operating space and should be equipped to furnish artificial heat during the cold weather for the comfort of the employees. Such a room is not fitted for the storage of either loose or packed fruit, as the quality of apples is invariably impaired by the high temperatures. In a large number of houses, proper provision has been made for the storage of packed fruit, but in comparatively few houses is the loose fruit Storage separate from the packing oper- ations. The best site for » ranch packing house usually is found near the residence arid other farm buildings, close to the main traveled road. Such a location is partic- ularly desirable where there is a common •torage house in connection with the pack- ing house, as the storage house is usually air cooled and requires the attention of some one to operate the ventilators during the storage season. If the house is a cori- jiJerablc distance from the ranch house it is less likely to be cared for properly.^ In large orchards situated on level land it is often an advantage to locate the packing house near the middle of the orchard to reduce hauling distance for the loose fruit. In such cases it is necessary to provide a good road from the house to the main traveled road to facilitate the hauling of packed fruit. If the orchard is located on hilly land the house should be built at a point which will necessitate the minimum amount of up hill hauling. Sometimes a hillside can be utilized to advantage by placing the packing room on the second floor and providing for receiving the fruit on this floor on the upper side of the build- ing. The packed fruit can then be con- veyed by means of gravity conveyors to the storage room on the ground floor and load- ed out on the lower side of the house. The receiving platform should be level with the wagon beds, and the loading platform should also be at this level or at the level of the car floor in case the house is on the railroad. A community house, wherever possible, should be located on the railroad to elimi- nate the expense of hauling packed fruit to the car and to permit the loading of cars when weather conditions prevent haul- ing. WOOD, brick, concrete, or tile arc used in the construction of packing houses, the choice of materials being de- termined by the cost and the fire risk. As fage 8 BETTER FRUIT November^ 1921 the packing and storage rooms are usually parts of the same building, the same mat- erial is ordinarily used in the construction of each unit, although the storage room is insulated, and the packing room is not. Where the cost of excavating is high or where water is encountered in excavating, it is more economical and satisfactory to build a house without a basement. In the past, one-story houses have been more pop- ular because the fruit could be handled more economically on one floor. It is, however, more expensive to construct a one-story house with a given floor space than to construct a two-story house with the same floor area, and in recent years the development of efficient mechanical conveyors has made it possible to elevate the fruit to an upper floor at a very low cost. In a two-story pacicing house built without a basement, one end of the upper floor should be used for packing operations, as it may be lighted from three sides. The remaining space may be block- ed off by the use of an insulated divided partition and used for the storage of loose fruit. The ground floor is used for assem- bling and storing the packed fruit. To pro- vide a clear floor space in the packing room the roof should be carried upon trusses. It is frequently desirable to provide covered platforms for receiving the loose fruit and loading out the packed fruit. Where these are used, the house should be so arranged that the packing room will not be cut off from the light. It is impossible to determine, with ac- curacy, the size of a house to build to ac- commodate a given tonnage. Under the conditions which have prevailed in recent years, the transportation companies have been unable to provide a regular supply of cars, and a house designed to ship several cars a day may not receive any for several days; so it is necessary to provide an amount of storage space which, under other cir- cumstances, might be considered excessive. A house built on a railway spur and de- signed to provide a large number of load- ing-out doors together with abundant pack- ing facilities has proved most desirable, especially in some districts where, duririg the early fall, a large number of refriger- ator cars have usually been held on the side- tracks and in the railroad yards waiting loading. A Truck Loaded With 315 Packed Boxes of Apples For the first few weeks of the shipping season, the railroads are able to meet all demands for cars, and of course they want to have this equipment loaded and in ser- vice. Houses constructed with these con- ditions in mind have been able to take advantage of the abundant supply early in the season. Other houses which control an equal amount of tonnage, but with limited packing facilities and relatively few loading-out doors, have been forced to ship later in the season when cars were scarce and often during severe winter weather when large losses were suffered. THE most important feature in the con- struction of the packing houses, but the most commonly neglected, is the ar- rangement for proper lighting. The most efficient work is possible only when the room is properly illuminated at all times. Most people understand that dim lighting interferes with the accuracy and efficiency of grading operations, but comparatively few realize the glare of a direct light is equally bad. To avoid the latter condition, architects have sometimes advised the use of north and east windows, and if enough windows are used, such light is satisfactory during the middle of the day, but not in- tense enough for early mornings or late afternoons or for dull days during the late fall and winter. Houses constructed to admit light through a narrow lantern or penthouse roof extending the length of the packing room are very common in some districts. This light usually is supplemented by a few low and rather small windows placed along the side and end walls, but such a method is very unsatisfactory and should not be allowed in future construction. Hipped-roof skylights and high win- dows in sufficient numbers to light the in- terior thor6ighly are the most satisfactory method of lighting. The hipped-roof sky- light is preferable to a straight plain glass, as the style of construction permits it to receive some light throughout the day. The side windows should be placed 5 feet up the wall so that the light will not be block- ed by the machines, conveyors, or stacked boxes, but will flood unobstructed to the center of the room. To light a packing room 100 feet long by 70 feet wide will require the use of continuous sash 4- feet high along the two sides and one end. A room 40 feet by 60 feet will require continuous sash of the same height along two sides only. Wiiere sizing machines are used, the sorting table is usually placed next to the partition between the packing room and the loose fruit storage, so that the sorters re- ceive very little light from the windows at the opposite end of the room. To in- crease the amount of illumination at this point hipped-roof sky lights should be installed over each sorting table. These skylights should be made of translucent glass to diminish the glare of the sun on bright days. They need not be larger than 3 feet by 4 feet in size. Where the house is constructed with a loft, light shafts or wells are used to admit the light and concentrate it directly over the sort- ing table. These shafts should flare so that at the bottom, which is directly over the heads of the sorters, the dimensions are the same as those of the sorting table. When hand tables are arranged down the center of a large packing room, a large hipped-roof skylight should be placed above to insure plenty of light for the graders. White paint is commonly applied to the light shafts and other parts of the packing room to intensify and re-, fleet whatever light is available. fl It is necessary to provide electric lights for use at night and on very dark days. The packing operations which can be con- ducted efficiently in a rather dim light can be illuminated by globes suspended by drop cords, but such provision is not sat- isfactory for the sorting table. For this purpose a rectangular-shaped reflector or hood, should be used. This reflector should be the same length as the table and about 1 8 inches wide. It should be suspended by ropes and equipped with a pulley so that it may be drawn up and away from the table when natural light is available. Such a reflector protects the eyes from all glare and also enables the sorting crew to concentrate their attention better on their work as a view of the workers on the op- pisite side of the table is obstructed. This reflector should be furnished with six 75- watt blue glass daylight nitrogen electric globes. The light from such globes is not glaring and is the best substitute for sun- light in examining defects and color. In former years the apples, both loose and packed, were hauled in wagons, but motor trucks have replaced them to a very large extent. It is probable that the cost of this operation has not been lowered mat- erially by the change, but the time and labor have been reduced, and both of these factors are exceedingly important during the packing season. As a general thing, in- dividual growers can not afi"ord to main- tain trucks to be used only for a compar- atively short season, and for that reason, they, and often the dealers and growers' associations as well, find it more convenient and economical to contract for this work. See Us At the Seattle Fruit Show November 21-26 One of our Graders will be working Cutler Mfg. Co. 353 E. Tenth St. Portland, Oregon November, 1921 B ETTE R FRUIT Page 9 Set aside the Week of Nov. 21-26 for the PACIFIC NORTHWEST FRUIT EXPOSITION The greatest display of the finest fruits ever assembled at one time and in one place will be shown at the Bell Street Terminal Exposition Building, in Seattle, during Thanksgiving Week. The Exposition Building, 800 feet long and 70 feet wide, will be filled with the exhibits from all the fruit districts of the Pacific Northwest. There will also be a complete display of machinery, appliances and devices for use in the fruit in- dustry. A part of each day is set aside for lectures and discussions of all the problems of the grower. Twelve Thousand Dollars in Prizes The Premium List, beginning with the $1,000 cash and gold banner sweep- stakes prize for the best collective exhibit made by any community, covers all sorts of competitions with awards in cash, merchandise, silver cups, trophies and banners — a chance for every grower. THIS IS YOUR EXPOSITION The purpose is to arouse all the people Not only better fruits, but better transpor- of the Pacific Northwest to a lively apprecia- tation, better facilities for distribution and tion of the magnitude and importance of the marketing, are essential to the welfare of the fruit industry. industry. Reduced Rates on All Lines — One and One-Half Fare for Round Trip From All Points in Washington, Oregon and Northern Idaho PACIFIC NORTHWEST FRUIT EXPOSITION BELL STREET TERMINAL— SEATTLE November 21 to 26 Inclusive Page 10 BETTER FRUIT November, 1021 Winter Injury to Berry Plants By J. L. Stahl Hortictilturist of Western Wnshhtglon Experiment Station, With Arthur Frank, Plant Pathologist of the Station, as Collaborator. barred and obstructed by a few trees which can be cut out and the frost pocket re- ALMOST every year berries and other fruits in this section are injured by freezing to a greater or less degree. Some- times the injury is more severe on one type of berry than another, depending on the condition or hardiness of the canes at the time of the lowest temperatures. The danger priods are usually in November and December on the bearing canes and roots and April and May for the young shoots. Injury which occurs from freezing the plants during the fall and winter months is usually classed as winter injury. That which occurs to new growing shoots in spring we consider frost injury. There are many factors both natural and artificial which may play an important part in the amount or extent of winter in- jury throughout a locality. Oftentimes this condition cannot be avoided, but some- times by study of the causes and careful cultural methods given it can be prevented. To a lesser degree frost injury can some- times be prevented by practical methods. Some of the factors which produce a tendency toward injury by frost are: Late irrigation or early fall rains; poor drainage; continued cultivation late in the season; neglect to thin young canes; late summer fertilizing; excessive fertilization; warm, wet fall followed by low tempera- tures; summer drought, producing weak canes; late frosts, injuring new shoots. Some of the factors which have a ten- dency to resist or avoid winter injury are: Good soil drainage; good air drainage; frequent cultivation during the early grow- ing season ; early normal ripening of canes. TN SOIL where irrigation is necessary the •*■ soil moisture and ripening of the cane problems can be largely controlled. Some- times the natural outlet of cold air is moved. Thinning of young shoots during the growing season will allow greater air and sunshine contact and consequently an earlier ripening of wood in the fall. Re- moval of old canes after the picking sea- son will also aid in this. Immature canes are easily injured by low temperatures. Fertilization is an important practice that should receive careful study. Excessive fertilization of a neglected or abused soil is dangerous. Overfertilization causes over- grown, sappy canes readily broken, easily frozen in winter and soft berries. There are many types of fall and winter freezing. Some of them are: Freezing of sappy canes in early fall ; freezing of canes and roots from extreme low temperatuse; freezing of sappy canes near the ground line in the early spring; frost just before the blossom time, pro- ducing a blight on the flower stem; frost during the blossom time killing the flow- er organs; frost of new shoots in the early spring; frosting of new shoots, causing a bre.iking down of pith cells. It does not take a plant specialist to recognize some of the symptoms of winter or frost injury when they are once known. Some of them are: Excessive shedding of bark on the lower part of the cane; whitening of the entire cane; excessive brittleness of the cane in the early spring; dead or rotted roots; chocolate-colored pith in lower part of the cane; dry pith with a separation of the cells; water soaked appearance of the in- ner bark ; sour sap odor or taste ; dead ter- minal growth; dead buds; wilted shoots or buds immediately after starting out; blackened or wilted new shoots; brown or blackened fruit stems; blackened flowers. APPLE GROWERS AND SHIPPERS! ATTENTION! Our modern up-to-date cold storage rooms under supervision of cold storage experts are available for apple storage. We are situated to handle apples in transit by rail or water. For Rates and Particulars Apply to Fourth Street Warehouse & Cold Storage Company PHONE BROADWAY 4300 and 1850 FOURTH AND HOYT STREETS PORTLAND. OREGON ALBATROSS BRANDS How to prevent the "blotch" or "burn" of the spray on fruit Observe this study in contrasts. The apple at the luft was spravL-d with Arsenate of Lead— a wonder- fully good spray. But the user netrlecttd to mix "Spray Spread" with it. Bl-Iow is a similar apple- spray t-d with the same kind of spray— but Albatross Spray Spread was niix< d with the spray. Note the ditfercijce — the "k-ad"' dried on the FIRST apple in I spots— orblotchs.Tiic Second apple received an equal amount of protective spray— but it spread over the apple in a thin film. .Appearance and mar- keting appeal of the I appleisthusretained. I The pictures tell why I Government experts I are so enthused over "Spray Spreads- why experienced hor- I ticulturists say it has ., , ,, -,/> /■' 1 ■' rN(J equal for spread- Notethc bloU-h or burn of ^^^ ^n "arsenate of the lead on this apple ],-ad" spray. ALBATROSS SPRAY SPREAD ' {Calchini Cascinate Couit'oicnd) ?? Quality Features: 1. Very finely ground — always uniform. 2. Quickly Soluble. i. No lost time. 4. Protects fruit with uniform coatincr- 5. Does not injure folia i:e. 6. Recommended by experts. 7. Gun r a nteed b y manufacturers. Directions sent iviih ,. , ,, . ji each order -^ ^^^'J"-' ""'V^'rw .adicnng jihn on this apple PACKAGES AND PRICES 20()lb. Bbl. B:.xes 2 lb. Pkgs. 22(* lb. 24C^ lb. 250 lb. Freight prepaid to Northwest points. Note: If you use Casien. Albatross Superfine, is the brand to buy. Very finely ground — • quickly soluble when mixed with alkali. ^foY I'^AINJp^ /4iBATR0S5^ Storage plants, LcoLDWATERj packing sheds, ,_____, etc. '"sciV'TL'e^^' Durlnfr the last six years a very "~ large proportion of the major in- dustrial plants, warehouses, lumber mills and can- neries I list on application) have been made "spick and span" with Albatross Cold Water Paint. This paint is very economical to use — dry s snow white — will NOT peel or rub off— retardsfire — easy to apply — and when properly applied, reduces insurance rates. Has remarkable sprcadins and covering (.lualities — will work over wood. rock, plaster or other [nati-rial. For almost any kind of commercial interior. Albatross Cold Water Paint is unequalled. Extensively used in the fruit world for storage plants, packing sheds, etc. Tell us your require ments — we can meet them to your complete satis- faction. • * • General Basic Products Co.. Sole MamifactiireTS, TSMh l(.lh Ave.S. W.,Seattle.U.S.A. Dealers . .Address us for attractive sales proposition. November, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 je^ t SUPER QMT JUNIOR Greater Pressure and LargerJ^ Capacity Work, at Less Cost Does Quicker, Better Adequate equipment is absolutely necessary for thorough spraying. It is impossible to thoroughly spray a large acreage with one small pump. There is some one application on all fruit — especially on apples — which must be made within a very limited period. Often the loss that results from failure to get the trees sprayed in time is far greater than the cost of adequate equipment. The Bean Super-Gi.int Junior with its nozzle capacity of 14 gallons a minute und its 300-gallon tank, does 50 per cent more work in a given time than the old-type outfit with its 200-gallon tank. You not only make a big saving in the cost of spray- ing, but you get the material onto the trees when it does the most good. The New Bean 6 H.P. Engine A Feature of the 1922 Bean Line A big advance step in the develop- ment of sprayer power. This depend- able engine was created by Mr. E. B. Cushman, famous as a designer of successful gas engines, and is undoubt- edly his finest achievement. Com- pact, light in weight, and so perfect- ly balanced that it runs remarkably free from vibration even under full power. Can be quickly and easily made available for other power jobs when sprayer is not in use. Can also be used to replace the engine now on your rig, if you want more power and higher pressure. Sign and Send the Coupon for New Bean Catalog It illustrates and describes the entire Bean line for 1922. from the reliable little Bean Simplicity with a capacity of 4J^ gallons a minute to the Bean Super-Oiant with a capacity of 20 to 25 gallons a minute. There is a Bean that exactly tits your requirements. BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. I 9 Hosmer Street LANSING, MICH. Originators of the First High Pressure Spray Pum-p new. Julian Street / Z^.^-'^^9 ■■:■■ /Xff///////. SAN JOSE, CAUF.y .<=f S^,' ■ Page 12 BETTER FRUIT November. 1921 Car Shortage Injures Apple Growers Bij The Editor DURING the current apple marketing season nearly every section of the Northwest has been hit at some time by a serious shortage of cars necessary to handle the crop. This is not a new situation, but is none the less aggravating to growers •and shippers, because they had been through the same experience before. Early in October a very serious short- age of refrigerator cars was experienced in the Wenatchee district. Several of the leading warehouses stopped receiving ap- ples, while in others the crop was piled to the roof. Reports classed the situation as unparalelled for so early in the season, as less than 1 0 per cent of the crop had been handled up to that time. Shippers charged that though the Great Northern railroad had been offered several thousand empty refrigerator cars before the beginning of the season, it had turned down the offer rather than pay the per diem rental to owners of the cars. The shippers talked of damages running into millions of dollars. The Wenatchee Valley Traffic associa- tion promptly took up th: matter by authorizing employment of a firm of at- torneys of national reputation to look into aspects of the American Railway associa- tion car pool and frame action for dam- ages. A representative was sent before the interstate commerce commission and other steps were taken to break the shortage and minimize resultant losses. At the same time reports from the Pay- ette valley, in Idaho, showed that there were 400 cars of Jonathans and other apples there ready to be shipped, with no cars available. About the third week in October it was reported from Salem that acute car short- ages existed in most of the apple growing districts of Oregon. Appeals were con- stantly reaching the public service com- mission calling for any possible relief. The commission sent letters immediately to the various lines serving both Oregon and Washington territory, calling attention to the complaints and urging utmost co-oper- ation in meeting the shippers' needs. It is a little early to know what relief, if any, the railroads may succeed in pro- viding. Whatever they may accomplish, however, it is certain that the apple grow- ers of the Northwest will have suffered extensive losses because of the shortage. RHODES DOUBLE CUT , PRUNING SH RHODES MFG. C . DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. yHE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. Sth Edition and Modern Economy WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to onter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United State* Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, CalifomU November, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 13 Seattle Fruit Show THE premium list of the Pacific North- west Fruit Exposition, to be held at the Bell street terminal in Seattle, Novem- ber 21-26, is being distributed to fruit growers of the northwestern states. En- tries for district display contests are an- nounced as having closed October 15. For the 10-box contest entries will close November 10, and for plate exhibits on November 19. For the district or community display, the first prize is $1,000 and a gold ban- ner; second prize, $500 and a silver ban- ner; third, $100 and a silver cup; fourth, $100 and silver cup; fifth, $100 and a suitable trophy. For this class of exhib- its will be allowed 4-00 square feet of free space. Entries have closed. The best display by an individual grow- er, for which 200 feet of free space is allowed, will be given a $500 merchandise prize. Entries closed November 1. The one-box prizes are $3, $2 and $1. The five-box prizes are $15, $10 and $5; the ten-box prizes are $50, $30 and $15. In this contest prizes are provided for 23 varieties of apples in all. Plate exhibits of apples draw prizes of $2 and $1. There are single box and plate contests for 12 varieties of pears, with prizes rang- ing from $3 to 50 cents. Prizes are also offered for other kinds of fruits, and for nuts, evaporated fruits, home-processed fruits and cranberries. No entry fee is charged for any com- petitive display, large or small. Prune Confections "PRUNES, dried and sugared in Stras- ■■• berg, France, and on sale at confec- tionery stores in Germany at 40 marks a pound, are most delicious, according to Dr. F. A. Magruder, associate professor in political science at the Oregon Agricul- tural college, who, accompanied by Mrs. Magruder, spent the summer in Europe. The price, equal approximately to 50 cents a pound in American money, is a little high for the German pocketbook at the present time, he says, which keeps the con- fection from being as popular as it would be at a lower price. In Oregon, however. Dr. Magruder sees no reason why prunes cannot be made a very popular confection. The European recipe might well be copied, he thinks, and thereby create a much larger demand for the Oregon prune crop. Figs and prunes boiled separately and served together, and prunes stewed with cinnamon bark, are other w.iys of prepar- ing the fruit which Dr. Magruder found in Europe and on the boat. He brought a sample of the prune confection back to Oregon Agricultural college and delivered it over to the horticultural department that it might be examined and the advis- ability of its preparation made known. Longer Life For Tractors Wagons, Silos and Farm Implements PROPER paint protection will preserve your farm tractors, vehicles, silos and va- rious agricultural implements and machinery. Such protec- tion is vitally important to you because it is economical. Constant exposure to all kinds of weather tends to materially deteriorate the usefulness of all farm implements and buildings. A protective coat of good paint will make them last longer, look better. Buy Good Paint Always buy the best paint — it is more economical — it costs less in the end. Good paint is easier to spread and so goes farther. Besides it lasts five or more years longer than cheap paint, and always looks better. So when you figure labor, square yards co'vered, lasting tjualilirs and appearance, cheap paint is a great deal more ex- pensive than good paint. It pays to invest in quality, when quality means economy. Remember that Fuller makes a "spe- cial paint for every purpose." No matter what you have that needs painting there is a Fuller product made to cover it. Fullerk SPECIFICATION Pcir^tvi Paints House Paint-Barn e- Roof Paint Waqon Point-Rubber Cement Floor Point Manufactured by W. P. Fuller & Co., San Francisco Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints. Varnishes, Enamels, Stains and PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years Branches in 16 cities in the West—Dealers everywhere--EstabIished 1849 Send Coupon For Interesting Book FREE Mail coupon for "Save the Surface" — a free book that tells of the importance of good paint. We'll ,-ond al-^o our book- let describing Fuller's Spec- ification Farm Paints, Var- nishes, etc. Send coupon now. Find out what good paini means to you. W. p. Fuller & Co. Dept. F. 19, San Francisco. Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Surface" and your booklet of farm paints and varnishes. Name Street City State Page U BETTER FRUIT Success With Evergreen Blackberries ON HIS farm on the Pacific Highway, just outside of Gervais, Oregon, Sam Brown has 35 acres of evergreen black- berries which were planted from tips in November, 1916. In 1919 the crop amounted to 15 tons. In 1920 the crop was very light because of frost. This year Mr. Brown harvested 125 tons and he is confident that when his yard comes into full bearing he will obtain a yield of 200 tons a year. Recounting his experience with the evergreens to The Salem Statesman, Mr. Brown said that, contrary to general opin- ion, they are hard to start. It is as difficult to start them as it is to kill them when thoroughly started. He advises the begin- ner to use tips for pl.".nting and not suckers. Then cultivate each year, just the same as loganberries. The onlv difference is in the trellising. Evergreens will respond as well as or better than logans. He planted in rows eight feet apart and 16 feet apart in the rows. The posts ought to be four feet three inches high. He made his a little higher, but he is going to hammer them down, because posts higher than that make the top wire so high that the picking is difficult by women and children. Reaching too high tires them and retards the work. There are four wires for evergreens, the top wire No. 10 and the bottom wire No. 12, and the wires are 12 inches apart. He uses cross-arms and small slats one by one and five-eighths inches, notched for the wires. The vines lay over one slat and under the next. IITR. BROWN uses tractors in culti- ■'■'-'■ vating. He has two tractors. Each tractor pulls a plow and two discs, the discs following the plow — the cultivating being done all at one operation. The ground should be smooth. Do not hill up. The hilling up will make the ever- greens as well as the logans crawl up to meet the hilling. Forces were at work in the evergreen vineyard of Mr. Brown, last month, cutting away the old vines, which will be burned, and getting ready to train the new canes that will bear the berries ne.xt year. Mr. Brown has 85 acres of loganberries. He has also a young filbert orchard of 35 acres, and he is going into walnuts, gradually. So he knows what he is talk- ing about when he says it is more ex- pensive to start an evergreen than a logan yard. It takes more wires and larger and more expensive wires. The evergreens are very heav)', and require strong wires. Then it takes longer for the evergreens to come into full bearing. A good sized crop may be taken from loganberry vines the third year, while not a great deal may be ex- pected in the way of profitable yields from evergreen vines till the fifth year. This means more preliminary labor cost, and rent or tax cost and interest cost. But the evergreens, under favorable conditions, yield more than logans. The reader will observe that Mr. Brown is ex- pecting about 12,000 pounds to the acre from his evergreens annually. Some ever- green vines have yielded over 16,000 pounds to the acre. Some small yards did this year in the Salem district. Yields run up to 22,000 pounds an acre on beaverdam land. Loganberries and evergreen blackberries make good succession crops. The picking of the logans is done and out of the way November, 1021 when the evergreen harvesting starts. Mr. Brown started his loganberry pickers June 27. He finished the blackberry picking Saturday night, September 17, getting 225 tons of loganberries and 125 tons of ever- greens. He has two trucks, and he helps his neighbors deliver their crops. His trucks hauled to market during the sea- son about 700 tons of berries, half his own and half for his neighbors. Mr. Brown has about 200 pickers dur- ing the loganberry harvest and 100 dur- ing evergreen blackberry harvest; part of the same crew, just moving from one yard to the other. The season is longer for picking evergreens than logans. He keeps five steadv men the year t.'i-ough. and six extra men during the summer. At last — the supreme Small Tractor Ready for Delivery November 1 Deliveries of the T-35 model be- gin November 1. Limitations of production make it advisable to book your orders at once, even if you do not want immediate delivery. 7*- 55 Tractor FOR four years Holt experience and skill have been devoted to the production of this wonderful little tractor. During that time Holt has designed, built and discarded small tractor models that surpassed existing standards, but fell short of the high ideal Holt had set for a small "Caterpillar" Tractor. To limit size without sacrificing power; to lessen weight without imperiling strength; to maintain, above all. the Holt standard of economica!. dependable, long-lived performance — that was the Holt ideal. Correct design and the development of new qualities of steels and better methods of heat-treatment made this achievement possible. Model T 35 "Caterpillar" Tractor is new, but new to the public only. It has been tried, tested and proven. It possesses, in fullest degree, all those qualities that have made the name "Caterpillar" supreme in the tractor world. "Caterpillar" T 35 Tractor is only 48 inches wide and 52 inches high, weighs but 4000 pounds, yet develops a liberal surplus of power over its 14 drawbar-horsepower rating. It is of marvelously simple design, easy handling, all working parts fully enclosed yet readily accessible. You will want full information regarding this latest Holt achievement — a postcard or letter request brings it to you — -write today. The Holt Manufacturing Company Stockton, Cal. Peoria, III. Los Angeles, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. Spokane. Wash. There's I only one I Calerpiliar Holt I bmlds it y November, 1921 Six of his men have been with him six years and one man eight years. They know how to go ahead with the work, and there is something doing every day in the year. THE Brown farm is the old home place. His is a case of the younger genera- tion sticking with the old farm and devel- oping it into greater productiveness. A couple of years ago Mr. Brown was of- fered $750 an acre for part of his logan- berry vineyard. He refused the offer. It has been said that the farm, in the early settlement of Oregon, was sold for the price of a Hudson's Bay shotgun. But shotguns were high in those days, and land for preemption was plentiful — and loganberries and evergreen blackberries were unknown. Mr. Brown has a neighbor, Joe Nibler, the pioneer in the cultivation of evergreen blackberries — at least the pioneer in the Gervais neighborhood. Their cultivation is a new thing. Mr. Brown got the ever- green blackberry "bug" from his neigh- bor, Joe Nibler. Picking from the trained and cultivated vines is easier and cheaper. The berries are better. They sell higher I to 2 cents a pound higher. They have become the great pie berry of America, and there is no telling how big is their future. BETTER FRUIT Page 15 Thank You ! "/ could not afford to do tvithout Better Fruit any more than I could do uithout my sfrayer. They are both sfecialtsts in their resfective callings." — Excerpt from letter of J. R. Allen, Neffel, Wash. SASH AND DOORS O. B. Williams Co. 1943 First Avenue South, Seattle Chicken House Sash 20 in. wide by 25 in. high, 80c A dozen different sizes in stock for immediate shipment Sky Lights for Chicken Houses 36 in. by 40 in.; price glazed, $2.00 This is the size recommended by the West- ern Washington Experiment Station^irt carry them in stock for immediate shipment. Sash and Doors for all purposes at lo\vest prices. All orders receive prompt attention. Our large illustrated catalogue No. 19, showing ful line of building material and built-in fixtures for the home, free on re- quest. O. B. Williams Co. Established 1899 The New McKay Disc Orchard Plow Here is the latest and most improved development of the disc plow and sub- soiler combined. It has been designed and built to embody every improvement. Its ease of handling and its greater adaptability to every condition of orchard, grove, vineyard or open field tillage are outstanding points that insure its increased utility. THE ORCHARD PLOW AND SUBSOILER OF GREATEST UTILITY AND PROFIT The McKay disc plow has been thoroughly tested under most difficult con- ditions. The patented hitch permits plowing close to trees, throwing soil either direc- tion. Front and rear discs cut outside of wheels, thus allowing closest plow- ing to and from trees and vines. Greatest offset without side draft on tractor. Built low and sturdy, the plow will work under trees without injury to branches or fruit. No projections of any kind above the beams. The new McKay pulls straight on centers with no side thrust. It is simple in construction, has but few parts — most of which are steel — and is noted for its unusual strength and endurance. There are no chains, sprock- ets, levers or gears. The patented power lift is sure and simple. Attached subsoilers behind each disc break up the hard pan, but may be adjusted out of the way when desired. Greater clear.ince .above and between discs permits turning of heavy cover crops. Full Timken bearings in all wheels and discs. Pivotal front truck allows tractor and plow to turn on narrowest headlands with.jut straining beams. TOWERS & SULLIVAN MFG. CO. ROME, GEORGIA R. M. Wade Co. Portland, Oregon Distributors for the Pacific Coast H. V. Carter Motor Co. San Francisco, Cal. Arnott & Co. Los Angeles, Cal. Full descriptive circular and additional information sent upon request. Write to itie .distributor nearest you. .S-F4 Page 16 BETTER FRUIT November, 19^1 BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON W. H. WALTON Editor JERROLD OWEN Associate Editor C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES PAUL W. & GUY F. MINNICK 303 Fifth Ave,, New York JNO. D. ROSS 608 Otis Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS Hobart Bldg., San Francisco STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. COLORADO— C. P. Gillette. Director and Ento- mologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTANA— H. Thornber. Victor. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist, Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist, Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application. Profiteering Traced Early in October a party of Chi- cago aldermen visited cities of the Pacific Coast, on trail of the elusive profiteer. No, the Windy City investigat- ors came not here expecting to shake an accusing finger at any suspected group of Western citi- zens. Their suspicions pointed in an entirely different direction. They came fully expecting their investigation to fix the guilt of profiteering in market produce upon other parties. It did. The 28 visitors were members of Chicago's committee on high costs and high rentals. For months they have been waging an active campaign for reduction in food costs and rentals. In their fight for lower food costs they of neces- sity had made a study of marketing practices. They had analyzed costs at the consumer end of the line. They came to Washington, Oregon and California to round out their study by getting the pro- ducer angle, more particularly in the fruit industry. What these men learned from their investigation out here served only to confirm facts and convic- tions they already held. Promptly and frankly they declared that the fruit growers are not profiteering. Russell J. Poole, able and aggress- ive secretary of the commission, publicly stated that the growers are in no way to blame for the high cost of their fruits in Chicago. The railroads may be getting a bit more than entitled to for haul- ing the fruit East, Mr. Poole opined, but the real charge of prof- iteering he fastened upon the brok- ers and commission men. It is not an uncommon practice for these middlemen to withhold fruit from sale that prices may be pushed up. Sometimes it is held until it rots. Again, it is no uncommon occur- ence, he said, for a car of Hood River or Wenatchee apples to be sold and resold five and six times during its journey to Chicago. By these findings the stigma of profiteering, at least of unduly forcing up costs, seems rather def- initely placed. Some Chicagoans pay the extra cost, others do with- out the fruit. In both instances the guiltless Pacific Coast growers suffer injury. In spirit and in hope for a change in the system, these growers back Chicago in her fight for lower costs through more direct distribution. Car Shortage Again this season, as has univer- sally been the case when heavy fruit crops have been grown, shippers of the Pacific Coast section have been confronted at the height of the shipping movement by an ap- parent inability on the part of the railroads to supply sufficient cars. For months the railroads had been begging for tonnage. Busi- ness was so slack most of them were not making expenses. Such was their plight it had the dear public on the verge of shedding tears of sympathy. A few weeks pass and some of these same railroads are declining business on the ground that they are unable to handle it. The old excuses are revived — not enough refrigerator cars, too many re- quired to move the grapes of Cali- fornia, or the cabbages of Michi- gan, or the potatoes of Texas. In the past there hasn't been very much the unfortunate ship- pers could do in this situation. There isn't a great deal more they can do now, but one helpful course presents itself. They can throw as much as possible of their ton- nage to the competing water lines. Some steamship companies have become energetic enough to fit many of their boats with refrigera- tor space. More of them will glad- ly do so if the requisite cargo is made available. Fruit shippers will do well to encourage them. One thing more will go far tcn ward putting the steamship com- panies in position to take a larger share of the Coast's fruit ship- ments — free tolls for coastwise shipping through the Panama canal. It would be interesting to know how many men of the west- ern fruit industry have written or telegraphed their representatives in Congress asking them to work for the free toll measure. Benefits of Displays Who in your community won the prizes for best horticultural displays at the fairs of your sec- tion— yourself or your neighbor.? It is a bit late to contemplate the fact that you may have made no showing of your fruits, or may not have done them justice in scope or attractiveness of displays. If such reflections are yours, perk up — there is still opportunity to gain credit for yourself and your com- munity by entering exhibits at the big Northwest Fruit Exposition at Seattle and the Land Products Show at Portland. In thinking of such exhibits do not forget the variety of benefits that accrue. If you do creditably there is a direct reflex benefit for your community. There comes a stimulating encouragement for your own advancement in the fruit growing industry. You will have done something to help give favor- able impressions to visitors from other states and sections of our country. Neither least nor last in the category, you will have done something to stimulate the fruit- consuming appetites of the general November, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 Experience Letter Prizes TYTE WISH every fruit grower who reads »» this would take note of the fact that the January number of Better Fruit is to be a big comprehensive "Homeseeifers' Num- ber." It is to be of such nature as to maice a definite and effective appeal to the thou- sands of persons in the Middle West and East susceptible to the lure of the fruit growing sections of the Pacific Coast. ■No one thing gives the Easterner more exact information and makes more cogent appeal to him than the plain, unvarnished story of what the individual fruit grower has experienced and accomplished here. That the "Homeseekers' Number" may carry an extensive array of such articles, straight from the growers themselves, we are offering prizes for acceptable "experi- ence letters.'' For the most interesting and informa- tive letter Better Fruit will give the writer $10 in cash. For the next best letter, $5 in cash will reward the writer. Prizes con- sisting of two-year and one-year subscrip- tions will reward others whose letters are used in this number. Subscriptions will be credited as renewals or sent to any new ad- dress, as the winner may request. Sit down and write us in your own way of your experiences in growing fruits, ber- ries or nuts of any sort. Tell what you have accomplished in this line whether on a city lot or 100-acre ranch. Besides the possi- bility of receiving a cash prize you will be doing your bit toward influencing new set- tlers to come to the Pacific Coast states. Old friends back East would enjoy read- ing your letter among the contents of this number. Send it in promptly and if it is among those printed you will be mailed two to five extra copies — just to show our ap- preciation. 'C'REDERICK PAGE, prominent New York city builder, has purchased ten acres of bear- ing orchard in the Belmont district at Hood River and has moved his family there. Pre- viously he had an orchard at Mosier, Oregon. He sold this before making the purchase near Hood River. irii iittiiiiiii iiiiiiniiiiti iiiimiltiiririiirntrillliMl iiitiitiriiitiitiiiitim I LEWISTON VALLEY WATER CO. | I Lewriston Orchards = i Lewiston, Idaho = I June 21. 1921 I I Better Fruit Publishing Co. 1 I Portland, Oregon | I Gentlemen: — | I I have before me the June copy | I of Better Fruit. I wish that every | I fruit grower in the Northwest could | I read this issue. | I You will find inclosed a list of the | I fruit growers on the Lewiston Or- | I chards. I hope you will be able to | i mail each one a copy of the Ju le | S number. Thio one issue is worth | I many dollars to any fruit grower. | I Yours truly, i 5 5 I (Signed) David S. Wallace, Manager ° Give Your Orchards a Tonic! FRUIT TREES, like persons, cannot grow without nourishing food. Their food area is limited by root extension. When the soil is sapped of its nourishment, the trees starve to death. By Blasting the Soil with DYNAMITE the soil is deeply pulverized and aerated and greater root extension is ensured. Moisture is easily absorbed and retained for periods of drouth. Old Orchards can be rejuvenated by firing small charges of Du Pont Dynamite in the soil below the tips of the branches. This blasting operation is the tonic required to restore old trees to a productive and profit- able condition. New trees planted in dynamited ground develop better root systems, grow faster and yield more and better fruit. Du Pont Dynamite was the first explosive made for tree-planting, land-clearing and ditching. Always uni- form in its results, it is the most efficient and economical powder to use. Get it from your hardware dealer OT general store. Write for a free ropy of Farmers' Handbook of Explosives lellinfi hom to rejuvenate orchards, blast tree-holes and clear and drain land. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. Portland Seattle Spokane Musical Merchandise Write Us WE SAVE YOU MONEY! W. Martius Music House, Inc. 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington Everything Known in Music SHEET MUSIC Write U« -iiiiiiiiintMiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiMiiiiiitiriirriiiitiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiii Are You Reading the Advertisements ? If you are not you should be for there are many new devices coming into the market all the time, some of whii ■h may help you solve your siggest problems. Page 18 BETTER FRUIT November, W>: I Need of Commercial Fertilizers in Bitter Root Valley By Edmund Burke C/iemist, Bozeman Agricultural Exferiment Station THE first soil Investigations made by the Montana Experiment Station were in 1897 when the origin and extent of allcali salts were studied. The first work done in the Bitter Root valley was in 1899 and confined entirely to the bottom land where alkali salts would be liable to be found in the largest quantities. At the time this investigation was started, only the most fertile land in the state was under cultivation and with the exception of excessive amounts of alkali in a few localities, all lands were producing such' large yields of grains and grasses that no one even dreamed of our soils being lacking in any of the elements essential to plant growth. With the advent of dry farming and the rapid settlement of our government lands, a considerable portion of our grazing lands was settled and put under cultivation, some as dry land and, in some cases, irrigation projects were developed and the lands irri- gated, but even up to this time, the farmer, and even the scientist, were prone to be- lieve that any of this newly acquired land was lacking in plant foods and continued to hold to the idea that all Montana soils were unusually rich in all of the elements essential to plant life and would produce bumper crops under proper methods of cropping and tilling when well supplied with moisture. About 1910 and 1911, soon after the rapid extension of our farming land, the soil work of the experiment station was extended to include a study of the nitrogen, phosphorus and lime content of the soils. It soon became evident that some of our soils were lacking in nitrogen, the plant food element most closely associated with or- ganic matter. The scarcity of nitrogen is not confined to any particular locality in Montana, neither is it confined to this state for the same condition prevails in many sections of the semi-arid region of the West. Aside from differences in soil types, rainfall is the controlling factor in the ac- cumulation of nitrogen in the soil. Where the rainfall is light, there will be a light growth of vegetation and consequently a slow accumulation of nitrogen. In humid countries, there is a danger of the nitrogen being leached from the soil. This loss, however, seldom equals in amount that which fails to form in semi-arid countries. Phosphorus is not of organic origin and therefore the per cent present in a virgin soil is not influenced by precipitation like nitrogen. Some soils contain much more phosphorus than others, but it must be borne in mind that that condition is brought about largely by geological activities. Near Phil- ipsburg there is phosphate rock analyzing 10 per cent phosphorus, while some of our soils in the state will not analyze more than 0.02 per cent. The lime in a soil is slowly leached to greater depths by rain water and irrigation and where other conditions are equal, there is more lime in regions of light rainfall than in humid countries. So much for the pioneer work of the station and the factors which influence plant foods of the soil. This discussion may seem somewhat technical, but I believe the time is coming, if not already here, when we must devote more time to a study of the plant food in a soil and the feeding habits of plants. The farmer is careful to balance his horses' rations so that they are able to do a maximum amount of work or his cows' rations so that they will give a maximum You'll get somewhere with a pipe and P. A,! Start fresh all over again at the beginning! Get a pipe! — and for- get every smoke experience you ever had that spilled the beans! For a jimmy pipe, packed brimful with Prince Albert, will trim any degree of smokejoy you ever registered! It's a revelation! Put a pin inhere! Prince Albert can't bite your tongue or parch your throat. Both are cut out by our exclusive patented process. So, just pass up any old idea you may have stored away that you can't smoke a pipe ! You can if it's P. A. for packing! What P. A. hands you in a pipe it will duplicate in a home-made cigarette ! P. A.'s a cinch to roll be- cause it's crimp cut and stays put! Prince Albert is sold in toppy red bags, tidy red tins, hand- some poundand halt pound tin humidors and in the pound crys- tal glass humi- dor with sponge moistener top.. Copyriehl 1921 by K J Reynolds Tobacco Co. Winston-Salem. N. C j>RiNCE Albert the national joy smoke November, 1921 milk flow. Every farmer knows the general methods of feeding stock. He also knows that well fed and well groomed animals are more resistant to discises and the attacks less fatal to them than to animals suffering from malnutrition or starvation. TVTITH animals, the farmer can see the • ' quality and quantity of food that they are consuming and note Its effects. This makes the problem of feeding stock more simple than the problem of feeding plants. The plant, be It grass, grain or tree, re- quire; a balanced ration in order to obtain its maximum growth and its resistance to disease just the same as stock and not until the farmer learns to feed his plants will he get the greatest returns for the money ex- pended. In feeding plants, we are dealing with elements existing In the soil in small quantities and Invisible to the eye. It is therefore impossible for the farmer to tell If the plant is receiving its proper ration except by Its appearance and rate of growth. A plant, properly fed, will make a nor- mal growth, Its leaves will be of normal size, of a good green color and its power to reproduce seed or fruit will be at a maxinjum. The feeding habits of different species of plants differ the same as differ- ent species of animals. One species may require more lime, nitrogen, phosphorus or potash than some other species just the same as a hog requires a greater proportion of grain to roughage than a sheep, horse or cow. Water is as important for growing plants as for animals and where Irrigation Is possible, no plant should be allowed to suffer for water. Where irrigation Is not possible, the greatest care should be exer- cised to conserve that which comes as rain or snow, so that the plant will receive the most possible. While different species of plants may differ in their feeding habits. It must be remembered that the functions of the plant foods do not differ in different species. For example, nitrogen's chief purpose In all species of plant is in leaf formation and the production of proteins and nitrogenous bodies, potash in building up the carbo- hydrates and cell structure and phosphates In producing seed and fruit. In discussing plant foods, it must be remembered that BETTER FRUIT Page 19 Always At Your Service" Growers' and Packers' Equipment We Manufacture: LADDERS BOX PRESSES PACKING CHAIRS BOX-MAKING BENCHES and AUTOMATIC ELEVATORS all GRAVITY & POWER CONVEYOR kinds POTATO GRADERS AND SIZERS of PRICE FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Special NELSON FRUIT SORTERS AND SIZERS Equipment PRICE "PRICE PRODUCTS" Before You Buy Others We maintain a consulting department w^hich will be very glad to advise with you in planning the installation of equipment for your packing house or warehouse. Illustrated Booklets and Price List on Request Fruit Appliance Company Successors to Price Manufacturing Company, Inc. YAKIMA, WASHINGTON SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO., Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS & CO., LTD., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.. London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED. Southampton Agencies and Representativet in Every Imrportant European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Addrett SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH. WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page 20 BETTER FRUIT November, 19.^1 there are several others than those men- tioned and probably just as essential, but the soil, in general, is well supplied with theiB so we will interest ourselves only with those that are liable to be lacking. The analysis of soil in the Bitter Root valley shows a wide range in the per cent of plant foods present, so much so, that one orchardist living on the east side of the river would not be justified in applying lime to his soil because some neighbor of his on the west side had been benfited by its use. Neither would an orchardist liv- ing on either side of the river be entirely justified in increasing the nitrogen and phosphorus content of his soil simply be- cause his neighbor's orchard had been ben- fited by the application of these fertilizers. THE chances are, however, that if one orchard is benefited by a certain treat- ment that some other orchards in the same vicinity should be benefited by a like treat- ment and is worthy of trial. The experi- ment should not, however, involve any con- siderable expense, but rather carried on a small scale until definite results are ob- tained. The logical thing for all orchardists is to determine by chemical analysis and fertilizer experiments the feeding power of their soils. The experiment station will gladly co-operate with the fruit growers by analyzing their soils and advise the proper fertilizer to use. From this point on the orchardist, by the aid of the county agents, should be able to apply the remedies recommended by the station and note the results obtained. Mention has already been made of a lack of nitrogen, phosphorus or lime in some of our Montana soils. The Bitter Root valley, while blessed with a delightful climate and some of the most fertile soil in the state, is no exception, for here we find some soil, the fertility of which can be greatly im- proved by the application of fertilizers. The fertilizer most needed is nitrogen and fortunately, this can be supplied by growing leguminous crops and plowing them under. The one danger encountered by this method is the attempt to grow two crops on land that can ill afford to produce one and as the legumes are harder nitrogen feeders than fruit trees, no beneficial results can be looked for until one or more crops have been plowed under and the organic matter humified. It might be well in the case of bearing fruit trees to use some nitrogenous fertilizer when growing the first and even the second crop of legumes and especially so if grow- ing clover or alfalfa. When peas are to be used to increase the nitrogen in the soil, they can be sowed late in the spring so that the trees can do most of their feeding be- fore the peas begin to take up much plant food from the soil. Barnyard manure is also a means of supplying nitrogen and should be applied to orchards when possible: There are a few locations in the Bitter Root valley where the soils should be im- proved by the application of lime. The only way to supply this element is by add- ing ground limestone upon the degree of acidity of the soil. Unfortunately, there is no chemical means of determining the exact degree of acidity of a soil or the exact amount of lime to add to obtain maxi- mum results. When a soil is known to be acid, it is always best to determine the amount to add by experimenting with vary- ing amounts to see which gives the best results. Phosphorus, another element which is possibly lacking in some of the soils of the Bitter Root valley, may be added in the form of ground phosphate rock or the su- perphosphate. Where quick results are desirable, it is readily taken up by the trees or plant. The phosphorus in the ground phosphate rock is slightly soluble and its availability is therefore brought about largely through bacterial action in the soil. This form should prove most beneficial to young or- cards where the growth of the trees alone is to be considered. Bearing trees, suffering from the lack of phosphorus, should have the phosphorus added in a form more read- ily available. For experimental purposes, the superphosphate should be added at the rate of from 400 to 800 pounds per acre. In conclusion, permit me to say that some, probably not all of the orchardists of the Bitter Root valley, will have to use more care in maintaining the fertility of their soils, that the use of fertilizers must be encouraged and that the general trend should be a building up of soil fertility rather than a rapid depletion like that prac- ticed at one time by clean cultivation. The inestimable value of spraying has again been demonstrated this year While some local- ities report smaller crops of fruits and vegetables than usual, the quality has invariably been far above the average thus balancing the shortage in production. This indicates that whether the yield be an abundant or small one there is always a ready sale for choice fruits — and choice fruits can no longer be grown without resorting to the protection afforded through spraying MYERS SPRAY PUMPS. NOZZLES and ACCES- SORIES have long been assisting fruit growers, farmers, gardeners and others in their fight against plant and tree enemies. Economical, practical, reliable and fully pro- ven, with styles to meet all spraying requirements, no matter how large or small your orchard or vineyard, there is a guaranteed Myers Spray Pump that will exactly fit your needs, and the price will be as . low or lower than many of the light weight, poorly constructed and cheaply equipped out- fits now on the market Call on the Myers Dealer in your locality or write us direct when ready to purchase. Send for a copy of late catalog today — It's free and a postal will bring it to your door. FOR SPRAYING, PAINTING, WHITEWASHING AND DISINFECTING. I CAr/ILOC F/fE£ ON ff£QU£Sr . ^ _ !!!£ RE.MYERS & BRO.CO 135 ORANGE ST. f' VI ■ I *fll k I • JLIJ I MANUFACTURERS OF PUMPS FOR EVERY PURPOS >HArUNLOADING TOOLS AND DOOR HANGERS IHAY TOOLS &DOORHAHGERSII Pacific Northwest Distribotori Spokane, Wash. Portland, Oregon BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER November, 1921 -llllMiltllltlltiiiitiirillllllMllMliiliilllilll<: I Marketing News of I I Interest | ~iiiiitiiiiiiriiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiitiiiriiiilliriiiniiimtiirtiii)iijiiiMiiitiitiiiiiiitiiiiiiiii7 \ PPLE shipments in the United States have in recent days been amounting from 1100 to about 1 500 carloads daily, according to reports of the United States Bureau of Markets. For in- *itance, on October 17 the total was given as 1484 carsj on October 18» as 1222 cars, and on October 19, as 1132 cars. Up to October 18 the grand total for the United States, according to report of the Spokane branch of the bureau, had reached 35,088 carloads, as compared with 35,381 carloads by the same date in 1921. Typical of the way apples have been moving of bte in Northwestern states are these figures of the bureau on dally carlot shipments: October 18 — California, 35; Idaho, 129; Montana, 10} Oregon, 54i Washington, 515. October 19 — California, 47; Idaho, 81; Montana, 23; Oregon, 101; Wash- ington, 389. AAA Glowing down of the apple market was re- ported from many points the third week in October. Because of heavy movements, in part due to possibility of a tieup of the railroads in the threatened strike and in part due to desire of the growers to realize on their crops as quickly as possible, a continuation of rather heavy markets into this month is probable. The Spokane bureau report of October 18 was this: Carloads f. o. b. usual terms. Few sales re- ported. Wen a tehee \' alley, no sales reported ex- cept on rollers. Yakima valley Jonathans, 10 per cent 5 tr., XF, $1.90; fancy, $1.65; Winesaps, XF small, $1.65; Romes, XF large, $1.85 to $2. Other districts, too few sales reported to quote. AAA /California apple growers are not cxperienc- ^^ ing anything like a satisfactory deal, but this •Ituation will be temporary, in the opinion of San Francisco dealers, who expect conditions to show marked improvement In the near future. The movement of California apples is extremely slow. Light demand is indicated by the rapidity with which stocks are piling up in the ice houses. Holdings in storage In San Francisco increased almost 34,000 boxes during the second week of October. Current holdings arc far In excess of those reported at this time last year, amounting to 117,943 boxes, as compared with but 19,087. The first straight carloads of new crop Spitzen- bcrg apples of the season were received in San Francisco from the Hood River district of Ore- gon October 14 and sales were reported at $2.50 to $2.75 per box. AAA TTEAVY shipments of apples have been made from Oregon the past three weeks to can- neries and cider manufacturers of the Mid-West and further liberal movement of apples falling below the "C" grade are expected. Average prices quoted f. o. b. Columbia river points have been $12 for those falling below the "C" grade, while strictly cider apples, Including poorest stock avail- able, have been bringing $6. Reports are to the effect that buyers of the better grade of culls have been selecting the best from their lots, boxing them and selling them to large retailers at 80 cents to $1 a box. AAA pRANK HARKNESS of Spokane Is authority for the statement that European and foreign markets are this year taking twice the amount of apples sent them last season. Refrigerator space on out-bound boats has been easy to get, he said, but shipments were Interfered with by inability to obtain cars In which to transport the apples to port. He said that first reports received were to the effect that the fruit Is reaching the European markets in excellent condition. BETTER FRUn TN an effort to fill early orders for prunes as soon as possible, the Oregon Growers' Co- operative Association reported October 15 that it was packing in all of the prune growing districts. The plants at Salem, Dallas, Riddle, Myrtle Creek, Yamhill and Crcswell were working at top speed in an effort to get out 15 carloads during the week. First shipments had already gone forward. They embraced 12 cars, eight of which were for export to Canada and England. AAA 'T'HE California Prune and Apricot Association, which controls 87 per cent of the California prune crop, early reported that it had sold out of its crop all 20's, 30's, 90's and 120's. The re- mainder of the association's crop is listed as fol- lows: 27 per cent 40's, 20 per cent 50'a and 60's, 10 per cent 70's and 5 per cent 80's. AAA XflGHTEEN cars of British Columbia apples v/crt shipped about October 10 from Van- couver to Australia as the first of such shipments for the season. The apples were 80 per cent Jonathans and the remainder Mcintosh Reds. /Cranberries from the bogs of Washington ^^ and Oregon moved unusually early in carload lots this season. The Pacific Cranberry Exchange •hipped carload lots from Washington to points in that state and California as early as the middle of October. AAA A NNOUNCEMENT has been made at Yakima "^ that the Northern Pacific railroad will con- tinue its reduced rates on apples after December 31. The rate of $1.50 on Western apples to East- ern terminals would thus remain in effect. When the rate was first announced it was to be effective only until the end of the year. Page 21 f^ OVERNMENT reports showed that fruit ^~^ worm damage In September reduced the Mas- sachusetts cranberry crop to 175,000 barrels, ai compared with 280,000 last year. Other gov- ernment estimates on this crop were: New Jersey, 190,000 barrels; Wisconsin, 23,100 barrels! Wash- ington, 20,160 bushels; Oregon, 8,032 bushels. TORO BRAND AGRICULTURAL SULPHUR Improves alkali soil, trans- forms potash and phosphor- ous into plant food. Prevents wire worms, smutty grain and potato scab. 220 lbs. per acre has increased crops up to 600 per cent. Write for circulars 6, 7 and 8, price list and sam- ples. DIAMOND "S" BRAND for Lime-Sulphur Solution. ANCHOR BRAND for dry dustmg. CARBON BISULPHIDE for rodent control. SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. 624 California Street San Francisco, California Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash.. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. Page 2^ Land Show Premiums OFFICALS of the Land Products Show, to be held in connection with the Pacific International Exposition in Port- land, November 5 to 12, have arranged an attractive list of premiums on apples and pears that should attract many displays by growers of the Northwest. It is announced that all exhibits winning first prizes are to oecome the property of the Land Prod- ucts Show management. These premiums on apples are an- nounced: Twenty-five box display, commercial pack, one or more varieties: First $150, second $75. Five-box display, commercial pack, one or more varieties: First $50, second $25. One-box dijsplay, Newtowns, Spitzen- bergs, Winter Banana, Rome Beauty, Wine- sap, Grimes Golden, Delicious, Arkansas Black, Ortley and Jonathan: First prize, BETTER FRUIT $10 each variety; second prize, $5 each variety. On pears rhe premiums are these: Best display, five one-half boxes, com- mercial pack, all varieties: First $3 5, second $15. Loganberry growers should put the canes upon the trellises before the winter rainy season if tip dieback is to be pre- vented. Although a very severe winter might injure the canes to some extent, investigations conducted this year by the November, 1921 Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station show that the yearly loss due to dieback exceeds in importance the possi- bility of another exceptional winter. As soon as tied up they should be sprayed with Bordeaux 4-4-50 to protect against fungi, especially the bases of the canes. A NNOUNCEMENT is made by the State Col- lege of Washington, at Pullman, that a strong course in the marketing of farm products will be given as a feature of Its short course in agriculture, January 2 to February 24. RELIABLE NURSERY PRODUCTS Large assortment of the best varieties in Fruit and Nut Trees. Small Fruits, Shade and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Roses, Vines, Perennial Plants and Bulbs. Fully equipued Landscape Department. Planting plans furnished for residence grounds, large estates, Parks, Cemeteries, etc., also Tree Surgery done. All stock and work the best. Write today stating your needs. OREGON NURSERY COMPANY, Orenco, Ore. Opportnnities for More Salesmen The Bruised Fruit No Stem Punctures "4 W" Picking Bucket P.VTF.NT APPLIED FOR A heavy galvanized-iron picking bucket with bottom of strong canvas, reinforced at wearing points with chrome leather. Bucket is shaped to fit close to the body. Sus- pender-style harness distributes load equally on both shoulders and back. Top edge of bucket lower in front by one inch; and is padded with felt, covered with twill webbing sewed to bucket with soft brass wire. Felt pad at back stops bruising in picking operation. Canvas bot- toms are fastened to bucket by patented ring which per- mits instant removal if ever necessary. Hundreds of these buckets will go through two full seasons without changing the original canvas. New bottoms are always available and inexpensive. Fruit is dumped from bucket through canvas bottom — both hands of picker guiding placement and assuring no damage to the finest fruit. Every "4 W" Picking Bucket Sold During the 1921 Season Paid for Itself many Times Over by Eliminating Loss from Bruised and Stem-punctured Apples Earned $25 to $50 Each Wenatchee, Wash., Oct. 22, 1921 WELLS & WADE, Wenatchee, Washington, Gentlemen : During the 1921 fruit season we pur- chased and used approximately two hundred fifty of your '*4W" Picking Buckets. The bucket has proven a big success in our orchards, practically e\\m-^~ ina'ting stem punctures from our fruit, v*' It would be very hard to induce this organization to go back to the old sys- tem of picking with canvas bags. It is impossible to estimate the sav- ing made by the use of the Wells & Wade Bucket — but I am confident that in our orchards we have been able to market several thousand more boxes of apples because of having used the buckets, than we would have marketed if we had used canvas picking bags. Very truly yours, AMERICAN FRUIT GROWERS, INC. (Signed) By Earl Barnhill, Regional Supervisor. SEND V \ latent Applied for Mfj5 W WELLS s WADE WenatcTiee. Wa?r PRICE, $4.50 FOR SAMPLE BUCKET— NOW l—PLAC "Better Than Bags" Peshastin. Wash., Oct, 21, 1921. WELLS & WADE, Wenatchee, Washington. Gentlemen : There were 40,000 boxes of apples picked in "4W" Picking Buckets on this tract this season — and I can say that this bucket has given entire satisfaction. Growers who have used the "bags" in years past have found that at least 15 per cent of the fruit picked in bags have been "culls," from bruises and stem punctures. This is a HEAVY LOSS to any grower. After using the "4W" Picking Bucket a full season, I can safely say that I have not had 1 per cent loss in bruised ©r stem-punc- tured apples — and this applies equally well to all varieties of tree fruit. Fur- thermore, I have not had a single apple- picker want to change one of these buckets for a bag. Yours very truly, (Signed) CHARLES LINVILLE, Manager Peshastin Orchard, Peshastin, Washington. E ORDERS EARLY Stop making CULLS out of your Extra Fancy Fruit WELLS & WADE Manufacturers and Distributors WENATCHEE, WASHINGTON Insure Delivery Next Year by PLACING ORDERS NOWl November, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 WASHINGTON TOURING the height of the packing scaeon in ^'^ the Wcnatchee district apples have been roll- ing out at the rate of from 150 to 200 cars a day. The shippers hope to maintain shipments at the rate of 200 cars daily during the first half of No- Tcmber. Even then, it is estimated, there will re- main about 8000 cars to be stored, with capacity for only 4000 cars. Consignments by water for Atlantic and European point*, forwarded via Se- attle, may aid in cutting down the surplus. AAA npHE Valley Fruit company has leased the ■^ Luther dehydrating plant at Walla Walla, idle for two years, and will handle cull apples Manager Frank Shields stated the company was actuated by two things — to make a market for growers' culls and to furnish work for the un- employed The plant will handle ten tons of green fruit a day The company Is working 185 persons at its packing plant In Walla Walla and 35 in Its warehouse on the state line Its payroll Is now $10,000 a month AAA "DY-PRODUCTS plants In the vicinity of Yakima are reported as running night and day to take care of cull apples which have piled up in warehouses of the dehydrators and can- neries. There are seven Buch plants at Yakima. In running at capacity this season they will use 15,000 tons of culls and give employment to 800 men and women over a priod of four to six months. The price of culls opened at $10, as announced by the Libby, McNeill & Libby cannery, but later dropped to $8. At that, several of the plants have refused offering? be- cause unable to handle them. AAA A RECORD price for apple land for the Okano- gan Valley, and probably for all of north cen- tral Washington, was said to have been established when Dr. H. B. Clough sold his orchard of 19.2 acres to Oscar C. Erlckson for $35,000, a price of $1876 an acre. The trees are mostly Johnathans, Winesaps, Stayman and Delicious. Erlckson held a four-year lease on the orchard and is reported to have received $12,000 for this year's crop, conser- vatively estimated at more than 6000 boxes. AAA /^OMPLAINT was made at Spokane that un- ^^ employed men refused 30 cents an hour for apple picking in the Spokane valley when the jobs were listed at the city free employment bureau AAA T^HE harvest festival held in Washougal, Octo- ber 10, was attended by the Prunarians of Vancouver and members of the Washi^igton Growers' Packing corporation, AAA TN the orchard of Mrs. Lucy J. Isaac, at Okanogan, Wash., the first of October* thieves stole more than 250 boxes of Winter Banana apples. The fruit was picked, hauled away, props replaced under the trees and the orchard gone over with a spring-tooth harrow to obliterate the tracks. AAA A RECORD has been made by the prune or- -^chard of B. O. Case, in the Fruit Valley district, south of Ridgefield, Wash. This five- acre orchard comprises 565 trees, which produced 16 1/3 tons of dried fruit, or 32,667 pounds of prunes. This Is an average of about 58 pounds of dried fruit to the tree. The prunes were unusually large, the major portion being 30-40s. Trees in the Case orchard are planted 1 8 feet apart, which is much closer than the average orchard Is set. AAA 'yWENTY-FIVE girls, expert apple pickers and packers, were brought to the Spokane district by the Palouse corporation, to handle the 150,000 boxes of apples from the corporation's orchards. It was estimated thst the girls would average net earnings ranging from $150 to $200. A A T^HE Cherry Hill ranch at Sunnyslde, owned by F. K. Spaulding & Son, during the 1921 sea- son produced on 12 acres a record fruit crop. The owners are said to have marketed 45,000 pounds of cherries, 70,000 pounds of pears, 10,000 pounds of plums, 3000 pounds of prunes, 42,000 pounds of peaches and 40,000 pounds of apples. A inew prodnaet foir the OiTtordist %M A SPRtADER for ORCHARD SPRAY? prepared CasemSproido.' Qi. pronounced superior by E^cperts after complete tests c«>Etficient & EconomicalotAskyoui* dealer or write to us -£ot circulai*ci&, CALIFORNTLV CENTRAL CREAMERIES 42^ BATTERY STRELT 3AN FRANCISCO 740 TERMINAL STREET LOS ANGELES Fnilt trees biiddei! from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Pear, Clierr^'. Peach. Plum, I'rune, Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants, Raspberries. Black- berries, Logans, Dewberries. Asparajnis, Rhubarb, Flowerinp Slmibs. Roses. Vines. Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. I Toppeuish, Washington. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. I Page U Apple growert !n the Spokane Valley report •^*- considerable damage done to the crop by the heavy winds of the last week in September. Spe- cial damage was done to the Rome Beauty crop. Reports secured by H. M. Deiler, traffic manager of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company placed the crop damage at from 20 to 30 per cent. Wagneri escaped with the slightest damage, it was stated, two-thirds of that variety having been harvested, AAA ^^N completion of the prune harvest of Clarke ^-^ county the yield was placed at about 2,000,- 000 pounds, the crop being much lighter than that of last year. In spite of this, it is said the grow- ers are realizing much more on this year's crop, as prices are higher and labor costs have been con- siderably less than last season. It is estimated that the labor costs were cut nearly 50 per cent. Part of this year's crop will sell for 18 cents per poundi or a premium of 6 cents because of the large siie of the prunes. OREGON TTNDER sponsorship of the Medford Chamber of Commerce an excellent apple show, offi- cially known as the Rogue River Valley Apple Ex- position, was staged in that city the last of Oc- tober, opening to the public October 29. The judg- ing was done the day before. An attractive pre- mium list, including both cash and merchandise awards, was arranged by the committee in charge. AAA I^NE of the largest prune orchards of the state ^ is that of Dr. E. D. Scarbrough, Cresswell, Lane county, containing 147 acres of trees. Twenty-five acres of trees are 31 years old and 122 acres are 20 years old. The yield this year was good, amounting to approximatelp 250 tons of dried prunes. Four dryers containing 148 tunnels were used in dr>'ing the crop and employment was given to 150 persons and six teams in handling it. AAA TPHE walnut crop handled by the Oregon Grow- ers' Co-operative Association was practically all sold by the first of last month and at prices averaging one and two cents above those being paid for California walnuts. The grafted nuts sold for 30 cents, the No. I's for IdYz cents and the No. 2'i for 18 cents. AAA 'T'HE first Rogue River Valley apples sold in Chicago this season consisted of a straight car of choice Winter Bananas, packed and shipped by the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association, and brought an average of $3.40 a box at auction. The apples were the property of Lathrop Brothers. AAA 'T'HEFTS of fruit in the Hood River Valley this season have resulted In losses to several grow- ers. Early in October an unknown truck driver loaded and hauled away a number of boxes of fancy apples from the ranches of W. T. Price and G. K. Johnson. Deputy sheriffs were given all available clues, but failed to locate the thief. AAA THHE Radovan fruit dryer at Medford, the larg- "^ est of its kind in southern Oregon, was de- stroyed by fire on the morning of October 9. The plant was owned by Mrs. F. M. Radovan, who said the loss amounted to $33,500. Insurance held aggregated $25,000. AAA P'ONKLIN & DEAN is the name of the new ^^ firm formed by the merger of the business of John F. Dean and the A. G. Conklin packing and shipping houses of Cove, Oregon. The new firm is said to be a rival of the Earl J. Stackland fruit house, and the merger is said to mean much to the fruit growers of Cove Valley. AAA A LL activities of the International Apple Ship- ■^^ pers' Association for the Salem district will be in charge hereafter •f R. C. Paulus, general BETTER FRUIT manager of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative As- sociation, who has been appointed special vice-presi- dent of the international association. He will rep- resent the organiiatlon in problems of transpor- tation, storage and other operations relating to the welfare of the apple-shipping industry in the district. AAA TJOSENBERG BROTHERS, proprietors of the Bear Creek orchards, near Medford, sold a carload of D'.-Vnjou pears on the New York mar- ket for $4249, said to be the highest price ever paid for pears in the United States. This repre- • ents a price of $4.25 per half box. The deal was made through the Stewart Fruit Company. AAA TPROUBLE was experienced in the Hood River ■^ apple district over getting professional apple packers to work. It was estimated that at one time at least 100 idle packers were In the district, but refused to work for less than 7 cents per box, while the growers have kept to their offer of 5 cents per box. November, 1921 IDAHO 'X'HE prune crop of southwestern Idaho was unusually heavy. Production in orchards be- tween Boise and Weiser was reported as approxi- mately 2,200 cars. The growers received $50 and $55 a ton for the green fruit. AAA "DEQUIREMENTS for transporting Idaho's apple crop, estimated at 3,933,000 bushels, have been around 4,100 cars. Yields in the Boise and Paytte Valleys have been better than anticipated in early estimates. AAA A T THE height of the apple canning season the Oregon Packing company at Lewlston employed more than 175 persons. Receipts of Johnathan apples totaled 300 tons. The cannery then worked on Rome Beauties and Is finishing with WInesaps and like late varieties. AAA 'T'HE Mesa orchard at Council, one of the largest apple orchards of the state, has a yield of 200,000 boxes this year. 5ERV/CE IS QdR FIRST N-AIM THE SIMPSON 8 DOELLER % CO. ■ v^^ GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES WE CAN FILL YOUR. ORDER FOR STOCK- APPLE. PEAR.CHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. Good roads and. good Gasoline n^ Gasoline of Quality That is the combination that brings a smile to the motorist. You can be sure of good gasoline where you see the Red Crown sign. Red Crown is "the gasoline of qual- ity"— the all-refinery gasoline with power in every drop. Look for the Red Crown sign on service stations and garages. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) November, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 CALIFORNIA T AST month a group of California pear grow- •^ ers and experts Interested in pear culture came to study the methods of Professor F. C. Rcimer and otheri In successfully combating pear blight In Oregon. It Is highly probable that on their re- turn they will be able to give California grow- ers some vital pointers on the control of blight. The Tislting party consisted of Horticultural Com- misiloner H. P. Stabler; James Mills, Hamilton City grower and shipper, and Howard Reed and H. H. Wolfskin, pear growers. AAA /^HARGE was made last month by Miss Mar- ^-^ gery Lynch, field agent of the California In- dustrial Welfare Commission, that apple packing establishments of the Watsonvllle district were vio- lating orders of the commission in paying women packers 25 cents an hour instead of 33 1-3 centJ as provided by law. The commission announced that it would send agents to the district to see that the minimum wage be put Into effect, but report as to what was accomplished in this line has not been given out. AAA /"" M. BROWN of the Golden Orange Associa- ^-^* tion began packing apples In the Yucaipa dis- trict near Redlands the first week in October. This was the first time apples have been packed in quan- tity in that district. Mr. Brown said he eipected tt.'handlc 100,000 boxes of Delicious and 150,000 b-.ies of Johnathans, Rome Beauties and Winesaps. AAA T ATE in September the first straight carload of strawberries in the history of the Industry there were sent direct to the Atlantic Coast from the Pajaro Valley. It was said these berries were the only ones on the market at the time and v/ould have no competition in eastern markets uniil Florida berries show up. AAA TN a suit Involving refusal of the California Packing Corporation to accept about half of the 1920 prune crop of Milos M. Gopeccvic of Lake- port the plaintiff won $20,000 damages. The corporation accepted and paid for about half of Gopecevic's prunes, but when he delivered the re- maining 54 tons declined to take them. /Confidence in grapes continues strong in ^^ Tulare county. For the present year it was reported that 4600 acres of new vines were set out. New plantings of all vines In the county reached a new record, the aggregate being 19,542 acres, requiring 10,130,639 plants. AAA HPHE fifty-fourth state fruit growers' and farm- ers' convention of California was held in Los Angeles October 24-28. AAA A T a meeting held in Dinuba by 200 growers, "^ shippers and distributors of Emperor grapes a standard high-class pack was established for the crop to be handled in kegs and a minimum price of $4.50 per keg, f. o. b. California, was agreed upon. Arrangements were made to have state in- spectors see that an A-1 quality be maintained in the pack. AAA "CLANCY wine grapes have sold in the vicinity of San Francisco as high as $135 per ton, with ordinary stock selling from $90 to $100 per Save and Prosper With constant systematic saving your account should grow to be the foundation of a fortune. You will have capital to in- vest advantageously when opportunity offers. You will be on the road to success. A Savings Account may be opened with an initial de- posit of one dollar. The First National Bank OF PORTLAND, OREGON The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains ton. Car shortage has checked the shipment of wine and table grapes. Dealers expect the entire raisin crop of this year and the surplus from last season to move at the raisin association's price. AAA npHE Riverside cannery of the California Peach and Fig Growers turned out this season 2,500 tons of canned peaches. The market for these, as well as other lines of canned goods, was reported as excellent. AAA IV/rGRE than 100 grape pickers employed by the American Fruit Growers, Inc., went on strike for 40 cents an hour recently. They were being paid 35 cents an hour. AAA T\ WALTER WILLIAMS, representative of the Pacific Cranberry Exchange, has opened an office in San Francisco to assist there in the mar- keting of this year*s crop of berries. -just dip in y^yuss, no muss, no grating That's the beauty of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate — it' s ready the momentyou are! It's perfectly ^roK?7(/, ready for the spoon ! Not only does this make Ghirardelli' s the most con- venient chocolate for baking and des- sert making — but it means there' s no waste. You can measure your needs to the fraction of a spoonful. Say ''^Gear-ar-Je/Iy" \ D. GHIRARDELLI CO. Since 185Z San Franc: GHIRARDELLI'S ^^'tot^ CHOCOLATE Page 26 ^^iiiiiiimiiiirmi iMiiiiiiiiMirriiiimiitiiiiiiiiiii i • > »■>■« ^1 I With the Poultry I •TiiiliiiiiiiintiMiiiiiiiiiiiii iiitjil iiijiililiiitliitiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiii 1)111 PROPER SIZE OF POULTRY HOUSE 'T'HE proper siie for a poultry building dcpendj a great deal upon the number of fowls to be kept and the size of the flocks. From 25 to 100 seems to be about as many as is safe and economi- cal to keep together. With flocks of this size about four 8qu.ire feet of floor space should be alloted to each bird, which will suffice in most cases where careful attention is given to cleanli- ness and ventilation. Three to three and a half square feet is enough for Leghorns in large flocks. If the fowls are kept in smaller flocks, a little more floor space per bird will be needed. Where the climate is so mild that it is unnecessary to keep the fowls confined, except for a few days at a time, and especially if the fowls are kept in small colony houses, less space per bird will be sufficient. The smaller breeds being more active and restless, require about as much room as the larger birds. BETTER FRUIT A POULTRY house should not be so wide that "^ the sun cannot reach the back of the house, say poultry specialists of the United States de- partment of agriculture, or it will be damp. Eigh- teen feet is a convenient width for a large house if there are no alleyways. The house should be built as low as possible without danger of the at- tendants bumping their heads against the ceiling. A low house is more easily warmed than a high one. Be sure that your chicken house is tight on three sides and that there is no chance for a draft to strike the hens. If hen roosts are placed in a draft during the fall and winter, colds are sure to develop, which may develop in roup and other troubles. 114 PREPARE FOR WINTER EGGS 'T'HE time is at hand to begin preparation for a maximum c^^ crop during the cold months when eggs are highest in price. Get the poultry faouse and yards neatly fitted up. If you haven't a variety of proper feeds on hand lay your plans so you will be sure to have all that is needed at the height of winter. Leaving such things to take care of themselves when the time arrives is an Novemher, 1921 expensive bit of procrastination. It may prove to be the difference between profit and loss. AAA pOULTRY MEN who wish to have their flock produce the maximum number of eggs eco- nomically during the late summer and fall months should supply the hens with a ration carrying a liberal amount of protein. Meat scraps, skim milk or buttermilk provide an excellent food for this purpose. AAA 'T'HE one sure way of having flocks free from lice is to prevent the lice from getting a start. It's a lot easier, too, than to give the vermin a chance and then hare to fight them afterward. AAA TF YOU haven't improved your flock by the pur- chase of good fowls of heavy-laying and pure- bred strains give the idea serious consideration. Others have found that money thus spent brought fine returns. AAA TT is quite foolish to expect 200-egg pullets from lOO-egg hens. Like still begets like in the poultry yard as elsewhere. BETTER FRUIT'S FIRST BARGAIN DAY OFFER (Good Until December 25, 1921) Two Years for the Price of One! This is YOUR Opportunity: YJl you are NOW a subscriber, to get Two Full Years ahead from the date your present subscription expires for $1.00. W^ you are NOT a subscriber at present to receive Better Fruit tzvo full years for $1.00. W^ you are NOW a subscriber and want to give some friend a Christmas present of Better Fruit, sfend $1.00 and we will extend your subscription one year, also send your friend Better Fruit for one year, thus giving two subscriptions for the regular price of one, or we will send Better Fruit to your friend for two full years. In other words, you may have as many Full Years' subscriptions as you want at 5 0 cents each, either all for yourself, or some for your friends. Whereas this year you fruit men will make some money, we realize that you were all hard hit last year, and so to help just a little we are making you this reduced price. The price of $1.00 applies to subscriptions within the United States; foreign subscriptions may be figured at one-half the foreign price, or $2.00 for two years. We need your support, and perhaps we can help you through the coming year. We are working for the very things which will help you most in the fruit game, but in order to put them through we must have subscribers. Use the coupons below NOW while you think of it, and save half the cost of your fruit paper. This coufon for your oicn One or Two Y ears'' Refiezval. Name Place State No. of Years R. F. D. Box A This coufon for your friends' One or Two Years' Subscriftion Name. Place . State No. of Years R. F. D Box _|3 November, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Fage 27 Sykes' Service Bulletin VoL 1 Portland, Oregon, November, 1921 No. 3 Why Pack Sykes? Does the hit-and-miss practice of close paper wraps, with corners of boxes stuffed with pa- per, or frequently a small apple wedged in to make a tight layer — produce the correct pack? What is the answer — if you have SUPERIOR fruit — which should be sized correctly and packed correctly — if you expect It to keep in storage? SUPERIOR fruit has a value. Is it not false economy to pack superior fruit as cheaply as possible — thereby taking all of the risks of common or cold storage? Sykeing Superior Apples Does it pay to pack GOOD fruit In the cheapest manner possible — with the cheapest wraps known — and under a hit-and-miss practice? Have you a right to expect good RESULTS from such a pack? Is It not logical that you would get BETTER results from CORRECT sizing and CORRECT pack? Until you use Sykes Safety Separator Wraps, you will never know how well your fruit will keep. What Is Sykes Pack? The Sykef Safct>' Separator Apple Wrap is a moderately thick flexible sheet of wood pulp, ci'^ to fit the standard apple box. Each layer or tier of fruit is separated from the one above and below by one of these Separator wraps. Each ilze of fruit has a spe- cial wrap insuring the proper position of the fruit in packing as well as preventing the In- dividual apples from touching each other. A series of cups are stamped In a mathemat- ically correct position, according to the size of the fruit. A series of cuts in each cup pro- vides tongues of paper between the Individual fruits of each tier — the body of the wrap it- self separating the layers or tiers — hence the name "Separator." This is the SYKES SYSTEM— an Inter- locking of correctly sized fruit, correctly packed, forming one solid structure of fruit, the Individual apples being separated from each other by these cuts or tongues of the cups. If there be any shrinkage during storage, each apple retains its position, the Interlocking prin- ciple preventing any bruising, hence helping to prevent any decay. How^ to Pack Sykes The fundamental principle of the "Sykes System" is summed up in the term "bridging the arch" — In other words, an INTER- LOCKED structure. A special wrap is pro- vided for each standard size of fruit. If the wrong wrap is used, the experienced Sykes packer detects the mistake quickly. If the fruit has been sized wrong, he quickly catches that error. The first layer or tier MUST be placed COR- RECTLY in position. It is the FOUNDA- TION of the "Sykes System." The box is set flat on a flat table. A Sepa- rator wrap is placed in the bottom of the box. The first tier of apples is placed, blossom end down, in the cups of the wrap (the number and arrangement of cups varying with the sl^e of the fruit). It takes but a few moments to place the first tier CORRECTLY. If the fruit has been properly sized, the individual apples will not touch each other? the spaces between the apples forming uniform triangles. When the first tier has been placed, a Sepa- rator wrap Is placed over the tier. The cuns nest into the triangular spaces formed by the apples of the first tier. The fruit of the second layer is then placed In the cups, completing rhe second tier. Again, the apples of the second tier do not touch each other — the spaces be- tween the apples again forming small tri- angles. The third Separator wrap is placed In posi- tion. The cups again nest into the triangular spaces. This process continues until next to the top tier Is in position. A soft wood board, which will fit easily Into the box, Is used to press down the fruit uni- formly— light pressure In the center, heavier on ends — LOCKING each tier into the trian- gular spaces In the tier below — in the layman's words, "briding the arch." The top tier Is then placed In position, giving the required bulge at the center. The experienced packer soon learns how to make a finished job In placing the top tier or facing the box. To protect the top tier another Sepa- rator wrap is placed in position and the lid nailed fast. Every tier or layer is thus uniformly wedged Into the spaces below, with the exception of the first or bottom tier, which forms the founda- tion for the series of arches. Oiled Wraps Popular Following the several experiments made by Federal experts during the past two seasons, using various oil formulas, the use of oiled wraps appear to be the NEXT step in the evo- lution of Scientific Apple Packing. Oiled wraps, it has been proven, reduce the amount of scald in storage — practically all of the experiments have proven most of the claims for oiled wraps. At a trifle additional cost, Sykes Safety Separator Wraps, treated with an approved oil preparation, may now be had In limited quanti- ties. Next season there will be an ample supply for all packers. The oiled wraps, without doubt, has come to stay — progressive manufacturers are prepar- ing to meet the demand. Sykes Pack in Storage YAKIMA ARTIFICIAL ICE & COLD STORAGE COMPANY Yakima, Washington April 24, 1920. American Paper Co., Seattle, Wash. Gentlemen: In reply to your Inquiry regard- ing what we know of the Sykes Pack, and what we consider it, will say our experience wtlh the pack has been with the shipping end only. We placed some five different varieties of apples packed with the Sykes pack in storage, so that we could observe how they kept in pack. The varieties stored were Romes, Winesaps, Ark Blacks, Spltzenbergs and Delicious. While we still have these In storage, we opened them to make observations on about the sixth of April. When opened, we were very agreeably sur- prised with the results. They showed practically no scald and very little decay. These varieties, which were out of season, showed up very fine indeed, being hard and fine, much more so than one would expect at this time of year. Where there was any decay, will say that the apples were dry, and the paper of the pack was also dry, no decay having started next to those decayed. In fact, we are ready to recommend this form of pack for its long keeping qualities. Yours truly, Yakima Artificial Ice &. Cold Storage Company Sykes System The Sykes Principle is that all round fruits should be packed In a manner forming ma- thematically correct triangles and arches. This calls for the CORRECT SIZING of fruit so that a certain number pack may be secured without having any waste space on the one hand, or without crowding the fruit, on the other. "Sizing" under the Sykes System is not done under the iron-clad rule which has been in com- mon use for years In packing round fruit. Under Sykes System sizes are governed solely by the dimensions and the shape of the carrier. NO OTHER system In packing follows this rule — this Is one of the chief reasons why scientific packers MUST eventually accept and ADOPT the Sykes System. If your supply house cannot furnish you with Sykes Safety Separator Wraps NOW — please notify Better Fruit at once — and your order will be promptly filled. EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTORS SYKES WRAPS BLAKE-McFALL CO., Portland, Oregon AMERICAN PAPER CO.. Seattle, Wash. SPOKANE PAPER & STATIONERY CO., Spokane, Wash. PACIFIC FOLDING BOX FACTORY, San Francisco Page 28 BETTER FRUIT November, 1921 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Blight-Proof SURPRISE PEAR ON JAPAN PEAR ROOT Tests made in every conceivable way in the experimental blocks along side of and at the same time with all leading varieties of pears have proven the impossibility of spreading pear blight more than a trifling distance beyond the point of inoculation. Plant the blight-proof Surprise and insure against loss. The second year top-work to Bartlett, Rose, or any desired variety and you have the most blight resistant trunk and frame- work yet developed. This method is endorsed by leading horticultural experts after extensive experiments. Thousands of these trees have been planted the last few years in California, Southern Oregon, and in Washington. Our buds were secured direct from Prof. Reimer of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station. Talent, Oregon. In our four hundred-acre nursery located on clean new soil of the Yakima Indian Reserva- tion we grow a complete assortment of commercial fruit trees and general nursery stock. Rich soil, a long growing season, moisture under control and perfect fall weather for ma- turing our stock enable us to produce and deliver nursery stock unsurpassed for vigor, thrifti- ness and root system. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON Salesmen Eversrwhere — More Wanted Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building SALEM OREGON Will supply you with first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS, ROSES Send for catalog VJE Need Salesmen CORY'S THORNLESS MAMMOTH BLACKBERRY The greatest horticultural novelty of the century. Very large, early, sweet, coreless and almost seedless, with rampant growing vine which is absolutely thornless. Mil- lions will be sold as fast as they can be propagated. Get your order in early for next season. Last spring I was deluged with orders which could not be filled and I can promise but a few thousand for the coming season. Price, 50 cents each, 3 for $1.00; $3.00 per dozen. Will be well packed and sent prepaid by parcel post to any ad- dress. Descriptive catalog free. ISAAC F. TILLINGHAST Seed and Plant Specialist 212 Podel Street Santa Rosa, California An Early Order For Fall or Spring Delivery Placed with SALEM NURSERY COMPANY 428 Oregon Building SALEM, OREGON Will receive careful atten- tion and give you good choice of varieties Additional Salesmen Wanted Lucky Cross and Unique Two never failing, double-crop varieties of strawberries which we have perfected. WHY grow only ONE crop, when you cjin grow TWO on the same plants? The increasing niunber of grow- ers sending to us, proves that our plants sure superior. Write us for more detailed informa- tion regarding these money makers. Evergreen Plantation New Meadow3, Idaho Reliable Trees and Plants We have a complete line of guaranteed nursery stock: apple, pear, cherry, peach, apricot, prune and nut trees, gooseberries, currants, etc., which we offer planters at very close prices. However, orders should be placed at once to get the best grades. Send us your want-list today. Benedict Nursery Co. 185 East 87th St. N. Portland, Oregon FRUIT TREES NUT TREES PLANTS, ETC. We offer a good line of Italian, French Improved, Double X and other prune trees, propogated from selected scions. Walnut grafted. Filberts, Apple, Pear, etc. Berries, Gooseberries, Currants, Plants, etc. We have something of interest for you; try our inexpensive selling sys- tem; send for Planters' List; 31 years in business. Carlton Nursery Co. Groner & McClure Pioneer growers of grafted Vrooman Franquette Walnut Trees Heavy and Early Producing Stock at Reduced Prices A good market is always assured for Oregon Grown Walnuts. Write for leaflet, "Walnut Growing," and prices. Groner &. McClure Addresa Route 2, HilUboro, Ore. November, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 29 •ItlllllllllllllllKI iiitiiiii iiiiiiiit itiiiiiim tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Miiii|£ I Bees and Beekeeping j I Edited by Amos Burhans | I iiiiiiiijiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiii iiiiiMHi mil 1 Ill rnuH WHEN I first began keeping bees I went out into the yard one evening and opened a hive by prying the lid off. The reception I had was a warm one. I'll never forget It. Though I had on gloves and veil, the bees made an at- tack on all fronts, actually hanging between me and the hive a curtain of stings, a great many of which reached through. So I learned from actual experience that 1 had gone at it too rough-shod and entirely un- scientific. First, I had opened the hive at the wrong time of day. Between the hours of 10 and 4 on a real bright, sunny day is best. Second, I found on looking the matter up by consulting the books of the beemasters and sev- eral beekeepers that I should have used some smoke. Then after I found out about the smoke 1 learned there were few ways only in which it can be successfully used. You can use too much of It and you can use it the wrong way. After a few years of experience I have adopted an almost standard way of doing the trick. I call It a trick, because so many tell me that. It must be a trick when I easily open their hives which, they say, contain hostile bees. A GREAT beekeeper by the name of Doolittle taught me the idea of tliumping a little on the top of the hive before smoking. He said this helped to get the bees roaring, and when you could hear them roaring it was a sure sign they were filling themselves with honey. Imme- diately after you thump on the top of the hive, put the muzzle of the smoker down at the en- trance and gently but firmly drive the entrance guard bees Inside. Do not give them too much smoke. Three or four puffs of a smoker that is going good will be plenty. Lots of times I do not give them more than two. Rotted wood or excelsior make a white smoke. It is best. Don't use greasy rags. In a few seconds they will be busy inside getting ready to be disturbed. That is, they will fill up on honey. This makes them much more peaceable than to trj- handling them with- out warning. Then raise the cover carefully and slowly put the hive tool, if necessary, under the edges, prying up. A little practice will show you how to do this with the right hand and at the same time hold the smoker with the left. As the cover comes up, gently blow a little smoke across the tops of the frames, but do it quickly. Do not give the bees time to get into the air and at you. As they run down between the frames to get away from the smoke you can soon tell when to stop smoking. I make it a rule not to blow the smoke down between the frames unless it is to clear the bees out of a super. I almost never send the smoke in between the frames of the brood chamber. "OEES are quick to learn, I think. Some of the hives that I handle oftenest are easier to open and work with than those that get less handling. Also there is a difference in the w.ay bees act. Some colonies are gentler than others, because they may be bred from a queen that breeds in them a gentler instinct. Also, there is a difference in the way bees act on account of weather. On a cold, wet day when the hive is full of field bees you will find it harder to han- dle them than when it Is bright and warm and the field bees are at work. Also, remember that as a rule a pure-bred three-band Italian queen of a good strain of working, gentle bees will produce gentler bees than a black common queen, whether she be wild or In a bee yard. But go at the opening of the hive gently. Don't be in a hurry. Remove the frame near- est the side you are working on to make room to handle the others. If there Is a scarcity of nectar In the fields there will be robbers about to get Into the open hive, so have a burlap cloth handy to cover over the open hive as you remove the frames for examination. Be quiet, but do the job as quick as possible. In spring and fall work fast to keep from chilling the brood. As the bees come up from between the frames just give them a bit of smoke and down they will go about their business. TT is a simple trick to grow excellent rhubarb for the table in winter time, provided the preliminary steps are taken in the fall, says Prof. T. R. Hepler of New Hampshire college. Old clumps of rhubarb should be dug up late in the year with as much dirt as possible, and then left outdoors until they freeze solid. They should then be taken at Intervals and set out In the cellar, being covered with two inches of soil and watered. The temperature should run from SO to 65 degrees, and this may be maintained, if It Is a cool cellar, by a lamp In a small section blanketed off. After forcing the roots are worth- less, but young roots, one year from seed, are excellent for the purpose. The rhubarb will be found a little milder and more tender than that grown outdoors. AMERICAN GROWN FRUIT TREE STOCKS Apple Seedlings, Straight or Branched. Also Pear Stocks from French and Japan Seed. American Plum, Mahaleb Cherry and Peach Seedlings in all Grades. Car Lots to Central Points. Foreign Grown Stocks Apple, Pear, Mahaleb, Myrobolan, Quince, Manetti and Multiflora. AH Grades. In Prime Condition. Can quote in France or out of Customs in New York or at Shenandoah, Iowa. Prices reasonable. Remember our Complete Line of General Nursery Stock for Fall and Spring trade. We are now ready to do Business. Submit List of Wants for Prices to SHENANDOAH NURSERIES D. S. LAKE, President SHENANDOAH, IOWA Satisfactory Sales Service Our facilities and connections for the proper distribution of carlots or less of APPLES assures prompt and satisfactory returns to the grower. Let us figure with you before disposing of your crops. AMPLE COLD STORAGE FACILITIES IN OUR OWN BUILDING W. B. Glafke Co. COMMISSION MERCHANTS East Third and Alder Streets PORTLAND, OREGON i^ade K>r each type oFen0ne SIANDARD OIL COMPANY (.CAXIFOIUJIA) Page 30 Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK TREES — All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries, Albany, Ore. NURSERY STOCK— Italian Prune Trees and trees of all kinds. Berries and small fruits of all varieties. Buy direct and save 50 per cent. Brooks Nursery, Lafayette, Oregon. .\PPLE TREES and a full line of nursery stock at reasonable prices; save agents' commission by ordering direct from nursery. Wirite for price list. Lawson Nursery, Gates. Oregon. FARMS FOR SALE FOR SALE — 17 55/100 acres all cleared in Wil- lamette Valley 30 miles from Portland. Splen- did fruit or nut land. $200 per acre. Terms if desired. B. L. Herbert, 51 E 8th St., North, Portland, Oregon. WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables hay, fruits; several developed ranches ; few stock ranches ; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, Washington. TEN-ACRE ORCHARD HOME, $4,000.00: 450 perfect 10-year-old apple trees, woven wire; new 5-room bungalow. Spring water piped to place. Ed Hathaway. Goldendale. Wash. CALIFORNIA FAKMS for sale. Write for list. E. R. \\"aite, Shawnee. Oklahoma. WANT TO HEAR from owner having farm for sale: give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th street, Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin. MISCELLANEOUS BUY FROM GROWER— Save money. Puget Sound Narcissus Bulbs, better than imported stock, 60 cents dozen. German Iris, $1 dozen Peonies, 50 cents each. Delphiniums, Pyre thrums. Columbines, 80 cents dozen Orna mental trees, shrubs, roses, berry bushes. Low- est prices. Catalogue. Joe Smith, Longbranch Wash. W-\NTED — By expert orchardist, management of orchard of some importance. Have thorough knowledge of all branches of the business, ma- chinery, etc. Bond furnished, if desired. Box 284, Hood River, Oregon. FOR S.\LE — Fresh extracted honey: five-gallon can, $7.50: two cans. $14.50; six ten-pound pails, $8.50; twelve five-pound pails, $9.00. A. L. Traner, Touchet, Wash. WANTED — Position as housekeeper. Mrs. Fisher, Metaline Falls, Wash. ,__ CLE.-VN VEATCH and grey seed oats for sale. W. W. Harris. Oregon City, Oregon. PURE EXTRACTED HONEY— $7.50 per five- gallon can ; two cans, $14.00. Everett Sauter, Touchet. Wash. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— Chewing, 10 pounds, $2.50; 20 pounds, $4; smoking, 10 pounds, $2; 20 pounds, $3.50. Farmers' Union, Mayfield, Ky. HONEY — A-1 extracted honey, lO-pouii'l pail, $1.70, postage paid to fourth zone, cash with order. W. C. Forcher, Grand View, Idaho. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— 10 lbs., $2.50; 20 lbs., $4, c. o. d. Ford Tobacco Co., Mayfield. Ky. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— Chewing, ten pounds, $3; 20 pounds, $5. Smoking, 10 pounds, $2.50; 20 pounds, $4. Farmers Union, Mayfield, Ky. POULTRY PETALUMA HATCHERY— Established 1902 by L. W. Clark. Chicks every Monday and Thurs- day, White and Brown Leghorns. Heavy lay- ing strain. Safe delivery guaranteed. Send for prices and terms. L. W. CLARK, 615 Main St., Petaluma. Calif. _^__ BLUE .\NDALUSI.'\NS— Stock and eggs for sale. D. M. Calbreath. Monmouth, Oregon. BETTER FRUIT I'IRF UKKD Sicilian Buttercup cockerels, $5 each. Cliarlcs Carland, Route 2, St. Maries, Idaho. ■^^^r=^=^^=^=^=^=^===^^=^=- SALESMEN WANTED Novemher, 1921 MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem. Oregon Dehydrating Cranberries THIS se.ison a new dehydr.ited product will go onto the market rather ex- tensively from Oregon and Washington via the plants of the King's Food Products, Experiments in dehydrating cranberries, conducted by President Earl G. Clark, of the company, for some time, have eventuated in a successful method, he has announced. As a result agreements have been reached with the growers, particu- larly in Oregon, whereby dehydrated cranberries are to be put out in large quantity. It is declared that experiments with this berry at the Salem plant have disclosed that it is as well adapted for the dehydration process as most any fruit or vegetable now on the list. It responds readily to the restoration process. Both the growers and company heads feel confident that before many months pass the shelves of thous- ands of grocers over the land will carry dehydrated cranberries that grew in the bogs of Oregon and Washington. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemcketa Street SALEM, OREGON Preventing Bruises The problem of preventing the bruis- ing of apples during picking has been sat- isfactorily solved by F. E. Thompson, a Yakima Valley grower. In Mr. Thomp- son's orchard the pickers used buckets. They are not permitted to dump the ap- ples from bucket to box, this detail being delegated to one trained man, who dumps the apples for all the pickers. Plenty of buckets are supplied so the picker merely sets down the bucket he has filled and walks away with an empty one. By this system bruising is kept down to one per cent and Mr. Thompson says those in whose orchards it runs to two per cent and more are sustaining too gre at a loss. /Growth of the Eugene Fruit Growers' As- socLitinn w.TS detailed recently before the Chamber of Commerce by Manager J. O. Holt. He said the association has a paid-up capital of $175,000 and 1000 members in Lane county. When the association took over Its present plant 14 years ago the output was 9000 cases of canned goods. This season the output was 130,000 cases. Last season the association's dryer turned out 1,500,000 pounds of dried fruits. Last season the plant produced 50,000 gallons of cider and 20,000 gallons of berry juice was made this season. FRUIT TREES We are extensive growers of fruit trees adapted to the Northwest. GET OUR PRICES COLUMBIA NURSERY COMPANY 1490 Union Ave.. No. Portland, Ore. Hotel Hoyt 200 Rooms 100 Baths ABSOLUTELY FIREPROOF Corner Si-xth and Hoyt Streets Phone Broadway 1960 PORTLAND, OREGON NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. cUdvertising' lh:it it pays to advertise Is no longer .1 ijuestlon. It has long since been set- tled that it does pay to advertise. However, it pays only when the right goods are advertised in the right way. Most advertising debacles could have been prevented had proper advertising counsel been consulted. Many potential advertising successes are lying dormant because the right manufacturer or merchant has not as yet met and talked with the right advertis- ing man. ^/ftygcV BuildmA • lt"A Ji-JtprsoiiSis.'Pmilwld.Orpton /\AIN 8829 MOLTlCFtAPHTNC \DORESSlNC Mailing Mailing Lists NOW is the time to send to Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON For their 1921-22 Catalog Full Line of Nursery Stock "Genuineness and Quality" MJhereHOeather strikes hardest- erne Roof! OTHER QUALITY PRODUCTS especially prepared for use on the farm. Oronite Roof Paint A high-quality protective coating for prepared roof- ing and metal roofs. Mica Axle Grease Gives a durable, smooth lubricating film under every pulling condition. Keeps the axle cool; no hot-boxes, no gumming. The MICA makes it bet- ter. Eureka Harness Oil Preserves the original strength and life of leather and keeps it soft and pli- able. Keeps harness "new looking." Standard Hand Separator Oil Correct Lubrication for your Hand Separator, un- der the conditions of high speed and close fitting parts. The roof takes the brunt of all weather — rain, wind and hot sun. Keep your shingle roof in good condition— a neglected roof means the cost of a new roof soon. ORONITE SHINGLE OIL Preserres Shingles Deterioration of shingles is caused by the penetration of moisture and air into the fibre of the shingles, hastening disintegration and decay. The natural oils in the wood evapo- rate and cracking and warping result. Your shingles need constant protection against the elements — rain, wind and sun. Use Oronite Shingle Oil on all shingles either on roofs or on side walls. It is a high- quality preservative for shingles. It pene- trates the shingle fibre and fills the pores with a moisture-resisting preservative. It retards evaporation of natural oils in the wood and counteracts the effect of age and exposure. Oronite Shingle Oil is easy to use. It can be mixed with colors. Ask our nearest agent for formulas. Oronite Shingle Oil will make your shingle roof last longer and give better service to you. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) ORONITE means QUALITY WIIKN WRITI.NG ADVFHTIRER8 MENTION BETTKR FHIIT THE WORLD - OUR ORCHARD ^^ OUR ORCHARD ^ & Kelly I NEW YORK I ^ TIplc PACKAGES AND PRICES 2001b. Bbl. Boxes 2 lb. Pkgs. 22^ lb. 24r ID. 25^ lb. Freigtit prepaid to Nurthwest points, NOTE: If you use Casein, Albatross Superfine, is the brand to buy. Very finely ground — quickly soluble when mixed with alkali. ^/^ or §ffl2^ storage plants, - WATER] packing sheds, tAIN- etc. DEFORE using a disinfecting spray in a hen house or coop be sure to remove every particle of filth or rubbish, otherwise the spraying will do little if any good. During the lasV six years a very larne proportion of the major in- dustrial plants, warehouses, lumber mills and can- neries (list on application) have been nade '"spick and span" with Albatross Cold Water Paint. This pamtis very economical to use— dry s snow white — will NOT peel or rub off— retards fire - easy to apply — and when properly applied, reduces insurance rates. Has remarkable spreading and covering qualities — will work over wood, rock, plaster or other material. For almost any kind of commercial interior, AlbatrossCold Water Paint is unequalled. Extensively used in the fruit world for storage plants, packing sheds, etc. Tell us your require ments— we can meet them to your complete satis- faction. * • • General Basic Products Co.. Sole Maniifactztrers, I'^lii I6th Ave.S. W.. Seattle.U.S. A. Dealers . .Address us for attractivf sales proposition. December, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 11 Elemental Treatise on Pruning the Apple riiiilliiniiiiiliiiiiriiiiiiiiiMiii iiiiiMiiiiitiiiiiiniijiiii^ I Here ami there a man u/io starts | I to read I his detailed discussion of the | I subject of pruning the apple tree is | I likely to say: "Nothing in this for | i me — / know all this already." Grant- | I ing that he spoke the truth, this | I magazine is amply justified in run- | I ning the article for its value to the I I manv nezc subscribers it is aluays | I gathering — many of them, perhaps \ i iiezv in the apple-grouing game. % I Hozvez'er, so7ne of ike things here | I presented are fundamental and, as | I such, cannot too often be reiterated | I and borne in upoti ez>en the experi- | I enced apple grower. The article | I deals quite fully with pruning in all \ I its relations to production of a max' \ I imuin of sound fruit. It has also the \ I merit of being written in plain, un- I I derstandable language. \ ~iiiilliliitllliiiiiniijriiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiililiiiililniiiiiiiii>~ L'T'NTIL recent years, in fact until I the advent of commercial orchard- ^ ing about the middle of the nine- teenth century, popular opinion was adverse to pruning on the ground that it was un- natural and caused the plant to suffer from shock and loss of vitality. Pruning cannot cause shock as the plant has no nerves; and the practise is natural for nature prunes most relentlessly. Look at the forest tree. What became of the thousands of buds and small growth which once existed along its naked trunk and branches during the early stages of development? There was a con- stant struggle for existence, each individual twig or branch striving for light, space and nourishment. As the competition became keener one after another was forced to suc- cumb. There is a survival of the fittest. This is nature's way of pruning. Effect of Pruning on Vitality — There is an exact balance between the feeding ca- pacity of the plant and the superficial growth. The larger the food supply the larger the top. If part of the top is removed there is an endeavor to supply the defi- ciency by a very rapid growth. The loss of tissue is of no consequence and does not Apple Growers and Shippers Do you desire MODERN up-to-date Cold Rooms tor Apple Storage under expert supervision? For Rates and Particulars apply to Fourth St. Warehouse & Cold Storage Co. Phone Broadway 4300 or 1850 Fourtll and Iloyt Streets, Portland, Ore. Prepared bt/ Staff Writer reduce the vitality, unless the nutrition of the tree is injured; but greatly increases the vigor by concentrating the almost con- stant food supply into the fewer remaining branches. The nutrition of the tree may be injured by such severe pruning as to re- move an excessive amount of leaf surface. The leaves serve to combine the soil solu- tions and the carbon of air into sugars and starches which form the plant's food. The removal therefore of the greater part of the leaf surface will interfere to some extent with the vitality of the plant by preventing a sufficient amount of elaborated food from being formed and distributed over the plant. Reasons for Pruning — The purposes of pruning should be throughlv understood before one can hope to prune intelligently or attain the best results. It is better to un- derstand the reasons and purposes than to know the rules of pruning. In fact, no set rules can be made, because the purposes of pruning and the conditions under which to prune .are so varied that each tree becomes a special problem. Get the interests of the tree thoroughly in mind, study the reasons and effects of pruning; and have an ideal toward which to work. Prof. Wickson of California gives the practical purposes to be served in pruning as lollows: "(A) Convenience of the grower, (B) Health and strength of the tree, (C) Regulation of heat and light, (D) Attain- ment of size in fruit, (E) Attainment of strong bearing wood, (F) Promotion of regular bearing." Convenience — Low headed trees where most of the work is done from the ground, are most quickly, cheaply, and efficiently handled in all the orchard operations of pruning, spra^'ing, fruit thinning and pick- ing. The lower the fruit can be grown, }'et not interfering with cultivation, the more profitable it is. One often hears it said, "There is no profit in fruit which cannot be reached from a ten foot ladder." This profit line is apt to be quite low in times of close competition and every effort "Tests on Oldsmar Heater show 100% Effi- ciency."— Prof. Peeples of Armour Institute Frost Insurance at Minimum Cost You insure your house, why not your crop? Fruit growers everywhere can have assured crop protection through the use of this improved and efficient heater which has a number of notable advantages over any other kind. Oldsmar Frost Protector Costs Less To Operate Five gallons of distilate fuel oil burns 10 to 15 hours according to temperature desired. All cast iron (stack excepted), the Oldsmar is waterproof and cannot get out of order. Lighted instantly, it requires little attention and tem- perature regulation is positive. An Oldsmar costs less than other cast iron heaters, lasts longer, requires fewer to the acre; affords complete protection — California and Florida grove owners and truck farmers are ordering them by thousands. Write today for literature and full information about how the 01J=mar can protect yuur crop Oldsmar Tractor Company Oldsmar, Florida Kell-Oil Heater Company Coldwater, Michigan ^^5^ O. V. BADLEY COMPANY Distributors of Oldsmar Products 425 East Morrison Street Portland, Oregon Page 12 should be made to keep the fruiting wood low. Strength — Make the tree strong and stocky so it will hold up a maximum load of fruit with as little artificial propping as possible. Most varieties will bear more fruit than they can hold up. Strong stiff obliquely rising growth sustains weight much better th.in horizontal branches but is more apt to split at the crotch. A combina- tion of the two is desired. Start the branch out more horizontally and turn it upward gradually as it becomes smaller and weaker. This will give the strongest effect. Avoid starting two or more of the main branches near the same point on the trunk in forming the head as a weak crotch is apt to result. They should issue in a whorl at least six or seven inches apart. Crooks in the limbs are slightly condu- cive to strength and fruitfulness, as the downward flow of the sap in them is more restricted. A tree will hold up a heavier load if part is distributed throughout the central portion of the tree. LIGHT and Heat— Usually the fruit of the highest color, size and quality is in the top of the tree where the light con- ditions are best. Prune to keep the form open enough to admit sufficient light into the more profitable lower and interior parts of the tree. Light is not only essential in properly coloring the fruit but is most neces- sary in the digestion of the plant food in the leaves. In California and climates of high sum- mer heat, it is necessary to prune less open, growing a denser top to shade and protect the trunk and branches from sun scald. In most localities of the Pacific Northwest where there is little damage from heat, one should strive to give as much light as pos- sible to the fruit and foliage. Health and Vigor — Trees have a ten- dency as they grow older, to become less BETTER FRUIT thrifty and vigorous and to produce smaller fruit. Such trees make very little wood growth and usually receive very little pruning. The pruning should always be sufficiently heavy to stimulate a healthy, vigorous growth. This is particularly important with small varieties as the Wine- sap which becomes almost unmarketable on old weak trees. Vigorous trees are less susceptible to the ravages of borers and some fungus diseases. Size of Fruit — Pruning affects the size of fruit in two ways: First, by keeping the tree vigorous and healthy; second, by thinning the fruit. Fruit thinning is in reality pruning, but will not be discussed in this article. Thinning may be more or less minimized by antecedent pruning. Shortening or thinning out bearing branches or removing fruit spurs when clearly seen to be in excess, keeping only sufficient bearing wood to cor- respond with the size, vigor and bearing habit of the tree is advisable. Bearing Wood — The fruiting habits of trees may be corrected by regulating the amount of bearing wood. On heavy bear- ing, early fruiting or weak growing varieties practice heavy winter pruning to discourage the formation of fruiting wood. On shy or tardy bearers, which are usually strong rampant growers, fruiting can be stimulated by practicing light summer pruning and no winter pruning. Tipping back or pinching off the growing tips is conducive to lateral growth which may result in fruit spurs. By repeatedly pinching back water sprouts may develop into good fruiting wood.. Regular Bearing — A tree producing an excess of fruit is seldom able to perfect good fruit buds for the following year. Hence a heavy crop is usually followed by a light one. Any of the numerous causes, including irregular pruning, lack of thin- ning, and various cultural methods and climatic conditions which produce either a Deceviber, 1921 heavy or a light crop will tend to start the irregular fruiting habit. To break the alternate year bearing habit, summer prune and thin during the season of heavy bearing, and winter prune after the short crop. The habit is most easily overcome by annual thinning. Moderate annual pruning is conducive to regular bearing. SYSTEMS of Pruning— There are but two main systems of pruning, the cen- tral leader and the open head, although there are several modifications of both. Either system will give good, strong, heavy bearing trees if properly pruned. Central Leader System — The leader or pyramidal type forms the tree into an ap- proximate pyramid, with branches along a central stem. In comparing this system with the open head, it has the advantage in that a stronger tree can be formed. The load of fruit is distributed over a larger number of branches issuing at intervals, thus reducing splitting at the crotch. The objections to this system are: First, the lower branches are apt to grow more horizontal and when loaded, droop and in- terfere with operations; second, the top where the best fruit is eventually produced is higher; third, the fruit is poorly distri- buted, there being very little and poorly colored fruit in the lower interior portions where it is most profitably grown and easily held up by the tree, and an abundance at the top and out on the weaker ends of the branches; fourth, the light conditions are not as good, for the drooping of the loaded branches more or less cover and shade the fruit beneath. Open Head System — The open head is the opposite of the central leader type. The central stem is done away with and the head is formed on three to five, preferably four, main branches which issue near the ground and rise obliquely, forming a more or less inverted pyramid or vase shaped tree. The WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit- Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration end hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise virkich opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTEIRIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United State. DUtribulors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San FrancUco, California December, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page, 13 center which is more or less open is filled with fruiting wood. This is by far the better system and is used almost entirely in commercial plantings. It brings the head with the fruiting wood nearer the ground which greatly facilitates pruning, spraying, thinning, and picking. The branches rise obliquely and are less liable to break when loaded or droop to interfere with operations. The head is more open, giving a better dis- tribution of light to the interior portion of the tree. As the fruit matures, the heavily loaded scaffold branches tend to spread, admitting more sunlight to color the interior fruit. Thus the open head system gives better light and air conditions to a larger leaf and fruiting surface, pro- ducing more first class, highly colored fruit. If attacked by blight the open-head tree would be preferred, as most of the fruit spurs and growing tips through which the blight generally enters are lower where the disease could be more easily detected and controlled. Should the leader of a pyra- midal tree be attacked seriously enough to necessitate its removal the tree would be ruined. But the other type having several scaffold branches or trunks, one might be spared without seriously crippling the tree. Where blight is prevalent the lower parts of the scaffold branches should be kept free of fruit spurs and small growth, keeping the fruiting wood of the lower in- terior on sub-branches. Artificial Support — Under some con- ditions, with weak growing, heavy bearing varieties or varieties which tend to form weak crotches as the Winesap or King, it may be necessary to give artificial support to the open center tree. Propping with poles is not practical as it is expensive, un- wieldy, temporary', and inhibits orchard operations in general. There are advocates of a system of wir- ing, the wires remaining permanently in the tree. A twelve-guage galvanized wire is fastened from a central ring to each main branch by means of screweyes. The wires should be placed as high as possible to give strength and yet not be fastened to branches under one and one-half or two inches in diameter. The wiring costs about twenty cents per tree and will last a lifetime. The wires do no damage and are a handy means of support to stand upon while pruning, thinning, and picking. Some trouble is ex- perienced, however, in the limbs breaking at the point where the screweye enters. For heavy or early bearing varieties or in districts subject to sleet and heavy snows in winter it will be necessary to add temporary support to the trees too small to receive the permanent wire supports. Tying soft spun two-ply hemp or manila twine between opposite branches is satisfactory and cheaper ■ than props. It lasts three years and costs about five cents per tree. Another method of support is to bolt op- posite branches together immediately above the crotch. {Continued on fage 20) What You Lose in using cheap paint— do vou know? GOOD paints require much thought and time in their preparation. That is why you should insist upon purchasing paints that have a reputation. We make good paints like this — to save you money; and we call them Fuller's Specifica- tion Farm Paints because we have made them especially for farm use. We use pure PIONEER WHITE LEAD, pure linseed oil, zinc and color in scientifi- cally exact proportions, arrived at through 72 years' experience. The lead is made so fine that it will pass through a silk screen of 40,000 meshes to the square inch. That means cov- ering capacity and ease of spread. A special device super-puri- fies the lead, making it "whiter" so Fuller colors are exception- ally clear-toned. All ingredients are thoroughly mixed in specially designed machines, so the paint is always uniform. The result on the house or barn is an elastic, tough, pro- tective coat that stays five or more years, keeping the wood like new. Some figure paint economy as "cost per gallon." That is wrong. For "cheap" paint doesn't cover so much surface — you buy more gallons. "Cheap" paint spreads less quickly and you have more la- bor cost. So "cheap" paint ap- plied is no less expensive than the best. "Cheap" paint on the average starts cracking in twelve months while the best paint stays in- tact five or more times longer, if p rope riy ap- plied. Figure then the cost per year of serviee and decide how much you lose when you use cheap paint. Don't allow sur- faces to rot. It costs less to paint them. All "Fuller" Specification Paints are made the costlier way for your economy. Be sure you get them when you paint. Fuller^ SPeCtFICATIOM Farrw Paints House Point -Barn £• Roof Point Woqon Point-Rubber Cement Floor Point Manufactured by W. P. Fuller & Co., San Francisco Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Stains and PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years Branches in 16 cities in the West-Dealers everywhere--Established 1849 Send Coupon For Interesting Book FREE Mail coupon for "Save the Surface"— a free book that tells of the importance of good paint. We'll send also our book- let describing Fuller's Spec- ification Farm Paints. Var- nishes, etc. Send coupon now. Find out what good paint means to you. W. p. Fuller & Co. Dept. F. 18, San Francisco Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Surface" and your booklet of farm paints and varnishes. Name - Street City State Pageu - BETTER FRUIT Slipshod Practices in Marketing Fruit By \\ . B. Armstrong President Washington Slate Farm Bureau, Yakima, Washington December, 1921 FULLY to describe the lack of order in the distribution of the perishable food stuffs grown in this country would be im- possible and to attempt such full descrip- tion would result in a tiresome impeach- ment of our civilization which has per- mitted the greatest disorder to remain in the distribution of the food of the people. A few statements will illustrate the dis- order, and while they are drawn from ex- perience with apples, please remember that exactly similar happenings occur to all raw food stuffs, whether they be apples or onions, turnips, squash or potatoes, poultry or eggs. The national apple crop of 1920 will be remembered as the largest for almost 20 years, and as our Northwest crop moved to market we found that a number of centers of distribution were becoming bady glutted. By the first of this year losses, due to lack of what I will call pre-vision in ship- ping, must have aggregated fully $1,000,- 000 to growers and shippers of Washington alone. The storage facilities of Fort Worth, Texas, were piled up with excess shipments of Northwest Jonathan apples, while, to my knowledge, there were still unfilled or- ders for that variety in the hands of ship- pers. It is impossible, of course, to trace back the ultimate loss, but when it is under- stood that 95 cars of Jonathans were in storage in Fort Worth late in December, it will be realized that tremendous loss was experienced from that point alone. The presence of so many Jonathans there closed the market? of that region to later varieties, causing further loss — indirect loss, of course, but nevertheless very important. Kansas City w^as another center where the glut exceeded that at Fort Worth, and conditions at Pittsburg, Chicago and other places only repeated with little variation, the same tale. My own observation and that of many others show that in the middle and eastern states in the spring of this year apples were being retailed at exorbitant prices and it is undoubtedly true that nearly all of our apples of that 1920 crop were consumed at tremendous prices. Some said "over-pro- duction" caused the disasters to our 1920 crop. I assert that, in view of the facts I have related, such description is unwar- ranted, and to make my position stronger, if need be, will say that I have knowledge of large areas of Illinois, Iowa and other middle states, which were almost entirely without a supply of either eastern or west- ern apples. The easy-going minds that said "over- production" last spring, looked forward to a certainty of better distribution with the present crop which is the smallest the coun- \x\ has had in \ears. What do we see but the same disorder — shipments made with- out any knowledge of the conditions of de- mand and supply at their destinations, cars arriving in large numbers at centers of dis- tribution already flooded, and retail prices kept skv high and proving a barrier against consumption. "VT'OLT well know that a very short run of -*- such disorderly marketing would mean the swift ruin, of any manufacturing con- cern. A parallel to such unbusinesslike practices cannot be found in any other in- dustry because in all other industries those whose money and time are tied in them feel a responsibility for the successful mer- chandising of their product. Indeed the industries of which I speak are built right around a selling plan. Suppose you were in the commission business in Pittsburg and that you had put vour monev or your credit into a purchase of five cars of Jonathans only to learn soon after that a large number of cars loaded with the same apples were rolling toward you unsold. Suppose that each morning a bright and breezy broker called with a list of unsold cars, any or all of The New Leader Among Small Tractors Now at last you can secure in a small tractor all those qualities of long life, low upkeep cost, economical operating expense that have for years featured the larger models in the "Caterpillar" line. Only the extensiveness of Holt experience and the thoroughness of Holt experimental work, together with the development of new quali- ties of steel and better methods of heat treatment, made possible a small tractor that would live up to Holt standards. Size has been limited without sacrifice of power — weight has been reduced without imperiling strength. The new "Caterpillar" T-35 Tractor is only 48 inches wide and 52 inches high, weighs but 4000 pounds, yet develops a liberal surplus of power over its 14 drawbar- horsepower rating. It has been tried, tested and proven — meeting the exacting Holt standards of economy, dur;tbllity and dependability. Send at once for complete information. Be ready for winter work with a new and better way to get it done. THE HOLT MANUFACTURING COMPANY Stockton. California Peoria. Illinois Spokane, Washington Los Angeles, California San Francisco, California Reg. us. Pat. Off T-3; Tractor December, 1921 which you or your competitor are asked to bid upon. You would draw no comfort from the fact that this same list is a dupli- cate of the ones that other brokers are peddling all over the country, but you would settle down in gloom — say to your- self, "Never again will I buy a stock," and from that time to the end of the season order with the utmost conservatism. If vou were dishonest you might attempt to recover your loss on the first purchase by ordering and then turning down cars for any old cause in the hope of making some illegitimate gain. Any who have been wondering why I have not said more about the retailer must realize that it is almost entirely up to the consuming public to regulate that branch of the trade. Some practical suggestions have been made and it is probable that much can be done by the grower to assist in regulating the great spread between the jobber and the consumer, but I repeat that the solution of the difficulty is mainly in the hands of the public. Last April there was assembled in Chi- cago representatives of the various fruit growing districts in the United States. It was decided to place this matter of distri- bution before President Howard of the National Farm Bureau. He was asked to appoint a committee of 21 persons, there- by giving representation to the various fruit growing districts of the country. This task- he has accomplished. BETTER FRUIT Australian Tests THE South Australian government is do- ing valuable work in the interests of primary producers through the tests and ex- periments being carried out in its experi- mental orchards at Blackwood, where fifty acres are incultivation. A total of more than twenty different kinds of fruit are grown there in 4829 different varieties. The following trees are grown for test- ing purposes (the figures in brackets indicate the number of varieties cultivated) : Peaches (525), nectarines (83), apricots (125), plums (401), cherries (294), olives (35), almonds (50), persimmons (44), figs (205) loquats (18), apples (1826), pears (1014), quinces (42), nuts (50), oranges and man- darines (75), lemons and limes (17), other citrus fruits, including pomelo, shaddock, kumquotj, etc. (25). IMceting.s of Interest PROGRAMS of two meetings, which would readil} have been given space in these columns last month, were not com- pleted until mid-November. Sessions of the Oregon State Horticultural Society at Forest Grove will be ending as this issue reaches the hands of most subscribers. The dates of this, the thirty-eighth annual meet- ing of the society, were December 1, 2 and 3. An array of able speakers and practical topics were listed on the program. On November 29 and 30 the Western Walnut Affoclation, which includes in its membership wa'nut and filbert growers of the Northwest, held meetings at the Cham- ber of Commerce in Portland. C. A. Reed, nut specialist with the United States De- partment of Agriculture, returned here, following his recent investigations of the nut industry of this region, to be the prin- cipal speaker. Page 15 Foolish Competition CITRUS LEA\'ES realizes th.at ships alone will not solve the question of our trade relations with the Orient. The securing of a balance between imports and exports is first necessary. Foreign trade can not be developed over night. It muft come about through a gradual and slow process. The narrow-minded competition between the ports of the Pacific Coast must be eradicated. Cities on the western coast interested in developing foreign trade must co-oper- ate. From Puget Sound to San Diego, the spirit must be one of mutual assistance. Through this close co-operation our goods will be fostered in foreign markets, grad- ually absorbed and return cargoes dis- posed of here. Immense possibilities are open to us on the Pacific Coast. Are we going to meet this task. — Citrus Leaves. The British Cokinibla Berry Growers' Association, recently organized, this year has handled about 500 acres of fruit. The total tonnage estimated for tTie year is 2,500 tons. The new association is com- posed of 1 3 berry marketing organizations that were already in existence and will act as the central sales selling agency. H. A. McNaughton of Gordon Head, Vancouver Island, has been appointed sales manager of the new organization.* The New McKay Disc Orchard Plow Here Is the Litest and must improved development of the disc plow and sub- soiler combined. It h.is been designed and built to embody every improvement. Its ease of handling and its greater adaptability to every condition of orchard, grove, vineyard or open field tillage are outstanding points that insure its increased utility. THE ORCHARD PLOW AND SUBSOILER OF GREATEST UTILITY AND PROFIT The McKay disc plow has been thori'ughly tested under must difficult con- ditions. The patented hitch permits plowing close to trees, throwing soil cither direc- tion. Front and rear discs cut outside of wheels, thus allowing closest plow- ing to and from trees and vines. Greatest offset without side draft on tractor. Built low and sturdy, the plow will work under trees without injury to branches or fruit. No iTojections of any kind above the beams. The new McKay pulls straight on centers with no side thrust. It is simple in construction, has but few parts — most of which arc steel — and is noted for its unusual strength and endurance. There are no chains, sprock- ets, levers or gears. The patented power lift is sure and simple. Attached subsoilers behind each disc break up the hard pan, but may be ad- justed out of the way when desired. Greater clearance above and between discs permits turning of heavy cover crops. Full Timkcn bearings in all wheels and discs. Pivotal front truck allows tractor and plow to turn on narrowest headlands \\ithout straining beams. TOWERS & SULLIVAN MFG. CO. ROME, GEORGIA Distributors for the Pacific Coast R. M. Wade Co Portland, Oregon H. V. Carter Motor Co. Arnott & Co. San Francisco, Cal. Los Angeles, Cal. Full dcscriprirc circular and additiuiial infurmatiun sent upon request. Write to the dislrihuliir nearest yiu 5 -1^4 Page 16 BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON lERROLD OWEN Managing Editor ERNEST C. POTTS Editor C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES PAUL W. & GUY F. MINNICK 303 Fifth Ave., New York JNO. D. ROSS 608 Otis Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS Hobart Bldg., San Francisco STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. COLORADO — C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- mologist ; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTAN.^- H. Thornber, Victor. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist, Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist, Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. INDIANA — H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remirtances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application. Seasonable Hints Those readers who unfailingly keep things in spick-and-span shape about their orchards or ranches and who do the necessary task at the exact time it should be done may just as well pass this by. This is just a bunch of timely hints and, as such^ can be of no value to any such paragons of efficiency. It is a poor workman who finds fault with his tools, but it is a worse one who goes on a job with poor equipment. If you do not use the best prun- ing tools obtainable you are miss- ing much of the possible satisfac- tion of this ofttimes irksome job. Aside from the fact that the best tools make the work of pruning easier, a good pruner, whether saw or shear, is the one that makes the clean cut, while the poorly built tool almost always damages the limb stub. Figuring an average of only 20 cuts to a tree, you would make be- tween 10,nOO and 12,000 cuts in a 10-acre orchard. If your pruners are worn or dull, or not properly constructed or adjusted to .insure a clean cut all around, then you are sure to leave thousands of ragged. BETTER FRUIT disease-receptive spots to mar and cripple your orchard. Use of an old, worn-out spray machine is another bit of false economy that practically assures trouble and loss. Not alone is it expensive in amount of time con- sumed, but also because of the in- ferior work that must result in loss of clean fruit. If you did not clean up and re- pair your spray equipment and put it away in the best of shape when through with it you would be re- paid even yet for the trouble of putting it in proper trim now, or at least well in advance of the time you must use it again. Time for the dormant spray, as you will re- call, is not so many months distant. Have you looked into the mat- ter of fertilization with an open mind.? Perhaps you have not real- ized that the day has gone when horticulturists took it for granted that these wonderful Northwestern soils would go right on producing bountiful crops without man's as- sistance. Hundreds of tons of fer- tilizers are now applied annually to orchards of the Northwest and their use is steadily increasing. Thovisands upon thousands of acres of land in Southern states was drained in days gone by of every vestige of fertility through contin- ued cropping to tobacco or cotton without thought to replacement of the elements necessary to crop life. This condition is now being reme- died, hut the loss in the meantime has been appalling. Through the use of cover crops and commercial fertilizers lands of the South are once more being brought back to a state of fertility. The lesson is too obvious to need elucidation. You will surely grant that there must be no repetition of any such stupidity in the North- west. Mythical "Ring" It appears, after all, that the Chi- cago investigators of food costs thought they found something wrong with the Northwestern growers. One member of the com- mittee which visited Coast cities made the allegation that the grow- Decemher, 1921 ers will sell their apples only to a "ring" of commission men. The charge, were it proven true, would reflect more or less of dis- credit upon the growers and would possibly account for a part of anv undue costs to the consumer. Before those who know market- ing methods and conditions in Coast fruit sections the charge fell as a "dud." The explanation of why nearly all the fruit produced here is sold to a comparatively few com- mission dealers is simple. They know the business and, more impor- tant in this phase of the matter, they have the funds necessary to handle carloads of fruit under con- ditions as they exist. Individual would-be purchasers of fruit in car lots, the growers have found, almost invariably drop their plans when they find, for in- stance, that a car of apples at its eastiern destination represents an outlay of approximately $2,000. This money requirement is what keeps the individual from buying, and not an agreement among grow- ers to sell only to a "ring" of buyers. National Apple Day It is a fact hardly to be disputed that National Apple Day was giv- en little recognition in Western fruit-growing states this year. There were any number of com- munities where not the slightest ob- servance of the day could be noted. Several explanations may be ad- vanced. Chief among them are the fact that most apple growers were too busy with their crops and a sort of impression that the ob- servance is intended anyhow main- ly as a reminder for consumers in the East. As to the first excuse, excellent reasons can be advanced in favor of a later date for apple day. The fact remains, however, that if the nation is to be told that a cer- tain day of the year is set aside in recognition to the apple and its value to mankind, those who are most vitally concerned should not slight and ignore the occasion. The impression thus given the consum- er-public is anything but beneficial. December^ 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 17 k Send in a Letter S A REMINDER and incentive to influence many readers to send in "experience letters" to be run in the Homeseekers' number, coming out January 1, the prize awards offered are here listed again: Ten dollars cash, first prize, for best and most informative letter. Five dollars cash, second prize, for next best letter. Two-year subscriptions and extra copies of the issue to all others writing acceptable letters. The letters should deal with personal experiences in growing fruits, berries or nuts, or any combination of these. Loca- tion, dates, size of tracts, yields and figures on returns are needed to make the letttcrs convincing. Read the article on filbert growing by Nat M. Norelius in the October number and you have an ex- cellent illustration of how to detail your experiences. Letters should not be over 800 to 1000 words long and should reach the editor not later than December 22. Have the wife or daughter pen the letter if you happen to be pretty busy. It will be a favor if you write on but one side of vour paper. Delay will make you too late, so sit right down and pen a letter that will give the eastern homeseeker first-hand infor- mation about what you have accomplished. Any who do not send us an experience message, but who want extra copies of the number, can make sure of getting them only by ordering them in advance — right now. College Holds Show A ROUND a mammoth pyramid built -^^ from 6000 rosy-cheeked apples, dis- plays of fruits, flowers and vegetables trans- formed the men's gymnasium into an Egyptian garden at the sixth annual Oregon Agricultural College horticultural show, November 4 and 5. The sides of the "gym" were allotted to the four main divisions of horticulture: pomology, vegetable gardening, floriculture and horticultural by-products. Sixty kinds of apples, produced chiefly at the college experiment station, 20 varieties of grapes, district displays of apples, a large exhibit of pears from the southern Oregon experiment station, 20 entries of walnuts, an odd lot of such nuts as the Kola, the Pili, and Paradise, and sub- tropical fruit comprised the exhibits pre- pared by the department of pomology. An exhibit from British Columbia, sent in by William de Macedo, a student, won first blue ribbon in the district displays. A collection of Medford fruits, sent by Willette B. Murray, won second place. Professor W. S. Brown, head of the depart- ment of horticulture, judged the exhibit. 1 922 Will Be the Northwest's Greatest Land Clearing Year Hundreds of thousands of acres of waste stump land were cleared and farmed in the Northwest during 1921. But the stump enemy must be beaten still further. Most farmers are planning to increase their in- comes in 1922 by clearing even more land than last year. D STUMPING POWDERS (Du Pont and Repauno Brands) Make your plans now. Take an inventory of your land. Resolve to put just as many idle, waste acres to work for you in 1922 as you can clear. More land has been cleared in the Northwest with Du Pont Stumping Powders than by any other explosive merely because their uniformity makes them the most reliable and their strength makes them the cheapest. You can buy Du Pont Stumping Powders from your hardware dealer or general store. For complete instructions for using explosives for land- clearing, drain.age and tree-planting, write for free copy of Development of Logged-ofF Lands. E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc. SPOK.\NE— SEATTLE— PORTLAND Nursery Stock Quarantine A QUARANTINE has been established against the importation into Washing- ton of nursery stock from the counties of San Benito, Santa Clara, San Mateo, Ala- meda, San Joaquin, Sacramento, Yolo, Solano, Contra Costa, Napa, San Francisco, Marin and Sonoma in California and Linn, Marion and Polk counties in Oregon. The quarantine was issued because of prevalence of pear thrips which is not prevalent in the state of Washington. Every shipment of nursery stock or any other host of pear thrips from the counties and territories mentioned must have all foreign particles thoroughly removed from the roots, and during the period of activity of the pear thrips, namely March, April and May, all parts of nursery stock except roots must be dipped in a solution of mis- cible oil No. 2 (five gallons), and black leaf 40, (one pint to 200 gallons of water). All shipments of nursery stock from these sections into Washington must be accom- panied by an official certificate from a local horticultural inspector or quarantine officer showing that these regulations have been complied with. Page 18 BETTER FRUIT December, 1921 Winter Injury {Continued from fage 6) frees would not be crippled as they are now bound to be when heart-rot fungi enter the unprotected wood. Frozen wood is very susceptible to attack by these wood rot- ting organisms. Living bark is the best pro- tection against such invasion, but failing that, exposed wood should be coated with a good protective tree paint, such as that made by warming together a mixture of I /3 creosote and 2/3 coal tar, or a good Bordeaux paste may be used. Both should be frequently renewed until the wound is completely healed over. Apples, 30-year-old Baldwins, Spitzen- bergs, Romes, Ganos, Astrachans, and Yel- low Transparents — The Baldwin, Spitz, and in some case the Romes also were girdled above the snow line when examined in February, the bark being discolored all the way through and the sapwood likewise browned. In such cases the trees were recognized as hopeless and by July nothing remained of them but a collection of dead trees. Except for a few green shoots that had "suckered" from below the snow line they presented the same appearance as in February. An occasional tree, more vigor- ous than its neighbors, or those that had been fertilized, appeared to be in better shape and with careful nursing might pull through, but these trees were few. It was a striking demonstration of hardiness, how- ever, to see Astrach.ms, Yellow Transpar- ents, and Ganos in full leaf and bearing a good crop, standing out green and vigor- ous in the midst of the dead trees, sole survivors of a once beautiful orchard. Filberts, 9-year-old Barcelona and Du- Chilly — The catkins were killed above the snow line, but were not injured below. Pistillate flowers were uninjured. Occa- sional cambium injury was observed on the south side and where the trees had been heavily forced this was more severe. The greatest damage, however, resulted from the loss of the next year's crop. Walnuts, 9-year-old seedling Franquettes and Mayettes — The one-year-old wood was dead also the buds and catkins when ex- amined in February. The bodies were in- jured through the bark, cambium and sap- wood, especially on the south side, but on the north there was, in many cases, a strip of good cambium that offered some hope of saving the trees, although as cripples. In July we found occasional shoots from ad- ventious buds below the one-year-old Avood and usually many from below the snow line. TT MIGHT be of interest to go a little -■- farther with these special reports on conditions in nut orchards. For instance, the influence of elevation and good air drainage was shown in the freedom from injury of the extensive plantation known as the Eola Tracts near Amity, Ore. One or two trees only on the entire planting of over 1300 acres, showed any injury at all, very slight discoloration in the outer bark. These trees were in a little pocket shut off by some woods. The planting is located at an elevation of 700-800 feet above rhe main valley floor, where severe loss occurred. The land is very rolling and this provides good air and soil drainage. Due to its elevation it escaped the severe freezing temperature since the minimum reached only six degrees above zero. Again, in the Liberty District, south of Salem, there is a walnut orchard extending from a small flat on poorly drained land over a hill. The trees on the flat were observed to be badly damaged in February and I suspect some of them have since died, but on top of the hill no damage could he found. These observations doubtless could be multiplied many times if we could col- lect the experlnces of all the growers. What is the lesson — Choose a safe loca- tion for your plantation, do not disregard such fundamental consideration when es- tablishing a business that should last a life- time or more, but which can be wiped out in a single night. A perfect climate exists only in the prospectus of the real estate man; don't gamble with the weather. Besides choosing a good location, what more can we do for protection? We can influence the degree of dormancy with which our trees enter winter by the manner of cultivation and the system of cover crop- ping employed. Take as an instance in point the orchards of Charles Trunk, at Dundee. His plantation is on deep clay loam soil, very retentative of moisture and it extends from low bottome land over the lower slopes of the hills. He recog- nizes that the different sections re- quire different treatment in the wav of cultivation, and that he succeeds in induc- ing proper dormancy was indicated by the condition of his trees and their compara- tively light damage when I visited the orchards in February. He has good drain- age conditions except on the low bottom land, but here he discontinues cultivation in June to allow the trees to harden up for winter. On higher land he cultivates until August, depending upon the soil. He grows a cover crop of clover between the trees and this also aids in better ripening of the wood as well as furnishing fertilit}-. Such conditions call for good judgment in balancing moisture conservation for crop production and timelv checking of growth in preparation for winter. The wood of his trees appeared uninjured in February, but occasional bark injury was noted as well as killing of buds and catkins, the critical temperature for which was passed with cold registered at ten degrees below at his place. The question is frequently asked as to the possibility of reducing loss from winter killing by topworking tender sorts to hardier varieties. For obvious reasons complete success by this plan can only come if the operation is carried out below the usual snow line. When injury has already occurred above the snow! me and the trees a-re' likely to die as a result, which was the case in so many instances two years ago, resort may be had to stump grafting, as has been successfully demonstrated bv W. W. Reburn in his ten- year-old walnut orchard at McMlnnville, and by Mr. Cox, also at McMinnville, in the case of his old apple orchard. If, how- ever, you are going to stump-graft, the quicker vou cut away the dead top the better chance ^'ou will have for success of the operation. . Mr. Cox's experience will bear out this statement, for where he de- layed his grafting operations until the trees came into leaf he had rather a poor success in getting his cions to take, while in cases where the work was done early he had com- plete success. December, 1921 THE importance of vitality and vigor in a tree in withstanding frost damage was strikingly illustrated in several orchards. In February we were inclined to think that the old neglected trees, those that had not been making a vigorous growth, were in- jured the least, but this good showing did not extend through until July. The weak trees may have been more completely dor- mant at the time of the freeze and may have been injured less, but if so they did not have the ability to recover while the more vigorous trees did. In February we visited the orchard of Frank Hrubetz, south of Salem and found striking dif- ferences in the amount of injury in dif- ferent parts of the orchard. The orchard consists of 20 to 25-year-old Italian prunes and a number of old pear and other trees. Part of it had never been fertilized, and this section showed much injury in the tops of the trees, branches frozen through and dead in the crotches, especially at the base of the old pendant fruit spurs on the prunes. Another part was treated with two pounds of nitrate of soda per tree in the spring of 1918. The injury was markedly less in this section. Still another section had been treated for two years with nitrate of soda and here there was no injury at all in the tops. The prune orchard of L. T. Reynolds, north of Salem showed the same thing, much less injury on trees that had received nitrogenous fertilizer, while many trees that had not been fertilized failed to sur- vive. We carried on some spraying ex- periments in the latter orchard in 1919 and during the course of this work a number of the trees lost a considerable amount of their foliage as a result of spray injury. The winter injury on these trees located in the unfertilized section of the orchard was most severe and many of them have died. In the fertilized section these trees showed damage, hut survived. This freeze demonstrated some valuable lessons, one of the chief of which is the remarkable recuperative power of frost in- jured trees, and in this connection we prob- ably shall have to concede the honors to the Italian prune. But among all fruits and nuts we saw demonstrated their comparative hardiness, and so we may therefore choose for our future plantings such varieties as are most likely to withstand the next "test winter." I want strongly to urge that growers of the Northwest coast country study each other's experiences growing out of the freeze, so that they will be better prepared for the next test winter. We use Nature ill if we do not use her to best advantage. So for further plantings let us choose the site intelligently with a view of all pos- sibilities; let us grow varieties of proved hardiness as well as of proved worth other- wise ; and then let us care for the trees, not as a crop of potatoes to be dug in the fall, but as a trust that we may leave when we are gone. BETTER FRUIT Page 19 Plenty of Potash After all the years of Potash Hunger the opportunity has come to buy Potash at very low prices IN order to take advantage of these low prices no time should be lost in telling* your dealer what you will require so that there will be plenty of time to import the Potash. The right kind ar.d amount of fertil- izer is a great help in reducing the cost of crop production. A fertilizer high in Potash, 4 to 10 per cent, improves both the quantity and quality of all crops. Great quantities of Potash have been removed from the soil in the past six years. Now is the time to restore it at small cost. SOIL & CROP SERVICE, POTASH SYNDICATE H. A. HUSTON. Manager 42 Broadway New York POTASH PAYS Page 20 Rodent Warning BlJ liUKE PoWEI.r Yiiiimi, Washington UNLESS the fruit grower who has had alfalfa in his orchard takes some drastic step? to control the mice the loss from girdling will be severe, especially if we have a hard winter. There is no question but .hat alfalfa is a fine soil builder for the orcliard, but it is also an excellent breeding place for mice. Never but once before have I seen the mice as bad as they are in some of the orchards in the Valley this fall. T have seen orchards where. 60 per cent of the trees were girdled during the winter. This will be duplicated in some orchards in the Yakima Valley and elsewhere if the owners do not wake up to the situation before it is too late. The owner of a good orchard cannot take too many precautions. Disc the alfalfa in this fall. Clean away all trash for two feet from around the trees. Drop poison grain in the burrows or holes, of the mice and under V shaped troughs, turned upside down, and in or under other things where the mice can get to it, but birds and fowls cannot. Later if there is a heavy snow and you do not feel any too safe clean the snow away from the base of the trees. However, do not fail to destroy as many mice as possible before real cold weather arrives. 1 have known the mice, when they were hungry and other food hard to get, to girdle the roots of large trees from three to four feet from the trunk. Trees are never safe as long as there are mice in the orchard. The saving of one tree will pay for a number of pounds of poison and hours of labor. The owls destroy a great many mice. Do not kill them. Elemental Treatise on Pruning the Apple ( Continiied from fage 1 3 ) Perhaps the most efficient method is to twist together lateral shoots from opposite scaffold branches allowing them to grow together, forming a support. This is best done during the third, to fifth years of the tree's growth. It will increase with the tree in size and strength, giving a strong perm- anent support. 'C'ORMING the Head— In forming -'- the head keep in mind a mental pic- ture of the ideal tree. The four or five scaffold branches should issue in a whorl evenly distributed between the heights of fifteen and thirty-five inches on the stem, extending outward obliquely and turning upward gradually as the branches become smaller and weaker, giving strength to the limbs and making a wide expansive wine- glass form with a rather open center ad- mitting sunlight and air and affording the greatest possible leaf and fruiting surface BETTER FRUIT as low down as possible, yet no branch drooping to interfere with cultivation. We will now consider the steps taken to secure this ideal form. Pruning at Planting — This first pruning consists in cutting back the top and pruning the roots. The roots are usually cut back quite severely in removing them from the nursery row, and should be pruned as lightly as possible at planting time, re- moving only broken, badly bruised, diseased, or dried out roots, and cutting the healthy ones back to live tissue. This allows the wound to granulate, heal, and throw out feeders. A knife or hand prun- ing shears is used. The knife makes a smoother cut, but the latter is generally preferred on account of greater ease and rapidity. Head at Thirty-Five Inches — The proper height to head the tree is a question of pop- December, 1921 ular dispute among horticulurists. Various heights from eighteen to thirty-six inches being advocated. The idea is to head as low as possible yet allow sufficient room for scaffold branches. The lowest branch should issue at about fifteen inches from the ground to permit proper cultivation beneath. The four main branches should be at least six or seven inches apart on the stem. If closer, when they become large they would appear almost together, crowding badly, at the point of emergence and forming weak crotches. This would bring the upper branch at about thirty-five inches. Some may think this is too high, reasoning that to head lower, would bring the fruiting wood lower. Yet as a matter of fact there is practically no difference. {To be continued) FOR SPRAYING, PAINTING, WHitEWASHING ^ AND DISINFECTING. "'^ C/ir/ILOC F/f£EOA/ff£QUESr The inestimable value of spraying has again been demonstrated this year While some local- ities report smaller crops of fruits and vegetables than usual, the quality has invariably been far above the average thus balancing the shortage in production. This indicates that whether the yield be an abundant or small one there is always a ready sale for choice fruits — and choice fruits can no longer be grown without resorting to the protection afforded through spraying MYERS SPRAY PUMPS. NOZZLES and ACCES- SORIES have long been assisting fruit growers, farmers, ardeners and others in their fight against plant and tree enemies. Economical, practical, reliable and fully pro- ven, with styles to meet all spraying requirements, no matter how large or small your orchard or vineyard, there is a guaranteed Myers Spray Pump that will exactly fit your needs, and the price will be as low or lower than many of the light weight, lorly constructed and cheaply equipped out- fits now on the market Call on the Myers Dealer in your locality or write us direct when ready to purchase. Send for a copy of our late catalog today — It's and a postal will bring it to your door. free ^ RE.MYERS&BRO.CO 135 ORANGE ST. fi Vl \ I ¥il K I 'X'Til MANUFACTURERS OF PUMPS FOR EVERY PURPOS HAY UNLOADING TOOLS AHD DOOR HANGERS I HAY TOOLS aPOORHANGEPSlI Pacific Northwest Distributors Spokane, Wash. Portland, Oregon BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER December, 19^1 Pruning Suggestions {Conti/tneJ from fdge 7) be avoided. I do mean, however, that in general a fruit spur which bears fruit one year will not bear fruit the next. The reason is obvious if we ap- preciate the theory of fruit-bud develop- ment. The spur which bears fruit expends all its energies and uses all available food supply to develop the fruit. There is no reserve food supply available for fruit-bud development. This spur must then take another year for recuperation and fruit-bud formation. On the other hand the spur from which the fruit has been removed will elaborate in its own leaves a supply of reserve food material and will develop fruit-buds for the next year's crop. This then is one of the prime objects of thin- ning. To be sure, we thin for size, but after all we may thin for size and not secure annual bearing. That is we may get a crop of fair sized apples and still have alternate bearing. There is a limit to the amount of fruit that may be developed and still develop fruit-buds. One must gain judgment on this point by actual experience. We are quite apt to lack courage in thinning. I believe we should decide about how many boxes of fruit a tree will develop and then thin for that amount. This means that we may actually need to count the fruits re- maining on the tree. Suppose we decide a certain tree should bear ten boxes of apples and that a desirable size of fruit is say 135 to 150 apples to the box. Then thin the trees to 13 50 to 1500 apples. If you don't make some such estimate you are pretty sure to leave more fruits than the tree will properly develop. If it produces this crop and fails to bears flowers the next year you have over-estimated the ca- pacity of the tree at least in most varieties. If the fruits develop over-size or the tree matures it fruit well and makes too much growth you have under-estimated the tree's capacity. Every grower must for his own condi- tions, work out his own standard. It will not be necessary to make counts in all trees for you will in time develop a good thin- ning judgment. If this thinning is to be effective it must be done early, at least before the season of fruit-bud development is well advanced. In our standard apples like Wealthy and Mcintosh I am quite sure that the annual crops may be secured by proper pruning thinning, but not by pruning alone. TT IS ALSO well to. remember that in -'- some varieties at least there is a choice to be made in the fruits to be left. For instance, a normal cluster of apple flowers is six. In the Mcintosh the center or sixth blossom does not develop a good fruit. The stem is short and fleshy and the fruit is angular and of poor shape. This is the flower that too often sets and the fruit develops at the expense of the others which BETTER FRUn drop or are crowded off. The next two blossoms below this are the ones that develop into the best fruit. I want to mention briefly, that there is another stage in the development, which we should watch out for, and that is the stage when the fruit begins to develop out on the tips of the branches, at the expense of those in the center of the tree. Such a growth indicates that the tree requires more pruning, and then we begin what we might call a system of pruning for the heading in of the branches, to encourage more growth in the center of the tree. I don't think much of allowing the tree to develop its fruit away out on the tips of the branches. Then, one other point, and that is, prun- ing tools. I don't believe many of us ap- preciate the convenience of proper pruning tools in orchard pruning, and I think we should put more emphasis on proper tools. I wonder how many orchardists have used a pole pruning saw, which, in my estima- tion, is one of the most convenient prun- ing tools about the orchard; we have all used pruning clips, probably, but by a pole pruning saw, we will eliminate one-half of the climbing and one-half of the work on stepladders; a good type of pruning saw is one with a curved blade on the end of the pole; they cut both ways, but particu- larly when pulling, which is the safest way to cut, when pruning. Page 21 v'liiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiifiiittiiniittiiiiiti iitiiiiiiiniiiiiitiiiiiirtMriiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiinnu I Treat Your Soil with Toro Brand 1 I Agricultural Sulphur | I _ Improves alkali soil, trans- | g ^^1 jw.wopwHp forms latent potash and phos- | phates into available plant = foods. I Prevents wire worms, eel- = worms or nematodes, smutty = grain, ants and potato scab. 1 220 lbs. per acre has in- | creased crops up to 500%. = For dry dusting, use = "ANCHOR" Brand Velvet | Flowers of Sulphur. = = For Lime Sulphur Solution, use = I DIAMOND "S" Brand Refined Flour Sul- 1 = phur. Sold by leading dealers. = I Write for circulars Nos. 6 and 8, price- | I list and samples. State for what purpose § I sulphur is to be used. i I SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. I I 624 California St. San Francisco, Cal. | Tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ [ i SULPHUR ^ ! Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash.. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. lH?ffii^|l K(?.StettleriHfgeb. Portland— Oregon Lithographers Color Printers Labels Gkptons Folding Boxes e\it Outs Display Gards SpeeialAdvertsing 3tiff Boxes Plain and Fam liiil Page 22 Eastern Growers MID-WKST and eastern orchardists are planning to follow the Pacific Coast practices in growing and marketing their fruits in an attempt to recapture their own home markets now largely hold by the far- west trade. They are telling themselves that if they prune to get better size and color in their fruit, spray to keep down in- sects and diseases, pick the fruit tenderly to keep it free of bruises, and then put it up in attractive box packs which are held in cold storage "with enough moisture to prevent shriveling," they can oust the wes- tern product because of the advantage they have in transportation charges. This does not mean that the coast growers are bound to lose the markets, com- ments W. S. Brown, chief of horticulture at Oregon Agricultural College Experiment station. Superior climatic conditions m.ike for a certaintv of crop much above that of the eastern conditions, and also lend a high color and fine quality that are truly dis- tinctive. The industry is a business in it- self here, while in the more eastern districts it is only a side-line that will not get the studv and attention it receives here. Western men have a big advantage in the cost of containers. Professor Brown points out. Nearness to box lumber mills enables the western grower to buy good boxes at 1 2 ■ and 1 6 cents, whereas, the eastern growers paid as high as $1.50 per barrel of three bushels capacity last year. With a further reduction in freight rates bv rail to eastern points, and increasing shipments through the canal to European markets the Pacific Coast growers may expect to find outlets for their surplus high grade fruits. BETTER FRUIT on the unthinned tree. The cost of thin- ning was estimated at 50c per tree. The two trees were the same size, in the same condition and as near alike in set of fruit and general thriftlness as it was possible to select. The unthinned tree had slightly more apples on it than the thinned tree, but both trees packed out about the same number of boxes. The thinned tree, how- ever, had the advantage in size of fruit and in color, making the crop on it worth $3.20 more than that of the unthinned tree. Codling IMoth Bulletin BASED upon spraying experiments con- ducted In several orchards during the seasons of 1915, 1916, 1917, and 1918, on representative apple varieties, the Depart- ment of Agriculture has issued Department Bulletin 959, a professional paper entitled, "Experiments and Suggestions for the Con- trol of the Codling Moth in the Grand V'alley of Colorado." by E. H. Siegler and H. k. Plank. Spraying schedules for three applications are also given. Best results, it was found, were obtained from arsenate of lead at the rate of 1 pound of the powder or 2 pounds of the paste to 50 gallons of water. The matter of spraying equipment, together with supplemental control measures, is also discussed In the bulletin. Profits of Thinning APPLE thinning tests conducted In the orchard of O. W. Melton in the Fruit- vale district, Yakima valley, this season by E. G. Wood, extension horticulturist of the Washington State College, in co-operation with the farm bureau, indicated that the thinning increased the value of the fruit $3.20 per tree. Increase in the value of the crop at that rate in this particular or- chard, where the trees are 100 to the acre, would be $320 per acre. In view of the fact that the thinning was said to have been done later than it might have been and in view of compara- tively small size of the fruit, the benefit from the thinning is not as pronounced as might be expected and the estimate of its value In the crop, $320 per acre. Is quite conservative, it is stated. Mr. Wood put on 12 thinning demonstrations in Yakima county this year and it is the general belief that the instruction given will bear fruit in more care In thinning and larger size of fruit. In this particular test the value of the fruit on the thinned trees amounted to $24- as against a value of $20.5 0 for the fruit December, 1921 Enemies of Grapes PERHAPS no horticultural crop so well illustrates the serious loss which may result from native species of insects and I fungi attacking cultivated varieties of their natural wild food plants as does the grape. In a new Farmers' Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture, No. 1220, Insect and Fungous Enemies of the Grape, 64 out of 75 pages are devoted to description, history, and control measures for those of principal importance. Several of these species in certain sections rank as first-class pests, such as the grape rootworm, grape-berry moth, grape cur- culio, grape leaf-hopper, grape leaf-folder, grapevine flea-beetle, rose-chafer, grape phv'loxera, and the like. The bulletin, which may be had upon application, also deals with species which ordinarily are not important except during occasional seasons, or more or less locally, but are neverthe- less the subject of many inquiries to the department every year. Insect and fungous enemies of grapes are not less amenable to treatment than pests of other fruit crops, and the bulletin outlines methods of prevention and control which have been demonstrated by the investiga- tors of the department to be successful. RHODES DOUBLE CUT . PBUNING SHE. RHODES MFG. i 320 S. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. T-HE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices Ridley, Moulding & Co. CO VENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 5th Edition and Modern Economy December, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 23 WASHINGTOX T7ROM Whiti: Salmon more than 200 cars of ^ apples had been loaded out by the middle lit November, and warehouses were reported as still packed to capacity. AAA A MONG heavy yields of apples in the Yakima ■^ Valley was that of J. F. Douglas, near Wapato, who obtained 12,000 boxes from 14^2 acres, or an average of 870 boxes per acre. AAA /^ARL R. PIERSON, 28 years old, is credited with having made the highest record as a box lidder in the Yakima district this season. His record was the lidding of 2,260 bi>xes of pears in one d.iy. AAA TN the Prosser district the better returns on grapes were these: Two acres owned by O. S. Larson, gross return, $2,400; four acres Con- cords owned by Mrs. George Finn, gross return, $4,000. AAA Approximately 600 cars of apples were -^ produced this season in Walla Walla county. More than half were shipped East as fast as packed, but a big surplus piled up at the time the rail strike threatened. AAA ClX carloads of "gift apples" were shipped ^ some little time ago from Wenatchee to Chi- cago in solid cars. From Chicago the shipment is being distributed to all parts of the country by express and parcel post, under special labels affixed to the boxes. AAA A TOT.AL of 150,000 gallons of cider and -^ '200,000 g.iUons of vinegar will be produced by the Inland Products Company, at Spokane, ac- cording to Manager Charles Theis. Reports show seven cider, mills at work in Spokane, with promise of record production because of an un- usual quantity of windfalls following the early windstorm. a A a W/HAT doubtless is to stand as the record '' day's shipment of apples from the Wen- atchee district was made on October 30, when 300 refrigerator cars were dispatched. AAA "C'RED WREN, orchardist of the Lake Chelan district, was given credit for having dis- played the biggest Delicious and Rome Beauty apples seen in Spokane this season. Twenty- eight of the Rome Beauties filled a box, as they averaged 1 J/2 pounds apiece and measured 16 inches in circumference. The Delicious averaged 1 J4 pounds apiece. ACCORDING to report from Springdale, 100 cirs of apples were loaded there for ship- ment to England. a a a ■T^HE Harmony r.tnch, on Crescent Bar, near Trinidad, with 54 acres planted to apples and pears, was recently purchased by R. A. Ted- ford & Co. The apple crop this saeson was 15,000 boxes, the trees being eight years old. AAA According to officials of the skookum •^^ Packers' Association, the Peshastin Fruit Growers' Association recently packed out 10,808 boxes of apples in one day. They believe this set a new record for a day's work in any pack- ing house of the Northwest. This output of more than 14 cars was sent over nine Cutler grading machines, one of which hantlled 1,341 boxes. GoldenWiit^ A Wonderful Apple f It baa the juicy tartness of tl--! Jonatuan.themeatinefsof ttte CM . WincE::p. the hoauty of th" w.ii- -.— ter liana:, a, liie dffp gold color ot the Grimes and the kecrinff qualities of the gooij old Ben Davis, i-'trone grower, healths and vic- orous. Originated in ULah and Bhoold be hardy everywhere. Beara young and very protuseiy. True Delieious Apple This 19 the ideal farm apple. Large fmit. beauti- ful dark red. qualitvuneurpassed. Flavor sweet, slightly tou' hi 1 with add, cornea out of storage in perfect coniJitton. Campbell's Early Crape A new variety, vii.'oroi]3 growth. ^S^tfll very hardy, very early and an ahun- ^9SB f I dantbenrer. Good ehipper; kcepa for weeks after ripeDing. Perfection Currant In oar entire experience this is the best bearer, the largf^sL sweetest and easiest to pick. Rich, mild fla* vor, less acid and few seeds. Low Prices Direct to You All kinds of Fruit Trees, Plants and Shrubs. Vege- table, Flower and Field Seeds, etc., of the best quality, at very low prices. Oct our Bip Free Illustrated CfitaloR and prices before you buy. SONDEREGGER NURSERIES & SEED HOUSE eo Court Street Beatrice, Nebraska Seeds and Troesthat Grow At VANCOUVER recently Chat Knight sac- "^ rificed a 40-ye.ir-old cherry tree of the Bed- rock Democrat variety which stood in the park- ing before his home. He cut down and destroyed the tree principally because it dropped its fruit too profusely on the sidewalks. This cherry has the unfortunate quality of deeply staining any- thing with v(hich it comes in contact, and hence is not readily marketable. AAA 'T'HE Yakima Fruit Growers' Association at Sunnyside, Wash., report having packed out 2207 boxes of Rome Beauties in one day. They used one of the Cutler special warehouse model graders. This is something over three carloads of fruit made ready for market in a day. Rather different from the hand sorting and sizing of the old davs. A Chistmas Special $200 Phonograph for $95 To The Readers of Better Fruit Here is the reason we can make this e.xtremely low price. We have taken over the complete stock of Phonographs from one of the largest wholesale houses in the northwest at a tremendous discount, they having discontinued this department, and we are passing the saving on to the readers of Better Fruit. A sweet toned Phonograph in a beautiful cabinet, (Mahogany or Golden Oak). One of the Stan- dard makes and you can buy it at wholesale price while they last. 10 days Free Trial. Compare it with any machine selling at $200, and it you do not find it their equal, return it and we will refund your money. It has all the latest attachments and pla\s all records. I'.vcry mach- ine GU.\R.ANTFED. You will have to order at once to get in on this special offer as our stock is limited. Write toJai full information. for This Is Your Opportunity, Grasp It! NORTHWESTERN LIQUIDATING CO. 209 Dekuni Building inland, Oregon Page 2i APPLE shipments from Selah will be heavier th.m anticipated, the estimate having been raised from 1,000 to 1,200 cars. In mid-Novem- ber warehouses were jammed with packed and loose fruit, and at one time one of the packing houses was obliged to suspend accepting apples temporarily. ES. B.-\RNES was elected president and D. A. • ChcUieu was chosen secretary of the Jeffer- son County Berry Growers' Association, at the annual meeting held In Port Townscnd. J. M. Kincaide was elected to fill a vacancy on the board of directors. FOR the Wapato district the claim of producing more than 1,000 boxes of apples per acre is put forth bv Harry Jones. On 11.5 acres, carry- ing 800 trees, Mr. Jones harvested 12,000 boxes, principally Winesaps. The trees are 11 and 14 years old. Mr. Jones attributes his record to successful fertilization, which consisted in leaving alfalfa uncut in the orchard, supplemented last year with nitrate placed about the trees. He expects to use five pounds of nitrate per tree fi2r next season. AAA SUCCESS of a "fruit handling" machine in- vented and built by the Spokane Valley Growers' Union, and the only one of its kind in the world, is reported by Edward Peirce, man- ager of the growers' union. The machine has been in operation since the shipping season opened and is reported by Mr. Peirce to have increased the hindling of fruit by about 50 per cent. At the time Mr. Pierce gave the report the union had shipped 110 carloads of fruit as compared with 50 carloads at the corresponding time last year. The increase was attributed chiefly to the new machine. BETTER FRUIT THE acreage of cranberries along Coos Bay is steadily increasing as the crop is proving a profitable one. On a tract on North slough production this year was reported as between 100 and 150 bushels per acre. AAA THE largest trainload of fruit ever shipped from the southern Oregon district was com- posed of 51 cars, dispatched from Ashland over the Southern Pacific on November 1. The ship- ment, which went south was composed of fruit from the Willamette, Umpqua and Rogue River valleys. AAA GROWERS at Freewater will receive $2,000,000 for this year's apple crop, according to a recent estimate. Cost of production was placed at 50 cents a box and net return at $1 a box. The community's prune crop was more than 250 cars. The price for prunes averaged about $40 a ton, with $52.50 as the top record. THE mild weather which prevailed over the state until the third week of November developed second crops of berries in many sections. Second crop raspberries were grow in numerous sections. Strawberries were in the home markets at Medford, Marshfield and other towns at late as November 10 and 12. AAA SO DIFFICULT was the matter of judging between exhibits at the highly successful Rugue River Valley Apple exposition at Medford that the judges resorted to microscopes in look- ing for blemishes. In the three-box entries contest the judges thus examined every apple m the competing exhibits of Upton Brothers of Central Point and the Bear Creek orchard of Meford. The award was finally given to Upton Brothers. They also won first in one-box entries of Jonathans, Newtons and Spitzenbergs. December, 1921 OREGON TT'OR the prunes produced on his 12-acre orchard •^ at Scio this season, Mat Doubek received $1,700. This is to be compared, however, with a return of $4,000 for the 1918 crop. AAA TT is expected that the Hood River Canning ■^ company will pack 500 tons of lower grade apples in gallon cans this year. The plant has been working on Spitzenbergs and Newtowns prin- cipally to date. It employs about 35 persons and will be in opcratin until March 1. AAA An apple show was held by the Milton- Freewater district November 11, at the new Lamb packing plant at Milton. This district is reported to have had an apple crop fully equal to the record crop of 1919. Prune ship- ments amounted to 600 cars. AAA "jVTEARLy 80 tons of prunes were processed from the 4-0-acre orchard of C. R. Widmer of North Benton. The prunes were processed and graded at the Dallas plant of the Oregon Growers* Co-operative association and 10 tons graded as 20-30s. AAA PRUNING school will be held in the Hood A River valley December 5 to 8, inclusive. One school will be held December 5 and 6, at Park- dale, and the remaining two days will be spent at Hood River. The work will be in charge of Clayton L. Long, extension specialist of Oregon Agricultural College. IDAHO 'T'HREE weeks ago it was reported that there were 100 carloads of apples in storage in the modern new plant at Eagle Heights, near Nampa. It was estimated that it would take the packers three months to handle these apples. AAA At EMMETT the Hartley prune orchard of ■^ 8J/2 acres, now owned by W. Stone, yielded 164 tons of green prunes, or almost 20 tons per acre. The prunes were sold in special cases at 70 cents a case, which brought a return just short of $50 a ton. AAA •HPHE McBlrney Fruit Company, with large prune orchards at Meridian and Beatty, produced and shipped approximately 200 cars of prunes. The shipment of about 100 cars from Beatty was "suitcase" packed. AAA IVT C. HINSHAW has a 15-acre apple orchard near Greenleaf, in Canyon county, from which he is said to have netted $1,000 an acre in the past three years. This year he sold his crop at $51 per ton. His gross return was $1,400 an acre, and $400 of this was clear profit. • AAA r^N THE upper slopes of the Central Cove district, California grapes are grown with entire success. Jacob Mussell, who has a vine- yard there, had a fine grape exhibit at the Idaho state fair, including Flaming Tokays, Thomp- son's seedless, Malagas, Muscats and Blue Damas- cus varieties. Musical WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET Merchandite W. Martius Music House, Inc. MUSIC Write 1009 First Avenue. Seattle, Washington Write U. Everything Known in Music Us 5ERV/£E 15 OUR FIRST N-AIM THE SIMPSON a DOELLER /, '^^s., CO. ^^^ GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES VYEGAN FILL YOUR ORDER FOR STOCK- APPLE. PEAR.CHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. "The Wise Men of Appletree Town" — are the men who choose their banking connection with the same discrimina- tion they use in pruning. The First National Bank, because of its size and com- prehensiveness of its de- partments, is particularly equipped to offer the hor- ticulturist the most in bank- ing service. Its facilities and the per- sonal interest of its officers are at your disposal. The First National Bank OF PORTLAND, OREGON The first national bank west of the Rocky Mountains December, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 25 "OOBERT HYSLOP has a peach orchard of four acres in the Deer Flat district, south of Nampa, which netted him big returns, both this year and last. The crop of 1920, sold on the trees at 4 cents a pound, returned him $1,786. This year's crop, which was about 50 per cent greater, was sold for 5 cents a pound. The trees are but six years old. AAA TN IDAHO the prune growers and shippers this season quite extensively used what they call the "suit case" pack for their fruit. This means use of nothing other than the ordinary peach or tom.ito box which holds about 19 pounds net. An advantage is said to be much greater speed in handling the fruit. The price per "suit- case" this year ranged around 60 and 70 cents. AAA A TRACT of the famous Stephens apple or- chards at Nampa, planted 96 trees to the acre In 1908, this season averaged 13 1/5 boxes per tree, or 1,267 boxes per acre. Yield per tree ranged from 10 to 19 boxes. E. F. Stephens, widely-known orchardist and principal owner, at- tributes this record to frequent cultivation in the earlier st.iges and the supplying of lots of plant food, particularly alfalfa, as the orchards gei older. CALIFORNIA TTNDER sponsorship of the California Pear Growers' Association the First Annual Pear Industry convention was held in Berkeley, No- vember 2! and 22. Everybody connected with the industry, including buyers, canners, shippers, driers and transportation agents, was invited. In calling the convention President Frank T. Swett of the association said the industry annually brings $12,- 000,000 to the state. AAA A BIG fight for lower freight rates for 1922 on deciduous fruits is being outlined by the Cali- fornia Fruit Growers' and Shippers' Protective league, recently organized at San Francisco. Frank T. Swett has been made manager of the organiza- tion, which has opened offices in San Francisco. AAA JOASPBERRIES from the Shady Oaks farm in Saratoga were a part of numerous Thanksgiv- ing menus in Chicago. The berries, reported to have been of exceptional quality, were assembled at San Jose and sent forward from the model pre- cooling plant there in time to go on the Chicago market just before Thanksgiving time. There was a carload of them. AAA \V/ HAT is considered a record price of the year for peaches was "recently reported by J. L. Nagle, general manager of the California Fruit Exchange. A shipment of Levi clings from New- castle sold at a New York auction on November 1, for $5.25 a box. The net price was calculated as $4.36. The boxes contained an average of 45 peaches, or 18 pounds of fruit. AAA TRRIC.^TION and methods and practice of graft- age are given prominence in the deciduous fruits short course being held at the University of Cali- fornia farm, at D.ivis. The course opened Novem- ber 28 and is to continue until December 12. AAA A LONG-TERM pruning test on a large scale has been mapped out by the University Ex- tension Service for a plot of peaches and apricots a mile long, on the California Packing Company property near Tuttle. The trees were planted in 1919. AAA TN OCTOBER, the Watsonville district shipped 800 cars of apples, 241 to eastern points and ^39 to California points. In the same month last year the district shipped 680 cars. AAA /California authorities are insistent on en- forcing the apple standardization law to in- sure a more perfect pack. A Watsonville grower was recently fined $100- for violation of the law. TT is reported that the 5-cent package of raisins put out over the country by the Associated Raisin Company has proven so popular the com- pany can not get cartons fast enough to take care of the demand. Now the California Prune and Apricot Growers, Inc., have followed out the same idea by putting out a 5-cent carton of prunes. AAA \y EPORTS from San Francisco on the shipment of Concord grapes from Washington were to the effect that they did not sell well, drawing an offer of 5 cents per pound. The shipment car- ried poorly. It was said. AAA Investigations by the California College of Agriculture have disclosed that peaches are the most popular deciduous fruit of the state. There are 9,000,000 bearing trees in the state that pro- duce an annual crop valued at more than $30,- 000,000. Most of the apples raised in New Jer- sey this year were sold to mincemeat fac- tories at $100 a ton, according to A. Free- man Mason, formerly of Hood River, but now in charge of the New Jersey Experi- ment Station. Many orchardists merely loaded their apples loose in box-cars, tak- ing them direct from the trees without regard to possible grading, and shipped them to the mincemeat makers. /^HARLES W. PUGSLEY, for many years ^^^ professor of animal husbandry at the Uni- versity of Nebraska and editor of a farm publi- cation there, has been named as Assistant Secre- tary of Agriculture by Secretary Henry C. Wallace of the Department of Agriculture. A MARKET for the peels, cores and other apple waste In the Northwest has been opened up by tile establishment of a factory for the manufacture of powdered pectin at Topeka, Kan. The discovery Is said to revolutionize the jelly making industry. The discoverer is Albert Leo, a chemist who formerly operated a by-products plant at Moscow, Idaho. A freak apple that attracted considerable attention was grown this year in the orchard of George Gallaway, east side fruit grower at Hood River. The apple grew on a Spitzenberg tree, but had four equal seg- ments, quite distinctly representing Spitz- enberg, Arkansas Black, Gravenstein and Delicious varieties. Cross pollenization was the cause of this freak of nature. Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Pear. Cherr>'. Peach. Plum. Prune. Apricot. Quince. Grape Vines, Shrubbery. Plants, Raspberries, Black- berries. Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rtiubarb. Flowering Shrubs, Rosea. Vines, Hedge. Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenish, Washing-ton. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. RELIABLE NURSERY PRODUCTS Lar^e a.^sortnient of the best varieties in Fruit and Nut Trees. Small Fruits, Shade and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbi/r.v. Roses, Vines, Perennial Plants and Bulbs. Fully equipped Landscape Department. PlantiUj^; plans furnislied for residence grounds, large estates, Parks, Cemeteries, etc., also Tree Surgery done. All stock and work the best. Write today stating your needs. OREGON NURSERY COMPANY, Orenco, Ore. Opportunities for More Salesmen prepaM temSpradar RAY50 ^ r A SPREADER for ORCHARD SPRAYS Kayso is easy to mix because it requires no cooking. Just sift it slowly into the spray tank while the agitator is running. Kayso does not cause burning or toxicity. It makes the spray cover foliage and fruit evenly — without injury. CALIFORNIA. CENTRAL CREAMERIES 42^ BATTERY STREtT SAN FHAHC'SCX5 740 TERMINAL STREET LOS ANGELES Page 26 BETTER FRUIT December, 1921 ^iiiiiiniMii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMniiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiv I Marketing News of f I Interest j 'iiiiiiiriiiiiiiiirMiiMiiiMiiriiiiMiitiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiDiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir: TJ[7l!ILE shipments of apples over the United States at large have decreased by about one- half, as compared with those of a month ago, ihcy are keeping up well In the Pacific Northwest. A check made a week ago showed tliat Idaho was sending out an average of about 25 cars a day; Oregon around 85 cars a day, and Washington about 175 cars a day. Indicative of how heavy have been early ship- ments from the "boxed apple" states was the gov- ernment's report compiled to November 1. By that d;ite shipments of boxed apples aggregated 28,593 carloads, as compared with only 15,702 carloads bv tlie same date in 1920. According to late figures compiled in the Spokane office of the bureau of crop esti- mates, the apple crop of the state of Washing- ton was increased by about 3,000,000 bushels, to 2S,^2\niHl hiisheN. E>rly eninnte? hrid placed the crop at 25,474,llUl) bushels. The 1920 crop was 17,000,000 bushels. The state's pear crop Is placed at 1,760,000 bushels. Latest estimates for Oregon place the apple crop at 3,900,000 busliels. Idaho this year had an esti- mated production of 3,132,0(11) bushels. This breaks all previous records for the Gem state. 4 A A TOURING recent days shiw demand and dull market for Northwestern boxed apples have been reported from many of the big eastern cities. Where apples have moved, however, it has been at fairly good prices. AAA /^LOSING of first apple pools Is now belnb ef- fectcd in many districts. One of the first to report was the Hanford local of the Spokane Fruit Growers' Company. Prices for the Hanford pool Jonathans ranged from $1.35 for the smaller fancies to $2.25 for the larger extra fancies. On Delicious, for the same grades, there was a range from $2.73 to $3.48. AAA t^INAL payments on cherries were made early In November by the Wasco branch of the Ore- gon association at The Dalles. Net average prices to growers were announced as follows: Bings, 8.52 cents, Lamberts, 9.74 cents; Royal Anns, 6.65 cents; Black Republicans, 5.63 cents; Oregon Blacks, 9.72 cents. AAA T^HE pool of 112,000 pounds of this year's rasp- berry crop handled by the Eugene Fruit Grow- ers' Association was closed two weeks ago. Man- ager J. O. Holt announced. The price received for red raspberries was 8J^ cents and for blackcaps, 10^ cents. AAA /^ANADA'S apple crop Is estimated at 3,377,200 barrels in official report of the fruit commis- sioner. His estimate of production by provinces, expressed in barrels, is this: Nova Scotia, 1,300,- 001); British Columbia, 1,009,000; Ontario, 960,- 000; Quebec, 35,300; New Brunswick, 33,000. AAA TN THE 12 months ending October 31, Cali- fornia shipped 48,3 50 cars of oranges and grapefruit and 11,797 cars of lemons, 72^ per cent of which, aggregating 43,592 cars, were han- dled by the California Fruit Growers* Exchange. The average operating cost of the exchange's mar- keting service was 7.03 cents per box. BETTER FRUIT'S FIRST BARGAIN DAY OFFER (Good Until December 25, 1921) Two Years for the Price of One! This is YOUR Opportunity: Xx^ you are NOW a subscriber, to get Two Full Years ahead from the date your present subscription expires for $1.00. W^ you are NOT a subscriber at present to receive Better Fruit tzvo full years for $1.00. \_Yj you are NOW a subscriber and want to give some friend a Christmas present of Better Fruit, send $1.00 and we will extend your subscription one year, also send your friend Better Fruit for one year, thus giving two subscriptions for the regular price of one, or we will send Better Fruit to your friend for two full years. In other words, you may have as many Full Years' subscriptions as you want at 50 cents each, either all for yourself, or some for your friends. Whereas this year you fruit men will make some money, we realize that you were all hard hit last year, and so to help just a little we are making you this reduced price. The price of $1.00 applies to subscriptions within the United States; foreign subscriptions may be figured at one-half the foreign price, or $2.00 for two years. We need your support, and perhaps we can help you through the coming year. We are working for the very things which will help you most in the fruit game, but in order to put them through we must have subscribers. Use the coupons below NOW while you think of it, and save half the cost of your fruit paper. This coufon for your ozvn Otie or Two Years' Renewal. Name_ Place - State— No. of Years R. F. D.. ....Box.. A This coufon for your friends' One or Two Years' Subscriftion State No. of Years-. R. F. D... Box-... B December, 1921 BETTER FRUIT Page 27 .,11111111111 (iiiiiimtiiiiiiiiiiimiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiim iiiiii)iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii| 1 With the Poultry | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiii llllllllllllllllllllllllDllllil iiHiilMiiiniitiiiriii PROTEIN FOODS NECESSARY ONE thing th.it accounts often for a falling off in egg production during winter rnonths is a deficiency of animal feeds, or feeds rich in protein. Poultry growers must guard against such, deficiency and can usually do :o without great trouble. On most farms it is easily possible to supply the protein needs of the flock through skim milk or buttermilk. The voracious way in which hens cat these dairy products is excellent indication of their value to the birds. Meat scrap is another protein food that Is, of course, standard in poultry rations. The poultry grower who expects to gather high-priced eggs in quantity will see to it that his flock gets this food element in plentiful supply. A A 1 CLOVER and alfalfa leaves provide a most excellent combination of protein feed and green succulence. On farms where hay is handled it is often possible to sweep up enough of these leaves to supply a flock of good size. See that they are gathered from the barn floor or from around the haystacks. A good way to prepare the leaves is to pour boiling water over them, then cover the container and let them steam for a time, when they will be ready to feed cither alone or in a mash. AAA DUST B.VFH IMPORTANT A DUST bath is an important aid to the hens in '^ keeping them free from lice and helps forestall the spread of mites in the chicken house. Usually there is a place about the yard or hen-house where the flock may dust itself at will. If there is not one should be provided that is dry and accessible at all times. .All that is needed is to provide a box about two feet square containing ordinary road dust or fine dry dirt. The box should be placed Inside the house, far enough from any openings so rain miy not drive In upon Its con- tents. AAA TT is quite essential to induce exercise on the part of laying hens. The best way of doing this is to feed all grain in dry clean straw litter, six to eight inches deep. The common straws, in order of their desirability are; wheat, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat. Shredded or finely cut corn- stalks, leaves or shavings may be substituted where straw is not available. AAA Every flock, to the careful observer will include individual birds that are outstanding in their ap- pearance, that iiossess the desirable type for the breed as well as the characteristic color of plum- age. These more likely appearing birds are caught and carefully examined in detail for color, defects and desirable points. In this way the most perfect fowls arc chosen to be segregated and conditioned for exhibition. CUNNY windows on the south side of the hen- house are almost a necessity to the health and comfort of a properly raised poultry flock. \ S an eg^ producer and liver regulator sour "^^ milk or buttermilk is one of the best foods for poultry. AAA tVT'ITH a clean and healthy poultry house, a good litter of straw may be scattered over the floor and become one of the best of scratching pens. AAA A S a green food for hens one of the best is "^^ cabbage. Being succulent and containing a larger amount of ash and protein than most of the vegetables fed poultry, it is not only excel- lent for this purpose, but Is one of the c isiest to obtain. To obtain the best results from cabbage fed to poultry it should be hung up at such a height so that the poultry can just pick them clean to the stump. AAA A FINE feed on the farm where oats is being "^^ grown and easily obtainable is oats tied in bundles and stored in a house where it cannot be cleaned of Its heads. Tied in bundles and thrown into scraching sheds it makes an ideal scratching I'tter in which to throw cracked corn and seeds. Fed in this way it makes a fine feed to compel the exercise necessary to e^g production. ; till) iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiriiiriiiiiMi.Miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii'^ I Our Inquiry Depart- j I ment fliii iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiitiiuiiii niiuiiniiii iiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit w JLL yini please tell me what time of year is best tor whitewashing trees. — J. M., Ore- Trees may be whitewashed eitljer in the fall or spring, but it has been determined that fall whitewashing does the most good. The winter killing of trees that have put forth a late growth, particularly where there may have been too much late irrigation, is appreciably warded off by fall whitewashing- It is well even to give the trees another coat if much of the whitewash is washed off by winter rains. T HAVE recently rented a place in the Willam- ctte Valley on which there is a small vineyard. Will you please tell when is the proper time to prune grape vines. — A. E. R., Oregon. You should prune the grapes during the dor- mant period, the months of December and Jan- uary being perhaps the best in this section. If you have varieties needing winter protection the pruning should be done at once, but it is hardly probable tliit your grapes need protection here. Trees Injured by Rabbits Is there anything that I can put on trees that have been Injured by rabbits to heal the wounds? — F. H. T., Idaho. If the wounds are not too extensive, grafting wax applied to them shortly after they are made will prove effective. Another treatment that has saved trees that were Injured by rabbits but were not girdled and had not become too dry was to place against the tree, a mound of earth which was kept irrigated until the surface granulated and new bark was formed. If the tree has been completely girdled and the wound allowed to dry, the only way of saving it Is to use the bridge graft. This consists of putting scions taken from healthy trees underneath the bark above and below the wound. These maintain the flow of sap until new bark can be formed. Bunches on Peach Trees I have a number of young peach trees that arc developing bunches near the roots that look like crown gall. What can I do with them? — D. C, Oregon. If these bunches are small the diseased growth can be cut away leaving the healthy wood smooth. The wound made by the cutting process should be painted over with Bordeaux paste. SASH AND DOORS O. B. Williams Co. 1943 First Avenue South, Seattle Chicken House Sash 20 in. wide by 25 in. high, 80c A dozen different sizes In stock for immediate shipment Sky Lights for Chicken Houses 36 in. by 40 in.; price glazed. $2.00 This is the size recommended by the Weet- ern Washington Experiment Station — w« carry them in stock for immediate shipment. Sash and Doors for all purposes at lowest prices. All orders receive prompt attention. Our large illustrated catalogue No. 19. showing ful line of building material and built-in fixtures for the home, free on re- quest. O. B. Williams Co. Established 1899 SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.. Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS & CO., LTD., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.. London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agencies and Representatives in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street. New York For Market Information Address SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page 28 BETTER FRUIT December, 1921 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Blight-Proof SURPRISE PEAR ON JAPAN PEAR ROOT Tests made in every conceivable way in the experimental blocks along side of and at the same time with all leading varieties of pears have proven the impossibility of spreading pear blight more than a trifling distance beyond the point of inoculation. Plant the blight-proof Surprise and insure against loss. The second year top-work to Bartlett, Bosc, or any desired variety and you have the most blight resistant trunk and frame- work yet developed. This method is endorsed by leading horticultural experts after extensive experiments. Thousands of these trees have been planted the last few years in California, Southern Oregon, and in Washington. Our buds were secured direct from Prof. Reimer of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, Talent, Oregon. In our four hundred-acre nursery located on clean new soil of the Yakima Indian Reserva- tion we grow a complete assortment of commercial fruit trees and general nursery stock. Rich soil, a long growing season, moisture under control and perfect fall weather for ma- turing our stock enable us to produce and deliver nursery stock unsurpassed for vigor, thrifti- ness and root system. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON Salesmen Everywhere — More Wanted CORY'S THORN LESS MAMMOTH BLACKBERRY The greatest horticultural novelty of the century. Very large, early, sweet, coreless and almost seedless, with rampant growmg vine which is absolutely thornless. Mil- lions will be sold as fast as they can be propagated. Get your order in early for next season. Last spring I was deluged with orders which could not be filled and I can promise but a few thousand for the coming season. Price, 50 cents each, 3 for $1.00; $3.00 per dozen. Will be well packed and sent prepaid by parcel post to any ad- dress. Descriptive catalog free. ISAAC F. TILLINGHAST Seed and Plant Specialist 212 Podel Street Santa Rosa, California An Early Order For Fall or Spring Delivery Placed with SALEM NURSERY COMPANY 428 Oregon Building SALEM, OREGON Will receive careful atten- tion and give you good choice of varieties Additional Salesmen Wanted Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building SALEM OREGON Will supply you with first class stock in FRUIT, NUT AND OR- NAMENTAL TREES, SMALL FRUITS, ROSES Send for catalog WE Need Salesmen FILBERT TREES 1 have a choice lot of filbert tree.s of approved varieties. The bulk of the nursery .stock this year consists of Barcelona and White Ave- line. DR. J. H. WILKENS Box 126 McMinnville, Oregon A Few Thousand Thrifty Italian Prune Trees Place your order now, for we can make prompt or spring delivery. Kingwood Nursery WILL M. FISHB.ACK, Prop. Route 2, Box 45 E SALEM, OREGON FRUIT TREES NUT TREES PLANTS, ETC. We offer a good line of Italian. French Improved, Double X and other prune trees, propogated from selected scions. Walnut grafted, Filberts, Apple, Pear, etc. Berries, Gooseberries, Currants, Plants, etc. We have something of interest for you; try our inexpensive selling sys- tem; send for Planters* List; 31 years in business. Carlton Nursery Co. COMPLIMENTS FROM INDIANA Frank/in, I/id., October 25, 1921 Better Fruit, Portland, Oregon. Enclosed find drajt for $1.00. Please reneic viy subscription for one year. I like Better Fruit best of all the fruit journals. We had only fart of a crof of[ affles this year, so we get $1.00 a bushel for culls and wp to $4.00 for fancy Grimes. Yours truly, R. R. 7 A. L. Maoill December, 1921 fjllllllllMllllt llllllllMlltltlltlllllimillllM IIIMIirillllllllllMlllllllllltllltllllllllllll^ I Bees and Beekeeping | I Edited by Amo5 Burhans | ^iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiii iiiimiiiin m iiiii iiiiriiiii niiii iiiiiiiT T^HE last 10 years have seen more large hives -■- adopted In the bee yards of American apiarists than the previous 50. The advantages of the large hive are so many it is a wonder they have not been used in great numbers earlier than this. Where they are once tried they are always used. One of the reasons large hives have not been adopted with more speed is the tendency of the beekeeper to have one standard hive for his work and to stay by it after he is started, owing to the expense of making the change. For many years the 8-frame hive was standard all over the United States and Canada. Then along came the 10- frame hive and found many who liked it until today It is the standard hive in use everywhere. The 1 0-f rame Jumbo hive came in sight next, but did not get very far. Only a few are In use compared to the standard 10-frame hive. The Jumbo offered nothing more than the 10-frame standard except two Inches more depth to the frames. It was soon seen that there was some- thing lacking. Then came the modified Dadant hive, based upon the record for honey production made by the orlgnal Dadant hive. The latter contained a frame two Inches longer than the standard Langs troth frame used In the 8 and 10 frame hives, as well as two inches more In depth. So the Dadants In order to have their new hive con- form more with the standard dimensions that have preceded it, shortened the length of the frames to that of the standard hives In use, but added another frame and spaced their frames one and one-half inches from center to center In order to give the hive better circulation. The depth of the modified Dadant hive Is two Inches plus deeper than the standard 8 to 10- framc. It contains 40 per cent more room for the queen to lay In. It gives nearly 200 square inches more capacity for the bees to breathe In and provides great deal better conditions for bees to work In during summer. The danger of combs melting down Is reduced to practically nothing. This is a fault and a serious one of the smaller hives, especially where they are used in the hot climates. A ND It is this lack of ventilation or capacity to hold heat that rnakes the small hives great swarmers. Beekeepers who know that strong colonies in small hives have a greater tendency to swarm than the colonies of big hives are always working to prevent swarming. These manipulations are the bane of the beekeeper. A divided force right in the honey flow — and this Is when the majority of swarms issue — means no surplus honey from either the old hive or the new swarm In many cases. If the swarm can be re- turned to the hive from which it issues, there will be great returns from that colony. This fact dem- onstrated, then came the search for a method to prevent swarming which has ended In the yards of modern beekeepers with the use of the big hive. Swarming Is caused primarily because the bees have no room for their surplus, the queen has no room to lay or finds poor ventilation. The big hive, with the properly spaced and properly sized frames, practically prevents swarmlnf' I saw 800 big-hive colonies from which only three swarms had issued up to the middle of July. Hees were swarming In other yards from the 8 and 10- frame hives. In my own yard, where I was working for extracted honey, I had two swarms In August from builtup modified Dadant hives. 1 am using standard 10-frame bodies for ex- tracting supers on my big hives. They work fine. For farm conditions of beekeeping, where the owner does not want a lot of manipulating or swarr Ing to tend to, I can he:.rtllv recommend the big modified Dadant hive. Keep them In the shade to make conditions Ideal; see that go(.d queens arc at the head of each colony; get on BETTER FRUIT the supers In time .to get the honey and the bees will do the rest without swarming. Bees winter better in big hives because they have a greater amount of honey above the brood nest In the deep frames and greater room to store surplus on which to build up in the spring as well as enlarged clustering space. If you are just starting at bee- keeping or want an easier method of handling them, try the big hives. Page 29 Statement of Ownership STATEMENT of the ownership, management, circulation, etc., required by the Act of Con- gress of August 24, 1912, of the Better Fruit, published monthly at Portland, Oregon, for Octo- ber 1, 1921. State of Oregon, County of Multnomah — Before me, a notary public in and for the state and county aforesaid, personally appeared C. J. Owen, who, having been duly sworn according to law, de- poses and says that he Is the business manager of Better Fruit, and that the following is, to the best of his knowledge and belief, a true state- ment of the ownership, management (and if a daily paper, the circulation), etc., of the afore- said publication for the date shown in the above caption, required by the Act of August 24, 1912, embodied in section 443. postal laws and regula- tions, printed on the reverse of this form, to-wit : 1. That the names and addresses of the pub- lisher, editor, managing editor and business man- agers are : Publisher, Better Fruit Publishing Company, Inc., 281 12th St.. Portland, Oregon. Editor, Ernest C. Potts, 1569 East Everett St., P&rtland, Oregon. Managing Editor, Jerrold Owen, 281 12th St., Portland, Oregon. Business Manager, C. J. Owen, 281 I2th St., Portland. Oregon. 2. That the owners are: (Give names and ad- dresses of individual owners, or, if a corporation, give its name and the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of stock). Owner, Better Fruit Publishing Company, Inc., Portland, Oregon. Stockholders, Jerrold Owen, 281 12th St., Portland. Oregon; D. L. Carpenter, 800 Oregonian Bldg., Portland. Oregon; E. E. Faville, 800 Oregonian Bldg., Portland, Oregon; A. W. Stypes, 800 Oregonian Bldg., Portland, Oregon. 3. That the known bondholders, mortgagees and other security holders owning or holding 1 per cent or more of the total amount of bonds, mort- gages or other securities are: (If there are none, so state). None. 4. That the two paragraphs next above, giving the names of the owners, stockholders and se- curity holders, If any, contain not only the list of stockholders and security holders as they appear upon the books of the company, but also in cases where the stockholders or security holder appears upon the books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the per- son or corporation for whom such trustee is act- ing is given; also that the said two paragraphs contain statements embracing affiant's full knowl- edge and belief as to the circumstances and con- ditions under which stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner, and this affiant has no reason to believe that any other person, association or corporation has any interest, direct or indirect, in the said stock, bonds or other securities than as so stated by him, 5, That the average number of copies of each issue of this publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscrib- ers during the six months preceding the date shown above is : (The information Is required from daily publications only). C. J. OWEN, Business Manager. Sworn to and subscribed before me this first dav of October, 1921. (SEAL) GEORGE H. CARR. Notary Public for Oregon. (My commission expires April 29, 1925.) AMERICAN GROWN FRUIT TREE STOCKS Apple Seedlings, Straight or Branched. Also Pear Stocks from French and Japan Seed. American Plum, Mahaleb Cherry and Peach Seedlings in all Grades. Car Lots to Central Points. Foreign Grown Stocks Apple, Pear, Mahaleb, Myrobolan, Quince, Manetti and Multiflora. All Grades. In Prime Condition. Can quote in France or out of Customs in New York or at Shenandoah, Iowa. Prices reasonable. Remember our Complete Line of General Nursery Stock for Fall and Spring trade. We are now ready to do Business. Submit List of Wants for Prices to SHENANDOAH NURSERIES D. S. LAKE, President SHENANDOAH, IOWA Correct Mncatim ^i>Sr your tractor J grade for each i^pe of ei^^e STANDARD OIL COMPANY CCALIFOIUJIA) 30 BETTER FRUIT December, 1921 Classified Advertisements RATES. 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK TREES — All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries, Albany, Ore. NURSERY STOCK— Italian Prune Trees and trees of all kinds. Berries and small fruits of all varieties. Buy direct and save 50 per cent. Brooks Nursery, Lafayette, Oregon. APPLE TREES and a full line of nursery stock at reasonable prices ; save agents' commission by ordering direct from nursery. Write for price list. Lawson Nursery, Gates, Oregon. OUR EVERBE.'KRING raspberry plants begin to ripen in May the first year planted and continue all summer "and fall. We are still shipping ber- ries to the San Francisco and Chicago markets. Our price list describes these and 30 other varieties of berries and small fruits. The Shady Oaks Berry Farm, Saratoga, California. LOGANBERRIES, Raspberries, Strawberries : Inspected, low price, best quality. Red Feather Berry Farm, Clackamas. Oregon. CHOICE LOGANBERRY PLANTS— Unusual low price. Shipped direct from one of the best fields in the state. Write for prices. My letter gives valuable information. How to plant and cultivate. Harry Lanum, Rt. 4. Salem, Oregon. BEES BOOKING ORDERS now for spring delivery. X'irgins, golden and leather-color Italian queens ; bees by the pound and nuclei. Write for prices; circular free. .\. J. Pinard, 440 No. Sixth St., San Jose, Calif. ^ BEES AND QUEENS— Keep bees to pollenize your fruit. Get more and better fruit. Make a profit off the fruit and bees too. Write for cir- culars. Nueces County .Apiaries, Calallen. Texas. REAL ESTATE CUT-OVFR .--nd Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows grain, vegetables hay, fruits; several de ?cloped ranches ; few stock ranches ; $10 to '^20 acre: 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free brok. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, V^ashington. __^_ Ff/R SALE — Irrigated Apple Orchard, Idaho : Two 10-acre tracts; water rights; tenth year. Estimate '21, 9000 boxes; standard commercial varieties. Good community with churches, schools, and railroad facilities. Convenient to state highway. A good proposition for relatives or friends. Other interests compel non-resident owner to sell ; $7000 each ; terms. Address W. M.. care Better Fruit. WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. WANT TO HEAR from owner having farm for sale ; give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th street, Chippewa Falls, Wisconiin. TO LEASE — 35 to 200 acres of first class fruit land on shares. Martin Bros.. Brownsville, Ore. MISCELLANEOUS DON'T EXPERIMENT — It costs money. For $20 you can get my blue prints. "Dencer Drier best by test." The Dencer Drier will shorten time of drying and save money on fuel. It turns out a superior product. It costs less to dry per ton, and less to build than any other drier of same capacity. I use only one stove for six tunnels. Each tunnel holds 136 half-bushel trays. My driers have been a pronounced success for five years. Edward Dencer, Rt. 3, Box 158, Salem. Oregon. Phone 88 F2. TRACTOR BARGAINS— Cletrac "W," only demonstrated, $1250; Cletrac "W" rebuilt, good as new, $1000; Cleveland model "H," never used, $1100; Cleveland "H," slightly used, snap at $750 ; Oldsmar Garden Tractor demonstrator, $390. O. V. Bradley, 425 E. Morrison St., Port- land. Oregon. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— 10 lbs., $2.50; 20 lbs., $4, c. o. d. Ford Tobacco Co., Mayfield, Ky. HONEY— Pure, First Quality Yakima Valley alfalfa, sweet clover honey ; direct from prod- ucer. Send for circular and prices. Oliver Sires, Wapato, Washington. \\".\LL BOARD— Write for samples of Wash tngton plaster wall board; \von't warp, won't burn. Manufactured by Washington Building Products Co., 6851 E. Marginal Way, Seattle, Wash. SWEET CLOVER SEED for sale— Buy direct from the producer and save money. Write for samples and prices. Address Geo. Forest, Standish, California. FOR S.ALE— Italian Prunes, 50-605, 9c per lb. ; 60-70S, 8c; 70-80s, 7c; 80-90s, 6c. Processed and packed in 251b. boxes, or in 100-lb. bags, 'Ac less per lb. Cash must accompany each order. Edward Dencer, proprietor. Red Hill Orchard, Rt. 3. Bx. 158, Salem, Oregon. FOR S.\LE — Ford Truck; Cutler two-section grader, with gas engine; box press and ladders; all practically new ; $1000 — a bargain. Address W. M.. care Better Fruit. HONEY — Finest table honey : "Western Blos- som" brand, in 6-pound tin can, postpaid for only $1.45 up to fourth zone; absolutely un- adulterated— just as the bees made it. York Honey Co., 30 West Main Ave., Spokane, Wash. CLE.AN VEATCH and grey seed oats for sale. W. W. Harris, Oregon City, Oregon. PURE E.XTRACTED HONEY— $7.50 per five- gallon can ; two cans, $14.00. Everett Sauter, Touchet, Wash. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— Chewing, 10 pounds, $2.50; 20 pounds, $4; smoking, 10 pounds, $2; 20 pounds, $3.50. Farmers' Union. Mayfield, Ky. HONEY — A-1 extracted honey, 10-pound pail, $1.70, postage paid to fourth zone, cash with ordei. W. C. Forcher, Grand View. Idaho. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— Chewing, ten pounds, $3; 20 pounds, $5. Smoking, 10 pounds, $2.50; 20 pounds, $4. Farmers Union, Mayfield, Ky. FOR SALE — Fresh extracted honey: five-gallon can. $7.50; two cans, $14.50; six ten-povmd pails, $8.50; twelve five-pound pails, $9.00. A. L. ■Traner, Touchet, Wash. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a hne of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon POSITIONS U. S. GOVERNMENT wants railway mail clerks. Commence $135 montli. Steady positions. Com- mon education sufficient. Sample examination questions free. Write immediately. Franklin Institute, Dept. W-106, Rochester, N. Y. WANTED — Position as orchard foreman or pack- ing house management. Expert horticulturist and fruit man of twenty years' practical experi- ence will be at liberty to accept position about January 1. Conversant with packing house man- agement, the packing and grading of all kinds of fruit. Seven years past with the states of Washington and Idaho as horticultural inspec- tor. Address Chas. G. Andrus, 626 Ninth Ave., Lewiston. Idaho. WANTED — Position as orchard manager; college graduate ; married and life experience in or- chard work; now running large orchard in northwest. .Address M. P.. care Better Fruit. POULTRY BABY CHICS — By our thousands of satisfied customers we have proven that we supply some of the very best BABY CHICS offered to the people of the Northwest. From O. A. C. Strain 221-300 egg line. Place your order now for spring delivery. First hatch Febru- ary 14th. Portland Seed Co., 180 Front Street, Portland, Oregon. PURE BRED Sicilian Buttercup cockerels, $5 each. Charles Carland, Route 2, St. Maries, Idaho. BLUE ANDALUSIANS— Stock and eggs for sale. D. M. Calbreath, Monmouth. Oregon. Send us a letter recounting results of your experiences in fruit or nut growing for the specLi! J.inuary number. FRUIT TREES We are extensive grovirers of fruit trees adapted to the Northwest. GET OUR PRICES COLUMBIA NURSERY COMPANY 1490 Union Ave., No. Portland, Ore. Milton Nursery Co. MILTON. OREGON BING, LAMBERT, ROYAL ANN CHERRY TREES New Catalog for a Postal THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH reUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. I03D Chemeke^a Street SALEM, OREGON Hotel Hoyt 200 Rooms — 100 Baths ABSOLUTELY FIREPROOF Corner Sixth and Hoyt Streets Phone Broadway 1960 PORTLAND, OREGON NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. %ARCADYC(mpan^ dAdvertising^ Anyone whose business involves person- al salesmanship can profitably use the right kind of advertising literature. Did you ever stop to think, for in- stance, that the printed page can call on your trade at about 2 per cent of the cost of personal selling. Why not let. one of our representatives tell you more about printed salesman- ship. .^Tffldy BmidwA ' Ji'^6Ji'y^ ■^'. m- 'M^ I- _..^ „'^)®ss|jK'i -'- -"^H :'m m^ t- :im^- Friend Sprayers Five Sizes High Pressure Cause less trouble Cost less to operate Give real satisfaction Distributed in the Northwest by Hood River Spray Co. Hood River, Oregon Cables POUPART, LONDON Codes ABC (5th Edition) Marconi International Bunkers Merchants Bank of Canada liank of Nova Sc'iti:., Etc. T. J. POUPART (John Poupart, William Ravenhil!) Covent Garden, London, W. C. 2 REGISTERED SpKciAL Notice We have now opened a branch at Liverpool which will be conducted on the same lines as London. Grow- ers can communi- cate direct wilh the managei, T. J. POUPART 5+ Stanley St. LiVERPnol. TRADE MARK. The Largest Firm of Fruit Salesmen in Great Britain (ESTABLISHED OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY) SALES BY PRIVATE TREATY ONLY (Gives best results) COMMISSION THE EXCLUSIVE BASIS (Purchase propositions cannot be considered) ADVANCES OFFERED TO COVER FREIGHT CHARGES Special Facilities for Handling Consignments from Cooperative and Other Organizations We are pleased to announce that we have opened Paci- fic Coast offices, Mr. Sam Birch in charge at 807 Wil- cox Bldg., Port- land Oregon. Phone, Broadway 5462. Mr. Birch will be pleased to give full informa- tion regarding the Poupart service. Members of 1 Page Four BETTER FRUIT January, 192S: AS-1 57R"- Mining and Transporting Potash POTASH PAYS Potash and Progress THOSE who make progress take ad- vantage of opportunity. Today there is a chance to replace the Potash losses of the past years at very low prices. The current wholesale prices of fertilizer material show that Potash is the cheapest jjlantfood used in fertilizers. There is a fair supply in this country. Plenty more can be brought in. It will pay you to take up the matter with your fertilizer dealer and let him understand that you want goods with from 4 to 10 per cent of actual Potash. Do it now so that there will be ample time to have the desired goods made up and delivered. SOIL & CROP SERVICE, POTASH SYNDICATE H. A. HUSTON. Manager 42 Broadway New York t- y'W3^- ."^ iU*r t^^ i I ' fe ^ 5 ,t =. ^4V ;-i!ii--^''-'>iS».^-!^ ^::!Ozc living in the Pacific Northwest | 1 came from a former home in the | I East or Middle West. The tvriter | I believes that this section's greatest | I need is that of drawing thousands | I ufon thousands more settlers here | I from the same sources. In fact, it is | I pointed out, real progressive develop- | I ment of the Northwest vitally de- | I pends upon such further immigra- | I tion. There is no attempt to cata- | I logue the attractions and opportuni- | I ties the Northwest offers. Instead | I there is set up the contrast between | I land ownership conditions here and | i in the East. There is tied in the | I urgefit plea that every homeseeker \ I study these contrasting conditions — | I then base decision on his own find- | Personal Message From Governor L. F. Hart of Washington 7 can imagine no more con- tentment nor independence than that which comes to the farmer who builds his future on the diversified crop, and has only a small acerage which he and his family can till and cidtivate alone. Thus is his market assured, and he need have no fear of loss of crop through failure to secure help at the harvesting season. Berries, fruit, a little grain and alfalfa, and cows and chickens — there is no better state than Washington for such a farm, and life holds no finer occupation or chance for ha-p-piness. furnished in abundance by hundreds of our subscribers. This number carries a mere smattering of available reassurance on this point. For the eastern homeseeker into whose hands this journal may fall and who may want more proof of the Northwest's ad- vantages or more details of its resources, it is only necessary to write the state officials who have articles in this issue, to offices of the great railroads serving this territory, or to individual chambers of commerce or commercial clubs. This article will also leave it to others to tell the appeal of the Northwest's attrac- tive climate; its health fulness; its pure. tngs. -.rnnnininniinnniinnnniri rMniiininnnniniinnnnninninninnniniiitnuiiin.- appeal to the men and women who might profit most by meeting this need. Sure, it fans up real gratification when Idaho points to its Payette Valley, or Wash- ington to its Wenatchee country or Oregon to its Hood River district. But — here's that same "but" again — there are not enough of them. It is senseless and futile to attempt con- cealment of the outstanding vital need of the Pacific Northwest — the need for more settlers, that many more sections may blossom and flourish under intensive cul- tivation. Were it not for an equally important corollary it would be useless to devote this space in Better Fruit to discussion of this matter. There is, however, this perfectly patent corollary — that in the central and eastern states there are thousands of farmers, renters and workers who would profit in high degree by locating them- selves on waiting lands of the Northwest. If proof were wanted that those thous- ands of families now doing no better than win a living in the East could advance themselves toward financial independence by locating out here, such proof could be Personal Message From Governor Ben Olcott of Oregon It is with pleasure I join in issuing, through your valu- able tnagazme, an invitation to people of the East seeking new locations, to give careful and earnest consideration to the all) actions and resources of the states of the Pacific North- west. Great opportunities lie in these states. We have wonderful horticultural sec- tions here, far-famed for their fruit and berry production. We have wonderful agricultu- ral and industrial resources. I would advise, however, ihat the easterner who intends to invest in any of our wester'' states, come here and see for himself and be thoroughly satisfied as to what he is doing before he actually invests his money in land. Page Sir sp.irkling w.itcr; its lures for the hunter and fisherman, and its mountain, lake and seaside resorts, all seldom more distant tha'i a short motor drive. TO THE small farmer of the east, to the renter on high priced land and to the man of small means who wishes a home of his own on the land, it is both a pleasure and a duty to point out the Northwest's pre-eminent claim to consideration. No place in the domain of this United States is there a more promising or attrac- tive opportunity for the man of small means to win a home on the land than in our northwestern states. This is a broad statement, but he who challenges it takes a rather hopeless end of the debate. In the first place, here in the Northwest it does not require 160 acres, or 80 acres, or even 40 acres to insure a good living and something more. The visitor to any intensively developed section can readily verify this fact. He will have no trouble at all in finding families happily located on 20-acre tracts, on 1 0-acre — yes, right down to two-acre and one-acre tracts. He will have not the least trouble in finding families that are more pros- perous and contented on 1 0 acre tracts than the majority of renters on a quarter section of 160 acres on the middle western plains. Partially developed lands of the older valleys; logged-off tracts in the regions of abundant rainfall, and small farms in the irrigated sections await the homeseeker of very moderate means. What opportunity has the renter of Iowa or Illinois, farming land Driced at $300 to $500 an acre, to become a land owner? Mighty little, if you are perfectly frank in your answer. Bring that eastern renter with his $2500 or more of savings to the Northwest and there isn't a thing in the world to prevent him from becoming a ranch owner at once. Of course, he is not expected to purchase a highly developed tract. It is decidedly better that he obtain such land as he can readily manage and develop it intensively himself. Picture the unfortunate renter on the $400 land tod.iy, trying to cover a cash rental of $40 to $60 an acre — -with corn selling at 25 cents a bushel and oats at 20 cents — and have something left for himself. To pay a $50 rental requires 200 bushels of corn. A fine chance for profit after paying the landlord! A wonderful future ahead, indeed! Picture that same renter as paying down $2500 or $3000 on 20 acres of'good land in a valley of the Northwest. Suppose he is an earnest and faithful worker and spends 15 years in paying any balance and de- veloping a $15,000 ranch of his 'land. Better ffuit readers know he can do this. They know, too, that it would be his own fault if he and his family did not enjov a lot of comforts of life while accomplish- ing this development. .Any number of BETTER FRUIT them have been achieving just such a thing themselves. THIS picture is conservatively drawn, Mr. Homeseeker. Nothing would give the writer more pleasure than to have you check up on it. Your findings would absolutely remove any doubts that may now trouble your mind. Since there is this contrast in opportuni- ties for the man of moderate means between the East and the Northwest, why is it, many will ask, that more settlers do not flock to our lands? The answer is simply that they do not know of the opportunity that this region offers them. Quite aside from the reflex benefits in meeting the greatest need of the North- west, people of the fruit industry can do no kindlier service for their brothers of the Middle West and East than invite their earnest attention to advantages and oppor- tunities of this region. Mr. Homeseeker of the East, the writer urges upon you the supreme test in picking a new location: learn how effectively the region has held its immigrants. As a newspaperman in a middle western state, dissatisfied with conditions there, the writer made this test for himself about a January, 1922 decade ago. From what states were the smallest numbers of our restless emigrant returning, dissatisfied, he asked. The answer he easily obtained from his pa-per's mailing list and his own wide acquaintance- ship over the county. It would be almost malicious libel to name those states from which large numbers of "former citizens" were hurry- ing back in disgust. The test showed, absolutely, that fewest came back from states of the Pacific Northwest. In truth, it was hard to find anv who had returned from these states because dissatisfied. Th s simple little test immediately solved the writer's moving problem — solved it rightly, thank you. It must be added that conditions here have greatly improved since then. Every prospective homeseeker is urged to make this same test for himself. He is urged to come in person, if he wishes and can, to study the Northwest's need for more set- tlers and the future it holds for them. Boom days have long since departed, and he may readily learn just what satisfaction and reward the Northwest offers him in return for his money, his efforts and his time. Harvesting Profits From Walnuts Here is a view in Charles iTunk-- lurmtili SOME of the best walnut groves of the state of Oregon — the Northwest, it might be said — are located at Dundee, and those growers who have the older and larger trees are enthusiastic over walnut growing. Results obtained with their own trees have convinced them that walnut^ are a crop deserving more consideration. Dean of the Dundee growers is Charier Trunk, who has plantings totaling 70 acres, 38 acres of which are of bearing age, and , tlitilt\ \\.iiiuit L^iMvr. at Itiiiiii^t. I IrcK'"-" never loses an opportunity to urge the planting of more walnuts. He began with the planting of a 1 0-acre tract in 1906 and'has been in the game ever since. Wal- nuts have paid him well; so well that he kept increasing plantings, and a year ago purchased 1 2 acres of trees. Here is what Mr. Trunk thinks about the wisdom of planting walnuts, providing. {Cuiitinueil oil piige 23) J J an u aril, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Seven Idaho, Empire of Promise By Frederick V. Fisher Manager Idaho Development League IDAHO on the school maps looks like a wedge between the giant state of Montana and the Inland Empire of Wash- ington and Oregon. But, in fact, Idaho is twice the size of Pennsylvania, equal to New England and New York and larger than any eastern or middle western state. It stretches north and south from the sn ^w line of Canada to the deserts of Nevada, close to the gates of California. It takes the rumbling overland train a day and nigh' to cross Idaho from the coal mines of Wvoming to the cattle ranges of Eastern Oregon. It is a scenic wonderland. In the north, amid the pines and the Couer d'Alenes, is the greatest lake country of America. In lU heart is the vast wheat belt where, at one little way station in 1921 they shipped 1,000,000 bushels. Looking down on bot i north and south are the snowy summits and jagged outlines of these Alps of America, the Saw Tooths. On one side is the Grand Canyon of the Snake, through them flows the picturesque Salmon and at their feec lies the weirdest place in all North America, the Valley of the Moon with its 63 extinct volcanoes and strange ice caves. The Yellowstone is its portal, the far winding Snake its life blood, the thunderinj,- Shoshone out-rivalling Niagara, its expres- sion of power and possibilities. Idaho is the third largest water-power state in the union, with only one-seventh of it developed. Idaho is best fitted of any state for dairying. Here is the land of contented cows if there ever was an> Here are found mild winters, good feed condenseries close at hand, assured markets. One of the largest cheese companies m the land has just offered to buy all the first class cheese that Idaho can produce-. In the north are the vast forests of comme.- cial lumber, with the largest stretch of white pine in .America; wheat in the center; mines in the mountains with limit- less pastures to the south and then, above all, wonderful fruit countrv of the vallev of the Snake river. In fruit, Idaho excels. Much rare fruit marketed in the past under fanciful names as coming from other states, grew in the rare climate and warm sunshine of the cle.ir skies of Idaho. Delicious Apples from the Mesa farms are noted, peaches that drip sweetness, small fruits with fine flavor and then those superb things, the Idaho prunes. Irrigation in the south assures the crop, no matter '-hcther the s';ies ••■e f avorabi ; or not. With the constant opening of new irrigated tracts and the coming great project of American Falls a vast realm is opening to the homeseeker and grower ) .' fruits. Idaho is pre-eminently a home state. Good roads, rapidly building, lead to small towns and large ones, with all the conveniences of civilization. Her educational system is unsurpassed, starting with the grammar schools and reaching clear to a strong wcil manned State University. Idaho has the climate, the soil, th'.- resources, the civilization, the opportunities, all she needs is folks — folks with red blood and life ahead of them, who love the open, ready to work and grow up with the state and reap in after years the finest results of life in home, plenty and neigh- borliness and all the best virtues and bles- sings of America at her best. Come see Idaho. Come live in Idaho. Finding Contentment By T. D. HussEY Clark's Fork, Idaho ON SEPTEMBER 1, 1919, my wife and I left Kansas City, Mo., in our "flivver" for the "wild and wooly" West, as we supposed to find it. We had decided that it was a life of too much monotony to live in a citv, daily viewing only artificial life. We drove through Cheyenne and Boise and then over the Mackenzie Pass to Eugene, Oregon. Then we visited Port- land and Spokane and finally landed in Bonner county, in the Panhandle of Idaho. It certainly was a grand sight to see the fine varieties of fruit here, especially the apples. As a non-irrigated country, this ap- pealed to us and we acquired 80 acres, of which 20 acres is in Delicious, Winter Banana and Winesap apples, nine years old. The trees had been cultivated only three years and then left in clover and tlmothv sod. There had been no pruning and spraying and consequently had been no fruit. In the spring of 1920 I pruned and plowed and disced until the orchard was in good state of cultivation. I sowed the land to wheat in the fall of 1920 and to clover in the spring of 1921. In the fall of 1920 I got 16 bo.xes of apples. This year, the crop was 310 boxes and, in addition, I made 125 gallons of cider. I have obtained a good terminal growth, good foli.ige and color. I will plow the clover under next spring. This is my first attempt to grow fruit commercially, but if other fellows can I can. Our small fruit has been a money-maker. Besides what we have sold we have 300 quarts of home-grown fruit in the cellar. We have a cow, poultry and pigs, God's own sunshine, pure mountain air, "spark- ling" water 18 feet from the surface, and the world for a market for good fruit. We have the thought of achievement in a good cause, which is something satisfy- ing. It is my motto to always be a booster, or move, if you are interested in fruit sub- scribe for Beller Fruit. It has helped me wonderfully. Opportunities for Growers By J. Grant H inkle Secretary of State and Commissioner of Immigration, State of Washington ' I ■'HE problems that confront the Ameri- ■^ can people, when the last analysis is given, are brought about by the facts that mines become exhausted, gas wells ease flowing, oil wells likewise 'fail, forests are hewn down and but little attention is paid to reforestation. These facts place the problem directly up to us as to what shall take the place of these resources when they are gone. The Northwest is particularly for- tunate in having large areas of land, and abundant water for irrigating the arid portions. It has been discovered that the most reliable and productive results may be obtained from fruit and berry culture, for the reason that there is an ever increasing market for these products. The Northwest is the ideal spot for the highest develop- ment of fruit raising. Every year the problem of taxation becomes more and more serious. At the present time it is pretty generally con- sidered that real estate is bearing all of the burden that can possibly be carried and that anything additional will result in confisca- tion. In a recent convention of the secretaries of state at Helena, Montana, one of the number forcibly illustrated our difficulties in the Northwest with our ta.\- ing problems. This speaker said: "Your states are four times the size of my state, yet your people are ambitious and want everything under the sun that we of hundreds of years older commonwealths have, and even now almost all of your states have more miles of hard surfaced roads than we have in my state. Your schools are well up to the top when measured by educational standards. There are but two propositions for you. One is to cut down on your good schools and good roads program, which you are not likely to do, or, get about 5,000,000 of the people in the East to locate in each of your states and develop your resources, thus putting their shoulders under the burden. We have six times your population and one- fourth the area and it does not seem strange to me to hear you gentlemen report that your taxation problems are a real burden." Everyone can find truth in this man's statement. Fortunately for us, the states of the Northwest are able to absorb many more millions of people when our irriga- tion systems make it possible to develop more lands. No other industry is quite so inviting in the Northwest as the berry and fruit cul- ture. Our products are already sought in the leading markets of the world and com- mand the highest prices. The Northwest invites the man who can make trees and vines grow, blossom and bear fruit, where nothing grew before. 1 Page Eight BETTER FRUIT Homesteaders in the Fruit Game By Flora A. Morgenskn Mosier, Oregon SOMETHING like 20 years ago my husband and 1 found it necessary to move to Hood River for the summer. We moved there in March and were there dur- ing the strawberry season, staying through the long bright summer and until the rosy cheeked apples were harvested. Hood River was then famous for its strawberries as it now is for its apples. During the summer my husband, in these surroundings, became enthused over fruit. growing. While on a business trip into the big wheat country, 100 miles further out, he discussed the possibilities of growing fruit for local consumption, somewhere in the wheat belt. "It can't be done," the wheat men said, "and, besides, wheat growers don't buy fruit." "It can be done and I will show you," said my husband. The result was that before he returned that boy husband of mine had filed on 160 acres of land in the edge of the wheat belt, intending to show the wheat men that he could grow and market fruit among them at a profit. I was aghast. Neither of us knew anything about farm life and had certainly not included it in our plans for the future. I had in my possession, however, a copy of an excellent farm journal and there were also in the house we were renting piles of back numbers of several fruit growers' magazines. Of these I selected copies of Better Fruit and one other stand- ard magazine, for which we subscribed, and early in November of that year we moved out on our homestead, with youth, inexperience and determination as our chief assets. We decided to build slowly, but well, and the house was ready to occupy early in December. A level place was then cleared and set to strawberries. Next a large garden spot was cleared, as we would de- pend largely on the sale of vegetables the first year. Then, as land could be cleared, it was set to raspberries, blackberries, logan- berries, currants, gooseberries, etc. These are early bearers and would be furnishing us with cash, we figured, while we were waiting for the orchard to begin bearing. The orchard we set out as rapidly as pos- sible. WE WERE pioneers in the fruit in- dustry. Experience was our teacher so we tried out varieties very carefully, selecting those best suited to our location and market. We planted largely peach, pear, cherry, and apple trees, with a good sprinkling of plums, prunes and apricots. Our location seemed especially suited for grapes, so one hillside was set to early and late varieties, while row on row of bee- hives were added with excellent results. The second year we had to begin hiring help to handle our berry crop. Our pack- ages were standard and up-to-date. We succeeded in finding not only a market locally, but our business circle widened each season. At times we were fairly mobbed by patrons. Some year's crops were engaged practically a year in advance. We could not supply the demand. Products of our vines and trees were winning blue ribbons at all the fairs in the country, and our farm was known for a good many miles around by its well- selected name. Of course we had ups and downs, for this is no fanciful sketch, but as one after another of our neighbors made final proof on their homesteads, in order to borrow money to support their families, we were making improvements, building our home and something more than sup- porting ourselves, in the little sheltered valley at the foot of the wheat fields. The love of nature and of making beautiful things grow is eternal in the hearts of some, and we are still in the game — back in the land of the big red apples, which go to the markets of the world. And we have found it a good game. January, 192^ plant is a dormitory, called Skookum hall, with dining room in connection, where 125 or more employes usually take their meals. The dormitory provides accommo- dations for 160 single employes. In addi- tion there is an apartment building, where 25 married couples may live and keep house. Model Packing Plant WHAT is credited with being one of the largest and most efficient packing and storage plants in the world is that of the Pehastln Fruit Growers' Association, at Pehastin, Wash., a unit of the Skookum Packers' Association. The plant is electrically equipped. Nine electrically operated graders were in opera- tion when packing was in full swing. Conveyors run by electricity carry the apples from the receiving platforms to the storage rooms and other conveyors trans- port them out to the graders. After the apples are packed they are similarly carried to the storage rooms again, or to the load- ing platform if destined for immediate shipment. During the busy season the plant em- ployed a force of 225 persons and easily handled 7500 boxes, or 10 carloads of apples in a 10-hour day. There are two distinct units to the plant, one devoted to packing and common storage and the other to cold storage and the grading department. The financing, planning and construction of this model plant is credited largely to the efforts of J. A. Warman, who was manager of the association until elected president of the Skookum Packers' Associa- tion. One other valuable feature of the big New Walnut Markets RESULTS of this season's work in marketing walnuts offer a most prom- ising outlook to the Northwest grower. Early in the season the Oregon growers met and decided to use standard grades in handling the crop, and for the first time Oregon walnuts have been put on the market in large quantities under uniform grading rules. Prices were opened at the same time the California growers named prices, but at a two cent advance over California prices on the best grades and a cent on the lower grades. Practically the entire tonnage was sold within a week, with buyers still clamoring for more. Though the volume of this year's crop was not larger than to supply the immediate Oregon demand, the Oregon Growers' Association — with the intent of feeling out new markets for future sales — sent samples of the nuts to representatives in the east and in England. The returns from these samples give a most encouraging outlook to the walnut growers. A New York representative to whom samples were sent said that the nuts were of the finest quality he had ever seen and that he could use six cars of them if they could be supplied. Other brokers asked for lots of one and two cars. A mid- dle west man, in order to be sure that he will get some of the Oregon Mistland nuts, has already put in his order for a car of the 1922 crop. English representatives are desirous of securing a substantial tonnage, preferring the Oregon Franquettes to those which they obtain in France on account of the high quality of the grade and pack. Standardized grading is one of the most important factors in the marketing of the product and, though this season's crop was easy to dispose of, the association is laying plans which will aid in marketing a larger crop in competition with other large pro- ducing centers which furnish nuts to the same markets. An ordinary cream separator may be used to clarify apple cider on the farm, experts have disclosed. The separator may clog up a bit, but need only be cleaned out occas- sionally to insure a clear product. AAA Of 75 3 eastern farmers who replied to a request of the Department of Agriculture that they tell what they had found the chief advantage in owning a motor truck, 91 per cent replied, "saving time." Jamuiry, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Fage Nine Improvement in Orchard Management Bv Gordon G. Brown Horticulturist at Hood River Branch Exferiment Station FOR A number of years the Hood River branch experiment station has been conducting a searching in- vestigation of the apple orchard business in the Hood River Valley. Comparatively few statistics were available which defin- itely indicated the economic trend towards which the fruit growers were moving. The study has been to determine "who's who" in the apple business and, as far as possible and practicable, the underlying causes which are associated with a high standard of success upon the one hand, and only mediocre or poor results upon the other. The aim has been to pick out the im- portant factors in orchard management such as pruning, thinning, propping, til- lage, irrigation and fertilizer practices and to study these with reference to diflFerences in net results as above indicated. The difference in time spent in these operations and in the case of spraying, for instance, the amount of material applied has been used largely as a working basis. Average costs per acre and per box in many cases have been determined on a six-year basis. This includes average costs for the period 1913 to 1918, inclusive. The period mentioned is one which is naturally divided into two distinct epochs: The one from 1913-1915, inclusive, and the other from 1916-1918, inclusive. The former is designated as the First period and the latter as the Second period. The former period is identified by clean cul- tivation practices, lack of cover or shade crops and fertilizers. An inadequate spray program also prevailed. Tree growth dur- ing this period was inadequate; yields were small ; dry rot, fruit pit and small apples resulted. The Second period marks several dis- tinct changes in management for the better. Nitrate of soda as a fertilizer came into general use. A three to five pound application furnished immediately avail- ible nitrogen which had been so completely depleted by clean tillage. The use of al- falfa, vetch and clover became general. An improved spray program, accompanied by better equipment, also featured the Second period. As a result of an improved program yields increased 46 percent. The percent- age of extra fancy fruit increased from 34.6 to 47.0 or 12.4 percent. A corres- ponding increase in gross value of fruit, net to the grower, by this selling agent also resulted. The writer has divided the orchards into groups upon the basis of merit. This grouping relates to a six-year average per- formance, as related to yields in packed boxes per acre (exclusive of culls and cook- i\l nut tiiiiii inn nnininnnt ninn n nli^ I Ei'cn horticulturists and growers | I are likely to overlook the fact that | i imfortant -progress has been made in | I recent years in the more scientific | I management of co?nmercial orchards | I of the North-.i-est. In making a st-udy | I of the orchard management in the | I Hood River Valley, icith farticular | I reference to yields, grades and caltu | I of fruit, Gordon G. Brozvn has done | I a service of real value to every | I Northzvestern affle grower. In | I felting forth the results of his study, | I as done in this article^ he has ren- | I dered an additional service of great | I value. The grower who will care- | I fully m.ull the facts here presented, \ I comparing with results in his oztm | I orchard, is sure to obtain pointers of | I value as a guide for his own practices | I in the future. | fllinilininnnnnnnnininnnnnnnin i niit innnnnninininninnillli; ers) ; percentage of extra fancy and four- tier sizes and gross value of fruit per acre. The groups are arranged as follows: Yields per acre — Group 1, 386 boxes; 2, 257 boxes; 3, 186 boxes. Percentage of extra fancy — Group 1, 5 5.0 per cent; 2, 44.9 per cent; 3, 3 5.3 per cent. Percentage of four-tier sizes — Group 1, 65.0 per cent; 2, 51.5 per cent; 3, 33.0 per cent. Gross annual value of fruit per acre — Group 1, $461; 2, $290; 3, $204. THE reader will at once note great dif- ferences in the average performance of the different orchards as shown in the above grouping. The difference of $257 per acre, gross value, between Groups 1 and 3 is most striking. What are the associated causes? In the first place, the writer wishes to make plain that the orchards in all groups are quite representative of the section. The average age is over 1 5 years. Inferior orchards subjected to gross neglect and evidently inferior are not included in this study. The one big factor in large gross returns is that of yields. Heavy tonnage permits of a large volume of business. On an average there is little difference in the percentage of extra fancy fruit or four- tier, sizes produced by the orchards in Group 1 ($461 per acre) and Group 3 ($204 per acre). On the other hand Group 1 produces 365 boxes per acre as an annual average against 182 boxes for Group 3. Size of Orchard — One of the most interesting comparisons relates to the acer- age handled. Large acerages and large yields appear incompatible. Likewise, to a certain extent, we find this true of the percentage of high grade fruit produced. Group 1 (yields) averages 10.01 acres of bearing orchard: Group 2, 14.46 acres: and Group 3, 25.73 acres. Furthermore Group 1 (55.0 per cent extra fancy) handles 16.50 acres as .against Group 3 (3 5.3 per cent), which handles 23.69 acres. Very few ex- ceptions are found to the above rule. The reasons are obvious. Small acerages usually receive better care and are personally supervised by the owner, who takes an active part in the work. On the other hand, much hired help is used on the larger tracts and often inefficiency creeps in. Irrigation — Irrigation is a fundamental practice in the Hood River Valley. Rain- fall for the entire year, though ample, is not sufficiently well distributed during the summer months to permit ample tree growth and maximum production. Since the introduction of alfalfa or clover in the orchard the moisture requirements have practically doubled. This varies according to the age of plants and methods of hand- ling. Where alfalfa is cut for hay it is evident that maximum moisture require- ments prevail. The customary practice is to make at least one cutting for hay during early summer. A second cutting is often made before picking time, but the hay is not removed. The aim of such a practice is to permit organic matter to return to the soil. Thorough discing during early spring is the usual method of incorporating such organic matter within the soil. Such a practice also tends to discourage weed seed dissemination and to form a mulch. Some growers do not cut alfalfa in the orchard, for thus the moisture requirements are greatly reduced. Since alfalfa, when allowed fully to mature, returns more plant food to the soil than when it is cut at an earlier stage of development, it seems reasonable that the practice of not cutting would afford better results. Striking differences appear under labor charges, "man days per acre," for irriga- tion. Therein probably lies one of the fundamental causes for differences in results. It is apparent that where the total supply of water is only four "miners inches" to the ten-acre unit, economy in application must be practiced. Such econ- omy is obtained in careful attention to details such as the proper making of rills, the head of water used, etc. Often water is allowed to run in one part of the orchard too long. The result is a failure to irrigate the orchard with sufficient frequency and {Continued on page 19) Page Ten BETTER FRUIT Fine Record With Raspberries By W. S. Thornber Clarkston, Washington summer of 1912 the dard it established at the start, and contin- DURING the writer made a careful study of the possibilities of the; commercial culture o*' small fruit in the Lewiston-Clarkston fruit district, and especially investigated the growing and marketing of the red rasp- berry. At that time there were no planta- tions large enough to be considered com- mercial and there was practically no market for the small surplus of the home gardens. As a result, the situation appeared anything but attractive. Two or three factors, however, were ap- parent. First, only a mass of many varieties were grown and no one seemed to know what wjs best adapted to the district. Second, the Puyallup, Sumner, Monroe, Snohomish and other coast districts were marketing at a profit large quantities of small fruit, and there was only one con- clusion possible. Why, should not this district grow and market berries in the surrounding country? As a result of the study the writer pl.inted over 30 varieties of the best and most promising red raspberries then in cultivation, and proceeded to study their behavior and habits for three years. On i ,.-.„_. .^J ijom tne farm and the necessity of depending almost entirely r-^-^" h'-'-^ h"'D it was very difficult to secure accurate results on all of the varieties grown. Nevertheless, it was soon apparent that only two or three varieties were at all promising, and none of these showed sufficient promise to make it advis- able to plant extensively. About this time there appeared a new and strange raspberry plant in our patch. It soon surpassed all other varieties in vigoi, freedom from sunburn, hardiness and bear- ing possibilities, and when it fruited we re- alized it had surpassed its neighbors in size of berry, richness of flavor, and produc- tivity. What more could we ask in one variety? In 1916 we made our first patch, plant- ing of this variety one-tenth of an acre, for further trial. It was given ordinary culti- vation and irrigation but no fertilization. It continued to maintain the same high stan- ued to produce canes from six to sixteen feet in height, depending on richness of the soil. The first real crop was harvested during the summer of 1919. While two families picked for table use all berries desired, and canned abundantly, over $300 worth was harvested from the tenth of an acre. The price per crate received was a little better than $3.70 per 24-pint crate. We then realized to a certainty that our new plant was worthy of a place in any commercial planting. The people to whom we had sold fruit began to call for the new variety, and the canned product more than ever upheld its reputation as a high class berry. Early in the spring of 1920, another half acre patch of this variety was planted, as was another of the most profitable of the varieties in culture. These two varieties v/ere given practically the same care for the season, and because we did not feel that there could possibly be much of a crop on either patch, no staking or supports were given to the plants. It was apparent early in June, that while no supports would be necessary in the old variety, our new one would need support and that a very prom- ising crop was beginning to develop. A careful tabulation was kept of the fruit harvested, and at the close of the season we had obtained just a little over $300 worth of fruit from one-half of an acre of one-year-old plants. The fruit was sold at a little better than $2.87 per crate. The plants were set in rows 7J^ feet apart, and thirty inches apart in the row. While our plants have never been well fertilized, it is needless to say that from now on they will get the best there is available. Some of our friends have insisted that we now name this new berry and have been kind enough to suggest that we call it the "Thornber." I trust that it is worthy of a real name, and that it will add to the pleas- ure and profit of the raspberry growers here in the Pacific Northwest. I know of no one thing that I would rather do than give something worth while to my thousands of fellow fruit-growers here in the Northwest. January, 192^' Furthermore, I wish that Better Fruit have the credit of officially announcing the development of my first plant addition to the horticultural world. I realize that it is a horticultural crime to add one more name to nomenclature, and have hesitated for years in doing so, but now I feel we have something worthy, es- pecially since there is such an awakenmg in the field of small fruit. The culture of raspberries has advantages over vegetables, in that one can plant in even poor soil and increase its fertility as the opportunity comes. With vegetable crops it is almost a waste pf time and labor not to have the soil in first-class shape. The raspberry grower likewise has the advantage over the orchardist in getting returns in less time and while the original outlay is greater, it does not cost very much more to grow an acre of raspberries than an acre of apples. It would of course be folly for every one to plant raspberries, but they can be planted profitably in many sections where they are not now grown. We are findii'i: them a splendid companion crop with other fruits. New Variety of Apple A new variety of apple is reported as having been developed on the fruit farm of William D. Johnson, at LeRoy, N. Y. It has been named the "Winter Blush," by Asher S. Davis, farm orchardist. In ap- pearance it is much like the Lady Blush apple. The flavor is tart, but pleasant, resembling the Banana apple. It keeps well and is best for eating about holiday time. Back in 1913 Mr. Davis discovered an apple seedling growing in a fence corner and instructed his men to save it. Later it was transplanted and trimmed. About two years ago, when the first fruit appeared on it, Mr. Davis recognized it as a new variety. TYPICAL FINELY KEPT BERRY YARD OF THE NORTHWEST Elimination of the war tax on express shipments, effective today, will save $1,500,000 a month for shippers. jitiDiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiitiiiiiiiiniiDiiillilDMittiiuiiiiiiiiiiiii niiii^ I Best in Years I I Namfa, Idaho, Dec. 17, 1921. | I Editor Better Fruit, | I Arcady Building, | I Portland, Oregon. | I Dear sir: The December number | I of Better Fruit was the best issue | I / can remember reading in years. | I / a77i remitting for seven subscrif- | I tions as Christmas gifts for my | I friends, begtnning with the Decern- | I ber number. My own subscriftion | I is faid until December, 1925. | I Very res fectf idly, | I E. F. Stephens | =^„iiiiiiiir iiiiiiiiitiiiiiirnii iii liiiiil iiiiiiiiili it \\\~ January, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Eleven Apples in Big Figures Ten thousand tons of apples, 20,000,000 pounds, will be dehydrated this season by the King's Food Products Company, in their slants at Salem and The Dalles. To meet this requirement shipments have been drawn from a wide territory, even includ- ing Roseburg anji Sutherlin, on the south, and the Yakima district on the north. It is said that the output was all sold in advance, this select dehydrated product creating sucn a demand that it can never be met without an expansion of present plant capacities. Reasonable expectations from walnuts, cultural requirements, disease and pest con- trol measures, and directions for harvesting and curing the crop are treated in a new bulletin of the University of California, at Berkeley. The bulletin is free to those wiio wish to send for it. Lower Machine Prices — a factor in a brighter outlook for 1922 MOST of the readers of this paper know that we have reduced our prices on farm machines for 1922. The lower figures apply on practically our entire line of grain, hay, and corn harvest- ing machines, plows, tillage implements, seeding machines, etc. Reductions in prices of farm machines and other articles the farmer buys is one of the many indications pointing to con- tinued improvement in the farmer's situa- tion. The War Finance Corporation is steadily pouring aid from its billion dollar fund into agricultural communities to finance the farmer. Freight rate reduc- tions on stock, grain, hay, etc., now going into effect, w^ill save many millions for the farmers. Land values are now on a sound- er basis. For 1922, better labor at lower cost will be available, better marketing conditions are being evolved, and recent tariff legislation also should tend to in- crease farm product prices. All these factors indicate that more efficient production by modern methods and improved machines will mean greater profit for the new year. You cannot afford to postpone the purchase of needed ma- chines. Where repairs have been made again and again, beyond the point of ser- viceability, waste and loss are pretty sure to follow. The present prices will enable you to replace the old with efficient modern machines so that best use may be made of the opportunities that are certain to come to the farming world. The International Harvester Line of Farm Operating Equipment Binders Threshers Harvester-Threshers Headers Push Binders Mowers Rakes Tedders T/»aders oide-Delivery Rakes Sweep Rakes and Stackers Combined Side Rake and Tedder Baling Presses Corn Planters Listers Com Cultivators Corn Binders Corn Pickers Corn Shellers Ensilage Cutters Huskers and Shredders Huskers and Silo Fillers Beet Seeders Beet Cultivators Beet Pullers Cotton Planters Grain Drills Lime Sowers Broadcast Seeders Tractor Plows Horse Plows Disk Harrows Spring-Tooth Harrows Peg-Tooth Harrows Tractor Harrows One-Horse Cultivators Culti-Packers Kerosene Engines Tractors Motor Trucks Cream Separators Manure Spreaders Stalk Cutters Feed Grinders Stone Burr Mills Cane Mills Potato Diggers Wagons If you are interested in learning some of the new prices or in looking over any individual machine, the International Dealer in your vicinity is at your service. Or you may address your inquiry direct to us. International Harvester Company OF AMERICA ii e a Chicago i,Ncoi.i.oBATtoi u 5 a 92 Branches and U.OOO Dealers in the United States Page Twelve BETTER FRUIT January, 1922 Boxed Apple Situation in Review /•llliiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii2 I Here is •presented a comfrehensive | I revieu; of conditions and develop- | I ments of the current affle season of | I the Northzvest, nozv drawing to a \ I close, as given in an address by Mr. | I Gujin at the Pacific Northzvest | I Fruit Exposition in Seattle in Nov- | I ember. The analysis brings out | I points of importance to all north- | i zvestern growers and shippers, some | I of which are not always taken into | I consideration. The article helps to | I point the way to m.ore effective | i marketing methods for the future and | I is worth study from this stand- \ I point alone. Facts of the situation \ I ire set down withottt coloring, the | I unfavorable with the favorable de- | I velopments. As a whole they must \ I inspire a certain optimistn and no | I tittle satisfaction over the season's \ I results. I Plltiiiiiiiliiii>iiitiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiitiiiniiitiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiMiri THE proverb that "It is an ill wind that blows no one good" was never better exemplified than this year, in connection with the northwestern boxed apple industry. About Easter time last spring, a series of very severe freezes swept a wide range of territory through the Middle West and Middle and North Atlantic states. Dam- age to the blossoming apple crops of the big producing regions of Missouri, Arkan- sas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and other states of lesser impor- tance from an apple producing standpoint was exceedingly severe. Otherwise, the By W. F. GwiN President Northwest Fruit Exchange story of the northwestern boxed apple for the year might be written in more dolor- ous terms. The states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana, taken together, the last season produced the largest apple crop in their history. General business condi- tions, as everyone knows, have been the most adverse in a long term of years. Man- ufacturing plants all over the country have, in most cases, been closed down entirely or working on part time. Millions of vvorK-rs <.re walking the street' looking for work, and all classes of people are econo- mizing. Northwestern boxed apples find their way into consumption to an overwhelming extent via the route of the fruit stand. Their principal consumer is the man in the street. To a great extent they are eaten out of hand; only to a minor extent are they sold from grocery stores and used for general household and culinary purposes. Therefore the demand for them is acutely affected by unfavorable conditions in the great manufacturing industries, as the best consumers of northwestern apples are the highly paid mechanic classes. Beginning with the copious rains 'which fell in the producing districts of the North- west early in the fall of 1920, growing conditions were ideal. The result was that there came to maturity not only the largest crops the Northwest has ever prod- uced, but perhaps one of the best from the standpoint of color, finish and general merchantability. Labor was plentiful and, while labor costs have not been deflated as fully in this industry as in many of the producing industries in the east, produc- tion costs, taken altogether, have shown very satisfactory readjustment. Before an examiner of the Interstate Commerce Commission in Yakima last winter, testimony was taken from a large number of competent witnesses as to the total cost on board cars, of the apple crop of the season of 1920. One of the most competent of these witnesses testified that it had cost $2.28 per box to produce the 1920 crop and deliver it on board cars. Others gave figures, some higher and some slightly lower, but it is safe to say that the average producing cost last year was per- haps somewhere between $2 and $2.25. What the actual cost will prove to be for 1921 is yet undetermined, but it should not exceed 50 per cent of last year's cost. It was apparent long before the crop was ready to harvest that the marketing of the 1921 crop would be characterized by a marked absence of speculative or storage activity. Up to this year it has been esti- mated that from 75 to 85 per cent of the entire commercial crop of the Pacific Oil Spraying should be done ■with Ortho Oil Emulsions. So thoroly emulsified that it mixes readily with hard water and remains perfectly emulsified. Write for Ortho Circular California [Spray-Chemical ]M:ij|i;i!!llil!CoMPANY ^ ■ :' Watsonville:: '■ calif' Address Dept. .F "CARO WRAPPERS ,^^^^^^^^^^^^ "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The toft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. UttitoJ SUU« Di»tribtttor», AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, California January, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Thirteen Northwest found its way into cold storage at terminal or transit points either for a long or short term. CONDITIONS in 1921 were adverse to storage operations by the trade on the usual scale. The situation was un- settled, commodity prices were exceedingly uneven, and the value of every kind of commodity subject to unusual fluctuation. Hence it was manifestly necessary that un- usual preparations be made by the pro- ducers and their sales agencies to effect an even wider and thinner distribution of this large crop over the markets of the world than had ever been achieved in previous years. It is one thing to have trainload? of apples arrive in the big centers sold and destined for cold storage and quite another thing to have similar or even greater quan- ities (as this season) arrive on those same markets unsold and at the mercy of the open market. This year, then, the value of strong growers' organizations and mar- keting agencies has been demonstrated and emphasized in a very much stronger, more impressive manner than ever before, es- pecially during the years of the war and the period following the Armistice. This year it was a case of the product seeking the market and in the most aggressive man- ner. Growers have prospered in direct proportion to the skill and salesmanship at their command. Despite the favorable factors touched upon, conditions have not been unmixed with very serious and adverse factors. The railroad companies, fully apprised of the unusual size of the 1921 crop, nevertheless felt confident of their ability to furnish enough refrigerator cars to move it to mar- ket as rapidly as it was ready. Assurances to this effect were given growers and ship- pers by all lines serving the territory. Re- liance was placed in these assurances and it came, therefore, in the nature of a stag- gering blow when almost without previous warning the car supply fell far short of re- quirements during the latter part of Sep- tember. The harvest was on in full blast and the situation was aggravated by the un- precedently early date on which the short- age arrived. In previous years the supp'y was usually fullv adequate up to the middle of October. Occurring when it did this year, the shortage resulted in almost immediately ov- erflowing the packing houses and ware- houses. Packing schedules were upset and the movement of the crop to market seri- ously delayed, with the result that the in- dustry has sustained losses no doubt running into the millions of dollars, due to the rapid ripening of certain of the early and inter- mediate varieties for which during a period of several weeks no transportation was avail- able. Despite the fact that several of the best organized and most experienced market- ing agencies have broken all records this {Continued on fige 25) For your Dormant Spray DORMOIL Especially for Leaf Roller, Scale, Aphis, Blister Mite, Red Spider, etc. DORMOIL has been used with remarkable success in Oregon, Washington and Montana. Write for details HOOD RIVER SPRAY CO. Hood River, Oregon Figure the Profit in Dollars Between big, perfect, sound apples — And knotted, dwarfed, unmarketable fruit, the kind caused by aphis injury. Yet by the use of 1 0 cents' to 1 5 cents' worth of Black Leaf 40 Nicotine Sulphate per tree, you can control Aphis, Thrips, Leaf Hopper and other soft-bodied, sucking insects on your fruit trees. Just picture the difference in your own orchard between a yield of sound fruit and a crop of knotted and dwarfed "Aphis apples." Why, a mere handful of these culls will cost you more than the quantity of Black Leaf 40 required per tree. Black Leaf 40 has for many years been the "true and tried" protector of the crops of the progressive grow- ers of the United States and Canada against these insect pests that are so destructive to your orchard profits. Send for copies of complete spray chart leaflet and bulletins, with name of nearest Black Leaf 40 dealer. TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS AND CHEMICAL CORPORATION (Incorporated) Louisville, Kentucky Page Fourteen BETTER FRUIT January, 1922 Elemental Treatise on Pruning the Apple Prepared by Staff Weiter ^■milltriiirii itlilllllllllllllllllllinitiiii iiiimiii lliir mill n: I Here is the continuation of the | I thorough- going discussion of frun- | I ing, its objectives and frincifles, be- | I gun in the December issue. This in- | I stallment resumes the discussion of \ I -prefer methods of forming the tree- | I head, not fully comfleted last month. \ I From here the subject is fursued in | I logical sequence, practices for frun | I ing at the z'arious successive stages in | I the life of the tree being given. \ 'llllllllllllllljllllllllllllllllMlllllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllMllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll,^ (Continued) IN formation of the open-headed tree, through pruning operations of the first two years, it is very important to avoid the one weak point of this type. This is in the crotch, which must be made as strong' as it is possible to make it. Formation of the head between the heights of fifteen and thirtv-five inches, as here suggested, solves the problem of weak crotch. It permits the branches to start more horizontally without seriousl/ interfering with cultivation and gives better distribution, prime factors in producing a strong croich. Two Years to Form the Head — The hab- it of growth makes it impossible to form the head with a proper distribution of branches in one year. The growth usually occurs at the top, due to a congestion of sap and the upper buds being stronger. To cut at thirty- five inches would probably result in a few shoots at the top while the lower buds would only develop leaves or remain dormant, producing little or no growth from which to select the lower scaffold branches. It would only be under the most favorable conditions that the newly planted tree would be able to force sufficient growih along its entire stem from fifteen to thirty- five inches to make the proper selection of the lower scaffold iDranches possible. Therefore, two years are necessary in pro- perly distributing and forming the scaffold branches. Cut to Twenty-Five Inches When Plant- ed— The first year head the tree at twenty- five inches. This will probably force most of the buds between fifteen and twenty- five inches into growth. The top shoot, which is usually almost vertical, is left about ten or twelve inches long, cutting it at thirty-five inches from the ground. The other laterals are stubbed back to one or two buds. This top shoot forms a continua- tion of the trunk and the following sea- son, lateral growth will be thrown out from it as well as the stubs and dormant buds on the old stem. Thus at the end of the second season there will be numerous laterals along the entire stem, making it possible to select four, properly spaced between fifteen and thirty-five inches to form the scaffold branches. A study of habits of growth will show the practicability of this system. All branches grow toward the best light conditions. The top shoot usually grows almost vertical. Lower branches tend to keep away from the shading influences of the branches above by growing more horizontal. Thus the upper shoot usually lends itself admirably as a leader. Should it be too horizontal cut it short to an upper bud which the following year will form a leader. How does the growth start? The greater part of the root system has been removed and not a single feeder is left. New root feeders must be produced before the tree can draw nourishment from the soil. This calls for the reserve energies of the tree; elaborated food stored in the tissues of the stem and roots. When the leaves begin to January, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Fifteen push out, the reserve food and moisture is used until the root feeders can be formed to supply more. This will explain how newly planted trees may start into growth with apparent vigor, only to die later when the reserve food and moisture is exhausted. By cutting back the top further and thus reducing the number of buds, this supply is conserved and thus the tree is tided over the critical time until the root feeders are formed. The heavier cutting back to twenty-five inches will also stimulate a more vigorous face. This is of .prime importance in aid- ing the tree to resist the attacks of borers growth by reducing the tissue building sur- and to heal its wounds received in cultiva- tion. The severe stubbing back of the branches after the first season's growth will stimu- late a very vigorous growth the following year, forcing more buds into growth to pro- duce more laterals along the main stem from which a better selection of scaffold branches can be made. FIRST Year — As has already been said this pruning is largely stubbing back. Remove all growth below fifteen inches and leave the upper shoot to a height of thirty-five inches a.s a leader. Generally two buds are left per stub, not for the pur- pose of getting two shoots, but to insure the growth of at least one. In fact, only one is desired from each stub. Some may ques- tion the advisablity of stubbing back good strong shoots which are apparently well located for the lower scaffold branches. Why not leave these fourteen or sixteen inches long, removing the others and grow- ing the upper scaffold branches from the leader the following season? The reasons are: First, to cut back reduces the number of buds and increases the vigor, thus insur- ing a growth from all the buds on the leader and stubs so that the best possible selection can be made. Second, they might be poorly located with refernce to those scaffold branches produced the following year. Third, they would have the lead and might tend to draw too heavily on the sap supply and stunt the j^ounger upper branches. Stub back and give each lateral an equal start. If the tree has made a heavy growth the stubs may be left six or eight inches if by so doing sufficient wood is removed to stimulata a growth from every bud left. Some orchardists practice stripping off the leaves in the spring below fifteen inches on the trunk to force stronger growth into the shoots above. This is not advisable. There being no object where stubbing back is practiced, and the first year every leaf should be left to encourage growth and root development, and to aid in the protection against sunscald. However, where screen- ing is necessary for protection against borers, rabbits, squirrels or scunscald the lower buds are rubbed off. Second Year Pruning — This is the most important pruning. The future of the tree, its strength and efficiency, rests largely with the proper choice of scaffold branches. It is far more important to have them issue at different levels than to balance the tree by growing from opposite sides. Their growth will occupy the vacancies later, but their position on the trunk never changes. Re- move all growth except the selected laterals which are headed back in accordance with the vigor and growth of the tree, leaving them twelve to eighteen inches long. If the tree has made a weak, insufficient growth not permitting a good selection, stub back as before. By cutting to certain buds one can in- fluence the direction of the growth. The last buds tend to grow in the general direc- {Continued on fage 20) ALGEMEENE VRUCHTEN IMPORT MAATSCHAPPY (General Fruit Import Company) Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Cologne head-office A^nsterdam, Tel. adr. "Alvrima" Capital Florins 3,000,000— We solicit kindly consignments of apples. References :- Irving National Bank, New York Guaranty Trust Company, New York. Roseburg Man Doubles Yield of Prune Orchard Frank Brown of Roseburg, Oregon, dried 4^2 tons of prunes from an acre and a half of orchard. This was more than double his usual yield and was due to the fact that he used Nitrate of Soda Eighty per cent of the successful prune growers and loganberry growers of Oregon and Washington use Nitrate of Soda. Loganberries need Nitrogen Carl Aspinwall of Gervais, Oregon, from eight acres, harvested this year 43 tons of loganberries. He used 400 pounds of Nitrate of Soda and 250 pounds of Super-Phosphate, per acre. Chemical and field tests by experts of our Agricultural colleges and progressive growers show that nitrogen is the one element our soils need — that the application of Nitrate of Soda produces vigor, increases yields, and gives large specimens of fruit. Nitrate of Soda is the quickest available and most economical form in which to buy nitrogen — 15 per cent nitrogen equals 18 per cent ammonia. Order early. Write or wire THE NITRATE AGENCIES 805 Hoge Building Seattle, Washington Page Sixteen BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON lERROLD OWEN Managing Editor ERNEST C. POTTS : v • • • ■ • *^<^"°'' C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager BETTER FRUIT cused on the ambition to do all we can toward making the year 1922 the best and most prosperous ever enjoyed by the fruit industry of the Northwest. EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES PAUL W. & GUY F. MINNICK............ 303 Fifth Ave., New York JNO. D. ROSS 608 Otis Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS ........ . Hobart Bldg., San Francisco STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. ^. , T- ^ COLORADO — C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- mologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA — F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTANA— H. Thornber, Victor. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist, Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. „ . , . t r INDIANA — H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American exchange. Advertising Rates on Application. For Prosperity This journal is not and never will be made a land-boosting, pro- ject-promoting organ. It has both a definite field and a well-defined policy. It will zealously stick to both. In the face of the great need of the Pacific Northwest for more people on its lands, as amply set forth in this issue, it appealed to us as a real duty to do our bit to- ward inviting the dissatisfied and restless residents of eastern states to give our fruit sections the con- sideration they merit. With this object in view, publication of this Homeseekers' Number was con- ceived. The number might be largerj it might be better, but we would do nothing to make it lurid or mislead- ing. If you think the idea has been a good one will you not tell us so? If you think it might well have place as an annual feature we should like to know that. It is our hope that many extra copies will be sent to the eastern friends and old acquaintances, to carry the message and the invitation of the Northwest to them. Meanwhile, our energies are fo- Bringing in Settlers There is evidence that the auto- mobile is to do more than any other agency toward locating new settlers in the Pacific Northwest. The way this comes about is all very simple. Touring by motor has become a great national avocation. The touring range has rapidly widened until now it is no uncommon sight for the northwestern rancher to see a car bearing a New Jersey, or Massachusetts, or Texas license spin by his front door. In the sea- son just closed this section has seen a continuous procession of mo- tor parties from the Middle West, South and East. Random figures from the Port- land municipal auto camp will serve to illustrate. From Massa- chusetts the camp registered 16 cars, from New York, 55; Maine, 2; Virginia, 6; Florida, 15; Texas, 62; Illinois, 102; Nebraska, 85. The total of registrations to Octo- ber 1 was 5,700 cars. The point of particular interest is the fact that fully 15 per cent of these tourists actually located here in the Northwest, according to estimate of the camp attaches, who talked with them. For these tourists this was the end of a quest for a new home. They had sold out in their old location and jaunt- ed forth in the dear old family car in search of a more pleasing home. Here they found it, and here they have settled down. Fifteen per cent of 5,700 is 855. We have reason, then, to believe that the automobile brought through this one camp 855 families as new settlers for the Northwest. It brought, of course, other hundreds of families through other points. There is ample justification for applauding the good work of the faithful flivver and trusty touring car — and hoping that double the number will head this way next season. January, 1922 Land Frauds Officials in Michigan have dis- covered that much worthless land in that state has been sold to pros- pective farmers on representations by real estate firms that the land was ideal for fruit growing or po- tato culture. So extensive have be- come the activities of such land sharks that state and federal rep- resentatives held a meeting to con- fraudulent work, it was arranged sider the matter. States of the Pacific Northwest are plainly much ahead of Michi- gan in the matter of protection for settlers purchasing lands. There are several factors here that assure the buyer of land, raw or devel- oped, against fraud. To pass over the fact that there are mighty few areas where may be found worthless land that would deceive any but the simple minded, there are other safeguards. It is a fact, for instance, that crooks have been weeded out of the ranks of real estate dealers here. This is no mere idle boast. Consider the laws of Oregon. They require all real estate dealers to operate under a license and under bond. One mis-step for any dealer in the state would not merely mean that he would immediately be put out of business by revocation of his license, but there remains full op- portunity for recovery by suit on his bond. This is typical of the way northwestern states have ban- ished crooked land operators. Other protective factors include the numerous soil surveys, already completed and published, and thi services of the agricultural colleges in making free tests of soil samples submitted to them. Again, pub lie sentiment out here some yeari ago became a barrier against mi . ■ representation. The prospective purchaser may easily learn the truth about lands under considera- tion by merely asking the judg- ment of nearby ranchers. There are few sections of the United States where the buyer with intelligence enough to observe and ask questions, is more certain of getting real value for the mone) he invests than here. January, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Seventeen Development Problem of Oregon By George Quayle Secretary Oregon Land Settlement Commisiinn -. no hesitancy in telling Oregon's lack of fofulation and giving intifn-ation of zL-hat this lack means. Surely abundant facts are -presented to shozc that there is nothing inherently wrong uith the state or its lands as 'he cause of slozv develofment. The potential agricultural and horticultu- ral wealth is here, he shozvs, the trouble being that not enotigh feofle have yet discovered the fact. iiiitiniiiiMiiiiiiii liiiiiinilllliiiilillllllimiuimuiiiiuiliiiin iiiiiuiiiii ^ THE same opportunities which brought the first pioneers across trackless wild- erness in search of a land of fertile valleys, rich plains, mild climate and "plenty of elbow room," are present in Oregon today, comparatively speaking. And it is a strange paradox that this state, which is admittedly of the first rank in wealth of potential agricultural resources, has been surpassed by neighboring states in the growth of rural population. The population of Oregon is given in the 1920 census_ as 783,285, or 8.28 to the square mile. Compared to the average density of population throughout the United States, 35.5 persons per square mile, or, more specifically, to the neighboring states, — California, with its 22 per square mile, and W.ashington, with 20.3, — it is evident that Oregon is capable of tremen- dous expansion in rural population. The ratio of cultivated to uncultivated lands in this state may be given in a nut- shell. It is estimated that there is 23,000,- 000 acres of land suitable for cultivation in Oregon, of which 3,200,000 acres, or less than one-seventh is actually producing crops. Government reports are proof of the fact that the fertility of the soil is un- surp.assed. Oregon wheat last year ranked third in the United States in yield per acre; Oregon apples and western Oregon walnuts and prunes hold rank with the best in the markets of the world; nine-tenths of the world's supply of loganberries is raised in western Oregon. In eastern, southern and southeastern parts of the state, large areas of arid and semi-arid lands are being brought under cultivation by the building of great irri- gation projects. These irrigated lands are admirably suited to the production of a wide range of agricultural and horticultural products. Central Oregon potatoes, grown on irrigated lands, have already established an enviable reputation. At the present time there are 1,250,000 acres included in irrigation projects com- pleted or under construction and it is estimated that there is at least an addi- tional 1,000,000 acres capable of irriga- tion in the future. In western Oregon, and particularly in the Willamette Valley, is found a combin- ation of soil and climate that is most ideal for fruit growers, the dairy man, the poul- try man and the gardener. A moist, mild climate, combined with a natural richness of the soil, makes this section highly in- viting to the settler. While the Willamette Valley is the most thickly settled portion of the state, there is room for a far greater development in the future. It is estimated that there are more than 800,000 acres of cut-over lands suitable for agriculture, the bulk of which is found in the foothills bordering on the Willamette Valley and in the coast hills. These cut-over lands represent one of the richest agricultural assets of the state as yet undeveloped. While the clearing of these lands is a hard and expensive task, it is expected that the development of logged-off lands will be greatly facil- itated through the operation of the Log- ged-off Land Bill which was passed at the last regular session of the state legislature. For the purpose of demonstrating to the settler what may be done on a one-man farm, the Oregon Legislature, in its 1919 session, created a commission known as the Oregon Land Settlement Commission, com- posed of five representative citizens, ap- pointed by the governor, who serve with- out pay. It is the duty of this commission to establish for settlers in different parts of the state typical farms on which mod- ern improvements will be made with the idea of reducing to a minimum the nec- essary farm work. The object sought is to create a highly improved one-man farm to be operated under ideal living condi- tions for the farmer and his family. Three of these experimental farms have been established, one near Independence, one near Roseburg and one near Prine- ville. Two more units have been selected, located near Marshfield and Ontario. While three of the .above projects are fully com- pleted, the commission has decided to wait until the results of two or three seasons are obtained before using them as examples. The commission has co-operated at all times with the Oregon Agricultural Col- lege in the furthering of this work, and it is expected that as soon as possible an official report will be ready for the pros- pective homeseekers as to exactly what may be expected from a one-man farm in the representative districts of the state. How to prevent the "blotch" or "bum" of the spray on fruit Observe this study in contrasts. The apple at the left was spravcd with Arsenate of Lead— a wonder- fully good spray. But the user neglected to mix "Sprav Spread" with it. Bulow is a similar apple- sprayed with thesann.-kind of spray- but Athatross Spray Spread was niixud with the spray. Note the differeijce- the- "'Uad" dried on the FIRST appU? in spots— or blotchs. The SL'Cond apple received an equal amount of protective spray— but it spread over the apple in a thin film. Appearance and mar- keting,' appeal of the apple is thus retained. The pictures toll why Government experts are so enthused over "Spray Spread" — why experienced hor- p ticultunsts say it has ,NU equal for spread ^J \-n-g an "arsenate of lead" spray. ALBATROSS SPRAY SPREAD ' (Calcium Cascinate Conitonnil) Noicthe" bloicli^ ur ' burn' 0, the lead on this appL K< The National Orange Show will be held in San Bernadino, Cai.y February 17-27. Quality Features: 1. Very liiiL-ly i^'nmnd — always uniform. 2. Quickly Soluble. 3. No lost time. 4. Protects fruit with uniform coating,'. 5. Does not i ii j ut e foliaye. 6. Recommended by experts. 7. Gua ran t lid by manufacturers. ^'""Jarh nr'yr"' ^V/.' the umfurm. adkcnng PACKAGES AND.PRICES 200 lb. Bbl. Boxes 1 lb. Pkgs. 20c lb. 22c lb. 25c lb. Freight prepaid to Northwest points. One pound spray spread is sufficient for 200- gallon tank. NOTE: If vou use Casein, Albatross Superfine is the braiid to buy. Very finely ground- quickly soluble when mixed with alkali. . — -for Storage plants, packing sheds, etc. During the last six years a very large proportion of the major in- dustrial plants, warehouses, lumber mills and can- neries (list on application) have been made "spick and span" with Albatross Cold Water Pamt. Ihis pamt is very economical to use — drys snow whiti — will NOT peel or rub off- retards hro- easy to apply — and when properly applied, reduces insurance rates. Has remarkable spreading and covering qualilies — will work over wood, rock, plaster or other material. For almost any kind of commercial interior, AlbMrossCold Water Paint is unequalled. Extensively used in the fruit world for storage plants. p,-icking sheds, etc. Tell us your require ments-wc can meet them to your complete satis- faction. * * * General Basic Products Co., ^ole M.i'iufi.fwr, 47<)6>- Mnretrtal W av , Seattle, U .s. A. Dealers . Address us for attractive sales proposition. Page Eighteen BETTER FRUIT January, 1922 Get results Fruit Growers! frl^orsprayi j4 ^M f6^Y50 A SPRtADER for ORCHARD SPRAYS' Frofessor A. L. Lovett, the eminent entomologist of Oregon Agricultu^ ral College, in spea\ing of Casein as a spreader, says: "It has an ad' vantage in cheapness, availability, compatibility in most spray combi- nations, and in ease of preparation. For these reasons it was given first ran\ in our subsequent tests and experiments." BUL. 169 ORE. AGR. COLLEGE. KAYSO — our new combined casein spreader and adhesive— solves the prob' lem of perfect spread— makes the spray stick on every infedted spot even in the winter rainy season. KAYSO should be added to Lime'Sulphur and Bordeaux mixtures. It is used easily with all spray mixtures. KAYSO makes the spray cover every part of the tree evenly. KAYSO insures sticking in rainy season. KAYSO does not cause burning or toxicity. KAYSO is easy to mix — requires no cooking. You sift it slowly into the spray tank while the agitator is running. KAYSO costs less than other spreaders — and it spreads the spray over more trees. KAYSO is 100% efficient because it is manufac tured from the highest grade casein, which is fine ly pulverized and completely soluble. Ask your dealer, or send this coupon and 40 cents and we will mail you, prepaid, a sample package sufficient to mix 200 gallons of spray. CALIFORNIA CENTRAL CREAMERIES 425 BATTERY STREET SAN FRANCISCO Enclosed please find 40 cents, for which mail me sam' pie package KAYSO. Tstame Street — City State- California Central Creameries 425 BATTERY STREET SAN FRANCISCO 277 BROADWAY NEW YORK 740 TERMINAL STREET LOS ANGELES January, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Tage Nineteen Improvement in Orchard Management {Continued from, ffge 9) regularity to maintain uniform soil mois- ture. Again, an insufficient head of water permits waste near the flume and an insuf- ficient supply to trees at the other end of the row. Proper supervision of irrigation requires very frequent inspection of the factors mentioned. Group 1 (386 boxes), shows an average of 2.79 man-days per acre per season; Group 2 (257 boxes) 2.07 days; and Group 3 (186 boxes) 1.57 days. In other words. Group 1 spends 78 per cent more time each season supervising approxi- mately the same number of irrigations than does Group 3. The same point of view is well illustrated under "Value per acre" classification. Group 1 spends 2.35 days per acre; Group 2, 1.99 days; Group 3, 1.51 days. CPRAYING — Much progress has been ^ made during the past few years in appli- cation of sprays, combinations, dilutions, and timeliness. This is reflected in higher percentages of extra fancy fruit. The most striking introduction has been the use of the spray gun in place of the long, cumbersome spray rod. Greater efficiency in the use of labor and material has resulted. During nearly the entire period covered by this survey the three and one- ^■riiiiiiiritiiiiiirdiiniiiiiitiiiriiKiiiniit riiiiiiit itiiiiiiit iiiii iiiiiiiini':: I KAYSO DEALERS | I OREGON I = PORTLAND i I Ariss Campbell & Gault. 12 Front St. | 1 Hard{e Mfs. Co., 55 North Front St. = E Portland Seed Co. = = SALEM i I D. A. White & Son I = Oregon Growers' Co-operative Assn. I I DALLAS i = Guy Brothers Hardware Co. = I EUGENE I i Eugene Fruit Growers' Assn. i I SUTHERLIN | i McKay Brothers = i MEDFORD I I Monarch Seed & Feed Co. I = Farm Bureau Co-operative Exchange = I ASHLAND I = Ashland Fruit Growers' Assn. i I ROSEBURG I i Churchill Hardware Co. - I CORVALLIS I i Brownsville Canning Co. i I COTTAGE GROVE I i Knowlcs & Graber = I ALBANY I 1 Murphy Seed Co. = I HOOD RIVER I I Dan Wuille & Company = I WASHINGTON I i SEATTLE I = Farrell, Boswell & Co.. Hoge Building i = J. W. Dunn & Co. I = Woodruff- Boyce Seed Co. = i VANCOUVER i i Red Ash Seed Co. E I WALLA WALLA I I California Spray Co.. Keylor Grande = S Theatre Building = I WENATCHEE i I Wells & Wade = I ZILLAH I I Harlan Fruit Co. i I IDAHO I i TWIN FALLS I I Darrow Bros. & Co. | '^ '" ""' < llimimiiiiiiMliiiliic I iilliiiiiiiiMlllMiii 11^ half horse-power sprayer with two spray rods was used. The same machine has now been supplanted by the spr.iy gun, or replaced by a larger machine, usually ten to fifteen horse-power, capable of furnish- ing two or three guns with a capacity of approximately fifteen gallons a minute. Striking differences in the amount of spray material used by the different groups is brought out. Group 1 (yields) shows an average of 2015 diluted gallons to the acre annually; Group 2 1923 gallons; and Group 3 1381 gallons. On a tree basis this is 27.45, 27.21, and 20.26 gallons for each group, respectively. Under extra fancy, Group 1 shows 2181 gallons an acre, or 29.34 a tree; Group 2, 165 3 an acre, or 23.56 gallons a tree; and Group 3, 1592 gallons an acre, or 24.0 a tree. Thinning — Thinning is another funda- mental orchard practice requiring thorough- ness, timeliness, and good judgment. There are several aims which the grower usually has in mind when doing this work. One is, that such a practice tends to pro- mote annual bearing. In other words, that removing fruit entirely on some spurs will tend to cause such spurs to fruit during the following year rather than to overbear one year, with little or no fruit the fol- lowing year. Data compiled at different experiment stations throws serious doubt upon this con- clusion. On the other hand, some growers go to the other extreme in failing to prune enough. No set rule can be laid down which will cover all cases. Generally speaking, one may safely avoid heavy prun- ing while the trees are young and vigor- ous, especially thinning out. This would be true with yellow or green apples. Red apples would need at least a light thinning out. One grower of Newtowns, fifteen years old, who had very large yields on a six year average, practically did no pruning on his trees between the ages of six and twelve years, with the exception of removing a few of the large lower limbs which inter- fered with cultivation. With a maximum fruit-spur system, and vigorous trees, very large yields have been secured. Such a plan has not, however, been without it's disadvantages. Fruit spurs in the lower portion of the trees have become weakened through excessive shading and do not today function vigorously. Thus the ten- dency is for fruit wood to extend further and further out on the main limbs where it is less easily thinned, sprayed or propped. This is a condition into which many of the older orchards have fallen — that of having long barren areas in the lower portion of the tree devoid of fruit spurs. It is difficult, if not actually impossible, to restore such fruiting wood in the area mentioned, chiefly because any rational plan of pruning is too far removed from the area to be influenced. Usually heavy pruning removes practically all new, thrifty bearing wood and promotes an excess of suckers which, in turn, do not come into fruiting, or may produce a few weak spurs after possibly several years of waiting. The more nearly the grower approaches annual pruning the more satisfactory and uniform are the results. Group 1 (yields) averages 78 per cent of the orchard annually pruned; whereas. Group 3, averages only 48.7 per cent. From the foregoing data the possibilities in the apple business are established. Marked differences in the performance records of one orchard as compared with another are brought out. These differences are associated with different methods of management. Chief among these is the matter of variety, age of trees, acerage, irrigation, pruning and spraying. TASTES LIKE A DATE Fiuit Grows Uniformlj] tent 50 Per CeDt When Confection; Prolific; OaCHAilDS BEING A SPECIAL PLAN, and Literature. 0 E D E K Y o u Trees Large. Sugar Con- Dried. A Delicious Profitable. DEVELOPED ON Write for Details PRUNE Address all letters to Dept. agat- i n g Send 15 oen*s „ Riffbts * t^ I B» Controlled. for aainplo tfux OREGON NURSERY COMPANY O K E N C 0 0 E E G 0 N RHODES DOUBLE CUT . PHUNING SHI RHODES MFG. < 320 S. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS. MICH. 'THE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. Page Twenty Elemental Treatise on Pruning ( Continued from page 1 5 ) tion of the branch, while the lower buds make a more, lateral growth. The last buds usually make the strongest and most desir- able growth. With young trees it is gener- ally necessary to encourage spreading growth. This may be done by cutting to an outside bud, or if much spread is desired, leave the next bud above in order to en- courage a more horizontal growth from the bud chosen. Cut to laterals in prefer- ence to buds if suitably placed. Third Year — The amount of wood to leave or remove depends entirely on the vigor of the tree. If a strong growth has been made three laterals eighteen to twenty- four inches in length may be left on each scaffold branch. If the growth has been small and weak, leave only one or two twelve to fifteen inches in length. In making the selection choose branches making an outward spreading growth, al- lowing no two to issue near the same point, cross, or occupy the same light and air space. Upward growth may be encouraged from now on if the branches have attained suffi- cient spread. Fourth Year — The frame work of the tree has been formed and from now on the pruning is largely a process of heading back and thinning out, cutting as little as pos- sible. ■ Light summer tipping is conducive to fruitfulness. Remove crossed, diseased, and superfluous branches, keeping the head more or less open to the light. Heading in will tend to keep the tree within bounds and encourage the more fruitful lateral growth. TIME to Prune — There is a general tendency for orchardists to disre- gard the needs of the tree and prune en- tirely in winter. This is probiibly due to the facts that in winter labor is more plen- tiful and cheaper and the orchardist has more time. Pruning also is more easily ac- complished when the leaves are off, as the pruner can readily choose the branches to cut. Pruning m.ay safely be done under cer- tain circumstances at any time of the year. The proverb, "Prune in winter for wood and in summer for fruit," explains the dif- ferent physiological effects of pruning at the different seasons. Winter Pruning — Removing wood dur- ing the dormant season inspires wood growth. The heavier the pruning the more growth will result. The reason is obvious. The removal of wood during dormancy re- duces the surface over which to expend the redundant energy, giving a proportionately greater food supply for the remaining branches. Winter pruning is practical where wood growth or vigor is desired; as on young trees, stunted or weak growing trees, varieties which tend to over bear, or where the soil is light and dry causing much small fruit and little wood growth. BETTER FRUIT Pruning may be done at any time during the dormant season but preferably just pre- vious to the beginning of growth. If done in the fall or early winter the wounds arc subjected to a long season of drying before the process of healing begins. Avoid prun- ing when the branches are frozen, as they will crack, dry out, and die back. Summer Pruning — The prime purpose of summer pruning is to incite fruitfulness. It is used to check the rampant growth and hasten the period of profitable bearing of young trees and to check the wood growth and increase fruitfulness on vigorous grow- ing, tardy or shy-bearing varieties and trees located on rich, heavy moist soils. The physiological reasons for these ef- fects are not fully understood, but gen- erally supposed to be due to its weakening effects on the plant.. All plants become fruitful when starved or made to suffer. Girdle a tree during the summer and it will ripen its fruit prematurely in one last effort to reproduce its kind. The removal of leaf surface reduces the manufacturing or elaborating of food, thus tending to starve and weaken the plant. This not only reduces the growth in the stems, giving im- mediate results, but also retards the exten- tion of the roots, making the results more permanent. The vigor of the roots is largely determined by the amount and vigor of the top. On the other hand the removal of wood during the growing sea- son has a stimulating effect similar to win- ter pruning by reducing the surface of growing tissue over which to distribute the elaborated food. Summer pruning has both stimulating and weakening effects. The greater fruit- fulness is encouraged by securing the greater weakening or starving effect with a proportionately less stimulating effect. In other words, where the stimulating effect is greater than the weakening effect it de- feats the end; it stimulates a wood growth instead of inciting fruitfulness. Therefore the efficiency of summer pruning rests January, 19^^ largely with the ability to remove a large leaf surface with a proportionately small amount of wood. Tipping and pinching back of the current year's growth gives the best results. SERVICE IS OUR FIRST N-AIM THE SIMPSON a DOELLER /< CO. GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES WE CAN FILL YOUR ORDER FOR STOCK. APPLE. PEAR.CHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. Backed By 83 Years Experience Now is the time to order your ARSENATE OF LEAD WHEN spraying, you can't afford to take any chances with the materials you use— not even a single element of risk. And there is not the slightest need to gamble. If you will see to it that the name GRAS- SELLI is on the Insecticides or Fungicides you buy, you eliminate every uncertainty as to Quality and Uniformity — our 83 years of chemical leadership is your warranty. Tie up to GRASSELLI and Security! Established 1839 Arsenate of Lead Calcium Arsenate Bordeaux Mixture THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO., CLEVELAND January, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-one Farm Fruit Storage WE ARE interested in knowing how extensively our readers, as representa- tive fruit growers of the country, are pro- vided with suitable storage structures on the farm. By suitable storage structures we mean those designed and built particularly with the thought in mind of providing the best possible storage facilities for fruits under all weather conditions. Commercial fruit growers, whether pri- vate shippers or members of associations, know the vital necessity for adequate stor- age facilities on the ranch. The unpre- cedented early freeze of two years ago cost many growers much more than proper frost- proof storage space would have cost them. What are you planning in this regard? Tell us your experience in providing your own storage for your crops. What kind of a structure have you and what were the materials used? Has it been built par- ticularly with permanence in mind? We want pictures of structures of this kind. Those which we can use will be paid for at a fair price. Don't hesitate to write to us at length about your struc- ture and how you use it. Orchardists intending to sow grass and cover-crop seed may make a serious mistake by not forwarding samples to their agricul- tural college for free tests as to puritv. Illustrating the worthless character of some of these commercial seeds was a tes' recently made by the farm crops depar:- uicnl of the Oregon Agricultural College. A sample of commercial Kentucky blucgiaso seed, sent in for testing, was found to con- tain 82 per cent chaff and only 17 per cent pure seed. A PERFECTLY formed pear weighing 2 1-2 pounds and said to have been grown on a tree 73 years old, was recently exhibited by John Drcith, of Visalla, Cal. ^tiiiiiiiiiniinrliitiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiitiiitriinllllMinilllllliMliniiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiltllltn';, I Value Received | I Edmonds, Wash., Nov. 7, 1921 | I Better Fruit Publishing Co., | I Portland, Oregon. | I Gentlemen: Please jmd encloted | I $ 1 for my next year's subscriftion. I | I like your magazine and consider my | I dollar zcell sfent. | I Yours Resfectfully, | I L. S. Keeton. I I President North Edmotids Growers' | I Association. % !^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiniiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiMiii(iiiiMittiiriiritiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiitiiiilltllli^ FITS EVERY SPRAYING NEED Capacity 14-15 gals, per Minute Working pressure 300 lbs. The HARDIE MOGUL TRIPLEX Here is high pressure and large capacity in a sound, practical design. You will choose this machine if you measure the value of a sprayer by the cost of spraying results. It is built to do successful, effective spraying in any orchard under the hardest of spraying con- ditions. A 300-gallon tank MOGUL is but 8 feet long with top of tank but 5 7 '/a inches from the ground. It weighs but 2150 pounds, and this weight is equally distributed on all four wheels, giving you an ease of traction and turning that your team will appreciate. The Mogul triplex pump, built the Hardie way, gives you high pressure, large capacity spraying hour after hour and day after day. A four-cylinder auto type engine with Bosch magneto ignition, provides ample power in its most reliable form. Here is your chance to get the greatest sprayer value known. Write for prices and catalog. THE HARDIE MFG. CO. 55 N. Front Street Portland, Oregon Page Txcenty-two BETTER FRUIT January, 1922 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Blight-Proof SURPRISE PEAR ON JAPAN PEAR ROOT Tests made in every conceivable way in the experimental blocks along side of and at the same time with all leading varieties of pears have proven the impossibility of spreading pear blight more than a trifling distance beyond the point of inoculation. Plant the blight-proof Surprise and insure against loss. The second year top-work to Bartlett, Bosc, or any desired variety and you have the most blight resistant trunk and frame- work yet developed. This method is endorsed by leading horticultural experts after extensive experiments. Thousands of these trees have been planted the last few years in California, Southern Oregon, and in Washington. Our buds were secured direct from Prof. Reimer of the Southern Oregon Experiment Station, Talent, Oregon. In our four hundred-acre nursery located on clean new soil of the Yakima Indian Reserva- tion we grow a complete assortment of commercial fruit trees and genera! nursery stock. Rich soil, a long growing season, moisture under control and perfect fall weather for ma- turing our stock enable us to produce and deliver nursery stock unsurpassed for vigor, thrifti- ness and root system. hTrustworf hy 1 Vfrees 4 Plants* WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. TOPPENISH, WASHINGTON Salesmen Everywhere — More Wanted Why Not Order Now? TREES For Resetting or New Orchards Our supply will take care of your needs and you will receive stock w^hich is well grown and reliable. Capital City Nursery Company WE 426 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon NEED SALESMEN CORY'S THORNLESS MAMMOTH BLACKBERRY The greatest horticultural novelty of the century. Very large, early, sweet, coreless and almost seedless, with rampant growing vine which is absolutely thornless. Mil- lions will be sold as fast as they can be propagated. Get your order in early for next season. Last spring I was deluged with orders which could not be filled and I can promise but a few thousand for the coming season. Price, 50 cents each, 3 for $1.00; $3.00 per dozen. Will be well packed and sent prepaid by parcel post to any ad- dress. Descriptive catalog free. ISAAC F. TILUNGHAST Seed and Plant Specialist 212 Podcl Street Santa Rosa, California Reliable Trees and Plants We have a complete line of guaranteed nursery stock: apple, pear, cherry, peach, apricot, prune and nut trees, gooseberries, currants, etc., which we offer planters at very close prices. However, orders should be placed at once to get the best grades. Send us your want-list today. FILBERT TREES I have a choice lot of filbert trees of approved varieties. The bulk of the nursery stock this year consists of Barcelona and White Ave- line. DR. J. H. WILKENS Box 126 McMinnville, Oregon FRUIT TREES NUT TREES PLANTS, ETC. We offer a good line of Italian, French Improved, Double X and other prune trees, propogated from selected scions. Walnut grafted. Filberts, Apple, Pear, etc. Berries, Gooseberries, Currants, Plants, etc. We have something of interest for you: try our inexpensive selling sys- tem; send for Planters' List; 31 years in business. Carlton Nursery Co. GROW GRAPES under contract. Ask for grape cir- cular. Special prices on grapes, ber- ries and asparagus for commercial planting. Sweet cherries, peaches, apricots at lowest maricet prices. All kinds of fruit and ornamental stock. We offer strictly first class stock and guarantee satisfaction. Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND WASHINGTON Worth Price and "Then Some" Yakima, December 8, 1921 Better Fruit Portland, Oregon. Old Friend: You don't have to advance my "sub" any to get me to renew. The "little old magazine" is worth all you ask for it, and then some. I am sending in a two years' subscription instead of one so I won't be bother- ing you for a spell. Respectfully (Signed) W. C. Hall Yakima, Wash. R. 5 Bx. 73 January, 1928 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-three Harvesting Profits From Walnuts (Continued from fage 6) of course, one has suitable land, properly located: "Planting a walnut grove is like taking out life insurance with this difference — if you have a twenty year policy you pay \ certain amount each year for twenty years; If you plant a walnut grove you pay a cer- tain amount in cultivation, work and capi- tal invested, for 10 or 11 years. Af tei this your trees will pay your yearly dues. In 20 years you will have a piece of prop- erty worth from $1000 to $1500 an acre. "There is no surer investment, provided the trees have the best care. I know 1 0 or 12 years is a long wait, and this is one of the reasons this line of horticulture is not further advanced in this state; but, if we consider the long life of the tree, it is a short time after all. If only the people of this state would realize the opportunities of making money by the growing of wal- nuts, our hillsides would be one continuous walnut grove. The time is surely coming when the growing of walnuts will be one of the greatest assets the state has." Such is the opinion of Mr. Trunk, after spending 1 5 years in the game. Readers will doubtless be interested in knowing something of the history of his operations and his observations, as to cultural methods. For one thing, he urges good cultivation. It is imperative, he says, that the trees be not neglected the first seven or eight years. Location of the grove is another impor- tant point. Some groves about Dundee, planted at too low an elevation, were ruined in the severe winter of 1919. The record of Mr. Trunk's experience with walnut plantings may well be given in his own language, as reported to the 1920 annual session of the Oregon State Horti- cultural Society: "At my home place, on the road between Dundee and Dayton, about 70 acres is a- dapted to the growing of walnuts. The remainder of the land lies from 25 to 50 feet too low. The trees on this lower land grow well, but the crop is not so sure. Ev- ery year there is a certain amount of dan- ger of having nuts frosted either in the spring or fall, whereas, on the higher land, we have never had any damage and are cer- tain of a full crop of nuts each year. AS MANY KNOW, one of the oldest and largest walnut groves in the state is at Dundee, planted by Thomas Prince. As my land and soil were similar to that of the Prince place, I decided to plant 10 acres. This was in 1906, when walnut growing was still an experiment here. "Many started to plant when I did. Some became discouraged the first and sec- ond years, and the others fell by the way- side the following years. Today there are about a dozen of the old faithful growers left, and I respect these men who had the staying quality to wait and see what the nut tree would really do in this state. We have proved that in this valley walnuts can be grown on a paying basis, and that they are better filled in and better flavored thai' in any other place on the face of the earth. "Last year, (1919), we took from 26 ac- res of nut trees, averaging 1 1 years old, $4200 worth of nuts, which is 165^ per cent on land valued at $1000 an acre. Less than $700 covered all expenses of cultiva- tion, harvesting and drying. This year, (1920) on account of lower prices, our in- come will not be quite as large — only about \2y2 per cent on a $1000 per acre valua- tion. "Please bear in mind that these trees are still very young. The life of the prune tree is about 35 years; that of a walnut tree about 250 years. So, when a nut tree i= 50 years old, it is still in its childhood days." Returns from the increased acerage of nuts Mr. Trunk had this past year will be about comparable to those of 1920. He has sold most of his grafted nuts at the gratifying price of $700 a ton, or 35 centf a pound. While he now has 38 acres of trees of bearing age, he has additional acerage planted which will bring the total to 70 acres. In about 28 acres of the plantings, prune trees have been used as a filler. This constant expansion of plantings and holdings bears the best of evidence as to Mr. Trunk's faith in the future of Eng- lish walnut culture in this state. AMERICAN GROWN FRUIT TREE STOCKS Apple Seedlings, Straight or Branched. Also Pear Stocks from French and Japan Seed, American Plum, Mahaleb Cherry and Peach Seedlings in all Grades. Car Lots to Central Points. Foreign Grown Stocks Apple, Pear, Mahaleb, Myrobolan, Quince, Manetti and Multiflora. All Grades. In Prime Condition. Can quote in France or out of Customs in New York or at Shenandoah, Iowa. Prices reasonable. Remember our Complete Line of General Nursery Stock for Fall and Spring trade. We are now ready to do Business. Submit List of Wants for Prices to SHENANDOAH NURSERIES D. S. LAKE, President SHENANDOAH, IOWA "Tests on Oldsmar Heater show 100% Effi- ciency."— Prof. Peeples of Armour Institute Frost Insurance at Minimum Cost You insure your house, why not your crop? Fruit growers everywhere can have assured crop protection through the use of this improved and efficient heater which has a number of notable advantages over any other kind. Oldsmar Frost Protector Costs Less To Operate Five gallons of distilate fuel oil burns 10 to 15 hours according to temperature desired. All cast iron (stack excepted), the Oldsmar is waterproof and cannot get out of order. Lighted instantly, it requires little attention and tem- perature regulation is positive. An Oldsmar costs less than other cast iron heaters, lasts longer, requires fewer to the acre; affords complete protection — California and Florida grove owners and truck farmers are ordering them by thousands. Write today for litetature and full information about how tbc Oldjmar can protect your crop Oldsmar Tractor Company OldBmar, Florida Kell-Oil Heater Company Coldwater, Michigan O. V. BADLEY COMPANY Distributors of Oldsmar Products 425 East Morrison Street Portland, Oregon Page Twenty-four BETTER FRUIT January, 192:: Annual Meetings A MOVEMENT seeking union of the horticultural associations of the states of Montana, Idaho, Washington and Ore- gon, was launched at Spoilan book ever printed on this beautiful style of architecture. Profusely illus- trated. Postpaid 50 cents. Order these books todav. Monev back if unsatisfied. YOHO & MERRITT Craftsman Designers Empire Bldg.. Seattle. Wash. RELIABLE NURSERY PRODUCTS Large as.sortment of the best varieties in Fruit and Nut Trees. Small Fruits, Shade and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Eoses. Vines, Perennial Plants and Bulbs. Fully equipued Landscape Department. Planting plans furnished for residence grounds, large estates, Parks, Cemeteries, etc.. also Tree Surgery done. All stock and work the best. Write today stating your needs. OREGON NURSERY COMPANY, Orenco, Ore. Opportunities for More Salesmen I SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.. Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS & CO.. LTD.. Glasgow GARCIA. JACOBS & CO.. London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED. Southampton Agenciet and Representative! in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH CO. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Addrett SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WKBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Fage Thirty Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK TREES— All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application, bena us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries. Albany, Ore. CORY THORNLESS BLACKBERRY— Best of all; extra large, vigorous plants ready; satisfac- tion guaranteed; illustrated price list. Write Chas. E. Mortenson, Lodi, California. APPLE TREES and a full line of nursery stock at reasonable prices; save agents' commission by ordering direct from nursery. Write for price list. Lawson Nursery, Gates, Oregon. BERRY GROWERS! If you intend planting a few plants or a few acres, send your name on a Post Card to Shady Oaks Berry Farm, Saratoga, Calif. ^ — ^ .0,000 CHOICE LOGANBEKKY PLANTS Sh.p^ ped direct from out of the best fields in the ^tate; unusual low price. Place vour order now for spring delivery. Harry Lanum, Rt. 4 Salem, BETTER FRUIT FOR SALE— Irrigated Apple Orchard, Idaho: Two 10-acre tracts; water rights; tenth year. Estimate '21, 9000 boxes; standard commercial varieties. Good community with churches, schools, and railroad facilities. Convenient to state highway. A good proposition for relatives or friends. Other interests compel non-resident owner to sell; $7000 each; terms. Address W. M., care Better Fruit. WANT TO HEAR from owner having farm for sale; give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black, 197th street, Chippewa Falls, Wisconiin. TO LEASE — 35 to 200 acres of first class fruit land on shares. Martin Bros., Brownsville. Ore. MISCELLANEOUS January, 19!2t* Ore. TORY THORNLESS BLACKBERKV— Large, ddicious You get well rooted plants true to name from Pionler grower. Wm. Mortenson, ■Rt. 1, Lodi, California. LOG^NlUiRRlES, Raspberries. ^'-a™'!"""^; Inspected, low price, best quality. Red Feather Berry Farm. Clackamas, Oregon. THE NEW GIANT KASPBERRYTLaFranj and 30 other varieties of small fruits. bhady Oaks Berry Farm, Saratoga, Lahl. BEES BOOKING ORDERS now for spring delivery. Virgins, golden and leather-color Italian queens beef bv the pound and nuclei. Write fo. prices, circular free*^ A. J. Pinard. 440 No. Sixth St., San Jose, Calif. BEES AND OUEENS-Keep bees to PoU""^^ your fruit. Get more and better f™ • ^fe f profit oiT the fruit and bees too, Write for cir culars. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas. "SUPERIOR" Foundation (Weed Process) and ■■Everything in Bee Supplies." Superior Honey Company, Ogden, Utah. ^^^^_^^__ POULTRY RARY CHICS — By our thousands of satisfied "l^sTomers' we ha've proven that we supply some of the very best BABY CHICS offered to the people of the Northwest. From O. A. C. Strain 221-300 egg line. Place your order now for spring delivery First hatch Febru- ary 14th. Portland Seed Co., 180 I'ront Street. Portland, Oregon. FOR SALE— Pure Bred S. C. and R. C. Reds and Barred Rocks from good laying strain I don t nav express. Cockerels $3.50, Pullets $2.50 10% discount on dozen. W. A. Rowe, American Falls. Idaho. WHITE WANDOTTES— Egg Bred Males Size and quality backed by high otfical records. A. Gronewald. The Dalles, Oregon. BLUE ANDALUSIANS— Stock and eggs for sale. D. M. Calbreath. Monmouth. Oregon. CHOICE Mammoth Bronze Turkey Toms, $10. Mrs. Amelia Reimers. Eagle, Id.aho. PURE BRED Sicilian Buttercup cockerels, $3 each. Charles Garland, Route 2, St. Maries, Idaho. REAL ESTATE DON'T EXPERIMENT — It costs money. For $20 you can get my blue prints. "Dencer Drier best by test." The Dencer Drier will shorten time of drying and save money on fuel. It turns out a superior product. It costs less to dry per ton, and less to build than any other drier of same capacity. I use only one stove for six tunnels. Each tunnel holds 136 half-bushel trays. My driers have been a pronounced success for five years. Edward Dencer. Rt. 3, Box 158, Salem, Oregon. Phone 88 F2. TRACTOR BARGAINS— Cletrac "W," only demonstrated, $1250; Cletrac "W" rebuilt, good as new, $1000; Cleveland model "H," never used, $1100; Cleveland "H," slightly used, snap at $750 ; Oldsmar Garden Tractor demonstrator, $390. O. V. Bradley, 425 E. Morrison St., Port- land, Oregon. WANTED — To examine your orchard for you before you buy. I saved one man $5000 on a $14,000 deal. To look after orchards of non- resident owners. Many are poorly cared for and rapidly depreciating in value. Private pruning demonstrations and consultations given. Luke Powell, consulting horticulturist, Yakima, Wn. WALL BOARD — Write for samples of Wash ington plaster wall board; won't warp, won't burn. Manufactured by Washington Building Products Co., 6851 E. Marginal Way, Seattle, Wash. . SWEET CLOVER SEED for sale — Buy direct from the producer and save money. Write for samples and jjrices. Address Geo. Forest. Standish, California. FOR SALE — Ford Truck; Cutler two-section grader, with gas engine; box press and ladders; all practically new; $1000 — a bargain. Address W. M.. care Better Fruit. ^ HONEY — Finest table honey: "Western Blos- som" brand, in 6-pound tin can, postpaid for only $1.25 up to fourth zone; absolutely un- adulterated— just as the bees made it. Spokane Seed Co. 906 First Ave., Spokane Wash. CLEAN VEATCH and grey seed oats for sale. Vl^ W. Harris. Oregon City, Oregon. PURE EXTRACTED HONEY— $7.50 per five- gallon can; two cans, $14.00. Everett Sauter, Touchet, Wash. FOR SALE— Ideal Apple Orchard, 27 acres in the propertv, Delicious, Rome, Winesap, Stayman, 1000 trees, principally 6 to 8 years old, com- mencing to bear, also peaches, grapes and commercial raspberries; ideal fruit soil, gently sloping northern exposure, abundant springs and branches, all necessary buildings; right at rail- road station. Wonderful year-round climate, beautiful mountain scenery, purest water. Price $7,500 of which $5,000 must be cash. Boiling Hall, Waynesville, N. C. _^___^ FOR SALE— 62-acre farm, 48 miles south of Portland; running water; horses, cattle, mach- inerv and furniture. A. H. Koppang, Silverton, Orei HOMESPUN TOBACCO— Chewing, 10 pounds, $2.50; 20 pounds, $4; smoking, 10 pounds, $2; 20 pounds, $3.50. Farmers' Union. Mayfield, Ky. HONEY — A-1 extracted honey, 10-pound pail, $1.70. postage paid to fourth zone, cash with order. Wu C. Forcher, Grand View. Idaho. TOBACCO — 1919 leal best chewing, three pounds, $1 ■ ten, $3 ; chewing and smoking, ten, $2.50 ; regular smoking, ten, $1.50; fifty, $6; satisfac tion guaranteed. Producers' Distributors, Mur- ray, Ky. .^ FOR SALE— Fresh extracted honey : five-gallon can. $7.50 ; two cans, $14.50 ; six ten-pound pails, $8.50; twelve five-pound pails, $9.00. A. L. Traner, Touchet. Wash. HONEY — Pure, First Quality Yakima Valley alfalfa, sweet clover honey ; direct from prod- ucer. Send for circular and prices. Oliver Sires, Wapato, Washington. FOR S.\LE — Ilubani annual sweet clover; scari- fied seed; genuine Hughes strain; Free Sample. iJas. H. Kitchen. Rt. 5. Springfield, Ohio. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon POSITIONS WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. FRUIT TREES We are extensive growers of fruit trees adapted to the Northwest. GET OUR PRICES COLUMBIA .NURSERY COMPANY 1490 Union Ave., No. Portland, Ore. Milton Nursery Co. MILTON, OREGON BING, LAMBERT, ROYAL ANN CHERRY TREES New Catalog for a Postal THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON WANTED — Position as orchard manager; college graduate; married and life experience in or- chard work; now running large orchard in northwest. Address M. P., care Better Fruit. $135 MONTH COMMENCE. U. S. government railway mail clerks. Men. boys over 17; steady; Vacations; list positions free. Write today sure. Franklin Institute, Dept. A 106, Rochester, N. Y. NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well tnade. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. %pARCADYCom)fmjl (UdverUsing^ Anyone whose business involves person- al snlesmanship can profitably use the right kind of advertising literature. Did you . ever stop to think, for in- stance, that the printed page can call on your trade at about 2 per cent of the cost of personal selling. Why not let one of our representatives tell you more about printed salesman- ship. KAIN 8829 MuL'ncnAPHiNC kODRESSINC MAILING MAILING Lists Insure Your 1922 Crop with a "BEAN" There's money ahead for the grower who takes good care of his trees. Thorough and energetic spraying is the only safeguard against tree diseases that reduce the crop, result in inferior fruit, and even kill the trees, if permitted to run their course un- checked. Adequate spraying equipment is vital. Makeshift outfits and old type rigs with insufficient pressure and too limited capacity will not do. You need a sprayer that will cover your orchard quickly and effectively with the least trouble and ex- pense. In brief, You Need a "Bean" While retaining all the sturdy, dependable features which have made the Bean line fa- mous, several important impiovements have been made this year, including the Bean 6 H. P. engine, which is used on all our larger outfits with the exception of the Super-Giant, which has the LeRoi 15 H. P. engine. The Bean engine is the latest and best production of Mr. E. B. Cushman, noted as a designer of good engines. Bean Troubleless Ball Valves Bean Threadless Ball Valves can be opened up entirely and every part removed in less than two minutes. This is done without lowering the pressure, stopping the engine, or drawing Jhe liquid from the pump. Porcelain-Lined Cylinders Used on Bean Sprayers since 1886 and proven to be the correct solution to the problem of long-wearing cylinder lining. These cylin- ders never need replacing under three or four years, and we have known them to wear for fifteen. The Bean Pressure Regulator The biggest single feature of the Bean line. It holds the pressure exactly where you want it, saves fuel in the engine, and wear and tear on the pump, and is absolutely safe and dependable. Fully described in our new catalog. One-Piece Steel Bedplate The Bean is the only outfit built today with a steel bedplate made in one piece, without wood floor. Every bolt from the engine. pump, and tank is secured to this frame, thus insuring the utmost rigidity. H. A. Watkins of Fruita, Colo., has just written us as follows: "I -never knew my Bean to stop running when crossing creases as some others do. My rig runs absolutely without trouble." Only Pump Without a Stuffing Box No stuffing box on a Bean pump, therefore no stuffing-box troubles, The cup-shaped molded plunger, an exclusive Bean feature, is held so close to the porcelain lining of the cylinder on the downstroke that no packing box is necessary. Less friction, too. on the upstroke. Many Other Important Advantages Get the new Bean Catalog, which illustrates and describes the entire Bean line from the mighty Bean Super -Giant, shown above, with its capacity of 16 to 25 gallons a min- ute at 300 pounds pressure right down to the little Bean Simplicity, the most popular little rig known to the fruit-growing world. Sign and send the coupon for your copy of MANUFACTURED BY BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. Originators of the first high fressure sp-ayer 118 West Julian Street SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. 118 West Julian Street SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA Please send me a copy of the new Bean Catalog. Name _ _ Street Town — Stale — _ . Kind of Fruit No. Acres S0S23S iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiitiiiitiiii ,„„ , „„„ , I .Ill •iiiiiiiiiiiii ' ' ' ' ' """"" ' "" THE WORLD— OUR ORCHARD II mm mill n ■iiii iimini i mil ullllin I «« »»«« PLAYING THE GAME NEVER in the history of the fruit trade has any concern made heavier losses than we did last season in the apple deal. This is a matter well known to all the fruit trade of the United States. It is, therefore, more than gratifying to us to announce the continuance of our policy of doing business on the same basis, regardless of whether we win or lose. We do not wish to appear egotistical, nor do we wish to put ourselves on a pedestal of superiority over our friends and competitors. However, we can look back upon our busi- ness experience of last year with pride. The policy of this firm is known throughout the world wherever a single package of fruit or produce is handled — in a commercial way. The code of ethics employed by this firm is based upon the American ideal of the square deal. When Moses received the ten commandments and brought them from the mountain to the chosen people, the fruit trade was not taken into consideration. If it had been, we are quite sure that there would have been woven in much pertaining to the fruit business, and %\Titten thus, to the everlasting honor and glory of a great and grand industry. 1. Thou shalt play the game straight, irrespective of con- sequences. 2. Thou shalt pay all drafts, regardless of market condi- tions upon arrival of cars. 3. Thou shalt back thy judgment with thine own coin. 4. Thou shalt not turn down any cars, unless thy shipper is actually trying to defraud thee. 5. Thou shalt consider a contract a contract and which is made not to be broken, no matter what the cause. 6. Thou shalt consider thy firm's good name thy biggest asset. 7. Thou shalt consider it a privilege to lose, from time to time, for as long as thou canst take a loss without a kick, thou art a good sport and deserveth success. 8. Thou shalt keep one set of books, so when thy shipper calls on thee and desires to examine thy accounts, thou canst look him straight in the face and tell him to go as far as he likes. 9. Thou shalt never overquote the market, thereby giving false witness against thy neighbor, who has troubles enough of his own and which may induce the husband- man to ship goods to thee which he could have sold at higher prices elsewhere. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's business, for there is enough for everybody and then some. 11. Thou shalt particularly take care of the goods sent to thee on consignment by thy fellow man, who may be thousands of miles away from thy business abode, but who depends upon thy honor and wisdom to see that he receives proper compensation for the harvest made by the sweat of his brow. By playing the game according to these commandments, thou wilt live long in the land and wilt earn a heritage of which thy sons will be proud when thou art laid to rest among thy fathers for, after all, a good name is greater than worldly riches Steinhardt & Kelly 273-277 Washington Street Cordoba 2260 Buenos Aires ARGENTINE NEW YORK 102-106 Warren Street Rua de Rosario 102 Rio de Janeiro BRAZIL I Rocky Ford, Colo. I Phoenix, Ariz. I Las Cruces, N. Mex. ^.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiminiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiii Carlsbad, Gal. Brawley, Cal. Tampa, Fla. FIELD OFFICES: Laredo, Tex. Clearwater, Fla. Calipatria, Cal. Yakima, Wash. Wenatchee, Wash. iini iinmiiiiili iiii.iiiiiiiimiiiiiiMiil I mil '"" """ '""" """""" '"■ ' """ PRESS OF THE ARCADV COMPANY BetteevFruit The PiOTiGer Horticultural Jonrnal of the Pacific Northwest "». V/'^ ^?-. X. "/o 0-, '^f,. \ / -• J/ /■ y. ■■/ M i 1 m 'M: '%^^f^r^^Mfe aiMl iFruft^fi^c L^-RoMcr m U )_} ^^ rfe'i' SIMPLICITY an outstanding feature — of tKe NE^^^ T 35 TRACTOR Here is the machine of greatest simplic- ity—designed to save your time, money and temper. Look at its new and sensible features of accessibility— its elimination of non-essential parts. Only three units to the entire machine — motor — transmission — trucks with track. Each unit complete in itself. Com- plete enclosure against dust and dirt. Valves and camshaft are placed over- head—easy to get at by simply removing cylinder head. Tappets, tappet guides and push rods are eliminated— no leads, wires, pipes or hose between the motor and the rest of There's only one Caterpillar HolX builds it the machine — nothing in the crankcase but the crankshaft. "Caterpillar" T35 Tractor is ideal for orchards, vineyards and berry fields; for general service on small acreage and for auxiliary service on big farms. It is the right size for road patrol work, hauling and general contracting. It has almost un- limited usefulness in belt work- pump- ing,sawing, grinding and other operations. Like all "Caterpillar" Tractors it is built for service and backed by service, too. A factory and a service organization on the Pacific Coast assure you service any- where, anytime. Write at once for full information show- ing how "Caterpillar" T35 will do your work quicker, better and at less cost. THE HOLT MANUFACTURING CO. Stockton, Calif. Peoria, 111. Lo8 Angel -s, Calif. San Francisco, Calif. Spokane, Wa»h. Better Fruit, Vol. 16. N o. 8 Published monthly at Portland, Oregon. Entered as second class matter at the post office at Portland, Oregon under the Act of March 3. 1879 February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Threi There's a "BEAN" for Every Grower No matter how large or how small your or- chard, there is a Bean Sprayer that will ex- actly meet your requirements— a power outfit that will completely and perfectly take care of your spraying needs. Illustrated on this page are three of the popular sizes. Our new catalog illustrates and describes a number of others. If you're out for profits — You Need a "Bean" While retaining all the sturdy, dependable features which have made the Bean line fa- mous, several important improvements have been made this year, including the Bean 6 H. P, engine, which is used on all our larger outfits with the "exception of the Super-Giant, which has the LeRoi 15 H. P. engine. The Bean engine is the latest and best production of Mr. E. B. Cushman, noted as a designer of good engines. Bean Troubleless Ball Valves Bean Threadless Ball Valves can be opened up entirely and every part removed in less than two minutes. This is done without lowering the pressure, stopping the engine, or drawing Jhe liquid from the pump. Porcelain-Lined Cylinders Used on Bean Sprayers since 1886 and proven to be the correct solution to the problem of long- wearing cylinder lining. These cylin- ders never need replacing under three or four years, and we have known them to wear for fifteen. The Bean Pressure Regulator The biggest single feature of the Bean Hne. It holds the pressure exactly where you want it, saves fuel in the engine, and wear and tear on the pump, and is absolutely safe and dependable. Fully described in our new catalog. One-Piece Steel Bedplate The Bean is the only outfit built today with a steel bedplate made in one piece, without wood floor. Every bolt from the engine. V Bean Giant Triplex. Outfit 629. Ca- pacity ol 12 gallons a minute at 300 pounds pressure. 200-gal. tank. Equipped with new Bean 6 H.P. engine. MANUFACTURED BY BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. Originators of the first high pressure sfrayer 118 W. Julian Street SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA pump, and tank is secured to this frame, thus insuring the utmost rigidity. H. A. Watkins of Fruita, Colo., has just written us as follows: "I -never knew my Bean to stop running when crossing creases as some others do. My rig runs absolutely without trouble." Only Pump Without a Stuffing Box No stuffing box on a Bean pump, therefore no stuffing-box troubles, The cup-shaped molded plunger, an exclusive Bean feature, is held so close to the porcelain lining of the cylinder on the downstroke that no packing box is necessary. Less friction, too, on the upstroke. Many Other Important Advantages Get the new Bean Catalog, which illustrates and describes the entire Bean line from the mighty Bean Super - Giant, shown above, with its capacity of 16 to 25 gallons a min- ute at 300 pounds pressure right down to the little Bean Simplicity, the most popular little rig known to the fruit-growing world. Sign and send the coupon for your copy of the catalog. Bean Simplicity, Outfit t>04. A handy, compact power rig for (he small grower. Capacity 4^ gallons a minute at high pressure. Can also be had without truck BEAN SPRAY PUMP CO. 118 West Julian Street SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA PU-Jsc send n:f a copy of the new Bean Catalog. Name .... Street Tozen _ _ Slate — Kind of Fruit No. Acres 50-S-32 Page Four BETTER FRUIT February 1 1922 • Good News for Farmers! The Du Pont Company announces a new farm dynamite — more per dollar Du PONT CHEMICAL ENGINEERS have developed a new dynamite, "Pacific Stumping"— and it will save you a lot of money. It will blow out Vz more stumps per dollar — blast Vz more boulders per dollar — plant V2. more trees per dollar. Standard stumping powders are packed 85 sticks to the case. For 50 cents more, you can buy a case containing 130 sticks of Pacific Stumping— each stick of which will do equal work with any other stumping powder. This means that Pacific Stumping costs you 21/2 cents (or 30%) less per stick. This new dynamite makes stump blasting in the Northwest a far less expensive operation — and will undoubtedly make pos- sible a great increase in land-clearing activities in this district. See your local hardware or general store merchant now re- garding your season's supply of Pacific Stumping Powder. Write us for booklet, 'The Development of Logged-Off Lands," which gives full instructions for its use. Aik. your County Agent how the Federal Farm Loan System wiii help you clear your land. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. Spokane Seattle Portland NON-HEADACHE STUMPING POWDER BETTER FRUIT Pioneer Horticultural Journal of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 Volume XVI Portland, Oregon, February, 1922 Number 8 What of the Use of Spreaders ? By A. L. LovETT Entomologist, Oregon Agricultural College Experiment SOME of the more scientific phases of spraying have seemed, at best, a bit bewildering and there are few if any phases of the horticultural game in which changes have been more rapid or the kaleidoscope of improved practices has presented a more constantly varying aspect from year to year. As a grower has remarked and, no doubt, many others have thought, "just as we master the details of one new spray practice and begin to accept it as gospel, here comes another new wrinkle and the whole matter has to be threshed over again." This avalanche of improved practices in spraying; improved combination sprays, im- proved technique in application, higher powered outfits, the spray guns, etc., is the most concrete and positive evidence of the importance of the subject and of the demand for more effectual and less ex- pensive practices in spraying operations. To glance through a catalogue of sprayer equip- ment of twelve years ago or to peruse a spray bulletin of that period will impress one of the inadequacy of machinery and methods then pertaining. How utterly futile it would be to attempt with such machinery the commercial orcharding of today with the pests it is now necessary to combat and the standard of excellence now demanded. Spraying is a costly operation; it is an exacting practice and all other things being equal, the grower who most nearly approaches the ideal in improved spray practices will achieve the highest degree of control at a minimum output of time and expense. Necessarily, with new spray practices developing so rapidly, some must be still in the experimental stage; or where of proven merit for one section must needs require some modification to adjust them to max- imum efficiency in another section. The development of spreaders to be added to the poison spray solution for its phyiscal improvement is one of the more recent improved practices. Yet, in spite of several years of fairly careful experimental evidence favorable to spreaders as a com- mercial orchard proposition, they are still yiiitriiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMitiiiiiiiriiitiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiitiiriiir: I Orchard exferts of the Pacific | I Northwest undoubtedly deserve credit | I for fioneering in the use of sfray | I sfreaders, and the ivriter of this | I article has been in the forefront in | I these i?!vestigations. It may be a ^ I long time, as Professor Lovett here \ i indicates, before the last tvord on | I sfreaders has been written. In the | I meantime painstaking investigations | I are each year leading the horticul- | I turists nearer the basic fundamentals | I as to values and best types of | i spreaders. The facts relating to the \ I Oregon tests and points wherein | I results differ in different sections | I are here set forth. | fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiitiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiMiiiiiii^ "on trial." Believing it a desirable thing to crystallize our present knowledge, prac- tices, reactions and trend regarding spreaders, we have attempted in this article to summarize as far as possible this infor- mation. Historical — The addition of materials to the poison spray solution to improve its physical properties is by no means new. Various materials including glue, molasses, soap, soap bark, gelatine, etc., have been used from time to time in more or less isolated cases for specific pests where the investigators appreciated the necessity for improving the "spread" of the poison solu- tion. Probably the first large scale investiga- tion of spreaders for poison sprays, with a rather general application to the economic control of orchard pests, were those under- taken at the Oregon Experiment Station. The problem is still under investigation and surely the last word on spreaders has not yet been written. It is not worth while to review the Investigation in detail. Among the really promising and practical substances tested as spreaders were: Calcium casenate, glue, gelatine, saponin, and oil emulsions. In considering their qualities as a^ spreader the following factors were necessarily taken Station into account: AvallabUlty, (was the source of supply adequate); compatabillty, (they must not react unfavorably with any ord- inary spray material or combination of spray materials); efficacy, (in reasonable amounts they must actually give satisfactory results) ; ease of preparation (complicated formula:, cooking, any operation requiring much close or additional work meets with little favor among our growers) ; the cost must be reasonable. With these factors as the standards of excellence the casein spreader appeared the most promising. Oil emulsions are not such a poor second except that they are less fool- proof. If we could be sure our growers would handle an oil emulsion properly in all cases, it could become a close competitor, but the element of danger is too serious a risk for the general recommendation of oil. CASEIN SPREADER— In the tests at the Experiment Station in the earlier field work ordinary commercial ground casein was employed. During the earlier commercial trials while growers "mixed their own," not all reports were favorable. The process in itself was subject to failure where any short cuts were attempted, then the casein available was varLible in size of particles and in character. Fisher of Washington, investigating the control of apple mildew, was also working with spreaders and recommended some modified formula; .and methods in prepar- ation that were adopted in some cases. All told, the 1920 season may be summarized as one where the general idea of the use of spreaders gained ground rapidly, the use of spreaders but little. With the opening of the season of 1921 some commercial companies had become interested and commercial casein spreaders appeared on the market. Of the powdered forms, which were by far in the majority, it may be said that In general they repre- sented a high grade casein, ground some- what finer than the ordinary commercial product and thoroughly mixed In definite proportions with hydrated lime. These Page Six BETTER FRUIT February, 1922 commercial materials combined all the essential factors desirable in the casein spreader and included to a most satisfactory degree the factor of ease in preparation, as it is possible to add the pondered spreader directly to the spray solution. While interested primarily in the results and reactions resulting from the use of spreaders with poison spray solution, it might be well before taking up this phase of the discussion to mention some other uses to which this product has been put in orchard spraying operations. Fisher, of Wenatchee, Washington, finds the casein spreader (modified formula) a desirable and effective addition to the lime sulphur spray for brown rot of prunes and cherries and for mildew control in apples. Jones, of California, finds the casein spreader a most satisfactory and desirable substitute for glue in their lime-sulphur, oil and glue and B. T. S., oil and glue formula in their citrus spraying in Tulare county. DeOng, of the California Experiment Station, favors strongly the addition of this spreader to lime-sulfur for red spider con- trol. It has been added and found to improve the sulfur sprays for red spiders, where the dry sulfur and casenate are mixed and then made into a paste and finally diluted with water. In whitewashes for trees it may be substitute for glue in their lime-sulfur, oil miscellaneous materials, giving an excellent covering and adherence to the whitewash. Spreaders in Arsenate Sprays — And now finally what is the status of spreaders in our general orchard spray program for codling moth control? There are a number of points to consider: First — Does the addition of a casein spreader increase the efficiency of the poison spray in worm control? Earlier investigations under rather care- fully conducted controls at the Oregon Station indicated a fairly marked increase in the percentage of control obtained where spreaders were added to the poison spray solution. During the past two seasons results have been more variable, and certainly less conclusively in favor of the spreaders. Reports from California are conflicting, some feeling that decidedly better results are obtained, others finding little evidence of improved control. DeOng, reporting on an arsenate foliage spray for red humped caterpillars, reports superior control where casein spreader was employed. In the Wenatchee section of Washington there is a general impression that spreaders improve the efficiency of the spray. In the Yakima section less spreaders have been used and there is a general sentiment to the effect that spreaders do not improve the killing efficiency. In the Twin Falls section of Idaho spreaders were quite generally employed and their use has received a most hearty indorse- ment from the growers. It would seem that they are enthusiastically united in the opinion that spreaders materially increased the killing efficiency. Where spreaders have been used in Oregon there is a general feeling that the control has been improved. However, recent investigational plats do not bear this out in any striking detail. CUMMARIZED, we may say that while ^-^ there is much evidence to indicate that the addition of a spreader to the poison spray solution increases its killing efficiency, it is decidedly doubtful as to what extent this is true. It is our opinion that the value of a spreader in this regard will be, to a considerable extent, in proportion to the efficiency of the spray outfit; the excellence of the spray technique and the judgment in proper timing of the spray operation. Where any or all of these are faulty the value of the spreader increases. There is certainly no vidence to substan- tiate the report from the east that the ad- dition of the casenate spreader decreases the efficiency of the spray. Second — Does the spreader improve the spread of the spray? All reports are agreed that, with the ad- dition of a spreader, one obtains smoother, less tonspicuous and a more even distribu- tion of the spray. This accomplishes two outstanding results of merit. The even inconspicuous covering renders the fruit less likely to unfavorable suspicion regarding spray covering and makes wiping unnecessary in many instances. By avoiding the heavy blotchy covering of spray the red varieties color up more evenly, improving the ap- pearance and grade of the mature fruit materially. This factor of a smooth inconspicuous covering, thus avoiding the blotchy deposit and resultant uneven coloring is really im- portant and to many growers serves as a good and sufficient reason for the enthusi- astic adoption of spreaders in their late summer applications. Third — Does the addition of a spreader increase the covering power of the spray solution so more trees may be covered per tank of spray? Some growers have checked on this point fairly carefully and are convinced that there is a material increase in the number of trees one may cover with a tank of spray where spreader is added. Many have not checked on this and a note of warning on the point is worthy of thoughtful consideration. It would be a most unfortunate situation if the grower, imbued with this idea of quicker covering with less material, actually failed to use sufficient time or solution on the tree to obtain the thorough spray cover- ing required. So, while it is conceivable that bv increased wetting due to the spreader we could get quicker covering, this should not become a factor of first importance when deciding for or against the spreader Fourth — Are spreaders advisable with all arsenical applications? The consensus of opinion seems to be that spreaders should be used with all the lead arsenate applications from calyx or pink to the last cover spray. Considered strictly from a comparative point of view and valued on the beneficial results one might logically expect from its use, it would ap- pear that the spreader in the solution could be dispensed with in the earlier applications if desired, but is of especial merit in the late cover spray. Fifth — Should casein spreaders be used with other materials and at other seasons in spray applications? No careful experiments have been made at the Oregon Station with spreaders except with the poison sprays. {Continued on fage 26) Application of ipray being made in orchard of Stewart Broi., near Victoria, B C. with modern spray gun. February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT P''^' ^^^^« Control of Anthracnose, or Black Spot Canker Bij E. W. White District Horticulturist, Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C. -tH»MI»HI»HI»lll«lll»IM»HI»lll»lll«lll«HI»tll»m»HI»IH«lll«lll»H>»Hf mailf lll«llflll»tlflll«lll»IH»IM> Page Twelve BETTER FRUIT February, 1 922 New Grading: Rules GROWKRS and shippers of the North- west will be interested in learning of the changes in grading rules on apples which are to be put into effect in Wash- ington as result of action taken at the state grade and pack conference, held at Spo- kane in December. At the time the con- ference adopted the new rules Charles L. Robinson, state supervisor of horticulture, announced that they will be accepted by his department. The revised standards are as follows: "Extra fancy, or first grade, apples are defined a? mature, clean, smooth, hand- picked, well-formed apples only, free from all insect pests, diseases, bruises and holes, spray burns, limb rub, visible water core, skin punctures or skin broken at the stem, and shall be free from russeting except that russeting within the basin of the stem shall be permitted. "Fancy, or second grade apples, are de- fined as apples complying with the stand- ard of extra fancy grade except that leaf rubs, slight scratches and russeting be per- mitted up to 10 per cent of the surface d the apple; provided that slight limb ruli not to exceed one-half inch in diameter oi scab spots not larger than one-quarter inch in diameter in the aggregate shall be per- mitted; provided further, that two healed- over worm stings on apples carrying color requirements characteristic of the varien shall be permitted in this grade. "C grade, or third grade apples, are de- fined as all those free from infection, soft bruises and broken skin; provided that this grade may include healed-over stings and scab spots not to exceed one-half inch in diameter in the aggregate. "Extra fancy color requirements shall remain the same as the 1921 except that there shall be no color requirements on green and yellow varieties; that Macintosh Red and Kraign Spitz be changed from solid red to striped red varieties, and the Winter Bananas from the green and yel- low varieties to the red-checked or blushed variety; that color requirements for fancy grade remain the same as in 1 92 1 except that there be no color requirements on red-checked or blushed varieties and on green and yellow varieties; that the C grade shall have no color requirements and that tolerance be increased from 5 per cent to 10 per cent. "Scald, decay and other defects develop- ing in fruit after packing shall be defined as applying to condition rather than grade; provided, that satisfactory evidence be pre- sented to show that such defects were not evident at the time of packing." The standard depth of the tin top pack for prunes was placed at 4J4 inches and the standard depth for suitcase pack placed at 3/4 inches. Now is the time to order your Kimball Cultivator for SPRING WORK The Greatest Weed Eradicator Ever Made W. A. JOHNSTON, Manufacturer, The Dalles, Oregon WRAPPERS PROXE CTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit- Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BACTEIRIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. United State* Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Straet, San Francisco, California February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Thirteen Friend Sprayers Five Sizes High Pressure Cause less trouble Cost less to operate Give real satisfaction Distributed in the Northwest by Hood River Spray Co, Hood River, Oregon Cables POUPART, LONDON Codes ABC (5th Edition) Marconi International Bankers Merchants Bank Canada Bank of Nova Scotia, Etc. of T. J. POUPART (John Poupart, William Ravenhill) Covcnt Garden, London, W. C. 2 REGISTERED SpEciAi. Notice We have now opened a branch at Liverpool which will be conducted on the same lines as London. Grow- ers can communi- cate direct with the managei, T. J. POUPART 54 Stanley St. Liverpool TRADE MARK The Largest Firm of Fruit Salesmen in Great Britain (ESTABLISHED OVER A QUARTER OF A CENTURY) SALES BY PRIVATE TREATY ONLY (Gives best results) COMMISSION THE EXCLUSIVE BASIS (Purchase propositions cannot be considered) ADVANCES OFFERED TO COVER FREIGHT CHARGES Special Facilitie* for Handling Consignments from Co-operative and Other Organizations We are pleased to announce that we have opened Paci- fic Coast offices, Mr. Sam Birch in charge at 807 Wil- cox Bldg., Port- land Oregon. Phone, Broadway 5462. Mr. Birch will be pleased to give full informa- tion regarding the Poupart service. Members of Page Fourteen BETTER FRUIT February, 1 922 Cherry Growing in Yakima Valley By Luke Consulting Hort'uultiiris THE GROWING of cherries in the Yakima Valley is no longer an experiment, but one of the most profitable branches of the fruit industry. But in all lines of fruit growing one has to observe the essentials in orde_r to be suc- cessful. And like the Ten Commandments, each must be kept, as neglecting of one will bring to naught all the time, labor and money spent on the others. Essentials — (a) Proper rootstock (b) soil and moisture; (c) pruning; (d) varie- ties; (e) cross pollination; (f) protection. RooTSTocK — We have two rootstocks on which cherries are budded and grown. The Mazzard for the sweet cherry and the Mahaleb for the sour cherry. The former is a very rapid grower and so is the sweet cherry; while the latter is a slow grower as, likewise, is the sour chery. Thus, in each case they are naturally adapted to each other. If the sweet cherry is grown on the Mahaleb, or sour cherry root, and permitted to make a vigorous growth, this will continue for three or four years and then suddenly the tree will die, usually in June or July. The top or tree has simply grown too fast for the root. The latter, not being able to supply the amount of nourishment required by the tree, they Powell /, Yakima, [^'ashington both die and three or four years' work is lost. Sweet cherries are subject to the disease gumosis and, while not very prevalent in this valley, it is wise to take all precautions .igainst it. It is a known fact that the Maz- zard seedling is immune to this disease. Thus, in order to protect ourselves, we have found it a wise precaution to grow a Maz- zard tree until it is large enough to form a frame work and then bud on it the sweet cherry varieties wanted. This work is usually done in July or August, follow- ing the spring the seedlings were planted. Usually the nurseries that sell the seedlings attend to this budding for the grower, bud- ding the varieties wanted at the proper time. Soil and Moisture — Cherries do well in most any good soil, but show a prefer- ence for the lighter soils. They need plenty of moisture up until some two or three weeks before the crop is picked. From then on until the fruit is harvested they need an abundance of moisture in order to produce a large, plump, juicy cherry. From then on, contrary to the belief of many, they should receive suffi- cient moisture to keep them growing nicely, in order that they may set an abundance of fruit buds for next season's crop. Pruning — The young trees should be thinned out during the dormant season to the main scaffold limbs desired, then these should be headed slightly if the growth is more than 1 5 inches. This heading is done in order to get the stooling or whorl of limbs about 12 to 15 inches apart. Sometimes this can be done during the growing season by pinching off the tips when the branch has made from 12 to 15 Inches of growth. However, summer prun- ing is a dangerous practice. The leaves are the lungs and also the digestive organs of the tree and their functitjning should be interfered with very little during the grow- ing season. As soon as the tree gets into bearing it needs little or no pruning, except to keep out the cross limbs and give sufficient thin- ning to let the sunlight into the tree. Sun- shine is a big factor in changing leaf buds into fruit buds. Sweet Varieties — For shipping and a strictly commercial cherry, the Bing is in a class for itslef. In the earlier districts the Black Tartarian being the first sweet cherry on the market brings a very good price. In the later districts the Black Republican, being the last cherry on the market, brings a fair price. But each should be considered more as a pollenizer than as a commercial product. For canning, the Royal Anne is the POTASH PAYS YIELD, size, flavor, and shipping quality of fruits are dependent on the kind and amount of plant food available to the crop. With the right kind of fertilization riper fruits can be harvested and shipped, and still reach the consumer in satisfactory condition. The improved flavor, odor, and appear- ance of such fruits help sales in whole- sale and retail markets. The fertilizer for fruit should be well balanced, and contain from 7 to 10 per cent, of Potash. SOIL & CROP SERVICE, POTASH SYNDICATE H. A. HUSTON, Manager 42 Broadway New York February, 1922 queen of all cherries and is eagerly sought after by the canneries. The Governor Wood and Long Stem Waterhouse are canned to a limited degree, as are also the Black Tartarian and Black Republican. However, the real value of these four varie- ties is in pollination. Sour Varieties — The Montmorency Large and English Morello are each good canning cherries. The former is especially sought after by the ranneries. The sour cherries are late bloomers and are scarcely ever injured by late spring frosts. The May Duke is a very early semi- sweet cherry and is planted mostly for home use. Pollination — The two leading varieties of sweet cherries, Bings and Royal Anne, are sterile and require pollen from some other variety in order to make them set their fruit. For the Bing it is best to use both the Black Tartarian and Black Republican as pollenizers. The Black Tartarian begins to bloom from two or three days ahead of the Bing and is through by the time the Bing is half through. Just here the Black Republican starts in and finishes after the Bing. By this combination the Bing has pollen coming from one or other of these varieties all the time it is in bloom, thus insuring a crop. For the Royal Anne the Governor Wood or Long Stem Waterhouse makes a splendid pollenizer. While the canneries take these two varieties at a considerable less price, the trees bear so prolifically that, as a. rule, they pay very well. Artificial Pollination — The essential thing in getting a pollenizer to be effective is to get it to bloom at the same time as the one needing the pollen, and then bringing them close enough together for the insects to distribute the pollen. E. Bowles, the famous cherry grower of Prosser, Washington, whose crop in 1919 from seven acres was nearly fifty tons of cherries, made some of his Black Republi- can trees bloom a few days earlier in order that they would pollenize the Bings. This was done by putting up a large sheet of canvas on the north side of the trees which reflected the heat back into the tree. This brought the blossoms out from 2 to 3 days earlier and the crop he got proves his efforts were not in vain. One large tree in the orchard had never borne any crop worth while, .as it was too far remote from a pollenizer. Mr. Bowles determined to make it bear, and tried hanging out from one to two dozen fruit jars filled with water and bunches of blossoms from the pollenizer tree in this tree. The insects then did their part by liberally carrying pollen from these blos- soms to the ones on the tree. The results were phenomenal. The tree produced really a heavier crop than it should. Thus, if we only lend nature a helping hand, she will repav us many fold. BETTER FRUIT Page Fifteen The Bings, Royal Annes and Lamberts most any other sweet cherry and many are not only sterile, but intersterile as to each seedlings that bloom at the same time they other, however, they are pollenized by do. {Continued on fage 18) "Top Dressing Talks" ^^&&i ^7:^3^^^^^"^'''' ■ Ammonia Makes Fruit Buds ARCADIAN SULPHATE OF AMMONIA applied about a week before blossom time (100 to I 50 pounds per acre) will invigorate the fruit buds and Increase the amount of fruit set. The failure of fruit to set and the early falling of fruil. often is due entirely to nitrogen starvation. In some sections an early application of quickly-available nitrogen has increased the yields of fruit from four to ten times. ARCADIAN Sulphaie of Ammonia ARCADIAN SULPHATE OF .\MMONIA is guaranteed to contain 2S'A% of ammonia — (at least 1-3 more nitrogen than in any other top-dressing fertilizer). ARCADIAN is the only top-dressing ammoniate that is fine and dry, all soluble, quick acting and non-leaching- It is low in price per unit of actual plant food. (Trder now from your fertilizer dealer and write for our free booklets. "Fertilizing the Apple Drchard." and "Fertilization of Peaches." New York City Baltimore, Md. The (^^^m Company .AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT .\tlanta, Ga. Berkeley, Calif. Medina, Ohio ALGEMEENE VRUCHTEN IMPORT MAATSCHAPPY (General Fruit Import Company) Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Cologne head-office Ajnsterdam, Tel. adr. "Alvrima" Capital Florins 3,000,000— We solicit kindly consignments of apples. References:- Irving National Bank, New York Guaranty Trust Company, New York. Pa^e Sixteen BETTER FRUIT February y 1 922 BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON JERROLD OWEN Managing Editor ERNEST C. POTTS Editor C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES PAUL W. & GUY F. MINNICK 303 Fifth Ave., New York JNO. D. ROSS 608 Otis Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS Hobart Bldg., San Francisco STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON — C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento mologist; E. B. House. Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA— F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon MONTANA— H. Thornber, Victor. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist, Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist. Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. INDIANA — H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price; In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance; three years, $2; five years, $3. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American Exchange Advertising Rates on Application. \'OLUME XVI. NO. 8 In the New Era The old policy of selling only developed orchard tracts to new settlers has been a grave mistake. This was the statement made re- cently to Hood River men by C. R. Bone, pioneer developer of orchards. The thing that should be done and must be done to en- courage newcomers, he said, is to sell them a tract of undeveloped land along with each planted or- chard tract. To our way of thinking, this sug- gestion is a highly practical, sen- sible and timely one. It is in accord with the keynote of our Home- seekers' number of last month. In that was stressed the fact that the new settler will do the best and be most satisfied only through pur- chase of reasonably priced good land and the transformation of this, by his own resources and labor, into an intensively developed acreage. The suggestion of Mr. Bone puts the idea in concrete form. Beneath it is sound psychology. The plan provides for creative work on the part of the settler. In this are em- bodied the greatest joys and satis- factions that come to the keen, normal man. If you do not grasp this fundamental truth read again the experience articles published last month. Every one of them pointed out the joy and the pleasure derived from development work in the fruit game. It was shown, of course, that greatest financial reward also comes from development of a tract of land into a valuable and productive ranch. But do not overlook the fact that something more than mone- tary reward is necessary to make the red-blooded worker happy. "That something" is constructive, creative activity. The new arrival who promptly becomes engrossed in the job of developing a fruit farm isn't the least bit likely to be writing "back home" that he is dissatisfied in his new location. In contrast would be the man who buys a developed tract, at top price, and is immediately con- fronted with the new and untried job of making it pay. If things go a little wrong it is this man who, in a few months, degenerates into one of those obnoxious pests known as the knocker. At present this pest is pretty well eliminated in the Pa- cific Northwest — why be so foolish as to grow another crop.? The best way to give honest value to the new settler and set him on the road to becoming a con- tented, prosperous booster is to see that he gets some land to develop. The County Agent It is a fine commentary on the value of the county agent's work that the wave of deep retrenchment sweeping most every county gov- ernment of the Northwest leaves him untouched. If any county agent in northwestern states has been dropped from service as a re- trenchment move the incident has not come to our attention. The nearest to anything of the kind was the case of an agent who resigned when confronted with a decrease in his budget allowance. Had the country gone through a period of readjustment four or five years ago it is a safe conjecture that many a county agent would have been dropped from his job as a bit superfluous. But the agricultural agent has had time to demonstrate his worth. Each succeeding year has found him widening the sphere of his in- fluence and service. He has come to be accepted, even by the tight- fisted type of farmer, as practically indispensable. If you will read a monthly or yearly report of a faithful county agriculturist you will admit he has abundantly justified the salary paid him. The scope and variety of his activities are astonishing. He cannot be an expert in all lines, yet rarely is an appeal for aid or advice sent him in vain. If his own fund of knowledge and ex- perience falls short he knows where to obtain the needed information. He makes it a point to obtain it. In the course of a year he plugs a thousand little leaks and gives a thousand constructive suggestions. He has made good. He has won well-earned approbation. He has been scrutinized by the purse- pinching county commissioners and they have stamped him "O. K." The Other Fellcw There are numerous things that should make for optimism among Western fruit growers. The big trouble with the pessimist is that he refuses to think of the fact that he has obtained a very satisfactory crop that has brought in remunera- tive returns, or the fact that rail- road rates have been reduced again. There is a simple rule for the man who prefers not to be a pess- imist. He need only turn his thoughts to the plight of some of the other fellows. For example, would he care to change places with the sheepman who has seen the value of his flock dwindle until he faced bankruptcy, with almost no market for his wool.? Or, just how would he be feeling now were he a corn grower in the Middle West, with his year's crop worth more as fuel than as a foodstuff.? February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Seventeen Winning Letters First prize award of $10 for the best and most effective experience letter sub- mitted for use in the January Homeseekers' Number, was given to Mrs. Flora A. Mor- gensen of Mosier, Oregon, for her article on, "Homesteaders in the Fruit Game." Second prize of $5 was awarded W. S. Thornber of Clarkston, Washington, for his story detailing success with raspberries. Third prize of a three-year subscription went to T. D. Hussey, Clark's Fork, Idaho. Notice! Because of accompanying tables it was impossible to find space for the article on use of miscible oil sprays this month. It was thus crowded out after the index had been printed and will appear next month. ALBATROSS BRANDS Prevent the "blotch" or "burn" of the spray on fruit Observe this study in contrasts. The apple at the left was sprayed with Arsenate of Lead— a wonder- fully good spray. But the user neglected to mix "Spray Spread" with it. Below is a similar apple — sprayed with thesame kind of spray— but Albatross Spray Spread was mixed with the spray. Note the difierence— the "lead" dried on the FIRST apple in I spots or blotches. The second apple received an equal amount of protective spray — but it spread over the apple in a thin film. Appearance and mar- keting appeal of the apple is thus retained. The pictures tell why Government experts are so enthused over ■'Spray Spread" — why experienced hor- ticulturists say it has NO equal for spread- ing an "arsenate of lead" spray. Note the "blotch "or' burti' ' the lead on this apple %K 5J ALBATROSS SPRAY SPREAD (Calcium Casemate Compound) The Original and Genuine Spray Spreader Quality Features; 1. Very finely Eround — always uniform. 2. Quickly Soluble. 3. No lost time. 4. Protects fruit with uniform coating. 5- Does not inj ur e foliage. 6. Recommended by experts. 7. Guaranteed by manufacturers. Directions sent with ,, , ^ ., each order ^^^^ ^"^ umforyn, adhertng film on this apple PACKAGES AND PRICES . 200 lb. IJbl. Boxes 1 lb. Pkgs. 20clb. 23c lb. 25clb. Freight prepaid to Northwest points. NOTE : If you use Casein, specify ALBATROSS Sup- erfioe. Also call for Albatross Dry Bordeaux. I General Basic Products Co.. Sole Manufac- turers, 4796 E. Marginal Way. Seattle. U. S. A. Dealers: .Adiiie.s.s us for attrac- tive sales proposition. Floors Refinish Yours Yourself with paint or varnish— We tell how IT'S a simple matter, if you cannot get a painter to re- finish your farm house floors yourself. Fuller's Floor Paints are the finest finishes and last the long- est. They dry over night so you can walk on them in the morning. They are made for the ama- teur's use as well as the painter's — they flow evenly, spread well, and do not streak. The result is a smooth and lus- trous finish. Women can apply these floor paints as well as men. Fuller makes a special paint for every purpose and our Rub- ber Cement Floor Paint is espe- cially adaptable for farm house floors. Two popular varnishes — "Fullerwear," the Spar Varnish for every purpose, will not mar scratch white or turn white when hot dishes and hot water come in contact with it. Use "Fullerwear" for any varnish- able surface. "Fifteen-for-Floors" Varnish, a high gloss varnish, extremely transparent, which will give your floors that desired, well- kept appearance. We also make a special line of paints, var- nishes, enamels, etc., for all kinds of interior decorating. We specialize in these ma- terials and methods after 72 years' experience with paints and painting practice. We are one of the largest paint manufacturers in the United States. Fuller's • SPECIFtCATION Farm Paints House Point -Barn £■ Roof Point Woqon Point-Rubber Cement Floor Point M'fd. by W. P. Fuller & Co., San Francisco Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Stains and PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years Branches in 16 Cities in the V/est-Dealers Everywhere-Established 1849 Send Coupon For ■■■^™^^"^™" Interesting Book ^ p j,^,,^^ ^ j,^ FREE Dept. F. 21, San Francisco. ,i,c"suri:ce-^-a te "boo" /.'"se Send me, without charge, a copy .hat tells o( the importance of "Save the Surface and your booklet of Bood paint. of farm paints and varnishes. We'll send also our book- let describing Fuller's Spec- Name ification Farm Paints, Var- nishes, etc. Send coupon Qtrpt^t now. Find out what good oireei paint means to you. ^.^ g^^j^ , A. 69 Farm Paper February Final O.K. for Publication Page Eighteen BETTER FRUIT February, 1 922 Cherry Growing: in Yakima Valley (Coiit'mued from fage 15) THE spring weather during the bloom- ing season has a great deal to do with the setting of the crop. Warm sunny days during the blooming season will facilitate the work. The pollen will be carried further and be much better distributed than if the weather is cold and rainy. The health and vigor of the tree is quite a factor, as the more food it has stored up, the easier it will be for it to set a crop. Another factor worth considering is that while the birds are of much economic value to the fruit grower they do eat a few cherries. However, it is a known fact that the birds much prefer the smaller, softer cherries and seedlings to the large solid ones. So, if there should be no market for the pollenizer, they make a delicious bird food and not only serve the purpose of assisting the large sweet cherries to bear, but also lure the birds away from them. Distance for Pollenizers — In plant- ing Bings I would set three rows of Bings then a row of Black Tartarians and Black Republicans in the same row, alternating them. Then six rows of Bings and then another row of the pollenizers and so on across the field. Bear in mind that the pollen is usually carried from three to four trees in all dir -tions. Do not figure on the wind carrying the pollen as it only carries about 1 per cent, the insects carry- ing the other 99 per cent. In planting Royal Anne use the same method. However, it is not necessary to alternate the pollenizers in the row. Use either the Governor Wood or Long Stem Waterhouse. PoLLENiziNG Old Trees — This can be done in two ways. (a) Plant young pollenizers as near to the old trees as possible, but not so close that the old trees will smother them. Give them plenty of care and make them grow as rapidly as you can. Prune very lightly by thinning out where they are thick, and thus they will bloom very early. Severe pruning retards the blooming and fruiting of trees, (b). Go up in the top of the old trees during the dormant season and head back suffi- ciently to make the trees throw up young vigorous growth the following growing season. Then bud into this new wood in August the pollenizers wanted. This will put your pollenizers in the top of your trees where the fruit is too high to pick, but they will function to make the tree bear and also protect your real cherries from the birds. Frost Protection — The rancher who is planning to set out a cherry orchard should study his location as to air drainage and be sure that his orchard is free from late spring frosts. Sweet cherries bloom very early and should either be above the frost line or protected by artificial means. Ranchers who already have their trees grown where they arc subject to frosts should protect them. It can be done, for I have tried it and succeeded. Mr. Bowles, referred to in this article, used both oil and wood the year he got about 5 0 tons of cherries, smudging some four or five times. The frost was so severe that trees outside of the line of fire had practically no cherries on them. However, the details of smudging, or heating the orchard, con- stitute an article of themselves and I may offer that at some future time. WRITE For our Book "DEHYDRATION of FOOD PRODUCTS' —It's Free. Thereis a best way to dry APPLES, PRUNES, etc. We Build Best Plants for RIGHT NOW! Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables at Low Cost ' ENG\NEERS-nAHUFACTURERS SA.N rHPiNC\SCO Address 312 Liberty Bank Building, San Francisco %.M m/so A SPRtAPgR t'cr ORCHARD SPRAYST KAYSO our combined casein spreader 6f adhesive in your spray means — Perfect Spread — A thin film of spray solution, spread evenly over every part of tree, foliage and fruit, giving complete protection against insect pests and fungus diseases. Low Cos ^— Costs less than other spreaders and spreads the spray over more trees. Adhesion — Your spray will stick, rain or shine. Convenience — KAYSO requires no cooking. Add it directly to the spray tank in dry form. Safety— No spray injury can result from the use of KAYSO. Efficiency 100% - KAYSO is manufactured from the highest grade Casein, finely pulverized and com- pletely soluble. Use KAYSO with Arsenate of Lead, Bordeaux Mixture, Lime-Sulphur and all other spray solutions. KAYSO is for sale by all leading Pacific Coast dealers. Your local dealer should be able to supply you. If not write us direft. California Central Creameries 425 BATTERY ST. SAN FRANCISCO 277 BROADWAY NEW YORK 740 TERMINAL ST. LOS ANGELES February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Nineteen Treatment of Injured Trees {Continued -from page 10) of the tree trunk, then lifting up the bark from the wood at that point. Then the scion can be easily inserted for the length of the wedge. THE scion stick is then measured to fit the distance of the wound to be covered, and sharpened at the upper end into a wedge. This wedge is then inserted under the bark in a similar manner to the insertion at the lower end. It is an excel- lent plan to have the scion a little longer than is necessary, so it will fit firmly in its place. Finishing brads or small staples should be used to tack the wedge portion of the scion to the wood of the tree. Enough scions should be placed in this way to cover the wound, taking care not to insert them closer than two or three inches from each other for fear of loosening the bark around the tree. When the grafts have been all set, wax- ing is the next operation. Liquid grafting wax is usually used, and this can be made according to the following formula: resin, 5 pounds, beeswax 1 pound, linseed oil 1 gill, finely powdered charcoal J4 pound. The ingredients of this mixture should be melted up together and stirred until well mixed. Then it should be poured into vessels well greased. The wax may be laid aside when cold and melted up for use in the field when needed. Pruning — When much of the bark has been destroyed by the freeze it will be necessary, as a rule, to prune the top of the tree rather severely by cutting back and thinning out branches. This will enable the young grafts to carry up sufficient moisture for the top of the tree. Wound Coverings — In times past it has been a common practice to cover any wounded surface on the tree with some impervious material, such as lead paint, asphaltum, grafting wax, etc. It has been found by repeated experience that these coverings are open to one very serious objection. They all hold moisture under- neath the covering, next to the wood. At the same time they are not sufficiently tight to prevent heart rot organisms from gaining entrance under the covering. Organisms of this sort thrive best in a moist environment, and therefore do better under these wound coverings than they would if the wounds were left exposed to the weather and allowed to keep com- paratively dry. In recent years many experiments have been tried with other materials with the idea of finding something that would be porous enough to allow moisture, to evap- orate through the covering. The most satisfactory material of this sort is a Bordeaux paste, made by combination of copper sulfate with lime. This can be made up at home, as follows: *"Bluestone Solution — Dissolve 1/4 pounds of bluestone (copper sulfate or blue vitriol) in one gallon of water in a wooden, earthenware or glass vessel. This is best done by suspending the chemical in a bag of loosely woven cloth, or burlap, at the Will they he dead when you get hack ? THEY WILL if you spray with Hall's Nicotine Sulphate. Plant-lice, thrips and similar soft-bodied sucking insects can be wiped out by a systematic spraying with this powerful insecticide. Authorities agree that Nicotine is the most effective contact poison known. Hall's Nicotine Sulphate is guaranteed to contain 40% pure nicotine. Being a vegetable extract it will not injure fruit or foliage. And— made up as a spray its cost is only two cents a gallon. Ten-pound tins — $15.00. Two-pound tins —$3.75. Half-pound tins— $1.25. Buy from your dealer. If he cannot sup- ply you, order direct from us. Hall's Tobacco Dust Very effective where dusting is preferable to spraying. Finely ground and guaranteed to contain a full 1 % nicotine. 100-pound sack, $4.50 2-pound drum's.. .25 NICOTINE INSECTICIDES; Hai-l Tobacco Chemical Co. 3949 Park Ave., Si. Louis, Mo. Gardeners, Orchardists, Poultrymen A WESTERN CATALOG FOR WESTERN BUYERS, a reliable, truthful guide, well worth reading. Twenty years' practical experience here enables us to give you the "Best for the West," "Highest Quality" stocks, efficient service. Write Today. It contains 160 pages of valuable and up-to-date matter of vital interests to the Western Planters of Seeds, Plants, Roses, Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shruhs, etc., and buyers of Ferti- Ikers, Sprays and Spray Pumps, Garden and Farm Tools, Incuhators, Brooders, Poultry Supplies and Feeds, Bird!, Pet Stock, etc. 145 147 20^ St- PoR-rfc^vwo Our. Page Twenty top of the water, or by pounding the lumps into small bits and dissolving by the use of hot water. This solution attacks metals (except copper) very actively. "Lime Paste — Slake three pounds of quicklime with one gallon of water, in the ordinary manner. "Mix in Equal Parts — When the lime is cool enough, equal parts of the bluestone solution and the lime paste should be mixed together thoroughly. Mix only enough at one time for a day's use. Apply like whitewash with a brush. The stock blue- stone solution and stock supply of slacked lime can be kept indefinitely if not mixed together, provided w-ater is added from time to time, to keep the solution up to the original volume. "If Bordeaux paste is used alone its ap- plication should be repeated every fall." POWDERED Bordeaux, which is now made by several manufacturing com- panies, can be used more conveniently. In this form all that is necessary before mak- ing application is to add sufficient water to the powder used to form a reasonably thick paste. This is then applied with a brush to the exposed surface. Before making application of the Bor- deaux paste, it will be necessary to remove all dead bark around the edges of the wound, cutting back to live, healthy tissue. All badly damaged branches should be sawed off where they join the trunk and their stumps covered with the paste. The great objection to the use of Bordeaux paste lies in the fact that it flakes off, during the rainy winter especially, and must be renewed every year. To prevent flaking and to make a. paste which is more perma- nent in its nature, different ingredients are being tried with the Bordeaux to im- prove its sticking qualities. Calcium case- inate, at the rate of one-half teaspoon ful to the gallon of Bordeaux paste, is one of these materials used to increase adhesiveness. This treatment is still in the experimental stage and must be watched carefully by anyone applying it. Another combination that gives promise is a paint made by using raw linseed oil and powdered Bordeaux. The Bordeaux is slowly sifted into the oil and stirred so as to keep the powder from lumping. When the consistency of heavy paint is reached it is ready for use. This must be applied when the wood is perfectly dry if the treatment is to be successful. Only one coat should be applied in any one season. It will be best for the grower to put on some of the linseed oil Bordeaux to a few trees, in comparison with a Bordeaux paste which he might use on the balance of his orchard. In a year or two, it will prob- ably be possible to tell which is the better mixture to use. The main thing to look *See Page 136, Third Crop Pest and Horti- cutural Report, 1915-20, Oregon Agricutural Col- lege Experiment Station. BETTER FRUIT after in applying the linseed-Bordeaux paint is to see whether heart rot develops under the paint. By keeping these wounds covered in the manner described it ought to be possible to preserve many trees and save many an February, 1922 orchard that would go to wreck in a short time if it were neglected. "XTAKIMA fruit growers '.ire buying more treei for planting than in some years past and many of them are for new plantings. H*H!I!M!I Greater Capacity and Pressure With a Lighter Engine To meet the demand for lighter weight, greater capacity and the higher pressure that is absolutely necessary to produce the desirable "fog spray," several of the leading manufacturers of sprayers have standardized on light weight high grade Cushman Engines for their power. A Cushman Engine for Every Size of Sprayer The lj4 H. P. Cushman handles the smaller sprayers of 3 to 45^ gallons at 200 to 300 lb. pressure. The 4 H. P. Cushman (weight 190 lbs.) is the proper size for the larger triplex orchard sprayers with a capacity of 8 to 10 gallons at 250 to 300 lb. pressure or more. The 8 H. P. Double Cylinder Cushman, weighing only 320 lbs., is the ideal engine for the largest orchard and standard shade tree sprayers. LIGHT WEIGHT4 H.P. Weighs only 190 lbs. li^ H.P. CUSHMAN Simplest, most Compact and with less number of parts. Rebuild Your Sprayer with the famous Cushman Engine and get more power qnd pressure with less weight. Longer Life and More Reliable Cushman Engines are light in weight, compactly built and deliver much more power per pound. They are steady in operation and require less attention. They are regularly equipped with auto type Carburetor, sensitive fly ball type Governor, Friction Clutch Pulley for both chain or belt drive, jump spark Ignition, and are forced water-cooled, insuring full power for continuous service under all working conditions. They have been successfully used for the difficult "at- tachable power drive" jobs for IS years and are well and favorably known by manufacturers, dealers and repair station mechanics. Write us the sprayer you use or expect to buy and we shall tell you what equipment and power is best adapted for your s]trayer. CUSHMAN MOTOR WORKS 978 N. 2Ist Street, Lincoln. Nebraska. 419 East Ash Street PORTLAND, OREGON GRASSELLI Now is the time to order your Arsenate of Lead Our 83 Years of Experience and Repu- tation Is Your Protection PROOF is something real — something you can bank on. 83 years of It is a solid, substantial guarantee of quality and results! Therefore, play safe — do away with uncertainty — rely upon the 83 years' experience and reputation of GRASSELLL This name on Spray Products means highest quality and unvarying uni- formity, and costs you no more than some unknown name. Calcium Arsenate, Lime Sulphur Solution, Bordeaux Mixture. The Grasselli Chemical Co. Established 1839 CLEVELAND February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-one Control of Anthracnose {Continued jrom fage 7) locally. The crop averaged one-half a box per tree. It was found that when packing was commenced practically no sign of the Bordeaux mixture could be found, except very occasionally in the calyx or stem end ot the apple, and it was unnecessary to wipe the fruit. However, the surface of the apples was left in a very sticky condition and it was almost impossible to wipe the fruit unless it was first washed. No complaint was received with reference to the apples after they were sold. Counts of Infection, 1917 — On May 25, J. W. Easth.im, plant pathologist, made the counts for infection on the plots with the following results: Plot 1 — early spray, 270 one and two- year-old branches examined from 5 trees, and 31 were found to be infected, or 1I.+ per cent. Plot 2 — early and late spray, 375 on? and two-year-old branches examined from 5 trees, and 27 were infected, or 7.2 per cent. Plot 3 — late spray only, 326 one and two-year-old branches examined from 5 trees, and 251 were infected, or 76.99 per cent. Plot 4 check-plot, showed practically 100 per cent infection. It will be seen spraying the first results. by this that even the year showed marked The late spray did some good, but nothing in comparison with the early or the early and late spray. {To be Continued) Especially perfected tor spreading LIME SULPHUR Sprays. "EMULSO" carries the lime sulphur into every crack and crevice, completely destroying all scale and leaving none to carry over to blotch the fruit. "EMULSO" will enable you to cover approximately one-third more trees with the same amount of spray. How much spray will this save you? How much labor expense? "EMULSO" protects the face and hands from the burning effect of lime sulphur, an item that interests every man behind the spray gun. Field results will show the advantages of "EMULSO" with LIME SULPHUR sprays over any other type of spreader. We have made "EMULSO" worth your while. Write us today. MILLER PRODUCTS COMPANY PORTLAND, OREGON ^;!IJJJ:IJJil.imj:)JJ.H:i For Lime Sulphur Sprays For Arsenate of Lead Sprays EQUIP YOUR ORCHARD WITH A HARDIE TRIPLEX The Hardie Triplex is made in three sizes each giving you high pressure, effective spraying, but differing in the amount of liquid pumped per minute. ... ,i.i ijj- j Be your acreage large or small you can, in the Hardie, obtain in a suitable size the high standard, design and con- struction which means spraying success. Here are three machines of proven worth, practical, reliable and efficient. The Hardie Light Triplex, capacity 6 Gallons per minute The Hardie Big Triplex, capacity 9-'0 ^a °ns per minute The Hardie Mogul Triplex, capacity 14-15 Gallons per minute Built right and priced right, they will do their share in making your orchard profitable. Our Free Catalog will interest every earnest Fruit Grower THE HARDIE MANUFACTURING CO. 55 NORTH FRONT STREET. PORTLAND, OREGON I Pa^e Tiventy-ttvo BETTER FRUIT February, 1922 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen PLANTING Salem Nursery Co. FRUIT, NUT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES WILL BRING YOU SATISFACTION NOW IS THE TIME TO ORDER. Write Salem Nursery Co. 428 Oregon Bldg. SALEM, OREGON Additional Salesmen Wanted Canyon Home Nursery Everbeniing Strawberry Plants Our Specialty If you want true to name, strong, healthy, everbearing, strawberry plants, write us for prices. F. I. MOFFET Ellensburg, Wash. Yakima and Columbia River Nursery Co. Growers of Choice FRUIT TREES SMALL FRUITS and ORNAMENTALS Yakima, Washington ^'■Yakima Grown" is the best guarantee. FOR SALE! Apj^le, Peach, Pear, Plum, Prune and Cherry trees, one year old. The best of stock. Scions are taken from se- lected trees. Order Now F. A. MASSEE HOOD RIVER, OREGON FRUIT TREES NUT TREES PLANTS, ETC. We offer a good line of Italian, French Improved, Double X and other prune trees, propagated from selected scions. Walnut grafted. Filberts, Apple, Pear, etc. Berries, Gooseberries, Currants, Plants, etc. We have something of interest for you; try our inexpensive selling sys- tem; send for Planters' List; 31 years in business. Carlton Nursery Co. Reliable Trees and Plants We have a complete line of guaranteed nursery stock: apple, pear, cherry, peach, apricot, prune and nut trees, gooseberries, currants, etc., which we offer planters at very close prices. However, orders should be placed at once to get the best grades. Send us your want-list today. Benedict Nursery Co. 185 East 87th St. N. Portland, Oregon GROW GRAPES under contract. Ask for grape cir- cular. Special prices on grapes, ber- ries and asparagus for commercial planting. Sweet cherries, peaches, apricots at lowest market prices. All kinds of fruit and ornamental stock. We offer strictly first class stock and guarantee satisfaction. Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND WASHINGTON FILBERT TREES I have a choice lot of filbert trees of approved varieties. The bulk of the nursery stock this year consists of Barcelona and White Ave- line. DR. J. H. WILKENS Box 126 McMinnville, Oregon Well Recommended Seattle, Wash. December 15, 1922 Better Fruit Publishing Co. Portland, Oregon Dear Sirs: In reply to my inquiry, the horticultural department of one of our state schools recommended your publication as one of the best for fruit growers of the Pacific Northwest, so I wish to send a sub- scription to my son-in-law, who is manager of a fruit orchard. Mrs. a. D. Bi.xby February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-three The Red Rome, A Promising Apple By Henry Haetman Assistant Professor of Pomology, Oregon Agricultural College IT HAS been evident for some time that Oregon and Western Oregon in particu- lar, is in need of at least one new variety of apple, the fruit of which is red in color, of good size, and which keeps fairly late. The variety, in addition, must be a good producer and should be reasonably free from scab. With this need in mind the Experiment Station at Corvallis, a few years ago, estab- lished an apple variety block of some 225 sorts, thinking that out of this number, surely a few would be adapted to Oregon conditions. Strange as it may seem, how- ever, but few of these varieties seem prom- ising at this time. Almost without excep- tion the varieties have proved to be unsuit- able for one reason or another. Out of the entire collection, in fact not more than two appear to be of such caliber as to deserve a place in the list of standard sorts. Of these, the Red Rome is undoubtedly the most promising. The merits and weaknesses of the Red Rome can perhaps be best ascertained by considering, first, a few facts relative to its origin, and relative to its parent, the com- mon Rome. The common Rome was first noted by H. N. Gillette of Lawrence County, Ohio, and was brought to the at- tention of the Ohio Convention of Fruit Growers in 1848. Like many other varie- ties the Rome originated as a chance seed- ling and its true parentage, therefore, is unknown. The variety seems to have been popular from the beginning and even now it is a leading commercial sort in many apple sec- tions. It is a favorite with many growers because of its early and regular bearing, GoldehWinesap Wonderful Appio 'lUi _ It has the juicy tartness of the T Jonathan, lliemeatineES of thf ol J r Winesap. the hcauty of thr Wir- ter BanaTia, the deep Rold color of the Grimes and the keeping qualities of the good old Ben Davis. Ftrone Erov/er, healthy and vip- erous. Orierinated in Ulnh and ehonld be hardy everywhere. Bears young and very profusely. True Delicious Apple Thia is the idea! farm apple. Large fruit, beauti- ful dark red, qualitv unsurpassed. Flavor sweet, BliRhtly toU'hi_\l with acid, comes out of etorage in perfect contrition. Campbell's Early Crape ^^Ski A new variety, viporoua growth, very hardy, very early and an abun- dant bearer. Good eliipper; keepa for weeks after ripening. Perfection Currant In our entire experience this is the beat bearer, the largest, sweetest and easiest to pick. Rich, mild fla- vor, leas acid and few seeds. Low Prices Direct to You All kinds of Fruit Trees, plants and Shrubs. Vege- table, Flower and Field Seeds, etc., of the btet goality, at very low prices. Get our Big Free Illustrated Catalog and prices before you buy. SONDEREGGER NURSERIES & SEEDHOUSE 80 Court Street Beatrice, Nebraska Seeds and TrwsThat Grow uniformity of size and comparative freedom from blemishes. It is respected by the trade because of its size, ease of handling, and slight susceptibility to scald and other storage troubles. Shortly after the introduction of the Rome into cultivation, it became evident to horticulturists and especially to plant breeders that the color composition of this apple was more or less unstable. Occa- sionally, within the variety, there appeared individual fruits which displayed peculiar Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Pear. Cherrj-. Peach. Plum. P'rune, Apricot, Quince. Grape Vines, Shrubbery. Plants. Raspberries. Black- berries. Logans. Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Flowering Shrubs. Roses. Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenish, Wastain^on. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. TASTES LIKE A DATE Fruit Grows Uniformly: tent 50 Per Cent Wlien Confection; Prolific, OECHAiUJS BEING A SPECIAL PLAN and Literature, 0 R D E K You Trees Now. Large, Su^ar Con- Dried, A Delicious Profitable, DEVELOPED ON Write for Details Delivered by Freight, lipress, Mail. Send 15 cents for Sample Box agat- i n g Bights Controlled, OREGON NURSERY COMPANY OEENCO. 0EE60N "Tests on Oldsmar Heater show 100% Effi- ciency."— Prof. Peeples of Armour Institute Frost Insurance at Minimum Cost You insure your house, why not your crop? Fruit growers everywhere can have assured crop protection through the use of this improved and efficient heater which has a number of notable advantages over any other kind. Oldsmar Frost Protector Costs Less To Operate Five gallons of distilate fuel oil burns 10 to 15 hours according to temperature desired. All cast iron (stack excepted), the Oldsmar is waterproof and cannot get out of order. Lighted instantly, it requires little attention and tem- perature regulation is positive. A n Oldsmar costs less than other cast iron heaters, lasts longer, requires fewer to the acre; affords complete protection — California and Florida grove owners and truck farmers are ordering them by thousands. Write today for literature and full information about how the Oldsmar can prulcct your crop Oldsmar Tractor Compaay Oldsmar, Florida Kell-OilHeater Company Cotdwater, Michigan J^ O. V. BADLEY COMPANY Distributors of Oldsmar Products 425 East Morrison Street Portland, Oregon Page Twenty-four color markings. A certain tree or part of a tree, for example, produced apples that were distinctly marked by longitudinal formul.x-, cooking, any operation requiring evidence of two facts: (1) that the Rome carried at least two distinct factors for color, and (2) that segregation of these factors was being accomplished by bud varia- tion. In the light of these facts, it was pos- sible to predict that some day a red Rome would appear, i.e., a Rome wherein, solid red would be the dominant color. The prediction has come true, not once, but several times, for red Romes have appeared as bud sports in more than one instance. So far as anyone can determine, the Red Rome is essentially a Rome embellished with a bright red covering. In other characteris- tics such as form, size, texture, quality and tree habits, it appears to be nothing more than a common Rome. This being true, a long test of the variety hardly seems neces- sary. DURING the past few years, the Red Rome has been under observation in the experimental orchard at Corvallis and the members of the Department of Horti- culture of Oregon Agricultural College feel that the variety is at least promising for Oregon and other northwest localities. Thus far, the variety has proved to be the equal of its parent so far as productivity is concerned. It withstood the freeze of December 1919, apparently without dam- .age. It has shown no trace of spr.iy injury either by Bordeaux mixture or lime and sulfur, and but little difficulty has been encountered in keeping it free from scab. It must not be inferred, however, that the Red Rome is a perfect apple, free from all objectionable features. To quote an old proverb, "every rose has its thorns." There has been noted, in some individual cases, a tendency for the Red Rome to revert or change back to its parental type. Within the variety, occasionally a tree or part of a tree produces fruits which are striped or variegated, i.e., instead of displaying the solid red character, they display partial reversion to the color of the common Rome. During the next few years some difficulty will be encountered in securing scion wood of the Red Rome that is absolutely free from reversion. The scion wood, in all cases, should be taken only from trees or parts of trees that are known to produce apples of a solid red color. Such scion wood should be selected or marked while the fruit is on the trees. A considerable number of Red Rome trees are now fruiting in Yakima and other Washington districts. The Department of Horticulture at the Oregon Agricultural College will endeavor, during the coming year, to locate a number of trees that are true to type and from which scion wood may be obtained. BETTER FRUIT February, 1922 rr li .iJiMJ'Jl HAVE PRODUCED BIG ORCHARD PROFITS From the half-hearted spraying efforts of earlier days to the specialized, effi- cient methods of today, through all the ups and downs of spraying to its present position, MYERS SPRAY PUMPS and ACCESSORIES have been Leaders, always playing an import ant part in the improvement and advance- ment of spraying by hand or power A few styles at first — small capacity bucket and barrel pumps — but they filled the needs of their time satisfactorily and paved the way for the now extensive line of fully proven and highly success- ful MYERS Hand and Power SPRAY PUMPS for Spraying, Coldwater Painting Whitewashing and Disinfecting As a commercial fruit or vegetable grower, a farmer. nurseryman, or just plain home owner, with trees, vines, shrubbery and plants to spray MYERS SPRAY PUMPS— the "Honor-Bilt'' Line, with the long record of success behirtd it and its present standard of construction with numerous patented features and improvements guaranteeing high efficiency — should be your first choice And the MYERS Line is so extensive that whether your spraying opera- tions are large or small, there is a MYERS SPRAY PUMP that wUl fit your needs. A copy of our 64 page Spray Pump Catalog, shows all styles with 20 pages of reliable spraying information, mailed free, without the least obligation, to anyone interested spraying A postal brings it to your door. F1C1862 [hay tools & DOOR HAHGEflSl 1 ■^ ASHLAND.OHIO. MANUFACTURERS OF PUMPS FOR EVERY PURPOSE — HAY UNL.OAOINC TOOLS AND DOOR MANGERS PacificlNorthwest Distributors Spokane, Wash. Portland, Oregon BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER Musical WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET Merchandise W. Martius Music House, Inc. MUSIC Write 1009 First Avenue, Seattle, Washington Write Us Everything Known in Music Us February y 1922 Advertising Apples TT IS being felt more and more by those handling the Northwest's boxed apples, that an advertising campaign may be made of great value. This belief crystalized !i the appointment of a committe on adver- tising, at the inter-state conference of horticuturists at Spokane a few weeks ago. This committe is headed by Professor C. I. Lewis of Salem. The other members are: Paul Weyrauch, Walla Walla; C. H. Swigert, Yakima; Dr. H. L. Geary, White Salmon; A. W. Stone, Hood River; David L. Oliver, Wenatchee; J. P. Gray, Nampa. There is a feeling. Professor Lewis says, that a somewhat mistaken position has been taken with regard to advertising apples. Advertisements have stressed, first, the brand; second, the northwest apple; third, apples. The correct and more effective method would be to center most on ad- vertising apples in a w.ay to increase con- sumption. Secondly, the American public should be taught that the northwest boxed apple is the finest offered to the trade. In this scheme of things the organizations and private I andlers world hold third place with their ..drtrtising of particular brands. In this plan there would be effort to show the American people that apples are a food, not a luxury, and an economical food at that. There would be education also on the varieties the Northwest produces and the seasons for these varieties. Wider consumption of apples through education on new uses of them would be sought. The phenomenal success of the Associa- ted Raisin Growers of California in intro- ducing the little red five-cent package of Sun Maid raisins is cited as an example of what may be accomplished. Introduced to the trade only on July 17, 1921, it was reported October 10, that sales of these had amounted to 331,000,000 packages. These equal 2,300,000 cases, or over 17,000 tons and had a value of $16,5 00,- 000. The advertising committee will hold a meeting during this month to take up the problems left to its hands, and its work may have far-reac!iing and very beneficial results- Big Apple Crops For bigger crops and better fruit spray your trees with Ortho Oil Emulsion and Nitrate of Soda. Ortho combines with nitrate without breaking down. Put your spraying problems up to us. Write for Ortho Circular BETTER FRUIT IV/rANV of our readers may be located where it is possible profitably to raise at least a few turkeys, ducks or geese. Give the matter a little thought and investigation. If you decide to at- tempt the venture with one or more of these fowli go at it with full determination to do it right. It is better not to start with them if you arc to be content with haphazard methods. iCALIFORNIAiSPRAY-CHEMICAL llllilllllllllllllllCOMPANY ' I Watsonville" cal Address Dept. .p Page Twenty-five \ CCORDING to Frederick lienz, agricultural "^ agent of the Northern Pacific railroad, formerly known as the "potato king" of the Northwest, his sons will realize .about $30,000 on potatoes produced on their ranch at Toppenish, Wash. The sons farm 320 acres, of which 80 acres is cropped to potatoes. The price received has been around $27.50 per ton. Figure Your Profit In Apples Between big, perfect, sound apples — and knotted, dwarfed, unmarketable fruit the kind caused by aphis injury. By the use of 8 cents to 12 cents worth of Black Leaf 40 Nicotine Sulphate per tree, you can control Aphis, Thrips, Leaf Hopper and other soft-bodied sucking nisects. Just picture the difference in your own orchard between a yield of sound fruit and a crop of knotted and dwarfed "aphis apples." Why, a mere handful of these culls will cost you more than the quantity of Black Leaf 40 required per tree. BLACK LEAF 40 Nicotine Sulphate Ulack Leaf 40 has for many years been the "true and tried" protector of the crops of the progressive growers of the United States and Canada against these insect pests that are so destructive to your orchard profits. Send for copies of complete spray chart leaflet and bulletins, with name of nearest Black Leaf 40 dealer. Tobacco By-Prodacts & Chemical Corporation Incorporated LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY For your Dormant Spray DORMOIL Especially for Leaf Roller, Scale, Aphis, Blister Mite, Red Spider, etc. DORMOIL has been used with remarkable success in Oregon, Washington and Montana. Write for details HOOD RIVER SPRAY CO. Hood River, Oregon RHODES MFG. 320 S. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. HTHE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. Page Twenty-six What of Spreaders? {Continued jrom fage 6) Smith, of Idaho, considers the addition of the spreader decidedly improves the efficiency of dormant lime sulfur in scale control; and lime sulfur in the delayed dormant for red spider control. DeOng, of California, considers spreader addition advantageous in red spider and aphis con trail sprays. Wenatchee authorities find improvement in most of their spray applications from the addition of casein spreaders. It was ob- served that in the lime sulfur, arsenate com- bination sprays, casein spreader reduced and retarded the development of sludge. Where improved wetting, covering and adherence of sprays is desired the addition of casein spreader improves. Sixth — What are the adverse reports on casein spreaders? With a new substance introduced exten- sively for the first time and tested under 2 great variety of circumstances some adverse reports and serious criticisms are to be expected. Vague rumors and occasional reports coming in during the season led me to expect rather definite and general un- favorable reports upon some points. May I say that, everything considered, I am most agreeably surprised at the general and united favorable attitude on spreaders. The human element must needs enter into any tests of this nature to a certain extent. Certain individuals have a bump of perverseness which prevents them follow- ing explicitly the instructions printed on the container. • Finally, the one rather universal serious criticism or complaint of the commercial casein spreaders is their cost. The cost is too high is the tenor of the report. In this article, I attempt neither to condone nor defend; I do hope it will be possible, as the business develops, for the commercial companies to decrease the cost of their product. DF. FISHER, federal pathologist of • Wenatchee, has developed two modi- fied'casein formula: and they were used rather extensively in the Wenatchee fruit section by growers last season. Two dif- ferent methods have been used. One is this: Water, 1 gallon; caustic soda, 3 ounces; casein, 1 pound. The caustic soda is dissolved in the water while bringing to a boil, then the casein is slowly sifted in with careful stirring to avoid lumping. A little boiling will dis- solve the casein and this solution then forms the stock solution and may be used as a spreader at the rate of one pint to the 100 gallons, or the above amount is sufficient for 800 gallons of spray. The second method is similar except that one employs baking soda instead of caustic soda, and the material does not need to be cooked. Probably a rather finely ground casein would be advantageous, and two BETTER FRUIT gallons of water would avoid working with so thick a paste as otherwise. This stock must be used within reasonable time after its preparation because of the deterioration with a development of most unpleasant odors. Summarizing our information on the casein spreaders, then, we may say that: First — While there is considerable room for question as to the value of spreaders in increasing the toxic efficiency of the poison spray application where high powered out- fits are employed in the hands of experi- enced operators and applications carefully timed; for the vast majority of growers the addition of spreaders is of advantage. Second — By increasing the evenness of the spray deposit it is possible to obtain a more even coloring of the fruit, a point of more than passing importance. If it will avoid the necessity for wiping, as was the case with many growers last season, this likewise will prove a decided factor in favor of their more general adoption. Third — The addition of spreaders to other applications than the poison sprays seems equally desirable and effective in increasing their values under the same conditions. Fourth — The cost of the commercial casenate spreaders tends to operate against their more universal acceptance by growers. This point is one the commercial con- cerns must appreciate and any possible re- duction in price commensurate with good February y 1 922 business should receive the most serious consideration. It is our opinion that spreaders have come to stay. Undoubtedly improvements and modifications will take place as our know- ledge and experience of spreaders increase. Havg FGiMver build youi'Jhome KNOW in advance exactly how your home is going to look — what quality of materials will be used — when it will be completed — what it will cost. For eleven years Fenner has designed and built Fenner Factory Cut Homes in all parts of the country. Cutting at the factory eliminates waste in materials and lessens labor costs. When you build a Fenner home you get better materials, better con- struction and save money. More than 100 designs to choose from. Send 25c for the beautiful Fenner Plan Book showing colored illustrations and floor plans. Postoffice Box K-4318 FENNER MFG. CO. Foot of McKcon* Avenue. Poribnd, Ortgon NITR4TE SODA AT LEAST 10,000 BOXES D UE TO NITRA TE OF SODA In a letter written January 11th last, Mr. Arthur L. Helllwell, general manager of the well-known Wenatchee-Beebe Orchard Company, states that their orchard experts are unanimous in giving credit to nitrate of soda for *'d/ least 10,000 boxes" of a 15,000 excess apple crop last fall. Mr. HelliwelTs company used 20 tons of our Nitrate of Soda in the Fall of 1920 and another 20 tons in the Spring of 1921. This aggregate of 40 tons was scattered over those portions of their 400-acre or- chard, which seemed most in need. From 150 to 300 pounds per acre was used. "I have taken the time," says Mr. Helli- well. "to make a very careful study of the needs of Wenatchee orchard soils, and I am well convinced that it is nitrogen and humus rather than potash or phosphorus that our soils need." Wri/e Us TOD A Y For Prices and Particidars. RejuveTtate Your Orchard With Nitrate of Soda THE NITRATE AGENCIES CO. HOGE BUILDING, SEATTLE February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-seven Spray Prog^ram for 1922 {Continued from -page 9) applied to the trees before the coining of the fall rainy period. The best time for this would be with one of the summer codling moth sprays. Spray Program For Cherries — An elaborate spray program for cherries is usually unnecessary. Of the insect pests for which sprays are generally applied we have the San Jose scale and aphids. For the control of these a combination spray of lime-sulfur 12-100, plus Black Leaf 40, 1 pound to 100 gallons, should be applied just as the buds are swelling and before they open. Because ants carry aphids up the trunks to reinfest the trees, it is advisable after spraying to b.-ind the trunks of the cherry trees with a strip of tree tanglefoot, two and a half inches wide. Where blossom blight caused by the brown rot fungus is troublesome a spray of Bordeaux 4-4-50 should be thoroughly ap- plied just as the first blossoms are starting to open, but in many orchards this trouble is not serious enough to require attention. Where cherry leaf spot is bad several spr.iyings with Bordeaux 4-4-50 will ef- SERVICE IS DUR FIRST N-AIM THE SIMPSON a DOELLER A ^^s.. CO. .^. GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES WE CAN FILL YOUR ORDER FOR STOCK. APPLE.PEAR.CHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. fectively reduce the injury if applied be- ginning about the last of April or the first of May and repeated at three-week intervals. V^^^ HAND POWER. (14 Stump Pull ^^^^., \T7_.I I t r\ ._J L.. Tbe Fitzpatrick Prodacti Corp. 99JolnSl.,NewYork 952 MissioD ^t. Box 38 San Francisco, Cai. J oan rranasco, »^ai. Works on any land. Operated by hand! No horses; no digging. Made of lh» 6nest sleei-guaranlecd. Adop:ed and used by U. S. Governmenl officicls an( manv states. Sendfor FRtlt, illustraledbookon Land Clearina and soecial offe i:ed and used by U. o. Ljovernmenl olticicis ana illustraledbookon LandClearingand special offer Auctioning Fruit for 26 Years Over 26 years ago ive began to sell fruit at auction to a handful of buyers in a little room. While our start was small, our ideas and our ideals were big. In the early days our slogan was — "Work for the seller as hard and as conscientiously as we ourselves would like to be worked for .nnd always give him a square deal." Tiiroughoutalllheseyears there has been no change in our ideals. As a result, we were compelled to build our own building with three large auction rooms especially adapted for auction sales. Our building is the largest and most up-to-date building in the United States devoted to the fruit auction industry. It is located in the very heart of the fruit and vegetable district, which is the geographical center of the great metropolitan district, comprising a popijation of 8,000,000 inhabitants. The United Fruit Company, Florida Citrus Exchange, Porto Rico Fruit Exchange, Stewart Fruit Company, Frank II. Buck Clompany, Thurston Fruit Company, among the country's largest fruit interests, are some of those who sell through our auction. If you are not satisfied with the prices you are receiving or with the service you get, you may learn something of interest if you will write us for full particulars about selling at auction. THE FRUIT AUCTION COMPANY Established 1896 202-208 FRANKLIN ST. NEW YORK CITY Pa^e Twenty-eight BETTER FRUIT February y 1 922 ::(iiiiiiiitiiiililiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilli iiiiiiiiiniiitiiiitiiiHiiiiiiiiiililliliriiiiKN I Marketing News of j I Interest | ^ltllllllrllllllllllllllllllll iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii luiirtiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii' ■Jl/TlD-JANUARY reports from the large cities -'■'■*■ of the East nearly all reported the boxed apple market as "steady" and "firm." In general, demand was said to he moderate and some markets reported it light. At the same time nearly all showed only limited supplies. New York reported limited supplies, moderate demand and firm market. New York auction prices on January 18 follow: Spitzenbcrgs, XF large to very large, $3.35 to $3.70; medium to small, $2-80 to $3.25; fancy large to very large, $3.0? to $3.30; medium, $1.75 to $2.95; Romes, XF, medium to very small, $2.60 to $3.30, mostly $2.65 to $2.80; fancy, large to very large, $2.85 to $3.00; Delicious, XF, very large, $4.65, to $4.90; large, $3.50 to $3.90, few $4.65; fancy, very large, $3.30 to $3.95; large, $2.95 to $3.30; Wincsaps, f.iccd and filled and jumble, $1.60 to $1.65; Ncwtowns, XF, large to very large, $2.70 to' $3.05; medium, $2.40 to $2.75; small to very small, $1.95 to $2.55; fancy, large to very large, $2.70 to $2.80; medium, $2.40 to $2.65; C grade, large to very large, $2.55 to $2.65; medium, $2.20 to $2.40; small to very •mall, $1.85 to $2.10. AAA A PI'LES of the Spokane Valley Growers' Union ■^^ of Opportunity were packed and marketed at an average cost to the grower of 39^4 cents a box, compared with 48^4 cents in 1920, accord- ing to Harry Nelson, assistant manager. The average returns to the grower were con- «ider.ably higher than in 1920. The Delicious pool brought a total of $29,310.84; the Winter Banana apples sold for $27,442.67; Wageners, $54,166.47; Baldwins, $986.47, and Grimes Golden, $6,668.09. Average net prices to the grower on all grades of apples handled in the pools already closed were: Delicious, $2.I6!4i Winter Banana, $1.87'4; Wagener, $1.0254; Baldwin, $\M%i Grimes Golden, $1.32J4; Maiden Blush, $1.22}4i Snow, iS% cents; Mcintosh, $1.5234) -ind Gravenstein, $1.35H. ^ AAA f ESS than 5,000 cars of apples remained in stor- age in Washington on January 20, according to figures of the Spokane office of the federal bureau of markets. The apples remaining in storage were held at Wenatchee and Yakima, it was re- ported, the growers of the Spokane Valley and W.llla Walla district having shipped all of their fruit. December car lot shipments for the North- western states were reported as follows: Idaho, 287; Montana, 19; Oregon, 992; Washington, 2956. In potato shipments of December, Idaho led, with 839 cars. Washington reported 387 cars and Oregon 102. AAA At CONCLUSION of the grape shipping season, traffic chiefs of the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe railroads announced that their lines had hauled to 6200 cities and towns outside of California a total of 422.000 tons of grape*. For EVERY NEED We make right here in Portland the mosf complete line of fine Sprayers yoy tan find. FINEST WORKMANSHIP BEST MATERIALS We'll take in your Old Sprayer on a New. Efficient One. SPECIAL! We have ten-barrel Sprayers we are offering at only $20. A bargain you cannot afford to pass np. Write Us Your Needs Quality Sprayer Mfg. Co. 245 Grand Ave., Portland. Ore. valued at $50, 640,000. The total in cars was 28,800, or 5,300 more than handled last season. The average price per ton was around $120. AAA TpINAL payment on the 1921 walnut crop has been made to members of the California Walnut Growers' Association. This payment alone amuonted to $2,000,000. Entire expenjes of handling the crop are covered by retention of five per cent of the sales price by the association, this even including the one per cent discount allowed cash buyers. AAA Cent on consignment, under a guarantee of at least $1 a box net, Heffron & Nicolla recently shipped three cars of Winter Nelis pears from their Sunnysldc Valley ranch for London, England. This was said to be the first time a grower of this valley had shipped fruit direct to the London markets. WASHINGTON "OUYALLUP Valley berry growers received ■*■ a total of $1,137,710 for 1921 crops. For King county It Is estimated that the crop brought the growers $2,000,000 and that an- other $1,000,000 was obtained by the fruit and berry growers of the Grays Harbor section. The Puyallup returns were under those of the two previous years, but lowered costs are said to have more than offset the difference. AAA T^WENTY-TWO pruning demonstrations, cov- ering 24 communities, were conducted In Yakima county last month under direction of E. G. Wood, extension horticulturist of Washington State College. He had the co-operatinn of project leaders in each of the communities. TJ^RUIT crops of the Walla Walla district for 1 921 are estimated to have had a value of $2,100,000. Of the total the apple crop value Ii placed at $1,500,000, prunes at $350,000 and small fruits at $250,000, SfmMta, without cost of pumping and without expensive flume construction, if you have water lelow your land, so situated that you can get a slight fall. Hill Hydraulic Rams are made in 12 sizes, 1 inch to 24 inch, delivering capacities to 3,600,000 gallons per day. They make the water pump itself Our engineers will ad- vise you. If a ram will work on your project, it will save you money. ^Vrite today for free cata- log. R-I domsstic; R-2 irri- gation. Seattle Machine Works 85 W. Lander St. Seattle, Wash. This Complete SEED Catalog and Planter's Guide ^li^s the fine^ seeds for the NorthweSl: and tells how be^ to grow them. DIAMOND QUAUTY SEEDS produce the finest vegetables for table or commercial purposes. Acclimated seeds, laboratory tested for germination, selected strains, absolutely true-to-namc. Catalog lists our complete line of Nursery Stock, Poultry, Bee and Garden Supplies. Demand Diamond Quality Seeds from Your Local Dealer. \. A;; Buckeye Incubators ^nt^ Brooders Sharpies Separators ORTLA PORTLAND, OREOOM.,,, voliTltii? February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-nine At PARKER, W. F. Madaris found the winter weather so mild that he planted some orchard trees recently. He is planting 31 acres to soft fruits. There will be 20 acres of peaches, six acres of cherries and five acres of apricots. He plans to grow potatoes and soy beans as fertilizing crops and to pasture the latter with hogs. AAA "pIGURES Indicating the increased yields gained from proper fertilization of orchards have been given out by the American Fruit Growers, Inc., for its Yakima Valley properties. The steadily increasing yields, attributed almost entirely to use of commercial fertilizers, are thus reported: From 365 acres of apples in 1919, 55,000 boxes; in 1920, 66,000 boxes, and last season 84,000 boxes. AAA T3RUNERS put on the winter pruning job re- cently by the Thompson Fruit Company, at Buena, were hired at the rate of 20 cents an hour, it was reported. AAA John morris HOFF has successfully demon- *' strated that English walnuts can be grown In Clarke county. He has been growing them for 18 years on his farm near Sara. He now has a grove of about 100 trees, most of them 18 years old, from which he harvested over three tons last year. AAA t'iGURES compiled at Sumner are said to show the following average crop productions per acre in the Puyallup Valley last season: Black- berries, six tonsj gooseberries, five tons; raspbcr- More Than TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND Customers Bought trees, plants and shrubs of us last season, and the proof of satisfaction lies in the constant increase not only in volunc of business, but in the increased number of old and new customers who buy of us. We want no one's money whom we can- not satisfy. We value more than all else in our business the hosts of satisfied cus- tomers in whose orchards and home grounds our stock is found. The sins of a dishonest or slipshod nurseryman are soon revealed, and often :ft a big loss to the customer. It would be wicked of us to engage in this business and solicit your patronage if we failed to assume the responsiblilities which go with the nursery business. -Since 1903 at Toppenish. through thick and thin — sometimes awfully thin — when nursery wrecks strewed the landscape — we've stayed by our nursery business and that exclusively — no side lines — and we're here today bigger and better than ever. Splendid trees — well rooted — fully ma- tured—carefully dug, packed and prepaid to your nearest shipping point — our risk of transportation— that's our only method of 'lomg business. And they're clean as a whistle, grown on new ground containing no bugs or pests Every tree inspected by us and once by the district horticultural deputy inspector. PLACE YOUR ORDER NOW hTrustworthy J \rreesi Plants/ WASHINGTON NURSERY COMPANY TOPPEXISIi. WASH. Salesmen Everywhere — More Wanted ries, currants and strawberries, three tons; rhubarb, ten tons and asparagus, five tons. AAA At the annual meeting of the Washington State Horticultural Association these officers were elected: R. H. Kipp, president, Quincy; Dr. L. Geary, first vice-president, Underwood; Paul Wey- rauch, second vice-president, Walla Walla; H. L. Douglas, Wenatchee, and C. M. Lockwood, Op- portunity, directors. AAA T AST month the Washington Prune Growers' Association sold 250,000 pounds of Clarke county prunes to Holland interests. They were consigned for that country on the steamer Moerdykj which sailed from Portland about two weeks ago. This was the first foreign shipment of prunes made by the associdtlon since before the world war. The price was 12^ cents, f. o. b. Vancouver, for 30-40s. AAA /^RANDVIEW»S apple exhibit, which took first prize at the Northwest Fruit Exposition in Seattle, was sent to Chicago, where It was dis- played in a big store window on Michigan avenue. Thousands of Chlcagoans saw and admired the exhibit. AAA T OMBARD & HORSLEY, of the Parker Heights district, at Buena, have announced that they will set out between 25 and 40 acres of peaches in the spring. They will plant Elbertas. These arc preferred to the J. H. Hale, say the orchardists, because they require no hand thinning. AAA ' I ^HE Puyallup & Sumner Fruit Growers* Can- ning Company sent forth approximately 200,- 000 jars of Paul's jams for the Christmas trade. This was almost double the amount sent out in 1920, so ready has been the sale of this high-cLiss product of the Northwest. HPHE plant of the Chelan Produce Company used for evaporating apples, was recently de;lroyed by fire, entailing a loss of $50,000. i.'iriiiiiniiitiiiiiiiriiniiitriiiriitriiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiniiniiniiiiiiniiitiiirMiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitii'^ I Treat Your Soil ■with Toro Brand = I Agricultural Sulphur | = Improves alkali soil, trans- 1 I ^' forms latent pota h and phos- i = \t_ phates into available plant i i j ■;--,^c» foods. I i ! --^^"^ N Prevents wire worms, eel- | worms or nematodes, smutty § grain, ants and potato scab. i 220 lbs. per acre has in- | creased crops up to 500%. = =. For dry dusting, use i I "ANCHOR" Brand Velvet | = - \..^ ^ Flowers of Sulphur. | = For Lime Sulphur Solution, use | I DIAMOND *'S" Brand Refined Flour Sul- | I phur. Sold by leading dealers. 1 I Write for circulars Nos. 6. 8, and 10, price- | = list and samples. State for what purpose | I sulphur is to be used. | I SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. I I 624 California St. San Francisco, Cal. | niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiriiiiiMiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash.. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. K(?.StettleriV\fg^o. Portla-nd— Oregon Lithographers Color Printers Labels Ce^rtons Folding Boxes CmI Outs Display Guards SpeeialAdvertsin^ Stiff Boxes Plain and Fan Page Thirty BETTER FRUIT February, 1 922 N OKEGON 'X^HE Cottage Grove cannery Ijst season put up 321 tons of fruits and vegetables. Plans are being considered for enlarging the plant, it is reported. The cannery reported earnings of 20 per cent on its stock, despite unfavorable condi- tions of the season. AAA "TARLY this year the Apple Growers' Associa- "^ tion issued a oil to its growers at Hood River and other points to begin placing their orders for boxes at once. The bulletin announced that sup- plies of apple and pc.ir boxes were available at once. T T T TTNUSUALLY heavy snowfalls of the winter hive not been particuhrly pleasing to the orchardists of Hood River Valley, but not so with the growers of strawberries. The snows, it Is said, have set the stage for a bumper crop of berries. AAA TfTOMEN of the auxiliary of the Hood River Pn?t, American Legion, were instrumental at Yuletide in sending a lot of Hood River apples and other delcctables to disabled ex-service men in the Portland hospitals. AAA EAR the villngc of Home, bordering on th'- Snake River, W. E. Hall has one of the finest and most dependable orchards In the state. His tract, which contains about 125 acres, Is In a cove that never sustains damage from frost. Last sen- son Mr. Baker shipped 39 cirs of pp:iches, 17 cirs of apples, two cars of grapes, one of apricots and two of asparagus. Ninety acres of his ranch Is set to peaches of the Early Crawford, Elberta and J. H. Hale varieties. He has 24 acres In apples and six in grapes. AAA A C. PETERSON, who had been located at * Dallas for some years, more recently as superintendent of the Oregon-Washington district of the California Packing Corporation, has been transferred to an enlarged territory in California, with headquarters at San Francisco. AAA An INCREASE of $10,140 In value of the apple crop from a 20-acre orchard of 12-ycar- old trees is credited to the demonstration work of Fred Bennlon, county agent of Umatilla county, and Clayton L. Long, extension horticulturist of Oregon Agricultural College. The orchard is that of J. F. Slover of Freewater, where a three-year programme of pruning, spraying and thinning has been conducted by the two experts. AAA T^HE five processing plants at Salem are credited with a new record of production for that city in output of fresh fruit and vegetable packs in 1921. The total pack is given as 32,791,232 pounds. The aggregate value of the pack Is given as $2,000,000. AAA "DETWEEN 850 and 1000 acres of cover crops were planted in orchards of Lane county. This was the result of a campaign conducted by a horticultural extension committee which urged upon the orchardists this modern means of en- riching the soils of their tracts. AAA ■pRED WRIGHT, berry grower at Hubbard, re- cently sold his 16-acre ranch to Mrs. Helen Jones of Portland. Wright created two or three near-stampedes in Portland last summer by at- tempting to put strawberries on the market at a price considerably below prevailing quotations. AAA A MEETING of the North Marion County Berry Growers' Association was held at Woodburn last month. A proposition of President Graves of the Graves Canning Company to take berries on an installment or co-operative plan was received and taken under consideration. AAA A DISH of prunes from a tree 70 years old was recently served at Albany, but the tree in question stands in the historic Union Point sec- TN ONE day the Hood River Canning Company tion, three miles south of Brownsville. -■- turned out 1000 gallon cans of apples, packed under variety labels of the company, for foreign IVTARK a. Mayer, owner of one of the largest shipment via the Panama Canal from Portland. orchards in the Mosler district, recently a a a presented a tract of 60 acres to the State Highway ^^ Commission. The land Is on the Columbia River 'T'HE Dufur Orchard Company reported ship Highway and is to be used as an auto camping ment of 194 cars of apples during the 1921 ground. season, from its orchards at Dufur. 921 Ridley, Moulding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING, LONDON Codes: A. B. C. 6th Bdition and Modern Economy Notice to Subscribers! BETTER FRUIT has adopted a policy which will elimi- nate in the future any "bargain offers" or premiums to subscribers. In doing so, BETTER FRUIT has made it possible for you to receive America's premier fruit journal at the lowest possible cost, taking into consideration the fact that quality will not be lowered a whit. We have been told many times that timelj' information con- tained in an issue of BETTER FRUIT has made a fruit grower the cost of a life subscription to the maga- zine— and then some. You cannot afford to be without BETTER FRUIT if you are in the horticultural game on a large or small scale. And bv establishing a new one-price-to-all-at-all-times, BETTER FRUIT is within the means of every grower. COUPON Name Address City State . Amt. $ Year THE XEW RATES: One year One Dollar Three years Two Dollars Five years Three Dollars February, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Thirty-one ClLVERTON. promises to become the center of a ^ walnut growing district. Many farmers have trees enough to supply home needs and commercial plantings are now being started. J. Smith is said to have purchased a 25-acre tract one mile south of Silverton, with the intention of planting it exclusively to walnuts. CALIFORNIA T ADY APPLES have become a favorite on the farm of Allen Tuffin, near Lotus, following successful experience with this variety. Mr. Tuffin is having 140 five-year-old trees grafted over to Lady apples. He tried out an experimental plot of 50 trees and the apples from these sold last fall at $3 and $4 a box, he reported. AAA TTP to about the end of December, 2,551 cars of apples from the Pajnro Valley had been forwarded from the WatsonviUe station. Of these 756 cars were shipped East. Shippers had on hand less than 1 00 cars. A year ago at the same time the valley had shipped 2333 cars. AAA "Dear blight, because of inefficient control work on rented orchards, made rather serious gains during September and October in the Placerville district, according to report of the county horti- cultural commissioner. AAA ■npHE Earl Fruit Company is issuing $2,500,000 of bonds, secured by mortgage on Its Cali- fornia holdings. A goodly portion of the funds derived from the bond sale Is to be used In de- velopment of the Howard Reed Orchard Com- pany property in Yuba county. This consists of 325 acres, planted largely to Rartlett pears. AAA T^HE drying plant of the Loma Fruit Company at WatsonviUe burned recently, together with about 10 tons of dried and drying fruit. The loss is placed at $20,000, partially covered by insurance. AAA At SEBASTOPOL there has been established ■^ the Gravenstein Apple Growers' Contest. This competition began December I and is to last five years, with the object of discovering methods that bring maximum yields and finding individual high yielding trees to be used as the basil for obtaining better stock. AAA T^HE California Almond Growers* Exchange received orders for fully 3000 bags more almonds than it could fill. The second advance has already been made to the growers, who have now received sums ranging from 7 cents a pound for the lower grades to 14 cents for Nonpareils. AAA /^HERRY growers of San Joaquin county recently formed an organization to co-operate with associations already formed In Sonoma and Napa counties. Seven growers, representing 200 acres of bearing trees, signed as charter members. AAA T AST month at San Dicgo, Cal., a commission merchant who had packed apples in unlabeled boxes and also in boxes with Oregon labels was assessed a fine of $50 under provisions of California's standard apple act. OPD SEEDS Grown From Select Stock — None Better— 52 years selling good seeds to satisfied customers. Prices below all others. Extra lot free in all orders I fill. Big free cata- logue has over 700 pictures of vegetables and flowers. Send your and neighbors' addresses. R. H. SHUMWAY, Rocklord. III. IDAHO ' I iHE Payette V.-iUey Produce Exchange has been incorporated at Payette, with a capital of $100,000. The purpose is that of giving the grower an opportunity of selling his produce through a sales agency maintaining accurate ac- counting features. Officers of the exchange are: George Rezac, president; David Jones, vice-presi- dent; Clarence Van Deusen, secretary. AAA TOURING the past season ISO cars of lettuce "^ were shipped from Nampa. Lettuce tonnage from this district began with a nine-car movement in 1919 and the shipment of 26 cars in 1920. AAA "CpROM the closely affiliated communities of -^ Parma, Roswell, Wilder and Apple Valley, 1921 shipments of fruit and produce were: Ap- ples, 387 cars; fresh prunes, 91 cars; dried prunes, four cars; potatoes, 272 cars; lettuce, 25 cars; onions, one car; honey, three cars. AAA A CCORDING to figures of the state bureau of "^ plant industry, Idaho has 31,848 acres of land devoted to fruit growing. The value of these lands, including trees, is placed at $13,212,700. /""OMPLAINT was made late in the shipping season by Miles Cannon, state commissioner of agriculture, that he found indications that Eastern commission interests were holding back cash belonging to Idaho apple shippers in order to ease financial conditions in the East. ffi n YOU'LL be sur- prized at the little cost at which you can make your house look distinctive. The win- dow cut accompanying this ad, is known as the ' 'Queen Anne" design. For an additional $15 or $20 your whole house can have tl.is classy window. Before you finish build- mg send for our catalog. Rovig, 2227 First Avenue South, Seattle "Better Millwork." Make no mistake! Nothing can take the place of Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate — at your table or on your dealer's shelves. Be- cause Ghirardelli's fills a daily household need— and fulfills every essential of food and beverage. Ask for Ghirardelli's Ground Chocolate at the store where you do your trading. Never sold in bulk but in cans only. In this way Ghirardelli's retains its flavor and strength — the two most important elements of good chocolate. Say "Gear-ar- delly D. GHIRARDELLI CO. Since 1851 San Francisco Send for Recipe Booklet GHIRARDELLI S Page Thirty-mo HIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIMIIItllllllllltllllllll iiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiii iiiiiiiiiiriiiiiitiiiiiiiiniii'iiiiiiiiiii!! I With the Poultry | finmim Mimiri uiiiiuuiii iiiii i" '" ii,i.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii«: INCUBATOR INVESTMENT AFTER the poultryman has made up his mind to buy an incubator, he is confronted with the question of makes and sizes. As a general rule, a cheap machine is a poor investment, requiring more attention than a good one and wearing out quicker, besides being less dependable. The value of the machine is small compared with that of the eggs used during the normal life of an incubator. It is poor economy, therefore, to buy a machine which ii not reliable. Whenever possible it is well to select the kind of incubator that has given satis- faction in your neighborhood, so that you may get the benefit of the experience of other operators near by. ■ • , The best size of incubator to buy varies with numerous circumstances, say poultry specialists of the United States Department of Agriculture. About as much time is required to care for a 60 at for a 300-egg machine; it is usually advisable to get one of at least 150-egg capacity. Special conditions, though, often exist which make smaller machines valuable. A small machine is often used in connection with a larger one, all eggs being placed in the large machine after the first or second test. Many poultrymcn believe that it pays to have an incu- bator large enough to hatch the bulk of their stock in two or three hatches, so that much time is saved in tending to the incubators and brooders. In addition the chickens are more uniform in size than those hatched when the incubating period ex- tends over a longer time. A fair estimate for a poultry farm is an incu- bator of one-egg capacity per hen, provided that about one-half of the flock is to be renewed yearly and no outside hatching is carried on. The larger machines cost less in proportion to their capacity than the smaller ones. AAA EARLY HATCHING TT'OR those who do not run their own incubator there are, of course, two methods of keeping up their flocks — either by the old accepted way of hatching with one's own hens or through purchase of baby chicks or pullets. For those who maintain a flock of good size there is a lot to be said in favor of purchasing baby chicks from a reliable source. With the average small-farm flock, where heni of a general purpose breed are kept, it is gen- erally advisable to let the hens do the hatching. Whatever the method of hatching, it is most im- portant that it be done at the right time of year. The aim srould be to hatch the chicks at such a time as will allow the pullets to reach their full development and begin laying in October or No- vember, as these earlier maturing pullets must be depended upon very largely for the fall and winter egg production. Late-hatched chicks do not ma- ture in time to produce fall and winter eggs nor do they live or grow so well during the hot weather. AAA VIGOROUS CHICKS TT is hardly possible to put too much emphasis upon the importance of proper feeding of baby chicks to give them a good, healthy start and to put them in a healthy, vigorous, growing condi- tion. Chick diseases are prevented if care is taken in the method of feeding. The best of grains and prepared foods should be used for chicks. Regularity in feeding is immensely important. Pure, clean water should be available. In the brooder facilities, orderliness and cleanliness ihould prevail. Check over your plans and equip- ment to make sure that you are prepared to give the chicks the right start in incubation, brooding and feeding. AAA TF you are one of those who derive nothing, but discouragement from the fact that egg BETTER FRUIT prices fell to unusually low levels this winter you are not very loyal to the game and might about as well drop out. AAA "PilD you know that the government experts have acknowledged that use of artificial lights in the poultry house increases the egg out- put? This method is being tried in England per- haps more widely than in this country. The real object, it should be remembered, is primarily that of getting the hens and pullets to feed longer than they otherwise would during the short winter days. AAA TN building the poultry house the site should be on light, porous soil, if possible. A slope that provides good air and water drainage is pref- erable. Exposure to sunshine and protection from winds are other Important points. These prob- lems are fully discussed in a new bulletin that may be had on request, from the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station, at Corvallii. February y 1 922 ,- An Honest Incubator ULAtarHanesT Price It llol Wutcr, CopptT Tank, Stlf Rcgulnlion, Lsree < 'II Tutik, .'^afcly Biimer, THIIKE Wall.tl. Wtalem R. ■*• r»_J_-<-- . t.ni,. V.nww, Ml (.. All II I Was fBiUPIf _ _ _ _ Oil ' Cedar Consinjction. From flO U. 40W) Erc Cspaeity 60 days FREE TRIAL, Elcelr.c und Oil Heated Uruodpr* Gel our cBlnloRue wid free poullry helps St. Helens rncubator Co. Centralia, Washington BABY CHIX Reduced Prices on White Leghorns. Reds, Barred Rocks. White Rocks, Minorcas and Anconas. Booking orders now. Postal secures FREE catalog. Write today. C. N. NEEDHAM SALEM. OREGON FRUIT TREES We are extensive groivers of fruit treea adapted to the Northwest, GET OUR PRICES COLUMBIA NURSERY COMPANY 1490 Union Ave., No. Portland, Ore. Arrow^ Carbolineum {Formerly Avenarim Carbolineum) Protects poultry against vermin — Preserves wood against decay. When you buy Carbolineum be sure you get Carbolineum and not something called just as good. Write for prices and circulars. Carbolineum Wood Preserving Company 222 E. Water St. Portland, Oregon SASH AND DOORS O. B. Williams Co. 1943 First Avenue South, Seattle Chicken House Sash 20 in. wide by 25 in. high, 80c A dozen different sizes in stock for immediate shipment Sky Lights for Chicken Houses 36 in. by 40 in.; price glazed, $2.00 This is the size recommended by the West- ern Washington Experiment Station — we carry them in stock for immediate shipment. Sash and Doors for all purposes at lowest prices. All orders receive prompt attention. Our large illustrated catalogue No. 19, showing ful line of building material and built-in fixtures for the home, free on re- quest. O. B. Williams Co. Established 1899 Are You the Man? // so, Better Fruit offers you a chance to make good money We want a representative in every fruit-growing community. In every such community there is some individual with a little time each month to spare, who, by representing Better Fruit, can make a good income. Perhaps it will be an elderly man? A young fruit-grower just getting started? A wife who wants to help out? An ambitious boy of girl who wants to make extra money? We want someone in your community to become our fermanent rep- resentative— to secure new subscriptions for us and renew old ones. We want two or three representatives in the Hood River Valley. -Sev- eral in Yakima and Wenatchee — in the Willamette Valley, Rogue River, etc. In fact we want ■perTnanent representatives in every fruit district of the West. Our proposition is a good one. Are you the man or woman for the job? Write today, stating your qualifications. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY TWELFTH AND JEFFERSON STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON Febr. uary. 1922 ..„, ,1 Illlllimilllllll Illllllllllllll IIIIIIIIIIIIMIIII.IIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIU I Our Inquiry Depart- | I ment I r. iijiiiiiiiijiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii "II" "II" """" ' ""■ IN a future issue please state your opinion as to the benefit of feeding apples to laying hen» during the winter months. — J. B. F., Oregon. Even good, sound apples have no virtue over the much less expensive green foods recommended for the hens' winter diet. But the almost invari- able trouble in this connection is that apples carry- ing decayed spots are given the hens. The propor- tion of these usually increases, in fact, as the season grows later. Hens are not like hogs in being scavengers. They should never be fed rot- ten apples. This, we judge, gives you an adequate answer, for it is entirely unlikely that you or any other readers care to feed sound apples to their poultry. ■^ AAA IW.^NT to sow clover for cover crop in some fall wheat I have on my place. When should I sow it? — H. J. C, Washington. As you are in western Washington you will find the best time to sow the clover comes this month. Fall wheat makes an excellent nurse crop so you should have little trouble in getting a good stand. Readers living east of the mountains will do well to wait until about the first or second weeks in March. Bees for Pollination By H. A. ScuLLEN Specialht in Bee Culture, Oregon Agricultural College 'C'REQUENTLY we are asked by orchard owners •^ and managers how many colonies are necessary for proper pollination of a given acreage. This is not the vital question, since one strong colony will do more pollenlzing than 10 weak ones. The normal colony should come through the winter with a working force in early February of close to 15,000 bees. The attempt then should be to build this force up to 50,000 or more. Good heavy-laying, standard Italian queens are doubtless the most Important requisite. Next it is highly important that the queens be provided with conditions favor.ibic for maximum brood rearing, during the early spring. The first condition necessary is ample stores. The queen tends to stop egg laying when the stores in the hive drop to approximately 15 pounds. It is a good practice to see that a surplus beyond this amount is always present. With sufficient stores and favorable conditions, a good queen will during late March find the one- story, ten-frame hive too small, so will be unable to lay to her full capacity. It is important to remember that the workers hatched from eggs laid three weeks before fruit bloom are the bees which will do the bulk of the pollenlzing and for BETTER FRUIT that reason it is extremely important to have the queen laying to her maximum capacity at that time. When colonies have come through the winter In good condition, and the weather has per- mitted them to gather considerable nectar from the maples, they are very apt to make preparations for swarming about the second week of April, which, if not prevented, will greatly lessen thrir number of field workers. It is, therefore, of rr- treme importance that the colony not only be built up to the maximum strength, but that it be kept from dissipating this strength in swarming just before or at the starting of fruit bloom. Some of the important factors in swarm pre- vention are: Young queens, not over two years old, preferably only one year oldj a minimum of drone comb, resulting In a minimum number of drones in the hive; sufficient ventilation; a mod- erate amount of shade during the hottest part of the dayi sufficient brood rearing room, that is, two ten-story hives or a larger one-story hive. Another Item to consider is location of the bees In the orchard. In this connection the writer would suggest that although the bees under cer- tain conditions will go several miles for nectar, they will do more efficient pollenlzing If they arc not compelled to go over one-half mile. They should be so located that It would not be necessary to drive or work horses directly In front of the hive. It would also be to an advantage to have the prevailing winds blowing from the or- chard toward the bees. The bees prefer to fly light against the wind and loaded with the wind. This would assist In getting the bees to work on the owner's orchard in preference to the neighbors, if It is possible to Influence them at all. In order that the bees may take advantage of every opportunity to work on the fruit bloom during unsettled weather conditions, it would be advisable to have no shade over them during the period of pollenlzing, so they will be attracted out whenever the sun appears. From what has been said, one can readily sec the necessity of having the bees under the care of some one who Is familiar with their manage- ment in order to get good results, and avoid loss from disease, swarming and other factors. If the owner is not experienced in managing bees properly, it would be more economical to turn them over to a practical bee keeper to care for or to dispose of the bees and pay a bee keeper to move bees to the orchard during blooming period. The u&ual charge for the latter ranges from $3.00 to Page Thirty-three $5.00 a colony, depending upon the difficulty in moving the bees to and from the orchard. When bees are run on shares by another the crop and increase are divided equally between the owner and manager, in which case the owner furnishes all necessary supers and other equipment. If the manager must supply extra equipment, he must receive a higher per cent, say three-fourths of the crop. WANTED! Capable working foreman for apple ranch. Must board men. Only experienced men need apply. Address 2349 West Twenty-third Street, Los Angeles, California. Helpful Books on Home Building Craftsman Bungalows, 1922 Edition De Luxe. 112 pages of new plans and build- ing ideas for those who crave distinctive homes. Gives plans, photos of interiors, exteriors, size, cost, etc., of scores of ar- tistic bungalows costing from $800 to $8000 and suitable lor any climate. Larg- est bungalow book published. Postpaid, $1.00. Exclusive Colonial Bungalows and Resi- dence Designs. Most original and artistic plan book ever printed on this beautiful style of architecture. Profusely illus- trated. Postpaid 50 cents. Order these books today. Money back if unsatisfied. YOHO & MERRITT Craftsman Designers 202 Empire Bldg.. ."^cattle. Wash. RELIABLE NURSERY PRODUCTS Large assortment of the best varieties in Fruit and Nut Trees. Small Fruits, Shade and Ornamental Trees, Shrubber.v, Roses, Vines, Perennial Plants and Bulbs. Fully equipped Landscape Department. Plantint; plans furnished for resideiit-e grounds, lart'e estates. Parks, Cemeteries, etc.. also Tree Surgery done. AH stock and work the best. Write today stating your needs. OREGON NUR.SERY COMPANY, Orenco, Ore. Opportunities for More Salesmen SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.. Liveroool and Manchester SIMONS & CO., LTD., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO.. London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED, Southampton Agenciei and Repr«!entativ»i in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH 4 FRENCH C©. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Addreit SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page Thirty-foui BETTER FRUIT Pebruary, 1 922 Classified Advertisements RATES, 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK TREES — All kinds of fruit and ornamental trees, vines, etc. Growers of general nursery stock. Lowest quotations given on application. Send us your want list. Can also use a few good salesmen. Albany Nurseries. Albany, Ore. CORY THORNLESS BLACKBERRY— Best of all; extra large, vigorous plants ready; satisfac- tion guaranteed; illustrated price list. Write Chas. E. Mortenson, LodJ, California. CORY THORNLESS BLACKBERRY— Large, delicious. You get well rooted plants true to name from Pioneer grower. Wm. Mortenson, Rt. 1, Lodi. California. ^__ LOGANBERRIES. Raspberries, Strawberries: Inspected, low price, best quality. Red Feather Berry Farm. Clackamas. Oregon. LOGANBERRY PLANTS— 50.000 choice plants shipped direct from one of the best fields in the state. Write for im usual low price and inter- esting information how to plant and cultivate. Harry Lanum. Salem. Oregon. INSPECTED STRAWBERRY PLANTS— Im- proved New Oregon-Ettersburg 121 ; $5.00 per thousand. Large, vigorous and healthy. Chris- tian Arnesen. Canby, Oregon. CUTHBERT RED RASPBERRY PLANTS— $1.25 per 100, or $8.00 per 1000, F. O. B. Alvadore, Oregon. E, P. Saunders, Alvadore, Oregon. BEES BOOKING ORDERS now for spring delivery. Virgins, golden and leather-color Italian queens ; bees by the pound and nuclei. Write for prices; circular free. A. J. Pinard, 440 No. Sixth St., San Jose. Calif. BEES AND QUEENS- Keep bees to pollenize your fruit. Get more and better fruit. Make a profit off the fruit and bees too. Write for cir- culars. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas. "SUPERIOR" Foundation (Weed Process) and "Everything in Bee Supplies." Superior Honey Company, Ogden. LUah. POULTRY BABY CHICKS— The kind that grow into healthy, vigorous, egg-producing hens. R. I. Reds, Barred Rocks and White Leghorns. Order now before our dates are all filled. Prices : K. I. Reds and Barred Rocks, $25 per hundred ; White Leghorns, $20 per hundred. Write for prices on larger numbers. Portland Seed Com- pany, 180 Front Street, Portland, Oregon. BABY CHICKS— S. C. Rhode Island Reds, $22.50 per 100; S. C. White Leghorns, $18 per 100; all sold to April 6. Order now from old and established breeders who have made good on the merits of their stock. Maple Brook Poultry Farm. Southworth, Wash., Box 3. WHITE LEGHORN Baby Chicks from egg ma- chines, Corvallis bred. The place that produces world-record makers. Vigorous, heavy-laying, free range stock. Pre-war prices. Oregon Cor- vallis Hatchery. Corvallis, Oregon. BABY CHICKS— Reduced prices on White Leg- horns, Reds, Barred Rocks. White Rocks, Min- orcas and Anconas. Booking orders now. Postal secures Free catalog. Write today. C. N. Needham, Salem, Oregon. WHITE WANDOTTES— Egg Bred Males. Size and quality backed by high offical records. A. Gronewald. The Dalles. Oregon. WINNERS— R. I. Reds (both combs), Toulouse Geese, Bronze Turkeys; stock and eggs for sale. J. Nonnemacher. Rt, 3, Yakima. Wash. CHOICE Mammoth Bronze Turkey Toms, $10. Mrs, Amelia Reimers, Eagle, Idaho. REAL ESTATE FOR SALE — Fine orchard in the White Salmon Valley fruit district. About 14 acres in pears and 15 acres in apples, all commercial varieties, 6 to 13 years old; $5,000 storage and packing house, other buildings; all necessary machinery and implements; plenty spring water; about 55 acres in farm; 2 miles from station on fine road; price $25,000, with terms, or $21,000 cash. Other interests compel non-resident owner to sell. Write for more particulars to P. O. Box 8, Underwood, Wash. FORTY-THREE ACRES— Upper Hood River Valley, on new Loop Road aroimd Mt. Hood; 15 acres commercial orchard, 10 years old, just coming into full bearing: 2 acres strawberries; 3 acres alfalfa; 4 acres under plow; fine potato land. Two good houses; two barns, one used for packing house ; good stream, some free water ; every acre imder irrigation ditch ; two miles from town; depot, stores, grade and high schools, church and library. One of choicest locations in upper valley. Fine view of Mt. Hood and Mt. Adams. Price $15,000, $6,000 cash. M. I. C.. care Better Fruit. BARGAIN — Fine 13- acre apple orchard, planted to Delicious, Grimes Golden and Jonathans ; eleven years old; running water; well located; this would make an ideal fruit and poultry ranch. On good county road one mile from good edu- cational town. For further particulars and price write Box G, Philomath, Benton County, Oregon. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows nrain, vegetables, hay, fruits ; several developed ranches ; few stock ranches ; $10 to $20 acre ; 10 years' time. 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edw^ards & Bradford Lumber Co.. Elk. WasTi. FOR SALE — 62-acre farm, 48 miles south of Portland; running water; horses, cattle, mach- inery and furniture. A. H. Koppang, Silverton, Ore. WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. FOR SALE — Apple orchard, commencing to bear; finest box varieties ; highest quality attained. Boiling Hall. Waynesville. N. C. WANT TO HEAR from owner having farm for sale; give particulars and lowest price. John J. Black. 197th street, Chippewa Falls, Wisconiin. TO LEASE— 35 to 200 acres of first class fruit land on shares. Martin Bros.. Brownsville. Ore. MISCELLANEOUS TRACTOR BARGAINS— Cletrac "W," only demonstrated. $1250; Cletrac "W" rebuilt, good as new, $1000 ; Cleveland model "H," never used, $1100; Cleveland "H," slightly used, snap at $750; Oldsmar Garden Tractor demonstrator, $390. O. V. Badley, 425 E. Morrison, St., Port- land, Oregon! WANTED — To examine your orchard for you before you buy. I saved one man $5000 on a $14,000 deal. To look after orchards of non- resident owners. Many are poorly cared for and rapidly depreciating in value. Private pruning demonstrations and consultations given. Luke Powell, constulting horticulturist, Yakima, Wn. WALL BOARD— Write for samples of Wash ington plaster wall board ; won't warp, won't burn. Manufactured by Washington Building Products Co., 6851 E. Marginal Wav, Seattle, Wash. " SWEET CLOVER SEED for sale— Buy direct from the producer and save money. Write for samples and prices. Address Geo. Forest, Standish, California. HONEY— Finest table honey: "Western Blos- som" brand, in 6-pound tin can. postpaid for only $1.25 up to fourth zone ; absolutely un- adulterated— just as the bees made it. Spokane Seed Co. 906 First Ave.. Spokane Wash. TOBACCO— I9I9 leaf best chewing, three pounds, $1; ten, $3; chewing and smoking, ten, $2.50; regular smoking, ten, $1.50; fifty, $6; satisfac tion guaranteed. Producers' Distributors, Mur- ray, Ky. KENTUCKY LEAF TOBACCO— 3 years old. nature cured. Don't send a penny ; pay for tobacco and postage on arrival. Extra fine quality chewing or smoking, 10 lbs,, $3.00 ; medium quality smoking, 10 lbs., $1.25. Farmers' Union, D-65, Hawesville. Ky. TOBACCO — Kentucky natural leaf chewing and smoking ; rich, ripe, mellow ; two years old ; aged in wood; 10 lbs., $3: 20 lbs., $5; sample, 20c. Maddox Bros., Dept. 22. Mayfield, Ky. TOBACCO, 1919 LEAF SELECT— Chewing, 3 lbs.. $1.00; 10 lbs., $3.00; chewing and smok- ing, 10 lbs., $2.50; regular smoking, 10 lbs., $1.50; guaranteed. Producers* Distributors, Mur- ray, Ky. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— Chewing, 10 pounds. $2.50; 20 pounds, $4; smoking, 10 pounds, $2; 20 pounds, $3.50. Farmers' Union. Mayfield. Ky. FOR SALE — Hubam annual sweet clover ; scari- fied seed: genuine Hughes strain; Free Sample. Jas. H. Kitchen, Rt. 5, Springfield, Ohio. HONEY— Pure, First Quality Yakima Valley alfalfa, sweet clover honey ; direct from prod- ucer. Send for circular and prices, Oliver Sires, Wapato, Washington. HUBAM Annual White Sweet Clover Seed; in- spected by county agent. Albert Day, Newtown, Ohio. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon POSITIONS WANTED — Position as orchard manager; college graduate ; married and life experience in or- chard work; now running large orchard in northwest. Address M. P., care Better Fruit. $135 MONTH COMMENCE. U. S. government railway mail clerks. Men, boys over 17; steady; Vacations; list positions free. Write today sure. Franklin Institute, Dept. A 106, Rochester, N. Y. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chcmekcta Street SALEM, OREGON NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. (Udvertising' Anyone whose business involves person- al salesmanship can profitably use the right kind of advertising literature. Did you ever stop to think, for In- stance, that the printed page can call on your trade at about 2 per cent of the cost of personal selling. Why not let one of our representatives tell you more about printed salesman- ship. i^AIN 8829 i'"> Prlntinc Mum GRAPH INC ^DDRE;S1NC MAllTNi.. Maiuno Lists ^'iiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiitiiiiiiiciiitiiiiiiiiiiiitiitiiiriiinirititiiiiHiiiiiiitiiiMirtiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiniriiiitiiiitiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiHMiiriirMiiMittnrrnrriiiiiiiiiirMtiMirMiiiiiirniiiiitMifiiuMiniiiniiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiitiiiiMiMiiNiiriiiii)iiririiiitiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiriiniiirtiniiiriiiiiri>i THE WORLD— OUR ORCHARD 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiriniiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiKiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiMiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN PLAYING THE GAME IVTEVER in the history of the fruit trade has any concern made heavier losses than we did -L ^ last season in the apple deal. This is a matter well known to all the fruit trade of the United States. It is, therefore, more than gratifying to us to announce the continuance of our policy of doing business on the same basis, regardless of whether we win or lose. We do not wish to appear egotistical, nor do we wish to put ourselves on a pedestal of superiority over our friends and competitors. However, we can look back upon our busi- ness experience of last year with pride. The policy of this firm is known throughout the world — wherever a single package of fruit or produce is handled — in a commercial way. The code of ethics employed by this firm is based upon the American ideal of the square deal. When Moses received the ten commandments and brought them from the mountain to the chosen people, the fruit trade was not taken into consideration. If it had been, we are quite sure that there would have been woven in much pertaining to the fruit business, and \vTitten thus, to the everlasting honor and glory of a great and grand industry. 1. Thou shah play the game straight, irrespective of con- sequences. 2. Thou shalt pay all drafts, regardless of market condi- tions upon arrival of cars. 3. Thou shalt back thy judgment with thine own coin. +. Thou shalt not turn down any cars, unless thy shipper is actually trying to defraud thee. 5. Thou shalt consider a contract a contract and which is made not to be broken, no matter what the cause. 6. Thou shalt consider thy firm's good name thy biggest asset. 7. Thou shalt consider it a privilege to lose, from time to time, for as long as thou canst take a loss without a kick, thou art a good sport and deserveth success. 8. Thou shalt keep one set of books, so when thy shipper calls on thee and desires to examine thy accounts, thou canst look him straight in the face and tell him to go as far as he likes. 9. Thou shalt never overquote the market, thereby giving false witness against thy neighbor, who has troubles enough of his own and which may induce the husband- man to ship goods to thee which he could have sold at higher prices elsewhere. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's business, for there is enough for everybody and then some. I 1. Thou shalt particularly take care of the goods sent to thee on consignment by thy fellow man, who may be thousands of miles away from thy business abode, but who depends upon thy honor and wisdom to see that he receives proper compensation for the harvest made by the sweat of his brow. By playing the game according to these commandments, thou wilt live long in the land and wilt earn a heritage of which thy sons will be proud when thou art laid to rest among thy fathers for, after all, a good name is greater than worldly riches Stienhardt & Kelly 273-277 Washington Street Cordoba 2260 Buenos Aires ARGENTINE NEW YORK 102-106 Warren Street Rua de Rosario 102 Rio de Janeiro BRAZIL Rocky Ford, Colo. Phoenix, Ariz. Las Cruces, N. Mer. Carlsbad, Cal. Brawlcy, Cal. Tampa, Fla. FIELD OFFICES: Laredo, Tex. Clearwater, Fla. Calipatria, Cal. Yakima, Wash. Wenatchee, Wash. ^^tiiniiiiitMiKiiiiriiiiiiiiihiiMiiitiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiMiiiniiniiiiHiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiMiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiniMiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiMiiniiMiniMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiit^ PRESS OF THE ARCADY COMPANY The "Red Steer" on the bag is your duarantee of Highest Possible ' X^alitj^ WIFTS RED STEER BRAND FERTILIZERS IT PAYS TO USE THEM It pays 'to use theml I On all Crops and lOn all Soils i iatttavr^^^ The right Fertilizer for your Crop For over fifty years Swift 8b Company has steadily maintained a reputation of making each Swift product the best of its kind. This reputation stands back of each and every bag of Swift's Red Steer FertiHzer. By years of research and experience Swift & Company knows the right fertiUzer requirements of each crop. Swift's Red Steer Orchard Dressing is especially recommended for orchards and small fruits. Swift's Red Steer Fertilizer analyzing 6% ammonia, 7% phosphoric acid and 8% potash is particularly suited for strawberries. There is a brand of Swift's Red Steer Fertilizers made especially for each crop — truck, potatoes, hops, corn and other crops. We can also supply nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, acid phosphate, tankage, bone meal, etc. See our local dealer for your requirements or write us. Swift 85 Company, Dept. 531 FertiUzer Department : No. Portland, Ore. Dealers who are now selling or could sell fertilizers should write for our proposition. Your territory may be open. 6C IT PAYS TO USE THEM" BetteES/fruit The Pioneer HoriicuHural Journal of the Pacific Northwest March 1922 RAINIER APPLE (Color Plates Courtesy Washingior\NuTsery) Features of This Issue : » Pruning Studies in California Approved Culture of Red Raspberries Soil Fertility as Related to Orcharding Miscible Oils and the Leaf Roller Gummosis of the Cherry 20 Cents The Single Copy Good News for Farmers! The Du Pont Company announces a new farm dynamite — more per dollar Du PONT CHEMICAL ENGINEERS have developed a new dynamite, "Pacific Stumping" — and it will save you a lot of money. It will blow out hz more stumps per dollar — blast Vz more boulders per dollar — plant V2 more trees per dollar. Standard stumping powders are packed 85 sticks to the case. For 50 cents more, you can buy a case containing 130 sticks of Pacific Stumping — each stick of which will do equal work with any other stumping powder. This means that Pacific Stumping costs you 2^2 cents (or 30%) less per stick. This new dynamite makes stump blasting in the Northwest a far less expensive operation — and will undoubtedly make pos- sible a great increase in land-clearing activities in this district. See your local hardware or general store merchant now re- garding your season's supply of Pacific Stumping Powder. Write us for booklet, "The Development of Logged-Off Lands," which gives full instructions for its use. Aik your County Agent how the Federal Farm Loan System wilt help you clear your land. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS 8C CO., Inc. Spokane Seattle Portland NON-HEADACHE NON-FREEZING STUMPING POWDER March. 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Three How to Save in Painting — Farm Buildings, Machinery, Etc. REMEMBER first, it is what paint covers that you want to save — not merely a few cents per gallon in the purchase price of paint. Note how the best paint spreads easier and covers more square yards than cheap paint does. Figure in the extra gallons of cheap paint that you must buy, and the extra cost of application. It means that cheap paint costs just as much as good paint on the house or barn. The best paint then gives five or more years' protection to your property investment if properly ap- plied. Cheap paint, on the aver- age, starts cracking in twelve months. Which paint costs less? The paints we specify for farm use are the result of 72 years' ex- perience in making paints and var- nishes for every purpose. Made to stand the peculiarities of western weather. The best materials — PURE PIONEER WHITE LEAD, pure linseed oil, zinc and color — are combined with long-time skill, in scientifically exact proportions. Our white lead base must pass through a silk screen with 40,000 meshes to the square inch. A pat- ented purifier makes it "whiter," so Fuller colors are exceptionally clear. The paint when applied on the house is a beautiful, elastic, tough, protective coat. Such paint costs but a trifle more to buy per gallon and is five or more times more economical in service rendered. Cheap paints are costly — in the long run — good paints save money — they protect. Remember that when you buy paint. Don't allow surfaces to rot. It costs less to paint them. PULLEP Paints kEADEBS Fullers SPECIFICATION Farm Paints House Paint'Barn 6- Roof Pain*- Waqon Point-Rubber Cement Floor Point M'fd. by W. P. FULLER & CO., San Francisco Pioneer Manufacturers of Paints, Varnishes, Enamels, Stains and PIONEER WHITE LEAD for 72 Years Established 1S49 Branches in 16 Cities in the West Dealers Everywhere Advice on Painting Free If you want to do your own work and get the best results, ask our Speci- fication Department for free advue. We'll tell you how to treat old paint, how many coats to use, what kind of brush, etc. Use Fuller Service as well as Fuller Paints and Varnishes to insure good work. HOUSE PAINT: Fuller's Pure Prepared Paint, Phoenix Pure Paint, for Painting Houses. The purest, best protective and most durable paint manufactured — 32 colors. BARN AND ROOF PAINT: A protective coaling for barns, roofs, fences. Dries with a Rood t:loss and wears. Economical in cost and dependable in quabty. Six colors to select from. FLOOR PAINT: Fuller's Rubber-Cement Floor Paint — sanitary, waterproof and durable paint for floors of kitchens, closets, etc. Attrac- tive in cojrir and gloss. Dries hard over night. Made in 12 colors. IMPLEMENT PAINT: Fuller's Pacific Wagon Paint adapted for repainting agricultural implements, farm wagons, windmills and farm machinery. A glossy, durable finisli offered in 7 colors. Free Books Mail the Coupon Send the coupon for "Save the Surface," a free book that tells why pood paint is vitally important on your place - — why your house, barn, silo, and machin- ery should be protected. We'll send witli il our small booklet of Fuller's Specification Farm Paints and Var- nishes. You need both books. Send for ihcm now. W. p. Fuller & Co. Dept. F-21 Sail Francisco. Please send me, without charge, a copy of "Save the Surface" and your small booklet of farm paints and var- nishes. Name Address.. City State.. Page Four BETTER FRUIT March, 1922 — all around usefulness a striking feature of T-35 Tractor The small size— light weight — compact power — rugged strength and dependability of this machine adapt it for all power work — tractive and stationary. If you farm a limited acreage, the T-35 Tractor will do all the work — plowing, harrowing, discing, leveling and other jobs. If you are a "big farmer" the T-35 Tractor will do the light jobs quickly and economically, in place of big tractors or horses. It is ideal for orchards, vineyards and berry fields — for road w^ork, hauling and contracting. Whatever your power needs, there is a size of "Cater- pillar" Tractor to meet them. Write for full information. THE HOLT MANUFACTURING CO. Factories at Spokane, Washington Stockton, Calif. Peoria, III. Oregon Representative, J. W. Hill, Henry Building, PorOand For belt jobs The belt pulley unit extends the usefulness of the T-35 Tractor. With it you can pump water > grind feed, saw wood and do other belt jobs easily and quickly. The belt pulley is an independent unit that bolts on rear end of the transmission case. It operates at 3000 feet per minute belt speed. bettewFruit The Pioneer HoriicuUural Jourtjcil of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 Volume XVI Portland, Oregon, March, 1922 Number 9 Pruning Studies in California By Warren P. Tufts Assistant Professor of Pomology, Uniz'ersity of California STYLES in pruning change, perhaps not as often as do fashions in women's wearing apparel, nevertheless, as one travels from section to section, the fact is emphasized that there is apparently a great difference of opinion as to how fruit trees should be handled in this respect. Although generalizations are dangerous, the statement will be hazarded that the California pruning method has, in the past, been characterized by the severity of the cutting. In some fruit sections of the West, the opposite extreme of little or no prun- ing may undoubtedly be found. The cutting of young trees is primarily designed to influence the forms, however, the functions of the plant are also pro- foundly altered. "If you would have your trees stocky, strong, and mechanically -able to support heavy crops, prune your orchard severely for at least four years after plant- ing," has been the advice commonly heard in nearly all deciduous fruit growing sec- tions of California. Considered from the standpoint of plant nutrition, it would seem that annually to remove a large portion of the leaf bearing area, which is the factory of food pro- duction for the tree, in addition to the loss of stored food reserves, would of itself tend to weaken the life processes of the plant. The fact, however, that orchard trees have in almost all cases responded to the heavy cutting with an exuberant vege- tative growth the following season has mis- led many to believe that annual shoot growth alone is the true index- of the plant's vigor. Is it not, however, more accurate to meas- ure the tree's activity by the total weight of wood laid down over the whole plant? Experiments by the California Experi- ment Station have shown that a very close correlation exists between the diametef of the trunk of a non-bearing tree and the weight of both top and root. Any prun- ing practice which gives a greater girth in the young tree may be safely taken as an index of a larger development over the entire plant. iiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiuiriitiiiiiiiililiii iiiiiniiliiniiniitiiiiiililillillillliiiiiniiniiiiittllttlltli I Careful experiments and studies in | i fruning effects on deciduous fruit | I trees have been made in California \ I iri recent years, largely under the | I lead of Professor Tufts. These have \ I convinced this widely knozvn fomolo- | I gist and many others that certain \ I -pruning practices of the fast have not \ I been founded on sound frincifles. | I The findiftgs for instance, are against | i severe heading back of young trees | I and favor the "long system" of frun- | i ing, in general. These findings are \ I making a strong impression on Call- | I fornia growers of deciduous fruits, | I particularly where there is little or no | I irrigation. The report here given \ I deserves unbiased study by all readers \ I of Better Fruit and is of par- | I ticular import to those in unirrigated | I sections. | ~llllllllllllllllllltlllMlllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllr The facts just presented perhaps rather completely explode another tradition heard in many fruit sections, namely, that heavy cutting of the top, although perhaps re- ducing the size of the above-ground parts, nevertheless results in renewed and strengthened root development. RESULTS of apple pruning investiga- tions in England, Oregon, West Vir- ginia and other sections show that the less the tree is pruned the larger and heavier it becomes. In order to ascertain whether these results hold equally well with other deciduous fruits careful measurements were made in the California Experiment Station orchards at Davis, California. The experimental trees were planted in deep, rich, alluvial loam soil, had not been irrigated up to the time of these measurements and, with the exception of the pruning, had received identical cultural treatment. Table No. 1 briefly summarizes the results of the different pruning treat- ments after one season's growth. In order to secure data on the stockiness of branches as influenced by different pruning treatments, measurements were made on apricot trees which had been only lightly pruned, others which had been moderately, and still others which had been severely pruned. All measurements were made at a height of three feet from the ground, the trees having been evenly headed at the time of planting. The results of these measurements are exactly in accord with those made on the trunk. Certain German investigators have reported similar findings with apple branches. The figures of Table 2 summarize these observations. TABLE n. INFLUENCE OF PRUNING ON STOCKINESS OF BRANCHES Average Increase in Circumference in Centimeters. Heavily Moderately Lightly Fruit Pruned Pruned Pruned Apple 8.4 Cm. 9.5 Cm. 11.7 Cm. Apricot 3.85 4.66 5.09 TABLE I. INFLUENCE OF PRUNING ON STOCKINESS OF TRUNK •Average Increase in Circumference in Centimeters. Kind of Fruit Pruned Severely Pruned Moderately Pruned Lightly Apricot — Cherry Peach Pear — Plum (Japanese) - Plum (European) Prune Averafe 11.7 Cm. 10.0 12.0 8.7 6.3 7.2 6.2 8.9 12.6 Cm. 11.2 16.9 9.1 10.4 8.8 7.1 10.9 15.3 Cm. 12.3 19.4 9.7 11.3 9.4 8.4 12.3 Page Six Another set of measurements presents data perhaps still more interesting and instruc- tive. Several hundred strongly vegetative shoots of two, three and four-year-old French prune and Bartlett pear trees were selected and comparable branches headed in such a way as to leave 12, 24 and 36 inches of the new growth. Table 3 sum- marizes the results obtained on the prune trees. Similar results were obtained from the pear trees. These figures seem to indicate that head- ing-back new growth an young non-bear- ing trees reduces, in direct ratio to its severity, resultant new shoot growth, stock- iness and number of spurs formed. BETTER FRQ IT the Oregon Experiment Station have already yielded results which emphasize this statement. In order better to comprehend certain plant responses, facts should be recalled concerning the annual cycle of growth and devclopement of the fruit tree. The sea- son's first burst of growth — blossoms, leaves, and new shoots — is made largely at the ex- pense of plant food reserves, normally stored in the tree during the preceeding summer and fall. These stored plant re- serves are thus very materially used up during the early part of the summer and as a consequence concentration of the cell sap is lowest at this time. The crude sap TABLE III. INFLUENCE OF SEVERITY OF PRUNING ON DEVELOPMENT OF ONE-YEAR SHOOTS OF FRENCH PRUNE Shoots of Equal Size Pruned to Circumference at Base Number of Spurs Formed — Length of New Shoots 12 inches .57 inches 4.68 154 inches 24 inches .74 inches 9.43 230 inches inches ncehs 36 .9 1430 284 inches SUMMER pruning non-bearing trees, whether performed early or late in the season, exerts a marked influence on vigor as measured by trunk increments. During the summer of 1916 four blocks of flourishing two-year-old trees consisting of apricots, cherries, peaches, pears, plums (Japanese and European) and prunes were subjected to various treatments. Block A (152 trees) received no sum- mer pruning, and the average increase of trunks was 7.5 centimeters. Block B (252 trees) received a moderate thinning-out and heading-back on May 4, and the aver- age increase of the trunks was 6.5 centi- meters. Block C (96 trees) received a moderate thinning-out and heading-back on May 4, and again on July 1 1, and the aver- age increase of the trunks was 5.2 centi- meters. Block D (30 trees) received a moderate thinning-out and heading-back on August 8, and the average increase of the trunks was 5.4 centimeters. There were only apricots, cherries and pears in this block. From the figures just presented its seems that summer pruning at any time is devital- izing, and that midsummer cutting is more weakening than that done during the early part of the season. It is to be further noted that two comparatively early summer prun- ings were only a little more weakening than one given late in the growing period. It is not the intention to give the im- pression that little or no pruning of voung trees is desirable, but rather that the orchardist should bear in mind the observa- tions herewith presented and shape his pruning practices with the end in view of obtaining the advantages to be derived from a knowledge of the facts. Attention should, at this point, be drawn to the fact that the same principles or factors governing the growth of non-bear- ing trees do not necessarily hold when bear- ing trees are considered. The most excel- lent pruning investigations in progress at taken up by the roots is transported to the leaves where, with carbon dioxide from the air, the complex plant foods are elaborated. After the active vegetative period of early summer is past the plant begins to store such elaborated foods as are not needed for the promotion of diameter growth, nourishment of the fruit crop and development of fruit buds for the succeed- ing spring. As the season advances the cell sap, under favorable growth conditions, becomes more and more concentrated, in- dicating the . storage of reserves for the winter months and the following year's growth. Any practice which will aid this normal development of the tree should materially benefit succeeding wood and fruit production. 31 arch, 1922 TT HAS been demonstrated many times -■- that heavy cutting during the dormant period will result in rank succulent vegeta- tive growth the following season. Un- fortunately many growers have mistaken these rapidly growing shoots as a sure in- dication of a healthy and vigorous condi- tion of the tree. Pruning, however, may be so severe that the proper balance between the vegetative and reproductive functions are disturbed to such an extent that the new growth will take practically all the plant's energies to maitain and extend it far beyond the proper time for the term- ination of such devepoment and the begin- ning of storage of synthesized plant foods. Excessive pruning results in rank vegetative growth near the pruning cut which, with its soft, succulent, spongy tis- sue, is probably wasteful in its use of soil moisture and also in times of stress may even withdraw water from the green fruit. If soil moisture conditions are not remedied shortly the tissues of the wilted, immature fruit become irreparably injured. In sec- tions of limited rainfall, or where irriga- tion water is not plentiful, the question of what type of tissue uses the greatest amount of water is most important. The data secured from careful experimentation are meagre and seem somewhat contra- dictory, but from field observations it ap- pears that trees and especially vegetables with very succulent growth are those which suffer first from a deficiency of soil moisture. The later the tree continues its active prolongation of new wood during the sea- son,, the less is the opportunity to store plant food reserves and, therefore, the less is the concentration of the cell sap. It {Continued on ■page 23) Comparison of trees in background with those in foreground shows plainly how an application of miscible oil retards the buds in the spring. March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Seven Miscible Oils and Fruit -Tree Leaf Roller iiriiiiniiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiniiiiiKililiiiiiiiiiMiitiiii Mniiiiiiiiiiii^ I Exfertmeiits -uith spay materials, | I u-hen srienlifiiiilly carried out by | i experts, are certain to add something \ i lo the sum total of existing knozv- | I ledge about them. The question of | I virtues and efficacy of fniscible oil | I sprays for this or that disease or pest | i IS still one of keen debate. Every | I n-ide^a-.L-ake horticulturist must be | I glad to learn anything he can from | I • the experiences of others. With this | I /// mind u-e print here the results | I obtained in combating leaf-roller on \ I a small scale in Montana, by Profes- | I snr Parker and associates. If his | i report provokes reply and elicits fur- = I ther discussion, so much the better | I for those studying the uses of mis- | I cible oils. \ ^iiiitiiliiiiillliiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiliiiilllliiDiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii? THE fruit-tree leaf roller (Archips argyrospila) for the past two sea- sons has been extremely injurious in several of the largest apple orchards in the Bitter Root Valley and during the same time has also appeared in injurious numbers in a number of localities in Washington and Oregon. The enormous damage this insect is capable of doing, the difficulty of its control and its ability to increase and spread very rapidly make it one of the most dangerous orchard pests with which the fruit growers of the Northwest have to con- tend. Because of the general interest with which the leaf-roller is now regarded, our experience in Montana in attempting to control this pest with miscible oils is here- with presented. The spraying tests were conducted jointly by R. K. Thompson, manager of the University Heights Orchard Company, the Division of Horticulture of the Mon- t.'.na State Department of Agriculture, and the Montana Experiment Station. The general arrangement was for Mr. Thomp- son to furnish the trees and spraying equip- ment and for W. L. Shovel 1, now Chief of the Division of Horticulture, and Mr. Thompson to jointly supervise the actual spraying operations. The writer aided in planning the experiments and in checicing up the results. Results of SprAying in 1920 — The first appearance of the leaf-roller in Mon- tana in injurious numbers was at University Heights orchard, at Darby, in 1919. Dur- ing that season damage was done over a very small area, b t the moths appeared in great numbers and laid eggs very heavily over an area of about 400 acres, many of the trees having from 200 to 300 egg- masses. R. K. Thompson, manager of the By J. R. Parker Montana Experiment St-ation, Bozeman orchard, realizing that the great quantity of eggs laid in 1919 meant trouble the following year, immediately took steps to find out the best known method of control. Entomologists n several states who had had experience with the leaf-roller were consulted and all agreed that spraying with miscible oil had proved the most successful of all the control methods that had been tried. Mr. Thompson also wrote to the Montana Experiment Station for aid, but we had had no previous experience with the leaf-roller and could only hand along the recommendation of entomologists in leaf-roller states which, .as Mr. Thompson already knew, was miscible oil. Acting on these recommendations, the University Heights Orchard Company bought two car loads of miscible oil known as Spra-Mulsion. Four hundred acres were sprayed with this oil in the spring of 1920, 25 0 acres being sprayed early at the rate of seven gallons of oil in 100 gallons of water and 150 acres at the rate of 8 gallons of oil in 100 gallons of water. The early spraying was done under un- favorable conditions, the weather being cold and cloudy and the spraying was in- terrupted by storms. The later spraying was done under ideal spraying conditions, the weather being warm and clear. The first spraying gave practically no results, while the later spraying at the stronger strength gave only 50 to 60 per cent control. As a result the trees over approximately 300 acres were almost completely defoliated, great numbers of moths matured and eggs were laid over a much larger territory than in 1919. ^VT^INTER Spraying Experiments in 1920 — The costly and negative results from the use of Spr.a-Emul- sion in 1920, together with the enlarged area of infestation presented a very dicour- aging outlook for the following year. Miscible oil is a highly expensive insecticide and no one wanted to put money into it TABLE I- -RESULTS OF WINTER SPRAYING WITH MISCIBLE OILS TO CONTROL LEAF-ROLLER Infested branches sprayed with hand sprayer in greenhouse, Nov. 20, 1920 Infested branches sprayed in orchard with power sprayer Dec. I, 1920, and cut three weeks later Brand and Strength No. of Egg Masses Percent of Efjgs Unhatched Pfcrcent of Eggs I'nhatched 87.9 48.5 ^fi 1 No. of Egg Masses Dormoil, 1 to 12'/^ 149 111 103 158 78 60 18 2 339 309 Soluble, 1 to liy^. . . . [Jnsprayed Checks. . . . 7 6 "^' ' i TABLE II— RESULTS OF SPRING SPRAYING WITH MISCIBLE OIL TO CONTROL LEAF-ROLLER lUand and Time of Spraying No of Trees Examined Condition of Foliage Dormoil, 1 to 1 1 J/^ April 25. 1921 25 Twenty-four trees slightly injured — general appearance fine. One tree considerably injured, somewhat brownish in appearance. Dormoil, 1 to 11 ^^ April 30, 1921 25 Twenty-one very slightly injured — general appearance fine. Four trees slightly injured, general appearance fair. I'niversal Brand, 1 to llVz April 25, 1921 20 Eleven trees considerably injured — general appearance very ragged. Nine trees with nearly every leaf injured, general appearance brownish. I'niversal Hrand. 1 to 11'/ April 30, 1921 25 Eleven trees slightly injured^gencral appearance fair. Fourteen trees considerably injured, general appearance ragged. Scalecide, 1 to 11 'A April 25. 1921 20 Twenty trees with every leaf injured and many reduced to stubs. General appearance ragged and brownish. Scalecide, 1 to 15 April 25, 1921 20 Twenty trees with every leaf injured and many reduced to stubs. General appearance ragged and brownish. Scalecide, 1 to 15 April 30, 1931 25 Five trees very slightly injured — general appearance fine. Thirteen trees slightly injured, general appearance fair. Flight trees considerably injured, general appearance ragged. Four trees with nearly every leaf injured, some reduced to stubs, general appearance very ragged and brownish. Spra-Mulsion. 1 to 8 April 25, 1921 25 Twenty-five trees with every leaf injured and many re- duced to stubs. General appearance very ragged and brownish. Spra-Mulsion, 1 to 8 April 25 1921 25 Twenty-five trees with every leaf injured and many re- duced to stubs. General appearance very ragged and brownish. Vngc Eight BETTER FRUIT March, 1 922 after Ic.irning of this evident failure. After ftudying the composition of Spra- Mulsion it seemed that it was not the right type of miscible oil for leaf-roller control and that possibly there might be other mis- cible oils that would give better results. It uas decided to find out by correspondence with entomologists in states where the le.if- roller had occurred just what brands had given best results and then to try these out under Montana conditions. The result of correspondence led us to select Scalecide, manufactured by the B. G. Pratt Company; Dormoil, manufactured by the Hood River Spray Company; and Universal Brand Dor- mant Soluble Oil, manufactured by the General Chemical Company. Of these three, Scalecide seemed to be the most highly recommended, but was also by far the most expensive, largely because of the high freight charges from the point of manufacture in the east. Preliminary tests of these oils were con- ducted during the \yinter months in order that we might be able to advise the fruit growers which to buy the following spring. It was realized that this was not an ideal time to conduct leaf-roller contact experi- ments, but it was believed that that the oil which would give the best results under winter condition? would also give the best results when used in the spring and this later proved true. The tests were conducted at the Univer- sity Heights orchard on December 1. Five g.illons of each oil were used, "Dormoil" and "Dormant Soluble Oil" being diluted 1 to 12^, and "Scalecide" 1 to 15. A power outfit equipped with spray guns was used. The trees were very carefully sprayed and were completely drenched. The weather at the time of spraying was quite mild with a temperature of about 5n degrees at mid-day. Three weeks after the trees were sprayed a quantity of branches heavily infested with egg-masses was cut from each tree and held in a warm greenhouse until egg-hatching on unsprayed check branches was complete. For comparison with the outdoor spray- ing, infested branches from the same trees were sprayed with a hand sprayer in a warm greenhouse, where they were h^ld until egg-hatching on unsprayed checks was completed. The same oils and the same dilutions were used as in the outdoor tests. In both tests hatching began in 28 days after the branches were taken into the greenhouse and continued over a period of nearly three weeks. After hatching was completed on the unsprayed branches each egg-mass was examined and classed as hatched if five or more individual eggs were hatched. All counts were restricted to egg-masses deposited during the season of 1920, all old egg-masses having been previously removed. The results are shown in Table I. It will be seen from Table I that Dor- moil was the most effective in both the indoor and outdoor tests and it was, there- fore, recommended to the fruit growers for the season of 1921. Spring Spraying Experiments in 1921 — It was realized that the winter spraying tests were conducted on a very small scale and at a time when the best results perhaps cculd not be expected. It was, therefore, decided to conduct comparative tests of the same materials on a larger scale in the spring just before the eggs hatched. In this experiment 50 gallon lots of Dormoil, Scalecide and Universal Brand Dormant Soluble Oil and Spra-Mulsion were used. Dormoil and Universal Brand Dormant Soluble Oil were used at the rate of 16 gallons of oil to 184 gallons of water, or 1 to 11.5. Scalecide was used at the strength recommended by the manufac- turer, 1 to 1 5, and also at 1 to 1 1.5 in order to compare it directly with the others. Spra- Mulsion was used at the rate of 22 gallons to 178 gallons of water, or 1 to 8. Adjacent blocks of uniformly heavily infested 1 5 -year-old trees were used for the experiment. The first spraying was TABLE III— SHOWING AMOUNT OF DAMAGE TO FOLIAGE BY LEAF ROLLER LARVAE ON PLOT SPRAYED W.ITH VARIOUS MISCIBLE OILS Kgf? Masses Counted Percentage Unhatched Larvae per Foot of Branch Spray Injury Dormoil, 1 to 11 April 25, 1921 1607 2357 73.6 74.5 .5 .4 No injury on any of 25 trees sprayed. Slight injury noted on 5 out of 25 trees sprayed. Dormoil, 1 to llj^ April 30, 1921 Universal Brand, 1 to 1 1 VS April 25, 1921 1097 2162 3l.n 63.4 - 3.0 .9 Seven slightly injured and one badly out of 20 trees sprayed. Thirteen slightly and four badly injured out of 25 trees sprayed. Universal Brand, 1 to 11!^ April 30, 1921 Scalecide. 1 to UK April 25, 1921 11 SO 1363 2417 41.1 25.9 37.8 3.1 3.4 1.9 Fifteen badly injured and five slightly out of 20 trees sprayed. Ten badly injured and five slightly out of 20 trees sprayed. Two badly injured and six slightly out of 25 sprayed. Scalecide, 1 to 15 April 25, 1921 Scalecide. 1 to 15 April 30. 1921 Spra-Mulsion. 1 to 8 April 25, 1921 1605 16.5 33.3 5.8 3.3 No injury on any of 25 trees sprayed. No injury on any of 25 trees sprayed. Spra-Mulsion, 1 to 8 April 30, 1921 done on April 25, the weather on this date being cool and cloudy, with a temperature of 40 to 45 degrees during the greater part of the day. About an inch of snow fell duing the night, but this was blown off the trees the next morning without wetting the bark to any extent. 13ECAUSE of the somewhat unfavor- -'-' able weather conditions which fol- lowed the first spraying, the tests were repeated on additional unsprayed trees on April 30. The weather on this date was warm and bright as was also the day fol- lowing. The second day after spraying was cooler and there were light showers. Spraying day on both dates was done with power outfits, using spray guns and a pres- sure of 250 to 300 pounds. The leaf-roller eggs at the time of the spraying were well incubated and by care- ful searching a larva could now and then be found. The leaf buds were almost breaking. The effectiveness of the various sprays was judged by a careful examination of 20 to 25 trees in each plot during the last week in May. The percentage of unhatched eggs and the number of leaf- roller larvae present on the trees were the factors upon which effectiveness was judged at this examination. Any evidence of spray injury was also noted. The results of the two sprayings are given in Table II. During the second week in July, at which time larval feeding was practically over, the- various plots were .again carefully examined with the object of determining the amount of injury to the foliage which the trees had suffered as a result of the feed- ing of the leaf-roller larva:. All of the sprayed trees had been almost completely defoliated the previous year, thus prevent- ing the formation of fruit buds and in judging the amount of injury we were confined entirely to the foliage. The amount of injury in the various plots is shown in Table III. The amount of foliage injury on all the plots was less than would be expected on the basis of the percentage of the eggs that hatched and it is believed that the per- centage of unhatched eggs cannot be taken as the true percentage of control. There seems to be a very high mortality among newly hatched larva; from sprayed egg- masses and It m.ay be that many larva; with- in the egg-masses are almost killed by the oil, but still have life enough to eat through the egg shell and then perish shortly after they emerge. Summary of Resui-ts — Dormoil, at th<~ strength of 1 to 11.5, gave the best results In both winter and spring spraying tests. Practically no spray injury resulted from the use of this oil at the above strength and leaf-roller injury to the foliage was so reduced that it was scarcely noticeable. A (Continited on page 21) March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Nine Soil Fertility As Related to Orcharding By Clayton L. Long Extension Horticulturist, Oregon Agricultural College I HE most successful orchardist is the one who recognizes the several T ^ necessary tundanientals ot fruit growing and is capable of classifying them in order of their importance for his own particular orchard. These essentials he groups as follows: 1. Soil management, including the main- tenance of a proper soil moisture, an abun- dant supply of organic matter incorporated in the soil and a sufficient and properly balanced soil fertility. 2. Pruning, for the purpose of maintain- Two groups of food I Necessary Elements Air Food Soil Food Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorous Pot.issium Calcium Magnesium Sulfur Iron Sources of Supply Amounts needed Factors limiting total supply Air Air or water Water Organic Mattel^ Mineral Matter of Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil 95 + % of food Requirements 5 - % of food Requirements Amount green color leaf sur- face exposed to good lifht. Size of feeding and root area and amount of available soil fertility. (Nitrogen carrying organic matter being limiting factor. distribution of the fruiting wood and for facilitating pest control. 3. Pest control, including the preven- tion or cure of economic injury from rodent, insect or disease pests. 4. Thinning of the fruit for the pur- pose of producing a more marketable at a greater profit to himself. ing a more equal distribution of light to orchard. No one of them is decided upon phosphorous and potassium— are used lor the entire leaf surface; a common sense or adopted before he determines the effect growth and production m larger quantities and may, m the future, become limiting factors in fruit growing, but to date have been supplied in amounts great enough to meet all needs for growth and production. it will have upon the system as a whole or upon any one of the others. Each step in his system of orchard man- agement either tends to bring this year's crop of fruit to maturity in the most profit- able condition or to maintain the vigor of the tree against its own natural tendency to become old or devitalized. He carries These four fundamentals of his business on his orchard practices for the continuation THE remaining element, nitrogen, large- ly supplied by the organic matter of the soil, is the one to first disappear from cultivated soils. The organic matter, being considers individually, but of a fairly vigorous wood growth as well as the most unstable part of the soil, rapidly he not only collectively, together making up the one most profitable method of handling his Compare this apple yield, grown with alfalfa as cover crop, with that in opposite photo. These demonstration tracts arc at Freewater, Oregon. to bring about an annual crop of large, perfect, well colored fruit. Soil management, the first of these four essentials, and by far the most fundamental, is the subject here treated. The manage- ment of anything, to be a real success, should be based upon a thorough knowledge of the subject to be managed. An orchard soil is no exception. While it is impossible here to make a thorough study of any part- icular orchard soil, it is possible to study a general one. Such a soil is a porous mass of rock and organic p.irticles, moistened with that water retained after thorough under-drainage, ventilated by a slow circu- lation of air and alive with minute organ- isms. There are ten elements of materials necessary for tree growth or fruit produc- tion. These are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, patassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and iron. No fruit tree can live or produce without all of these. The first three elements, carbon, hy- drogen and oxygen, usually available in unlimited quantities from air and water, make up approximately ninety-five percent of a fruit tree and its crop. The other seven, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and iron com- bined supply the other five percent or thereabout. The last four, calcium, mag- nesium, sulfur, and iron are used by fruit trees in very limited amounts and are suf- ficiently supplied in common orchard soils. Where alfalfa is used as a permanent cover- crop in the orchard, sulfur may be used to advantage. Two of the remaining three elements — decays and disappears under the usual {Continued on page 26) Here is typical apple tree, fruiting on a tract having grass cover crop. It is the same age as the tree shown in opposite column on this page. Page Ten BETTER FRUIT March, 1922 Approved Culture of Red Raspberries TFll'', mild climate of the Pacific Northwest makes it especially well adapted to the growing of rasp- berries, but not all of the land is suitable to raspberry culture. The soil bejt adapted for them is a well drained sandy loam or shot clay. If the natural drainage is not sufficient to keep the water from standing on the field, then tile or box drains should be put in. Care should be taken to avoid frost pockets as good air drainage is very essential. Varieties — Of the 5 7 varieties, the Cuthbert, Antwerp, Marlboro, King and St. Regis are the most common. The Marlboro and Antwerp usually be- gin to ripen about June 15, which is ten days ahead of the Cuthbert. The St. Regis is known as the everbear- ing, as it bears a light crop in the last of June and July, then bears another crop in September and on until the frost catches them. Only a few are grown and thev are not profitable as a commercial berry. The Marlboro, (or Red Cane), Antwerp and King are known as the sour raspberries. They have stout upright canes, thev yield heavily and are good shippers, but are poor berries for the cannery, as they cook to pieces. The Cuthbert has tall slim canes that droop when loaded with fruit or foliage. The berries are sweet, of fine texture, good shippers, remain whole when cooked, and are what the canners all want. So I shall confine myself principally to the Cuthbert. Preparations for Planting — The field should be well plowed. If there is anv sod it should be thouroughly disced and harrowed, and put in fine condition for planting. Then, with a marker, lav off the field in rows, seven feet apart. It is best to run the rows north and south as it is much cooler for the pickers and the berries do not sun scald, as they do if the rows run east and west. Then "furrow out the rows with an eight-inch plow or a potato hiller, going twice in a row. Obtain plants from a one-year-old field that are free from disease and cut them back to about 12 to 15 inches long. Put two plants in a hill, 2^^ feet apart. It will require 5,000 plants per acre. The planting may be done in fall or spring. I recommend two plants to the hill be- cause you never have enough canes the first year. Although some plants are sure to die, they will seldom both die !n the same hill, therefore you will have prac- tically a perfect stand. Some root crop, such as potatoes, cabbage or kale, may be grown between the rows the first year. I think the furrow system is much better than planting with a jpade as you are %-erv By G. E. Davis, Sumner, Washington iiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiitillllllriiiiiiiMiiriinillllliliiiiiiliiiiiiriinilMlliiiiniiriiiiiiiM Specific and friictictil information on the planting and ctiture of red raspberries was giz'en at the annual meeting of the Western Washington Horticultural Associattion, at Mt. Vernon, February 15-17, by Mr. Dazis, who knows ez'ery phase of the subject from the grozver's standpoint. The infortnation there given is pre- sented here. The discussion gives details so carefully the beginner might use it as his only guide in planting and caring for a nezc yard. It is needless to point out that, com- ing as it does, from an authority of zvide experience in the heart of one of the country^ s ?nost famous berry lections, the article sets forth the most approved practices there in vogue. .liiltliiliiniliijiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiilliliiiiiitiii iillllliliiiiiiiiiiiii apt to plant too shallow, and as raspberries 3l\v.iys grow up, one crown on top of the preceeding year. It is much better to get them too deep than too shallow, and again, with the furrow system, you gradually work the dirt toward the plants covering the weeds and save hoeing. T)OSTS AND Wire for New Field — -*- The posts should be 7 feet long with 8 inch face, set about 40 feet apart. The end or anchor posts, 7J4 feet long, should be set at least 3 feet in the ground, the center posts 2^2 feet. By setting them 40 feet apart it requires 150 posts per acre. Use No. 12 wire, putting 2 wires on the east or face of the row, one about 3 feet high to hold the young canes, the other 43^ feet to support the bearing canes. Put one wire on the west, or back, side of the row to hold the young canes. For con- venience in adjusting, the wire should not be stapled to the end posts, but wrapped around the post, then, with an end about 3 feet long, twist back around wire. It requires 140 lbs. of No. 12 wire per acre. Use two 1 0-penny nails on the back or west side of posts, driven at 45 degree angle, one 3 feet from the ground, the other 43^ feet. When the young canes get about 3J4 feet high, raise the wire, swing it out over the canes and hook it back on the bottom nail. Then, later in the season, raise the wire to the top nail. Cultivation — The ground should be stirred every week or ten d.ays with planet jr. cultivator, spike-tooth harrow or spring- tooth cultivator, but always set the tooth that runs next to the row one half inch shallower than the others so as not to dis- turb the roots of the plants. It is a good plan to harrow with spike-tooth after a rain. This keeps ihc ground from form- ing a crust and losing the moisture, as we need to conserve all the moisture possible during the summer months. Removino Old Canes — The old and all surplus canes over six to the hill may be removed as soon as the picking season is over, or may be left until the next spring when they are easily broken out, carried out and burned. I use the latter system in my yards. Weaving — With 5 or 6 canes to the hill, divide the hill and bring the canes over the top of wire and in behind the end post. Take the rest of the hill over the top of the wire and in behind the part of the hill you have just woven and so on, being careful not to draw the canes down on the wire too tight. Leave them up 1 or 2 inches so every bud may come out and mature. Then, with a pair of hand clippers, cut off the ends of the canes where they lap past the next hill, usually cutting off 1 or 2 feet. rpERTILIZER— Berries require lots of -*- fertilizer. In my yards I have been applying 10 tons of cow or sheep manure per acre, for several years. This should be put on in February. If you can not get barnyard manure, then use one-half ton or more per acre of some commercial berry fertilizer, with an analysis of 2-10-2 or higher. Plowing — This should be done early in the spring. Open two furrows or dead furrows in the middle of the row, as deep as you can plow with a one horse plow. Harrow this thoroughly, then plow these back and on over .« close to the row as possible, plowing about 1 inch deep next to the row. Harrow immediately after. Cultivate, then keep cultivating all summer, as that is the secret of successful berry rais- ing. Hoeing — Berries should be hoed early. Too many growers do not hoe until the weeds are a foot high thinking it cheaper to hoe only once. But It is cheaper and much better for the crop to hoe twice or even three times. In May go through the berries with a V-shaped scraper that shoves the dirt over to the rows. Then, with a short handle garden rake or potato fork, draw the dirt up to the row. This keeps a fine dust mulch for the rest of the season. Thinning Young Canes — This should be done when they are about 2 feet high. Care should be taken to select the strongest ones. Leave about 6 or 7 to the hill, as some are apt to get broken in picking. Picking — Here is where the greatest care should be exercised. No matter how March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Eleven good berries you may grow, if they are not Moss and lichens will not grow on trees twigs as the buds on these twigs carry in- properly picked, that is "picked clean," that are regularly sprayed for the usual fection and will prove a source of disease not crushed or broken, they will not and pests and diseases. next year. Prane for an open tree also, cannot command a good price in the fresh as thorough spraying is difficult where the market or in the cannery. In pruning apples cut out all mildewed branches are thick. rarm^^ Profit ^^ 1922 m 1 i THE year 1921 did not entangle itself in the heartstrings of the American farmer. It went out under a cloud and he shed no tears. Yet this cloud, like so many of the clouds in life, had its silver lining. The agricultural ills and ailments of 1921 brought with them their own remedies. At Washington today the govern- mental forces, wide awake to the vital co-relation of farm and industrial welfare, are fortifying the weak places in the busi- ness of farming. The farm public has created a hundred active, vigorous movements, many of them now bearing fruit. Freight reductions, better financing and better marketing conditions, lower labor and equipment costs, legislation tend- ing to higher farm product prices — items like these build up the optimistic outlook for the summer ahead. For you, the individual farmer, all the factors in the situation center of course on your own acres. In so far as you are a believer in the inevitable return swing of a pen- dulum, you will apply your best knowledge and the most efficient and modern equipment to make your fields produce bumper crops. As you come to the spring season you will probably discover the need of one or more new machines and we want to call your attention to the standard popular equip- ment that makes up the McCormick-Deering Line, sold by a good dealer in your community. For reliable machines and equipment, repairs, and ever-ready service, consider the McCormick-Deering Dealer fully qualified to serve you. These McCormick-Deering Products are in Demand at this Time of Year: Tractors Titan 10-20 International 8-16 International 15-30 Plows — Tractor and Horse Disk Harrows Spring and Peg Harrows Culti-Packers Drills, Seeders, and Alfalfa Drills Fertilizer and Lime Sowers Corn Planters Corn Cultivators Beet Seeders Listers Engines Cream Separators Manure Spreadei Motor Trucks Twine Repairs The McCormick-Deering Dealer Offers You Standard Tractors and the Best-known, Most- complete Line of Trac- tor-operated Equipment on the Market. INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF AMERICA IIMCORPOHATEO) CHICAGO (i»<:o»po.«Teoi USA 92 Branch Houses and 15,000 Dealers in the United States w/MwimMMMm/mmMM/Mmf/m Page Twelve BETTER FRUIT Control of Anthracnose, or Canker District Horticulturist, Defiirlment of Agriculture, Victor in, B. C. (Continual/ From Last Month) IN 1918 the experiment was continued as in 1916 and 1917. The early spray of 3-4-4(1 Bordeaux was applied on Septem- ber 17. The new wood had so increased that it required 9U gallons of spray mixture ior the 18 trees in Plots 1 and 2, or an average of 5 gallons per tree. Cost of the first spray was as follovvs: t,\t llis. Copper .Sulphate at .19 %\.2»'A 9 lbs. Lime at .UJ 18 2 nozzle-men, 1 hour at .40 80 Man and team. 1 hour at $6.50 per day.. .81^ Total Cost $3.07 /j Cost per tree, first spray 17.1 cents September and October continued very dry, which hastened the maturity of the apples, which were all harvested on October 23. The crop was considerably lighter than in 1917, averaging about 4 boxes per tree, it being the off-year for bearing. It was so dry during September and October that when the apples were harvested there was no water available for spraying. \ few days later it started to rain, and it was not until November 1 1 that a suitable day occurred, and despite the fact that this was Armistice Day, wo made the application, because we were not calling any armistice with the canker, even though we had it beaten. Cost of the second spray was as follows; 12 lbs. Copper .Sulphate at .19 $2.28 12 lbs. Lime at .02 24 2 nozzle-men, 1 hour at .40 80 Man and team, 1 hour at $6.50 per day...81J4 Total Cost $4.1314 Cost per tree, second application. .22.95 cents The cost of copper sulphate was a little less in 1918 than in 1917, but labor increased in price, so the cost per tree was about the same. STORING AND Packing of Sprayed .Apples, 1918 — Our previous experi- ence was repeated in 1918. The apples were packed up late in December and it was unnecessary to wipe the fruit. The sprayei.; apples again showed remarkable superiority in keeping qualities and in freedom from lot infection in the fruit. Counts ok Infection, 1919 — On Mav March, 1922 29, 1919, Mr. Eastham again made the counts on the trees. Plot 1 — early spray, all 9 trees were examined and only showed a total of 13 cankers, or 1 4/9 per tree; 3 trees out of the 9 showed no infection at all. Plot 2 — early and late spray, all 9 trees were examined and only showed a total of 6 cankers, or 2/3 of a canker per tree; 5 trees out of the 9 were absolutely clean. Plot 3 — late spray, all 9 trees were ex- (Conthn/cJ fiH Pi!'/c IS) Now is the time to order your Kimball Cultivator for SPRING WORK The Greatest^ Weed Eradicator Ever Made 'W. ATJOHNSTON, Manufacturer, The Dalles, Oreg^_ "CARO WRAPPERS PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "Caro" from DessiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITY i» retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening proces*. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and perniits juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. UnHed StatM Distributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Mvkat Sb-Mt, San Francisco, California March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Thirteen Death to Peach Borers VERY satisfactory success in treating peach trees for peach tree borer with paradichlorobensene — call it PC benzine, for short — has been reported at the Penn- sylvania State College by Professor E. H. Hodgkiss. Experiments there seerried to indicate that this substance had possibly better not be used on apple trees. It is safe, however, for plums and prunes, should these be attacked by the borers. The sub- stance of a report on the paradichloroben- sene treatment experiments directed by Professor Hodgkiss is here given; The peach tree borer is, in this state, a single-brooded insect. The eggs may be deposited anywhere on the leaves, limbs, or bark, to the number of 200 to 600, with an average of about 300. The larvae or "worms" hatch in ten days and crawl down the trunk and soon commence to gnaw their way into the bark, especially near the ground. The moth or mature insect is a day-flyer, resembling a wasp. The PC benzine is a crystalline sub- stance, which is readily volatile with fumes or gas which sinks down through the earth and find the borers beneath and kills them, if applied properly. It is not poisonous to man if not eaten or taken internally. To apply the PC benzine, level the ground around the tree, remove the gum, and sprinkle the small crystals on the damp earth in a ring around the tree two inches from the trunk. Then throw a shovelful of earth against the trunk and let it fall back over the crystals, and follow this by mounding earth around the trunk from three to six inches high, and firm it by patting with the shovel. The proper amount is three-fourths of an ounce on trees 6 years of age and older, and one-half ounce on trees from 3 to 6 years of age. Do not use it on trees less than 3 years of age, because of the danger of killing young trees. On trees 2 to 3 years of age tests were made to discover if short exposures could be made with safety to the trees. Examination of the older trees after a period of 14 days showed that the borers were practically all dead. Experiments were made in regard to the distance from the trees. Some of the material was placed at a distance of two inches, and some at one inch from the trunk, with no difference in results; but the New Jersey State Experiment Station has shown that when placed at a distance of four inches or more, it is ineffective. After a priod of four to six weeks it should be removed, if any is left. On damp soil it volatizes more rapidly than on dry, and on clay soil not so rapidly as on sandy or even as on shaly or other loose soil. The cost of treatment is 3}^ at Syi cents per tree, including material and labor. The date of treatment should be in northern states, September 10 to 30th, but in the South it can be as late as the middle of October. No experiments have been made NOW ^395 F.O.B. DETRCSlT This new price is RIGHT. It is a big help in cutting the cost of fruit production. Time payments can be arranged by your nearest Ford dealer, and a free demonstration is yours for the asking. Fordson is the Universal Farm Utility, the "Perfect Hired Man. You can use it for plowing, harrowing, discing, culti-packing, spraying and all kinds of belt work. Remember! The Fordson is adaptable to every farming purpose. Consult your nearest Ford dealer, or write the undersigned for booklet and free information. Please state the particular class of work you wish to have demon- strated. Northwest Ford Dealers Washington Montana Idaho 706 FAIRVIEW AVE., SEATTLE Musical Merchandite Write U* WE SAVE YOU MONEY! W. Martius Music House, Inc. 1009 First Avenue. Seattle, Washington Everything Known in Music SHEET MUSIC Write Us in early spring applications. It is well to try it in the spring when the soil tem- perature has reached 50 to 55 degrees. The materia! "appears to be rather injurious to apple trees," according to tests, and it is thought that it can be used safely on plum, but the tests are insufficient to form a basis for positive statements. No injuries by the material have yet been been observed on cherry and quince trees. Peach and other trees, 1, 2, and 3 years of age, are too young to be treated, as it injures them. Two points are emph.isized: It is safest to keep the material two inches from the trunk of the tree, and the mounds should be removed the next spring. Page Fourteen BETTER FRUIT Gummosis of The Cherry BH C. A. TONNESON Huner-jvuin, Burton, Washington FIELD observations of the gummosis orchards planted on hillside clay soils close malady of the cherry trees have led to to those in the valley, but on a dr.er «,,! the conclusion that late fall growing, with where wood growth is decdedly checked "ripened condition of cambium and sap- during the month of August, that desp, e March, 1 922 per cent, and more where needed, of limbs and foliage the cambium-making power and new or continous growth is reduced to wood, is a prevalent cause, though there may be bacterial and other factors. In the State of Washington there are numerous valleys with a rich sandy loam soil, where the moisture is ample to keep young orchard trees growing profusely dur- ing the months of July and August. Then, with the early September rain and a mild temperature, the leaves are retained and do not cease to provide nourishment until very late, some years in December. With a sudden drop of temperature to some point below freezing, it appears, the cambium, as it is being transformed into green sap- wood, is easily injured. As a result tissues are broken at one or more weak places in the bark and the exudation of the gum appears next spring. It has been observed that, with young the same September rain, these hillside trees are, as a rule, too nearly ripened up for the season to make any material further growth. As compared with trees in the soils which have ample moisture for con- tinuous and late growing, the trees which are under conditions to ripen up earlier have much less gummosis. If this is one of the prime causes of gummosis the remedy then is to aid nature and hasten the ripening process before the winter season. Where the trees are grow- ing on sub-irrigated soils the reduction of moisture may be beyond control, but the Drchardist can reduce the sources of nourish- ment and, to a materia! extent, check con- tious fall growth by pruning, which should be done from the middle to the last of August. By taking off from 15 to 25 Bastian Sectional Pruners Get Price, At Once Shipped by Parcel Post Northwest Fence & Wire Works Manufacturers Portl::'nd, Oregon 52-54 Union Ave. FOR SPRAVINC WH ITE WASHI NO- COLD WATER PAINTING- AND DISINFECTING ' NOZZLES AND ACCESSORIES Spraying is the big factor in perfect fruit production. 'Properly carried out and intelligently followed, it accomplishes wonders and opens the way to success and big profits in the raising of fruits or vegetables for home use or for the markets. MYERS SPRAY PUMPS, NOZZLES and SPRAYING ACCESSORIES are leaders in this field They are designed and built for better spraying. Their num- erous exclusive features, many of which are patented, insure the highest standard of spraying which produces the results desired The tens of thousands of Myers Spray Pumps in service today is the best testimonial of their efficiency in the appli- cation of spraying mixtures You can easily see for yourself how remarkably complete the Myers line of Spray Pumps really is, by looking over our new Spray Pump Catalog, No. SP22. It shows all styles of Myers Bucket, Barrel and Power Spray Pumps, Hand Outfits and Power Rigs, Nozzles and Accessories for spraying, cold water painting whitewashing and disinfecting. A postal card will bring a copy of this catalog (also contains reliable information, formulae and "How and When to Spray Instructions") to your door without the least obligation to purchase. Then if you are interested we will tell you how and where to quickly obtain a MYERS SPRAY PUMP exactly suited to your particular needs SPRAYING TIME IS NEAR— Write Immediately MYERS POWER SPRAY RIGS ARE I DEAL FOR SPRAY fe. RINGS, COMMUNITY AND NEIGHBORHOOD C LU BS. tu^^:^^. I"! F.E.MYERS & BRO.CO. 135 ORANGE ST iJ r^ANUFACTURERS OF MYERS'HONOR-BILT'PUMPS FOR EVEHV PURPOSE-HAY UNLOADINCTOOL AND DOOR HANGERS Pacific Northwest Distributors Spokane, Wash. Portland, Oregon BUY FROM THE LOCAL MITCHELL DEALER March, 1922 that extent. Root pruning at this time would also help, but that is hardly prac- tical in a large orchard, unless it is done by deep plowing at that time of the year. About ten years ago a leading nursery- man experimented by top grafting on the Mazzard. This appeared to have reduced the difficulty to some extent. The native stock seem to be hardier than a stock of a sweet variety and naturally, for the first two years after top grafting, the flow of cambium-making material over the graft is slower than on trunks which are not top worked, hence the tendency for earlier fall cessation of growth. After cherry trees come into bearing there is less injury from gummosis and in- creasingly so as the trees grow older. The nourishment derived from a vigorous growth is transformed into fruit and the ALBATROSS BRANDS Prevent the "blotch" or "burn" of the spray on fruit Observe this study in contrasts. The apple at the left was sprayed with Arsenate of Lead— a wonder- fully good spray. But the user neglected to mix "Spray Spread" with it. Below is a similar apple- sprayed with the same kind of spray— but Albatross Spray Spread was mixed with the spray. Note the difference— the "lead" dried on the FIRST apple in I spots or blotches. The second apple received an equal amount of protectivespray — but I it spread over the apple in a thin film. Appearance and mar- I keting appeal of the I appleisthusretained. I The pictures tell why I Government experts I are so enthused over I "Spray Spread" — I why experienced hor- I ticulturists say it has »r ^ ^L "L,^ /.. •■! 1. .^NO equal for spread- Notetke blotch or burn of ^^ -arsenate of the lead on this apple jead" spray. ALBATROSS SPRAY SPREAD (Calcittm Caseinate CojnPoitnd) The OrigiDal end Genuine Spray Spreader BETTER FRUIT Page Fifteen tt M Quality Features: 1. Very finely ground — always uniform. 2. Quickly Soluble. 3. No lost time. 4. Protects fruit with uniform coating. 5. Does not injure foliage. 6. Recommended by experts. 7. Guaranteed by manufacturers. Directions sent wtth xr . r ^ ji ■ each order Note the untfortn, aahenng film on this aPPls PACKAGES AND PRICES 200 lb. Bbl. Boxes 1 lb. Pkgs. 20c lb. 22c lb. 2Sclb. Freight prepaid to Northwest points. NOTE : If you use Casein, specify ALBATROSS Sup- erfiDe. Also call for Albatross Dry Bordeaux. General BaKic Products Co.. Sole Manufac- turers, 41 Ua K. Marginal Way, Seattle. U. S. A. Dealers: .\rklress us for attrac- tive sales proposition. good croppers usually assume the resting reduced, even under the most favorable soil stage after fruit picking time and the pro- conditions of moisture and fertility, duction of new wood during the fall is (Continued on fage 22) Top-Dressing Talks Ammonia Makes Fruit Buds Ariadian Sulfhale of Ammonia applied about a week before blossom time (100 to 150 pounds per acre) will invigorate the fruit buds and increase the amount of fruit set. The failure of fruit to set and the early falling of fruit often is due entirely to nitrogen starvation. In some sections an early application of quickly-available nitrogen has increased the yields of fruit from four to ten times. ARCADIAN Sulphate of Ammonia ArcaJum Sulfhate of Ammonia is guaranteed to contain 25j4% _<>f ammonia (at least 1/3 more nitrogen than in any other top-dressmg fertilizer). Arcadian is the only top-dressing ammoniate that is fine and dry, all soluble, quick acting and non-leaching. It is low in price per unit of actual plant food. Order now from your fertilizer dealer and write for our free booklets, "Fertilizing the Apple Ochard," and "Fertilization of Peaches." New York Baltimore Company Atlanta Medina, O. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT ALGEMEENE VRUCHTEN IMPORT MAATSCHAPPY (General Fruit Import Company) Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Cologne head-office Apisterdam, Tel. adr. "Alvrima" Capital Florins 3.000,000— We solicit kindly consignments of apples. References:- Irving National Bank, New York Guaranty Trust Company, New York. Page Sixteen BETTER FRUIT Publiihcd Uonthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth ind Jefferson Streets PORTLAND, OREGON lERROLD OWEN Managing Editor ERNEST C. POTTS .•■•■■••■■■« C. I. MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES PAUL W. & GUY F. MINNICK............ 303 Fifth Ave., New York JNO. D. ROSS 608 Otis Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS ■■■■■■■■■. Hobart Bldg.. San Francisco STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— C. I. Lewis, Horticulturist. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. , T- . COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- mologist; E. B. House, Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA — F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTANA— H. Thomber, Victor. CALIFORNIA — C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist Berkeley; W. H. Volck, Entomologist, Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. . INDIANA— H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance; three years, $2; five years, $3. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American Exchange Advertising Rates on Application. \'OLUME XVI. NO 9 Apple-Tree Census Nowadays one seldom encount- ers among fruit men that old buga- boo— the conviction that in a few years orchards of the country would be producing far more fruit than could find a market; that over- production through increased acre- age would ruin the industry be- yond recovery. It is not the mere fact that for- tuitous circumstances have given fairly good markets for fruits of the Northwest the last few years that has laid low the old bugaboo. Not all readers know or realize it, but it is a fact that could, unmanip- ulated figures point toward de- creased production of apples, which we have particularly in mind. The government census shows that in 1920 there were in the United States a little more than 115,000,000 apple trees. In 1910 there had been 151,000,000 apple trees. In 10 years the decrease amounted to 23.8 per cent. Even more vitally to the point: In 1910 there were 60,000,000 young apple trees, not yet in bear- ing, while in 1920 there were but BETTER FRUIT slightly more than 3,000,000 such trees. These figures yield abundant en- couragement to the man who thinks. They may rightly bring hesitation on the part of the grower who has been planning on getting out of the game. The government's figures are not so divided as to show just where the greatest decrease in number of trees has been taking place. It cer- tainly has not been in the box- apple states of the Northwest. It most certainly has been in old east- ern states where orchardists never learned the real business of grow- ing apples commercially, and where conditions, anyhow, doomed such attempts to failure. Every reader can form his own deduction from these facts. How the conclusion can be anything but eminently encouraging is beyond our reasoning powers. Value vs. Price There is general understanding among our subscribers that Better Fruit is not in that great group of journals known as "farm publica- tions." It is a horticultural publi- cation, of course, but, more specifi- cally, it is to be classed as a tech- nical magaz-ine. As such, it has place with the highly specialized magazines of given industries, trades or professions. Such magazines quite uniformly charge $2 to $4 for a year's sub- scription. Better Fruit asks much less for subscriptions than the average of its class. It seeks to give value beyond its cost. Most subscribers so value it, as their let- ters constantly testify. A further word about our sub- scription policy: In selling a three- year subscription at $2 or an occa- sional five-year subscripion at $3, we are not, in reality, giving a cut- rate. What we are doing is merely passing on to the subscriber the sav- ings effected. The cost of obtain- ing renewals, whether through so- licitors or letters, is considerable. Book-keeping and mailing list ex- penses on yearly renewals is a fur- ther expense. March, 1922 The friend who subscribes for three years at a time easily saves us the dollar we deduct from his rate. He enables us to taboo solici- tors and premiums and Better Fruit takes pleasure in giving him the fruits of such savings. Nuts as Food Figures are not at hand for the past decade, but government re- ports show that the use of nuts as food increased 55.7 per cent in the decade of 1900-1910. It is hardly to be doubted that the increase has been proportionate since then. In the big city stores, for instance, it is not uncommon for them to sell tons of salted peanuts in a single day. The eating of peanuts cultivates a fondness for most other kinds of nuts. The eating of nuts is not a passing fad. It is a habit that is growing, largely because based upon sound dietetics. On the tables of thousands of American families, nuts are coming to replace meat foods to an increasing extent — as they well may do. The point of this for our readers is the fact that the foresighted rancher will do well to plant nut trees. Demand is on the increase and assured for the future. Most of our readers are in the restricted sections where nuts thrive. Those who neglect this opportunity now, we confidently predict, will not live many years before regretting that they did not set out some nut trees. Canned Food Week National canned foods week is at hand, having been set for March 1-8 by the National Canners' As- sociadon. Residents of our fruit sections may not observe the period by doing much purchasing of can- ned goods, but may well lend en- couragement through a word of commendadon to the grocer who makes a special display or other- wise joins in the week's campaign. The cannery industry is so in- dmately linked with the fruit in- dustry that no grower should neg- lect an opportunity to give it a boost. March. 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Seventeen Marketing War TpARLY in February the Northwestern ■*— ^ Fruit Exchange, with headquarters at Seattle, one of the largest distributors of commercial apples in the world, passed into new hands with the resignation of the men who helped form the exchange 1 I vears ago. The change, which is said to place the fruit exchange in the hands of the American Fruit Growers, Inc., came as a surprise to the growers of Washington. The old directorate which resigned in- cluded, W. F. Gwin, president; Reginald H. Parsons, chairman of the board ; D. H. White, treasurer; A. A. Prince, secretary; Worral Wilson, general counsel, and John W. Langdon. On February 20, these men incorporated at Olympia a new organization, the North .American Fruit Exchange, with a capital of $100,00(1. It was stated that this selling body will bo a rival of the one from which the organizers resigned. The North Ameri- can's officers are: Reginald H. Parsons, chairman of the board; W. F. Gwin, presi- dent; A. R. Rule, vice-president; D. H. White, secretary-treasurer; A. A. Prince, sales manager; J. Curtis Robinson, traffic manager. These officers, with Worral 1 Wilson, compose the directorate. New officers placed in control of the Northwestern Fruit Exchange, at the time the old officers went out, are these: J. A. Meade, president; H. G. Fletcher, vice- president and sales manager; J. E. Mestor, secretary, and H. H. King, treasurer. Flet- cher, Keith L. Bullitt, a Seattle lawyer, and Walter B. Congdon are the other board members. .\ third development came February 23, ,u Wcnatchec, when members of the Skoo- kum .Association, which has always marketed entirely through the Northwestern Fruit Exchange, voted to permit its units to market where they please. This was ac- companied by organization of a third marketing body, called the United Apple Growers. The officers are: W. S. Trimble, Entiat, president; F. H. Moses, Cashmere, vice-president; F. C. Paine, Omak, secret- ary; Harry ). Kerr, Okanogan, treasurer. Cover Photo This rnonth's cover illustration, showing the Rainier apple, is presented through courtesy of the W.ishington Nursery Com- pany, Toppenish, Wash., which has exclu- sive propagation rights for this promising lariety. The Rainier, which was origin- ated in Yakima Valley, has been under pro- duction and tests plenty long enough to prove its worth. It has been thoroughly investigated by government and other pom- ologists, who have given it high commenda- tion. Its keeping qualities and flavor are particularly lauded. Poison for jNIice .-\ poison recipe that works successfully with mice in the orchard has been used during the winter by H. M. Gilbert, of the Richey & Gilbert Company at Yakima, Washington. In preparing the bait, one teaspoonful of gloss starch is put in one- half pint of cold water, the mixture stirred into a pint of hot water and boiled until a clear paste. One ounce of strychnine alka- loid, finely powdered, and one ounce of baking soda is stirred into the starch to make a creamy mass, beating it until it is clear of lumps and flakes. To this is added one-fourth pint of heavy corn syrup and one teaspoonful of saccharin, dissolved in a little warm water. The starch is again beaten, poured over 20 quarts of rolled oats and mixed thoroughly. Tree Stock Pests Wood, crown, and root borers of various kinds that are very destructive to fruit trees and berry vines are often brought on the place in nursery stock. Special care must be taken in getting plants from other growers re see that fields from which they are taken are free from these pests. All nursery stock should be rigidly inspected before planting and any plants that show sunken areas, bleeding sap, or "worm- wood"— which is the frass excreted — should be discarded or returned. Kindly do a double favor by mentioning Better Fruit when you answer one of the ads. ATTRACTIVE Fruit Can Fruit Box LABELS Evaporated Fruit Dried Fruit CARTONS WINDOW DISPLAYS POSTERS Our Products Help Sell Your Products Write, Telephone or Telegraph for Samples, Prices and Ideas The United States Printing & Lithograph Co. COLOR PRINTING HEADQUARTERS Hoge BIdg. Seattle I 12 Market St., San Francisco Page Eighteen Control of Anthracnose {Continued jrom fage 12) amined and showed a total of 130 cankers, or 14 V9 P" "■ee. Plot 4 — check-plot, one tree examined f ho wed 49 cankers. Although our work on this plot really ceased with the counts made in May 1919, it is verv interesting to note that the crop in the fall of 1919 averaged slightly over 9 boxes to the tree. This increase is at- tributed almo-i entirely to the new bearing wood which had been developed in th'; trees in the previous three years. Summary — In summing up the results of the first three years' work the follow- ing conclusions were reached: 1. An early spray is essential. 2. A weak Bordeaux will do the work if applied early enough. 3. The lost for 'he early spray for the three years was only 14.19 cents per tree. 4. This is higher than it need be, because material was at war prices and was bought in small quantities. 5. Early varieties may be picked before it is necessary to spray. 6. It was found unnecessary to wipe the fruit. 7. Fruit was left sticky, but no com- plaints were had when it was put on the market. 8. Covering of Bordeaux did not inter- fere with coloring of fruit; it seemed to improve it. 9. Anthr.-icnose rot infection on the fruit was controlled practically 100 per cent.. Keeping qualities were also im- proved. 10. The disease can be controlled if growers will onlv carry out the spraying systematically each year. In the fall of 1919 another series of experiments was outlined, as it was desired to test the effect of an early application of 3-4-40 Bordeaux to the King apple, a variety most largely grown on Vancouver Island, and one which is ready for market about the end of September. It was also desired to test the effective- ness of Burgundy mixture (1 lb. Bluestone, 1J4 lbs. washing soda, and 40 gallons water) as an early spray and also a fall application of 1 to 9 lime sulfur after the fruit was picked. An acre of 14-year-old Kings, consist- ing of 45 trees, was selected in Stewart Bros, orchard, Keating, and this was divided into 5 plots of 9 trees each with one tre^e in each plot left as a check. This block of Kings had been bearing very consistently up to about 1 2 years of age, but in the thirteenth and fourteenth years it had gone back very rapidly and when it was taken over practically every terminal growth was dead. An endeavor was made to count the infection on the one and two-year-old wood on each tree before the plots were sprayed and this count BETTER FRUIT March, 1922 showed an average of 88 cankers per tree 12 that Plot 1 was sprayed with 3-4-40 over the entire 45 trees. This count was Bordeaux and Plot 2 was sprayed with much below the real infection l-lJ^-40 Burgundy. The first week of September, 1919, On November 6 Plot 3 was sprayed with was wet and it was not until September 3-4-40 Bordc.iux and Plot 4 was sprayed PRICE REDUCED "BLACKLEAF 40 »> EFFECTIVE FEBRUARY 1st, 1922 See Your Dealer For Particulars TOBACCO BY-PRODUCTS & CHEMICAL CORPORATION Incorporated LOUISVILLE, KY. WRITE For our Book "DEHYDRATION OJ FOOD PRODUCTS" we Buiia Best Il-ill_! -It's Fret. There isa best way to dry APPLES, PRUNES, etc Plants for D I r* UT I ' I Dehydration of K I Vj n I CrTZinirT^ .C^ATTAV^ C^ Fmlts and Vegetables at Low Cost NOW! ' ENG\NEERS-VIANUFACTURERS SJ^N FHM*C\3CO Address 312 Liberty Bank Building, San Francisco m kAY50 A SPRtADER for ORCHARD SPRAYS' sem Dpreaaer esive Kayso in your spray means a thin film of spray solution, spread evenly over every part of tree, foliage and fruit, giving complete protecftion against insedt pests and fungus diseases. Kayso is sold by all leading Pacific Coast dealers. Your local dealer should be able to supply you. If not, order direcit or write for descriptive circular. CALIFORNIA CENTRAL CREAMERIES 425 BATTERY ST. SAN FRANCISCO 277 BROADWAY NEW YORK 740 TERMINAL ST. LOS ANGELES March, 1922 with 6-6-40 Bordeaux. The next day, November, 7, Plot 5 was sprayed with 1 to 9 lime-sulfur. WHEN the fruit was harvested it was found difficult to wipe off the coat- ing of Bordeaux from the apples of Plot 1 so that they could be harvested immedi- ately. However, the apples from Plot 2 which was sprayed with Burgundy showed pracically no deposit at all. Early in the spring the trees were given quite a heavy pruning and an endeavor was made to cut out all dead wood. The trees all had the same treatment so that the counts of infection made later would be on a uni- form basis. On May 11 and 12, 1920, the counts were made and showed the following results: Plot 1 — sprayed with 3-.V40 Bordeaux, on the 12th, September, 1919, 3 trees showed an average of 9 cankers per tree; check tree 75. Plot 2 — sprayed with 1-1^-40 Bur- gundy mixture, on the 12th September, 1919, 3 trees showed an average of 3 3 cankers per tree; check tree 125. Plot 3 — spmyed with 3-3-40 Bordeaux, on November 6, 1919, after the fruit was picked, 3 trees showed an average of 42 cankers per tree; check tree 101. Plot 4 — spr.ayed with 6-6-40 Bordeaux, on November 6, 1919, after the fruit was picked, 3 trees showed an average of 32 cankers per tree; check tree 140. Plot 5- — sprayed with 1 to 9 lime- sulfur on November 7, 1919, after the fruit was picked, 3 trees showed an average of 37 cankers per tree; check tree 92. From the results of the experiments of the past years the following recommenda- tions for the control of applc-trce anthrac- nose are being made: During July and August an endeavor should be made to go through the orchard and cut out all signs of dead wood. On early varieties such as Yellow Trans- parent, Duchess, Wealthy and Gravenstein, spray with 3-4-40 Bordeaux as soon as the fruit is picked and before the fall rains come. This spray is all that is necessary. On varieties such as King and Jonathan, it is advised to spray the last week in August with l-lJ/2-40 Burgundy and to follow this with a 3-4-40 Bordeaux as soon as the fruit is picked. With late varieties such as Baldwin and Spy, which are not harvested until the end of October and not marketed until January, it is advised to spray them the last week in August with a 3-4-40 Bordeaux and this will be all that is necessary. The use of Burgundy for varieties such as King and Jonathan is recommended, due to the fact that this spray gives very effi- cient results and leaves no deposit on the fruit which will be harvested probably in October. It is felt that this disease can be almost absolutely controlled if growers will only take the matter in hand. BETTER FRUIT Nearly 700 cars of apples were shipped from the Bitter Root V^illey, Montana, up to lanu.irv I. Page Nineteen George Brown of New Era, Oregon, last season harvested 45 00 bushels of potatoes from a 32-acre tract. lace your order early for Arsenate of Lead, Calcium Arsenate, Lime Sulphur Solu- tion, Bordeaux Mixture. Insure your crops with GRASSELLI This Name Has Meant Absolutely Highest Quality and Uniformity for Nearly a Century 1 Its reputation is built on that solid foundation — that's why GRASSELLI Spray Products are known as "the always uniform and reliable." They mean sure death to the bugs and worms. And yet that substantial name and certainty costs you no more on your spray materials than some lesser name and uncertainty. Don't take a chance. Established 1839 THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO., CLEVELAND For deadly certainty HALL'S NICOTINE SULPHATE is scientifically prepared for one pur- pose — to destroy plant-lice, thrips and similar soft-bodied, sucking insects. It is guaranteed to contain 40"' pure nicotine. This high concentration can be diluted with water 800 to 1000 times for a most dependable spray. The cost of such a spray is only two cents a gallon. Ten-pound tins — $13.50. Two-pound tins— $3.50. Half-pound tins— $1.25. For dusting: Where dusting is pref- erable to spraying you will find Hall's Tobacco Dust very effective. It is finely ground and guaranteed to contain a full 1% nicotine. Hundred-pound sacks — $4.50 Two- pound drums— 25 cents. Buy from your dealer. If he cannot supply you order direct from us. Hall Tobacco Chemical Co 3949 Park Ave,, St. Louis, Mo Pnfic Txvcntii BETTER FRUIT March, 1922 Fruit Varieties for Western Washington 7?// J. L. Stahl Horticulturist 'Western Washington Exferiment Station IN CHOOSING varieties of fruit for planting, there are several important con- sideration?, such as obiect and size of the plantation, location and market, beside? the personal choice of the grower. If a few tree? onlv are planted on a city lot or small area, dwarf type? are dcsirab'e. Thev can be planted close, will come in bearing \oung, are easily pruned, ?prayei and the fruit harve?ted. Dwarf? are too expensive planted on a large area, as it requires several time? the number of trees to set an acre as are needed for standards, and the cost per tree is a? great. Where a choice of location is possible, it is usually best to plant fruit tree? and grapes on up- lands or hillsides rather than on lowland=. Berries can be grown successfully either on uplands or on well-drained valley land? where soil and frost conditions permit. Personal choice should govern the varie- ties set for home use only. Fruits and varieties recommended below for general planting, are of good quality, are adapted to most localities in western Washington, and are in demand for market. Types and varieties recommended for tri il m.iv be desirable in many localities, but as yet have not been extensively planted. Grapes are proving very profitable in some localities and should be tried at least in a small wav wherever possible to do so. Fruit? particularly in demand by canners in the following list are marked "(can- nery)." .\PPLES Variety Reason Yellow Transparent .Summer Gravenstein Earlv Fall Wealthy Early Fall King Fall Grimes Golden Winter Wagener Winter Red Baldwin Wmter Winter Banana Winter Northern Spy Winter For Trial. Glowing Coal Fall Delicious Early Winter Yellow Newtown Winter PLt'MS Peach Early Tragedy Early Reine Claude de Bavay (Green Gage) ■ Mid-season Ponds Seedling (Hungarian Prune) .. Mid-season Sugar Prune Mid-season Italian Prune (cannery) Late Damson Plum (cannery) Late PE.\R.S. Variety Season . Bartlett (cannery) Late Summer Louise (Bonne of Jersey) Fall Hardy Fall C^omice Early Winter riosc Early Winter Anjou Early Winter Winter Nelis tarly Winter For Trial. Bordeaux Winter Pres. Drouard Winter CHERRIES Variety Color Royal .\nn (cannery) Light Black Republican, sweet Dark Bing. sweet Dark Montmorency, sour (cannery) Red Late Duke, semi-sweet -...'. Red QUINCES Variety Orange ;- Champion , . , , ..,,.,,,.!......*!!!! PE.\rnES (for trial) Variety Kmd Ale.xander White (clingstone) Amsden's June WViite (clingstone) Crawford's Early Yellow (freestone) LOGANBERRIES AND PHENOMENAL BER- RIES (cannery) Color, red; fruit, large; flavor, desirable. RASPBERRIES Variety Season and Color Marlboro Early, Red Antwerp Season early; Dark Red Cuthbcrt (cannery) Red Cumberland Medium, Black Kansas Medium, Black STRAWBERRIES Variety Season Gold Dollar Early Marshall (cannery) Medium Goodell Late Wilson Medium Clark's Seedling (adapted to some localities) . . Medium CANNOT MISS AN ISSUE Yakima, Wash. Feb. 13, 1922 Bettkr Fruit Pub Co. ) Portland, Ore. Dear Sirs: Please let me know a 1 am in- arrears. I 1 ace not jnissed a number yet and do not want to as Better Fruit is very vahuiblc to us as orchardists. Yours truly. H. A. Jones Bush fruits, such as raspberries, logan- berries and evergreen blackberries, may be pruned at any time now without real danger of further dieback from excessive cold. HOMEMAKERS' CONFERENCE OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE Corvallis, March 20-25 "BETTER HOMES FOR OREGON" Pictured in Lecture, Exhibit, Demonstn:'- tion. The Home — Management, Sanitation, Fur- nishings, Labor Saving Devices and Emer- gencies. The Child — Nutrition. Clothing, Books. The Food — Selection, Preparation and Serv- ing. The Clothing — Selection, Making Dress Form. Decorative Touches for Garments, Short Cuts in Sewing. Evening Entertainments Community Play — Music — Noted Speakers Full Informii'tion on Any Subject by Writing Registrar, O, A, C, Corvallis, Oregon. "Tests on Oldsmar Heater show 100% Effi- ciency."— Prof. Peephs of Armour Institute Frost Insurance at Minimum Cost You insure your house, why not your rrop? Fruit growers everywhere can have assured crop protection through the use of this improved and efficient heater which has a number of notable advantages over any other kind. Oldsmar Frost Protector Costs Less To Operate Five gallons of distilate fuel oil burns 10 to 15 hours according to temperature desired. All cast iron (stack excepted), the Oldsmar is waterproof and cannot get out of order. Lighted instantly, it requires little attention and tem- perature regulation is positive. A n Oldsmar costs less than other cast iron heaters, lasts longer, requires fewer to the acre; affords complete protection ^ California and Florida grove owners and truck farmers are ordering them by thousands. Write today for literature and full information about Iiow the Oldsmar can protect your crop Oldsmar Tractor Company Oldsmar, Florida Kell-Oil Heater Company ColdwaCer, Michigan O. V. BADLEY COMPANY Distributors of Oldsmar Products 425 East Morrison Street Portland, Oregon March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Tzceuty-one Miscible Oils and Leaf Roller {C.onti?:iieil jrrrm fage 8) carload of this oil was used in leaf-roller infested orchards during the season of 1921 with very good results. Universal Brand Dormant Soluble Oil give fair results in the second spring spray- ing, but very poor results in the winter and first spring spraying. It also caused some spray injury and the injury to the foliage resulting from the work of the leaf-roller larv.-e was enough to give all the trees a r.igged appearance. Scalecidc gave poor results in all tests. In all the outdoor tests more than half the eggs hatched and the foli.age was severely injured by the leaf-roller larv.-c. Consider able spray injury also resulted from the use of this oil. It is difficult to explain the poor results secured with Scalecide when we consider that workers in other states l.ave used it against the leaf-roller with marked success. The manufacturers sup- ;;csted that the poor results in the winter ';piaying tests miglit be due ti. the f .tt that we first mixed the oil with an equal amount of water, thoroughly agitated it, and then added the remainder of the water instead of folloiving their directions and adding the concentrated oil to the full amount of water. In the two spring sprayings the manufacturer's instructions were carried out to the letter, but with no better results. Spra-Mulsion, even though it was used much stronger than any of the other oils, gave very poor results. Great numbers of the eggs hatched and every leaf on all the trees was injured by the larvae, many being reduced to stubs. Especially perfected for spreading LIME SULPHUR Sprays. "EMIJLSO" carries the lime sulphur into every crack and crevice, completely destroying all scale and leaving none to carry over to blotch the fruit. "EMULSO" will enable you to cover approximately one-third more trees with the same amount of spray. How much spray will this save you? How much labor expense? "EMLII^SO" protects the face and hands from the burning effect of lime sulphur, an item that interests every man behind the spray gun. Field results will show the advantages of "EMULSO'" with LIME SULPHUR sprays over any other type of spreader. We have made "EMULSO" worth your while. Write us today. MILLER PRODUCTS COMPANY PORTLAND, OREGON For Lime Sulphur Sprays ^j:nijjriJU4-4j.i.n.i For Arsenate of Lead Sprays '-'--■* -^ - ' - -" f' "-'"•■ Friend Sprayers Five Sizes High Pressure Cause less trouble Cost less to operate Give real satisfaction Distributed in the Northwest by Hood River Spray Co. Hood River, Oregon Pnyc Trcentp-hco BETTER FRUIT March, 1922 Some Reliable Northwest Nurserymen Why Not Order Now? TREES For Resetting or New Orchards Our supply will take care of your needs and you will receive stock which is well grown and reliable. Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon WE NEED SALESMEN FOR SALE! Apple, Peach, Pear, Plum, Prune and Cherry trees, one year old. The best of stock. Scions are taken from se- lected trees. Order Now F. A. MASSEE HOOD RIVER, OREGON GROW GRAPES under contract. Ask for grape cir- cular. Special prices on grapes, ber- ries and asparagVis for commercial planting. Sweet cherries, peaches, apricots at lowest market prices. All kinds of fruit and ornamental stock. We offer strictly first class stock and guarantee satisfaction. Home Nursery Co. RICHLAND WASHINGTON Fruit Trees Ornamental Shade Trees, Walnuts, Flower- ing Shrubbery, Roses, Vines, Berries, etc. Albany Nurseries, Inc. ALBANY, OREGON Gummosis of the Cherry Montana Meeting Yakima and Columbia River Nursery Co. Grozcers of Choice FRUIT TREES SMALL FRUITS and ORNAMENTALS Yakima, Washington "Yakim-a Grown" is the best guarantee. Canyon Home Nursery 'Everhearing Stratcherry Plants Our Specialti/ If you want true to name, strong, healthy, everbc.iring, strawberry plants, write us for prices. F. I. MOFFET Ellensburg, Wash. {Continued from page 15) Cherry growers in the Pacific Northwest h.ive found that a good rule for strict ad- herence, is to do all necessary pruning of cherry trees, young or old from the middle to the last of August, or, with bearing trees, as soon as the fruit has been picked. At that time it is easier to determine which branches to remove for better access of sun- shine and the formation of hardier fruit spurs. When the crop is off, a tree has no further need of any surplus limbs .ind the sooner removed the better. As for trees two to five years old, growers have dis- coverd they can aid nature to ripen up wood growth and reduce gummosis by prun- , ing judiciously during the latter part of i:;August. The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society of Montana was held at Stevensville, January 17-20, inclu- sive. Despite temperatures "far below zero," the sessions were well attended There was keen interest in the diversified program. The first day was devoted prin- cipally to soil topics; the second, to small fruits; the third, to potato growing, and the final day to orcharding problems. Dr. J. E. Porter of Stevensville, was re- elected president and State Horticulturist W. L. Shovel 1 was elected secretary- treasurer. The Folfax Fruit Growers' Association, Placer County, Cal., has barred from mem- bership any person not eligible for citizen- ship. The action is directed against Orientals. A new department has been added to enter- prises of the Pehastin, (Wash.) Fruit Growers* Association, as it will install a plant to manu- facture lime-sulfur spray materials. The capacity will be 2000 barrels a year. RE-READS MANY ARTICLES Greeiiiicres, Wash. Feb. 13, 1922 Better Fruit Pub. Co., Portland, Ore. Gentlemen: I like Better Fruit fine. The articles are so icell written and so instructive I lay each number au-ay to refer back to it again and again as occasion arises. Yours, D. E. McKlNARY March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-three Pruning Studies in California (Continued from fuge 6) is a well known physical fact that the higher the concentration of a solution the lower is its freezing point. Therefore, the higher the concentration of the cell sap the more cold the tree is able to stand both during the winter and the succeeding spring. Whitten reports that "in Missouri one plot of peach trees which had continued rank length growth until frost in autumn, had all the flowers killed at a temperature of 27 degrees. The following night the temperature dropped to 22 degrees. An adjoining plot of trees, which ceased length growth early, but which maintained healthy mature leaves to store plant food until autumn, endured the lower temperature safely without injury to their blossoms." Similar results have been obtained on various kinds of deciduous trees in Cali- fornia by using what the growers have termed the "long system." ESSENTIALS of this new system are as follows: After five or six satisfactory placed main laterals are secured on the young tree no more heading in general seems desirable. Further pruning consists of thin- ning-out or cutting back to laterals in case the tree or any of its parts grow out of reach. This thinning must be carried out that the proper ration between wood and fruit production is maintained. Under most conditions the uniform production of six to eight inches of new shoot growth over the whole apple or pear tree will prove sufficient to mamtain this balance. In the same way six to eight inches on sweet cherries, eight to ten inches On plums, prunes and almonds, ten to fifteen inches on apricots, and fifteen to thirty inches on peaches may be taken as an index of a proper vegetative vigor in these respective species. A comparatively light pruning is conducive to the development of healthy fruiting wood throughout the tree which, in this case, is not shaded out by the dense rank growth of new shoots which normally follows a severe heading back. A thinning-out methods favors to the fullest extent the maximum development of tree and fruit. Young trees thus handled are at the same age larger both in top and growth ; shorter but more numerous new laterals are formed and the admission of more light to the interior of the tree stimulates the production of .i continuous fruit-spur system from the low- est crotch upward; come into bearing from one to three years earlier; are more pro- lific, with fruit better distributed over the tree; withstand drought and frost better, and, in most instances, pruning expense is less. Trees pruned by a heading back process are smaller, less stocky, slow in corainng into bearing, do not bear maximum crops, ^i*» ^ 11 .^i^^^jMH— ^M I FERTILIZERS i IT PAYS TO USE THEM Yield and quality decide profit Yield decides how many bushels or pounds you have to sell. Whether the yield be large or small, it costs you about the same to grow an acre of a certain crop. The more that acre pro- duces, the larger your profit. Quality decides the market price of your crop — the better the quality, the better the price. A few extra cents per bushel or pound amounts to several dollars on the entire crop. Swift's Red Steer Fertilizers are made to produce bigger yields of better quality crops. Buy from our local dealer or write us direct. Swift & Company Fertilizer Department, No. 532 No. Portland, Oregon RUODES UOCBLJE CUT , PBUNING SHI RHODES MFG. 320 S. DIVISION AVE., GRAND RAPIDS, MICH. YHE only pruner made that cuts from both sides of the limb and does not bruise the bark. Made in all styles and sizes. All shears delivered free to your door. Write for circular and prices. are probably wasteful of water and are more subject to v/inter-kill and frost Injury. In conclusion it may be of interest to note certain yields which have been obtained on young trees in the University orchards with no irrigation and an average annual rainfall of sixteen inches, by using the above outlined methods. Climax plum trees which were lightly pruned, bore dur- ing the third season in the orchard, ap- proxim.ucly a crate, and during the fourth season, two crates of fruit to the tree. At the same time, the heavily pruned frees produced no fruit the third and less than a half a crate the fourth season. Likewise, lightly pruned apricot trees produced twenty pounds of fruit the third, and sixty pounds the fourth season; and prunes ten to twenty pounds of green fruit the fourth season. Heavily pruned apricots and prune trees of the san;e .age produced pratically no crop. Certain California growers have, dur- ing the past few seasons, by the so-called long system or modifications of the same, obtained most satisfactory yields, such, for example, as two tons per acre on a ten-acre orchard of two-year-old Lovell peach trees; twenty tons per acre on a twenty-acre orchard of four-year-old Tuscan Cling peaches; an average of three packed boxes per tree on a ten-acre orchard of five- year-old Bartlett pears. Page Twenty-four BETTER FRUIT March, 1922 English Appreciation of Our Apples From a London Coreespondent GROWERS in the Far Northwest will be interested in learning that their movements do not escape notice on this side of the Atlantic. English consumers have long appreciated the value of the fruits from the Pacific Coast, but probably never more than now, since, if it were not for the imports from the West, apples would be an expensive luxury, and, ill these days of financial stringency, beyond the reach of the majority of the general public. That leading London journal. The Daily Telegriifk, which keeps its readers well informed on events throughout the world, including fruit growing operations, has recently focused attention upon the pro- ducts of the Pacific Coast, making part- icular allusion to the transport facilities afforded by the new Panama route. As the writer points out, the apples, so far, have arrived in excellent condition. Prominence is being given to the fruit at Covent Garden, particularly in the show rooms of Messrs. T. J. Poupart, Ltd. and the comments which the display has prompted will doubtless be read with in- terest by growers among whom Better Fruit circulates. The article says; "In no part of the world is the fruit- growing industry characterised by greater efficiency and enterprise than in the Far Northwest. Old methods are readily re- linquished in order to afford play to new ideas, and this spirit of progress is now finding expression in a forward movement that has for its object a wider distribution of the fruits produced on the Pacific Coast. .•\llusion has occasionally been made to the possibilities of the Panama Canal in relation to the fruit industry in that part of the world. Last season, apples were forwarded to Europe by this route, -.nd early this year, 1921, it was used by che California Fruit Growers' Exchange for the consignment of a quantity of oranges and lemons. These departures from the trans- continental line were experimental, and the bulk of the fruit products continued to travel across the American Continent to be shipped at ports on the East Coast. "But the experiments were attended with so much success that this season has pro- duced a radical change of policy in regard to transport, and growers in British Colum- bia, California, Oregon and Washington arc now exporting apples regularly through the canal for Europe." After pointing to the additional refri- gerator space that is now being provided upon steamers for the conveyance of fruit from the Pacific Coast the writer adds: "T?XTENSIVE as the fruit growing in- ■■-^dustry is in British Columbia and the western states of America, it is rapidly ex- panding and the prosperity of the growers depends largely upon the popularity of their products in foreign markets. Hence the regulations that govern grading and packing operations, the inspection of the fruit intended for consumption abroad, and the efficiency of the organization among the growers, which is such an important factor in promoting the export trade. "This western enterprise is not without interest to consumers in this country. For flavor, there is no apple in the world superior to that grown in England. But at the present time, when the majority of English apples have been marketed, we depend largely for our fruit upon Canada and the United States and, owing to the bumper harvest in the Far West the bulk of our supplies come from the Pacific Coast. There is no necessity to dwell upon the importance of these consignments in relation to prices. They mean cheaper apples. But more important than price, is FWEi^ Service 5 I NC E I 90 O STANDARD SPIRAL CHUTES — in combination with Gravity Conveyors — h;indle fruit at a minimum cost. D. E. FRYER & CO. Dept V. Lumber Exch. SEATTLE U. S. A. Butte — Portland — Spokane Tacoma Built on Integrity "W/^E HAVE proven that there's no more reasoTi why nursery stock can't be grown, sold and bought with absolute con- fidence, than is the case with pig iron, breakfast food or clothing. In conducting our business we assume the responsibilities th.it belnng to the busi- ness. It's our job to produce and supply 1(1 the orchardist and planter, true to name, clean, well matured trees, delivered to him in prime condition. If we can't guarantee to do that and stand by our product year in and year out, we'll quit business. We've been growing and delivering trees out of our big nursery at Toppcnish for 19 years. Literally millions of our trees are bearing In western orchards. We hold the confidence of our customers by an exact standard of conscientious dealing, based on first class stock, the best of care and service In handling and shipping and an absolutely square deal to every custo- mer no matter what the size of the order. You can't buy trees of us if we don't think we can satisfy you. We consider no transaction closed otherwise. Place your order now for Spring ship- ment. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. TOPPENISH, WASH. Ytnir Tree Men Since 1903 sTrustwortliV i TTrecs 4 Plants { March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Tvcenty-five the quality of the fruit after its long sea voyage. "This week large quantities of apples have arrived at Covent Garden from British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington — Jona- thans, Newtowns, Spitzenbergs, Mcintosh Reds, and other varieties — and it is not too much to say that never have apples been received in better condition. The shippers in the west are easily first as packers. Quality, size and color are carefully studied, and the attention paid to these important details explains the popularity of the fruit in foreign markets. But a feature of the consignments novy being received is the freshness of the fruit, and importers attribute thi? not only to efficiency in refrigeration, but also to the advantages derived from the Panama Canal route." The writer concludes by pointing out how the use of the new route will reduce the handling of the shipments to a min- imum, .'.nd describes the Panam.i Canal as an important link between the fruit orchards of the Pacific Coast and markets in other countries. In an interview on the subject of apple importations from the Northwest, W. Ravenhill, director of T. J. Poupart, Ltd., remarked: "Northwestern apples have never arrived in better condition than those that have reached London by the Panama route, via Southampton. If apples can always be received here in a condition equal to that of the fruit which came on the Moliere, then I feel convinced that the trade will show a considerable increase, because purchases may be made with confidence. And, to sell such apples, is really a oleasure." Spreader Helps Spray Lead arsenate spray of half the usual strength, combined with a spreader, proved much more effective than the usual strength — 4 pounds to 200 gallons water — without spreader, in tests for codling moth at the Oregon Agricultural College Experiment Station. The spreader used was calcium caseinate, 12 ounces to 200 gallons of spr.iy. The gain was due to the even, uniform coating of poison with the spreader, as against a blotchy spread without it. Big Apple Crops For bigger crops and better fruit spray your trees with Ortho Oil Emulsion and Nitrate of Soda. Ortho combines with Nitrate without breaking down. Futyour spraying problems up to us. Write for Ortho Circular CalIFORMIA SPRAY7CHEMiCAL Ipllilllll'lilillCOMPANYrri;, ■ IWatsonville I ' r I'iCALir Address Dept. F For your Dormant Spray DORMOIL Especially for Leaf Roller, Scale, Aphis, Blister Mite, Red Spider, etc. DORMOIL has been used with remarkable success in Oregon, Washington and Montana. Write for details HOOD RIVER SPRAY CO. Hood River, Oregon A Hardie "Close-up ff Note the sturdy, compact and accessible construction. No complicated parts. The pump driven by flexible steel chain; a drive positive and light running. Manganese steel crankshaft; powerful and no complications. Bronze plunger rod bearings; do not cut out. Brass Plungers and Tubes; no friction, every ounce of engine power produces pressure and capacity. Threadless valve cages with flange protecting gaskets; easy to remove, no blow- ing out of gaskets. Pressure regulator; built in, only one valve. The one perfect regulator. Suction Settling Well; prevents all trash entering pump; prevents cutting out of valves, etc. Engine; The Ideal Power in an ample, reliable form. These mechanically sound features are the assurance of thorough spraying to every Hardie owner. Our free catalog tells the w^hole story. The Hardie Mfg. Co. 5 5 North Front Street. Portland, Oregon Paget Ttventy-stx Soil Fertility in Orcharding {Contimud jrom fage 9) methods of management, leaving the trees with only a limited amount of this much needed element. In fact, some remarkable results in increased production as well as growth have been secured in orchards of the Northwest from the use of nitrate of soda, unaccompanied by any effort to return the burnt out organic matter. The larger chart illustrates the orchard feeding prob- lems. The paramount problem of the orchard men today is that of finding an economical means of retummg to their soils this dis- sipated organic matter and then maintain- ing it. The moisture holding capacity of the soil, the number of minute organisms, the availability of the other soil elements, the physical handling of the soil, and the productiveness of the soil are all dependent upon this same organic matter. Indeed, it is generally conceded that the supplying of this one material, organic matter, in suf- ficient amounts constitutes the first and most fundamental step in rebuilding a worn out soil or maintaing a fertile one. In order to comprehend fully the fer- tility problem as related to orcharding, it is well to consider the extent and sources of losses of fertility from orchard soils: CHART II Losses by Crops Removed Fertility removed annually per acre by an apple orchard. Annual weight .. Nitrogen Phosphoric acid Potash BETTER FRUIT that of nitrogen. This is the most deficient of the three key elements in our soils, es- pecially where clean cultivation without annual cover-crops or manuring has been practiced. It is also the most expensive to supply, costing in commercial forms about twenty cents a pound. Phosphorous lost by drainage is generally conceded to be small, as little of it exists in soluble form at any time. Potassium is lost in greater amounts, although not equahng the loss of nitrogen. The fruit soil contairis large amounts of this element, but practi- cally all of it exists in an insoluble form; hence, the loss of even a part of the soluble amount is of vital significance to the grower. There is no investigation known to the writer which indicates the total loss of fertility in fruit growing and it is more or less hazardous to make an estimate. Taking everything into consideration, however, it will certaintly be within the facts to assume that where apples are grown under clean cultivation, there is an average annual loss of 200 pounds of nitrogen, 20 pounds of phosphorous and 75 pounds of potassium, equivalent to 1275 pounds of nitrate of soda, 285 pounds of 16 percent super-phos- phate and 190 pounds of high grade sul- fate of potash. Counteracting Losses of Fertility — Whenever practical it is far better to pre- vent the loss of fertility than to replace it after it has disappeared. A feasible and Wood Leavei Fruit lbs. lbs. lbs. 3500 3500 24500 11.3 35.6 16.2 3.6 5.3 6.4 6.6 15.9 41.5 31,500 lbs; nitrogen, March, 1922 economical means of preventing a part of this annual waste is that of growing a cover- crop. Many orchardists go to great trouble and expense in hauling manure and buying Tde Vermont 6 Room Bungalow rrpHE FENNER way of building insures I X better homes — superior construction — less cost. Materials for this attractive bungalow can be bought for $2205.51. The Fenner method brings you the free services of expert architects, draftsmen and mill- men. Fenner homes come to you ready to assemble. Detailed instructions make 'erecting easy. The result is a fine look- ing and well constructed home, built very inexpensively. Write for particulars. Send 50c '["J:. ilcd on your first order) and receive a copy of the beautiful Fenner Plan Book. FENNER Pool of McKeaa* Avenue. Porckod, Oregoo \m Totals 5 Annual weight, 53.1 lbs; phosphoric acid, 15.3 lbs; potash, 64 Ibe. The above table shows that an acre of vigorous, producing apple trees removes nitrogen equal to that carried by 340 pounds of nitrate of soda; phosphoric acid equal to that carried by 95 pounds of 16 per cent super phosphate, and potash equal to that carried by 135 pounds of sulfate of potash. Losses by Drainage and Leaching — If the fertility removed by the trees con- stituted the total loss the problem would not be so difficult, but there are losses through other channels as well. Fertility existing in a soluble form is liable to be lost in drainage water or by leaching down through the subsoil, beyond the feeding roots. The amount lost in this way depends upon the amount of soluble fertility, the nature of the sub-soil and the amount of rainfall. The heavy rainfall and the mild, open winters in the Northwest are conditions ideal for such losses, and undoubtedly con- tribute greatly to the deterioration of these soils. The most serious loss from this cause is NITRATE SODA [15 Per Cent Nitrogen im7nediately Az'ailable] "the ONE fertilizer element that MUST be used! I>5 Whatever other fertilizers you use this year, be sure you also use Nitrate of Soda. One of the best known horticultural experts in the Northwest (name sent on request) says, in referring to an exhaustive series of fertilizer tests: "The only results obtained from complete fertilizers have been secured where Nitrogen was used." The reason for this, as shown by numerous practical tests and chemical analyses, is that the soils of this section are practically always deficrent m one soil element — Nitrogen. The use of Nitrate of Soda NOW will be apparent this fdl in an increased vield and in fruit of uniformly better color and size. For maximum returns this year use Nitrate of Soda. Cheap, clean and easy to apply. For litercture, methods of a])plication and prices, write or wire, NITRATE AGENCIES CO. Hoge Building, Seattle March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-seiien commercial fertilizers and neglect contin- uously the opportunity to grow cover-crops. An annual cover-crop of Oregon vetch, or one of the winter grains and Oregon vetch combined with the crop of leaves from the fruit trees, which is usually lost where no cover-crop is grown, will permanently maintain the supply of organic matter and nitrogen in a productive soil. Worn out orchard soils can be brought back to life and productiveness by the same cover-crops if supplemented by a light top dressing of manure or 150 to 200 pounds of nitrate of soda applied broadcast at the time of seeding. This fertilizer will insure a rank growth of the cover-crop which could not be secured on a poor soil without some fertilizing, and soon replace the depleted organic matter of the soil, gradually decreasing the need of the ferti- lizer and finally doing aw.iy with them almost entirely. Manure, straw or any other crop refuse available applied to these worn out soils will be of grc.U help in their rejuvenation. None of these refuse materials should be permitted to go to waste within hauling distance of anv commercial orchard. Wheat and potassium and a great bulk of soil im- straw contains much nitrogen, phosphorous proving organic matter. SERVICE IS DUR FIRST N-AIM THE SIMPSON 8 DOELLER 'k CO. GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES WE CAN FILL YOUR ORDER FOR STOCK^ APPLE.PEARXHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. HAND POWER, Stump Puller The Fitzpatrick Productf Corp. 99JolnSt., New York 952 Mission M. Box 38 San Franci:co, Cal. Works on any land Op-raled by handl No horses; no digsing. Made of the fliiestslee|-8uaranle.-d. Adoped and used by U. S. GovernmenI oHicicIs and many stales, bendlot fc Rti:. illustrated book on Land Clearing and special ofler 90% of Jill the Fruit we Sell at Auction Comes from OldCustomers Isn't that mighty strong evidence that we satisfy the people that we do business with ? The fact that we have been in business over a quarter of a century is still further evidence of our reliability. Whether you are a large or small shipper, we can assure you of better prices, quicker return of your money and fairer treatment than by other methods. We can give you the biggest returns because selling fruit at auction cuts down sales expense and because you benefit by the best offer we are able to get from up to an average of 300 daily buyers instead of from a few buyers as is customary at private sale. You know positively that we return to you the full price paid for your fruits (less our small selling commission) because you can verify the prices paid by consulting such independent publi- cations as the New York Daily Fruit Reporter. No other method turns on the light. And you are insured against loss of your money due to bad credits as our resources are ample. It is our unvarying rule to send check for proceeds of sale within 24 hours. For other important advantages in selling your fruits through us, write for further particulars. ThelmUMuetionCo. Page Trcenty-eight illtdlltlllllllllllllllllllllKIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIlllllll IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIII Marketing News of Interest iiKiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiDiiiriiiniiiiii IIIIIIIIIIIKIIIIIIIIIIIIi APPLE PRICES h.ivf been tending upward in cistern buying centers, though wintry weather at many points in mid-February stopped movements to some extent and made the market^ a little iiuiel. Shipping agents have found much of encour- agement In the market situation. In fact, most of them see no reason now, they say, why north- western crops should not clean up in entirely sat- isfactory manner, at acceptable prices. They are thus cleaning up, as a matter of fact. At the New York auction February 18, Wash- ington and Oregon apples sold as follow;: Twenty-three hundred and ten boxes Ncwtowns, extra fancy, large to very large, $3.25 @ 3.35i •mall to medium, $2.90 @ 3.20 i very small, $2.2'! @ 2.75; fancy large to very large, $2.80 @ 3.05; Seven hundred .ind ninety boxes Sp'tzenbergs, extra fancy, medium to large, $2.50 @ 3, few high as $3.15; small to very small, $2.20 @ 2.50. Thirty-eight hundred and twenty boxes Newtowns, extra fancy, large to very large, $3 @ 3.3 5; medium, $2.65 @ 2.80; small to very small, $2.10 @ 2.55; combined fancy and cull, all si«s, $2.40 @ 2.65. Government reports on boxed apple fhpments for the month of January, 1922 and 1921, car- lot shipments, respectively, compare as follows: California, 126 to 106; Id..ho, 130 to 238; Ore- gon, 467 to 260; Washington, 2,045 to 1,123; other states, 88 to 87. Total shipments this Jan- uary were 2,856, compared with 1,814 in J muary, 1921. Boxed apple shipments of the season, up to February 1, are reported by the government to hive been 48,280. This compares with car-lot shipments of 29,936 to the same date a year ago. o AAA ,N FEBRU.^RY THIRD, the 1300th car- Io.id of the 1921 crop of boxed apples hid been d'spatchcd from Wenatchee, leaving about 1800 cars in storage in north ccntr.il Wash- ington, according to estimates made by the Great Northern railroad, the district horticulturist and the Wenatchec Valley Traffic Association. It is expected that if the price of Winesaps advances there will probably be from 500 to 1000 cars more sent out. According to figures compiled by shippers, the apple crop of north central Washington for 1921 will return the growers about $16,500,000. It it confidently stated by shippers that this yield of $500 per acre for every acre in orchard is the highest returns secured from any agricultural or horticultural land In the United States for 1921, AAA PRUNES are selling somewhat better in the East. Peaches and apricots arc both high and scarce so neither are in serious compe- tition with prunes. Encouraging orders have been coming to the big associations and a result has been the packing out of a number of carload shipments. Earlier predxtions th.t the Nnrth- For EVERY NEED We make right here in Portland the most complete line ot fine Sprayers you can find. FINEST WORKMANSHIP BEST MATERIALS BETTER FRUIT west's crop will clean up quite thoroughly this spring are drawing towards fulfillment. AAA TOURING the first week of January, 220 cars "^ of apples, 18 cars of onions and 10 cars of potatoes were shipped from Yakima Valley. This brought apple shipments for the season up to 9,301 cars and the total of all fruit shipments to 13,585 cars. AAA "TXPORT APPLE shipments from Portland ^ for the 1921-22 season exceeded 400,000 boxes. One week's shipments aggregated 175,- 000 boxes. It is freely predicted that as the buying power returns in European countries and as ship- ping facilities are improved, apple exports through the Portland terminal will far exceed last season's record. AAA 'yOTAL APPLE shipments frniii Hood Ri\cr are expected to reach 2,224.000 boxes and to return to the growers the net aggregate of about We'll take in your Old Sprayer on a New, Efficient One. Our high pressure power outfits are the best you can buy. and cost less. Write Us Your Needs Quality Sprayer Mfg. Co. 245 Grand Ave., Portland, Ore. March, 1922 $3,000,000, or close to $1.50 a box. From cull apples the growers will realize $100,000. Returns from other crops were estimated as; Strawberries, $90,000; pears, $55,000; cherries, $75,000, and from potatoes, $45,000. .iMBlbRiliNGTON.lOyA Kfe^-5;i-iMi|.^i;iiini'i -iiii 1.1 • DEPT. B. DIAMOND QUALITY -for Cover Crops Vetches, Field Peas, Clovers — ideal cover crops, Se- lected, recleaned seeds, carefully graded and then tested for purity and germination, DIAMOND QUAL- ITY SEEDS assure you the greatest possible returns from your planting. // your dealer cannot stiffly you Send in \our order direct DEPENDABLE NURSERY STOCK Fruit growers of the Northwest h.ivc learned from experience that ihey can rely upon the Portland Seed Co., for selected, healthy nur- sery stock. Write for our special Nursery Catalog. Order Now. Dott't Be Without Our Free Seed Catalog A splendidly reliable source of information to Western planters. It lists our com- plete line of Seeds, and Plants. Fertilizers, Poultry and Bee Supplies, Sprays and Sprayers, Dairy Supplies and Equipment. Write for Seed and Nursery Catalogs Todcy PORTLAND Seed Go^ PoRTi/AND, Oregon V-.v" USE OUR SERVICE DEPARTMENT Write to us for suggestions and recommendations. March. 19Z2 WASHINGTON A T THE annual meeting of the Yakima P'ruit Growers' Association, President H. O. James waj re-elected and the other officers named are these: E. D. Knight, vice-president; W. B. Armstrong, secretary; L. A. Cooper, assistant- secretary; C. H. Swigart, treasurer and general manager. The association now has a membership of about 275, with 3500 acres of fruit. AAA /^VER ADVANCES on the 1920 apple crop brought the Spokane Fruit Growers' Asso- ciation into the hands of a receiver recently. The association was organized in 1914, and owned 1 1 warehouses in the Spokane Valley, Stevens County and Benton County. J. A. McMillan of Grcenacres, the receiver, has announced that he expects to sell all holdings of the association. .'Assets are estimated at $250,000, and it Is said the 1200 stockholder-members will sustain little, if anv, loss. AAA TZ'ENNEWICK seems assured of a fine new prc-cooling and storage plant, as a result of conferences recently held by officials of the ^'aklma Fruit Growers' Association, with which tlic Kennewick growers are affiliated. The plan is that local men interested assist In the financ- ing by subscrbing for 8 per cent second mor- gage bonds. AAA /^FFICERS elected to serve the Edmonds Growers' Association this year were as fol- lows: L. E. Keeton, president; George Addy, vice-president; J. J. Robinson, secretary; A. B. Lewis, treasurer. Co-operative purchase of spr.ty m.ttcrlals and seed potatoes was agreed upon. AAA '\/'lCE-PRESIDENT Robert H. KIpp, for 12 years manager of the Wenatchee Red .'^pple Company, has announced his resignation frf>m that company and from several other organiza- tions. He Is leaving Spokane for Valley City, III., where he has purchased an Interest in an established fruit firm, having 1200 acres In bearing orchard. His resignation follows the selling of holdings of his company In recent months. AAA At THE aonu.il inecting and b.inquct of the TIcton Fruit Growers' .Association, T. W. Tapp was re-elected president. His report showed that last season 37 cars of pears and 296 cars of apples had been shipped from Tieton. An agreement was made that ordinary pruning work- ers should be paid 30 cents an hour. As other offi- cers of the association, J. C. Havner was chosen vice-president and F. T- Straka secretary-treasurer. AAA TPHE Walla Walla Valley Fruit Growers' Asso,, elation, recently organized at the state line and including growers both In Washington and Oregon, elected officers on February 1, at a meeting in Freewater. The directors are: S. A. Miller and Claude Harris, both of Milton, Oregon, A. W. Simmons, Fruitvale, Oregon, C. E. Berry, College Place, Washington, Julius Levy, E. P. Jensen and C. Schwald, all of Ferndale, Oregon. AAA "Deter LEVANDER, Wenatchee district, thinks he hnlds a world's record for production of Delicious apples. From one and one-half acres his crops for the past three years have been: 2215 boxes, 1919; nearly 1700 boxes, 1920, and nearly 1800 boxes last season. Gross returns for the three years have been $8280, $5100 and $4850, re- spectively. AAA J^IRECTORS for 1922 were recently elected by the Wash'ngton Growers' Association, with he>diuarters at Vancouver. Those elected were Fred W. Brooker, Frank Russell, Henry Grass, I. L. Davles, W. H. Wood, O. C. Bell, John Sourgeon and J. H. Leverett. The htter was elected to the board as representative of the potato growers. BETTER FRUIT At the annual meeting of the Columbia Fruit Union, West Salmon, held early In February, these trustees were elected: John G. Myers, E. M. Peck, A. R. Haynes, A. E. Gladcr, W. E. Miller, N. P. Mears and C. Warnecke. A res- olution was adopted ruling that only stockholders may hereafter have use of the storage space of the union. AAA On his return from headquarters of his company at Steubenville, O., John W. Lang- don, general manager of the Stanton Investment Company tracts at Walla Walla, announced that his concern will market most of its fruit direct this season. The company has been marketing through the Skookum Packers' Association. AAA TJARRV C. BENSON has resigned as manager of the Cherry Lane Orchard, near Prosser, which position he held for eight years, and will take over management of a large orchard tract in. the Wenatchee district. Cherry Lane Orchard contains 240 acres of highly developed, full-bear- ing commercial orchard. It is largely owned by Northern Pacific Railroad officials. AAA "TRUIT shipments from Sclah in 1921 reached a total of 1,500 cars. This Is an increase of 300 cars over shipments of 1920. AAA 'T'ltE BOHLKE FRUIT COMPANY, INC., Incorporated in Seattle .In 1920, has sold out to the General Produce Company. The men Inter- ested In the produce company are M. M. Reese, L. E. Brown, and C. T. Moffatt. They will con- tinue business at the old location. AAA /^FFICERS have been named by the Grays Harbor Berry Growers' Association, as fol- lows: J, W. Strijbel, president; C. W. Musgrove, Page Twenty-nine vice-president; C. N. Evans, secretary; W. L. Leonard, treasurer; Lewis Barg, George Wey- gardt and Mrs. M. Berg, trustees, j' iKiiriiiiurri iiiir i lllliuriiriilliurrinilirillriiniinmr mi iiir I Treat Your Soil with Toro Brand I I Agricultural Sulphur I Improves alkali soil, trans- i forms latent pota h and phos- | phates into available plant I foods. = Prevents wire worms, eel- | worms or nematodes, smutty | grain, ants and potato scab. I 220 lbs. per acre has in- i SUVPBIJB' ~' creased crops up to 500%. j i^S^^^'t For dry dusting, use s .a..^-^ "ANCHOR" Brand Velvet | wlHifflifPH^ Flowers of Sulphur. = For Lime Sulphur Solution, use = DIAMOND "S" Brand Refined Flour Sul- | phur. Sold by leading dealers. 5 Write for circulars Nos. 6, 8, and 10, price- | list and samples. State for what purpose I sulphur is to be used. i I SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. = 624 California St. San Francisco, Cal. iiiiii liiiiiiiiiiiiiir IIIIIIIIIIII1 iiiiiiiiriiiiiiii I mil iiim.^ Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash.. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. 1 l\,;/c Thirti/ 0 OREGON N FEBRUARY 18, the apple-canning «cason came to a close at the plant of the Hood River Cannmg Company. About 400 tons of Newtowns and Spitzcnbcigs were canned under a varietv of labels. A goodly proportion was shipped abroad and I. R. Acheson, formerly a Hood River banker but now sales manager of the com- pany, spent considerable time abroad looking after sales. AAA GM. I'ROST, member of the city council at • ..\shland and a prominent orchardist there, won first prize in a contest conducted by Stark Bros., at their nurseries at Louisana, Mo., with an exhibit of 10 Stark Delicious apples. There were competing entries from many sections of the country and he was highly complimented on the victory. Apples exhibited by Mr. Frnst won blue ribbons at the Oregon State Fair and the Med- ford fruit exhibit. AAA IN ORDER th.it Wasco County may have fullest development of its agricultural and horticultural resources, The Dallcs-Wasco County Chamber of Commerce has formed a bureau called "The Agri- culture and Horticulture Bureau." It will do important work in the w.ay of advice on plantings and analysis of soil samples. W. S. Nelson, for four years connected with Libby, McNeil & Libhy, has been placed in charge. His cannery experi- ence will prove valuable in the matter of advice to those planting new acreages and the standard- ization of output. AAA XPOURTEEN acres of Persian v\alnut trees on ■*- the ranch of A. L. Page, near Jefferson, last season produced 16,000 pounds of nuts. The trees are 29 years old and withstood the cold snap of two winters ago in fine shape, damage being con- fined to loss of the 1920 crop. AAA "DeRRY GROWERS of Hood River communl- ties have been discussing the question of wages for the coming season. They figure that prices will return to about the pre-war level and, for this reason, are inclined to demand a return to the wages of 1912 and 1913, when day laborers were paid 20 cents an hour. AAA TN ORDER properly to handle berry and fruit crops of its Increased membership in the New- berg district, the Oregon Growers' Association has purchased the buildings and lot formerly held by the White Sox Orchard Company at that place. There are three buildings, two built of concrete blocks, and well located on the Southern Pacific line. Acreage of association members has al- most doubled in the past year and last season's shipments included 12? tons of berries, 100 tons of cherries and 230 tons of prunes, In addition to apples, pears and walnuts. AAA A CONFERENCE of ranchers and all persons "^^ interested in nut growing was held at Pacific University, Forest Grove, on February 21. There were some excellent discussions by experienced growers, who handled phases of the growing of walnuts and filberts. The meeting was arranged by D. G. Lilly, project leader in horticulture for the Washington County Farm Bureau, Ferd Groner and County .Agent O. T. McWhorter. AAA /^ R. THOMPSON, who, for the past two * seasons, was manager of the Sheridan plant of the Oregtm Growers' Co-operative Association, has been transferred to The Dalles plant, suc- ceeding y. H. Frazler, manager there last season. AAA PROCESSING of prunes at the Dallas plant of the California Packing Corporation has ex- tended through February, with a force of 35 workers on the job most of the time. Several carloads of prunes have been prepared for ship- ment to eastern markets and shipments of large BETTER FRUIT lize, one including IS.UOU cases billed to New York, have gone forward. AAA March, 1922 p'OLLOWING a trip of inspection through the east, Frank J. Norton, who operates canneries at Roseburg and Drain, announced that his plants will be operated at full blast in anticipation of a strong demand for canned products this season. He expects to conduct extensive experiments with HOTEL HOYT Sixth and Hoyt Sts. Absolutely file proof. Convenient to botli Depots and all car lines. Rates Reason- able, consistent with Comfort and Con- venience. Ridley, Houlding & Co. COVENT GARDEN, LONDON WE ARE Specialists in Apples and Pears CABLE ADDRESS: BOTANIZING. LONDON Codca: A. B. C. «th Kditlon and Modern Economy Notice to Subscribers! BETTER FRUIT has adopted a policy which will elimi- nate in the future any "bargain offers" or premiums to subscribers. In doing so, BETTER FRUIT has made it possible for you to receive America's premier fruit journal at the lowest possible cost, taking into consideration the fact that quality will not be lowered a whit. We have been told many times that timely information con- tained in an issue of BETTER FRUIT has made a fruit grower the cost of a life subscription to the maga- zine— and then some. You cannot afford to be without BETTER FRUIT if you are in the horticultin-al game on a large or small scale. And by establishing a new one-price-to-all-at-all-times, BETTER FRUIT is within the means of every grower. COUPON Name Address City State .... Amt. $ Years.. THE NEW RATES: Five years Three Dollars Three years Two Dollars One year One Dollar March, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Thirty-one the canning of broccoli, as he says there is a big demand in the east for canned broccoli. Thus far the canning of this vegetable has not brought satisfactory results. ik A A TJOSEBURG merchants are already busy agi- tating the question of resuming the annual berry festival, omitted last season when the city fovernment refused to grant permits for carnival companies to have concessions at the festival. It is predicted that the merchants' association and fire department will unite this season in staging the festival and carnival. An observation experiment with 28 kinds of prunes in one orchard is to be conducted at Napa, with a view to discovering those kinds that may most profitably be grown there. CALIFORNIA i^ALIFORNIA has discovered from figures of the National Canners' Association that its output of products for 1921 fell far below the usual average. The figures show a cannery output of less than 350,000 cases for the year. In recent years the state's pack had ranged close to 4,000,- 000 cases. AAA Asa MEANS of combating ravages of the mealy bug In southern California orchards, J. P. Coy, horticultural inspector of San Bernar- dinn County in urging the raising of millions of crypts, or Australian ladybugs, as they are more commonly known. These ladybugs are mortal enemies of the mealy bug, he states. AAA ■T'HE Califurnia Cherry Growers' Assoclatonj at its annual meeting In San Francisco, elected these officers for 1922: F. W. Maddocks, presi- dent; A. B. Haslander, vice-president; C. Long, Jr., secretary. AAA CEARS & NICHOLS Cannery Company, of Chil lien the, O., plans to put three new can- neries in California — one In Fresno, one In the Sacramento Valley and a third In the Santa Clara Valley. AAA Tj^RED C. BROSIUS has resigned his position as horticultural commissioner of Sacramento County and has accepted the position of superin- tendent of nursery service. Bureau of Pest Control, State Department of Agriculture. AAA T^HE SEED laboratory of the State Department nf Agriculture and the government branch seed laboratory have been consolidated and es- tablished at Sacramento, where all samples of seeds that farmers or dealers may want tested are now to be sent. AAA T^HE NEW prune packing plant planned by the California Prune and Apricot Growers is to be located at Napa. Colusa is said to be also in line fnr such a plant. AAA A FI. HARRISON, for a time apple Inspector * for the Standardization Bureau at Watson- vllli-, has left that scrv"ce and taken a position with a new spray company at San Jose. AAA T HJBY, McNeil & LIBBY have let the contract for a $ 5 \Onil addition to their Sac ramentri pl.mt. AAA TSTATSONVILLE apple growers report that they will use very little soda nitrate spray this season, having found arsenate of lead superior for control nf codling moth. COPPER OILCANS LAST A LIFETIME IDEAL FOR GARAGES Cir-c xj/ar Friii"ii>ii>"i"ii"'i"ii'i' .iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiit.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii:iiii i Our Inquiry Depart- 1 ment pfiiiiiiiiii ininiiiii iiniiiiDiiliiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiitiiii iiiitiii n T HAVE HEARD a great deal about the sex of strawberry plants and know there arc those that fertilize themselves and those that do not. What I particularly want to know now, is how to tell the sex of strawberry plants. I will ap- preciate an answer and you need only give it in your inquiries column if you prefer. J. R. L., Idaho. Practically the only way to tell the sex of strawberries is when they are in bloom. Look into the petals and observe the little threads within the circle of the white petals. H you find them all green in color and carrying no yellow knobs — flower dust or pollen — then you may know the plant is female only, or pistillate as the "plantologist" calls it. If the little threads all have yellow knobs on the tops, then the plant is male, or staminate. As you evidently already know, there must be both kinds in the strawberry patch or you can get no berries. The staminate plants must fertilize the pistillate in order to set any fruit. More properly, it is generally the case that the flower has both stamens and pistils — threads with and without the pollen knobs — and thus poUenizes itself. AAA CAN you give me any information regarding best methods for destroying the "borer" in prune trees?— G. T. H., Oregon. You will find the subject handled in this issue, where the use of paradichlorobensene in killing borers is discussed. Experts seem well agreed that this poison is decidedly the most effective method yet developed for curbing the borer pest. A government bulletin dealing with the codling moth is in course of preparation by E. J. New- comer and W. D. Whltcomb, who have made a three-year study of the pest in Vakima Valley. These men arc entomologists of the Department of Agriculture. BEES FOR POLLENIZATION Italian bees in modern hives with high grade queens. Now is the time to invest in pollenizers to insure a high percentage u( fertilization. For particulars, write J. C. ELMORE 21-23rd Street, riirvallis, Oregon Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple, Pear. Cberr>', I'each, Plum, Prune. Apricot, Quince, Grape Vines, Shrubbery, Plants, Raspbenies. lilack- berrles. Logans, Dewberries, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Flowering Shrubs, Roses, Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON NURSERY CO. Toppenisli, Wasblngiioii. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. u BEES The Diamond Match Company APIARY DEPARTMENT Manufacturers of Bee Keepers' Supplies Chico, California, U. S. A. (The largest bee hive factory in the world) Write for catalog and discount sheet; and. if a beginner, for Cottage Bee-Keeping, also for particulars of the MacDonald .'\luminum Combs. RELIABLE NURSERY PRODUCTS Large as.-iortinent of the best varieties in Fruit and Nut Trees. Small Fruits, Shade and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery, Kosos. Vines, Perennial Plants and Bulbs, Fully equipped Landscape Department, Planting plans furnished for residence grounds, large estates, Parks. Cemeteries, etc., also Tree Surgery done. All stock and work the best. Write today stating your needs. OREGON NURSERY COMPANY, Orenco, Ore. Opportunities for More Salesmen SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.. Liveroool and Manchester SIMONS & CO., LTD., Glasgow GARCIA, JACOBS & CO., London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED. Southampton Agenciei and Representativet in Every Important European Market European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS. SHUTTLEWORTH & FRENCH C0. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Addreti SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Montreal SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLING CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Page Thirty-four BETTER FRUIT March, 1922 Classified Advertisements RATES. 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK CORY THORNLESS BLACKBERRY— Best of all; extra large, vigorous plants ready; satisfac- tion guaranteed; illustrated price list. Write Chas. E. Mortenson. Lodi, California. CORY THORNLESS BLACKBERRY— Large, delicious. Y'ou get well rooted plants true to name from Pioneer grower. Wm. Mortenson, Rt. 1, Lodi, California. INSPECTED STRAWBERRY PLANTS— Im- proved New Oregon, Ettersburg 121; large, vigorous and healthy; $5.00 per 1000. F. O. B. ; $1.00 per 100, postpaid. Christian Arnesen, Canby. Oregon. CUTHBERT RED RASPBERRY PLANTS— $1.25 per 100, or $8.00 per 1000, F. O. B. Alvadore, Oregon. E. P. Saunders, Alvadore, Oregon. FILBERT TREES of approved varieties. Please state when writing how many you want. Dr. J. H. Wilkens. McMinnville, Oregon. LOGANBERRY PLANTS— 50,000 choice plants; unusual low price, Harry Lanum, R. 4, Salem, Oregon. BEES BEES AND QUEENS — Keep bees to pollenize your fruit. Get more and better fruit. Make a profit ofiF the fruit and bees too. Write for cir- culars. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas. "SUPERIOR" Foundation (Weed Process) and "Everything in Bee Supplies." Superior Honey Company, Ogden, Utah. JOHNSON'S PACKAGE BEES and vigorous Italian queens. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed, Write for reduced prices. George T. Johnson, 165 Raymond Avenue, San Jose, California. 80 COLONIES BEES in Ten Frame Hives, combs on wired foundation ; no disease. Price $12.00 per colony. W. H. Dancer, Myrtle Point, Oregon. POULTRY BABY CHICKS— The kind that grow into healthy, vigorous, egg-producing hens. R. I. Reds, Barred Rocks and White Leghorns. Order now before our dates ar« all filled. Prices : K. I. Reds and Barred Rocks, $25 per hundred; White Leghorns, $20 per hundred. Write for prices on larger numbers. Portland Seed Com- pany, 180 Front Street, Portland, Oregon. BABY CHICKS— S. C. Rhode Island Reds, $22.50 per 100; S. C. White Leghorns, $18 per 100; all sold to April 6. Order now from old and established breeders who have made good on the merits of their stock. Maple Brook Poultry Farm, Southworth, Wash., Box 3. WHITE LEGHORN Baby Chicks from egg ma- chines, Corvallis bred. The place that produces world-record makers. Vigorous, heavy-laying, free range stock. Pre-war prices. Oregon Cor- vallis Hatchery, Corvallis, Oregon. BABY CHICKS— Reduced prices on White Leg- horns, Reds, Barred Rocks, White Rocks, Min- orcas and Anconas. Booking orders now. Postal secures Free catalog. Write today. C. N. Needham, Salem, Oregon. WHITE WANDOTTES— Egg Bred Males. Size and quality backed by high offical records. A. Gronewald, The Dalles, Oregon. WINNERS— R. I. Reds (both combs), Toulouse Geese, Bronze Turkeys; stock and eggs for sale. J. Nonnemacher, Rt, 3, Yakima, Wash. CHOICE Mammoth Bronze Turkey Toms, $10. Mrs. Amelia Reimers, Eagle, Idaho. HEAVY LAYING STRAIN-S. C. Brown, S. C. V\ hue Leghorn hatching eggs, at fair prices. Deer Creek Stock Farm; Kerr Bros. Props., Sheridan, Oregon. CHICKS from Acme Poultry Farm — Cottage Grove, Oregon; 100, $15.00; pen averaging 228 eggs, 100, $20.00; Lot and monthly reductions. White Leghorns. Safe delivery, guaranteed. REAL ESTATE WANT TO HEAR from owner having farm for ??i •> «'« P^"'<:"l^" and lowest price. John J Black, 197th street, Chippewa Falls, Wiscongii. FORTY-THREE ACRES— Upper Hood River Valley, on new Loop Road around Mt. Hood; 15 acres commercial orchard, 10 years old, just coming into full bearing; 2 acres strawberries; 3 acres alfalfa; 4 acres under plow; fine potato land. Two good houses ; two barns, one used for packing house; good stream, some free water; every acre under irrigation ditch; two miles from town; depot, stores, grade and high schools, church and library. One of choicest locations in upper valley. Fine view of Mt. Hood and Mt. Adams. Price $15,000, $6,000 cash. M. I. C care Better Fruit. BARGAIN — Fine 13-acre apple orchard, planted to Delicious, Grimes Golden and Jonathans; eleven years old; running water; well located; this would make an ideal fruit and poultry ranch. On good county road one mile from good edu- cational town. For further particulars and price write Box G, Philomath, Benton County, Oregon. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows erain, vegetables, hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, WasR. FOR SALE — 62-acre farm, 48 miles south of Portland; running water; horses, cattle, mach- inery and furniture. A. H. Koppang, Silverton, Ore. WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. FOR S.'VLE — Apple orchard, commencing to bear; finest box varieties ; highest quality attained. Boiling Hall, Waynesville, N. C. FOR S.VLE — Fine income orchard and alfalfa, near Lyle. Washington. Last crop sales about $2300. Price $5500, plus aiiy expense paid against this year's crop. $3000 cash. This is good and a splendid bargain. Get details. D. C. Roseboro, 368-12th Street, Oakland, California, THE A. L. JOHNSON CO., of Turlock, Cali- fornia, are prepared to offer many fine locations of California ranch and residence properties to interested parties at reasona'ble prices. For in- formation write box 363, Turlock, California. MISCELLANEOUS TRACTOR BARGAINS— Cletrac "W," ^IHy demonstrated, $1250; Cletrac "W" rebuilt, good as new, $1000; Cleveland model "H," never used, $1100; Cleveland "H," slightly used, snap at $750 ; Oldsmar Garden Tractor demonstrator, $390. O. V. Badlcy, 425 E. Morrison, St., Port- lands^ WANTED — To examine your orchard for you before you buy. I saved one man $5000 on a $14,000 deal. To look after orchards of non- resident owners. Many are poorly cared for and rapidly depreciating in value. Private pruning demonstrations and consultations given. Luke Powell, constulting horticulturist, Yakima, Wn. ALFALFA SEED, CLOVER SEED, SEED corn — We are located in the heart of the largest and best alfalfa and clover seed district in the west and can give you both quality and price. Get our samples and quotations before buying. Our seed corn is of the finest ac- climated strains. Garden and flower seeds of all kinds. Send for our catalog. Darrow Bros. Seed & Supply Co.. Twin Falls. Idaho. FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE— 20 H. P. type N. Fairban.ks Morse gas engine, direct gear driven with clutch to 10-inch brass-linerl plunger pump all on one base; first class condition. Will sell engine separately, cheap, if taken at once. Also 25 H. P. 2-cylinder, Westman kerosene engine, direct connected by silent chain drive, to an .\mcrican Pump 4-inch discharge, con- structed for 65-foot head, rated at 480 gallons per minute. Ben I,. Enos. Brewester, Wash. KENTUCKY LEAF TOBACCO— 3 years old, nature cured. Don't send a penny; pay for tobacco and postage on arrival. Extra fine quality chewing or smoking, 10 lbs., $3.00; medium quality smoking, 10 lbs., $1.25. Farmers' Union, D-65, Hawesville. Ky. TOBACCO — Kentucky natural leaf chewing and smoking; rich, ripe, mellow; two years old; aged in wood; 10 lbs., $3; 20 lbs., $5; sample, 20c. Maddox Bros., Dept. 22, Mayfield, Ky. HOMESPUN TOBACCO— Chewing, ID pounds, $2.50; 20 pounds, $4; smoking, 10 pounds, $2; 20 pounds, $3.50. Farmers' Union, Mayfield, Ky. FOR SALE — Hubam annual sweet clover; scari- fied seed; genuine Hughes strain; Free Sample. Jas. H. Kitchen, Rt. 5, Springfield, Ohio. PEDIGREED White Scotch Collie Pups. Write for descriptive price list. Mrs. E. A. Bennet, Salem, Oregon. TRY OUR INTRODUCTIONS— Wonderful new hybrid alfalfa. Write J. L. Lawson, reliable tree and seedman, San Jose, California. HUBAM Annual White Sweet Clover Seed; in- spected by county agent. Albert Day, Newtown, Ohio. SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon POSITIONS BECOME government railway mail clerks — $133- $192 month; steady; men-boys, over 17; list government positions free. Write today sure. Franklin Institute, Dept. B 106, Rochester, N. Y. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. 1030 Chemeketa Street SALEM, OREGON NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATE^ Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. Gebhardt, Scudder & Hendrickson Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attorneys for Better Fruit Publishing Co. (UdveftisinS^ Anyone whose business involves person- al salesmanship can profitably use the right kind of advertising literature. Did you ever stop to think, for in- stance, that the printed page can call on your trade at about 2 per cent of the cost of personal selling. Why not let one of our representatives tell you more about printed salesman- ship. cfrrgj; Bmidmg - ts'''sJi'Jfffrs»n^.'PoTif€nd.Orpaon MULTI GRAPH INC \ODilESSINC Mailinci SiAtLiNC Lists ?\AIN 8829 ^iiiiiitmmmiMimiitHiriiiriimtiMiMiiriiiiiiimiiMi iiiiniii iiii iiriiiimiiiii iiiiiii iiiir riiriiniiniiimimiiiimiiiminiiiiijiiiiiiiirimiir iiiiii iiiiii i iiiDiimii niiiiiiiiiiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiiimiiiiiii« I THE WORLD— OUR ORCHARD I I 'MM riiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiKiiiiiiiiiuMUUiiiiiiihiiiMiiiMMiHiiiMMiMiiiiiiniiinniiiiiHininniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ i inn iiiiniiiiiiiiiMrt I I PLAYING THE GAME I "IVTEVER in the history of the fruit trade has any concern made heavier losses than we did I -L ^ last season in the apple deal. This is a matter well known to all the fruit trade of the I United States. It is, therefore, more than gratifying to us to announce the continuance of I our policy of doing business on the same basis, regardless of whether we win or lose. I We do not wish to appear egotistical, nor do we wish to put ourselves on a pedestal of I superiority over our friends and competitors. However, we can look back upon our busl- I ness experience of last year with pride. The policy of this firm is known throughout the I world — wherever a single package of fruit or produce is handled — in a commercial way. I The code of ethics employed by this firm is based upon the American ideal of the square I deal. I When Moses received the ten commandments and brought them from the mountain to I the chosen people, the fruit trade was not taken into consideration. If it had been, we are I quite sure that there would have been woven in much pertaining to the fruit business, and I written thus, to the everlasting honor and glory of a great and grand industry. 1. Thou shall play the game straight, irrespective of con- sequences. 2. Thou shah pay all drafts, regardless of market condi- tions upon arrival of cars. 3. Thou shalt back thy judgment with thine own coin. +. Thou shalt not turn down any cars, unless thy shipper is actually trying to defraud thee. 5. Thou shalt consider a contract a contract and which is made not to be broken, no matter what the cause. 6. Thou shalt consider thy firm's good name thy biggest asset. 7. Thou shalt consider it a privilege to lose, from time to time, for as long as thou canst take a loss without a kick, thou art a good sport and deserveth success. 8. Thou shalt keep one set of books, so when thy shipper calls on thee and desires to examine thy accounts, thou canst look him straight in the face and tell him to go as far as he likes. 9. Thou shalt never overquote the market, thereby giving false witness against thy neighbor, who has troubles enough of his own and which may induce the husband- man to ship goods to thee which he could have sold at higher prices elsewhere. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's business, for there is enough for everybody and then some. 11. Thou shalt particularly take care of the goods sent to thee on consignment by thy fellow man, who may be thousands of miles away from thy business abode, but who depends upon thy honor and wisdom to see that he receives proper compensation for the harvest made by the sweat of his brow. By playing the game according to these commandments, thou wilt live long in the land and wilt earn a heritage of which thy sons will be proud when thou art laid to rest among thy fathers for, after all, a good name is greater than worldly riches- Steinhardt & Kelly 273-277 Washington Street Cordoba 2260 Buenos Aires ARGENTINE NEW YORK 102-106 Warren Street Rua de Rosario 102 Rio de Janeiro BRAZIL Rocky Ford, Colo. Phoenix, Arir. La* Crucci, N. Mex. Carlabad, Cal. Srtwlcy, Cal. Tampa, Fla. FIELD OFFICES; Laredo, Tex. Clearwater, Fla. Calipatria, Cal. Yakima, Wath. Wenatchee, Wash. ".^iininiiiiiinimiiiiiiiiiiriiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiimiiiiiiiK rn imimri rairaiin iiiuii niiiiniin miimimiiiiiini i iimiiiiiiii iimiiiii iiijiii ni riiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini uimiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiin imiiiiiu For Every Farm Help No matter how many tractors, or how many types of tractors, you have seen— you'll find the new Cletrac (Model F) as- tonishingly new and different. So simple in design, so easy to operate and maintain — it has such a decidedly all-year use- fulness not ordinarily looked for in a tractor that it will actually cause you to figure tractors all over again. The new Model F Cletrac is a real all-round tractor. It plows, discs, harrows, seeds, cultivates, harvests and does all kinds of belt work. And consider that it is only 31 inches wide, 50 inches high, 83 inches long and weighs only 1820 pounds. Its capacity for work is enormous — plows 6 to 8 acres a day — discs 15 to 20— harrows 20 to 25 — and withal it is so sim- ple, care-free and accessible. A few minutes of practice and you have mastered its opera- tion. Every part is easily accessible. An automatic oiling system makes oil and grease cups unnecessary. Chrome steel — the toughest material obtainable — is used for all parts sub- ject to wear, and it is equipped with a sturdy, powerful 4-cylin- der kerosene, distillate or gasoline burning motor. The new Model F Cletrac is without equal for day in and day out, all-job usefulness and dependability. For utility, quality and price it is an unprecedented value. See your local Cletrac dealer or write our nearest office for full information. THE CLEVELAND TRACTOR CO. "Largest 'Producers of Tank-Type Tractors in the fVorld" 19 145 Euclid Ave., Cleveland Pacific Coast Factory Branches Los Angeles, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. Qetmc? lUg.iLs. pm. or. TANK-TYPE TRACTOR $795 Complete F. O. B. Factory I. Handles every iarm job. z. Plows 6 to 8 acres a day using any 2- bottom 1 2-inch plow. 3. Every part subjedt to wear construdled ofchromesteel — weighsonly i 820 lbs. 4. Automatically lubricated — no grease or oil cups. 5. Simple, care-free design — burns kero- sene, distillate or gasoline. 6. Every working part quickly accessible. 7. Unprecedented value at $795 -completer. ^ Model "F'* Cletrac is made in four sizes: 3 I inches wide, with 8 inch clear- ance;- 41 inches wide, with either 8, 14, or 18 inch clearance. PRESS OF THE ARCADV COMPANY, PORTI AND, OREGON BettewFruit The Pioneer Horticultuml Jouriicv of the Pctclfic Northwest Features In This Issue : '^i^i '4, Pests of the Strawberry Industry Crown Gall, Its Cause and Cure Some Phases of Apple Marketing Cherry Fruit 'Sawfly and Its Control Shipping Point Inspection of Potatoes Growing Apples In Willamette Valley %. * x\i 4». I [4 •^ ^.'^r'^ ••3^. ^ i \ % $795 Complete, F. O. B. Factory Hard iHu tvay^ 1. Handles every farm job. 2. Plows 6 to 8 acres a day using any a- bottom 1 2-inch plow. 3. Every part subjedl to wear construfted ofchromestcel — weighsonly 1820 lbs. 4. Automatically lubricated — no grease or oil cups. 5. Simple, care-free design — burns kero- sene, distillate or gasoline. 6. Every working part quickly accessible. 7. Unprecedented value at ^795complete. Model **F" Cletrac is made in four sizes : 3 1 inches wide, with 8 inch clear- ance; 41 inches wide, witli either 8, 14, or 18 inch clearance. Unbeatable for Orchard "work The "impossible" has been done! A tractor that 'is unbeatable for orchard work in addition to han- dling all other farm jobs, including all kinds of cul- tivating, has been developed! With a complete range of usefulness for all farm work — with a price that is right in line with the demand of the hour — Cletrac F will actually make you figure the use of tractor power all over again. Cletrac F does all your orchard plowing and cultivating, using the tools that you have on hand at present. It is low set and compact — works right up close to the trees without scraping bark or branches. Its remarkable short-turn ability allows it to swing from one row into the next with a sin- gle twist of the wheel. In addition — Cletrac F does all the regular farm jobs outside the orchard, in- cluding row-crop cultivation. Its capacity for work is enormous— plows 6 to 8 acres a day — discs 15 to 20 — harrows 20 to 25 — and withal it is so simple, care-free and accessible. Equipped with a sturdy, powerful 4-cylinder ker- osene, distillate or gasoline burning motor. See your local Cletrac dealer or write our near- est office for full information. The Cleveland Tractor Co. "Largest Producers ofTank-Tspe Tractors in the World" 19145 Euclid Ave., Cleveland PACIFIC COAST FACTORY BRANCHES Los Angeles, Cal. San Francisco, Cal. Spokane, Wash. AiJiil, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Three Scott Rainier Apple TV/E are constantly on the lookout for new meritorious fruits, always of course with an eye to finding merits not already possessed by varieties already being propagnted, for their are too many varie- ties now. We heard of Scott's RAINIER mmy times and investigated it fully before con- tracting with Mr. W. W. Scott of Nachcj for the exclusive propagating rights which we now hold. In our sincere judgment this Is the finest dessert apple thus far developed. It has all the mild qualities of the Delicious, which commend it to the tasle of those who cannot eat the more acid apples. But in addition it has a more spicy flavor and will keep firm in ordlnarv storage for weeks without becoming mealy, and in cold storage the RAINIER keeps perfectly for a year. '^T^HE keeping qualities of the RAIN- lER APPLE are unsurpassed by thnce nf any other variety of the Pacific North- west that has yet come to the attention of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Its ability to retiin Its firmness, brightness and quality with almost no decay or skin blem- ish, places it above even the Arkansas P.I.ick, Winesap, and Yellow Newtown. In yi degrees Fahr. cold storage It keeps In prime condition into May or later, and instances are known where large numbers of boxes have been held In excellent con- dition Into September of the following year."— Bulletin No. 587 of the United tates Dep.irtment of Agriculture. (Page 2S.) "T^HE fruit is oblong and slightly In- clined to conical. Flesh yellowish, with practically no grain. Probably better described as *buttcry.' Quality much re- sembling the Delicious, but a much better storage apple. Fruit picked during Oct- ober, 1912, was placed on the table at the banquet of the International Refriger- ator Congress, Chicago, In September, 1913 In perfect condition. Scale is unknown; decay practically so. Eating quality seems to improve rather than deteriorate. The tree Is a vigorous grower and is Inclined to be spreading, therefore capable of bear- ing heavy crop." — Lowther's "Encyclope- dia of Practical Horticulture," Vol. 1, p. 231. "W/"E OFFER first-class RAINIER trees for spring planting. Also other stan- dard apples, peaches, pears, plums, prunes, apricots, etc., small fruits, shade trees, shrubbery and roses. WASHINGTON NURSERY COMPANY Toppenish, Wash. ^^^ Q^- The Cost of Rotting Buildings Now Running into Millions ROTTING buildings or rusting equipment are absolute waste, be- cause a small investment in paint will save them. Property that is not pro- tected by paint must either be rebuilt or repaired in a few years at a costly figure. Check the costs. Compare the prices of paint and lumber, or repair parts. Can you afford to bear the expense of rebuilding or repairing your property, when to save it costs so little? When you paint, make an addi- tional saving by using the best paint. It spreads easily — saves labor cost. It covers more surface per gallon than "cheap" paint. But more important, the best paint serves many years longer than "cheap" paint. The best paints are scientific in formula and preparation. We've been makii-g them for 7.'5 vears. The best materials— PIONEER WHITE LEAD, pure linseed oil, pure zinc and pure colors — are combined in Fuller's House Paints in scientifi- cally exact proportion with long-time skill. House Paint: Fuller's Pure Prepared Pain;. Phoenix Pure Paint, for painting houses. The purest best proieclive and most durable paint manufacluretl —32 eolora. Barn and Roof Paint: A protective coating for barns, roofs, fences. Dries with a good gloss ano wears. Economical in cost and dependable in quality — 6 colors. Floor Paint: Fuller's Rubber Cement Flooi Paint — a sanitary, waterproof and durable paint fo" floors of kitchens, closets, elc. Altractive in color and gloss. Dries hard over night— 12 colors. Implement Paints: Fuller's Pacific Wagon Paint, adapted for repainting agricultural iuiplements, farm wagons, farm machinery, winil mills. A glossy, durable finish — 7 colors. Also makers of Fullerwear. the all-purpose Varnish. Silkenwhite Enamel. Fifteen-for-FIoors Var- nish. Decoret. Washable Wall Finish. Auto Enamel. Fuller's Hot Water Wall Finish (kalso- minc) . Porch and Step Paint. Silo Paint. Milk Can Enamel. PIONEER WHITE LEAD. Trac- ■or Paint, and Fuller's Oil Stains. Fuller's V SPeCtFICATION Farm Paints House Paint-Barn £• Roof Paint Waqon Point-Rubber Cement Floor Point Pioneer Shingle Stain Manufactured by W. P. Fuller & Co. Dept. M-22, San Francisco Pioneer Manufac.urers of Paints. Varnishes. Enamels. Slains an.l PIONF.FR WHITE I LAD fo,- 7:1 years. Branches in 19 cities in Ihe West. Established 1849. Dealers tvetywhcre. Free Book — Send Coupon Senll coupon for "Save the Surfa. which tells the PULLEg Paints 73r: •-EadebS free book portance of good paint, and the need for painting now if your paint is wearing off. Also ask for Fuller's "H..ine Service" l.ooklet which includes Fuller's Farm (specification) Paints and Varnishes. Ask our Specification De- pTTiment any (juestinn that you'd like to have an- ewered about painting — complete detailed ad- vice is given free. W. p. Fuller & Co. Dept. M-22, San Francisco. Please seiiil me. without diaige, a copy of "Save the -Surface" ami \i>ur "Home Service" booklet. Nan Address.. City ..State.. Page Four BETTER FRUIT April, 1922 STUMPING POWDER more Y)ur (fynamite dollar-- -is now worth $1.50 You can buy 130 sticks of Pacific Stumping Powder for only 50c more than you pay for 85 sticks of other stumping powders. "Pacific Stumping," the new Du Pont Farm Dynamite, has approximately the same strength as other standard stumping powders and gives you equal work, stick for stick. Thus Du Pont Engineers have found a v/ay to give you 3^ more dynamite for your dollar. The cost per stick is 2 } 2 cents (or 30^',; ) less than other standard stumping powders. And, in addition, you won't get a "dynamite headache" from using Pacific Stumping and it will not freeze. Think- this year, with Pacific Stumping, you can clear ]4 more acres of stump land at the same cost you paid last year for dynamite, or you can clear the same amount as in 1921, at a saving of approximately 30%. Let Pacific Stumping help you make 1922 the biggest land clearing year of all. See your local hardware or general store merchant— and mail this coupon now. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. oend to nearest branch office for free copy of ' ' The Development of Logged- Off Lands" — a complete manual covering every use of explosives on the farm. Spokane Ask your County Agent how the Federal Farm Loan System will help you clear your land. Seattle Portland E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. (Address nearest branch office) Please send me free copy of *'The Developinent of Logged-Off Lands." Pott Office (22) bettewFruit "^"^ The Pioneer Horiicaliural Jourtih of the Pacific Northwest Entered •» second-cl.ss matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 __^ Vol. XVI Portland, Oregon, April, 1922 Number 10 Pests of the Strawberry Industry S TRAWBERRIES are subject to only a few diseases in northwestern dis- tricts, but of insect pests there are -uiiiriiiiiiliriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiriimiiiiiiiiiri iiiiiiiiiii iiiiiitiMiiniiiiiiiiiiii quite a few that are already well established and have proven serious. This does not mean that the strawberry industry is doomed, as there is usually relief in sight. In all cases it does not inean that absolute control methods are present, but when cer- tain methods are used and followed the industry can go on. First and foremost, be sure and have your plants inspected in the field before setting out a new patch. Second, be sure that the patch you are setting is free from the dis- eases and pests by knowing past history and conditions of crops grown there. Also, if your neighbor's patch or your own patch is infested, protect your new one from them. Leaf Spot — Our most common disease of the strawberry throughout this district is the leaf spot. The disease makes its ap- pearance on the leaf caly,x and fruit stems. The spots are very small, deep purple or red, and are usually first in evidence on the upper surface of the leaves. Eventually they become gray or white in the center. The cause is a fungus which lives within the leaves throughout the year, remaining within the leaf during the winter. Control measures are these: Plant only healthly plants, procured, if possible, from fields where the disease is not present. In any case, all diseased leaves from plants should be picked off before planting. The common practice of mowing off and burn- ing leaves after harvest is beneficial, as it destroys the leaves with the fungus in them. If the trouble is serious, use Bordeaux mix- ture 4-4-50. Spray first before blossom- ing; second, after blossoming, and tliird, after harvest. Rhizoctonia — The Rhizoctonia is a soil fungus which works in the soil and works its chief injuries by causing rots of the stem under the ground or by rotting off roots. The roots are rotted off and the top of the plant shows the effects by the outer leaves dying first, leaving the center leaves green. These often die soon also. Often the leaves B?/ C. O. Weiss District Horticultural Inifector, Everett, Washington keeping the weeds down and also mulchmg to keep the fruit from the ground. STRAWBERRY Root Weevil— The strawberry root weevil is by far the most injurious insect pest of the strawberry, in Washington. Just recently the serious nature of the pest has been brought into prominence because qf the quarantine issued by the department of agriculture of the state of Washington, which prohibits any- one from selling, bartering or giving avvay strawberry plants that have not passed in- spection. The strawberry root weevil was undoubt- edly introduced from Europe. The first report we have of it in this country is in Massachusetts in 1852. Since that time it has spread steadily westward and also north- ward. It was reported from Wyoming in 1893, from New Mexico in 1894, from Minnesota in 1895, from Montana in 1897, and from W.ishington in 1904. When we consider the fact that this insect cannot fly, but must almost depend entirely on outside agencies for transportation, its spread seems fairly rapid. In a survey I have made, this pest has been found in many communities of Sno- homish, Skagit and Whatcom counties. Destructiveness — Strawberry root wee- vil is a pest both as a beetle and a grub. I There is excellent fromise that | I this season zi-ill be a favorable one for | I strau'berr-j grozvers of the Northzvest. | I Reforts indicate that the flants have \ i come through the winter in the best | I of condition, in nearly every district, | I and greater cannery capacity than | I ever before zc-ill be a helfful rnarket- | I ing factor. For the good of the | i industry it behooves every grozver to | I be on the alert for diseases and fests | I inimical to the strazvberry. The ex- | I cellent resume on fests and control | I measures here fresetited by Mr. | I Weiss is that he gave recently before | I the Western Washington Horticul- | I tural Association convention. \ i i ^iiiiii niiMiiiii I I mil I II iiiiiii) I iliiiiir turn reddish and then brown when dying. There is no remedy except the rotation of crops to reduce the amount of fungus in the soil. There is one significant fact in connection with Rhizoctonia on strawber- ries that should be noticed. When this fruit is put on ground following potatoes, the Rhizoctonia is almost always quite severe. So do not follow potatoes with strawberries directly, but let some other crop intervene. Potatoes are always very subject to, and often severely troubled with Rhizoctonia, and when they have been in the soil leave a residue of the disease behind them. For the control of the Rhizoctonia, start a rotation, using crops known to be not affected by the fungus such as grains, grasses and clover. Fruit Rots — Fruit rots result from the berries coming in contact with the damp earth and becoming rotted on the lower side. Sometimes other areas in the fruit become rotted. One form of rot that does this is the gray mold or Botrytis mold. Often the affected areas will become covered with a mass of gray mold. This trouble may spread and involve the whole fruit cluster. Control of this trouble consists in avoid- ing a wet location, obtaining good drainage. The beetles feed on the foliage, strippmg and ragging it in a characteristic manner. The grubs, however, are by far the more injurious. They feed on the entire root system of the strawberry. The smaller grubs are usually found feeding on the fibrous rootlets, often devouring them en- tirely or barking them so they die. A seriously infected plant m.iy be kicked out with the foot or easily pulled up, often with the fibrous root system eaten away. Undoubtedly a portion of the grubs feed close to the main tap root and their feed- ing there will sometimes girdle the crown. The larger grubs are often found buried in the tap roots and this food seems to give them a more pinkish cist, giving rise to the common belief that two species of larvae are present. The beetles may be present in a patch Page Sir for years and but little injury result from their attack. In certain; localities they have been observed for several years, yet even the older fields show no apparent injury. A common practice is to plant in the earlv spring, cultivate well the first season and keep down all the runners. A half- crop is expected the next season and a full crop the second season, or the third spring from planting. Ordinarily the field is kept as long as possible to derive profit from it and often, in the infested districts, it is kept too long. In the weevil districts, under normal conditions, an infested patch will show a few sickly hills the first season; small patches here and there dead the next sea- son, and the patch rendered worthless the following spring. A condition that is be- coming quite common, however, is for the patch to be materially weakened the first season, and the second season, when it is expected to yield a full crop, the patch is absolutely worthless. Two factors make this condition possible The soil is often infested with grubs even though strawberries have not been grown on the ground previously. Again, the beetles from infested beds all about tend \o concentrate on the new patch. Host Plants — While the root weevil is a pest of the strawberry it is by no means confined to this host plant. Both the larvae and the beetles have a wide and varied list of host plants to their credit. The rasp- berry, blackberry and loganberry may be attacked, but it is not believed that the weevil will prove a serious menace to these hosts. There is a list of seventy host plants for adult beetles and thirteen host plants for the larvae. There is a statement abroad that the root weevil of the strawberry affects clover and therefore it is dangerous to plant straw- berries on land that h.is grown clover. Ac- cording to Professor Lovett of Oregon, who has made quite a study of the weevil, and also Dr. Melander of Pullman, this is not true. Clover is affected by a root weevil that is very smiliar to the strawberry root weevil, a near relative to it. However, this clover weevil will not feed on the straw- berry. TTERE are short descriptions of the -*--*- beetle and the larvae. The adult wee- vil is a snout beetle nearly one-fourth of an inch in length. The color of the insect varies from a dull reddish brown, when freshly emerged, to almost pitch-black. The surface is roughly pitted and slightly shiny. The beak is short, broad and emarginate at the tip. There is a distinct puncture be- tween the eyes, the antennae are elbowed and consist of nine segments. The larvae, when seen eating, were of a pinkish tinge, but when compelled to fast, became white. The full grown larva is three-eighths of an inch long by pne-eighth of an inch wide, white in color except the BETTER FRUIT head, which is light brown. The body is arched. The strawberry root weevil is single brooded. The adult beetles remain alive and active for more than a year. There are for a short period of time, two gener- tions of beetles present- These are busily engaged in feeding on the foliage of the strawberry, and other hosts, ragging and stripping it. The insects pass the winter in both adult and grub stage. The beetles pass the winter in all con- ceivable sorts of places. Many hibernate in the soil close about the crown of their host or crowded down into the sheaths about the central whorl of the crown, also under heaps of debris about the field and fence corners, or under boards and loose bark. The more mature grubs pass the winter in the soil about the roots of their hosts. The majority pass the winter as nearly mature larvae, feeding to a limited extent on their hosts. The beetles feed at night, and during the day crowd down in the dark sheltered places. They, will often be found in numbers under a clod, in a crevice or crack in the soil, or crowded down about the crown of the plant itself. Control Measures — In spite of a great amount of careful and conscientious investigation in Canada and in Oregon no really practical and satisfactory measures have been developed. Taking into account the inability of the beetles to fly, the idea of a barrier about the newly set field to keep them out was thought of. The bar- rier used consisted of twelve inch boards, placed on edge about the field, well braced from the inside, all the joints carefully fitted and made insect-proof. A strip of tin was tacked along the top edge of the fence projecting out over the edge about one and one-half inches. The barrier proved reasonably effective in excluding the weevil and although the cost of construction is considerable, the idea is not impracticable. This plan has never proved popular with the growers. The crop rotation plan, which is recom- mended by the Canadian and Oregon work- ers, seems the only one at present feasible. It is that of growing the plants onlv one full crop year and then destroying the field immediately after the harvesting of the main berry crop. Plant in the spring and cultivate the first season, take one crop the second season and plow up the field just as soon as the berries are off. Plow in mid-summer after the beetles have laid their eggs and also burn the strawberry plants so the larvae will not have anything to feed on. If plowed before this time the beetles will go to another patch in order to lay their eggs. It is also a good idea to have chickens in the patch while plow- ing. We have observed that the weevil is more apt to be present on high ground than on low places. Previous to planting, dip plants in a tobacco solution, consisting Apnl, 1922 of four tablespoons full of black-leaf-forty and one-fourth pound of soap dissolved in five gallons of water. Dr. Melander of the State College, at Pullman, tried drowning the weevil; burn- ing out the insects; killing by contact with insecticides; soaking the ground with strong soap suds, oil emulsion, and solutions of borax and copperas; by using poisonous fumes and gases as chlorine, sulfur-dioxide, acet\lene, and gasoline, kerosene, turpen- tine, chloroform, etc., but none of these treatments seem effective and, in many cases, the plants were killed. OF THE soil fumigants the cyanide gas and the carbon-disulphide killed enough insects to give promise. The cy- anide was discarded because it destroyed the plants and because it is one of the ni;)st dangerous of poisons to man. The carbon-disulphide was used by put- ting a couple of tablespoonsful in a saucer every three feet, under a piece of oil cloth or canvas made gas proof by painting with linseed oil or other material, and covering about six feet of the infested row. This liquid evaporates quickly and the fumes, being heavier than air, silik into the soil. As they are poisonous the fumes de- stroy the grubs and the beetles also. Cover the edges of the canvas with dirt and leave covered for six hours. In many cases last spring where the weevil was quite serious we advocated the use of nitrate of soda to insure the growers a crop of fruit. Our idea was to prolong the life of the plant. We also used a chemical known as paradiclorobenzol which is used in combating the peach borer. It seemed effective in a small measure and in some cases where it was applied the plant:- seemed healthy and more vigorous and we could find no weevil. In other cases we found the grubs inactive and of a darker iiDpearance. On further study of the chem- ical, we learned that the crystals did not give off their gas under wet conditions and perhaps it would be more effective in sec- tions where the climate is drier. Crown Miner — This pest is a small worm that works entirely within the crown of the strawberry plant, constructing its tunnels there, and burrowing about. The worm is slender and pinkish in color with a brown head. The adult is a small moth. For its control plowing up the infested plants is the method recommended. Strawberry Root Borer — The root borer is a serious pest to the strawberry. The larvae are white and elongated, with a brown head. They feed on the interior of the crown and the tap root of the plant, eating out the entire heart. The plant, as a result, looks sickly and when pulled up will often break just below the crown, ex- posing the -tunnel and often the larva itself. The adult insects are clear-winged moths. Dig up and destroy infested plants, preferably in I'.te fall or early spring. {Continued on page 25) April. VJ2Z BETTER FRUIT Page Seven Cherry Fruit-Sawfly and Its Control Bij W. P. DuRuz Division uf Pomology, U iiiversity of Calijorfiici THE cherry fruit sawfly, Hoplo- campa cookei (Clarke) does consid- erable damage to cherries and plums in certain fruit districts. The insect has not spread rapidly, so control measures have not been very urgent. Severe loss, however,, has occurred at times to a few California growers, and it is necessary to have a full undertsanding of the insect and the latest remedies thit will check any outbreak in the future. F. B. McKevitt, Jr., of Vacaville, ex- perienced great loss in his plums from the cherry fruit sawfly in 1920, and it was at his suggestion that a study of this insect was undertaken, w'ith a view of working out a satisfactory control. He generously vol- unteered the use of his orchard and made spr.aying treatments as suggested. This is a report of the one season's work, which has revealed the h.ibits of the insect and some points, thought valuable in controling it.* Nature of Injury — The larva of the cherry fruit sawfly attacks the small fruits of the cherry, (sweet and sour), plum and prune, and, occasionally, apricots and peaches. It also feeds on wild plums and willows. Mr. McKevitt describes the in- jury as follows: "The plums were ap- parently all right until they were about as large as peas, when they turned vellow and dropped off." The presence of the larva is first ap- parent from a dark decayed area on the very small fruit (Fig. 1). On cutting open one of these fruits, the small whitish slug-like larva is revealed. It is from one-eighth to one-fourth inch long, always rests in a curved position and feeds on the kernel and much of the fleshy portion of the fruit. If the kernel is hard, onlv the flesh is eaten. The injury is even more noticeable from the clean round holes bored into the fruit by the larva in entering and going out of the fruit (Fig. I). One larva may injure three to four fruits and cause a loss of from tifty to ninety per cent of the crop. Mr. McKevitt estini.ued his loss in 1920 at $3,000 on Diamond and Grand Duke pluins alone. Distribution — According to Professor F.ssigf this insect is distributed through- out Central California and as far north as Southern Oregon, where it has been found in the Rogue River Valley. The insect was first found in Suisun Valley, by Matthew Cookej; in 1883. The writer has found this insect in plums and cherries in the McKevitt orchard and at the Bucktown ranch at Vacaville. T IFE History ov the .Adult — Foster§ -L' states that the female sawfly ap- pears in the spring alx>ut the time the early varieties of sweet cherries — Chapman, Black Tartarian, etc.' — are beginning to bloom. The adults are mostly black with yellowish or reddish-brown appendages. Thev are about one-eighth inch long, with broad body and have two pairs of well developed wings. They are usually quiet, especially early in the morning, but as the atmosphere becomes warmer toward noon, they flutter about in the trees in search for places to lay their eggs. The Egg — Egg laying (in the Suisun Valley) begins about March 20. The eggs are laid by the females in the sepals or upper part of the caly.x cups of the expand- ing blossoms. The sharp ovipositor or "'saw" is used to make the incision in the tissue and for placing the eggs. The eggs Above: Larvae of cherry-fruit sawfly feeding on cherry fruit. The kernel has been eaten. Below: Plums damaged by sawfly larvae. are usually deposited singly just before the petals open. The Larva — The time of hatching of the larva coincides closely with the falling of the petals from the blossoms of the \ariety attacked. Upon hatching it soon finds it way to the bottom of the calyx cup and cats directly into the newly formed fruit and devours the kernel, which it prefers. The fruit thus injured turns yellow and withers. The larva then attacks a second fruit, entering it any place on the surface and, as in the first attack, eats out the kernel if it has not hardened. The second fruit, being larger, usually withstands the effects of feeding longer. The growth, however, is checked and it gradually turns a pale green colot and hangs on the tree (Fig. I) for some time. .A third and sometimes a fourth fruit may be attacked in this way. One larva usually destroys three fruits while some attack four. When full grown the larva leaves the fruit and makes it way to the ground, where it pupates. The Pupa — Foster states the following, relative to pupation; "The larva constructs a small parchment-like cocoon which is found three to seven inches below the sur- face of the ground. The outer surface of the cocoon is covered with fine particles of soil, giving it the appearance of a small clod of dirt. The larva remains as such in the cocoon until the following w'inter. Some time after the winter rains begin it transforms to pupa and emerges the fol- lowing March as an adult. The pupa has not been observed. There is only one brood each year." Control Experiments — P. J. O'Gara ft of Medford, Oregon, had conducted experiments for three years which led him to state in 1913 that two to three applica- tions of arsenate of lead would control this insect. Mr. Foster recommended spraying with a three per cent distillate-oil emul- sion, to which had been added nicotine sulfate at the rate of one part to 2000 parts of water, same to be applied in the early mornings when the adults are on the trees, but very sluggish. These are the only suggestions ever pub- lished on control measures. A S HAS been stated, Mr. McKevitt of- -^*- ferod the use of his plum orchard, which was known to be infested with this insect. The trees selected were about 25 years old and of the Diamond and Grand Duke varieties. Nine blocks, of twenty trees each, were selected, and each block given a different spray treatment, (see table). A power sprayer was used and the spray applied with spray guns. Counts of infested and non infested fruits were made throughout the different blocks. Obviously, all the young fruits on such a large number of trees could not be counted in the time available, so careful estimation was used to supplement the actual counts. Casual observations of in- terested persons coincided with the counts iCi.ntiniied on page 24) "The writer is imUhtecI to Messrs. F. B. McKevitt. Jr., and George .Mlt-n for their hearty co-operation and assistance in conductinpr this investigation. 'i'Essig. E. f).. Injurious and Beneficial Insects of California, Monthly Bulletin State Commission of Horticulture, X'olume I\'. No. 4, 191.'^. t Injurious Insects of Orchard and \'ineyard, pp. I.5/-138, 188.1. SBulletin 116, Part III, Bureau KntomoltiRy. Tie- nartment of .-XKricuIture, 1911. ttCalifornia State Commission of Horticulture, .Monthly Bulletin, Volume, III, No. 1, pp. ,11-35. Page Eight BETTER FRUIT April, 1922 Crown Gall, Its Causes and Cure ROOT knot, crown gall, or black knot that affect all stone fruits and nuts and even apples and pears, seem to be native to many of our soils. There are numerous instances of crown gall in nurseries on land where tree have never been grown before. No nursery on the coast can boast of having never had a knotted tree, though no affected tree is knowingly permitted to go out for planting. The black knot on the vine is said to be the work of the same species of bacterium that produces tumors on peaches, almonds, etc., and is found all over the world, on many kinds of trees, bushes, vines and plants. In vineyards the aerial form is not infrequently found growing on one-year wood, and this is attributed to injury from early frosts and the. infection entering the cracked bark. On trees, as every one knows, the galls that we have learned to dread are those that occur near the surface of the ground, or on the main roots near the surface. In an excellent discussion of the disease in the Sunszveet Standard, M. A. Benjamin tells how to go about curing it. The grower should dig down around his trees where conditions of growth indicate trouble, look- ing for root-knot just in the same way as he does for borers. It is only on the crown or the main roots that work is applied — don't bother about any knots that may be on roots aw.iy from, the tree. When gall or root-knot is found, cut it out with a chisel or gouge, cutting down in the center till a concave is formed, because it seems to go down to a core like a corn. After having been thoroughy cut out clean and the chips cleared away, the wound is disinfected with a strong creosote and then painted with a good stiff roofing paint. The aerial form, that is galls ap- pearing on the trunk or on the branches above the ground — are always easily des- troyed, but the others need more attention later in case of reinfection. Those trees whose habit it is to be shallow-rooted have shown themselves to be more susceptible to root-knot. This may be because the roots are more easily subject to injury from plow or cultivator than those rooting deeper. It is suggested that a good many galls appearing just below the surface are the result of injury by gophers, the gall bacteria entering through the wounds so made. While infection undoubtedly takes place during the dormant season, it remains latent till growth starts in the spring and the galls form during the actual growing season. The rate of the growth of galls as well as the appearance of new galls is proportionate to the growth the trees make. There seems to be a steady rise in the rate of appearance of new galls from the first to about the sixth year; a slackening of the pace for a couple of years following, with a possib.e decline in later years, when the rate of growth is decreased or it comes to a standstill. It should therefore be pos- sible, by removing the galls from the trees, during the first eight years or so, during which nearly all their growth is made, to ultimately reach a condition when there would be so few new galls coming as to be every year for good results. As for reinfections, while these do occur, the low rate of their appearance, something like ten per cent, is not such as to warrant great concern. A lower rate of reinfection might be obtained by using some soil stimulant con- taining copper sulfate, which has been successfully used by the writer. This will have to be used with caution. Tree from which crown gall has been thoroughly chiseled out. {^Courtesy Sunsweet Siandard) CROWN gall bacteria cannot enter into perfectly sound tissue and infect it. There must be a wound or abrasion — no matter how small. It is hard to account for some galls on the basis of mechanical injury. Most of those one finds are ap- parently traced to bruises caused by over- lapping roots galling one another so as to expose interior bark. Judicious pruning of the roots at planting time will help reduce this risk. The practice of leading water to the base of trees with a shovel is to be deprecated. There are no feeding roots there to render it necessary and there is danger of injury to the tender bark of the roots through which infection may enter, the moisture aids in the production of fungus and bacteria. In treating some trees for crown gall, it is necessary, in cutting it out, almost to girdle the tree and when this is done it is best to bridge graft. When doing this you are supplying the upper part of the trees with nourishment. The important step in bridge grafting is preparing the wound to receive the grafts. The injured parts should be thoroughly cleansed, all dead tissues cut away and the cleansed surface should be treated with creosote and then painted. The irregular edges of the bark should be cut back evenly. The scions which form the bridge should be selected from wood of the previous sea- son's growth. Either branches which grew the preceeding season or water sprouts that are only one year old may be used. It is important that the scions should be a little longer than the space to be bridged. This is in order that the middle portion of the scion, when put in position, shall arch slightly over the central part of the wound Before being placed in position, the scions are beveled at each end, both surfaces being on the same side of the scion. This beveling should be done with a long, slop- ing cut, so that the wedge-shaped ends thus formed will be relatively thin, to permit their being thrust well under the bark with- out danger of separating it unduly from the cambium at the points of insertion. The placing of the scions in position is facili- tated if the bark at the margins of the wound is slit for a short distance at the points where the ends are to be inserted. The number of scions required for a bridge will depend largely upon the size of the trunk. No fixed rule can be given. The larger the number the more complete will be the restoration of the connection between the parts above and below the wound, but if placed too close together the bark at the margins of the wound between the scions will be raised. The starting of the bark except at the immediate points of insertion of the scions must be avoided. In placing the scions it is of the greatest importance that the cambium of the scions which are exposed in the sloping cuts at the ends be brought into intimate contact with the cambium that lies under the bark at the margins of the wounded area. THE union of scion and tree can occur where the cambium layers of the two come together. The scions may be secured in their proper position, if need be, by driving a very small nail through each end into the trunk. This vvill aid in drawing the cambium of scion and trunk closely together. The operation is completed by thoroughly covering the area occupied by the ends of the scions and the margins of the wound with grafting wax, strips of waxed cloth, or by some other means that will adequately prevent these parts from drying out. If the wound is mostly below the surface (Continued on page 27) April 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Nine Shipping- Point Inspection of Potatoes By W. H. Wicks, Director Bureau Plant Indwtry and Acting Director Bureau Markets, Idaho Def art- men t Agriculture, Boise. ^iiiMiiiiiiiitiirtilitnrhiiriiirtiii(iiiriiii)llliliriilliliiiiiiiililillllllllllliiiiiiltllltliliiiiillllli<£ I In view of the jctct that fruit and | I vegetable groivers of the country seem I I to have won their fight for general | I adoftion of shiffing faint insfection | I of their froducts by the government, | I . this article on the subject is con- | I sidered timely and informative. | I Potato growers have been in the van^ \ I guard in working out with govern- | I ment bureaus satisfactory methods of \ i conducting such insfection. The | I benefits to this industry have been \ I 7nany, as Director Wicks here sets \ I forth from exfer'.ence with the in- \ I sfection service in Idaho. | 3 \ ifiiiitiiiMiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiuiirtiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiK ON JULY 1, 1921, the Idaho State Department of Agriculture con- summated a formal agreement with the Bureau of Markets and Crop Es- timates, U. S. Department of Agriculture, pertaining to standardization and inspec- tion work. The objects of this agreement are; (a) To aid in the improvement of existing stan- dards for fruits and vegetables and to es- tablish standards for fruits and vegetables not already standardized, giving due atten- tion to the desirability of establishing, so far as practicable, such standards in con- formity with those promulgated, recom- mended or proposed by the Department of Agriculture of the United States, (b) To develop further the shipping point in- spection service in the state of Idaho, with special reference to the co-ordination of such work with the food products inspec- tion service, now conducted in central mar- kets by the United States Department of Agriculture. The method of procedure consists of the employment by the United States De- partment of Agriculture, of a supervisor inspector, who works with the director of of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Idaho Department of Agriculture, in developing the Idaho shipping point inspection ser- vice in accordance with the general policy of the United States Food Product! In- spection Service. The Idaho Department of Agriculture must approve no permanent changes in existing horticultural laws with- out consulting the Federal Bureau of Mar- kets and Crop Estimates. From this agreement it is seen that state grades and standards are promulgated in harmony with federal grades. This ar- rangement makes it possible for shipping point standards and certificates used to be practically the same as those used by the Federal Bureau of Markets and Cron F.tti- mates in making inspections and transact- ing their work in terminal market inspec- tion points. This co-operative agreement has done much to overcome the undesirable features of state shipping point inspection during 1919 and 1920. Crop and Data Inspection Records — Using figures of the Idaho Crop Reporting Service, we find that the potato crop of Idaho for 1921 was placed at 10,545,000 bushels. This crop was produced on 57,000 acres with an average }'ield of 185 bushels per acre. Allowing 90 cents per bushel as the average market price for all varieties, the potato crop had a valuation of $9,490,- 500. In point of production Idaho is out- classed by Maine, New York, Pennsyl- vania, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne- sota, in the order given, placing Idaho sev- enth. In point of average yield per acre, Idaho is exceeded only by Maine, whil_e in 1920 the two states tied at 180 bushels per acre. The average for the United States is 109.6 bushels. The four states now having state and federal co-operative shipping point inspec- tion are Washington, California, Colorado and Idaho. Comparison of estimated pro- duction and the rate of inspections up to December I is interesting. The carlot fig- ures are: State California Colorado Idaho Washington Car Shipm'te 3423 7844 6672 2964 Cars Inspected 400 7500 6156 800 Per Cent Inspected 11 95 92 26 Production of these states may prove in- teresting. The 1921 figures, in carloads, are these: California, 84' 9; Colorado, 18,000; Idaho, 10,500; Washington, 6,- 000. We call attention to the fact that Colo- rado has a compulsory law which makes it necessary that all cars carry a certificate, while inspection is optional in California, Washington and Idaho. Of the three states maintaining optional inspection, Idaho ranks first, having secured 92 per cent inspection for all cars moved up to December 1. POTATO Grades— The Idaho official grades for the sale and shipment of potatoes are those established by the U. S. Bureau of Markets and Crop Estimates. These grades are: U. S. Grade Fancy; U. S. Grade No. 1 and U. S. Grade No. 2. These government grades are now also be- ing officially used by Washington, Oregon, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas Minnesota, Ohio, North Carolina and New Jersey. Idaho's record on grades since the in- spection was inaugurated has been this: Per Cent Grade 1919 1920 1921 U. S. Fancy 0 0 .99 U. S. No. 1 90.9 92.02 86.18 U. S. No. 2 6.4 5.08 9.54 Comb. Fancy & No. 1 0. 0 .17 Comb. Nos. 1 & 2 0 1.18 2.9 No Grade 2.7 1.06 .22 How Inspection Is Conducted — Ship- ping point inspection is offered by the State Department of Agriculture at load- ing points only, where trained inspectors are maintained and there is a sufficient tonnage and demand for inspection. Dur- ing the year 1921 shipping point inspec- iContinued on page 18) Loading potatoes at one of the 128 inspection points maintained in Idaho under joint federal and state manaaement last year. r„c/i' Tni BETTER FRUIT April, 1922 Growing- Apples in Willamette Valley Bi/B. N. Johnson Manager Oregon Apple Orchard Company, Monroe, Oregon Ul' IN OUR section the natives long were prone to regard me as 3. "nut." They said I was crazy in head and that my associates had more money than brains if we thought we couiJ raise fruit on those "squirrel lands;" that those red hill ranches were oniy fit for goat pasture. During the past couple of years some of them are changing their tunc, however. They have seen the fruit we are growing and some of them now say, "1 always said them red hills are the best fruit soil in th,- world." I quite agree with them. My observation leads me to the belief there are too many "doctors, lawyers, merchants, thieves," engaged in the busi- ness and not enough real honest-to-goadness fruit growers. It would be a good thing for the industry if a lot of them could be piohibited by law from further activity in '*■- o-ame. We should not lose sight of the fact that raising apples is a highly specialized in- dustry. Given the soil and climate neces- sary, production of the high grade apple is, to an extent, dependent on the attitud;' of mind of the grower. It is a mistake iv attempt to grow corn and hogs, run a dairy, raise grain and 57 other varieties of farm products, along with raising apples. ' ' you want to diversify, diversify with fruit. If you are going to stay in the game, -aise fruit exclusively. Specialize on size and quality. A man with an apple orchard of fivj acres or less invites disaster. A 1 0-acre unit should be the minimum for app'es. Twenty acres would be better, and I am inclined to the belief that 30 or +0 acres of tree fruits — probably somewhat divei- sified — woul'd be still better. Another thing — apple raising is not a poar man's game. The trees should be pruned and sprayed and tilled each year, whether you have a crop or not. It is a dangerous undertaking to attempt develop- ment of an orchard unless one has the means or an income sufficient to defray the expenses of development up to the time the orchard comes into profitable produ'. tion. This means 9 or 10 years in the Willamette Valley for an apple orchard, and at a cost of $5 00 an acre in good American money. Ten or 1 5 years ago we were handed a lot of bunk about being able to bring an orchard into profitable bearing in six year', at a cost of from $15 0 to $200 an acre. It can not be done. That is why a lot of growers have become discouraged. As a general proposition, I maintain that apples of size and quality can be grown in the Willamette Valley at a profit. Too much care can not be excercised in selec- tion of the land for an orchard. Before •iriinriiirrMiiiiiiitiiiiiiiriiiitiiiiitiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii • I Here are presented salient features | \ of a meaty practical fafer read | I before the annual meeting of the | I Oregon State Horticultural Society, | I /; is a matter of some regret | I that other excellent fomts touched \ I upon by Mr. Johnson can not be | i given sface here. Frotn his ex- | I feriences, for instance, he has come | I to be a strong advocate of early -pick- | I ing and shipping. His faper quoted | I at length from other authorities by | I way of driving home the value or | I almost ruthless thinning. It is im ■ | I portant, in reading of results he | I mentions, to have in mind the fact | I that most orchards in irrigated sec- | I tions have nearly twice as many trees | I to the acre as do the Willamette \ I Valley orchards. | ^.iiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiniiiii uiitiiinimiii i init Diiitiiiii. we planted ours we had several thousand acres under option and before the purchase of any land we had it examined, bored and tested by a soil expert from the agricultural college— Professor H. D. Scudder. We followed his recommendations in the pur- chase and subsequent planting of the land, and since then have been impressed with the wisdom of this course. I can not give the growers any hard and fast rules to follow that will insure the raising of good fruit. Each grower has his individual problem. Soil conditions and pruning methods vary. Uniform orchard practices are not followed. DURING the past four years we have experienced little difficulty in develop- ing size, color and quality. This required attention to five important details — prun- ing, spraying, fertilization, tillage and thinning — with emphasis on the last two, tillage and thinning. Without plenty of light and air, apples will not set well nor color properly. Hence it is important that trees be kept open by means of intelligent pruning. We follow the spraying program as out- lined by the specialists at Oregon Agricul- tural College. Most of our spraying is done with outfits using 300 pounds pres- sure or better, and at the proper time. We applied seven sprays during the past season. Our warehouse foreman informs me that our culls did not exceed three per cent of the crop. Cover crops and artificial fertilizers, preferably both, must be systematically used if best results are to be obtained. Plowing, two double discings and two or more kimballings or harrowings constitute a minimum tillage program. Years when plowing is omitted, a third double discing mieht be added with good results. At Monroe we do not follow any hard and fast rule in thinning. While six inches is a general gauge to follow, the variet". the condition of the individ"-' * - - " as the set "f fniir. 3— '1 factors to '—' one in thinning operations. During o thinning season we had as high as 75 per- sons working, at a cost -'" ''''^22.64. Always take off the undersized fruits, regardless of their position on the tree, is one safe rule to follow. If an apple is perceptibly small at thinning time it is almost certain to be in the five-tier class at packing time. Thin early, thin thoroughly and always thin off the doubles and the little ones. We took off easily 75 per cent of our Ortleys last season, and yet many of the trees were overloaded. Always thin heavily on Jonathans and Grimes. These varieties tend to grow small and the trade does not want the small ones. While 10 per cent of 175s and smaller will usually be accepted, many orders received by us last -season provided for 163s and larger, no five-tier stock being wanted. W7E HAD one block of 60 acres of » ' apples which show a net profit of $75 to $100 an acre for the season. It is planted to Kings, Spys, Newtowns and Ortleys. It produced between 12,000 and 15,000 boxes of fruit. On this particular section the tillage was $5.20 an acre; spray- ing $17.95 an acre, including cost of spray materia's; pruning, $16.25 an acre, and thinning, approximately $12 an acre. Including overhead and miscellaneous expenses, the cost of producing a crop on this section will run about $60 an acre. We estimate the tree-to-car expense at 60 to 65 cents per box. Based on a crop of four boxes to the tree, or 200 boxes an acre, at 60 cents per box, we hace a tree-to-car expense of $120 an acre and a production cost of $60 an acre, making a total of $180 an acre, or 90 cents a box, for allgrades and varieties. Cost of production, including physical handling, should not exceed $1 per box, and ought to be kept down to 75 cents per box as production increases. In this connection I would stroTigly advise more attention to the production of apples of size and quality. If it is going to cjst 75 cents to $1 per box to get our apples grown and loaded on cars, no financial expert is required to show us that we are losing money on nearly every box of C grade or five-tier apples we ship. In my judgment, the best thing that could happen the industry here would be the definite April, 1922 and immediate refusal of the trade to accept our small apples at any price. It would be far better for all of us if we could build and operate large by- products plants in every producing sectioii in the Northwest. The plants should hav; capacity to convert all of our C grade and BETTER FRUIT five-tier apples into cider, vinegar, jelly, jam, dried apples, and the like, at a normal price per ton. Such action would restrict the output of the Northwest probably 50 per cent, and would go a very long way in stabilizing the market and insuring to growers a good margin of profit. Page Eleven Practically all of our extra fancy apples brought $2 to $2.50 per box f. o. b. ship- ping point the past season. At these prices we ought to make a satisfactory profit pro- viding we are growing a large percentage of extra fancy and fancy grades, and have a {Continued on page 22) International 8-16 $670 chica\o andaP&O 2- fur row Plow FREE The free Plow offer expires May 1. To every farmer who buys, for delivery before May 1 , an International 8- 1 6 Tractor purchased by one of our dealers on 1922 account, we will give a P&O 2-furrow plow — or tractor harrow if he already has a plow. He will pay only $670 f. o. b. Chicago, for the tractor, and the plow or harrow will be given him absolutely free, f. o. b. Chicago. The International 8-16 is not a stripped tractor but sells complete with this equipment — belt pulley, fenders, platform, throttle governor, adjustable drawbar, angle lugs, brakes. More than $100 worth of essential features, not to be paid for extra but included in the new low price. The famous Titan 10-20 Tractor now sells for $700. Until May 1 this Company will give with each Titan, covered by the Special Offer, a P&O 3-furrow plow Free. Tractor and plow f. o. b. Chicago. Remember that the Titan is a 3-plow tractor, with belt power in proportion. The Titan has proved it will outlive two or three small inferior tractors. Figure that you get all these things — free plow, all equipment, reserve power, extra long life, a tractor unequalled for belt work — for $700. The free plow offer ends May 1 . If your order has not yet been placed we urge immediate action. See the McCormick-Deering Dealer. International Harvester Company OF AMERICA CHICAGO CnUr,^UTCO> USA. 92 Branch Houses and 15,000 Dealers in the United Stales. Page Twelve BETTER FRUIT Some Phases of Apple Marketing By H. H. Maynard, Economu> DepJitmeiii, \]\ii/iiiigtoii Stjie College, Pullman April, 1922 HERE is another phase of the marketing problem. There have been certain weaknesses in the industry, duo to the pre- THKRE are certain fundamental marketing function? that must be considered and no method of sell- ing can be adopted which will eliminate any- one of them. The buyer and seller must be brought together. Whether or not this can most efficiently be accomplished by a broker, working under the direction of a local sales manager, or an individual grower, is an open question. Both methods have met with some success in the apple country in the past and both have certain admitted weaknesses. Certain it is that the broker must be used. Just how he may be used to the greatest advan- tage IS a question. My study leads me to believe that the use uf a large sales agency which deals in all kinds of fruits and vegetables and can therefore keep its salesmen or brokers busy the year round is the best plan for most co-operative associations. Many large growers could use this type of agency directly and others would do better to use it through the local association. It is possible that this can be most ef- ficiently be accomplished by means of a sales agency, owned by the farmers them- selves similar to the method used by the wheat growers. This plan is being sug- gested and investigated by the National Farm Bureau. There are many difficulties in the w.iy of the successful operation of such a system. Many of these problems are faced by no other type of farmer. The wheat grower of the Northwest is essentially like the wheat grower of Kansas or Dakota ; that is, he is pretty much the same kind of man racially, economically, educationally and socially. The same is true of the big stock men of the country ,md of the corn and cotton growers. But it is not true of the fruit growers of the United States. The man who raises early vegetables on the east shore of Virginia or in the Rio Grande valley of Te.xas, is not the same man who raises cantaloupes in the Imperial valley, citrus fruit in California, or apples in Washington or Oregon. He has a dif- ferent racial history, different standards of living, and a different background in general. It is a vastly more difficult thing to get these men together in co-operative enter- prise than it is a few wheat men. Yet that is just what would have to be done if a growers' sales agency were to be successful. It must compete with the big sales agencies now organized to sell apples, fruits and vegetables. These agencies either own orchards and gardens in all these and many others sections or they represent growers or growers' associations in these widely dif- ferent sections. Perhaps these varying nationalities and types could co-operate in the maintenance of a sales agency, but the history of the co-operative movement indicates that it would be almost certain to result in failure. My conclusion on this point is that growers who wish to sell to other than cash buyers will do well to join a local co- operative association, being careful to retain control of the association in hands other than those of the sales agency, and then sell through one or the other of the two big associations or sales agencies. Many men prefer to sell for cash. The cash buyer is present to accommodate them and, in my opinion, always will be on hand. SERVICE IS DUR FIRST N-AIM k^RFECt^ 1 \ IBEP THE SIMPSON a DOELLER '^^s, CO. .v^^ GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES YfECAfi FILL YOUR ORDER FOR STOCK- APPLE. PEAR.CHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. WRAPPERS^ PROTECTS "Caro" Protects-"Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit-Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED, "C»ro" from DeuiCARE (to dry up) FRUIT MATURITV is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmosplieric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "C«ro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ripening process. FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and pernuU juice to escape and BACTERIA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, kill the BACTERIA, arrest the decomposition. UmitMl StatM Distribnten. AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Mark** Straat, San Franciaco, Califoraia Aptil 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Thirteen valence of too easy credit. Certain market- ing factors have made a practice of advanc- ing cash and supplies to the growers in order to secure control of their crop and be sure that it would be sold to them when readv to pick, pack and ship. The result is that growers have spent too much mone}- during the growing season. They have not had the hand of necessity in a position to restrain them. These growers have been optimistic and have spent this money in anticipation of repaying it from the returns from their apples in the fall and having a good surplus besides this left, on which to live the following year. When fall arrives they find their returns less than they had anti- cipated, for fruit growers know that this is much more liable to happen than the reverse. They find, in fact, that they have used up most of what their apples really brought them in net returns, during the summer. The only thing for them to do is to repeat the process and all too often ^he result has been the same year after year. In the past the cash advance system was perhaps the only method of financing open to the growers. But now this is no longer true. The Federal Reserve system has provided for making growers' paper eligible for rediscount, when properly secured, and has provided for making the growing crop on the trees this security. The grower can now go to his banker, get the cash he needs and be able to pay cash as he goes. He can pay cash for his orchard supplies and for his household and other expenses and, in the majority of cases, he can get better terms and prices than he time comes he is free to sell wherever he ever got from the cash buyer. When selling can get the best offer. He can use any one of the methods of selling which are open to him. He is on an open and above- board business basis, and can reap the profit of such a position. Of course, this means that he must go to his banker with his statement of condition and with his crop estimate. In the past all too many farmers have been unwilling to do this. But it is hoped that the apple growers will cultivate a frankness in their dealings with their banker advisers which will permit them to go to them with their needs for financing and be taken care of on a business basis. 1 believe that the cash buyer has a place in the industry, but 1 believe that this place is not connected with granting credit. Many growers prefer to sell for cash and to know that they will have the cash when the fruit is delivered. They also are will- ing to take less, if necessary, than they could secure elsewhere if they can have the cash and know just how much it is. Thev want to know how much they can depend on; how much they will have for new machinery; how much with which to buy additional land or an automobile, etc. These men, therefore, need to have a chance to sell to the cash buyer. NOW ^395 F.O.B. DETROIT New Price Makes FORDSON Po.s,sible For EVERY FARMER Save your time iy 30 to 50 per cent — 7nake your work easy. PLOW, disk, harrow, harvest, thresh, bale hay, saw wood, pump water, grade, pull stumps, fill the silo, grind feed — do these with your FORDSON TRAC- TOR. All the farm tasks which can be done by motive power, the FORDSON will do and do well. The 170,000 now in use in all parts of the country prove its ef- ficiency and reliability. Sign and Mail Coupon Northwest Ford Dealers Washington, Oregon, Montan.n, Idaho 706 Fairview Ave., Seattle East Eleventh and Division Sts., Portland, Oregon Save on labor — the FORD- SON is the "Perfect Hired Man" ^P-^S^.^^ The FORDSON dealer nearest you will make vou a free demonstration. NORTHWEST FORD DEALERS 706 Fairview Ave.. Seattle. Please send me fiee information on Ford- son Tractors. (Mark X in square oppo- site literature or service desired.) Fordson Tractor Manual. The Fordson at Work Free demonstration. (State purpose for whicli tractor is intended.) If j^ou own a tractor state what make. Name Address Mncical WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET Merchandise W.Martius Music House, Inc. MUSIC Write 1009 Firtt Avenue, Seattle, Washington Write U* Everything Known in Music Us Others are not speculative in their make- up. They prefer a sure thing in the fall to a chance of more retu^n^■ in the spring or summer. Hence they throw the burden of the speculation on the shoulders of the cash buyer. If he carries this he must have an adequate return. Hence I believe that the cash buyer is an important cog in the marketing machine. THE need for co-operative advertising cannot be too greatly stressed. People in the east must be made to see that the western apple is a quality product! that it is a staple and not a luxury. They must be made to see the superiority of the western boxed apple over the barreled product. They must be made to realize the value of the apple as a food. These Page Fourteen things and many others can be accomplished by advertising. The Skookum, Hood River, and Big Y growers have done a great deal to ac- complish these objects in the past, but the task is too big for any small group of growers such as these. They must have the help of the entire industry. This cag be brought about by a co-operative campaign participated in by the growers of the North- west without regard to what particular channel they choose for marketing their fruit. It is time for the growers of Hood River to forget that they think they have the best apple on earth, and for Yakima and Wenatchee to do the same thing and get together for the good of the industry. It is time for the cash buyer to forget his jealousy of the co-operative association and for both of them to quit knocking the consignment house long enough to contri- bute to this campaign. Apple production in the northwest is increasing. The time is coming when it may be difficult to market the fruit produced unless a corresponding increase in demand is created through advertising. What, for illustration, would have hap- pened to apple prices this year if frost had not destroyed most of the barreled crop? Stop and think of that question and then realize that the time is now here when the entire industry must get together to develop its market both at home and abroad. BETTER FRUIT Grafting: Wax By A. B. Clough CALIFORNIA walnut grafting wax is now being strongly recommended by horticultural experts, for use in orchard work of the northwest. In trials on walnut trees in California, where it got its name, it has proved more satisfactory than any of the other kinds. In the northwest it is also being used on deciduous trees, such as the apple, peach, pear, etc. This preparation is now a little more ex- pensive than some of the others, but its ease and efficiency of application more than make up for the difference in original cost. It is usually heated in a metal container until it is possible to apply it by means of a common paint brush. This saves much time, as most waxes must be warmed by friction with the hand and applied in the form of putty. It is used principally in cleft grafting, bark grafting, and whip grafting, where it is necessary to cover all cut surfaces, im- mediately after the graft is made. A cover- ing of this sort effectively prevents evap- oration of moisture, prevents decay or growth of fungi, and protects the wound from the entrance of harmful insects. California grafting wax is easily prepared by using 5 pounds of rosin, 1 pound bees- wax, one-half pound powdered charcoal, April, 1922 and one-half pint raw linseed oil. Heat the rosin and the beeswax together in a container, remove the heat and add the charcoal. This will cause considerable ef- fervescence, so care must be exercised to prevent overflow of the mixture. After this mixture has been thoroughly stirred add the raw linseed oil and allow to cool. When cool it will take solid form and must therefore be heated for application. AAA Earlv bearing apricots, peaches and crab apples are being planted along the roadsides in some California districts to serve as windbreaks for the main orchard. You do a double favor by mentioning Beiter Fruit when answering advertise- ments you find here. •chard opragers at Pre -War Rices All sizes — hand or power outfits. Best obtainable^ Get our prices. SPECIAL — Barrel Sprayers at |25. QUALITY SPRAITCR MFG. CO., 215 Grand Are. Portland, Or. Protect Your Crop From Frost A Night of Frost May Cost You an Entire Yearns Profit. Jack Frost works fast. Today you may have promise of a tremendous crop and big profits. Tomorrow you may be facing terrible loss. In- vestigate the possibilities of frost pre- vention— w^rite us w^ithout delay. More than $75,000,000.00 are lost annually through frost damage to growing crops, according to the U. S. Department of Agriculture. This is a tremendous toll to collect from the growers of the country. It may hit YOU next. Be prepared. Take no chances. Equip your or- chard with the "BOLTON" ORCHARD HEATER SP" Safest and surest frost prevention method known. Generates heat quickly, and maintains the temperature above the freezing point for a long time. Economical to operate. SEND FOR BOOKLET B-5. W. R. AMES CO., Inc. 8th and Irwin Streets San Francisco, California A 2ml, 1922 Loganberries BijG.E. Davis Sumner, Washington THE big demand for loganberries and loganberry juice throughout the world has caused many growers to enter the field, which is a profitable one if properly under- stood. The art of growing them is simple, if one has the knowledge. The two vital factors that enter into successful production of loganberries are soil and climatic conditions. A good, well drained clay loam soil is well adapted to their culture. The ground should be thoroughly plowed and harrowed, ready for planting in April. When the tip plants are ready to dig, care should be taken not to get plants that are not well matured, as here is the reason so many young plants die. The plants should be set 8 feet apart in the row, the rows 7 feet apart. That requires 775 plants per acre. The posts should be 7 feet long set 2J^ feet in the ground, 32 feet apart in the row. This takes 210 to the acre. There are several systems of trellising logans, but the most practical one is where 3 wires are used, all on the same side of the posts. The lower wire is put 18 inches from the ground; the middle wire 3 feet high, and the top one 4-5'2 feet. The young canes are left on the ground during the growing season and, in fact, until spring, when the old canes are cut out and burned. The young canes are taken one at a time, raised up over the hill to the top wire, then out four feet and down under the bottom wire and wound around, in the shape of a snail or else wound in the shape of a figure eight. This system gives a solid wall of fruit-bearing canes. Also, the berries arc out where they can be seen. This is one thing that must be considered, as the logan- berry has such short laterals it is very easy for the berries to be hidden from view, and the easier we make it for the pickers to find the berries the better it is for the grower. Great care should be taken in picking, as one over-ripe berry in a crate soon starts to bleed, then mold and soon spoils the whole crate. Just here is where many growers make their biggest mistake— in supervision of the picking. The old saying "Every picker needs watching" is pretty largely true. If you grow good berries, pick them properly, and market them judiciously, they will net you a nice profit. * 1 A "Lady Dryden," a Barred Rock hen belonging to Oregon Agricultural College, in the California egg-laying contest from December 14, 1920 to December I+, 1921, laid 324 eggs — a world's record for the breed. BETTER FRUIT Apples by Weight IN RECENT years several fruit shipping organizations have adopted a system of sampling apples by weight in determining grades and sizes of apples packed for each grower. The aim of sampling apples by weight is to speed up the movement of the fruit through the packing rooms, and to avoid the expense of repiling and checking which frequently arises in attempting to retain the identity of each grower's lot of loose fruit on the packing-house floor. A sample is selected from each lot of fruit received. This is graded and sized, and a record mado of the weight of each grade and size in the Page Fifteen sample. The percentage relation of the total weight of the sample to the total weight of the lot is then applied to ascer- tain the weight of the various grades and sizes that make up the lot, and the grower is given credit for the total weight, classified as to grades and sizes. Now the government has taken up the idea and has prepared accounting forms and data which will be of great service to those wishing to study or employ the new method. Details have been published in Department of Agriculture Bulletin 1006, on "Accounting Records for Sampling Apples by Weight." AAA Advertisers appreciate knowing in what publication you found their proposition. FRYER SeWIcE SINCE 1 90 O STANDARD Gravity Roller Conveyors Incline Elevators Spiral Shutes TN THE State of Washington, our representative will be permanently located in the Wenatchee and Yakima districts — while in Oregon, our Portland office will be in a position to care for all communications promptly. Speed in handling your orders is one of the many services we render our clients. Write our Seattle office direct and your request will be taken care of promptly. We will gladly send you descriptive literature and quotations on these products. D. E. Fryer & Co. Dept. V. Lumber ELxch. SEATTLE U. S. A. BUTTE— PORTLAND— SPOKANE TACOMA Page Sixteeni BETTER FRUIT Published Monthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth «n4 cents a pound for the'r crops, it was announced at the closing of the pool last month, by J. O. Holt, manager. The association, he said, handled 1,228,264 pounds of blackberries. AAA T M. SEARS, who recently came from Mollne, •^ * III., has purchased George SIefarth*s prune orchard at Polk Station, near Dallas. The tract is in the best producing orchard belt In Polk County. AAA T^HE NORTH MARION BERRY GROWERS' Association has disbanded and merged Into the Woodburn Fruit Growers' Co-Operatlve Association which now has 77 members and 415 acres of ber- ries signed up. AAA T> T. WILSON has purchased two 10-acre fruit tracts in Garden Valley, near Roseburg, and announces that he will plant them to walnuts. AAA TJOOD RIVER fruit men are making arrange- ments to entertain a big group of prominent eastern apple buyers who plan to visit the North- west In July. The Apple Growers* Association and Commercial Club are at work on the plans. The committee is composed of P. F. Clark, A. E. Woolpert, C. H. Castner, Fielding S. Kelly and John C. Duckwall. I'liirmimmiiiiiiiriitt iiiiiiiiiii tin iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiiiniiiimiiimiii>' I Treat Your Soil with Toro Brand I I Agricultural Sulphur | = Improves alkali soil, trans- | SSJW.W"i'*W|P forms latent pota h and phos- I phates into available plant | foods. = Prevents wire worms, eel- = worms or nematodes, smutty | grain, ants and potato scab. | 220 lbs. per acre has in- I creased crops up to 500%. I For dry dusting, use = i "ANCHOR" Brand Velvet I i '•-- J Flowers of Sulphur. | i For Lime Sulphur Solution, use 1 I DIAMOND "S" Brand Refined Flour Sul- I I phur. Sold by leading dealers. i I Write for circulars Nos. 6, 8, and 10, price- | I list and samples. State for what purpose | I sulphur is to be used. i I SAN FRANCISCO SULPHUR CO. | I 624 California St. San Francisco, Cal. I liniinillllllllliiiiitiliiilliiiiiiiiiiiiiiililllllliliiiiiiiiitriiiiiiitiiniiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiijiiiiiiii..^ SUlfKUB , Apples, Pears, Peaches Potatoes, Onions and all kinds of Fruit and Produce Bought for Cash.. Address us as to what you have to offer. WILLEY FRUIT CO., Inc. 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Ore. THE BEST IN TREES AND SHRUBBERY BOTH FRUITS AND ORNAMENT E. A. Bennet Nursery Co. lOJO Chcmekcta Street SALEM, OREGON Rubber Stamps for Fruit Boxes TI'V//(' fnr Stunpli' ajui Prices to ROGERS COMPANY Gcrlingcr Bldg. PORTLAND, ORE. Pufic Thirli/ BETTER FRUIT April, 1922 WASHINGTON 'T'llE North Puyrillup Fruit Cannery, it is ;ni- nniinccd, has been leased to Frank Collinson, of the Star-Cnllinson Packing Company of Pnrt- l;ind, Ore. The annual capacity of the plant is about 100,000 cases and it will be run at cnpac- Ity this season. Berries and rhubarb constitute most of the pack. H. A. Baker was formerly lessee of the plant. AAA 'T'HE OMAK. FRUIT COMPANY h.is taken over the property of the Omak Fruit Growers, Inc., a co-operative organization which had handled most of the apples grown around Omak. Incorporators of the new company are: Martin Miller, Dr. E. E. Copple, George W. Lee, and F. C. Paine. The property consists of three ware- houses capable of handling 400 cars of apples .i season, a spur track and 9''^ acres of land. AAA 'T'HE OKANOGAN Produce Company has been incorporated by James T. Kllpatrick, Charles Ostenberg and B. Garigen, tn take over the ware- house business of the Farmers' Warehouse .A.ssn- ciation at Okanogan, which recently closed a re- tail store and warehouse business. Kilpatrick w;is formerly manager fnr the farmers. AAA npHE Walla Walhi \ A\cy Prune Growers' Cn- Operative Association has been organized, with W. R. Parvin as manager and approximately 400 members, who count on shipping between 6ilH and 800 cars of prunes this season. AAA T W. YOUNG, man.igei of the cannery at Mossy- *'* rock, reports th it he expects to pbnt 2'-^ acres of Cuthbert raspberries and a like acrenge of logins this season. Eventually he expects to h;ive 2il acres in cane berries. AAA ■T^UK APPLE cr.ip nf the Pab.use Corporation .it Waverly, Fairfield ;itid Four Lakes, nc.ir Spokane, sold for $101,100 and pnid ex-penses for the season of 1921, ace ird'ng to H. T. Hubbard, the receiver. The Enrl Fruit Company foreclosed on the property and his been providing the fund; necessary to finance It. AAA rpRUIT GROWERS at Meyers Falls, 7^; miles north of Spokane, at a recent meeting decided to form a local organization and take over the warehouse which belonged to the now defunct Spo- kane Fruit Growers' Association. AAA C^OR THE first time in history the executive committee of the International Apple Growers' Association will meet in the Northwest, word having been sent to A. R. Rule, of the North- western Fruit Exchange, that the committee will convene July 26, in Seattle. AAA ■npHROUGH a friendly suit, plans for re-organi- zation of affairs of the Puyallup & Sumner Fruit Growers' Canning Company have been set in motion. William N. May has been appointed receiver, to direct the reorganization task. AAA "TJR. F. D. HEALD of the State College has issued warning to potato growers of the state against a new disease known as skin-spot. He says the disease occurs in storing. It came from Europe and is now present in Canada. It was found on potatoes shipped into Spokane from British Columbia. AAA "A NEW PRICE for land In the Bucna district, Yakima Valley, was established recently in the sale of 27 acres of bearing orchard by E. S. Smith, George W. Pearson and W. E. Humphrey, to Jacob and Manuel Matson for $20,875. AAA At THE anpual meeting of the Yakima CouniV Horticnltnral Union, the valley's largest ship- per of fruit, steps were t:ikrn to increase the cnpl- -ta-l'-rtnck- to- $500,000 and to rebuild the Selnh warehovisc. During the past season the union re- ceived on sales $2,.^H,278 and turned over to members $2,228,311. AAA of control demf)nstrati(ms, featuring the c pounds. Instructions for the proces- sing of ripe olives in the hr)nie hive been broad- casted. This plan of shipping bulk <)lives to the consumers, who will them^-Ives pickle them, is s.iid to be proving quite popular and successful. AAA A MOVE was made at a recent meeting of the California Cmners' I.eagne, in San Francisco, to have the Vnivers'ty of California establish a trult canning 1 iboi;itoi v. AAA TN a peach growers' contest conducted an- nually in Sutter county, the highest record last year was 3I,2'HI pounds per acre, considerably un- der the 1920 record, due to frost and unusual rains. AAA A 40-RARREL shipment of strawberries was recently sent from San Francirco by boat, destined for England. ■ The berries were frozen In sugar list August and September and arc shipped under refrigeration of about 20 degrees. AAA Payments to members by the California Wal- nut Growers* Associatiim for 1921 ami>unted to $7,986,262, as compared with $7,791,093 in 1920. It is believed this year's crop will bring in more than $11,000,000. The association handled S2 per cent ai the state's walnut crr)p in 19211 and S6 per cent in ]'I21. trees from beavers. The animals cut down several of his best trees. AAA TT is reported that more than 100,000 fruit trees, most of them apples, will be planted this season in Mendocino county. AAA T ESLIE M. SHAW, former governor of Iowa and later secretary of the treasury, recently purchased a 20-acre prune orchard near Santa Rosa. AAA T^HE California Pear Growers' Association last season paid its members more than $500,000, as compared with double that amount in 1920. Since 1918 the membership has g^rown from 218 to 1048. AAA Tj^ROM 6J^ acres of Elberta peaches, L. P. Biszant of Reedley, harvested 112 tons and his dried peaches ran three tons to the acre. A block of 10 acres of Wickson plums averaged 645 pounds to the tree. From these tracts and an additional V/^ acres of Lovell peaches, 18 acre^ in all, he sold fruit worth $12,000. HOTEL HOYT Sixth and Hoyt Sts. Absolutely fire proof. Convenient to both Depots and all car lines. Rates Reason- able, consistent with Comfort and Con- venience. L DDD -yOU'LL be sur- PnC 1 prized at the little j ion cost at which you can make your house look distinctive. The win- dow cut accompanying this ad, is known as the ' 'Queen Anne'Mesign. For an additional $15 or $20 your whole house can have tl.;s classy window. Before you finish build- mg send for our catalog. Rovig, 2227 First Avenue South, Seattle "Better Millwork." "Vbu just know he likes to sell it!/ For more than 50 years Ghirardelli's has been a counter- sign of satisfaction. To the grocer this origin a /ground chocolate means no trouble in sel- ling— just as, to you, it means no trouble in using. Because it is de- pendable, time- tried, full-value, he likes to sell it. For the same rea- sons you like to buy it. Say"Gear-ar-dellf D.Ghirardelli Co. since 1852 Sail Francisco SenJ forneiv recipe hooklet w, AAA A. MOREHE.AD, a pear grower with ar orch ird near Woodbridgc, on the Moke luiue ri\ er, repuit-i that it has been necessary for him to put up a wire mesh fence to protect his GHIRA^«LLI Page Thirty -two BETTER FRUIT April 1922 diiimmiuiiimiimiiiiiiimimiii iiiiiii ii mmi iiiimimiiiiHiimiipg OlCMNESS and disease usually start In unclean quarters. In such places lice and mites get theif I With the Poultry | niiiriiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiM tiiiri i iiiriiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiriiiitiiiiiiii;: BVVING BAHY CHICKS /^NE OF THE great developments of the last ^"^ {cv/ years is the hatching of baby chicks in large quantities by specialist hatchers. The industry has now reached a point where millions of these youngsters are turned out yearly. The leading hatcheries are equipped with big scien- tific incubators, loaded with eggs from selected breeding farms, and operated so efficiently that husky, vigorous chicks are the result. These chicks are shipped long distances, which makes it possible for buyers to secure the babies of their choice, economically and safely, and avoid all the uncertainties and bother of home hatching, and the necessity of maintaining breeding pens. As a consequence, many farmers and poultry keepers buy their chicks ready hatched by the hun- dreds and thousands, giving their time to raising and caring for a greater number of youngsters than would be possible had they to fuss also with sitting hens or individual incubators. Owing to the care exercised by responsible hatcheries, in securing and keeping up their breed- ing flocks, the vigor and general quality of the chicks is a revelation to those not familiar with the industry. AAA COUNTY INSPECTION PLAN /yHE COUNTY extension organization in Ala- mcda county (Hay ward District) California, has taken steps through its poultry division to raise the standard of all poultry in the county by improving the quality of fowls used in breeding flocks. Owners of hatcheries in the county have entered Into an agreement with the county ex- tension organization to use eggs for incubation from selected breeding stock, excluding the incu- bation of eggs from the general run of fowls in the locality, with the understanding that the county extension organization shall furnish judges to pass on the desirability of birds selected for breeding. Already 20,000 fowls have been In- spected, and those that have met the requirements in weight, laying, size, and shape of eggs, and in other ways, have been accepted as eligible for the production of eggs for hatching. This method of controling the quality of the poultry in a county Is expected to result in a rapid general Improvement in the productivity of the flocks. It should also give the county a good reputation wherever hatching eggs or birds are sold. AAA A S THE WEATHER begins to warm up it is "^ urgent that the flock owner p.iy more attention than ever to disinfecting the poultry house and yards. Paint the roosts with a good lice killer and sprinkle insecticide plentifully in the nests. AAA WT'HERE THERE is only limited range for the flock it is an excellent plan to divide the space, spade or plow up the soil and sow oats or similar spring crop on one portion. When this crop gets a heavy start the flock is turned in and if possible the other portion is then seeded. AAA /^NE NEW JERSEY farm sells the egg output ^^ of 1000 hens to city folks through parcel post shipments. It is possible to work up such a trade and to make it pay the extra costs of con- tainers and postage. AAA Tj^XTREME care must be taken not to crowd "^ chicks in the brood coops. Crowding will re- sult in overheating the chicks and this will mean stunted growth and possibly some dead chicks. A good house cm be built from a dry-goods box or piano box, which may be covered with tar paper and prepared at small cost. start and it is far easier to avoid them than to get rid of them, once they have a start. The coops should be cleaned and sprayed once a week, and clean chaff, shavings or sand put on the floor. AAA /~|N CLEAR days now be sure to open the ^~^ curtains if yours is an open-front house, as the sunlight is one of the finest germ killers at the poultryman's command. AAA 1V7ASTE precious little time with ailing or feeble chicks. Even should you succeed in pulling them through, the chances are they never will be virile, paying birds. AAA TTTET litter is a menace to the health of chicks or hens. It makes fine fertilizer on the garden and had better be put there promptly. AAA TF you did not mate up really worthy breed- ing pens it will pay you to buy high-class eggs or baby chicks. AAA TT is virtually as dangerous to overheat the chicks in the brooder as it is to have them get chilled. AAA "\7"OU MAY be wiser than the concern that man- ufactures your incubator but the chances are that you will get best results by following the directions that accompany the machine. /^UR good friends make a practice of men- ^-^ tloning Better Fruit when answering ad- vertisements. AAA We have been getting a great lot oj inquiries from crnr ad in Better Fruit. — Martin Bros., Brownsville, Oregon. i^ St. Helens Incubator Co. An HDnest Incubator ATari^one^PfiU Hot Water, Copper Tank. ScW Rcpilation, Large Oil Tank, Sutt-ly Burner, THRKE \Vull.ti, Wcalfm Red Cedar Consmiction From 60 lo 4(X)() Kgg Capacity 60 doyo FREE TRIAL. El.cU.c and U.I Hcslfd calnlopue and free poollry hi-lps Centralia, Washington Arrow Carbolineum {Formerly Avenarius Carbolineum) Protects poultry against vermin — Preserves wood against decay. When you buy Carbolineum be sure you get Carbolineum and not something called just as good. Write for prices and circulars. Carbolineum Wood Preserving Company 222 E. Water St. Portland, Oregon SASH AND DOORS O. B. Williams Co. 1943 First Avenue South, Seattle Chicken House Sash 20 in. wide by 25 in. high, 80c A dozen different sizes in stock for immediate shipment Sky Lights for Chicken Houses 36 in. by 40 in.; price glazed, $2.00 This is the size recommended by the West- ern Washington Experiment Station — w« carry them in stock for immediate shipment. Sash and Doors tor all purposes at lowest prices. All orders receive prompt attention. Our large illustrated catalogue No. 19. showing ful line of building material sn4 built-in fixtures for the home, free on re- quest. O. B. Williams Co. Established 1899 Many Men Are Making Extra Money -So Can You- Better Fruit has an unusual offer to make you for part of your time, if your territory is not already taken. A postal card will bring you full particulars. BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY TWELFTH AND JEFFERSON STREETS PORTLAND, OREGON Apiil, 1922 Poison Problem Of Beekeepers By H. A. ScuLLEN ^pecialtst in Bee Culture ^ Oregon Agricultural College npmS IS OFFERED, not because the writer is authority on the problem of spray poison which has apparently destroyed so many bees in the apple districts of Washington the past year and previous years, but rather with the hope that the readers of Better Fruit may, by observation and study, assist in finding some solution for the problem. That this is a problem which is of vital inter- est to the fruit producer, as well as the honey pro- ducer, need hardly be emphasized. Many of the more important fruit districts of the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho are fast becoming destitute of bees since the commercial beekeeper is moving away, and the few isolated hives re- maining are being killed off. In addition to this, the various native wild bees, which assist to some extent in pollination, are doubtless being affected by the poison. In an effort to determine the extent of the damage to the beekeepers and to learn, i f possible, the source of the danger, a questionnaire was sent to 392 beekeepers in the orchard districts of Washington in 1919. Reports were received from 107 beekeepers, who reported a total of 8490 colonies. Forty-seven beekeepers reported trouble from spray poison. Their estimated financial loss was $5,510 from colonies completely killed and their estIm.Tted loss from the 1919 crop of honey was $43,667 or a total of approximately $50,000. One very interesting fact brought out by the question as to how far from sprayed orchards the poisoned bees were located, was that out of 53 apiaries represented, 43 were one-h.ilf mile or less from sprayed orchards. The greatest distance poisoned bees were from sprayed orchards was two miles. It was also of interest to note that several uninjured apiaries were in or near sprayed orchards. A further study of the management practiced in such orchards may assist in finding a solution, in part at least, of the problem. Replies from the questionnaire, as well as per- sonal observations, have shown that a certain amount of loss has resulted from both the calyx spray and the second lead arsenic spray. Some reports indicate that still later sprays have also been serious with the bees. It is also important to note that poisoning seems to occur both during the nectar secretion and while there is a dearth of nectar. There, therefore, seems to be three possible sources of danger: (1) The bloom of the applet (2) the bl'ing on experimental work with va- rious repellents, and it is hoped that some substance of practical value will be discovered as well as other important means of eliminating the trouble. The symptoms of spray poison seem to be es- pecially noticeable in the morning when the nurse bees are seen crawling about over the ground in front of the hive in considerable num- bers, and in a more or less weakened condition. Some report evidence of swelling and dysentery, also. Many of the field bees doubtless die be- fore reaching home. Since, however, it is a simple matter to send samples to the Bee Culture Office at Washington for analysis, minor symptoms are less important. The brood is also affected either by direct poisoning or by neglect due to the loss of nurse bees or both. Some report the loss of queens also. In view of our limited observations, only a few general recommendations can be made: First. Commercial bee yards should be moved to a distance greater than two miles from the or- chard before spraying is started. This is ex- pensive and should not be necessary. Second. Late applic.ition of calyx spray, giving special attention to late and irregular blooming varieties of apples. Third. A system of management for the cover crop, which will not allow- heavy foliage or bloom- ing under the trees during spraying. Fourth. When the poisoning occurs at a dearth of nectar some of the danger might be averted by feeding. Some have reported success bjr this method. Fifth. The use of a repellent in the spray, such as has been used in a limited way in Gipsy and Brown-tail moth control in Massachusetts, has been suggested. This method of control presents several problems not the least of which is the in- troduction of something into the spray which would repel the bees, but not the moth larva. AAA / have changed my address and I haz'e surely missed Better Fruit. // is the '(nly -pafer, and I think all feofle interested in agricuhure or horticulture should not do without it. — Charles H. Scheer, Idaho. Fruit trees budded from bearing orch- ards. Apple. Pear, Ctienr. Peach. Plum. Prune. Apricot. Quince. Grape Vines, Shrubbery. Plants. Raapberries, Black- berrtea. Logans. Dewberries. Asparagus, Rhubarb. Flowering Shrtibs. Roses, Vines, Hedge, Nut and .Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guarantaed. WASHINGTON NURSER-y CO. ToppenlBh, Washingrtos. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. Page Thirty-three QEORGE STRUCK has purchased for $17,000 the 40-acre bearing orchard of J. R. Nuna- maker, in the Upper Valley, at Hood River. The tract is considered one of the best in the Upper Valley and is on the new trunk line of the Mount Hood Loop Highway, near Parkdale. A RECENT report tells of establishment of a new prune packing record at the Salem plant of the Oregon Growers' Association. In eight hours running time the plant packed out 3011 boxes of prunes, an average of 375 boxes an hour. In filling a rush order the plant some years ago packed out 3500 boxes In ten hours' time. Advertisers appreciate It if you refer to Better Fruit when writing them. BOXES GROWERS — CANNERS Let Us Figure With You on Your Needs American Box & Crate Mfg. Co. PORTLAND. OREGON BEES are your friends, Mr. Fruit Man. WE are friends of the bees. SUPERIOR HONEY CO. OGDEN, I'T.Ml Manufacturers of BEE SUPPLIES Write for prices. BEES The Diamond Match Company APIARY DEPARTMENT Manufacturers of Bee Keepers' Supplies Chico, California, U. S. A. (TKe largest bee hive factory in the world) Write for cMalog and discount sheet; and, if a beginner, for Cottage Bee-Keeping, also for particulars of the MacDonald Aluminum Combs. SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.. Liverpool and Manchcter SIMONS & CO.. LTD.. Glasgow GARCIA. JACOBS & CO.. London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED. Southampton Agtnciei and R»pr»imtativ0t in Evtry Important Europian Mark»t European Receivers of American Fruits SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH ft FRENCH C0. 204 Franklin Street, New York For Market Information Addr»$t SIMONS FRUIT CO. Toronto and Ifontrul SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH, WEBLINO CO. 12 South Market Street, Boston OUR SPECIALTIES ARE APPLES AND PEARS Pngi' Thirtirfour BETTER FRUIT April, 1922 Classified Advertisements RATES. 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK ETTKRSBURG STRAW BICKRY PLANTS— Direct from the originator. Lttersburg No. KO, \'>\ Delecto, Trebla, Ueaaerarena, Red Cross, White Sugar, etc. I originated all these and many more. Ettersburg Strawberry Booklet free to prospective planters. Seed of V icin Monantha, the "oneflowcred" vetch, or lentil, 10 cents per pound, f. o. b. Ettersburg. Albert F. Etter, Ettersburg. Cal. CORY THORNLESS BLACKBERRY— Extra large vigorous plants from jexpenenced grow- ers and shippers; 12, $2-25; postpaid ; satisfac- tion guaranteed; illustrated folder. Write Chas. E. Mortenson, Lodi. California. STRAWBERRIES SIX MONTHS IN VEAR— Plant Everbearers Superb Progressive; $J.5U per 100. St. Regis everbearing raspberries, blackberry and loganberry plants, 6 for $1.00. ■■\pple Blossom Nursery, Rural 6, Seattle. Wash. CURRENT BCSHES— Perfection. London Mar- ket and Wilder; $3.50 per 100. D. R. Ruble, Salem, Oregon. BLACKBEKRY PLANTS — Corys Thornless. Requires less sugar in cooking than any other. Macatawa — Raspberries. .\lton Improved — Ranere — Blackcaps — Loganberry — Rhubarb roots. Jno. Lammiman. Rt. 1, Palo Alto. CORYS THORNLESS BLACKBERRY— Large and early. .\ sure winner; you get well-rooted plants true to name; 10, $1.60. postpaid. Write for quantity prices. Win. Mortenson, Route 1, Lodi , California. _^ CUTHBERT RED RASPBERRY PLANTS— $1.25 per 100, or $8.00 per 1000, F. O. B. Alvadore, Oregon. E. P. Saunders, Alyadore, Oregon. LOGANBERRY PLANTS— 50,000 choice plants; unusual low price. Harry Lanum, R. 4, Salem, Oregon. BEES BEES AND QUEENS— Keep bees to pollenize your fruit. Get more and better fruit. Make a profit off the fruit and bees too. Write for cir- culars. Nueces County Apiaries, Calallen, Texas. BEES for pollenation. Healthy stock in good equipment. Limited number for March and April delivery. Prices on application. H. A. .Scullen, Corvallis, Oregon. FOR S.\LE — "Superior" Foundation (Weed process). Quality and service unexcelled. "Everything in Bee Supplies." Superior Honey Co.. Ogden. Utah. JOHNSON'S PACKAGE BEES and vigorous Italian queens. Safe arrival and satisfaction guaranteed. Write for reduced prices. George T. Johnson, 165 Raymond Avenue, San Jose, California. 80 COLONIES BEES in Ten Frame Hives, combs on wired foundation ; no disease. Price $12.00 per colony. W. H. Dancer, Myrtle Point, Oregon. POULTRY BABY CHICKS— S. C. Rhode Island Reds, $22.50 per 100; S. C. WTiite Leghorns, $18 per 100; all sold to April 6. Order now from old and established breeders who have made good on the merits of their stock. Maple Brook Poultry Farm, Southworth. Wash.. Box 3. BABY CHICKS— Reduced prices on White Leg- horns. Reds, Barred Rocks. White Rocks, Min- orcas and Anconas. Booking orders now. Postal secures Free catalog. Write today. C. N. Needham, Salem, Oregon. S. C. BUFF LEGHORNS— Just won fifth cock- erel. Chicago Coliseum. Cockerels and eggs. M. H. Mann, Wood Cross, Utah. 500,000 WHITE LEGHORN Baby Chicks— Bred for eggs, vigor, size. Safe arrival in good con- dition guaranteed. Free catalog and book on "Raising the Chicks." Oak Heights Poultry Farm, Route 3, Box 67B, Tacoma, Wash. HOGANIZED SINGLE COMBED BUFF ORPINGTONS— Descendants of British Co- lumbia contest winning hens; Mammoth Bronze turkeys. Pearl guineas' eggs for sale. Mrs. J. Wellborn, Warren, Oregon. WINNERS— R. I. Reds (both combs). Toulouse Geese, Bronze Turkeys; stock and <:>;ks for sale. J. Nonnemacber, Rt. 3, Yakima, Wash. HEAVY LAYING STRAIN— S. C. Brown, S. C. White Leghorn hatching eggs, at fair prices. Deer Creek Stock Farm ; Kerr Bros. Props., Sheridan, Oregon. REAL ESTATE W.\.\T TO HE-^R from owner having farm for sale; give particulars and lowest price. John T. Black. 197th Street, Chippewa Falls. Wisconsin. TEN ACRES. $4200 ON STATE HlGHWA'i' One mile from town with accredited high school. About five acres orchard finest commercial va- rieties, balance truck patch ; best of soil. Will keep a good man busy. .Average revenue $2500 yearly. Can be doubled. Good packing house ; garage, barn and small dwelling. XX, care Better Fruit. FOR S.\LE — Fine income orchard and alfalfa, near Lyle. Washington. Last crop sales about $2300. Price $5500. plus any expense paid against this year's crop. $3000 cash. This is good and a splendid bargain. Get details. D. C. Roseboro, 368- 12th Street, Oakland, California. THE A. L. JOHNSON CO., of Turlock, Cali- fornia, are prepared to offer many fine locations of California ranch and residence properties to interested parties at reasonable prices. For in- formation write box 363, Turlock. California. CUT-OVER and Developed Lands, 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows crain, vegetables, hay. fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time. 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free booi:. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Co.. Elk. WasR. WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush, Minneapolis, Minn. FOR SALE — Apple orchard, commencing to bear; finest box varieties ; highest quality attained. Boiling Hall, Waynesville. N. C FORTY-THREE ACRES— Upper Hood River Valley, on new Loop Road around Mt. Hood; 15 acres commercial orchard, 10 years old. just coming into full bearing; 2 acres strawberries: 3 acres alfalfa; 4 acres under plow; fine potato land. Two good houses; two barns, one used for packing house; good stream, some free water; every acre under irrigation ditch; two miles from town ; depot, stores, grade and high schools, church and library. One of choicest locations in upper valley. Fine view of Mt. Hood and Mt. Adams. Price $15,000, $6,000 cash. M. I. C, care Better Fruit. MISCELLANEOUS TRACTOR BARGAINS— Cletrac "W," only demonstrated. $1250; Cletrac "W" rebuilt, good as new, $1000; Cleveland model "H," never used, $1100; Cleveland "H," slightly used, snap at $750; Oldsmar Garden "Tractor demonstrator, $390. O. V. Badley, 425 E. Morrison, St., Port- land, Oregon. W.\NTED — To get into communication with sev- eral professional box and apple packers who can give good recommendations. Eastern let- ters also answered. Luray Orchard Co., C. E. Rhodes, manager, Luray, Virginia. BEFORE BUYING — Have an experienced horti- culturist examine your orchard for vou. I saved one man $5,000 on a $14,000 deal,' Special at- tention given to orchards of non-resident own- ers. Private demonstrations and consultations given. Luke Powell. Yakima, Wash., consult- ing horticulturist. (I do not sell real estate.) ALFALFA SEED, CLOVER SEED, SEED corn — We are located in the heart of the largest and best alfalfa and clover seed district in the west and can give you both quality and price. Get our samples and quotations before buying. Our seed corn is of the finest ac- climated strains. Garden and flower seeds of all kinds. Send for our catalog. Darrow Bros. Seed & Supply Co., Twin Falls. Idaho. KENTUCKY LEAF TOBACCO— 3 years old, nature cured. Don't send a penny ; pay for tobacco and postage on arrival. Extra fine quality chewing or smoking, 10 lbs., $3.00; medium quality smoking, 10 lbs., $1.25. Farmers' Union, D-65, Hawesville, Ky. TOBACCO — Kentucky natural leaf chewing and smoking; rich. ripe, mellow; two years old; aged in wood; 10 lbs., $3; 20 lbs.. $5; sample, 20c. Maddox Bros., Dept. 22. Mayfield, Ky. TILLICUM — .\ fluid grafting and covering wax; no heating required, $1.25 a quart prepaid. Paul Kruger, Watsonville, California^ 44-40 REMINGTON HAMMERLESS RIFLE — Pump action, 12-shot capacity; absolutely brand new, never used. Cost $58.36, price $28. Joseph Pierce, Bex 25. Penryn. California. PEDIGREED White Scotch Collie Pups. Write for descriptive price list. Mrs. E. A. Bennet, Salem. Oregon. HOMESPUN CHEWING OR SMOKING TOBACCO— 5 lbs., $1.25; 10 lbs., $2.50; 20 llis., $4.50. Farmers Union, Mayfield, Ky. TRY OUR INTRODUCTIONS— Wonderful new hybrid alfalfa. Write J. L. Lawson, reliable tree and seedman, San Jose, California. HUBAM Annual White Sweet Clover Seed; in- spected by county agent. Albert Day, Newtown, Ohio SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of selling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon POSITIONS $135 MONTH COMMENCE. U. S. government railway mail clerks. Men, boys over 17; steady; vacations; list positions free. W'rite today sure. Franklin Institute. Dept. C. 105, Rochester, N. Y. NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get our prices. Western Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request. Hendrickson & Scudder Attorneys at Law 610 Spalding Building, Portland, Oregon Attoryieys for Better Fruit Puhlhfiitig Co. ^Advertising^ Anyone whose business involves person- al s.-ilesmanship can profitably use the right kind of advertising literature. Did you ever stop to think, for In- stance, that the printed page can call on your trade at about 2 per cent of the cost of personal selling. Why not let one of our representatives tell you more about printed salesman- ship. nAiN 8829 Thii PuiLic«Ti»« 1. e pieiuct el out P t . n 1 t -. c D t T •"'"'" ' MLT-TICfiAPHlNG kodhessing Mailing maiunc Lists ^„M,niiii 1 mill iimimili l iiiii nimii f % C*JiSv^fii ■i^^B^mwiy^'"^-'^^ ^. ^, siif?i'*^'.. . ■_ :)^ Operator in Missouri cantaloupe field dusting wi MELON growers have never in the past had a material that would satisfac- torily control the striped and spotted cu- cumber beetles. The United States De- partment of Agriculture, Department Cir- cular 154, gave the results of several years' trial with nicotine sulfate in a dust form that showed promise of being of unusual interest to growers confronted with these insects. A few melon and truck crop growers were able to obtain this dust in th hand machine against cucumber beetles, time for trial in the summer of 1921. Only the 10 per cent strength of the 40 per cent nicotine sulfate dust was used by Missouri growers in whose fields our studies were made, because these beetles required this strength. Applications of this dust every five to seven days, during the active beetle season, gave nearlv perfect control and a minimum of beetle injury, while untreated fields, (Cnnl'niiuii on page 1'7^ Mail, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Seven Factors Inducing Calyx Spray Injury Query by Affected Grozver: Answer by Plant Expert juililliillllltltlliriiiiiiii iiiiiiiii[iitiiijtiitiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiii(iiitiiiiiiiritiiiitiiL I Here is detailed an unfortunate | I loss on afple crop of 1921, as re- | I forted by O. G. Rogers, of Looking | I Glass, Oregon. Mr. Rogers, from | I Ais study of the damage and curtail- | I ment of crof deduced that the cause I I was largely that of injury by the | I calyx sfray of lime-sulfur and arsen- \ I ate of lead. He built uf strong evi- I I dence of this. Ez'ery affle grozver i I finds the froblem presented one of | I interest. Diagnosis of the case im- I I mediatel y follozcs Mr. Rogers's | I article. I TllllllllllllltlllrriiKiuiniiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiitiiiti iniliii::jijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.7 AT THE beginning of 1921, the fruit -^-*- growers of our section, particularly the apple growers, had great hopes of a good fruit year. It was due. There were plenty of large plump fruit spurs and the trees were in healthy vigorous condition. Except for the danger of frost all that was necessary to realize our hopes was successfully to combat the insects and fungus diseases. The above condition particularly applies to us and our orchard of Winter Banana, Spitzenberg and Newtown apples. The trees are ten-year-old and everything w.is as hoped for until after the calyx spray was applied. In this spr.iy was used the same strength of lime, sulfur and arsenate of lead as in former years: that is, 1 to 40 pounds lime and sulfur, plus 3 to 200 ar- senate of lead. .Although we had never had scab in other years but, because of so much being at stake, I made particular effort to wet the leaves as well as the calyx end of apple. About one week after applying this spray I noticed the leaves from some of the last trees sprayed were falling. I supposed then that the last tank spr.ayed out was made too strong of lime and sulfur, but a few d.iys later the falling of the leaves was fairly general throughout the orchard. This defoliating of the trees kept up until after the 30-day spray. ^ My neighbors and the experts who visited the orchard were not willing to con- cede that damage was due to spray, but thought it caused by winter injury. How- ever, I was convinced that spray was largely at fault because some few trees that were skipped showed no such condition. Coincident with all this, the semi-naked- ness of the trees, causing a devitalized con- dition, seemed to throw the doors open to the scab, for scab was invariably worse where the foliage had fallen the most. On such trees the scab ran as high as 90 per centimeter, and from that down to 50 per centimeter, while on the trees that were skipped scarcely any was apparent. The temperature at the time of spraying was about 70 to 75 degrees, unusually warm for so early in April. No doubt this caused the lime and sulfur to burn the leaves. Winter injury might, in a limited way, have been a factor. However, there was no need of crying over spilt milk. The dam.ige was done, the question was how to salvage the most from the wreck. Thinning and good cul- tivation were the only things left to do. So we thinned, thinned again and, in part, the third time, always taking the apple that showed enough scab to make it a cull or even "C" grade so that, in many cases, a limb which could easily carry a dozen apples had only two or three. In the orchard as a whole there was prob.ibly 60 per cent of what would have been left under normal conditions. The result was we had less apples thrown into culls because of scab than for sun scald or other defects and they were larger than apples of the same variety grown in this communit\-. My conclusion from this experience is that the college should furnish us a table of temperatures to guide us in applying these sprays that are liable to burn the foli,ige. I learn now that many growers use 1 to 5 0 solution of lime and sulfur for the calyx spray and 1 to 60 in the 30-day spray. I learn also that others nearby who used the same strength as I did and sprayed on the same day had practically the same results. It is possible the type of nozzle used and the power of the machine make a dif- ference and that one could regulate the strength of the solution according to the kind of work the spray outfit is capable of doing. At any rate, we never had any such trouble when using our old machine, which was not capable of doing thorough work. '^'rtlirrilliniiiiiiiiiiiiiirtiiiniirrtiitiirtiiiuiliiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiriiiiiiiiiiiitiiiri:: I The deduction of Mr. Rogers on I I the question of injury by the calyx I I sfray was submitted for expert analy- \ I sis, to Professor H. P. Barss, path- % I ologist of Oregon Agricultural Col- \ I lege Experiment Station. What fol- | I lows is his statement on the subject. I I His analysis has z'ery practical appli- \ I cation, for it not only shows how I I such spray injury may come about, \ I but proceeds then to suggest the un- | I derlying causes which may be eli- \ I 7ninated, at least in most instances. 1 :iiiiiiiiiiMiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuuiii!^ liiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.- /RESERVATIONS made by the Oregon ^-^ Experiment Station last year showed serious spray injury to apple trees in many Western Oregon orchards such as reported by Mr. Rogers of Looking Glass. The in- jury took the form of leaf burn and leaf drop and was frequently followed by severe dropping of fruit. In some instances this injury took place after the "pink" or pre-blossom spray, but for the most part, the principal damage resulted after the calyx spr.ay had been applied. Many growers believed that possibly the lime sulfur was used too strong, but in view of the fact that ordinary dilutions were used in practically all these cases, dilutions that in other years have given very little if any injury, we must look to other causes than strength of spray to explain the situa- tion. In the first place attention must be called to the fact that apple trees vary a great deal in the matter of susceptibility to spray injury with lime sulfur, depend- ing upon the condition of vigor and upon the weather conditions which prevail. Ob- servations show that orchards planted in fertile soil or in soil where the fertility has been maintained by the efforts of the grower and where proper cultivation has resulted in healthy root conditions from season to season have proved not as subject to serious spray injury as orchards in poor soil, or in soil which has not been cultivated enough to conserve sufficient moisture through the season. The reason lies in the effects on the vigor of the trees. Where trees are grown on land that is likely to be water-logged in early spring, or on soil that dries out before the end of the growing season the health of the root system is impaired and the leaves on such trees are more than ordinarily subject to spray injury. Vigor of root system and consequent vigor of foliage is greatly pro- moted by the very early start in spring cul- tivation practiced by an increasing number of growers each year. Experiment station tests disclose the fact that plowing before the trees come out in the spring tends to bring about a healthy root condition because of the good soil aeration permitted by this practice at the very outset of the season. Furthermore, early plowing is of great advantage in scab control since the old leaves which carry scab through the winter and pass it on to the new growth in the spring are, to a con- siderable extent, covered up so they can no longer discharge their disease-producing spores in the orchard. The relation of proper cultivation and care to spray injury was well illustrated in an apple planting last season where the trees were all of the same age and variety, but where one part of the planting had been poorly cultivatd the previous year and had not been given the proper early spring cul- {Continued on page 24) Page Eight BETTER FRUIT 3Iay, 1922 Pear Culture in Western Washington THF FIRST and all important ques- tion regarding pear culture is, "What soil and location is best adapted to get best results from pear trees?" The best soil for pears is a loam or shot clay soil with depth of from two to three feet, well drained, either naturally or artifically, with a slightly rising location sloping to northeast. Pears are early bloomers and on this slope they will be somewhat retarded in blooming, being less liable to be caught by late frost. Prepare the soil for your pear trees as you would for your garden. The best is none too good. If the ground is already fertile all that is necessary is a good deep plowing, discing and harrowing. If your land is new and has never had a good clover or other legume crop plowed in, do not plant pear trees, unless you have plenty of barnyard manure, until you have plowed under at least one good crop of clover or vetch. It is very discouraging to plant trees on new unfertilized ground and watch them stand there for two or three years and make practically no new growth. Wait until the soil is in good fertile condition and you will be far ahead in th& long run. In most of the coast country one can plant almost any time the trees are dor- mant, from the first of November to the first of April. Fall planting is advisable, for you usually have more time to give to the work and the roots have plenty of time to establish themselves and form the callous at the ends, from which the new roots start. Do not plant in a hurry. A little care and extra labor in planting will bring good returns on the investment. Dig the holes large enough for all the root system and then dig them a foot larger all around and a half a foot deeper. Put the top soil on one side of the hole and when you cover the roots use that soil first. You will get wonderful results by put- ting in one or two pounds of bone dust mixed with the top soil, when planting. This gives the tree the vigorous start so necessary to make a good growth the first season. Make a smooth cut on all the main roots before planting and remove all broken parts of roots. For most varieties of pears a distance of 20x20 feet will give very satisfactory results For commercial planting use one-year whips, grafted on either the French or Japan seedlings, preferably the French, as the root system on the French pear seed- lings seems to be better adapted to our soils. After planting cut back to eighteen inches from the ground as a low head will give better results and be easier to manage than the high-headed tree. After you have your orchard planted. By Elmer Harmeling Viii/ion, Washington jtriiiitiiiiMiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiriiiiiriiiiiniriiillMnrilllMlirilirililtliiiniriMiiiiiiitiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiu I While this article on successful | I grouting of fears was written by Mr. | I Harmeling -primarily for growers af- \ I filiated with the Westerti Washing- i I ton Horticultural Association, most | I of his instructions and suggestions ap- | I fly in any district where fears may | I he grown. His fointers on varieties, | I planting, spraying and fertilization I i may well be studied by every grower \ I interested in fears. The article is | I especially to be approved for its con- \ I dcjiination of slipshod, haphazard | I practices. There is little place in the \ I fruit industry, the writer points out, \ I for the man who picks and sells his \ I crop and then thinks to "go to sleef \ I until next season's crop hangs on the | I trees." \ iTlililliiliiiilliiiliiiiiiliiliiliniiiilliniiiniiiiliiililiiiillilllliliilliiiiniitiiijiMiitiiitiiiiilili^ seed the ground to oats for three or four years. The trees should be in bearing by this time, so all you will have to do when the pears are ripe is to pick 'em, sell 'em and go to sleep until next season's crop has matured. At least that is the method fol- lowed by too many would-be orchardists. if you can't take proper care of your orchard after it is planted, for pity's sake don't plant. A very successful method for the care of the young orchard is to intercrop it the first three or four years. Strawberries planted between the rows have proven very successful, as this gives the trees absolutely necessary cultivation while they are young. After the berries are out you can safely seed the ground to clover or vetch which would be plowed under when mature. By plow- ing under a clover crop every other year, or a vetch crop every year, the trees will have enough fertilizer to produce and mature a good crop. Use commercial fer- tilizer if- it seems necessary, but by the con- stant use of legume cover crops the trees will ripen all the fruit they should hold. By seeding spring vetch about the first of October, it is ready to plow under about June 1 to 1 5 while there is still plenty of moisture in the soil. After plowing, disc every two or three weeks, the more the better. Seed again in October and repeat. This plan will bring results that will again pay well. I have found that whenever a good legume crop, especially red clover, is turned under any subsequent crop will grow and bear well. TjPTHAT varieties of pears are best " adapted to the Puget Sound district? Practically any variety of pears will grow and bear in such natural pear districts, but before making a selection of varieties it is a good plan to study local markets. Plant what the public will buy. Do not plant too many varieties. It is much easier to market 100 boxes of one variety than 100 boxes of ten varieties. Confine yourself to not more than four or five varieties. As long as canneries operate the summer Bartlett will be in demand. While the cannery prices for Bartletts are not high the Bartlett is a sure bearer and, for com- mercial planting, it should figure largely in the pear orchard. My next selection, I think, would be the Comice. The trees make a good upright growth, are good annual bearers and when picked and ripened properly are a delicious pear, always in demand. The Beurre Bosc will stand a good chance of coming next in line. The trees are vigorous, somewhat straggly in growth and good bearers. This pear is free from scab and other pests and of the finest flavor and color, the dark brown skin making it a pear that finds a ready market. Should the Beurre de Anjou come next? While the finest in quality the Anjou is a shy bearer, the trees not coming into full bearing until ten or twelve years old and then, as a rule, bearing every other year. If I had a piece of good ground sloping to the north I would plant the Anjou. I feel sure that the reason so many do not have success with the Anjou lies here. They bloom so very early that if not caught by frost it is usually raining and cloudy during their blooming period and the blos- soms are not pollinated. By planting then on the northern slope they will be retarded at least a week or ten days and the prospects for a crop are then good. The finest crop of Anjous I have ever seen was produced last year on eight-year-old trees planted on a northern slope. Practically all other Anjou crops were a failure. There is room for prolonged discussion on what varieties to plant so let's not plant too many. Prune the trees each year and every year. Start with a low head and not more than five branches. This gives the tree a strong frame-work. Do not be in a hurry to get the trees way up in the air, but cut back each year, leaving 12 to 18 inches of the current year's growth. Prune so the trees grow upward and outward leaving an open center. Each variety of pear tree has a different way of growing, some, like the Bartlett, with its stiff upright growth, and some like the Winter Nelis with its sprawl- ing crooked limbs. It is well, if possible, to have an expert prune the trees the first three or four years to give them the necessary frame and shape. {^Continued on page 19) i May. 1922 BETTER FRUIT Pagel Effects of Miscible Oil Sprays By C. C. Vincent, Hortiridtinist University of Idaho, Moscow ^iiiiiiiiitiiittiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiniMiii iiiiiiiiMiiiMiniiiiiiriiiiiiriiKiiini iiiiiiiriiihiiiiiiii^ I Probably no article Better Fruit \ I has ■published in several months at- | I tracted more comment and attention | I than that in the March number by J | I R. Parker, summarizing a series of | I tests in Montana ivith various tnis' | I cible oil sprays. Because it throws ad- \ I ditional light on the subject this | I paper by Professor Vincent is pre- | I sented at this time. It is hardly to \ I be denied that certain elements of \ I danger attend the application of these \ I sprays. The sooner orchardists learn | I the what and when of those da?!gers | I the better it zcill be for both the | I makers and users. The practical z'alue I I of the oil sprays has been -widely es- | I tablished. There is no deprecation of i I this value in presenting the dangers % I the Idaho horticulturist seems here | = 10 have disclosed. I ^iilKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiniiiiiii iiiniiiriiiiiiiriiiitillllllii iitiiiuilllllllllh: EVER since introduction of the San Jose Scale into the United States it has been one of the most formidable insects that the fruit grower has ever en- countered. Control of the scale is still a serious problem. Its introduction in our state, however, has taught the fruit growers many valuable lessons. The most progressive growers soon learned the value of spray- ing and they were ever on the alert for better spray mixtures, better machinery and more effective methods of control. The lime-sulfur solution therefore be- came the standard spray for the control of the scale and it was not long until prac- tically all of the growers were using either the commercial solutions or home-made concentrates. In 1 91 9, however, for some unknown reason these solutions failed sat- isfactorily to control the scale, the growers in many cases sustaining a loss of from 2? to 50 per cent of their fruit. Various reasons were assigned for the tremendous loss, the principal one advanced by the grower-; being the poor quailt^■ of the lime-sulfur. Professor A. L. Melander, entomologist of the Washington State College, believes that certain strains of the insect have developed more or less resist- .ince to the action of lime-sulfur. He has also found that oil sprays are more de- -iructive than lime-sulfur and recommends them in those districts where the lime- Hilfur failed to give satisfaction. In our own experiments, which were conducted in the Lewiston valley, covering a period of three years, we found that the miscible oil sprays give slightly better results than the lime-sulfur, the efficiency ranging from 94 to 99 per cent. These applications were made in early spring, just as the buds were beginning to swell. What are Miscible Oil Sprays? — Miscible oils may be defined as emulsions or preparation of oils readily mixing with water. According to a recent government bulletin, "they are composed chiefly of a mineral oil emulsified with a soap usually made from a vegetable oil and an alkali. In a miscible oil the mineral oil is sub- divided into many minute globules and, when mixed with water, the oil is evenly distributed throughout the water. The safe use of the miscible oils is thought to be largely dependent upon the relative fineness of these particles." To prevent recurrence of the 1919 loss, the growers decided to use a miscible oil spray as a clean-up spray in their orchards. The general plan was to make the applica- tion in the fall, followed by the regular lime-sulfur solution in the spring. This plan was generally accepted in view of the fact that experiment station men have from time to time recommended two applications, one in the fall after the leaves had fallen, and the other in the spring as the buds were swelling. However, owing to the rush of work the majority of the growers failed to make the full application. Experiment Conducted — One grower, however, started two spraying crews on November 25, 1919, in a block of Bald- win trees using the insecticide at the rate of one gallon of the oil to fifteen gallons of water. This block of trees had been planted during the late winter of 1910-1 1, directly along the bank of the Clearwater river, on rather poorer soil than most of the balance of the orchard. The trees, however, had made a good growth each year, and at the time of spray- ing were in a good physical condition. This block of Baldwin trees were selected for the experiment in view of the fact that .1 heavier infestation of scale was noticed on the fruit at harvesting time, than in other parts of the orchard. The man.ager of the orchard had in- structed his foreman to spray in eight or ten rows from the river, and in order to do so, the river curving outward, he jogged in and out from row to row in a very clearly defined pattern. Therefore the area covered was very easily distinguished by the appearance of the trees after spray- ing. The two outfits worked the entire day, spraying in all, over 600 Baldwin trees. CLIMATIC Conditions — The weather bureau reported for the day a maxi- mum temperature of 40 degrees and a min- imum temperature during the night of 29 degrees. The weather turned cold the next day so spraying operations were discon- tinued. This was followed by a heavy snow storm. (('>fi//hiiu\i uii pJ^f 27) Northern Idaho orchard where late fall application of miscible oil spray, followed by severe cold weather, oroduced much damape. IJnsnraved trees are shown in background. Paqc Ten BETTER FRUIT Matj, 1922 Merits of the Black Raspberry By W. S. Brown Chief in Horticulture, Oregon Agriiii/tuni/ Co/ lege, Corft thf> co« .pf niio to three mm mfh rfnv ../ harrest, Myers Hay Toole hav Ixcn Til R "^TA \ D. iBD FOB SO YEARS, SluMj c„„rT..,u," patoiil...! fnatiir-,. j„„ pr.ro. „„v„ „„.„, 4,^, hiEE^Bt-vnliio made. Also a rr.innlMe line nf Poiiipj and D.«.r HanE.re. See your d. .-.I.r or write us for Iwokleta. (jg, THE F. E. MVERS & BRO. CO. 135 Church St., Ashland, Ohio Pacific Northwest Distributors BETTER FRUIT a constant growth with us. We began can- ning in 1911, paying two and one-half cents; this last year we canned 614- tons — one and a quarter million pounds and paid five and one-half cents. The number of berries going into barrels is increasing, and would increase more rapidly if people knew more about how to handle them and had the facilities to do so. Berries to be put in barrels should be put in the same day they are brought in and put right into the freezer. As we go on, we arc using less sugar and putting more barrels into storage, without sugar at all in them. Simply putting the berries in, filling them within four or five inches of the head, heading them up and Page Fifteen freezing them immediately. This is one of the cheapest ways of handling them. Overhaul Prune Drier Now is the time to get the pru.te drier in shape for next year's run. All of them need cleaning up before using again and most driers will be benefited by increasing the circulation through allowing more air in the furnace chamber. Holes one foot square and at one-foot intervals around the entire base of the drier will create more rapid drying. The throat of the furnace chamber leading the the tunnels should be widened so that a hole at least four feet in width is obtained. ffliUMfTEDSrAlKPRII & LITHOGRAI Spokane. Washington Purtland. Oregon Buy From the Local Mitchell Dealer HOGE BLDG. SEATTLE 112 MAR.KET J^T. SAN FRANCISCO Pa(ic Sixteen \c'\v Potato Hulk'tin "Fotatt) Discix-s in C)rcj;on .iiid I'hcir Control," is the name of a 5 2 page bulle- tin just off the press and ready for free distribution. This bulletin bv M. B. Mc- Kay, associate plant pathologist at the Ore- BETTER FRUIT gon Experiment station, gives general con- trol measures for all potato diseases com- mon to Oregon with a discussion of each separate disease. This is a popular bulle- tin written in plain language. ■T'ELL THE .idvertiscr you ri-:id lus .id in these columns. M«/A 1922 Your paper is good. Keep up the gond 7cori and keep it coming to nie. — Ross F. Mayer, Granger, Was/i. AAA You had some excellent publicity in the Jantmry issue for new settlers. — William Slitter, Kettle Falls, W'jih. conomj^ ^ lowest costpevhorse ^ powerhouvisrecordof T-35 TRACTOR "Caterpillar" T-35 Tractor is not designed or built to meet a price. it is built to madntain the high and exacting standards of "Caterpil- lar" performance — dependable, economical, trouble-free service. In the "Caterpillar" T-35 Tractor there is greater economy, greater value — by every test and measure — in dependability— in long life — in low operating costs — in negligible repairs — in capacity for work— in uninterrupted field service and in every other way. "Caterpillar" T-35 Tractor was not offered to the public until it could meet these value-tests. This Tractor is ideal for small farms, vineyards, berry fields, road patrol work, hauling and general contracting. It also is a handy supplement to the power needs of big farms. Its utility as a tractive power unit is supplemented by its ability to handle scores of belt jobs: pumping, grinding, sawing and other stationary work. A fac- tory and a service organization on the Pacific Coast assure service any time, anywhere. Write at once for full information. THE HOLT MANUFACTURING COMPANY Stockton, Calif. Peoria, 111. Los Angeles, Calif. San Francisco, Calif Spokane, Wash. Oregon Representative, J. W. Hill, Henry Building, Portland May, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Seventeen Walnut Pest T^HF. walnut-husk m.iggot (R/iago/etis -'- suavis Loezv), long known as a dis- agreeable inhabitant of the hulls of the nati\;e black walnut in its eastern range, has demonstrated its versatility by attacking in like manner the English or Persian walnut wherever grown in the East. Some of the infested nuts drop prematurely, whereas others hang to the trees. The injury to English walnuts is three- fold since it impairs the quality of the kernels, causes the husk to stick to the shell and blackens and soils the shell, making the nuts unattractive for market. Spraying with lead arsenate one and one- half pounds to 50 gallons of water resulted in only 4 per cent infestation at harvest time against 60 per cent unsprayed the pre- vious year. Such treatment, however, can- not be recommended .as a positive control as the flies succumb very slowly to the ef- fects of this poison. It is of interest to note that this pest is a close relative of the well known apple maggot, or railroad >vorm. A preliminary report on this walnut pest, recently has been issued and may be had on application to the Federal Bureau of En- tomology, Washington, D. C. Loganberry growers of Lulu Island, near Vancouver, B. C, recently formed an as- sociation. The government experiment station at Sitka, Alaska, is experimenting with new varieties of potatoes that m.iy be adapted to conditions in Alaska. Thinning Shears Ladders Picking Bags The Hardie Mfg. Co. 55 N. Front St.. Portland, Ore. Tests in Curbing Melon Pests {Conthiiied front page 6) or those receiving applications of three pounds of powdered arsenate of lead in 50 gallons of water applied with an engine power melon sprayer, were nearly de- stroyed. Several melon patches were dusted in comparison with the fields sprayed with power sprayers and in no case was this strength of liquid material able to control the beetles, which were unusually num- erous last season. In every case the power sprayers were abandoned in favor of dust in order to save the fields. The hold-over protective time was greatly lengthened when 5 per cent of arsenate of calcium powder was mixed with a 10 per cent nicotine sulfate dust, since the nicotine dust is very volatile and ap- pears to lose its killing power against these beetles after a very few seconds, under field conditions. Since these nicotine sulfate dusts as re- ported by the government were not manu- factured east of the Rocky Mountains POND PRODUCTS f Nation-Wi.ic nistrilmtion) Prop-hooks, Screw-eyes. " Centipede lad- ders," Thinning Shears, other horticultu- ral devices. Circulars on request. Russell G. Pond Parkdale (Hood River) Oregon. The Importance of Proper Moisture Content in Boxes TJOXES made from seasoned lumber are many •■-j' times stronger than boxes made from green lumber. They hold nails and they stand the test of storage. A properly seasoned box means safety and protec- tion for your fruit. An improperly seasoned box leads to loss from loosened nails and rough handling in shipping. Exhaustive tests by the United States Government show that I 2 to 15 per cent is the proper moisture content for box shooks. That is the standard of sturdy Westpine boxes. It is maintained by rigid inspection. All lumber that goes into Westpine boxes is thoroughly air dried under the atmospheric condi- tions in actual service. Westpine boxes never re- quire re-nailing. To be sure your boxes have the proper moisture content which means strength, safety and protection buy tested and inspected Westpine boxes. Write today for further Information Box Bureau, Western Pine Manufacturers' Association 5 1 0 Yeon Building, Portland, Oregon wxxmi Page Eighteen they could not he used extensively in the Mississippi valley. It was necessary, there- fore, to recommend other materials to be universally used by the growers for the 1921 crop. .Although a 4 to 7 per cent strength of nicotine sulfate dust is ordinarily recom- mended for the control of melon aphis, only the 10 per cent strength was used since the beetles were the main problpm. One of the outstanding advantages of using a nicotine sulfate dust against the cu- cumber beetles is that aphis will be con- trolled incidentally and save purchasing separate strengths, as some years aphis are not a factor. More aphis were i(illed with nicotine sulfate dust than when we used liquid nicotine sulfate soap solution in power outfits, using six-foot extension rods and angle nozzles. Arsenate of Lead, Paris Green, Lime Formula — It was also found that a mix- ture of 1 -pound dry arsenate of lead, one- half pound Paris Green mixed with 15 pounds of hydrated or air-slaked lime, when dusted upon the plants, gave almost perfect protection against the cucumber beetles when applied every five to seven days from the time the plants appeared until beetle feeding practically ceased. Calcium Arsenate and Gypsum — Several commercial growers used the Ohio recommendation: One pound calcium ar- senate mixed with 20 pounds of gypsum. This mixture, when applied regularly, gave fairly good protection from beetle feeding, but severe burning resulted and therefore seemed not as practical as the other dusting mixtures which gave no burn- ing. A few growers used "Lazal," a branded product of the General Chemical Com- pany, and our notes show that very satis- factory control was obtained against cu- cumber beetles. No burning resulted when BETTER FRUIT used at full strength, nor when 5 per was added to "Nico Dust." cent MELON Anthracnose — In the almost total absence of liquid power sprayers in the Missouri melon territory several commercial growers were advised to apply n copper compound as a dust in a good hand operated bellows-type duster. Two materials were used: Dry Bordeaux ("Or- chard Brand" the equivalent of 21.82 per cent metallic copper) and dehydrated cop- per sulfate (Niagara product). The time of application was the same as commonly rccommened for liquid Bordeaux. The copper dusts were applied in several counties and the results were very uniform. There are apparently few or no records where copper compounds have been used as a dust for controling watermelon anthrac- nose nor of the tolerance of this type of plant to various forms .and strengths of copper compounds. Accurate records were kept for one field which contained 150 rows of watermelnr plants set 10x10 feet with 32 hills to the row. Eight rows received but two applica- tions of one pound dehydrated copper sulfate to each four pounds of lime, the regular second and fourth applications as recommended in United States Department of Agriculture, Department Circular 90. An average count of the eight rows at two pickings showed a total of twelve melons with an average of one lesion per melon. Nine rows were used as checks against the eight treated rows and a count at two pick- ings showed an average of 24 melons per row too badly diseased to make lesion counts. Dry Bordeaux and Lime — Dry com- mercial Bordeaux manufactured for liquid spraying was used in various strengths and with different timing of applications. Two rows received for the first application equal parts of dr}' Bordeaux and hydrated May, 1922 lime, the second application was the same and the third and fourth applications had one pound of dry Bordeaux to each one and one-half pounds hydrated lime. The two commercial pickings showed a count of only 7 melons per row which had any sign of the disease. Four rows received Bordeaux and lime in which equal parts were used in the first application and one to one and one- half in the three other applications. By actual count an average of the two pickings gave nine melons per row showing slight lesions. Five other rows received this material in the same strengths as the four rows pre- viously mentioned, but the regular second application was omitted. The two pickings showed an average of 21 melons per row badly "blistered." Eleven check rows used against the dry Bordeaux gave a count of 20 melons per row badly infected. TREE PROTECTORS both Perforated and Non- Perforated, both for trees and vines. Why go to the expense of buying your land^ — ^grading it — buying your trees or vines — expense of planting same and then just leave them exposed for rabbits, squirrels, sand storms, sun scald, to destroy and injure a portion of them when we can help you to save every tree. We have sold over 15 million in California in the past few years, let us also help you to get a 100 per cent stand. We make a num- ber of kinds. Tell us your pest and we will tell you what to use. Ask for samples if interested. We also make Propogat- ing pots, for early vege- tables. The Expan Company Lock Box 465 Redlands, California Follow the Violet Lines. There is Merit in the Wrapper. PROTECTS "Care" Protects— "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit— Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED WITH BORDEAUX MIXTURE FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the ' 'P^"'"S P'^°<==''- _._, . FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and l^AC 1 t-KlA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, destroy bAt, 1 t:J^l/\ and FUNGUS SPORES and arrest decomposition. ,., United SUtes DUtributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES C O., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, Calitomia. May, 1922 In all cases the last application was ap- plied to the fruit only. The results of the copper dusting en- couraged the users of this cheap method and more applications will be used next year. With us the system of tenant farming prohibits the use of expensive power liquid sprayers and for that reason much hope is placed on the success of a dusting method. It means one man with a $25 duster as against two to five men with a three or four hundred dollar sprayer. On the field of 150 rows from which one and one-half cars were loaded under the association rules, only 32 rows received insect protection throughout the season and nineteen of the 32 rows received copper dust. Over 80 per cent of the merchant- able melons loaded from tho 150 rows came from the 32 dusted rows and over 90 per cent of the large melons (over 3 5- pound average) came from these 32 rows. From our notes it is apparent that the second application (one week after first melons have "set" on vines) is the "calyx spray" of the watermelon for when that \v.)s omitted any number of applications thereafter showed little signs of checking the disease. BETTER FRUIT Page Nineteen Pear Culture in Western Washington {Cuntinued from page 8) After that the most essential thing is to prune them enough. Let the sun and air get at the fruit. Five boxes of choice fruit is much better than 100 boxes of culls. The worst pest to contend with in the Sound country is the scab. For this, spray the trees when still dormant, about the first of March, with a regulation lime and sulfur solution, 1 to 8. This will kill all the spores left on the trees, also any scale that may be there. Spray again when the fruit is the size of small marbles with Bordeaux mixture, 4-4-50. Add one and one-half pounds of powdered or paste arsenate of lead to each 50 gallons. Sprav to kill slugs and other chewing insects. Spray with the same solution in three weeks and again in three weeks. This should give vou clean fruit unless the season is espe- cially cloudy and damp. Scab thrives in mucky weather. For the blister mite, or sometimes called ihe pear rust, use a lime sulfur spray, 1 to 12 or 15, and apply just before the buds open. At this time the eggs are hatching and the spray is most effective. This pest is hard to control in certain parts of the country out here, but does not seem nt present very troublesome. Have you ever observed the rusty leaves of the mountain ash? It seems that possibly this mountain ash is the host of the blister mite. Maybe, if we destroyed all the mountain ash we would have no more trouble with this mite,- Horse drawn Tractor drawn High Pressure Five Sizes "aL^-.-U it Friend" Sprayers Distributed in the Norlhzvest by Hood River Spray Company Hood River, Oregon Mn«ical Merchandii* Write WE SAVE YOU MONEY! W. Martius Music House, Inc. 1009 Fir»t Avenue, Seattle, Wathington Everything Known !n Music SHEET MUSIC Write U* but unless it becomes more troublesome let us keep our beautiful mountain ash. Black-spot sometimes works on young pear trees when they are in a weakened condition or bruised with a single-tree. The bark turns a dark brown color and loosens from the tree. Make a solution of Bordeaux, 8-8-50, and with a brush paint the trunks and main branches thoroughly with this mixture. piCK the pears when the seeds have -*- turned from a white to a dark brown and when the stem breaks off the twig or peduncle readily. Don't let the fruit ripen on the tree. If the picker is not careful, many of the fruit buds, being already formed for next season's crop, will be broken off and the crop shortened for next season. All the fruits should not be picked in one operation, as it seldom happens that all the fruit is equally developed. There is generally a difference of a week and sometimes two weeks in the time of the maturity on the same tree. Go over the trees two or three times. With a little practice you can readily tell which pears arc ready to be picked. Always pick with the stems on. Handle the fruit very care- fully as a bruised pear will soon rot, but not ripen. If kept for future use or sale take them as soon as picked to the storehouse and keep them at a dry temperature of about 15 degrees above freezing until ready for mar- ket. Keep the light entirely excluded from all storage fruit. On this precaution depend the flavor, color and texture. Page Tzcenty BETTER FRUIT May, 1922 Most of the small pcnr growers have no storage room and must sell the fruit as soon as harvested, so every season there is a period with each leading variety when it becomes a "drug on the market." This is especially true of the B.irtlett. Prices ac- cordingly fall. When the marke.t is over- stocked for a few days Bartletts may sell at from 75 cents to $1.00 a box, while in two or three weeks they may bring from $1.50 to $2.50 per box. A small concrete store- house, with packing room above, will soon pay for itself. Grade and pack carefully as a good ap- pearance goes a long way toward a good sale and w-ill pay big wages for the extra time it requires. .Always use new boxes, as no contrast is greater than fine fruit in old dirty boxes or scabby, ungraded fruit in fine new boxes. Don't sell all your best pears, but keep a few boxes of the finest for the folks at home. I know of nothing finer to the taste than a well-ripened pear just before retiring at night. Do not plant pears for profit just because vou happen to own a piece of mother earth. While pear trees will grow on almost anv kind of soil and location, it does not signify that you can grow pears for profit. Make up vour mind vou are going to have a good, commercially paying pear orchard and select the soil and location best adapted for the specific purpose. If you don't know, get someone who does. Then do not be in a hurry. Put the soil in good fertile condi- tion; buy the trees from an absolutely re- liable nurseryman; plant with care, and then, above all, cultivate the soil con- tinually the first three or four years, and at least every other year after that. In the cultivation do not try to see how close you can get to the trees without bark- ing them. Do a little extra work with the hoe and keep the horse and cultivator away from the trees. I planted and have done the pruning of a large pear orchard for the last five years. This last season the owner of the orchard, a city man, had a very careless teamster plovv and summer fallow the ground. I have just finished pruning the trees for the fifth season, and while I am not inclined to use strong language, it was hard to re- frain. Of the 1800 trees fully 100 w^ere practically ruined, large main branches broken off at the trunk, barked down to the ground and the tops eaten off by the horses. Five hundred or more were barked on the trunk by the singletree and, alto- gether, the trees were in a deplorable con- dition. Next season someone else will cul- tivate or someone else will prune. Use common sense, study local growing and marketing conditions, varieties best adapted to the soil, climate and markets, intercrop until the trees begin to bear, and there is no reason why a good profit can- not be made in growing pears. Companies Sell Their Fvaits At Juctm 66% of the Fruits sold through the New York Auctions are sold for the account of large Cooperative organizations and million dollar concerns like the United Fruit Co. ; Big organizations can afford to hire big men to select the best selling methods. And big men, like big companies, do not make many mistakes. They know what they're doing be- fore they make a move. When concerns like these sell at Auction, isn't it a pretty safe guide for you to follow ? If you are dissatisfied with the prices you are receiving for your fruits — if you are displeased with the service you are getting, or with the delay in getting your money, then you will be interested in receiving full particulars about our 20th- century way of handling sales. Better let us send you full particulars anyway. What's your address? JheTjuiU/IuetionCo, Established 1896 202-208 Franklin Street, New York City m^. 5PRAY SPREADER S ADHESIVE Kayso — the combined casein spreader and adhesive — simplifies the control of insedt pests and fungus diseases. It is safe and convenient. You can use Kayso at a cost of substantially less than one cent per tree. Against this— count the cost in the low yield of your orchard when poor spraying methods are practised. The casein used in Kayso manufaAure is specially pre- pared for the purpose, properly pulverized and completely solu' ble. Use Kayso ■with Bordeaux- Mixture, Lead-Arsenate, Nico- tine-Sulfate and Sulfur Sprays. Ask your dealer or write today for prices and circular. CALIFORNIA CENTRAL CREAMERIES 425 BATTERY ST. SAN FRANCISCO 175 FRANKLIN ST. NEW YORK 740 TERMINAL ST. LOS ANGELES May, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-one Wasco County's Plan IN ORDER that greater development of agricultural and horticultural resources of Wasco County may be obtained, The Dalles-Wasco County Chamber of Com- merce recently formed a bureau which has been designated the Agriculture and Hor- ticulture Bureau. W. S. Nelson, connected for the past four years with Libby, McNeil & Libby, is in charge of the bureau. Mr. Nelson's thorough knowledge of the cannery business well fits him for the position of adviser to those planting new acreages, in seeing to it that an adequate tonnage of each variety is planted to assure a real commercial output. This, in turn, will assure an outlet. For instance: If one man plants an acre or two of red rasp- berries, another strawberries, another logan- berries, another peaches, another pears and still another something else, there will not be tonnage enough of any one kind of fruit to make advantageous sales possible, either to a cannery or in packed form. Another function of the bureau will be the scientific analyzing of soils to deter- mine for what crop they are best fitted. Through co-operative methods of city and country and the application of practical plans, greater development of areas now farmed and those undeveloped will be ob- tained. The ranchers are enthusiastic over the new plan and are approving it by set- ting out orchards on lands not now planted. or clearing and preparing undeveloped areas within their holdings for early orchard planting. Various tree fruits have been successfully produced in quantity and quality during past years so the land owners are well in- formed as to the adaptability of certain fruits to the various valleys and uplands. The gardening experience of these farmers furnishes the guide post as to the crops that can best be grown and marketed and it is upon this experience that future develop- ment will go forward without useless waste of effort, time, material or money. There will be no printing of pamphlets, say the bureau heads, telling of glowing possibilities in order to secure immigration. While more people are wanted and needed, those that come will have the use of the bureau at their disposal and will receive thorough and reliable information and be guided by all protective means possible in securing their location and being advised as to what crops may be successfully grown and marketed. After all is said and done, the human factor is all important in de- velopment and the success of the individual is the success of all. Better Fruit // a mighty fine maga- zine and I sure like to read it. I am in- terested in filberts at fresent and zvant to set out a grove of them. — Cicero Grimm, Aurora, Orego)i. Codling Moth This destructive pest requires utmost vigilance. Use Ortho Dry Arsenate of Lead. Uni' form in strength. Mixes pet' fectly, and stays in suspension a long time. Write for Ortho Circular California[Spray-Chemical lilllCOMPANvJlii^llliillll Watsonville',!, Address Dept. F, Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" For Sale by Leading Dealers Everywhere Manufactured By Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGON Page Ticenti/-tivo BETTER FRUIT 31(11/, 1922 Orchard Cultivation and Improvement {Continued from page 6) a single element is wanting or whether two, three or none should be given to the soil. The value of the fertilizers can ordin- arily be found indicated in the growth of the cover crops or of the weeds and grasses in the orchard. Ordinarily the cover crops will respond to the needed fertilizer more quici;ly than will the trees, but if the cover crop shows mariicd difference in the way it responds to the fertilizers, it is fair in- dication that in time the trees will show very much the same development. In adding fertilizer to the soil for these tests it is suggested that a good plan is to apply them very early in the spring in heavy rainfall districts, or later in the fall in the lesser rainfall districts. These ma- terials should be cultivated into the soil soon after being broadcast on the land. All material should be carefully pulverized and scattered over the entire surface of the soil. A few tests in ar;y section will ordinarily be a good indication of what the district may find in soil needs. For example, so far as I have been able to learn, in the entire section of western Washington, south of Chehalis, the sandy, gravelly and light soils that have been cul- tivated for 20 years are most generally found to respond to the application of nitrogen fertilizer. In the northern part of Washington, I am led to believe that both nitrogen and potash fertilizer are bene- ficial to most of the lighter soils. Phos- phorus has given encouraging results in a good many districts. /^AUTION On Combinations — -I want ^-^ to caution against the combination of fertilizers such as the use of phosphorus and barnyard manure or the application of potash with the green cover crop and then drawing the conclusion that this cover crop was of .little or much value to the soil or that the use of the special fertilizers was the thing that gave all of the valuable results. The use of barnyard manure, well handled, improves practically every type of e.xhausted or worn out agricultural land and the mere fact that phosphorus or potash, or nitrogen was used with this material and that good or better crops were received does not prove that the benefits would not have been derived by the use of the decaying vegetation alone. I am always in favor of advocating the use of commercial fertilizers where they prove profitable, or where every other pro- cess possible to be applied has been used without securing all of the crop improve- ment desired. Our orchard soils are capable of so great improvement through use of cover crops and the application of the farm produced fertilizers that I hesit.ite always to recommend without caution the use of the commercial materials. It is especially important that the farmers and fruit growers so organize and Ready for use — Simply sift into the spray tank Oregon Growers Co-operative Association AtEUjled Wich OrrB^n Gtowcct Packinjt Corponiuo ROGUE RIVER DISTRICT TriMKle ^ |V Bn>nd PEARS ^ ^ -LPPLf^ IA» L EDMTTTOH Mcdford. OreBon. April 22. 192S. Miller Products BOX 8^6 Portland, Ore, Company, Gentleman: I want to express to you my entire eatlafaotion with yo-jj oaselne spreadsr sold under the trade name " ■^reado'' ■ I uaed this produot on two hundred aorea of my orohard in 19:^1' and found that It did every- thing claimed for Bto**by your oompany. The use of " Spread cT gave ua an eapeolally uniform oolorlng on our red varletlaa and I oonsidar it eapeolally val- uable for apraylng red frulta. It la reported to ma that taats oondnoted by the Bureau of ChemlatTy in Washington on samplea taken from my orohard showed that all of the fruit oarrled a greater amount of Araenato than did a almllar camber of samplea of the moat heavily blotohed fruit where no Spreado had been used* Ve eiperlenoed no trouble nhatavar In getting your produot to go into solution and aotual testa oon- duoted by me showed that In spraying both applee and peara a oonalderable saving la effeoted In the amount of material required to oover a tree by ualng " Spreadrf' , I shall use It in every Arsenate spray In 1922, Tours very truly, ORBGOH GHOWEIi? COOlgRlAlf^ A33OCIATI0H Use "Spreado' ' in your calyx spray Spreado the original and first com- mercial spreader, has been tried and proven, and is handled by the largest Asso- ciations of the northwest. IN- SIST on -SPREADO." WHY? Because "SPREADO" always gives excellent results. Apple Grow^ers* Ass'n, Hood River; Oregon Growers' Co- op. Ass'n., Salem, Oregon, Producers Service Company, Distributors, Yakima Valley. Yakima Fruit Growers* Ass'n, Yakima; Yakima County Hor- ticultural Union, Yakima. Apple Growers' Ass'n., Hood We also sell ultra-fine casein. Miller Products Company Portland, Oregon Manufacturers May is Arsenate of Lead month. Get your order in now. (The supply may be limited.) GRASSELLI Arsenate of Lead, Calcium Arsenate, Lime Sulphur So- lution, Bordeaux Mixture. GRASSELLI GRIDE Arsenate of Lead means — 1. It is actual GRASSELLI grade — the same fa- mous quality that has made GRASSELLI the fore- most name in the chemical world. 2.. It has the certified purity, strength and uni- formity of all Spray Products bearing the Gras- selli Label and Guarantee. 3. It is backed by Grasselli's 83 years of leader- ship in the chemical field — our carefully guarded reputation is your protection and warranty. Ask for GRASSELLI Insecticides and Fungi- cides and INSURE RESULTS in spraying. Established 1839 THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO., CLEVELAND develop their farms that the purchase of material necessitating cash outlays will be kept to a minimum, so the cash returns derived from the sale of products can, to the largest extent possible, be considered as labor income. There is no more perfect manufacturing plant than our orchards and farms and if we fail to use them to their fullest capacity we suffer a waste and this waste is directly charged against the profits possible to be derived from them. COVER CROPS are used to a large extent in the eastern orchard districts and I think the use of orchard cover crops west of the Cascades has not been developed to May, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-three anything like a maximum value. There is great variation in the type of soil. The different kinds of fruit grown of necessity require different systems of soil manage- ment. The climate and soil are generally fitted to the production of large quantities of vegetation. If properly farmed the cli- matic resources are sufficient to maintain a high degree of soil fertility for an In- definite period. The system of orchard management which will include the planting of cover crops in the later summer or early fall and the turning under of these crops during the spring is a plan capable of being used in practically all western districts of heavy rainfall. If such crops as vetch, wheat, rye, field peas and crimson clover are used, the fertilizing of the soil can be very much improved and, in practically every case, the texture of the soil very greatly improved. In some districts it will be necessary to depend upon the growth made in the fall to develop enough vegetable material to make the cover crop worth while, as late spring growth can not be permitted. Where the rainfall during the spring and early summer is light, the cover crop would soon exhaust the water supply. Another condition that seems peculiar, yet the local men are convinced of its potency, is that in the prune orchards of Clarke county the orchardists who plow early, more generally escape injury from light spring frosts than the orchardists who plow late. They are convinced of this fact to such an extent that it is recognized as a profitable practice to plow early. The plowing under of the cover crops in the early spring does not permit of a hea\y development of vegetable material, but it has one very great value — that of preventing a complete leaching of the soil during the winter. This, in itself, can do a great deal to maintain the soil fertility. I do not know to what extent the prac- tice of mulch crops and sod mulch crops could be used in Washington or Oregon. I know that in the eastern part of the L'nited States, with rainfall varying from 3 5 to 50 inches, many orchardists find it profitable to permit a crop of clover and grasses to occupy the entire land. This material is cut as soon as it reaches the hay stage of development and permitted to fall and lie on the ground during the rest of the season. A large amount of material may grow the second time and must be cut a second time, but all of the material grown on the land is permitted to fall and decay there. The value of this process increases as the orchard attains age. For the first year or two it may seem that the orchard suffers a bit from want of water, but as the mulch mcreases in thickness on the soil surface, the water-holding capacity of the soil and mulch is increased and the trees do not suffer from want of water as might have been expected. Are there CURLED^ LEAVES on \^^^ Your Apple, Trees"^-'-^ "^f-.S'BS Then get busy. That's a sure sign of Aphis. These little insects are sucking the life out of your trees. Kill them unless you want a small crop of dwarfed, specked fruit. You also run the risk of Aphis killing your trees. Spray at once with Black Leaf ^O 40yoNi co-tine Kills ^phiSi Recommended by agricultural colleges and experiment stations. Don't make the very common mistake of thinking that Lime-Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead or Bordeaux kills Aphis. They don't, but if you are using those sprays, simply add Black Leaf 40 properly diluted, and make one spraying do double duty.. Aphis also attacks Peach, Plum, Cherry as well as many vegetables and plants. Black Leaf 40 is highly concentrated so that only a small amount is required. The cost is small — only a few cents per tree. Free Spray Chart. Your dealer has Black Leaf 40 and one of our free spray charts. If he is out, write us direct. y Tobacco By-Products & Chemical Corporation Incorporated I ; LOUISVILLE, KY. THE KIMBALL CULTIVATOR DEATH to fern and other noxious WEEDS. LIFE to your fruit TREES. • 1 "]4jf"OISTURE is absolutely necessary to wood growth and fruit production. Without adequate moisture in your soil, fertilizers will not become soluble, hence will not operate when you need them. Too much irrigation is admittedly dangerous. Your KIMBALL will hold the natural moisture in your soil by forming a perfect mulch, eradicating weeds at the same time. After your spring plowing and discing the KIMBALL is the only tool you need through the balance of the season. W. A. JOHNSTON, Mfg. The Dalles Oregon Pdgc Tii-ciili/-f()iir BETTER FRUIT May, 1922 Factors Inducing Calyx Spray Injury {Cont'mufd from page 7) tivation last year. The block immediately adjoining it had had continuous excellent cultivation. Both blocks \yere sprayed by the same man with the same strength of lime-sulfur. The improperly cared for block suffered from very severe leaf burn and leaf drop, while the other block dis- closed not the slightest trace of spray injury. There are other conditions that contri- bute to lime-sulfur injury that must be also mentioned because even the poorly cared tor orchards escape serious spray burn in many seasons. One of these is the weather. After a period of long continued moist and cloudy weather apple foliage even on trees of good vigor is apt to be unusually sensi- tive to spray injury. The fact that such conditions prevailed to an unusual extent last spring will account, in part at least, for the very unusual and widsespread spray burn met with all over Western Oregon last year. In the average year this danger of ultra-sensitiveness is not to be expected; but when it does exist it is the vigorous and well cultivated trees that suffer the least. TN SEASONS like that of 1921, the con- -*- dition known as sulfur-shock is also far more evident than in the normal season. Sulfur-shock is the result of applying lime- sulfur spray on well developed foliage which has not been rendered resistant by earlier application of this material. It is particularly noticeable when the delayed- dormant and pink scab sprays have not been •ipplied and the leaves get their first lime- sulfur spray after the petals have fallen. At times it may be so serious as to cause a large part of the leaves to drop. While marked sulfur-shock may not occur in Ore- gon in the average season yet it is import- ant that the early spray should be given every year, not only for the resulting scab control, but as something of a protection against sulfur-shock in the later sprays. Much spray burn occurs in years when weather conditions have been especially favorable for scab development. This burn may not result in any way from the sensitive condition of the tret, but is very often due to unsatisfactory spraying or a neglect of early applications whereby an abundance of scab spots have developed on the leaves. The scab fungus always breaks the leaf skin and wherever lime-sulfur spray touches a scab spot it penetrates into the leaf tissues and kills them, causing brown burned areas to appear. Scab spot burn is naturally to be avoided by putting on a thorough spray program from the very start and thus preventing any extensive de- \elopment of infections. Temperature has an important effect on the activity of sulfur sprays. In hot weather, weaker dilutions of lime-sulfur should be used. No accurate experiments For the Control of Aphis — Spray with APHOIL Which is also an efficient Spreader Write jor injormation Hood River Spray Co. HOOD RIVER, OREGON Manufacturers of DORMOIL have yet been conducted to determine the exact relations of temperature to sulfur sprays, but the Crop Protection Institute is, 1 understand, about to undertake such studies during the coming season. These should give us some very valuable infor- mation which has long been needed. It is to be hoped that in these investigations ef- forts will be made to determine how spray injury may be avoided under all circum- stances. Meanwhile the grower must fol- low with care such practices as will keep his trees in the most vigorous condition possible, applying the early protective sprays faithfully and using greater dilu- tions in hot weather. Action of Spreaders SUCCESS of the calyx spray depends largely upon success in getting the ^prav into the calyx cup, according to an expert who has made a study of the matter. He has a tested theory as to the best means of accomplishing this, which he sets forth as follows: "To send the lead spray into the calyx cup, real driving power behind the droplets is necessary. Hence we use high power. But the higher the pressure used the finer are the droplets and the resultant mist. Obviously the driving power behind the droplets becomes less as the mist is made finer. "On the other hand the use of a coarser nozzle and coarser droplets it not so ef- fective because the droplets run off too freely. Here comes in the use of a spray spreader. When a spreader is used in the spray, the drops, even though kept some- what coarser, spread over the calyx cup when they strike it and carry the lead where it must be if the apples are to be protected against the first brood of codling moths. This property of a spreader gives the added advantage of enabling the spraver to cover the tops of the trees, where the finer mist cannot be driven." Greater Capacity and Pressure With a Lighter Engine Weicht. 190 lbs. 4 H That's what the fruit grower needs in spray- ing to produce the de- sirable "fog spray." In order to secure greater capacity and pressure, with lighter weight, leading manufacturers of sprayers have now stand- ardized for their power on the high grade CUSHMAN Ttie Hj H. P. Cushman handles the emaller sprayers of 3 to \% gallons at 200 to 300 lb. pressure. The 4 H. P. Cushman (weight 190 lbs.) is the proper size for the larger triplex orchard sprayers with a capacity of 8 to 10 gallons at 250 to 300 lb. pressure or more. The 8 H P. Double Cylinder Cushman, weighing only 320 lbs., is the ideal engine for the largest orchard and standard shade tree sprayers. Rebuild Your Sprayer with the famous Cushman Engine add get more power and pressure with jess weight. Write for free Catalog, mentioning the sprayer you have or expect to buy, (13) CUSHMAN MOTOR WORKS 978 N. 21st Street Lincoln, Nebr. 419 East Ash St., Portland, Ore. FREE CATALOG Sash, Doors Millwork Hundreds of beaut ful designs direct from the manufacturer at money -saving pri-.es. Send for your copy today. ROVIG LUMBER CO. 2205 First Are- nue So.. Seattle. The Cl.irke County di.^rict in Washing- ton is said to be capable of producing 10,000,000 pounds of prunes under normal conditions. Michael H. Walsh, horticulturist inter- nationally known .as the originator of the Ramber rose, died April Id, at his home in Massachusetts at the age of 7+. May, 1922 BETTER FRQ IT Page Twenty-five Advertising Plans From nearly every section of the Pacific Northwest comes word that the growers are this spring raising special funds to be ex- pended in the advertising of the North- west's boxed apples. Wenatchee growers propose a fund of $250,000. Hood River and Yakima districts and the Idaho State Horticultural Association all have under consideration plans for such a fund, or have actually arranged to collect one. The need and value of such concerted advertis- ing has been made apparent. Far-reaching benefits are sure to result if the grower? do not lag in this good work. WASHINGTON T?EPORTS from Wenatchee are to the effect that several hundred acres of new orchards and berry fields will be set out in that district this season. On Kinds just brought under irri- gation in Grant County there will be heavy plant- ings of peaches and apricots, with strawberries, loganberries and blackcaps as fillers. In the Tonasket-OroviUe section many apple trees are to be planted, with apricots and smaller fruits as fillers. k k k According to report of Henry Huff, dis- trict horticultural Inspector stationed at Puy- allup, the total value of fruit and vegetable crops in the district in 1921 was $2,161,849. Local canneries and plants used 7,701 tons of fruits and 780 tons of veget.ables. Fruit shipments totaled 4,853 tons and vegetable shipments 3,996 tons. New acreages this spring are to aggregate 600 acres of raspberries, 185 acres of evergreen black- berries and 150 acres of loganberries. AAA yV/^ENATCHEE'S special committee on apple ad- vertising will recommend that a fund of at least $250,000 to be obtained through an assess- ment of 2 cents a box and subscriptions of shippers and business men, be raised this season to be spent through a capable advertising agency. .After details of the proposal have been announced a referendum will be taken among the growers to make sure they approve so large an expenditure. The committee which framed the plan Is com- posed of John R. Peters, O. B. Shay, John R. Everett, J. M. Wade and Edwin Smith. AAA A NNOUNCEMENT is m.ade that M. L. Dean has resigned his position as head of production and inspection department of the Wcn- atchee District Co-Operative Association. Dean, who is secretary of the Washington Stite Horti- cultural Association, held his position with the co-operative association a little more than a year. He was formerly with the State Department of .Agriculture. AAA r^ A. HUNTLEY of Yakima has been made hor- * ticultural inspector in Pacific county, where he will particularly look after cranberry problems and production in the bogs of the county. For some time he has been doing work for the state department of agriculture in Thurston county. AAA ■pOR THE FIRST time in two years the Van- couver Prunarians will stage a prune harvest festival this year, according to unanimous vote at a recent meeting. Business conditions ha\'e so im- proved it is felt that the affair can again be made a big success. AAA pRUNE, POT.ATO and strawberry growers of Clarke county, affiliated in the Washington Growers' Packing Corporation, have been so well pleased with last season's results that new mem- bers are daily being signed up, according to Man- LITHOGRAPHED DISPLAYS I!C.StettlerMf^.Ca Pox-tland., Oregon ager E. J. Newhouse. Eighty per cent of the prune growers are members, and 90 per cent of the county's strawberry crop is handled by the association. AAA TT has been announced at Montesano that an active pear planting campaign will be waged this summer and fall by the Montesano Packing company. W. C. Mumaw, the manager, is also urging the planting of more Montmorency cher- ries. AAA A BOUT THE middle of April the green aphis pest showed rapid spread around Chchalis, ac- cording to Deputy Horticulturist Albert. He pre- dicted that this season will be one of the worst yet experienced with this pest and began a cam- paign of spraying to eradicate it. AAA TTNUSUAL AMOUNTS of spray materials and fertilizer have been purchased by growers of Clake county this spring. Coupled with the fact that special attention has been given to pruning this must be taken to indicate that orchardlsts and farmers are taking better care of their trees. AAA T W. EGAN is having 14 acres of loganberries •^ * planted on a tract of 15 acres near Walla Walla, it is reported. He will interplant potatoes in the tract this year. AAA 'T'HE LARGEST strawberry planting reported from the upper valley at Yakima for this sea- son has been made by William Lee, who has put out five acres berries of the Nick Ohmer va- riety. Mr. Lee's ranch is at Naches. AAA "TV A. McDonald is said to be setting out ten acres of pears at Donald. He is planting the Rartlett and Winter Nells varieties. OREGON TJTlGHLY Important experiments in cherry pol- lination arc being conducted in Wasco county this season by Professor C. E. Schuster of Oregon Agricultural College. He will have a corps of assistants and will be aided by County Agent Jackman and Horticultural Bureau Chief Nelson. The experiments arc expected to produce data on the problem of cherry pollination tliat y*. Rosea. Vines, Hedge, Nut and Shade Trees. Carriage paid. Satisfaction guaranteed. WASHINGTON P4URSERY CO. ToppenlBh, Was bin gi; on. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted. Walla fruit m;in. The price for the lO-acre tract is given as $9,500. Mr. Page immediately pur- chased from Russell A. McCullay a neighboring ten acres of bearing orchrud for $10, .^00. F. H. Kingdon has bought the lO-acre tract of A. E. Digman, on Neal Creek and Albert and Herbert Krussow have acquired an adjoining ten acres from W. F. Laraway. AAA According tr. decision of the state supreme court the grower members of the Salem Fruit Page Twenty-six BETTER FRUIT May, 1922 Union who contrnctcd in 1917 to deliver their lng:inbcrrio8 to the Phcz Company must comply with terms of that contract. Numerous growers broke the five-ye.ir contract when more attractive prices than those stipulated were offered by other buyers. AAA (\^ APRIL 14 the berry growers of the Gresham district held their second scries of field meet- ings, visiting the yards of numerous growers for a study of production method? and practices. AAA lyjORK THAN 4,(11)0,(100 pounds of fruit was liandled by the Producers' Canning and Pack- ing Company at Salem, during 1921, It was shown by the annual report recently submitted to stock- holders. A substantial profit was passed Into the building and Improvement fund. G. W. Needham was elected a director to succeed K. D. Kugel. AAA T W. HICKS, former Oak Grove orchardist and •'* for a number of years on the inspection force of the Apple Growers' Association, has been ap- pointed temporary deputy fruit Inspector in Hood River county. He now has charge of nursery stock inspection and will officiate during the strawberry- season in case a county Inspector Is not named by that time. AAA T R. ACHESON, who has been serving as dlrec- * tor of sales of the Hood River Canning Com- pany, particularly in the East and abroad, returned recently from a tour of the United Kingdom. He spent a month in England and Scotland and found business conditions fast Improving there, he re- ported. AAA According to Dr. c. a. Macrum of the Mosier Fruit Growers' Association, there will be extensive plantings of Blenheim and Clinton apricots at Mosier this season. Oothcr plantings will Include a considerable acreage of plums, cher- ries and pears. AAA At pine GROVE, In the Hood River district, J. C. Porter, ex-dlrcctor of the Apple Growers' Association, has sold 27 acres of orchard to George T. Gallagan and L. E. Ireland has sold 27.7 acres to F. M. Peugh. The purchasers already owned orchards In the same section. AAA T^HE APPLE Growers' Association at Hood River has re-elected all Its old officers, as follows: E. W. Birge, president; R. J. Mclsaac, vice-president; C. King Benton, secretary. CALIFORNIA /Conditions in E1 Dorado county have proven highly favorable for cherry growing and acre- ages there are rapidly expanding. Heavy plantings of trees have been made In Pilot Hill and Cool districts, most of them above the irrigation ditches. The growers plow the land twice each spring to provide a soil mulch. AAA •T^HE MINIMUM wage for women in the fruit canning and packing Industries of the state was recently fixed at $15 a week. This is a re- duction of $1 a week under the minimum scale that prevailed last season. AAA TjNDER PROVISIONS of the new laws on fruit and vegetable standardization strawber- ries may be sold In California only in standard baskets containing a dry pint. Under no circum- stances may the old half-pint basket be used. AAA TN NUMBER of nurseries California leads the country, with 540. New York, ranking next, has 359. New York has 5288 acres devoted to nurseries, containing stock valued at $2,310,253. California has 4080 .icrcs on which the stock is worth $2,920,458. i^ONSTRUCTION of a new temporary Depart- ment of Agriculture building in Sacramento at Tenth and L streets, Is being rushed and it is said there will be great advantage In having all units house together In the new quarters. AAA TTNDER the urging of Theodore D. Ur- bahns of tlie bureau of pest control unusually careful spraying against the peach moth and peach leaf curl is said to have been done this spring in most peach sections of the state. AAA TJY way of guarding the chestnut Industry which has had a favorable start In the state, the state quarantine guardian Is attempting to keep out all shipments of trees coming from eastern states where chestnut bark disease is preva- lent. The disease is said to have wiped out the industrv in many eastern sections. AAA ■T^OTAL SHIPMENTS of cherries and peaches from California to the east in 1921 were slightly greater than In 1920. Cherry shipments showed the greatest increase there having been 665 carloads as compared with 494 carloads in 1920. Peach shipments increased from 3,107 carloads to 3,333 carloads, while apricots decreased from 312 to 284 carloads. AAA ■piFTY ACRES of Bartlett pears are being planted in the Upper Sutter Basin district by Perry HIatt, together with ten acres of cherries. AAA T^HE TERRA BELLA peach growers have completed arrangements for marketing this season's crop through the California Canning Peach Growers' Association, organized recently. AAA TN NAPA county an observation experiment In wh'ch 28 varieties of prunes are to be pro- duced on one orchard, has been arranged. The object of course Is to learn which varieties do the best. IDAHO T ETTUCE growers of Idaho have organized and have adopted standard grades for their product. Except for slight changes the grades correspond to those of California. W. S. McBir- ney was elected president of the growers' body and A. C. Saxton was named secretary. AAA TDRUNE growers of the Boise valley district have formed a corporation to take care of the mar- keting of their crop. Last season the valley shipped about 100 cars of green prunes, of wh'ch more than 50 cars were handled by the growers' association. AAA At a RECENT stockholders' meeting of the Boise Valley Growers Inc., composed of prune growers, It was voted to change the name of the association to the Boise Valley Prune Growers, Inc. These were the officers elected: Fremont W(tod, pre-^ident; F. H. Chamberlain, vice-presi- dent; P. P. Garvin, secretary-treasurer. AAA \ SPECIAL committee to develop plans for ad- \ertlsing northwestern boxed apples was ap- pointed recently by the StTtc Horticultural Asso- ciation. The report of the committee will soon be ready for consideration. Fruit men on the committee are: T. O. Hyslop, Twin Falls; J. J. Steel, Parma; A. E. Gipson and J. J. Allison, Caldwell; Dr. E. F. Colemin, Kuna; John Moul- tcm, Welser; Harry Yost, Meridian; Lee Truax, Boise; D. VanHoesen, Council; L. S. Yoder and Harry Richards, Nampa; Guy Dalton, Emmet. AAA A T.BONNER'S FERRY the Boundary county Potato Growers' Association has been organ- ized and a large number of growers have S'gned up a three-year agreement with the association, The directors are: George KIndschuh, Emil Frank, J. M. Billings and O. H. Campbell, nf Bonner's Ferry and J. A. Morlce of Naples. Dusting of Trees, Vines, Etc. Bleaching, Etc. ANCHOR BRAND SUBLIMED VELVET FLOWERS OF SUL- PHUR, also EAGLE BRAND and KLEUR DE S O U F R E, packed in double sacks, are the FLUFFIEST and PUREST sul- phurs that money can buy. The fine, li^ht, SNOWFLAKE- LI KE particles float to every surface and crevice of the plant.. Do not adulterate these sulphurs with any inert material such as lime or Kaolin, etc. Coating the sulphur particles with an inert material PRE- VENTS the FUMING ACTION caused by the sun's rays. Send for Circulars 6, 8 and 10 about our "Toro" Brand Agricultural Compound and booklet "The Truth About Sublimed Sulphur," also price list. San Francisco Sulphur Co. 624 California St. San Francisco, Cal. BEE SUPPLIES ready for immediate shipment Quality Goods at Reduced Prices Write us Superior Honey Company OGDEN, UTAH 'Everything in Bee Supf/ies" BEES The Diamond Match Company APIARY DEPARTMENT Manufacturers of Bee Keepers' Supplies Chico, California, U. S. A. (The largest bee hive factory in the world) Write for catalog and discount sheet; and, if a beginner, for Cottage Bee-Keeping, also for particulars of the MacDonald Aluminum Combs. Why Not Order Now? TREES For Resetting or New Orchards Our supply will take care of your needs and you will receive stock which is well grown and reliable. Capital City Nursery Company 426 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon WE N EED SALESMEN I Mai/, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-seven ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMi)iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMnMiiiiiriiiiriiiMiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiMii:c I With the Poultry | TiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiriiitiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiKiiiiiii^ FEEDING OF CHICKS T^HE newly-hatched chick should not be given food until it is at least 48 to 72 hours old. This is important. The yolk which Is only partly used as food during the incubation period, is drawn into the abdomen just before the chick emerges from the shell. The yolk furnishes suf- ficient nourishment to keep the chick alive for a number of days. This factor Is what mnkes it possible to ship chicks long distances. Feeding the chick too soon after h;itching re- sults in disarrangement of the digestive tract and retards the normal absorption of the yolk. It thus remains unabsorbed in the body of the chick and finally causes Its death. The first food the chick should receive after being removed from the nest or Incubator, says an instructor in poultry raising, Is clean, fresh water w ith the chill removed. The young chick drinks a great deal of water and plenty of It Is necessary for Its health and development. Also provide grit (sand), and charcoal, (chick size), for it to pick at. These ingredients start the di- gestive tract and digestive juices to functioning so that they will be in better condition to digest the first food eaten. Lusty chirping Indicates that it is time for the first feeding. The first food should be of an easily digested nature. Oatmeal, dry bread crumbs, or a mash mixture of ground feeds, make very good starting foods. AAA TEN IMPORTANT RULES J^NE OF the pouItr>'men at the University of Wisconsin has ten rules for rearing chicks vh'ch he religiously follows. Here they are: Use healthy, active and If possible free range breeding stock. Have hover warm enough, so chicks will not crowd underneath. A cold hover is dangerous. Give milk or buttermilk to drink from start and for the first ten days feed at least five times a day but very little at a time. Ver>- important- — ^keep the chicks busy and do nHFG J^f ;. ^ ■■'^o «^ ^^~ .^ ^^L t^ '\ '^^^-■ .v.< ?, ^- '^' -f" m Lt^-Ji n&i^^ , e'Smgle Cof^-^P^ -#*^ ■J^-^^ 'V -^y ^^> An abundant promise of fruit Yakima, Washington gro Boxes of apples being un- loaded by means of our gravity roller conveyor to be sorted and re-packed for shipment. Portion of Standard System installed in the packing plant of the Pcshastin Fruit Grow- ers* Assn., Peshastin. Wash. Standard Indoor Transportation Systems eliminate at least fifty per cent of the lifting, carry- ing or trucking of fruit in a modern apple packing or canning plant. Our representative in your district will be glad to confer with you and show you how effectively a flexible Standard Conveying System can fit into your own specific handling conditions. Write to our home office or to our representative in your district and get started the GRAVITY WAY. Act promptly so that you will be certain of securing the wonderful benefits of a Standard System for the summer and fall packing season. '\ CONVEYOR COMPANV? MORTH .ST. PAUL. MINN. Spiral chute delivering boxes or. a gravity roller conveyor to shipping department for storage or transportation. Part of the Standard Con- veying System in the plant of the Apple Growers' Union, Cashmere, Wash. D. E. FRYER & COMPANY 421 Rialto Bldg. Butte, Mont. 701 Gasco Bldg. Portland, Oregon Paulson Building Spokane, Wash. Lbr. Exch. Bldg. Seattle, Wash. June, 1922 BETTER FRUIT ^^ i:^: /yfe can't gixw fruit ^-^ / uor-i{'snotoi\v business ♦ iMXt^ ivmC\nteYe$ts,€(S designers and ^ Vr w^ufacftira*^ of (heir lifliogt-anhed rr X labels, chitons, caniemoYs, msters ami all ofhei- form!? of 4iyplap a^erflsitig^ flos cleai'Ip proven ftat IPe do ki^ovp HOW TO MARI^r FRUIT. ^climi( Schmidt Lithograph co. ^ ^ii rRANCISCO Page Three mic 5AM ^Jk <://: This is the IDEAL FRUIT GRADER THAT WAS ON DEMONSTRATION AT THE FRUIT EXPOSITION LAST NOVEMBER WHICH was admired by everyone for the following featurej: Absolutely no bruising o the fruit. The most simple in construction. Nothing to get out of order. Noisless in operation. No springs or weights to adjust. Cost one- half of other makes. Workmanship of the very best. We can supply you in two, three or four grades ma- chines to suit your needs. We will be pleased to mail you our circulars and prices of the several different size machines we build. Also the name of the nearest agent to your place so you can see for yourself. Do not wait until too late to get your order in like many did last season. In writing mention the amount you will be packing so we can advise what size machine to use. IDEAL FRUIT AND NURSERY CO. GUIGNARD & SONS Props. HOOD RIVER, Oregon, U. S. A. Page Four BETTER FRUIT May, 1922 The 1922 We have secured the exclusive manufactur- ing and sales rights to the Pogue combin- ation lidding and stamping press. FRUIT GRADERS The Cutler Manufacturing Company has seen a greater ad- vance for 1 922 than in any year since its organization. The 1922 graders are the most complete and reliable line of packing house machinery in the market. Among a score of improvements is our new spring scale which has proven far more accurate than the old type of scale. It is quickly adjustable and has a numbered indi- cator which makes the adjustments visible and definite. Other new features are a two piece carrier-cup, a friction drive pulley, an automatic takeup for the carrier and many others. Cutler Manufacturing Co. Portland O Cutler Manufacturing Company, Portland, Oregon Gentlemen: Kindly forward me your 1922 catalog, and other material regarding Cutler Grader. My 1922 crop will run approximately Name : Address _ _.._ _ regon BettewFruit The Pioneer HorHculiural Jourtih of the Pacific Northwest Entered as second-class matter April 22, 1918, at the Postoffice at Portland, Oregon, under act of Congress of March 3, 1879 \o\.. XVI Portland, Oregon, June, 1922 Number 12 Suggestions on Orchard Irrigation METHODS by which irrigation water should be applied to orchard lands vary considerably under the influence of the systems of crop- ping, slope and physical characteristics of the land. Shallow furrows, deep furrows and borders are well suited for moderately sloping land while deep contour furrows, flooding through thick stands of alfalfa or clover and in extreme cases, sprinklers should be used on steep land. Since the shallow furrow method of ap- plying water is in common use it requires no explanation. It is at present used prac- ■ tically on all types of soil and slopes ol land. The practice, however, can be abandoned to advantage in some instances for better methods. Shallow furrows are necessary for the most efficient distribution of water in row crops, for irrigating coarse, sandy soils under clean cultivation, and for moisten- ing the surface of land sown to clover and similar crops. In coarse soil the spread and rise of moisture is not extensive. This renders it necessary to apply the water near the surface by means of shallow furrows placed close together to insure even and thorough distribution of the moisture in the soil. Under such conditions the water should be run for a much shorter time than on finer soils. If this is not done heavy losses result from deep percolation near the flumes. It is important to have the fur- rows short. For sandy land^ 200 feet is a desirable length and 4U0 feet is the ex- treme limit. On heavy soils, in which loss of water by deep percolation does not take place readih', the furrows should be much longer. Use of Deep Furrows — Deep furrows, for a number of reasons, are preferable to shallow furrows for orchard use. They should be extensively employed for land under clean cultivation and for steep slopes. By using deep furrows in clean cultivated orchards, the irrigation water can be used without wetting a great amount of the surface of the soil. Cultivation can be practiced immediately following irrigation, thus filling the furrows and covering the wet soil, a practice which is necessary to ;I1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIII II Illlllllllllllllllll IIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIII'.; I Methods of afflying irrigation \ I water to orchards have imfortant | I hearing on results the grower in an | I irrigated section may obtain. All too | I frequently the orchardist lacks de- | I fendable infornuition on the subject. | I In such cases he usu-atly accepts the | I practices of his neighbors without | I particular thought to basic fwida- \ I mentals. While superintendent of \ I the Hood Ri-:-er Experiment Station, | I R. W. Allen made an excellent | 1 report on orchard irrigation practices. | i The article folUjwing is taken from \ I this report. The suggestions and af- \ I plications, though based on practices | I in Hood River Valley, apply in large | I measure to other irrigated fruit sec- \ I tions. I ^Itiii I I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllllliiillllliiillllliiiiilllllli iitiniliiiiiili^ prevent baking. This can not be done where shallow furrows are used and the surface of the land becomes wet. Deep furrows do not need to be as nu- merous as shallow ones, and the water can be permitted to run longer in them with desirable results on all but coarse soils. The length of time the water is permitted to run, however, should be very closely watched for it differs materially with the character and condition of the soil. Three to five deep furrows for each space will give satisfactory results in irrigating most orchards. The number can be varied from a maximum of five to a minimum of two or three when the organic content of the soil is increased and its physical condition improved, for under such conditions the water will be found to enter and spread rapidly through the soil. Furrows of this character can be made with an ordinary turning plow, with a single shovel plow, or with multiple shovel furrowing im- pl-emcnts. APPLICATION of water by means of deep furrows is claimed by some authorities to cause deep rooting. Whether or not this result actually occurs it is evi- dent that by using deep furrows on the finer soils, they become well moistened and will meet the demands of deep or shallow rooted trees or other plants and establish conditions favorable for the growth of roots at considerable depth. Serious objection to the use of deep fur- rows is frequently voiced on account of numerous roots being destroyed in mak- ing them. It is, or soon will be recognized that plowing is necessary in most all orchards where the practice of shallow cul- tivation has been followed. It is evident, therefore, that deeper cultivation will be introduced, under which conditions there can be no objections to the use of deep furrows for irrigating. Numerous observations of plowmg m orchards not previously given to deep cul- tivation have shown that many small and medium sized roots were destroyed. Where such orchards have been properly irrigated and otherwise cared for, however, no detri- mental influences appear to have resulted. It is not advised that deep plowing should be practiced the first year the plow is introduced in the orchards, but by gradually deepening the operation, a final state ot cultivation that will permit of deep and effective irrigation can be accomplished without injury to the trees. When laid out on steep land in such manner as to modify the fall, furrows six to nine inches in depth will carry the water and render con- tour irrigation possible while it is not feas- ible with shallow furrows. Time to Irrigate — To determine the time at which water should be applied a close study is necessary in order to know the approximate amount of moisture the soil cont.iins. A superficial examination of the soil or an endeavor to judge from the appearance of the trees as to when they require water, does not convey a correct understanding of the conditions under which the trees are working. The first practice might result in the irrigation being applied prematurely, thus resulting in the waste of water and time. The second prac- tice invariably results in a measure of drouth existing before the trees show signs of distress. Ordinarily, irrigation should be applied before the soil begins to fall apart after be- Page Six BETTER FRUIT June, 1922 ing pressed firmly in the hand. Its fall- ing apart indicates an insufficient quantity of water present to hold the soil particles together, which in turn indicates a scarcity nearly critical to plant growth. Since trees feed to a considerable depth, it is import- ant to know that sufficient moisture is present at all times to the full depth of the roots. Frequency ok Application — The fre- quency with which water should be applied to a soil depends on the amount that it is capable of storing, the extent of loss by evaporation and the quantit}' used by the crop. When the capacity of the soil to retain the moisture is small, as it is in coarse shallow areas, the length of time it can maintain normal crop growth is proportion- ately less than for a soil having greater storage capacity. Orchards on coarse sandy soils require irrigation at intervals of ten to fifteen days during the active growing season. Those on silt and clay loams usually require two to four irrigations a year. One irrigation applied in May or June might suffice on very retentive soils, but it is better practice to irrigate oftener and use less water at each irrigation. In this way a more uniform moisture content of the soil is maintained. Wiiere orchards are found to require irrigation at intervals of two, four or six weeks, it is reasonable to expect that they would require irrigation at approximately half this period when two full crops are drawing from the supply. This point is often not fully appreciated by growers who place clover or alfalfa in their orchards. AMOUNT OF Water— The proper -'■ *- amount of water to apply depends upon the capacity of the soil to absorb and retain it. It is advisable to apply as much at each irrigation as the soil, to the depth from which the crops are capable of feeding wil' hold without loss of drainage. This quantity varies from approximately three inches in depth of water on sandy soil to eight or more inches for silt or clay. The capacity of any soil of any type is influ- enced by its depth. Therefore the amount of water to apply must be determined by experience for each tract of land. To apply less water than the soil is capable of hold- ing unless near the close of the season, is inadvisable. By so doing more frequent irrigation becomes necessary with a con- sequent increase in labor cost and loss of moisture by evaporation. On the other hand care should be taken to avoid over- irrigation. Experiments carried on by the irrigation investigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in a Southern California citrus orchard, irrigated with furrows 660 feet long, shows that at the upper end of the furrows the water had percolated down to a depth of 27 feet, while for the lower half of the furrows the depth of percola- tion was only about 4 feet. Irrigation investigations in Idaho showed that where the length of run was 23 59 feet, it required an average depth of flood- ing of 1.6 feet for a satisfactory irrigation, while with runs of 237 feet the average depth of water for a thorough irrigation was only 0.7 feet, or a saving of 56 per cent. It is probably safe to assume that the loss due to deep percolation will average no less than 25 per cent of the water delivered to the farm. To decrease the loss by Jeep percolation, a remedy is to divide the field or orchard into short runs, the length depending upon the character of the soil, and to run the water more quickly in the furrows or over the field by using larger heads, especially for porous soils. This will usually require the practice of rotation at least for the smaller farms or orchards, which has the added advantage of decreasing the convey- ance losses and of shortening the length of time involved in apphing the water. Little need be said of the harmful ef- fects of over-irrigation. Such a practice results in waste of water, leaching, loss of soil fertility, water-logging low lands and smothering out vegetation. It also causes a very undesirable physical condition of the soil. Over-irrigation can be largely avoided by careful management. Cherry Experiments 'T'HK most extensive and important •*- cherry pollination tests probably ever undertaken have been under wav the past few weeks in Wasco County orchards around The Dalles. Under the direction of C. F.. Schuster of Oregon Agricultural college the stamens of 450,000 cherry blossoms were removed and the blossoms covered with paper bags, as the first step in the experiment. All of these blossoms are on trees of the Royal Anne, Lambert and Ring varieties, which are both sterile and intersterile. Pollen from all other known varieties of sweet cherries, some sour cherries and a few seedlings, was gathered by a corps of women assistants for use in artificially im- pregnating the emasculated blossoms. Each was covered with the paper bag, follow- ing this operation, and is allowed to re- main that way until the fruit sets when it will be possible to determine the percent- age of fertility of each of the pollenizing varieties, upon the sterile varieties. By these records it is hoped defintely to settle the question of the proper kinds of pollen- izing trees to plant in orchards of Bing, Royal Anne or Lambert cherries. Oregon walnut growers are seeking to have congress make an appropriation of $2,500 to enable the Department of Agri- culture to send an expert to study walnut growing in China and Manchuria. It is said that 7,000,000 pounds of nuts were imported through San Francisco, from those countries last year. It is reported that the acreage of vege- tables planted this season by members of' the Eugene Fruit Growers' Association is 332, as compared with 100 acres last year. An experimental apple orchard of six acres is being set out by the Washington State College near Prosser, Wash. .Arrangements for trellising in this raspberry yard are goo.l enough but the owner has neglected approved practices in not cutting out the old canes in the fall ami cutting back the new ones. June, 1932 BETTER FRUIT Page Seven Care of Raspberries and Evergreens By J. L. Stahl Horticulturist Western Washington Exferinieut Station, Mt. Vernon THE CUTHBERT raspberry will usually produce three tons to the acre when the berries are grown most intensively. The Cuthbert has the best flavor of the four varieties commonly grown, and is the one berry the can- neries call for more than the Antwerp, King, or Marlborough. The newer planta- tions being made in and around Puyallup and Sumner are of the Cuthbert variety. I have picked out typical soils in that vallev on which berries are commonly grown. One that is commonly called the Cuthbert soil is a light sandy loam. The heaviest soil we have in that valley on which we grow some of our other berries, particularly the Evergreen blackberry, is the heavy clay. Some of the Evergreens are also grown on the muck soil because we have a great deal of muck soil and the rasp- berry doesn't do so well on that soil as does the Evergreen. In our system of growing berries the plantation is laid off in rows seven feet apart. That is our common distance used for planting the berry in Puyallup valley. The red raspberries are set 30 inches apart in the row, that requires about 2800 plants to the acre. We run out a furrow and set the plants in that furrow at a six-inch depth so that the root system is in the ground four to six inches deep. We cut off the cane so it is only one or one and a half feet high above the crown of the plant. Setting the plant is very important. Be sure that the dirt is well firmed around the crown and roots of the plant. The first season the plants are grown without a trellis, cultivation starting as soon as they are set out. Usually they grow- about three to four feet tall, and we will have three to five canes about that height by the end of the first growing season. After setting the plants we continue cul- tivation about once in three weeks until about the first or the middle of May, and then we cultivate once in two weeks or ten days during the growing season. About August 1, wc stop cultivation, then in the fall we plow towards the rows. This is chiefly for drainage purposes. The fine soil that is thrown toward the plant or hill- keeps down weeds between plants and hills and the dead furrow in the center serves to carry off surface water from our heavy rains. This fall plowing is usually done about November. In the spring wc plow awav from the plants in February or early March. We thin out the young shoots when wc have six or eight shoots about 18 inches high. We retain the remaining one for our next year's crop and keep out the later canes that develop. In a three or four-year- old plantation wc often have 12 or 13 ^ilMinilllMitirMiriiiiiiiitiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiitiiiiriiiiliiiiiiiriiiiiiitiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiii± I While there is no great disfarity | I i'l methods of flanting and caring | I for the cane berry crop it is of in- | i terest to even the smaller isolated | I gro'.cers to knozv the ■practices em- \ I ployed in the finest berry districts. \ I Professor Stahl here explicitly out- \ I lines the ?nost succesful methods of \ I planting and caring for red rasp- \ I berries and Evergreen blackberries in i I the famous Puyallup-Sumner district | I in Washington. Points that are em- \ I phasized may be found greater \ I factors for success than the average \ I small grozcer imagines. nimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiliiiiiiii t iiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiii iiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiMirr produced in one hill. VVe like to keep just the number we want to produce next year's crop, six to 10 new canes being the most we like to leave. Oftentimes we do leave two or three extra canes over and above the six to 1 0, then in case we have some injury we have from six to 10 which will bear a crop next year. B EGINNING with the second year, we put up a trellis. We belie\e in the trellis system in berry growing, because it is easier for the picker. We use four wires on cross-pieces — commonly two wires will do just as well where this plan is used — and we do not use cross-pieces if our post? are thick enough as when we use the 1 0-inch post. These posts are set two rods apart in the row. If we have a six-inch post we put on a cross-piece, so wc have our wires 1+ to 15 inches apart for our trellis. Then we weave the plants on these two wires, num- ber 1 + wire for red raspberries. Put the wire about four to four and a half feet high. Our experience is if you put wires too high the berries will not be picked as readily. In weaving, divide the hill, carrying half the canes on one side and half on the other. The canes are all pulled on the outside of the wire, carried up ov'er the wire, down and on the near side, then tied with a string when we start weaving at the end of the row;. .After that, no tying up is necessary the entire length of the row. Usualh- take about three canes, carr\' them up over, down under and tie them ; take three more, carry up over, down under and under the canes just ahead, very similar to the manner of weaving baskets. .Another plan is to weave on just one side, allowing the one wire merely to hold the canes in place. The objection to the single wire in weaving is that you are ■ your canes a little more than you will with the other plan. If you have plenty of wire. the lower wires will aid in holding canes in place, but with double wire interweav- ing it is not necessary to use four wires. There is another plan, just to carry the canes instead of weaving them to a wire and tying each individual cane with_ a string. That requires quite a lot of hand- work, even more than the weaving. The most common method is that where weav- ing is practiced. After the harvest season we cut out the old canes, allowing the new canes to stand between the wires until the following spring. We have the worst winter injury where we do not cut out the old canes until next spring. We train the vines in February, just before the buds start in the spring when the canes will bend without breaking. If we weave in the fall, the canes are more apt to break. In the fall we cut out the old canes, about two feet above the ground, leaving the stub. Then in the spring we break that off clear down. If you try to cut out the old canes right after harvest you will have to leave a little stub because that cane is not entirely dry, then go through on your hands and knees next spring and break off that stub. Instead of that we like to leave the stub long enough so we can pull the cane without getting down on our hands and knees. WE SE " ' a ya: E SET Evergreen blackberries about ard apart in the rows with the rows seven feet apart. At Puyallup we arc growing more Evergreen and that is the one berry that is there to stay. We secure yields of about six tons to the acre, often seven to the acre, so you sec it is a paying crop. We set the plants 16 to 18 feet apart. The new canes may be carried on a trellis about two feet in height in the summer, and the following spring, in February, carried up and put on a double wire trellis about four feet in height. The upper trellis on which the bearing canes are trained is made of number 12 wires. The trellis on which the new canes arc trained can be made of number 14 wire. We support the canes by means of cross- pieces. The cross-pieces for the bearing trellis are 20 to 22 inches in length, in the trellis for the Evergreen blackberries — for the young canes about 14 inches wide. If we have a narrow trellis, of 12 inches, we will have a great many of those side arms broken and the fruit will not mature. They will break down. If the trellis is wide, they will grow out laterally. Some of the growers instead of training the new canes underneath, use eight foot posts for trellising, \vith two feet in the {Continued on page 21) Page Eight BETTER FRUIT June, 10:^2 Benefits From Organic Fertilizers Bi/ Major E. P. Newsom chemist and Lecturer on Soils PLANTS and trees need a well balanced ration of food, just as animals do. A hog allowed to roam wild in the woods, feeding chiefly on roots, will run mostly to head, tail, bristle and bad temper. The theory that we should analyze the soil and supply the particular plant food lacking has not worked out successfully in its application to our orchards and farm crops because an analysis of the soil may reveal the existence of an abundance of plant food, phosphate and potash, for in- stance, but in an unavailable form. Wc know that rock phosphate, however finely it may be pulverized, is not soluble in water. Most of the potash in the soil is derived from granite, in which it occurs as a double silicate of aluminum and potassium and is absolutely insoluble in water. The same is true of calcium carbonate or limestone. In fact, were these elements soluble in water alone without the intervention of any other agencv, they would leach down so deeply in the soil within the space of two years that then the ground would not sprout oowpeas. In experiments of the Pennsylvania sta- tion, carried on for a period of thirty-five years, the greatest yields of crops were due to fertilizing with a well balanced fer- tilizer, containing not nitrogen alone, but also soluble acid-phosphate and potash. It was found, that although the analysis re- vealed the soil to be unusually rich in phos- phate and potash, whenever either the potash or phosphate, in soluble form, was omitted from the fertilizer the yield of crops was greatly lessened. The chief agency in rendering plant food in the soil available is C02, or car- bon dioxide. This is generated through bacterial action in the process of the decay of vegetable or animal matter in the soil. It is also derived from the atmosphere and finds its way into the soil by means of the rain which carries it in solution. But the bacterial action is slow and does not supply, even with the aid of alfalfa or other cover crop, the needed carbon dioxide fast enough to prevent the "skip" crop every other year. Some people make the mistake of con- cluding that nitrogen is the only thing needed in a fertilizer. This conclusion is equally as erroneous as the first one. In increasing the leafage the first year through resort to nitrogen-producing bacteria there is the chance that there may remain a slight overplus of availability of other plant food, due to bacterial action. But when you con- tinue the process over any measurable period of time you lay too heavy a burden on the backs of the bacteria, and the poor bacteria will feel greatly grieved, I am Since Major Nezvsom sub- tnitted this article has come the entirely unexfected news of his death in Spokane, Wash., on May 12, at the age of ^S years. His '.writings in Better Fruit have, '.ce believe, carried real educa- tional value. He '.vas a true friend oj the fruit industry and gave to it of his t.ale?its. Prior to his connection with the Marine Products Company of Tacoma, as chemist and lecturer, he had served ?rmn.y years in the United States army as a chaplain and of- ficer. He participated in two campaigns in the Philippine Islands. He was buried with military honors at the Presidio, on May 16. sure, and their dispositions will be well nigh ruined, to think so much was expected of them! The Encyclopedia Britannica states that at Rothamsted Station, England, organic fertilizers were used for a period of fifty- one years, resulting in the average yield of wheat of 37 bushels per acre as compared with an average yield for the same period of only 13 bushels on the same kind of soil unfertilized. The same results were ob- tained at Woburn, England, for a period of 31 years. As a further fact it is stated that the good effects of organic fertilizers on the soil could be seen for fifteen years after their use was discontinued. On the other hand, in Pennsylvania, where the strictly chemical, or inorganic, fertilizers were used for several years, it was seen that when their use was discontinued, the soil was found to be dead. In other words, that it would not respond with a yield of crops without the fertilizer. Dead soil is simply soil where the bacterial life has been destroyed. Chemical, or inorganic, fertilizers, while at times useful as a tonic for "sick" trees, tend to destroy the bacterial life of the soil by their residual effects. Their use is ad- vocated on the ground of cheapness and the "quick kick" they have. So also mor- phine and cocaine have a "quick kick" and for a few minutes the victim imagines he is a millionaire and that in comparison to himself John D. Rockefeller is a hump- backed mendicant, but the drug soon kicks the victim into inefficieny and degreda- tion and makes of him a parasite and an unproductive citizen. So also some of our orchardists who arc continually experimenting with soil drugs will find their orchards "kicked" to much less than their normal productivity. It does not change the final results for someone to say that for several years, by the grace of an abundance of rain or water to wash the after effects out of the soil, he got good results. Many a man or woman has kept his or her back from aching by the use of morphine for several years. Now organic, or animal products may cost a little more initially, but are more economical in the end, because not being water soluble, but breaking down under moisture conditions gradually, through bacterial action, are more lasting, while not leaving in the soil hurtful residual effects. They not only furnish available plant food to the tree, but immensely stimulate and invigorate the bacterial life of the soil and thus very much increase the production of carbon dioxide. The latter in turn is the potent and necessary agent by which- other plant food in the soil is rendered available. The organic fertilizers render a double benefit. If any further proof were needed to substantiate these statements, I would in- vite your attention to the very remarkable discoveries made in Germany during the past few years relative to the great import- ance of artificially fertilizing with carbon dioxide. I hope you have been fortunate enough to have read an article contained in the Saturday Evening Post, of last October 1st, entitled "Raising Bumper Crops 'm Germany with Poison Gas." BRIEFLY, in 1917, German scientists undertook experiments in fertilizing artificially with C02. The results were most encouraging. But it remained for Friedrich Riedel, a German engineer, to carry out the experiments on a large scale under the most favorable conditions. At the great smelting works of Stinnes, in Luxemborg, he laid perforated concrete pipes, fifty centimeters in diameter, into fields through which filtered and purified carbon dioxide was forced by electric fans, the fields being planted to various crops. Nearby, he erected glass covered en- closures, through which carbon dioxide was sent through perforated tubes above ground furnishing 5 per cent of carbon dioxide. The results, of course, were greatest in the glass covered enclosures, since in the open fields much of the carbon dioxide was blown away by the winds. The first and most important result from the artificial use of the carbon dioxide was the greatly increased leaf growth. The leaves of Riedel's gassed plants were larger and their stalks thicker and firmer. In some cases the leaf area was increased by {Continued on page 25) June, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Nine Pollination of Filbert Varieties TN DISCUSSING the question of pol- -'- 1 illation, we will take the term pollina- tion merely to mean the operation which the pollen grain i? placed on the pistil of the female flower. Fertilization is the union of the male and female gametes. In considering the pollination of the fil- bert, we find more different difficulties than are connected with any other nut or fruit commercially grown in the Pacific North- west. In addition to being one of the group that depends on the wind for pollination, the filbert blooms during that part of the vear which is not usually considered ideal blooming time. The filbert ordinarily blooms during the rainy season, or the period during which rains are more or less common. Insects are not essential for cross-pollina- tion as with other fruits. The pollen being borne in separate flowers, is carried to the pistillate flowers by the wind. Being of a nature that rapidly absorbs water, the pollen grain cannot be disseminated except during those periods or times of the day when the moisture is least prevalent. Wet pollen cannot be blown or scattered about by the wind. The catkins are formed during the late summer and held on the tree until January and February, when the pollen is shed. Each catkin contains, on the average, about 150 bracts and in each of these we found about 8 anthers. Figuring that 1000 pollen grains are found to the average anther, we see that there is possibility of over a million pollen grains being produced by one catkin. It gives a great abundance of pollen, but this is necessary when we consider the possibility of the floating pollen grains lighting on the small individual pistillate flowers. The pistillate flowers are contained in separate buds and are not evident until con- siderably later than the first catkin appear. With the earliest varieties we find the first appearance of the pistillate flowers to be around the end of November or the first of December, while some varieties do not appear for some weeks after that. Although the earlier varieties show the pistils the first part of December, the full growth is usually not made until the latter part of January and February. In each bud we find from nine to ten pistils, or separate female flowers. From each of these there is a possibility of developing a single filbert so that we find large clusters of nuts where the pistils have been well pollinated. After a pollen grain is placed on a pistil it begins to germinate almost immediatelv and makes a growth down into the tissue of the pistil. .After growing a short distance mto the pistil the nucleus encysts and re- mains in this state for from four to five By C. E. Schuster, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis ^iiiliiitiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiitiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii;- I Filbert culture is a comfaratiz'ely | I iiezv branch of nut growing in this | I country. Little has been written on \ I the subject and there is much yet to | I be learned. Professor Schuster tnade | I a distinct afid z'aluable contribution | I to existing funds of information | I about the filbert in studies of its | I follination habits fursued last year. \ I His discoveries, as reported to the | I annual convention of nut growers, | I may see?n a bit technical . T hey are \ I qttite understandable, as a matter of \ I fact, and foint out tnethods of flant- | I ing that seem of vital importance | I to everyone who undertakes filbert | i growing in the Pacific Northwest. | ^.itiiiiiiiitililllliil niiniiiiilitllil iiiiriiMtlilrllllillliliiii iiiililtllirilliiiii.' months. At the end of this period the growth is continued and the fertilization takes place. From now on we will make no further mention of this question of fertilization. This then gives us a condition where pol- lination occurs on an immature pistil or un- developed female organ and the male gamete, or nucleus of the pollen grain, is forced to wait for the development of the female part or gamete. Usually the pistillate flowers of the main varieties are out and fully developed before the catkins begin shedding the pollen. But, since it is well known that the different varieties produce pollen at different periods, we often have the con- dition of pollen from a variety falling upon the pistil of another variety before the pistils have developed their full growth. The exact state of receptivity of the pistil C.-itkins and Pistillate flowers of filltcrt ai blooming time. is not known, but on February 3, 1 92 1, a number of blossoms were hand-pollinated. At this stage the pistils were a little more than through the bud scales and it was two weeks before they were considered fully developed and in fine condition to receive the pollen. SEVERAL varieties were used for cross- pollination at this time. With the varieties that gave good results when used for cross-pollination at the later time, at which the pistils were fully developed, practically the same results were obtained with early pollination. In other words, the pistils were receptive shortly after mak- ing their appearance, and will not reject the pollen before they reach a state of maturity. With the blossoming season coming dur- ing January and February what insi'rancc have we against rainy weather at this time? Pollen being light and blown about by the \vlnd, it stands to reason that rain is detri- mental to its distribution. So means of circumventing these rains must be con- sidered. In the first place, the blooming season of the catkins, or male flowers, is long, considering other fruits. Not all the pol- len is mature at one time. The develop- ment of the catkin is progressive from the upper end to the lower part and is rapidly increased by warm temperature. With the progressive development and cool temper- ature at this time of the year, the shedding of the pollen is thus spread over a relatively long period. Pollen is viable over considerable periods. As it is first shed it gives a high test of germination, decreasing at a rate of about one per cent per day for the first fifteen d.iys and decreasing more rapidly after this, so that by the end of thirty days it is down to about 25 per cent viability. Thus, the catJcins may mature and hold the pollen for some considerable time without any material dam.ige to the pollen. As the pollen is matured the anthers con- taining the pollen are split open, allowing the pollen to escape. If the time of ma- turity comes during a period of high humidity the walls of the catkins absorb so much moisture that it forces the sections together so opening cannot take place until the anther is partially dried out. If the anther should open and the catkin be moistened this same process or condition forces the halves of the anther together .so the washing of the pollen from the catkin is partially prevented and the anther is able to hold the pollen until favorable weather conditions are at hand. Tests at the e.xperim.ent station show that the pollen is very resistant to atnio- Page Ten BETTER FRUIT June, 1922 spheric and climatic changes. Immersion in a film of water will cause pollen to germinate somewhat and we may consider moisture the worst enemy of pollen that we have. Germination or growth of a pollen grain occurs within a short time after immersion in a suitable liquid. It has been found that 90 per cent of the pollen will be germ- inated in four hours at 65 to 70 degrees F. and a little less at 50 degrees. As light or darkness has but little effect on germina- tion of the pollen, the main thing is to have a period of time long enough for the catkin to dry out and the pollen to be shed. Therefore, if there comes a period of comparatively dry weather followed by light rain, but not heavy rains, we may ex- pect pollination to take place. The surface of the psitil is very rough and it would un- doubtedly require a rather heavy rain to wash off the pollen. Pollen grains are resistant to cold tem- peratures until they are subjected to the extreme temperatures such as those of December, 1919. Exposure to temperatures of zero for 96 hours only reduced the germinability or viability of the pollen about 12 per cent. From this we can deduce that frosty weather is of less mo- ment than rainy weather. However, when we consider the season of 1921 and its excessive rainfall and then see the average crops of filberts that have been produced we are fairly sure of a good crop of filberts under any but the worst conditions. After considering the catkin and the pollen what of the pistillate flowers.' The pollen may be washed off the pistils, but it is doubtful if any other extensive injurv from rains can take place. The pistillate flowers are more suscep- tible to low temperatures than is the pollen. Where pollen was little injured at zero in 96 hours, the pistillate flowers had 90 per cent of the stigmas or three-fourths to one-half of the pistil that is exposed killed. A temperature of 1 5 degrees killed 20 per cent in 12 hours and 25 per cent in 24 hours. Thus, it appears that the pistillate flowers are much more susceptible to low temperatures than the catkins. It would seem that it might be wise to avoid some of the worst frost pockets instead of advocat- ing the planting of filberts anywhere west of the Cascade mountains, irrespective of air drainage. During the last ten years we have had temperatures below 1 5 degrees. The main question, then, is one of pol- lination. In all of the literature available, little or nothing is said of pollination. E. A. Bunyard of England s,iys, "No work has yet been done to test the self -sterility, or otherwise, of nuts, but judging from large orchards, one would assume that the commonly grown varieties are quite self fertile." Other references than this one amount to little, so it can be assumed that the pollination question is not a serious one, either from the fact that European growers generally have planted more than one variety, or that the varieties there are really self- fertile. nr^F.STS carried un during the past two A years have not shown any variety of filberts that was self-fertile. On the Barcelona this past year 306 pistillate flowers were sacked and allowed to self- pollinate. Two nuts resulted; 112 Daviana flowers were selfed with no nuts resulting. Seventy-two Duchilly were selfed with the same results. One-thousand and seventy-three pistillate flowers of thirty-one separate varieties, in addition to those mentioned, were also selfed and twelve fruits resulted or about one per cent of the blossoms set fruit. (liant Daviana filliert, 16 years old. 2i feet tall nnd having spread of 20 feet. CCuts by courtesy (Oregon Gtower.) To check the percentage of fruits borne from self-pollination, counts were made of blossoms that were wind pollinated. These were made in different orchards and on different varieties. In one orchard it was shown that il per cent of the blossoms set fruit. In another 5 7 per cent of the blossoms set fruit. This would indicate that the one per cent set from self pol- linated blossoms would not form more than a small per cent of the crop. Further work is necessary, but it would seem from last year's work that the filbert sets fruit on a very high percentage of its blossoms. One thing, then, that must be considered is the necessity for continually producing vigorous new wood, as this wood is most productive of both types of flowers. Since all varieties are self-sterile It must then be a problem of cross-pollination. With other fruits we find that some varie- ties cross-pollinate to good advantage, while others are inter-sterile. This condition exists in the filbert. Taking the Barcelona we find that all of the common varieties will cross-pollinate it to a certain extent; some more, some less. There are some lesser known varieties such as the Fertile de Coutard that arc entirely inter-sterile. One of the best pollinators is the Cos- ford, a variety little known. This resembles the Daviana. The Du Chilly has uniformly given good results and, due to the fact that it is a good commercial variety, is un- doubtedly one of the best for this purpose. The one drawback comes from the fact that it blooms considerably later than the Barcelona. With the Du Chilly, the varieties that have been recommended by the different growers all work fairly well. Again the best results for last year were with little-known varieties. Further tests are necessary to show whether or not they are enough superior to warrant attempting to propagate them to any extent. None of them that gave the best results on the Barcelona or Du Chilly are heavy enough bearers to be really commercial varieties. This brings us to the question of inter- planting. Before taking that up we must consider how far the pollen will be carried and also the proportion of pollenlzers to plant. Some trees were stripped of their cat- kins and left to wind pollinate. Those over 100 feet distant bore less than one per cent nuts. Although light, the pollen evidently does not carry very far. In observations in the field it seemed that trees plant 40 to 60 feet from a pollenizer bear good crops, though the ones at 60 feet sometimes appear light. From evidences at hand it would seem that the trees should be more than two trees distant, from the pollenlzers, that is when planted 20 to 25 feet apart. This can be accomplished in one way by planting in every third tree in every third row; one pollenizer to 8 of the regular variety. Thus this would give eight Barcelon.is and one Du Chilly. In seasons when the blooming time of Barcelona and Du Chilly are wide apart it is doubtful if the Barcelona receives full benefit of the pollenizing ability of the Du Chilly. An examination of the pistil- late flowers last season showed that the stigmas of many Barcelona flowers had a dead, washed-out appearance before the Du Chilly was ready to shed pollen. Under these conditions it would seem advisable to have an earlier pollenizer. The earlier blossoms would be taken care of by the early blooming variety while the later blooms would be pollenized by the Du Chilly. This would give vigorous, viable pollen for both early and late blossoms. The last pollen of the season is less viable than the earlier pollen. The question of blank nuts is a large problem some years and is unquestionably connected with some phase of pollination. A pol- lenizer that would come between the Du Chilly and Barcelona and pollenize both would give almost ideal conditions. There are several varieties that are good for one of the varieties and fair on the other. June, 192^2 BETTER FRUIT Page Eleven THIS system of double pollenizing brings up another problem, that of arrangement. From previous evidence it would seem to be possible to plant three solid rows of Barcelonas, as this arrange- ment would put the trees not over two rows from the pollenizer. Alternating with this could be a row composed of one late pol- lenizer, one early pollenizer and a Barcel- ona, thus giving 84 per cent Barcelona and 16 per cent pollenizer. This extra number of trees for pollenizing purposes reduces the number of Barcelona trees, but the writer believes the benefit received from additional pollination will offset this. The main idea of the double pollenizer is to furnish an abundance of pollen during the {Continued on fage 22) •AIL 3_ '«UI 'cir rp3=>| From Orchard to Market with International Motor Trucks THROUGHOUT the growing and marketing season there are countless jobs that can be done quickly and to the best advantage with an International Motor Truck. It speeds up spraying, pruning, and cultivating by hauUng tools and materials, and saves the time of several men in picking season by its greater capacity and speed in hauling the fruit to the central station, When the fruit is ready for market the Inter- national again comes into service and transports the crop to the shipping point safely, without delay or interruption. Years of experience in building machines and tools for orchard and farm use stand back of the present highly-developed line of International Motor Trucks. All chassis parts are well-designed and built with a reserve to withstand the extra strains. The engine is powerful and accessible. There are styles and sizes for every orchard or farm — capacities range from the 1500-Ib. Speed Truck to the 10,000-lb. heavy-duty model. Special bodies for fruit hauling are available on all chassis. For complete information see the nearest International motor truck dealer, or write for our catalog. International Harvester Company OF AMERICA (INCORPORATeoi CHICAGO .rNCORPORATCOl USA Branch Houses in 92 Principal Cities. Dealers and Service Stations Everywhere. Page T-ceJvr BETTER FRUIT June, 1922 Pear and Apple Blight in Montana Botanist and Bt BACTERIAL blight of apples and pears was first seen in New York State about 1792 and since that time has spread over the entire United States, doing untold damage to pomaceous fruits. While the greatest destruction has been in the pear-growing valleys of California, the losses in apple orchards also have been very heavy. Certain parts of the Rockv Moun- tain region were the last to be invaded by this disease. It did not reach Montana until about 1905, when it made its appear- ance near Hamilton. The writer made strenuous efforts to get the disease stamped out, but received the support of only a few of the fruit growers, the others being un- able to realize the seriousness of the situa- tion. The State Board of Horticulture was not at that time organized to a point where it could handle the situation. Apparently separate introductions of the disease were made, probably with nursery stock, into other parts of the state. At Miles City and at Laurel the blight had made such great headway before being reported that its eradication would have required much labor and expense, but at most other points it could have been eradi- cated at relatively small cost had the recom- mendations of the Experiment Station been carried out. In three instance the disease was so quickly brought under control that very little damage was done. The spread of the blight through the apple orchards has been rapid, and thou- sands of fine, thrifty trees have been destroyed entirely. At the present time it may be found in every part of the state. This is, however, but a repetition of the experience of most other states throughout the country. For a period of several years the State Board of Horticulture made a most deter- mined fight against apple blight and suc- ceeded in bringing it under partial control, largely by the wholesale elimination of very susceptible varieties such as the Trans- cendent crab. The disease now appears some years as an extensive twig blight, kill- ing a few large limbs and trees, and some years as a very light and scattered infection, doing but little damage. Cause and Symptoms of Blight — • This blight is caused by a bacterial organ- ism, a parasite quite unlike insects and fungi. It attacks principally the apple, pear, and quince. A very light infection that soon dies out may occasionally be found on stone fruits, and on service berry, hawthorn, and some other pomaceous shrubs. It never attacks willows, poplars, and other wild plants that are not related to the apple. The blight germs gain entrance to the trees in several ways: (1) Through wounds Bij Deane B. Swingle, i-tenolos,isl, Montjua Agruultural Experiment SlJlion, Bo~eman i.iiiiiiilitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriliiiilllllitrliriiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiliiilitiliMliilllilliliiiilliil I Bacterial blight in fear and apple | I trees, a disease difficult to control in | I the better organized fruit districts, \ I has been even more troublesome in \ I sections where orchardists are neg- \ I lectful of approved practices. The \ I article that follows carefully presents % I both the causes and the remedies. % I It should provide the incentive | I necessary to stir the owner of every | I orchard where blight makes it ap- | I pearance to adopt the drastic Tnea- \ I sures by which it may be eradicated . \ I Those contemplating new plantings | I will find here a helpful guide in the | I matter of susceptibility of varieties I I to the blight. | .Tillllitilirii tiiilllDlllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliilllilltlilliiiiiiillllllllllllliir made by pruning tools, cultivators, etc.; (2) through bites of insects, particularly the green aphis; (3) through the open flower, to which it is carried by bees, ants, and other insects, and, as has recently been shown, by the wind. When once the germ gains entrance it multiplies rapidly and works downward through the bark, but may not cause any visible effect until weeks after the infection has taken place, so that the grower is badly deceived as to just when the disease was acquired. The following symptoms are very char- acteristic: If the infection begins in a flower cluster or in the end of a shoot, as it usually does, the leaves first wilt and droop, then turn brown in the apple and nearly black in the pear. Soon they become dry, hard, and brittle. The bark of the affected twig likewise becomes slightly darkened in the apple and nearly black in the pear. The line between the diseased and the healthy bark is not sharp and dis- tinct during the growing season, so that it is often difficult to determine just how far the disease has progressed; and it is usually farther than an inexperienced person would suppose. On cutting into the diseased bark one finds the inside at first pinkish in color instead of a healthy green, but when it has been diseased for a few weeks it becomes darkened through to the wood, which remains nearly white and normal. This is essentially a bark disease and will continue, in susceptible varieties, to run down the limbs and trunk into the roots, sometimes killing the tree outright in a single season. It practically ceases to spread downward at the end of the growing sea- son and becomes dormant during the winter, but with the opening of spring activity is renewed and another stretch of b.uk is killed. This continues until the tree is completely overcome. Sometimes the attack begins in the water-sprouts at the base of the tree. Under these circum- stances it reaches the roots in a few weeks, where it can not well be treated, and the case becomes practically hopeless. There is a general impression that plants or animals that are very vigorous resist disease better than those that are generally unhealthy and stunted. This certainly is not the case with apple and pear blight. In slow-growing trees the disease makes but moderate progress downward through the bark and generally dies out without reach- ing the larger limbs, while in very rapidly growing, vigorous trees it progresses rapidly, sometimes running through the bark from the tips to the roots in a single season. /^FTEN there may be seen on the ^—'blighted leaves and branches, and espe- cially on the blighted fruits, a yellow exud- ate in tiny droplets, or even in larger quantities running down the tree. This contains enormous numbers of the germs of the disease and is freely visited and eaten by ants, wasps, bees and probably other insects, that carry it to other trees, espe- cially to the flowers, where a fresh attack begins. A single bee may thus infect several hundred flowers during the season, and a swarm of bees could infect many thousands. This accounts in most cases for the very extensive and sudden attacks that many orchards have suffered. When the healthy leaves have fallen in the autumn, those on the diseased twigs and branches still cling to the tree, where they are very conspicuous. At this time also the diseased bark has turned quite dark, especially in the pear, and the line between it and the healthy bark is more sharp and distinct than during the summer season. Here, in the deeper layers of the bark, in the line between the diseased and the sound tissues, the bacteria that cause the blight live over winter. On the assumption that they do not live over in the ground or anywhere else excepting the region just indicated, the following treatment is ad- vocated by the United States Department of Agriculture and by many of the experi- ment stations, and is extensively practiced by orchardists with some measure of success. Treatment ok the Blight — In a single sentence we can say that the only known method of curing a blighted tree is to cut out and burn all affected parts. This seems simple enough, but there are important details that determine between success and failure. As a matter of fact, very few inexperienced men are successful, largely because they will not pay close enough attention to these important details. The following rules should therefore be thoroughly mastered and rigorously fol- lowed: June, Wt^ See that no blight is allowed to winter over in the trees. The best time of the year to cut it out is late fall or early winter. In the dormant season the blighted branch should be cut off about a foot below any visible portion of the disease; in the summer, two or three feet below. If this necessitates cutting off a larger limb, this should be done. It is this rule that is trans- gressed most often and with the most serious consequences. After each cut the saw or shears must be disinfected. The disinfectant can best be carried in a milk bottle attached to the belt, and can be applied with a swab. Small corrosive sublimate tablets (four to a pint of water) make na excellent disinfectant. A 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid is also good. Burn all diseased parts promptly after cutting. In summer this must be done the same day, otherwise insects crawling over them during the night might become carriers of the germs. In winter it is neces- sary to burn them before the first warm days of spring, but many have neglected this rule to their sorrow. Inspect every tree carefully after the orchard has been gone over. Even an ex- pert, when cutting out blight, has to do this two or three times to get every case, and a case or two left may ruin the whole campaign by starting the blight in the blossoms the next season. Pruning — Orchards in infested districts should be kept free from water sprouts at the foot of the trees, and from suckers and fruit spurs on the main limbs; otherwise the bacteria, entering through these tender parts, will quickly reach the roots or the trunk. TiLLAC;!-: ANU Irrigation — Anything that favors a rapid, succulent growth of the tree makes it more susceptible to blight. It is, therefore, most important that blighted orchards should have no more til- lage and water during the first half of the growing season than are absolutely neces- sary to the making of the crop. Barnyard manure should be applied only to the more resistant varieties. Kill the green apple aphis. Observation and experience have convinced us that the winged adult of this insect is the most im- portant carrier of the blight after the bees stop working in the flowers. Thorough spraying with tobacco extract for the green aphis should greatly reduce the spread ol blight during the summer. The claim is sometimes made by those who have grown fruit in the East or the Middle West before coming here that the cutting out of blight is not necessary, that such a practice was very little followed where they came from and yet apples were grown with very little trouble from blight. It is a fact, however, that nearly every apple district, e.ast and west, has a severe outbreak now and then that requires severe cutting. (Contimietl fill tage 18) BETTER FRUIT Page Thirteen -with PACIFIC STUMPING POWDER Save still more by using the latest, cheapest blasting methods— \ Making the Hole Preparing and Loading the Charge SLIT the cartridges (unless the ground is wet) and press each one down firmly in the bottom of the hole dug be- neath the stump so as to form a compact mass without air spaces between cartridges. Next, prepare the priming cai- tridge as follows: Cut fuse of a length sufficient to project six inches from top of hole. Be sure cut is made squarely across fuse, not diagonally. Remove one blasting cap from box with the fin- gers. (Do not use a wire, stick, or any other hard irrplement.) Next slip cap on end of fuse and crimp securely with cap crimper. Punch a hole diagonally in side of cartridge with pointed handle of cap crimper, and insert cap with fuse attached. To keep cap from slipping out, tie a string around fuse and then around cartridge. Then place cartridge in hole on top of charge. Do not slit it. Cap should point toward bottom of bore hole. The subsequent steps in stump blasting will be described in future issues of this paper. Pacific Stumping Powder, the new du Pont Farm Dyna- mite, is the cheapest explosive for stumping. A 1% x 8 inch stick will do the work of a 1% x 8 inch stick of any standard stumping powder— and you get H ^°^^ sticks of Pacific Stumpmg per dollar. Order from vour local dealer and write us for free copy of , 125-paie book "Development of Logged-off Lands," ^ivin^ full instructions as to the use of dynamite for land clearing, ditching and tree planting. E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO., Inc. Spokane Seattle Portland NON-HEADACHE NON-FREEZING STUMPING POWDER Dusting of Trees, Vines, Etc. Bleaching, Etc. ANCHOR BRAND SUBLIMED VELVET FLOWERS OF SUL- PHUR, also EAGLE BRAND and FLEUR DE SOUFRE, packed m double sacks, are the FLUFFIEST and PUREST sulphurs that money can buy. The fine, light, SNOWFLAKE-L1K.E particles float to every surface and crevice o( the plant. Do not adulturate these sulphurs with any inert material such as lime or Kaolin, etc. Coating the sulphur particles with an inert material PREVENTS the FUMING ACTION caused by the sun s Send for Circulars 6, 8 and 10 about our "Toro" Brand Agricultural Compound and booklet "The Truth About Sublimed Sulphur," also price list. San Francisco Sulphur Co. 624 California Stri-tt San Francisco, Cal. OFSUIJWI*' Page Fourteen BETTER FRUIT June. 1922 Shipment of Green Prunes By W. H. Wicks Director Bureau of Pla7it Industry and Markets, Idaho Stau Department of Agricultu A S THE state of Idaho has become the -^*- largest shipper of fresh Italian prunes it is of interest briefly to survey the com- mercial prune industry of the state from this angle. An orchard survey made by inspectors of the bureau of plant industry, state depart- ment of agriculture in 1919, showed 3,962 acres devoted to commercial prune orchards. There is a strong demand for nursery stock and an increased acreage is manifest in our various sections adapted to prune growing which will result in enlarg- ing the production of this delicious fruit. There apparently is no reason whv southern Idaho, with its favored climatic conditions, soil, and already established markets and reputation for quality prunes, should not increase this industry to the fullest pos- sibilities. Experience has shown that prunes can be shipped from Idaho throughout the United States in fresh form with safety, and a number of cars have been marketed in English markets. Records show the number of carloads shipped out of Idaho during 1919 as 1,450 carloads of fresh Italian prunes, with a valuation of $1,104,900. During 1920 there were 1,500 carloads shipped, bringing a return of $1,143,000, while in 1921 there were 2,200 carloads shipped out with a valuation of $1,760,000. For the past three-year period the total number of carloads shipped was 5,150 hav- ing a total valuation of $4,007,900. The major part of these prunes are grown in the Boise, Emmett, Payette and Weiser valleys and along the Snake river in various valleys in the vicinity of Parma, Caldwell, Nampa, Bliss and the Twin Falls section. The elevation, volcanic ash forma- tion of the soil and climatic conditions all unite in producing the Italian prune to its highest state of perfection, both for ship- ping fresh to the market or evaporating and selling as dried prunes. The suit-case pack and the four-basket crate have been standardized for shipping prunes, although there is a tendency on the part of some to use a lug box, while others have shipped in half and bushel baskets. During 1921 there were shipped as shown by the carloads inspected by the state de- partment of agriculture, 1,225 carloads of suit-case pack, 194 cars of four-basket crates, 24 cars in lug boxes, 30 cars of half- bushel baskets and 20 cars of bushel baskets. The three and one-half inch suit-case is the Idaho standard for suit-case pack. One thousand, three hundred eighty-six suit cases per car is the rule, with a minimum weight per suit-case of 17 pounds. The general range is 17 to 22 pounds, mostly averaging 18 pounds net weight and the four-basket crate averaging 20 pounds net. The standardization of farm products and shipping point inspection as conducted by the state department of agriculture, co- operating with the United States bureau of markets and crop estimates, has devel- oped an inspection and standardization service which is being extensively used bv growers, shippers and the trade, and h.is done much to standardize the quality and marketing of the Idaho prune. 'X'HE markets for fresh prunes have been -*■ generally strong and good, with an increasing demand as shippers learn to dis- tribute this fruit over the markets in the middle west and eastern states, instead of putting large shipments on the Chicago and New York markets, which may oftentimes become unable to consume such large quan- tities. The Idaho prune is marketed bv individual growers, several large independ- ent buyers, organizations, and an attempt h.is been made to market co-operatively. In 1921 cash f. o. b. sales were the rule, with consignment business practically nil. The evaporator industry in Idaho is well established and is capable of taking care of much of the prune crop in case the market is not satisfactory for fresh prunes. More evaporators, however, could be built to the benefit of the prune industry and the owners operating the same. The output of dried prunes for 1921 was 95 0,000 pounds. Of all the tree fruits grown commer- cially in Idaho, the prune is one of the surest and foremost money-makers in which one can engage. The problems of orchard management, such as soil fertility, irriga- tion, cultivation, pruning and spraying are being enthusiastically studied by prune growers and much progress is being made in the betterment of the prune orchards at this time. The highest record, which we are able to obtain for the production of Italian prunes in Idaho, is fifteen cars on nine acres. This orchard was seven years old at the time (1915) and located in the Emmett valley. The average production for the state is one car per acre. The 1921 prices for fresh prunes ranged from $40 to $45 per ton. From all indi- cations it seems reasonable to predict a rapid development of the Idaho prune industry and increased prosperity to the state as con- tributed by this substantial branch of horticulture. Tree Surgery By Joseph F. Teevin 'T'REE surgery is like medical surgery — -■- the greatest care must be exercised in its operation. All diseased parts must be removed. The smallest piece of mycelium or trace of growing fungi left in the tree will grow. The heart rot is the worst fungus disease that fruit growers have to contend with. Of the two species, the black and the white, the latter is far the most destructive. TEe spores, blown by the wind, alight on a wound, but in dry weather will not grow. The ideal weather for its growth is warm weather. The growth rapidly spreads, vertically sending its mycelium downward more rapidly than upward. As the growth con- tinues it spreads horizontally until, in a badly diseased tree, nothing is left but a shell of sap-wood and bark. Heart rot has to be cut out of the wiod The best tools for this work are a car- penter's chisel and a farrier's knife. Care must be taken not to cut out any more of the good wood than necessary. Cut a narrow slit in the wood right over the rot with the chisel, following the mycelium up and down until it is all clear. In cutting the rot out there must be care not to disturb the bark, for if it dies around the wound it will take longer to heal over. The farrier's knife is used to smooth up the in- cision. The open wound is then painted with Bordeaux paste, a mixture of lime and copper sulphate in equal parts. When wounds are made on a tree bv pruning or by accident a good coat of Bordeaux paste applied will save trouble later on. At the time this may seem a waste of time and money, but let the disease get a start and it will take far more time and money to get rid of it. The beautiful blossom scene picture which adorns the front cover this month was taken in the Yakim_a Valley, famous for the production of its fine apples and other fruits. AAA Kindly mention Better Fruit when an- swering advertisements. Land Clearing With Dynamite /COMPILATION of the actual figures ^— * in land clearing demonstrations cover- ing all the western counties of Oregon and Washington during recent months has shown that the average acre of logged-off land to be cleared contains not to exceed more than 1,000 to 1,200 diameter inches of stumps to be removed. This represents about 85 to 100 diameter feet of stumps per acre and is equivalent to a maximum of 33 stumps averaging three feet in diameter or 25 stumps averaging four feet in dia- meter. Figures on the amount of explosives re- quired for clearing an acre of land are given in a recent report by E. I. duPont de Nemours Company. This states that 250 pounds, representing a total of 650 sticks of the new stumping dynamite, will easily remove either 33 stumps averaging three feet or 25 stumps averaging four feet in June. 10-22 BETTER FRUIT Page Fifteen diameter, in such thorough manner th.U snags and broken parts may be picked up or dragged to a central spot for burning, with practically no additional labor in pull- ing or cutting roots. Present cost of the stumping powder, or dynamite, is given at 5.38 cents a stick. This would represent an outlay of approximately $3 5. There would be required approximately 35 caps and probably 150 feet of fuse or, instead, perhaps 3 5 electric blasting caps. These materials, it is said, may be pur- chased most anywhere at an outlay of $45 to $50. It is pointed out that these figures do not constitute an excessive cost of clearing logged-off lands in producing areas. Such costs serve to illustrate the point that, "even if the price of powder were cut in two, the difference to be saved thereby could in no way justify the withholding of suitable soil from development under present con- ditions and prices." Detailed figures on costs of stumping powder are given in the report by way of refuting allegations that they are too high to permit of much general land clearing by this method. The figures seem to indicate that the new powder now in use is sold at almost exactly the same price as the old and less efficient powder cost in pre-war days. The actual difference is said to be only eight cents on 100 sticks. In the past it has been the practice to use a 20 per cent dynamite or stumping powder, so called, for stump blasting and such powders averaged about 85 sticks to the 50 pound case, or 170 sticks to the 100 pounds. The aver.ige carload price, f. o. b. point of manufacture, of 20 per cent stumping powders in the years 1909-14 was $9 per 100 pounds and, based on 170 sticks to the 100 pounds, represented a cost of 5.3 cents per stick or $5.30 per 100 sticks. There are now manufactured, at least by the duPont Company, powders of an en- tirely different type, carrying a much greater number of sticks to each 100 pounds and, in carload lots, retailing at $5.38 per 100 sticks, or 5.38 cents per stick. This cost is very nearly indentica! with that pre- vailing before the war. The newer powders have special advant- ages, it is said, in being non-freezing, non- headache producing, in blasting stumps more throughly than the old types and in working better under all sorts of conditions that may be encountered. It is shown in the report on land clear- ing in Washington and Oregon that there is further inducement to such development in the higher prices for farm commodities than were received in 1909-14. It is said that 100 bushels of wheat now purchases 1900 sticks of the new powder whereas the same amount then purchased 1700 sticks of a less efficient stumping explosive. « A « In writing to our advertisers kindly men- tion Better Fruit. Every Woman Loves to Paint When She Knows How— Let Us Tell You PAINTING is really fascinating work. Once you are started you'll probably not want to stop until you have refinished many things you did not intend to do at first. Of course, there are some simple direc- tions that must be followed if the work is to be successful, and we have a special ■'Home Service Paint Department" which was organized just to tell you how to paint. Perhaps some of your furniture, floors, woodwork or walls are beginning to look a little old — just on the surface. Pick out one or two things to do. Tel! us about them and how you want them to look when finished. Our experts will tell you what materials to use, how to do the work step by step, what brushes you'll need, and everything about it. For 73 years we have been making paints, varnishes, enamels, wall finishes and stains for women to use. They are the finest materials of their kind that we know. Write for Fullers Free Advice and re- finish a few home things. You'll be sur- prised how fascinating the work is and how much you can save, too. Free Advice Write us now — a postcard — for Fuller's "Home Service" Paint Book, which tells you just what to buy for every kind of painting. Send full descrip- tion and get our free advice on any kind of painting you want lo do. Decoret Varnish Stains for refinishing furni- ture and interior woodwork. They slain and varnish in one operation. Match the color of any natural wood. 8 colors. Silkenwhite Enamel produces a rich, beautiful finish on woodwork and furniture. Flows out smoothly and does not show brush marks. Produces a mirror-smooth surface. Stays white and wears long. Gloss white, semi-gloss white and 8 colors. Rubber Cement Floor Paint: A durable, sani- tary, waterproof paint for floors of kitchens, closets, etc. Spreads easily, covers well. Dries hard over night. 12 colors. Fullerwear: The all-purpose spar varnish which is unexcelled for all interior and exterior surfaces. Fine for linoleums, floors, wood- work, furniture, front doors and vestibules. Dries hard and glossy. Very durable. Also makers of House Paint, Barn and Roof Paint. Washable Wall Finish, Tractor Paint, Fifteen-for* Floors Varnish, Auto Enamel, Porch and Step Paint, Fuller's Hot Water Wall Finish (kalsomine) , Silo Paint. Milk Can Enamel, PIONEER WHITE LEAD, Imple- ment Paint and Fuller's Oil Stains. Fullerk SPECIFICATIOM ''Home Service'Paints Varnishes •Enomels- stains Manufactured by W. P. Fuller & Co., Dept. M-24, San Francisco I'iontcr Paint Mamifarfiirprs for 7,1 yrars. KstnliHshcd 1819. Branches in 19 ritjfs in the West. Dealers Everywhere, Free Book — Send Coupon ?rnd roupnn for Fiillrr's "Hiim.' Sorvire" Paint Guide, a free book which tells you how to paint and varnish home things, what brushes to use. etc. Ask our Service Department any question about paint which you would like to have an> swered — complete detailed ad- vice is given free. gULLEg Paints 'tEadEBSi W. p. Fuller & Co. Dcpt. M-24, San Francisco. Please send me without charge a copy of your "Home Service" Paint Guide. Name .\ddress •. <^'i>v., . State Page Sixteen BETTER FRUIT Publithed Uonthly by Better Fruit Publishing Company Twelfth and Jeffer«on Streeti PORTLAND, OREGON lERROLD OWEN Managing Editor ERNEST C. POTTS Editor C I MOODY Advertising Manager EASTERN REPRESENTATIVES PAUL W. & GUY P. MINNICK 280 Madison Ave, New York City JNO. D. ROSS 608 Otis Bldg., Chicago SAN FRANCISCO REPRESENTATIVE EDWIN C. WILLIAMS Hobart Bldg., San Francisco STATE ASSOCIATE EDITORS OREGON— H. P. Barss, Plant Pathologist, Cor- vallis; A. L. Lovett, Entomologist, Corvallis. WASHINGTON— Dr. A. L. Melander, Ento- mologist; O. M. Morris, Horticulturist, Pull- man. COLORADO— C. P. Gillette, Director and Ento- mologist; E. B. House. Irrigation Expert, State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. ARIZONA — F. J. Crider, Horticulturist, Tuscon. MONTANA— H. Thornber, Victor. CALIFORNIA— C. W. Woodworth, Entomolo- gist, Berkeley; W. H. Voick, Entomologist. Watsonville; Leon D. Batchelor, Horticulturist, Riverside. INDIANA— H. S. Jackson, Pathologist, Lafayette. All Communications should be addressed and Remittances made payable to BETTER FRUIT PUBLISHING COMPANY Subscription Price: In the United States, $1.00 per year in advance: three years, $2; five years, $3. Canada and Foreign, including postage, $2.00, payable in American Exchange Advertising Rates on Application. VOL. XVI, NO. 12 Back to Prosperity Slowly and painfully old Na- tional Prosperity is creeping back on the job. He is still wan and emaciated, but seems recognizable to the prophets of the country. They are just about a unit in fore- casting his near approach and pre- paring a warm welcome for the long-absent old benefactor. The fruit sections served by this magazine have reason for optim- ism. For one thing, they have come through the depression in much better shape than those sec- tions devoted more exclusively to agricultural pursuits. If mush- room projects and shiftless orchardists have been squeezed out of the industry so much the better. The conscientious and capable grower fared well in 1921 and has so much the better foundation on which to build now than the farmer and livestock grower. Fruit prospects of the Northwest for the present season are uni- formly good. Labor costs are down; material prices have de- clined; transportation rates have BETTER FRUIT been reduced; foreign markets are strengthening; home markets have cleaned up remarkably well; frost visitations have worked little dam- age. In short, the year 1922 has nearly every earmark of prosperity for our fruit growers. It looks like a year when a little extra optimism, coupled with industry, will yield adequate, even generous reward. Prunes and Printer's Ink Once in a while the power of ad- vertising makes itself felt in a sur- prising way. Consider a recent il- lustration of this. The Oregon Co-operative Growers' Association was offered an order of extensive proportions for dried prunes for the English trade, provided the prunes were labeled as a California product. The association officers were in- censed at the proposal and practi- cally ignored it. There was just- ification for their feeling of provo- cation, but that is not the point under discussion here. In the offer to take Oregon prunes masquerading under a Cali- fornia label there was admission that there is no disparity between the two in quality. The obvious point, however, is that the English do not know this — that they de- mand dried prunes with a "Cali- fornia" label on them. The explanation is all summed up in one word — advertising. The value of advertising was learned early and well in California. As- tute leaders in the varied branches of that state's fruit industry have long been putting the power of ad- ji^ertising behind their products. There is nothing surprising in the fact that results have made them- selves felt 7,000 miles distant, across the Atlantic. Growers of the Pacific North- west still lag behind when it comes to advertising their fruit and fruit products. While a majority seem to know that the money spent in judicious exploitation of their high- class products will eventually bring rich returns, others are too short- sighted to see or understand this. Too frequently the penny-wise June, 1922 views of the near-sighted growers dictate the publicity policies of their organizations. Continuous education and effort by the well-informed leaders is slowly bringing an awakening — an appreciation of the power of adver- tising. Meanwhile an occasional object lesson effectively speeds the waking up process. Fruit and Health In England, fruit dealers have been advertising the beneficial properties of oranges and pine- apples for persons afflicted with the influenza. This has resulted in no little comment upon the health-giving qualities of all varieties of fresh, ripe fruit. Said one writer: "Every fruiterer's shop window should dis- play some notice drawing attention in some striking manner to fruit as food and medicine." Not long ago the National Tuberculosis Association met in New York. Entirely upon merit and without solicitation, the associ- ation adopted California figs as a part of the diet recommended for under-nourished children. Bread, milk and figs constitute the lunch recommended for such children. The California Peach and Fig Growers lost no time in giving co- operation and taking advantage of the advertising benefits the action of the tuberculosis association af- forded. Fifteen hundred pounds of dried figs were immediately given, free, to the nutrition clinics. Over in Idaho not a season passes that E. F. Stephens, dean of the state's orchardists, does not give several hundred boxes of apples to various hospitals and the state asylum. Back of this philanthropy is the knowledge that good accrues to the apple industry through this indirect advertising of apples as a health food. Statements that fruits are Nature's own health foods are as old as the hills, but this fact gives no excuse for not everlastingly re- peating the truth and taking fullest advantage of its advertising pos- sibilities. June, 1922 National Sales Body A NATIONAL sales agency, the Fed- •^^*- erated Fruit Growers, to co-operatively market the American fruit crop was created a month ago in Chicago. J. S. Edwards was elected vice-president of the new or- ganization and given managerial authority and instructed to proceed with the forma- tion of a sales department. The establishment of this agency is the result of the work of the Producers' Na- tional Fruit Marketing Com.mittee ap- pointed by the American Farm Bureau Federation to develop an improved market- ing system for the fruit growers of America. This committee, consisting of 22 men, has made a complete analysis of the various factors affecting fruit marketing, has studied the work of the various co- operative fruit marketing organizations and as a result has developed a plan for the correlation of these local co-operatives into one national organization. This temporary board of directors for the Federated Fruit Growers was appointed by the committee: James Nicol, Michigan, president; J. S. Edwards, California, vice-president and acting general manager; W. B. Armstrong, Washington; Sheridan W. Baker, Cali- fornia; C. E. Durst, Illinois; B. F. Moomaw, Virginia; N. R. Peet, New York; C. E. Stewart, Florida. J. S. Edwards, the vice-president, selected to act as general manager, repre- sents western fruit growers. He is now president of the Gold Buckle Association, one of the largest growers' associations in California and is a director in the Cali- fornia Fruit Growers' E.xchange and in the Fruit Growers' Supply Company. The new organization will open offices in Chicago at once. National standariza- tion of fruit grades and an advertising campaign to increase consumption of all fruit, will be two of the jobs undertaken bv the Federated Fruit Growers. BETTER FRUIT Fage Seventeen Shippers' Convention EVT.RY important apple growing district of the Pacific Northwest is making plans to entertain at least a portion of the delegates who will come to Seattle, in July, to attend the convention of the Inter- national Apple Shippers' Association. The Spokane district, Wenatchee, Yakima and Hood River growers and shippers al! have tentative promise that groups of the visitors will pay them a call. In Seattle a general committee has been busily at work for many weeks arranging for the convention. A. R. Currie is chair- man of this committee. It is assured that the visiting shippers will not only be hewn a good time, but that many beneficial results will come from their sessions and investigations. AAA ■ Kindly mention Better Fntit when an- swering advertisements. H/iiimiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiui^ Do You Want Duty-Free POTASH? Recently a United States Senator, who is actively engaged in trying to defeat the ' 'joker" in the Free List which puts a 100 per cent duty on agricultural Potash, asked why the farmers were not represented at the hearings before the Senate Finance Committee when the subject was under consideration. A man, who attended these hearings, called the Senator's attention to the fact that three owners of farms had appeared, representing New Jersey, Missouri and Indiana; that the New Jersey Federation of County Boards of Agriculture, and the Representative of the New Jersey State Grange appeared; that the Representative of the National Grange made a statement; that the National Farm Bureau Federation and the Representative of the National Bureau of Farm Organizations had been actively working for free Potash, and that the Washington Repre- sentatives of these Agricultural Organizations represented millions of real farmers, who paid good money to belong to these organizations and to support their representation in Washington, upon whom they depended to look after bgislation affecting farmers' interests. Later on it developed that other Senators had this same thought — that the farmers were not asking that Potash remain on the Free List. There can be no question that all farmers most strongly object to paying two dollars for a dollar's worth of Potash. Ten people, representing farmers, fertilizer manufacturers, producers of imported potash, and former producers of American potash, appeared before the Senate Finance Committee, or filed briefs on the subject. Of these, nine asked that Potash remain on the Free List and one asked for the duty. Why then have the Senators come to believe that farmers are indifferent about the matter? The explanation is to be found in the fact that the ' 'United States Potash Producers' Association" maintains in Wash- ington an organization which is very active in urging a duty on the farmers' Potash. At the hearing their propagandist shouted: "Where was the American farmer yesterday? Where was the farmer of the South, who uses more Potash than any other farmer in the country? . . . Where was the American Farm Bureau Federation, which has its offices in Washington? Where was the National Bureau of Farm Organizations, representing thousands of farmers ? ' ' This was clear bluff, for these organizations were repre- sented and they have taken their stand squarely for Free Potash. But the bluff, constantly repeated, seems to have made an impression that will be costly to the consumers of Potash, unless immediate steps are taken to show the Senators that farmers are very much in earnest about the matter. The farmers' representatives in Washington must be supported by the farmers at home. 'The onhj effrrtire way to do this is for farmers to write to both of their United States Senators at Washington, urging them to see that the "joker" at the end of Paragraph 16S5 be struck out and that Potash used in fertilizers remain on the Free List, where it ahvays has been. The Senate is now considering the Tariff Bill. Write your Senators today. During the time when foreign Potash could not be obtained. Potash sold at more than ten times the prewar or the present prices. Then the American producers, some of whom are called the "Borax Brigade", had the opportunity of profi- teering to the limit, and of selling at very high prices Potash of an inferior, and sometimes injurious kind. Now they ask for "protection" in the form of one of the most excessive duties in the whole Tariff Act. Unless the farmers act promptly, they are likely to get it. SOIL & CROP SERVICE, POTASH SYNDICATE 42 Broadway H. A. HUSTON, Manager New York ailinillllllMIIIIHIIMIMIIII»llllllllllllllllltllllllll»IIIIIIIMIIIIIIIinillllllllllHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIHIIIinilHIII»IIIIIIIIIHIINIIIIMIIIHIIIIIIIIMIIU Page Eighteen BETTER FRUIT June, 1922 ATTMlCnVE FRUIT CAN FRUIT BOX t: ^■''>S EVAPORATED FRUIT DRIED FRUIT '\ \/ ' yy WINDOMf MSPLAVS POSTEIS \ Write or telegraph for. samples, PRICES And ideas. UNITED STATESPRlNTING & LITHOGRAPH CQ ' eOLOffPfi/JVr/NG HEADQUARTE/iS^ \ HOGE BUILDING cTEATTLE 112 MARKET St. penlsli, Washington. Salesmen everywhere. More wanted- BOXES GROWERS — CANNERS Lei Us Figure With You on Your Needs American Box & Crate Mfg. Co. PORTLAND, OREGON Pear and Apple Blight In Montana ( Continued from page 1 3 ) Resistant Varieties — As already indi- cated, there is a great difference between varieties of apples and pears as to their sus- ceptibility or resistance to this disease. Trees may be resistant in either of two respects or in both. First, if the blight germs get into the blossoms or the tender bark, a natural resistance of the trees may prevent them from getting a start in many cases. Second, if the disease gets a start in the blossoms, the leaves, or the tender shoots, it will in some susceptible varieties spread down into the bark of the larger branches, trunks or even roots; while in other varieties more resistant, it will die out early in the season, forming only a "twig blight." This kind of resistance is the more important. Nothing is so essential in fighting this disease as to avoid planting certain suscep- tible varieties, which are almost certain to be killed if attacked, and to pull out or top- work those already growing. It would be impossible and quite useless to list here all known varieties of apples and pears and state the degree of susceptibility of each, for most of them have no commercial value in the state. Our fruit growers, however, may find here listed most of those varieties that have a commercial value in one or more important sections, and they should be guided by it in the setting of new orchards. Class A. — Relatively resistant, /. «., the blight seldom runs far in limbs more than one-half inch in diameter, and usually makes only a twig blight: Duchess of Oldenburg, Gano, Ben Davis, Rome Beauty, Wagener, Stayman, Winesap, Thompkins King. Class B. — Moderately resistant, ;. e., the disease seldom runs far in limbs more than three-fourths inch in diameter, and usually makes onlv a twig blight: Mcintosh Red, Jonathan, Delaware Red, Grimes Golden, Wealthy, Baldwin, Northwest Greening. Class C. — Moderately susceptible, i. e., the disease frequently penetrates the smaller limbs (an inch or less in diameter), but seldom the main limbs or the trunk: Yel- low Transparent, Fameuse (Snow), Spit- zenberg, Delicious, Whitney crab, Martha crab, Hyslop crab. Class D. — Verv susceptible, i. e., many infections may appear in a tree; the blight extends rapidly into the larger limbs and trunks and the tree is usually killed: Alex- ander, Wolf River, Transcendent crab, McMahon, Winter Banana. IN CONSIDERING the foregoing lists the grower should understand that classes A, B, and C, rank quite close together and that any of those varieties can probably be grown successfully even in blight-infested districts of the state; while June, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Nineteen between class C and D, there is a very wide difference, the latter being very much more susceptible. It is an exceedingly important fact that in trees belonging to classes A and B, the blight germs nearly always die out in the bark before winter and almost never live over until the next spring, while in those belonging to class C, they fre- quently live over winter, and in those of Class D they quite regularly do so and thus start a new infection in the orchards at blossoming time. Our orchardists should not attempt longer to grow these five varieties. They are doomed to be replaced by others that are more resistant. It would be most unwise, therefore, for a grower to set them out. As for the trees of susceptible varieties that have already been planted and have reached the age of bearing, they may be top-worked to varieties more resistant. Trees thus treated, if kept free from water- sprouts will make valuable orchards and will thrive even in the midst of blight, only oc- casional trees being lost. If, however, the water-sprouts are allowed to grow, they furnish the blight with a quick and easy path to the root of the tree, and the orchard may thus be ruined. Relative Resistance oi- the Pear — Pears have been grown only to a limited extent in Montana, but those trees that have come into bearing have proved so profit- able that something should be said for the guidance of those who may be thinking of planting them more extensively. It is a misconception that pear trees grow- ing in any locality are a special menace to the apple industry. Pears are no more likely to contract blight than apples; and if they have it and the owner desires to fight it he will find it not so difficult to combat in the pear as in the susceptible apple. The reason for this is that the normal bark of the pear is lighter in color and the blighted portions darker than in the apple; it is therefore easier to find all the blighted limbs. In general, we may say that it is much easier to control the blight in pears than in apples listed in class D. Pears, like apples, differ in their sus- ceptibility to this disease. The Clapp's Favorite, for example, blights so badly that it can not be grown commercially with profit. The Kieffer, on the other hand, is about as resistant as the apples in class B. Unfortunately, it is not a first-class variety for eating, though it is prized by the can- neries. There are three other varieties that have commercial possibilities in this state, the Bartlett, Buerre d'Anjou, and Flem- ish Beauty. Of these the Bartlett is the most susceptible, though hundreds of thou- sands of trees are being grown where blight has existed for years. Buerre d'Anjou is decidedly the most resistant, being raised profitably in Colorado, for example, where the blight has greatly Injured most other varieties. Both of these are decidedly superior in quality of fruit to the Flem- ish Beauty. All pear orchards grown where blight is found will develop some cases in the tops — many of them if the orchards are neglected. These may be controlled, however, by the methods outlined here. The principal loss of trees is caused by the blight's run- ning down the limbs into the trunks, or, worse yet, by its reaching the roots through the water-sprouts. To avoid this loss it is important that a pear tree shall have a bodv and roots of a variety resistant to blight and not likely to sprout. Use for a stock the Chinese sand pear, often called "Japanese" stock, which is much more resistant than the French seedling and does not sucker so badly. Upon this graft the Kieffer or some equally resistant scion. Set deep in the ground so that the roots will be sent out above the union. In pruning leave four main limbs, and the second or third year after grafting top- work these limbs to the desired variety — for example, Buerre d'Anjou. The buds or grafts should be set one to two feet from the trunk. This will make a fine, large tree; and should the blight run down a limb to the point of union it will there be checked, and a new limb can be grown in (he place of the one lost. For convenience one may order from the nursery Kieffei stock on "Japanese" roots and do the top- working himself at the proper time. This system has been thoroughly tried and we recommend it unqualifiedly to those who wish to grow this much-prized fruit. Pointers on Painting I3AINTS and painting cost less than ■■- repairs necessitated by decav or disin- tegration. There is no such thing as an all-service paint. Paint should be selected accord- ing to the material to be painted and the conditions under which it must give serv- ice. The wear on a floor is more severe than on a wall; hence the floor calls for a tougher, more elastic paint. Painting should not be done when the temperature is lower than 50 F. degrees as the paint will not flow well. It is im- pr.ictical to paint a hot surface. The old painting axiom is: In spring and fall fol- low the sun; in summer, follow the shade. Outside painting should be done in drv weather. Surfaces should not be painted when wet. Surfaces to be painted should be gotten as smooth and clean as possible. Thcv should be free from grease. If painting new wood, knots and sappy surfaces should be shellaced first. If painting over pre- viously painted surfaces, all blisters and loose or peeled spots should be scraped or burned clean. A brushing with a stiff wire brush followed by sandpaper is good practice. A 4 * .Advertisers appreciate mention of the fact that you read their ad in Better Fruit. SGOBEL & DAY An International Sales Organization Established 1869 General Offices 202-204- Franklin Street, N'ew York, X. V. Horace W. Day, Piesident James S. Stokes, Vice-President Walter H. Youngs, Manager Kenneth H. Day. Sec. Sales Manager Northwestern Offices Spalding- Bld^., Portland, Oregon C. W. McCullagh, Northwestern Manager Portland, Oregon District Representatives Louis A. Ulunck, Weiser. Idaho Ernest Carpenter, Yakima, Wash. Stanley Armstrong, Wenatchee, Wash. J. Arthur Riggs, Hood River, Ore. Crawford C. Lemmon. Medford, Or«. PhuI McKcrcher, White Salmon, Wash. Selling In All Leading Markets Superior Sales Service PRIDE BRAND Page Twenty BETTER FRUIT June, 1922 Why Successful Orchardists Come Back to Us for Stock A fact — by far more fruit trees now in Washington orchards were purchased from us than from any other nursery. During 19 years, as customers have increased their orchard acreage, steady repeat orders have been proving that we en- joy fublic confidence — the only lasting basis for success in the nursery business. Because we grow and sell only hardy, matured nursery stock, well-rooted and free from diseas e — b e c a u s e we won't sell you stock unless we believe it will meet your re- quirements— because we are here to stay — our guarantee means something. You can depend upon golden- rule treatment in selecting your stock here. Write and let us help you. Washington Nursery Company Vour Tree Men Since 1903 Toppenish, Wash. In Defense of Scalecide By B. G. Pratt. President B. G. Pratt Comfany, New York For Control of Aphis — Spray with APHOIL Which is also an effi- cient Spreader. Write for information Hood River Spray Co. HOOD RIVER, OREGON Manufacturers of DORMOIL ;iiiiii>llinilltllllllllllltlliriiiliilllllllllllllllliliiiiiliirtiiiiTliniiltilHlliniiniiiiiinlliiiini>^ I It is a bit unusual to giz'e space to | I an article defending and fraising a | I specific spray materia/, but it was an | 1 unusual thing for a publication such \ 1 as Bettter Fruit to print a story of \ I spray results with brand names all | I given as we did in the March issue. \ i Discussion was urged and good has | I corne from the interest thus aroused. | I The picture to which Mr. Pratt | I refers was not furnished by Profes- | I sor Parker, but by C. C. Vincent, | I whose article appeared last month | I and, according to his report, dealt | I with tests almost exclusively with | I Mr. Pratt's miscible oil spray. With | I regard to the retardation of buds, | I Professor Vincent admits it may have | I been partly due to poor condition of | I the trees as they entered the 'winter | I period. I r ,„„ „„i iiiiiniiiiiiiitiiiMili HUM iiiiiiiii Hill i~ IN THE March issue of Better Fruit, I see a full report of Professor J. R. Parker on leaf roller work in Montana and, as you request a discussion, I am availing mvself of the opportunity, not as a criti- cism, but in the hope that it may be of help to someone. Naturally, this report is very disappoint- ing to me in that Scalecide should have made such a poor showing, but fortunately, its reputation was not made in a day; neither do I believe it will be lost by one experiment. But the surprising thing to me is that the field e.xperiments with all the oils Xised, was so poor — the best not killing 75 per cent leaf roller. This is not effective spraying. The best field work with any oil in Mr. Parker's report is poorer than the poorest work ever reported with Scalecide hereto- fore during the past ten years. Circular No. 26, Colorado Experiment station, re- ports 100 per cent leaf roller killed with Scalecide, using 1 to 12, 1 to 1 5, I to 20, and even 1 to 25 parts of water. Cornell bulletin No. 367, reports 96.2 per cent killed in field work where thorough work was attempted, and from 79 to 82 per cent where, admittedly light application was made and under unfavorable weather con- ditions, and adding "there was no appear- ance of injury due to the oils." What was the matter with the Montana tests? I must admit my inability to tell with any degree of certainty, from the data available. I do not believe that any one else has had as long or as wide an experi- ence as I have in handling miscible oils and believe I know what can be expected from them. Any good miscible oil should have given better results. For seventeen years I ■ have fought against a coarse spray and for several years past a coarse, driving spray, (the spray gun at high pressure). I have 35,000 trees and the spray gun would mean the saving of much time in spraying, but 1 would lose in efficiency, so I do not use them. The spray injury as reported to a greater or less extent from all of the oils, I do not attribute to the lateness of the spray, but I believe is entirely due to the spray gun (provided the oils all emulsified properly). The difference in injury from the dif- ferent oils and on different trees can be accounted for by the different men hand- ling the spray gun, or, the position the same man held the gun on different trees. The closer to the tree, or the wider the open- ing used, the greater the injury. In my own orchards, where I use a cluster of fine nozzles, I have on several occasions finished my Scalecide spray only two or three days before we started the pink or cluster bud spray without the least injury. I do know, however, of severe injury to buds earlier than this with a coarse, driving spray. You can drive an oil spray into the folds of the expanding _ buds where it would be impossible to drive lime-sulfur. But why drive? You can- not do effective spraying by splashing the material on the trees, no matter how hard vou splash it. A mist will cover completely, give better results and no injury. The photograph on page six, showing the retarding of the buds by the use of mis- cible oils, is misleading and due, we believe, to the driving spray. The June, 1918, issue of the South African Fruit Grozver had a picture showing the opposite condition on trees sprayed for five years with Scalecide. We agree with you fully that "experi- ments with spray materials, when scientifi- cally carried out by experts, are certain to add something to the sum total of existing knowledge about them." But they are often too sporadic and not continued long enough to eliminate the natural margin of errors. I am glad to report that the experiment In Montana is to be repeated this year, and I sincerely hope that better results will be obtained with all the oils used. I assure you that I will be pleased to know that an oil or oils are made on the Pacific Coast that will control leaf roller as well as Scalecide has always done before and will, in all probability do again, for it hurts me to pay such a tremendous tax to the railroad. When the time comes that Scalecide will be indispensable to the Northwest fruit grower, we hope condi- tions will arise that will greatly reduce or eliminate this extra tax. AAA Advertisers appreciate mention of the fact that vou reacl their ad in Better Fiuil. June, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-one Care of Raspberries and Evergreens {Continued from page 7) ground, and carry the new canes overhead, up between the bearing canes during June, July and August. In February, they are dropped to the lower trellis. That is the plan that is being used very commonly with some of our better plantings in the Puyallup valley. The canes overhead mature the wood better, are hardier when carried up than on the trellis underneath, and go through the winter better. In 1919, in adjoining fields, where the canes were carried over- head there was practically no winter injury. The disadvantage is that it is a little hard to get them up during July and August. It is easier to drop them than it is to carry the new canes up to the bearing trellis. IVTHERE we use a commercial fertilizer " we like to have about a 2-10 or a 2-8 or a 2-4 combination. On our sandier soils we believe in a great deal of phosphor- ous. Where we might ordinarily use a 2-8 fertilizer, we like to use a little more phos- phorous because we find that the plants respond on that lighter soil where con- siderable phosphorous is used. One common practice that our growers are using now is the combination of poultry and berries. Almost every berry grower, 75 or 80 per cent, now have some poultry in connection with their berry plantation. At certain times of the year they let the poultry run in the berries. The poultry helps cultivate the hills, keep down weeds and grass between the plants, and also aids in fertilization. One man a few years ago said: "If my poultry did not lay an egg they would pav for themselves in the benefit they do to the field, in fertiliz- ing and scratching. I consider that the eggs they lav are clear velvet." So we are using fertilizers now that have hen manure as the chief element and supplement that with phosphorous and potash. After planting Evergreens we get a pay- ing crop in about three years. We will get a light crop the second year, a little heavier the next year. The second year we would get about 25 crates, the third 1(10. .\ crate weighs about 20 pounds — 18 of berries. The fourth year they give us a little heavier crop, the fifth year we can expect five to seven tons to the acre. New officers of the Skookum Packers' Association arc: I. H. Logue, president; C. W. White, first vice-president; A. V.. Munson, second vice-president; Miss Grace Lamphere secretary-treasurer; J. A. War- man, general manager. AAA Large numbers of Delicious apple trees have been planted in the Yakima district this spring. Westpine boxes are MORE than mere containers 117ESTPINE boxes are more than merely containers for your crop — they are protection and insurance. Strong and sturdy Westpine boxes save your fruit — your profits — from losses in storage, rough handling and the weaving motion of shipping. In Westpine boxes your apples reach the market in perfect condi- tion. They find ready sale. Be sure you use Westpine boxes this year. They are made from thoroughly seasoned and inspected western white pine. They af- ford your apples needed protection. Write today for "The How and Why of Good Wood Boxes," a handbook, on the proper construction and nailing of wood boxes. It gives results of U. S. government tests on apple boxes. Box Bureau, Western Pine Manufacturers' Association 510 Yeon Building, Portland, Oregon ^vara>ENaaKES ,f'* 'nan ,n any „,1, *" a'Pubiic lt';"'"^cosTvv°frr^- And Codling Moth This destructive pest requires utmost vigilance. Use Ortho Dry Arsenate of Lead. Uni- form in strength. Mixes per- fectly, and stays in suspension a long time. Write for Ortho Circular CALirOPfJIA pl'i/'ISIICOMl- I Watsonville;': Address Dcpt. F. Page Twenty-two BETTER FRUIT ^^ RAY50 5P«*Y ^PRCAOtR & A0KE5IVE The Casein Spreader iMakes your spray spread and stay giving full protedtion to bark, foliage and fruit. Use Kayso with all sprays. Ask your dealer — or write today for circular. CALIFORNIA CENTRAL CREAMERIES 425 Battery Street, San Francisco LOS ANGELES CHICAGO NEW YORK Safe~Economica\— Convenient , tANDFACTlMD BV _„„^ ''"fOBNIACENTRm..- ^ ^1 Francisco - New Vo* ;^ Q>ica«o-Los Angcto Are there CURLED LEAVES on Your Apple, Trees'"''^^ Then get busy. That's a sure sign of Aphis. These little insects are sucking the life out of your trees. Kill them unless you want a small crop of dwarfed, specked fruit. You also run the risk of Aphis killing your trees. Spray at once with Black Leaf 40 40 yo Nico-tine Kills ^phiSi Recommended by agricultural colleges and experiment stations. Don't make the very common mistake of thinking that Lime-Sulphur, Arsenate of Lead or Bordeaux kills Aphis. They don't, but if you are using those sprays, simply add Black Leaf 40 properly diluted, and make one spraying do double duty.. Aphis also attacks Peach, Plum, Cherry as well as many vegetables and plants. Black Leaf 40 is highly concentrated so that only a small amount is required. The cost is small — only a few cents per tree. Free Spray Chart. Your dealer has Black Leaf 40 and one of our free spray charts. If / he is out, write us direct. i Tobacco By -Products & Chemical Corporation Incorporated LOUISVILLE, KY. June, 1922 Pollination of Filbert Varieties (C.o/?tinued from fage 11) abnormal year rather than just enough for the normal year. The Daviana works best on Du Chilly and less on the Barcelona and the White Aveline does the reverse. Clackamas is excellent for Du Chilly, but not for Barcelona. Alpha is excellent on Du Chilly. Nottingham and Cosford are both excellent on Barcelona, but lighter on Du Chilly. These two latter varieties gave the best results on Barcelona, but are very scarce. For some time to come it will be neces- sary to plant the varieties at hand even if later experiments show that these odd varieties being tested are sufficiently good to warrant propagation. Even with the varieties at hand it will be difficult to furn- ish the proper number of pollenizers and mav be necessary to limit the number to the minimum. With the development of the filbert industry came the usual confusion and as a result there is considerable uncertainty as to the names of varieties being distributed. For that reason it would seem advisable for the prospective grower to purchase all his nursery stock from one man and use the combination of varieties that is giving the seller good results in pollination. Experimental work has not been carried on far enough to establish for a certainty the best pollenizers for any one variety. Future work may upset some of the data at hand, but one thing seems to be certain, filbert varieties are self-sterile. In writing to our advertisers kindly men- tion Better Fruit. jtiiiniinriiiiiltliiilllllllltllllliliriiiiiliitiilriliiillliillllllllllllMltlllllllllirilliriilllinriNIl^ I Chicago, III., I I May 19, 1922 | I Mr. Jerrold Owen, | I Managing Editor, Better Fruit, | I Portland, Oregon 1 I My Dear Mr. Owen: I have just | I finished a very careful reading of | I the May issue of your tcorthy pub- | I lication. While it is not the largest | I or best illustrated of the many good | I issues you have put out, I must say i i that I believe it is far and away the | I best and most constructive cofy of | I Better Fruit zchich I have ever | I secfi. Il is intensely practical and | i should be of greatest possible value to \ I the men who read its admonition and | I act upon its suggestion and instruc- | I tion. I I Sincerely yours, \ I E. E. Critchfield | liillinlilll iiiriinilliHliliilllMl nilllliiliriin niniiiiiiir iiiiif; June, 1922 Wild Birds as Pest Destroyers By J. Howard Wright, Yaklnki, Wask'mgto/i ipEW PEOPLE consider the value that ■*- bird life has to the orchardist and farmer. Only in recent years have state legislatures and congress realized this and begun making laws for the protection of birds. Campaigns have been put on in our public schools to interest the child in birds. Where once the small boy was accustomed to hunt them with his air-rifle, he is now constructing bird-houses for their comfort. Our wild life is fast to disappear unless stronger measures be taken for its protec- tion. Many sportsmen seem to think all game was created for their pleasure in shooting it. One of the most common of our birds is the robin. It is distinctly a companion of man, and wherever his hand has cleared the wilderness the robin has followed. He should be given all the protection possible, on account of his economic value as .1 destroyer of injurious insects, in spite of his fondness for small fruits at times. The food of the robin consists mostly of insects and their larva. The insects eaten include grasshoppers, bugs, beetles, weevils, and such larva as wireworms and cutworms. The cheery call of the bob-white was one of the first distinctive sounds that many of us knew and loved as children. Perhaps there is no bird to which the American people are more deeply indebted for material benefit. He is a bird of the home, the farm, garden and field; the friend and companion of mankind; a much needed helper and destroyer of insect pests and weeds. He feeds entirely on the ground, except when driven by deep snows to seek berries and seeds from the shrub- bery. Through investigation by the Depart- ment of Agriculture it is found that the bob-white ranks very high as a destroyer of many of the most destructive insect pests. .Among those eaten are the potato beetles, cucumber beetles, wireworms, weevils, grasshoppers, chinch-bugs, squash- bugs and caterpillars. As a destroyer of weeds the bob-white stands pre-eminent. Every one knows the meadow lark. The food of the lark is gathered from the ground. Three-fourths of it, taking the whole year together, consists of insects, and the other one-fourth of weed seeds and grain. The grain is waste taken from the field during the winter months. Examin- ation of a large collection of stomachs, and other sources of evidence show the range of insects caught and eaten by this bird. Among the insects found were ground beetles, the justly hated white-grub, weevils caterpillars, cutworms, wireworms, chinch-bugs, grasshoppers and crickets. Another one of our common birds is the woodpecker. With the possible exception BETTER FRUIT Page Twenty-three Do All Your Work With The FORDSON Plow, Harrow, Thresh, Grind Feed, Fill the Silo, Pump Water, Pull Stumps, Cut Wood, etc, FORDSON iMIK REDUCED 'm NOW ^395 F.O.B. DETROIT The new price makes the Fordson more attractive than ever, sign the coupon ^nd^rr^ng£for a FREE demonstration. NORTHWEST FORD DEALERS Dept. B, 700 Fairview Ave., Seattle Dept. B, East I Ith and Division Sts., Portland Please send me free information on Fordson Tractors. (Mark X in square opposite literature or service desired.) O Fordson Tractor Manual. n The Fordson at Work. □ Free Demonstration. (State purpose for which tractor is intended.) It you own a tractor, state what miake Name Address May is Arsenate of Lead month. Get your order in now. (The supply mny be limited.) GRASSELLI Arscn.itc of Lead, Calcium Arsenate, Lime Sulphur So- lution, Bordeaux Mixture. GRASSKLLI GRADE senate of Lead means — t. It is actual GRASSELLI grade — the same fa- mous quality that has made GRASSELLI the fore- most name in the chemical world. 2. .It has the certified purity, strength and uni- formity of all Spray Products bearing the Gras- selli Label and Guarantee, 3. It is backed by Grasselli's 83 years of leader- ship in the chemical field — our carefully guarded reputation is your protection and warranty. Ask for GRASSELLI Insecticides and Fungi- cides and INSURE RESULTS in spraying. Established 1839 THE GRASSELLI CHEMICAL CO., CLEVELAND Pnye Txcenty-four BETTER FRUIT June, 1922 ^ow long should a shingle roof last? Answer that by another question How much service in a tractor? De- pends largely on the care you take of it. Same for a shingle roof. Unless you fill the pores c f the wood with a weather-resisting preservative, natural oils will evaporate, rain will soak in, then shingles will warp and crack under the hot sun and wither- ing winds. Oronite Shingle Oil made by Standard Oil Company (California), is easy to apply, and will save your shingle roofs or shingled side- walls many a repair job. A tight, well-laid roof treated with it should last a life- time. Our agent near you will tell you the success others have had with Oronite Shingle Oil in securing longer roof life. Ask him, too, for color-mixing formulas. STANDARD OIL COMPA^fV (California) BONITE SHINGLE OIL Mntical WE SAVE YOU MONEY! SHEET M«rchandi*« W. Martius Music House, Inc. MUSIC Write 1009 Fir»t Avenue, Seattle, Wathington Write U* Everything Known in Music Ua of the crow no bird has been subject to so much criticism as he. When he is seen scrambling over fruit trees and his hole is found in the bark it is concluded that he is doing harm. The woodpecker obtains a large part of his food from the trees. Most birds must get their insect food from the air or the surface of the bark, but the woodpecker is able to get many larva and grubs beneath the bark. He is able to locate his hidden prey with great accuracy and often cuts small holes directly to the burrows of the grubs. He rarely disfigures a tree that is healthy, but when he finds a tree infested with wood-boring larvae, he locates the insects accurately, draws them out and devours them. Among the smaller woodpeckers are the hairy and downy. Both of these are birds from which the prchardist and forester have nothing to fear and much to gain. The number of useful insects which they eat is insignificant, while the number of destructive larva they destroy must have a very great effect in reducing the number of pests. More than three-fourths of the food of these birds consists of animal matter and less than one-fourth is fruit and this mostly wild. This ratio is main- tained very closely the year around. 1 THE most persecuted of all our birds are the hawks and owls. Because a few of them are destructive, all are con- sidered such. All may be divided into three classes. Those most beneficial, in- clude the marsh hawk, red-tailed hawk, red-shouldered hawk, and sparrow hawk. Those in which the harmful and beneficial qualities balance are the golden eagle, bald eagle, pigeon hawk, prairie falcon and great horned owl. Those of the harmful class, include the duck hawk, sharp-shinned hawk and Cooper's hawk. The food of the marsh hawk is quite largely small quadrupeds, although in some localities it may include birds. An aver- age pair, in rearing their young, would destroy in the neighborhood of 1000 mice during the nesting period. How much would an orchardist give if he knew so large a number of mice were to be destroyed in his orchard? A campaign of education teaching the difference between the good and bad birds of the hawk family is having its effects, .md agriculturists are realizing that but few birds of prey are more harmful than bene- ficial. It is the opinion of many that there are only three hawks deserving to be destroyed — the sharp-shinned, Cooper's and Gos hawk. There are a few others that acquire a taste for poultry and it may be necessary to eliminate a particular indivi- dual occasionally, but the wholesale destruc- tion of hawks brings punishment by an increase of quadruped and insect pests. Among the owls the common screech owl is probably best known. A consider- able number of them make their homes in the orchards, and the man who is so for- June, 1032 BETTER FRQIT Page Twenty-five tunate as to have screech owls attach them- selves to his orchard should consider him- self especially favored, for the good they will do in keeping mice down 's beyond calculation. Now that mice are becoming such a menace to many orchards, certainly ever)'thing possible should be done to pre- serve these owls. They are with us the year around. Another thing about the owl and one that is particularly valuable, is that it hunts for food at night when most other birds are at rest. It thus follows up the day-work of the rodent-eating hawks, providing a con- tinuous check on the four-footed vermin of the ground. Practically all birds have some value to us. There are many more that have not been mentioned in this article. Some that must not be overlooked are members of the finch family. There are largely seed eaters, destroying immense quantities of weed and grass seeds. Blackbirds also live on insects and seeds. There are the little chicadees, and nuthatches, who spend thel winter in large flocks, always busy hunt- ing on the bark of the trees the small insects the woodpeckers overlooked. The fly catchers, including the phoebe birds, and king-birds are capturing their food supplies from the air throughout the- summer. Last but not least in value are the warblers, constituting a very large family. The food of these birds is very small insects, such as plant lice, including aphis and scale, which are such a nuisance to the fruit and vegetable grower. | Benefits from Organic Fertilizers {Continued from fage 8) \ seventy per cent. This discovery refutes the idea that nitrogen alone is responsible, for the increase of the leaf growth. To quote from Mr. Long's article in the Saturi/ay Evening Post: "This better leaf production in the early growth stage is especially important, because the leaf's ability to absorb carbonic acid gas depends upon its size. Therefrom follows the fact — proved when Ricdel interrupted the gas supply — that the young gassed plant with its abnormally large leaves extracts an extra dole of carbon also from out of the ordinary air, so that carbon fertilization, even if carried on for only a few days, in the early growth period, largely increases! the ul.timatc size and weight of the crop." The second great result from Riedel's experiments was that even by gassing for only a few weeks, crop yields of all kinds, fruits, grains and roots, were immensely increased in quantity, size and quality. The increases ranged from 36 per cent to 200 per cent. Whereupon, Riedel declares that carbon fertilization without other fertil- izer promotes plant growth more effec- tively than all ordinary fertilizers, when these are used without artificially sup- plied carbon dioxide. By ordinary fertil- Truck Traction Ever Get Stuck in the orchard with your truck? Ever start for the warehouse with half the load your truck could pull because you were afraid of that one wet place in the road? Of course you have, but you need do so no more! Foley Traction-Rims cure traction troubles — save tires Write for description and prices to Foley Traction-Rim Company 109-11 I Tenth Street Minneapolis Minnesota Di-alfrs Writi' for Territory LADDERS Write us for prices and specific cations on Orchard or any other style of ladders. Nelson's Ladder Wks. 267 Second Street Portland, Ore. I'ftli t-reed Silver and Cross FOXES for sale. Prices Reasonable. Write for information. William D. Rambo 407 Spraguc Ave. St'okniu- Wash. 5ERV/CE IS OUR FIRST N-AIM THE SIMPSON 8 DOELLER /< ^^s. CO. a5>' GET OUR SAMPLES AND PRICES \iECAH FILL YOUR ORDER FOR STOCK- APPLE. PEAR.CHERRY AND STRAWBERRY LABELS IN 24 HOURS. A deadly spray — and it costs only two cents a gallon to spray with Hall's Nicotine Sulphate. NICOTINE INSECTICIDES Hall Tobacco ChemicalCo. 1 * IV Park A fi\ , Si. Louis. .1/ o Page Twenty-six BETTER FRUIT June. 1922 BOYCE DOUBLE SPRAY GUN The Only Double Nozzle Gun Possessing Both Long and Short Range. Thoroughly tested and approved in twelve different states, by lead- in fruit growers Adapted to use on any spray rig. Capacity 7 gallons per minute. Requires less power than two single guns. One nozzle can be used as single gun for small trees Save's one man's labor Economy of material; rapidity of application — "1 can do the work of two men,'" said by many users. A better mist, better covering — which means less mildew, fewer worms, more "Extra Fancys" TRY IT. YOU WILL LIKE IT. Price $15.00. Sent on receipt of P. O. order M. L. DEAN, Western Distributor Telephone 931 Blue 63 I Douglas Street Wenatchee, Wash. OUR POWER PRUNE TRAYERS ARE BEST BY TEST This prune dipper and trayer is our three tank machine for hot and cold water. We also make a single tank machine for one dip in cold water. These power trayers have large capacity quality work, built strong, largest machine only twelve feet long, requires any light power to operate, and will not crush the softest fruit. Buy the old reliable, tested many seasons. Prices right. SALEM MFG. CO. SALEM, OREGON FACTORY LOCATED 136 N. FRONT and HOOD ST. PLANTING Salem Nursery Co. FRUIT, NUT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES WILL BRING YOU SATISFACTION NOW IS THE TIME TO ORDER Write Salem Nursery Co. 428 Oregon Eldg. SALEM, OREGON Additional Salesmen Wanted Northwest Orchard Ladders "The Quality Line" For Sale by Leading Dealers Everywhere Manufactured By Northwest Fence and Wire Works PORTLAND, OREGOW izers, he evidently has reference to the purely chemical, or inorganic, since animal fertilizers do immensely stimulate the pro- duction of carbon dioxide. The conclusions arrived at by Riedel seem to point to the use of organic fertilizers and aerated soil as the most practical methods now available to the farmer for increasing the amount of carbon dioxide for his crops, since it is not as yet commercially practicable for every farmer to obtain carbon dioxide on a large scale for artificially fertilizing his crops. One of the organic fertilizers used with marked success for a number of years in the states of Washington and Oregon, is a man- ufactured orchard dressing having an analy- sis of 6-10-14. Letters from prominent orchardists in the two states tell of success in the use of this fertilizer. They speak of obtaining maximum quality and quantity crop returns over a period of years. They seldom experience "skip" crops. Fruit inspectors recently discovered root nematode while examining, fruit trees at Cottage Grove, Ore. Your magazine is exceltejil. Keef up the good ".cork. — Ross T . Mayer, Washing- ton. OREGON At the annual me_-ting of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association in Salem, general manager Robert C. Paulus reported that business transacted for the year 1921 very closely approximated $2,000,000. Of dried prunes 7,- 250,000 pounds were handled. Over 200 cars of apples were shipped, averaging about $100'' to the car. Officers elected by the board o: 21 directors were: Kenneth Miller, Sheridan, oresi- dent, P. S. Woodin, Grants Pass, first vice- president; Allan Bellinger, Scotts Mills, second vice-president. The executive committee is com- prised of Messrs. Miller, Bellinger, G. E. Sanders, W. B. Riddle and R. W. Hinklcy. AAA I'HECKS covering the fourth distribution since Christmas were recently mailed by the .^pple Growers' Association at Hood River to its mem- bers. These included final returns on the 321,041 boxes of Spitzenberg apples handled during the season. The net average on these was $1.61 a box. AAA '■'HE Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association is seeking a reduction in transcontinental rates on late pears. .At present all pears are classed as perishable and take a rate of $2.08J^ per hun- dred pounds. The association's contention is that late pears are no more perishable than apples and are entitled to the apple rate of $1.50. AAA TT was recently announced that the John A. Eck company of Sutherlin had contracted for 50 carloads of green prunes to be shipped to its plant in that town. The firm expects to handle 65,000 boxes of green prunes from orchards about Sutherlin. The contract price was said to be two cents a pound, or one-half cent more than paid last season. AAA ' I 'HE Salem Independent Broccoli Association re- cently held its annual meeting and election, selecting these officers: C. C. Russell, president; J. W. Savage, vice-president; Mrs. U. J. Lehman, secretary; Frank Hines, Fred Limbeck and M. C. Pettys, board of directors, together with Messrs. Russell and Savage. It was reported that Glafke June, 1922 BETTER FRUIT Page Txventy-seven & Company, handling the association's crop, had taken 2000 crates. Nearly every grower will have an Increased acreage this year. It was voted to obtain seed from England. AAA T^INAL returns on Hood River's apple crop of 1921, as published by the bureau of crop esti- mates, Department of Agriculture, show the total to have been 2,600,000 boxes, or considerably above all early government estimates. Expert or- chardists of the district predict another big crop for this season. AAA "lYT J- NEWHOUSE, general manager of the * W.ishlngton Growers' Packing Corporation, on June ! becomes assistant general manager of the Oregon Growers' Co-operative Association, succeeding C. I. Lewis. Mr. Newhouse is a grad- uate of Washington State College. He served for a time as county agent in Clarke county and then entered the packing corporation, w hich he helped organize. AAA TjLANS ha\e been under discussion for construc- tion of a cannery at Canby and it Is believed the project will be put through in time to handle some fruits this season. AAA A LTHOUGH the day was cold and uninviting It was estimated that M,000 persons visited Salem on its annual blossom day, May 9. Hun- dreds of motorists from outside points viewed the orchards and enjoyed the exercises. AAA T S. AINSWORTH, who had been engaged in the apple shipping business at Hood River for two years, recently mn\ed to Portland to en- gage In business. AAA OLOSSOM day was observed at Hood River on May 21, after being set back one w^ek be- cause of a late spring. The committee in charge was composed of F. A. Cram, chairman, Dr. J. W. SIfton, Nelson Emory, E. E. Brett, C. A. Reld, K. W. Sinclair, Dr. L. L. Murphy, P. F. Clark, O. C. Hughes and Al Cruikshank. AAA 'T^HE Brookhurst Orchard Company has been in- corporated in Portland with a capital of $75,- 000. The Incorporators are Sam Morrow , Cath- erine Morrow and O. B. Morrow. AAA ^F70RK has been started at Salem on the new cannery of the Starr Fruit Company. The plant is to cost $7'>,00ll and is expected to be ready to operate this season. It will have a ca- pacity exceeding 250,000 cases of fruit. AAA ID C. FABER, formerly a merchant at Central Point, has purchased 20 acres nf uncleired land at Willow Springs and has been having It cleared preparatory to setting out prunes and grapes. AAA 'TpHE small prune orchard of H. C. Schultz at Dallas, 8^2 acres In extent, was recently sold to A. A. Lapp for $700 an acre. The tract, which Is at the edge of the city, has no buildings on it. WASHINGTON At THE annual meeting of the Wenatchee Valley TrTff'c Association these trustees were elected: H. S. Crowl, C. T. Haskell, J. M. Wade, S. H. .Andrews, D. L. Oliver and j. H. Auvll. Because the association has become self-supporting It was proposed to suspend the usual assessment of a quarter-cent per box. It was vr>ted, however, to continue the assessment and extend activities of the organization. AAA CUIT for $100,000 has been filed at Wenatchee by W. F. Gwin against the Northwestern Fruit Exchange, J. S. Crutch field, J. A. Meade and H. G. Fletcher. The complaint alleges sc- VIKING PUMPS Keep Power Bills Down wherever water to be lifted stands within suction limit of the Dump, the Viking will deliver It to any desired point more economically than any pump we know ot. The Viking converts (»ver 60 per cent of the power applied into useful work. Some pumps use only 30 per cent; some use 40 per cent, but the Viking utilizes over 60 per cent on all average installations; in other words, it wastes less power. The high efficiency of the Viking is due to the Rotary Principle of Design — every revolution of the Viking draws In a definite quantity of water, passes It through the pump and forces it out the discharge — no churning of water in pump casing — no unnecessary waste of power. The Viking is a simple, slow speed pump, easy to Install. No foot valve or priming pump required on low lifts. Built in the following sizes: 10, 20, 35, 90, 300, 450, 1050, gallons a minute. Our Engineering Department will gladly recommend the correct size and type ot pump to meet your requirements — no charge for this service. \* iking Pump Catalog Mailed Upon Request De Laval Pacific Co. SAN FRANCISCO ti ii\t LITHOGRAPHED DISPLAYS is F.C.StettlerMf^.Co. Portland., Oregon .^'3->T3f<.T;F:T?ra7Cg:Tc;?5S3S5 M HONOR-BILT _ DOOR HAZVOCRS "MYERS MEANS MERIT ''AN'T get off the track. They stay on — always. This, with /patent adju.«table feature make Myers Door Hangers absolutely eu- perior. Roller bearings permit easy "push and pull." Twelve styles to fitevery need. Myers dealers every- where handle Myers Door Hangers and the world-famous lineof Myers Pumps and Hay Tools. Be sure its a Myers. See your dealer. Lethim point out the Myers im- /; provements. Or write us for catalog. TUEF.E.MYERS&BRO.CO. L 135 Oiurch St.. Ashland, Ohio Kt"tou*/^w Pacific Northwest Distributors Spokane, Washington Portland, Oregon Buy From the Local Mitchell Dealer Page Twenty-eight BETTER FRUIT June, 1922 ••_....••• Every atom of IRed Crown" mixes with air FOR POWER "The gasoline of quality" is 100% POWER. It is refined to vaporize thor- oughly. Every atom of it mixes in the carburetor with from 12 to 16 times its volume of air for POWER. W^ith "Red Crown" you get ready starting — rapid acceleration — greater mileage — a con- tinuous stream of po\ver. Run your car on "Red Crown" and noth- ing else, and you won't have to bother with carburetor adjustments. It is uni- form in quality wherever and when- ever you buy it. Fill at the Red Crown sign — at Service Stations and garages and at other dealers. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) e Gasoline of Quality NICE BRIGHT WESTERN PINE FRUIT BOXES AND CRATES Good standard grades. Well made. Quick shipments. Carloads or less. Get oar prices. Weitern Pine Box Sales Co. SPOKANE, WASH. Catalog mailed on request •REE An 8x10 Enlargement K With $3.00 Worth of Kodak Finishing. Quick Service Films received forenoon mailed out same day. We pay return postage. All Work Guaranteed WOODARD, CLARKE & CO. Alder at West Park PORTLAND. ORE. w rious injury to Gwin's reputation and business standing through puhllcatlon of the recent suit of the defendants against the .Skookum Packers' As- sociation, Gwin and others. AAA ■\SHINCTON cranberry growers and various business Interests have launched a campaign to Incre.ise the cranberry Industry of Pacific county to an output of $1,000,000 annually, or ten times the present production. Problems of disease con- trol are being taken up under direction of Dr. F. D. Heald, pathologist of Washington State Col- lege, and J. R. Beck, county agent. AAA ^Jl. PRIDE & COIVIPANY of Bellingham, ufTder a new policy adopted by the directors win dispose of some of the firm's farms and de- vote Its time to the canning business. The tracts are to be sold with the stipulation that berries therefrom are to go to the firm for a period of ten years. AAA Jj^OIVIBARD & HORSLEY are planting 20 acres to Rome Beauty apples on a tract between Zillah and Toppcnish. They are spacing the trees 30 feet each way and are using no fillers. The firm now has 500 acres of orchard, having re- cently added plantings of 20 acres of Moorpack and Blenheim apricots and 40 acres of Elberta peaches. AAA An option has been taken on a site for the new warehouse at Meyers Falls proposed by the Fruit Growers' Warehouse company. The warehouse organization, now being Incorporated, announces that stockholders who may not wish to pool their fruit may sell Independently. AAA j'OOD CROPS of strawberries are going out of the Underwood and White Salmon districts. The growers at Underwood are enabled to handle their crop better than heretofore, through use of the new cold storage plant they constructed at a cost of $10,000. AAA At the annual meeting and banquet of the Fruit Growers' Association at TIcton the fol- lowing officers were elected: J. W. Tapp, presi- dent-, J. C. Havner, vice-president; F. J. Straka, secretary treasurer. AAA ■'T'HE Edmonds Growers, Association elected of- ficers for the year as follows: L. E. Keeton, president; George Addy, vice-president; J. J. Robinson, secretary; A. B. Lewis, treasurer. AAA 'T'HE Associated Growers' Exchange has taken over the business of Pennington & Co., at Yakima. Mark W. Pennington remains as gen- eral sales manager. AAA 'T'WO of the 12 fruit warehouses of the defunct Spokane Fruit Growers' Company have been sold to private Interests, according to Receiver J. A. MacMIUan. The Otis Orchnrds building has been purchased by William Kroll and that at Meadow Lake by the Washington Grain & Milling Company, for use as a grain warehouse. AAA ■'T'OTAL fruit shipments of the past season from Wapato aggregated 983 cars. Potato ship- ments had amounted to 628 cars at the end of April, with about 450 cars still on hand. AAA P^MPLOYEES of the Everett, Bellingham and Mount Vernon branches of the Pacific Fruit i^' produce Company enjoyed a reception and ban- i|uet recently, there being 40 persons present. R. li. McLaughlin, district manager, acted as toast- master and the affair was in general charge of G. S. Grandberg, manager at Bellingham. AAA ^ I^HE North Pacific Co-operative Berry Growers' Association is reported to have placed orders for $25,000 worth of boxes with the Bremer Man- uf.icturlng Company at Puyallup. Juuc. in ^2 BETTER FRUIT Page Twemty-nine Follow the Violet Lines. There is Merit in the Wrapper. PROTECTS "Caro" Protects— "Caro" Prolongs the Life of Fruit— Why? CHEMICALLY TREATED WITH BORDEAUX MIXTURE FRUIT MATURITY is retarded by cold or refrigeration and hastened by heat or atmospheric exposure. The soft fibrous silk-like texture of "Caro" provides just sufficient ventilation to retard the '''P^"''"S Pr°^^f^- FRUIT DECOMPOSITION starts from a bruise which opens tiny holes and permits juice to escape and BAClhKlA to enter. "Caro" clings closely and dries up the escaping juice. "Caro" ingredients harden the spot, destroy BAC 1 h-KlA and FUNGUS SPORES and arrest decomposition. . /^ it • United Sutes DUtributors, AMERICAN SALES AGENCIES CO., 112 Market Street, San Francisco, California. wnsBBae SIMONS, SHUTTLEWORTH & CO.. Liverpool and Manchester SIMONS & CO., LTD.. Glasgow GARCIA. JACOBS & CO.. London SIMONS (Southampton) LIMITED. Southampton Agenciet and Btprtt»ntat%vf in Bvtry Imfortont Europtan JiyAj 11 DEFT. B. Rubber Stamps for Fruit Boxes Write for Samplf and Prices to ROGERS COMPANY Gcrlinger Bldg, PORTLAND, ORE. P(i(je Thirty-four BETTER FRUIT June, 1922 Classified Advertisements RATES. 4 CENTS PER WORD NURSERY STOCK ULACKBEKRV PLANTS - Cory s Thornless. Kcquircs less sufar in cooking than any other. Macatawa-Uaspberries. Alton ImP/o^f- Ranere — Blackcaps - Loganberry^ Rhubarb roots Jno. Lammiman, Rt. 1. Palo Alto. HI \NT— The new Red Gravenstein apple. Thoroughly proven (or the coast. Better than the old Gravenstein. Its bright red color in- creases market value. Write for information. WASHINGTON NTRSKUV CO.. Toppcnish. Wash. BEES FOR SALE— "Superior" Foundation (Weed process). Quality and service iinexcelled. "Everything in Bee Supplies." Superior Honey Co.. Ogden, Utah. roR SALE— Gentle. Prolific Italian Queen Bees Let the bees pollenate your blossoms and store honey for you. Directions for intro- ducing with each shipment. Circular free. I. D. Harrah, Freewater, Oregon. POULTRY S. C. BUFF LEGHORNS— Just won fifth cock- erel. Chicago Coliseum. Cockerels and eggs. M. H. Mann, Wood Cross, Utah. 500.000 WHITE LEGHORN Baby Chicks— Bred for eggs, vigor, size. Safe arrival in good con- dition guaranteed. Free catalog and book on "Raising the Chicks." Oak Heights Poultry Farm, Route 3, Box 67B, Tacoma. Wash. REAL ESTATE CUT-OVER and Developed Lands. 15 to 25 miles N. E. Spokane; extra good soil; spring brooks; grows Frain, vegetables, hay, fruits; several developed ranches; few stock ranches; $10 to $20 acre; 10 years' time, 6 per cent interest. Free lumber. Write owners for free book. Edwards & Bradford Lumber Co., Elk, WasB. WANTED — To hear from owner of good ranch for sale. State cash price, full particulars. D. F. Bush. Minneapolis, Minn. MISCELLANEOUS E.\STERN WHITE 0.\K KEGS— 1 gal. plain. $1.40; charred. $1.60; 2 gal. plain. $1.60 charred, $1.80; 3 gal. plain. $1.90; charred. $2.10; 5 gal. plain, $2.50; charred, $3.00; 10 gal. plain, $3.50; charred, $4.00. Sent by ex- press anywhere — Check must accompany order — Packed in boxes if desired. Write for whole- sale prices. Panama Cooperage Co. Front M' Salmon, Portland, Oregon TRACTOR BARGAINS— Cletrac "W," onl> demonstrated, $1250; Cletrac "W" rebuilt, good as new, $1000; Cleveland model "H." never used, $1100; Cleveland "H." slightly used, snap at $750; Oldsmar Garden Tractor demonstrator, $390. O. V. Badley, 425 E. Morrison, St., Port- land. Oregon. BEFORE BUYING— Have an experienced horti- culturist examine your orchard for you. I saved one man $5,000 on a $14,000 deal. Special at- tention given to orchards of non-resident own- ers. Private demonstrations and consultations given. Luke Powell. Yakima, Wash., consult- ing horticulturist. (I do not sell real estate.) OLD FASHIONED TENNESSEE RED LEAF tobacco, 10 lbs.. No. 1. $3.50; 10 lbs.. No. 2. $3; 10 lbs.. Old Kentucky Burley, $5. All pre- paid; satisfaction or money back. Jim Foy, Dukedom. Tennessee. Reference. Dukedom bank. TRY OUR E.'KRLIEST OF ALL. or Six Weeks potatoes. Also our Wonderful Hardy Hybrid .Mfalfa. J. L. Lawson, — Reliable Seed and Nur- seryman. San Jose, California. TOB.\CCO— N.itural leaf chewing and smoking. Rich ripe' two year old. 5 lbs. $1.75; 10 lbs. $3. Sample, 20 cents. .Maddox Bros., Dept. 30, Mayfield. Ky. 'reserving time < — ' and a cool kitchen Make canning time a real pleasure this year by using a good oil cook- stove. It concentrates a steady, controlled heat directly under the utensil. Your task is shortened and your kitchen is kept cool, clean and comfortable. To insure best results, use only Pearl Oil— the clean-burning, uni- form kerosene — refined and re- refined by a special process. Sold by dealers everywhere. Order by name — Pearl Oil. STANDARD OIL COMPANY (California) PEARL Ckerosene) HEAT AND LIGHT OIL STANDARD OIL COMPANY {.California ) HOMESPUN CHEWING OR SMOKING TOBACCO— 5 lbs., $1.25; 10 lbs., $2.50; 20 lbs.. $4.50. Farmers Union. Maylield. Ky. TILLICUM — A fluid grafting and covering wax; no heating required. $1.25 a quart prepaid. Paul Kruger. Watsonville, California^ SALESMEN WANTED MEN with proven ability capable of ielling a line of high grade nursery stock on a commission contract. Weekly cash advance. Splendid ter- ritory may be had by answering immediately. SALEM NURSERY CO. 427 Oregon Building Salem, Oregon POSITIONS W.VNTED— Men, II way Mail Clerks . over 17. Become Rail- Contnience $133 month. Common education sufficient. List positions free. Write immediately. Franklin Institute. Dept. E105, Rochester. N. V. LET US HANDLE your Apples, Pears, Peaches, Potatoes, and all kinds of Fruit and Produce. Cash or Consignment Write us what you have to of- fer. We give prompt service. PORTLAND PRODUCE DISTRffiUTORS 215-217 Washington St. Portland, Oregon on i04i£e Finest qualities of ateel and extremely exacting standards of manufacture con- tribute to the rugged strength and un- matched endurance of "Caterpillar" T-35 Tractor. Highest grade materials are used — nickel steel, chrome nickel steel, chrome vanadium steel, saw steel — there is not a carbon steel gear or shaft in the entire tractor. All bearings — except, of course, in the motor — are anti-friction: ball, roller or tapered roUer. Perfect lubri- cation and complete enclosure from dust and dirt further insure long life. Many of the first "Caterpillar" Trac- tors built are still doing daily duty. Model T-35 possesses, in a highly devel- oped degree, the same qualities that have made that record possible. That means that it will do your work depend- ably and economically. A Pacific Coast factory and service organization mean that you get real service — quickly. Write at once for complete catalog. THE HOLT MANUFACTURING CO. Spokane. Wash. Factories at Stockton. Calif., and Peoria, III. Oregon Representative, J. W. Hill, Henry Bldg. Portland ^^^ a built-in qucJityoF T*35 tractor For Belt Jobs The belt pulley unit gives the T-35 Tractor a vast field of use- fulness for stationary work in addition to the innumerable tractive jobs it will handle. With it you can pump, grind, SAVf and do other belt jobs easily and quickly. The belt pulley oper- ates at 3,000 feet per minute belt speed. The World Our Orchard "Throw Medicines to the Dogs." {Shakesfeare) EAT APPLES Don't look at the Brands — all apples are good, some are better. Brands don't mean anything. Whether packed in boxes or barrels or drygoods cases does not make them any the less healthy. Apples are nature's remedy and most efficient tonic. Apples, like bread, are the UNIVERSAL FOOD. Apples at breakfast are nature's physic. Apples at luncheon are nature's tonic. Apples at dinner are better than any medicine for your digestive organs. Apples immediately before retiring are nature's greatest and best dentifrice. This adverlisement is the first of a sarins of short and trenchant articles zuhich we v/ill publish from time to time, with the object of increasing the consumption of apples regardless of Brands or where they were raised. We believe this the diy.j sane method of putting before the consuming public the real value of all apples, and increasing the sales thereof. Our Market, The World Steinhardt & Kelly ni-m Washington Street Cordoba 2260 Buenos Aires ARGENTINE Rocky Ford, Colo. Pbocmz, Aril. Laa Crucet, N. Mex. Carlibad, CaL Brawley, Cal. Tampa, Fla. NEW YORK 102-106 Warren Street Rua de Rosario 102 Rio de Janeiro BRAZIL FIELD OFFICES: Laredo, Tci. Clearwater, Fla. Calipatria, Cal. Yakima, Walk. Wenatchee, Walk. r fREtt OF THE ARCABT COMPANY, PORTLAND, OREGON »' New York Botanical Garden Library 3 5185 00259 509 iiiii. I mm ,,m ■:;,rt;-.:::i'"'if.i'Hi''f)il-!fU ;!•('' c J .'.,■! J ; 1 ' f ' ' ; ■ ■ I - 1 ; I ■ . ' ; ; f I V : * , r ,' r f ' i ■'±**ii !">;-'i-i5v •^:'^^illiiiii||||iii