CO CM LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 59O-5 PL v. 25 BIOLOGY t . 4. A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS PART 4 FINDING INDEX BY REUBEN MYRON STRONG RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, DIVISION OF ANATOMY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PROFESSOR AND CHAIRMAN EMERITUS, DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, CHICAGO ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 25, PART 4 1959 THE LIBRAR Oi PUBLICATIONS OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ZOOLOGICAL SERIES VOLUME 25 PART 4 CHICAGO, U.S.A. 1959 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ANATOMY, BEHAVIOR, BIOCHEMISTRY, EMBRYOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, GENETICS, ECOLOGY, AVICULTURE, ECONOMIC ORNITHOLOGY, POULTRY CULTURE, EVOLUTION, AND RELATED SUBJECTS PART 4 FINDING INDEX BY REUBEN MYRON STRONG RESEARCH ASSOCIATE, DIVISION OF ANATOMY FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY PROFESSOR AND CHAIRMAN EMERITUS, DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY LOYOLA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL, CHICAGO ZOOLOGICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 25, PART 4 1959 PUBLICATION 870 PREFACE Because many topics and names of species or of groups occur in two or more (often many) places in the Subject Index, a Finding Index is essential. In it, we have one continuous alphabetically arranged list. Thus references to the ear, eggs, or Anas occur in many parts of the Subject Index. One of the main sections is devoted to the ear, but references to the ear occur in other sections. Not all topics involving birds are in these indices, in spite of great efforts to secure completeness within the limitations of the work (see second paragraph of the Preface to Part 3 and paragraph G, page 9 of Part 3). Furthermore, special topics are often treated in publications under more general headings. The ear, for instance, is also treated in some general works or in treatises on comparative anatomy, sometimes extensively. Grateful acknowledgement is expressed here to the generosity of my old friends, Mr. and Mrs. Sidney D. Gamble of New York, for financing the publication of this Finding Index. The friendly interest of Mr. Stanley Field, President of Field (Chicago) Natural History Museum, of Dr. Clifford C. Gregg, Director of the Museum, of the late Dr. Karl P. Schmidt, and of Dr. Austin L. Rand, Chief Curator of Zoology, has been much appreciated. Miss Lillian A. Ross has been helpful with her excellent judg- ment and great knowledge of printing policy. She did editorial work on the first half of the manuscript for this volume as well as for Part 3, and she gave careful consideration to all details. R. M. Strong RULES AND SYMBOLS EMPLOYED A. When a main topic is followed directly by a page number, that page (or pages) has more than one subtopic, in the Subject Index (Part 3), as for instance: Alimentary Canal, pages 23-33 and 117-118. Subtopics are listed only when they involve other pages than those following the main topic. Bold-faced type is used for topics which head main sections of the Subject Index and for their page numbers. Important divisions of a subject like the Alimentary Canal, as for instance Esophagus, are entered in their alphabetical order as main items. B. In the case of species that occur many times in the Subject Index, as for instance, Anas, Anser, and Gallus, it did not seem essential to have entries as detailed as those for species occurring infrequently. More general entries are used when the species occurs two or more times on the same page or on succeeding pages. Thus Anas appears six times on pages 76 and 77 of the Subject Index, but only two entries for these pages occur under Anas in the Finding Index. C. Because taxonomic names often have more than one spelling, this index sometimes has more than one main entry for the same species or group (see E, page 8 of Part 3), as for instance, Dromaeus, Dromaius, or Dromiceuss. Differences only in final letters ex- pressing gender are set off in parentheses. Species or genera having more than one name are entered as they appear in the Subject Index, as for instance, Habia ludovicianus, Hedymeles ludovicianus, and Zamelodia ludovicanus. D. Taxonomic names of non-avian species or groups are followed by a name in parentheses, as, for instance, (parasites) after Acaridae or (plants) after Daubentonia. E. Though numerous taxonomic names occur in this index, many publications mentioned in the author catalog include species which are not cited in either of the indices. Such are, for instance, entries in the subject index with "many species" indicated (see H, page 9 of Part 3). If all of the publications involved in Part 3, especially those listed on pages 11-20, were consulted by the reader, all named species and subspecies of birds would be encountered. F. Trinomial taxonomic names are used, but the middle name is omitted when it is duplicated by the third name and no ambiguity RULES AND SYMBOLS 5 arises from the omission. In the case of one subspecies of Tympa- nuchus, repetition is essential. G. A hyphen is used between page numbers when all items on the pages indicated involve the topic they follow. When the topic is only one of many topics on these pages, a comma is used. For instance, Coloration occurs continuously on pp. 92-110 of the Subject Index (Part 3), but Cystine occurs only once each on pp. 68- 69, and a comma is used. H. Several items that were overlooked in the Subject Index are entered with the author's name following. FINDING INDEX Abdimia, syrinx, 468 Abdomen, pathology in, 351, 368 Abdominal cavity, ectopic development in, 156, 422 yolk absorption, 151 Abnormalities — see Anomalies and Ter- atology Abrolhos Isls., fauna, 196 habits, 236 Absorption, 371 from egg air sac, 426 of food, 32, 115 of iodine, 69 Abyssinia, fauna, 177 Acanthidositta, taxonomy, 475 Acanthidositta chloris, anatomy, 36 Acanthis, color change, 106 egg envelopes, 413 follicular epithelium of ovary, 342 food, 208 hybrids, 59, 262, 264 temperament of, 59 migrations, 299 nest in sheep fleece, 308 sense of smell, 460 sex behavior, 56 voice, 463 Acanthis cannabina, albinism, 96 hybrids, 263, 264 tailfeather anomalies, 497 urinary organs, 511 Acanthis flavirostris, hybrids, 263, 264 Acanthis linaria, hybrids, 263, 264 insects as food, 213 unusual migrations, 304 Acanthis linaria cabaret, hybrids, 263 Acanthis spinus, erythrism, 101 Acanthisitta, anatomy, 36 Acanthorhynchus, skull, 455 tongue, 25 muscles of, 315 Acaridae (parasites), 346 Acarina (parasites), 346 Acarnania prov., fauna, 194 Accentor, eggs, measurements of, 403 weights of, 407 hybrids, 266 melanism, 101 reproductive system, male, 510 salivary glands, 227 tongue, 25 Accidents, 21, 312 as cause of death, 312 to ear, 121 Accipiter, albinism, 96 antibrachium, ossicle of, 454 feeding habits, 249 fledging periods, 281 flight muscles, 316 growth variation, 231 ovaries, paired, 343 pectoral girdle, 451 sternum, measurements of, 405 stomach contents, 211 visibility at high altitude, 286 Accipiter cooperi, feeding young, 243 incubating eggs of Gallus, 56 kidneys, 511 ovaries paired, 343 recognition of eggs, 56 scutes, obliteration of, 278 Accipiter gularis, molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 380 Accipiter leucosomus, mutation, 163 Accipiter nisus, habits, 236 breeding, 240 feeding young, 243 incubation period, 244 migrations, 301 ovary, 342 paired ovaries, 343 persistent right oviduct, 510 polygamy, 247 variation in growth, 231 Accipitres, bone structure, 447 myology, 314 nestling plumage, 383 ossification, 340 skeleton, 443 development of, 448 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 474, 476 based on skeleton, 449, 477 tongue, 25 Accipitridae, anatomy, 36 economic relations, 135 migrations, 297, 303 Accipitrinae, sequence of plumages, 380 Acclimatization, 23, 41, 42, 132 Accommodation, in eye focus, 167, 518 apparatus, 167-168 nerve fibers, 83 Acetylcholin, 60 role in nervous impulse, 324 Acheen, Sumatra, fauna, 197 Acid avique, 164 of feathers, 66 Acorns, dispersal by birds, 134, 141 as food for birds, 214 storing, 51 Acoustics, of voice, 465 Acredula, food, 208 Acredula caudata, insects as food, 213 FINDING INDEX Acridotheres Acridotheres, skin coloration, 95 variation, 513 Acridotheres tristis, adaptation, 23 as introduced pest, 134 economic relations, 135 feeding young of other species, 242 social relations, 460 Acrocephalus, spleen, 293 Acrocephalus palustris, ecology, 125 natural history, 321 Actitis macularia, communal relation- ships, 133 diving, 291 Adaptation, 21-23 in alimentary canal, 24 in egg shell to respiration, 413 in form, 22, 214, 215 in gizzard, 31 in middle ear, 21, 122 in stomach, 22, 29 in tongue, of cross beak, 494 protective, 242 to arboreal life, 133 to burned over areas, 22 to darkness, 519 to flight, 23, 215, 283, 288 in skeleton, 445 visual, 517 Aden, fauna, 189 Adipose tissue, 110 cytology of, 114 see also Fat tissue Adrenal glands — see Suprarenal glands Adrenalin, 61, 362 action of, 67 on blood circulation, 72 on metabolism of nitrogen, 375 on excretion of urine, 64 Adriatic Sea, migrations, 301 Aechmophorus, eating feathers, 252 Aechmophorus major, anatomy, 35 Aechmorhynchiis canceUatus, anatomy, 35 pterylosis, 378 Aederhinus, alimentary canal, 24 Aedon, stomach, 29 Aegean Sea area, fauna, 193 Aegialitis, color pattern, 109 heredity of, 221 nestling color, 94 pharyngeal operculum, 158 Aegithalos, hybrids, 262 salivary glands, 227 taxonomy, 475 Aeginthidae, change in color, 105 sequence of plumages, 380 Aegithognathae, skull, 455 Aegithognathous birds, conchae, 256 Aepyornis, abnormal eggs, 488 egg shell, 413 fossil species, 344 Aepyornis maximus, egg-shell striae, 414 Aepyornithes, 344 Aeronauies, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 36 eyes, 165 flight muscles, 316 myology, 314 nervous system, 322 urogenital system, 508 Aeronautical observations, of flight, 286 of migrations, 302, 303 Aeronautics, artificial bird construction useless, 288 Aesthetic sense, 49 Aesthetic value, of birds, 308 of bird form, 214 Aestrelata, coloration of eyes, 94 embryology of, 144 oil from, 64 Aestrelata aterima, coloration, 92 coloration, 92 eye color, 94 Aestrelata kssoni, stomach, 30 vitamin content of, 30 Aethiope, economic relations, 135 Aethopyga, stomach, 28 Aex galericulata, congenital absence of kidney, 498 Affection, 52 Afghanistan, fauna, 189 Africa, 216 banding, 44 recoveries, 46 check list, 476 climate, adaptations to, 23 changes in, 132 distribution, 120 effects, of rainfall, 132 of temperature, 132 ecology, 126, 130, 132 economic ornithology, 136, 137, 138 evolution, 160 fauna, 175-179 food, 206 locusts, 140 general works, 216 habits, 234 breeding, 239 iconography, 271, 272 life histories, 279 migrations, 296-297, 303 natural history, 321 parasitology, 347, 348 plumages, 376 sequence of, 380 population, 384 speciation, 466 stomach contents, 211 taxonomy, 470 trapping methods, 296 variation, geographic, 516 vernacular names, 478 Aftershaft BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 8 Aftershaft, 204 taxpnomic value, 477, 514 variation in, 514 Agapornis, experimental feeding, 107 Agapornis cana, abnormal eggs, 487 Age, as factor, in fecundity, 422 in fertility, 387, 388, 422 at laying first egg, 392, 401 at sexual maturity, 205 determination of, 386 effects on, body temperature, 483 on color of eggs, 93 on plumage, 382 estimation of, 302 in confinement, 41 indication of, 93, 308 in feathers, 199 of eggs as factor in hatchability, 388 of parents, as factor, in hatchability of eggs, 389 of some races, 478 of spermatozoa, fertilizing power, 420 relation, to blood sugar, 66 to heat production, 372 to iodine content of thyroid gland, 503 to molt, 310 to weight, 406 Age cycles, in growth, 233 Agelaioides, social parasitism, 461 territorialism, 461 Agelaius, albinism, 96 courtship, 57 eating corn boll worm, 140 ecology, 131 economic relations, 135, 138 feeding habits, 249 food, 208 instinct, 51 migrations, 297 nest sanitation, 245 sequence of plumages, 380 sexual behavior, 56 voice, 463 Agelaius floridanus, sequence of plum- ages, 380 Agelaius phoeniceus, communities, 133 ecology, 125 habits, 236 learning to sing, 54, 466 life history, 280 migrations, 298 molt, 309 reproductive system, seasonal changes in gonads, 509 song, inheritance of, 224 territorialism, 461 vocal instinct, 52 Agglutination, 74, 356 of bacteria, 275 of sperm, 424 test for B. pullorum, 275 Aggressins, 275 Agriculture, effects on population, 112, 385 exportation of birds, 142 useful birds, 141-142 Agriocharis ocellata, albinism, 96 skeleton, 443 Aidemosyne modesta, hybrids, 263 Aimophila aestivalis bachmani, voice, 463 Air, in bone air cells, 60 in plumage, 376 volume in body, 403 Air pressure, in experimental embry- ology, 153 in flight, 288, 289, 290 effects on altitude, 286 fluctuations in, ear adaptation to, 122 low, hemorrhage effect in bone, 447 measuring technic, 481 resistance to, 218, 372 Air sacs, 427-429 action in voice, 465 amputation of, 353 anomalies, 492 as oxygen reservoirs, 291 aspergillosis in, 355 breathing through, in ruptured hu- merus, 426 contraction of in diving, 291 courtship use, 58 dilation, 353 display inflation, 429 edema of, 353, 360 gangrene of, 353 gas exchange in, 426 injection technic, 480 innervation of, 333 lining epithelium, 38 parasite, (Aspergillus) in, 348 mite, 347 pathology of, 355 smooth muscle of, 319 contractions in tissue culture, 506 soot inhalation, 426 tuberculosis of, 367 Aix, covert feathers, 202 cubital feathers, 203 eclipse plumage, 382 habits, 236 incubation period, 244 Aix galericulata, hyperdactylia, 495 Aix sponsa, arrhenoidy, 437 care of young, 243 conservation, 112 decreasing population, 385 eclipse plumage, 382 ecology, 125 Alabama, conservation, 111 economic ornithology, 136 fauna, 181 habits, 235 FINDING INDEX Alanin Alanin, 61 action of, 67 Alario alario, hybrids, 267 Alasks, climatic effects, 163 conservation, 111 destruction of birds, 112 ecology, 126 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 179 habits, 234 iconography, 272 life histories, 280 natural history, 321 parasites, Mallophaga, 347 population, 384 taxonomy, 471 variation, 516 Alauda, albinism, 96 anomalies of beak, 493 bone brittleness, 354 ceca, 33 coloration, 108 variation in, 516 ecology, 125 economic relations, 138 eggs, triple-yolked, 489 environmental relations, 134 extra skull bones, 457 melanism, 101 migrations, 301 molt, environmental effects on, 310 voice, strength of, 464 Alauda alpestris, insect food, 251 Alauda arborea, hybrids, 263 voice, 463 Alauda arvensis, albinism, 96 breeding in captivity, 43 food, 208 hibernation, 261 hybrids, 263 insectivorous habits, 139 introduction of, 174 melanism, 101 migrations, 301 nocturnal singing, 253 song periods, in autumn, 254 Alauda calandra, anomalies of beak, 493 Alauda cristata, isabellism, 100 Alauda graeca, hybrids, 263 Alaudidae, bastard primary, 203 migrations, 299 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 380 Albania, fauna, 196 Alberta, Canada, ecology, 126 fauna, 180 Albinism, 96-101 Albumen, 413 absorption of, 335 analysis of, 68, 413 as poison for man, 118 as tissue culture medium, 505 assimilation of, by embryo, 152 chemistry of, 69, 70 clearing, 479 experimental removal from egg, 153 glucose content, 69 hydrogen-ion concentration, 146 incubation, changes, 69 injections during, 153, 154 nitrogen content, 68 effects of quinine on, 68, 423 of storage eggs, 70 polarization, 68 preserving methods, 294 secretion of by oviducal glands, 423 weight of, 408 Albumin, 60 action of serum on, 275 antitryptic action, 68 embryonic, physico-chemical changes in, 145 of blood, 65 of egg, 69, 70 Albuminoids, in egg, 70 Albuminuria, in birds, 354 in man, 118 Alca, acquired characters, 220 body temperature, 482 bursa Fabricii, 92 coloration, 93 variation in, 93, 513 eyes, measurements of, 165, 403 structure of, 166 lymphoid tissue, 292 molt, 309 myology, 314 nerve plexuses, 330 rib anomaly, 498 sequence of plumages, 380 tongue muscles, 315 variation, 513 Alca impennis, skeleton, 443 Aka torda, feeding habits, 249 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 380 Alcae, evolution, 160 skeleton, 443 taxonomy, 475 Alcedinidae, anatomy, 35 atavism, 218 diastataxy, 199 eutaxy, 377 habits, 233 iconography, 273 molt of remiges, 310 myology, 314 plumage, 376 taxonomy, 474, 475 Alcedo, alimentary canal, 24 blue color, 102 economic relations, 135, 139 eye, anatomy of, 166 Alcedo BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 10 Alcedo — Continued physiology of, 166 feathers, pigments of, 103 structure of, 201 food, 208 gizzard, 30, 31 gynandromorphism, 436 habits, 236 singing, 253 stomach, 28 vision, binocular, 517 Alcedo attis, food, 208 vision, 517 Alcedo hispida, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 35 myology, 314 tongue, 25 Alcedo ispida, velocity of flight, 289 Alcidae, behavior, 47 esophagus, 28 molt of beak covering, 311 sequence of plumages, 380 skeleton, 445 stomach, 28, 29 taxonomy, 475 viscera, 38 Alcinae, Mallophaga (parasites) of, 347 Alcohol, effects, on behavior, 47 of daily inhalation, 371 on embryo, 153, 492 on gizzard cuticula, 31 on instinct, 51 on progeny, 163 on yolk size, 419 use in embryo fixation, 480 Alcoholism, 354 Alderney Isl., fauna, 193 Alectons, molt, 309 variation, 513 Alectoris barbara, hybrids, 263 Alectoromorphae, distribution, 119 Aleutian Isls., fauna, 180 Alexander Dist., Australia, fauna, 196 Alfalfa, as food, 336 Alfalfa weevil, as food for birds, 140 Algeria, artificial incubation, 399 fauna, 175 typhus, 370 Alighting, 288 Alimentary Canal, 23-33, 117-118 anomalies, 499 castration effects on, 85 development, 157 drug effects on, 67 enzymes, 62 glands, 24, 225 lactose content, 63 measurements of, 24, 405 motility of, 67 pathology of, 351 transmission of pseudo-tuberculo- sis, 367 Alisterus, hybrids, 42, 262 Alisterus amboinensis, care in captivity, 42 Alix Lake Dist., Canada, fauna, 180 Alkalies, metabolism of, 374 Alkaline Lake, ecology, 130 "All or none" law, 440 Allantoic fluid, 151 chemistry of, 70 physical properties, 151 uric acid in, 71 Allantois, 150-151 anomalies, 491 capillaries of, 89 grafts into, of gonads, 433, 509 of mesonephros and gonads, 512 perivascular lymphatic vessels, 90, 151 Allegany County, Maryland, ecology, 127 Almonds, bitter, as poison for birds, 313, 365 Almorah, India, fauna, 191 Alor Isl., Malaysia, fauna, 197 Alpine valleys, migrations, 308 Alps, fauna, 196 Altai Mts., fauna, 192 Altitude, adaptation to, 23 determination of, 294 effects, on food consumption, 212 on heart, 261, 408 on migrations, 303 on population distribution, 132, 173, 384 on respiration, 425 on thyroid gland, 503 of flight, 40, 286, 305 measuring technic, 295, 481 use of telescope, 40, 482 Altmann's granules, 29, 115 evolution of, 162 Altricial birds, albumen, comparison with precocial birds, 68, 413 egg chemistry, 68 Amadina, melanism, 101 Amager Isl., Denmark, fauna, 195 Amazilia, banding, 44 Amazilia tzocatt, breeding habits, 240 ecology, 125 feather growth, 201 incubation period, 244 life history, 280 Amazon R. basin, fauna, 188 taxonomy, 472 Amelia, 495 America, economic ornithology, 137, 141 fauna, 179-189 general works, 216-217 habits, 234-235 breeding, 239 feeding, 249 11 FINDING INDEX America America — Continued iconography, 271, 272 life histories, 279, 280 migrations, 297, 304, 306, 307, 308 natural history, 321 paleontology, 344 photography, history of, for birds, 481 voice, 462^463 Amino acids, 61, 71, 232 of embryo, 70, 145 toxitity for cells in tissue culture, 506 Amino sugars, 60, 142 Aminopropionic acid, 61 Amitosis, 114 in spermatogenesis, nuclear function, 420 in tissue culture, 506 Ammodramus, adaptations in beak, 22 to flight, 23 environmental effects, 163 nocturnal singing, 253 Ammonia, 61, 63, 64, 71 effects on embryo, 153 in egg, 69 production by embryo, 145 Ammonium carbonate, 164 Ammospixa, albinism, 99 Amnio-allantoic wall, mucoid cyst in, 368 Amnion, 151 anomalies, 170, 491 protrusion into lens vesicle, 494 lesions, experimental, 151 perivascular lymphatic vessels, 151 removal, experimental, 152, 154, 491 smooth muscle of, 319 studies of development, experimental, 155 Amniotic fluid, absorption of, 152 chemistry of, 70 Amoebae, in cecum, 348 Amoy, China, fauna, 190 Ampelis, albinism, 97 anatomy, 37 care in captivity, 41 color of nestling mouth parts, 95 feather shafts, terminal, dilation of, 204 Ampelis cedrorum, feeding habits, 249 Ampelis garrulus(a), anatomy of, 37 care in captivity, 41 color pattern, 109 feathers, platelet appendages to, 204 variation in, 514 habits, 236 migrations, 301, 304 Amphipoda, as food for birds, 213 Amputations, 21 Amylase, in crop, 62 Amylolysis, 60, 284 Anadidymus, 486, 487 Anadyr region, fauna, 192 Anagallis arvensis phoenicea, (plant), pharmacology, 67 Anambas Isls. fauna, 197 Anaphylaxis, 274, 355 Anarhynchus, beak anomalies, 493 Anarhynchus frontalis, cross beak, 494 Anas, adaptation, 21 functional, 23 air sacs, 428 fungi in, 353 physiology of, 428 albinism, 97, 100 amnion, 151 anatomy, 34 pathologic, 355 anthrax, 355 aortic arches, 159 apnea, 425 experimental, 409 postural, 324, 425 apoplexia, 351 arrhenoidy, 437 following ovariotomy, 438 arteries, 87-89 splenic, 293 asphyxia, 67 resistance to, 21 biliary ducts, 284 bird pox, 357 blood, 65 chemistry of, 65, 66 manganese content, 65 osmotic pressure, 65, 71 oxidase reaction, 71 pH measurement, technic of, 480 physiology of, 72 pressure, 65 urea and uric acid content, 64, 66 blood islands, 157 blood vessels, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 of ear, 122 of eyes, 87, 168 of skin, 87 of spinal cord, 87 body temperature, 482 age effects on, 483 bone, 87 marrow, 75 vacular supply, 447 brain, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 chemistry of, 66 corpus callosum, 77 corpus striatum, 81 correlations with body weight, 401 diencephalon, 82 optic lobes, 83, 84 breathing, 426 bursa Fabricii, 91, 82 castration, 86 effects on secondary sex characters, 86, 440 Anas BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 12 Anas — Continued ceca, 33 digestion in, 64, 117 celom, 157 cerebellum, 84 cholera, 357 chondocranium, 456 choroid plexus, 294 circulatory system, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 atrio ventricular system, 258 claws, development of, 277 cloaca, 91, 92 color change, 105, 106 coloration, abnormal, 95, 96, 97 conchae, 256 connective tissue, 110 fibrocartilage, 111 corpuscles, Grandry's, 331, 404 lamellar, development of, 331 histology of, 331 red blood, 73, 74 tactile, of beak and tongue, 331 of palate, 331 cytology, 115 diabetes mellitus, 350 diets, effects of, 31, 208, 335 on color, 107 on fecundity, 336 on weight, 406 digestion, 116, 117 ear, 121, 122, 123 glands of, 22, 226 vestibular apparatus, 403 economic relations, 137 ectopic development, 156 egg, genetic potencies, 412 measurements of, 403 melanism, 93 osmosis, 68 resistance, to humidity, 417 to freezing, 417 size, effects of length of day, 417 weight loss during incubation, 156 egg tooth, 150 electrocardiogram, 260 embryo, biochemistry of, 145 effects, of morphine, 492 of radium, 373 of thyroid gland tissue, 503 respiration of, 426 embryology, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157 evolution, of pineal body, 161 of wing bones, 162 eye, 165, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172 optic nerve and chiasma, 328 eyelids, 168 fear, 50 feathers, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202 development of, 202, 377 growth rate, 201, 233, 403 oil of, 199 fecundity, 205 feet, development of, 281 femur, relation to dinosaurs, 449 fibrocartilage, 111 filum terminale, 324 flight muscles, 316 flight reflexes, 290 food, 208, 337 fossil species, 344 fruit eaten, 212, 214 gas metabolism, 374 gastric secretion, 60, 64 gizzard, 30, 31 glands of, 226 gland cells, 116 glands of tongue, 227 Golgi apparatus, 226 gout, 64, 361 grafts, 228, 229 Grandry's corpuscles, 331 growth, 230 correlations, 231 growth rate, of feathers, 233 of organs, 233 head process, 150 healing of wound, 371 hearing, 257 heart, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 pathology of, 351 hemapoiesis, 74 heredity, 220, 222, 223 Mendelian, 223 heterotaxis, 146 hybrids, 262, 263, 264, 265 experimental, 269 incubation period of, 244 weights of, 406 hydrophobia, 354 hyoid apparatus, 457 hypophysis, 269, 270 development of, 159, 269 effects, on gonads, 270 on thyroid gland, 271 immunity to snake venom, 274 incubating habits, 243 incubation, artificial, 399 period of, 244 instinct, 51 integument, development, of, 276 intelligence, 53 intersexuality, 435 intestine, 32, 33 iodine content of thyroid gland, 63 iris, 169 coloboma of, 494 isabellism, 100 in winter, 383 kidneys, development of, 512 veins of, 512 lacrimal glands, 226 larynx, development of, 429 learning, 53 13 FINDING INDEX Anas Anas — Continued leukocytes, 75 cytology of, 115 limberneck, 361 liver, 284 lungs, 429, 430 lymph nodes, 292 lymphatic system, 90 manganese content, of organs, 63 of blood, 65 measurements, 402, 403, 404, 405, 425 meninges, development of, 293 mesonephric duct, 512 mesonephros, 512 metabolism, 373, 374 of embryo, 155, 374 mitochondria, in spermatogenesis, 420 molt, 309 morphine, effects of, 351, 492 muscles, 170 cardiac, 258, 318 flight, 316 infrahyoid, 315 of limbs, development of, 317 pelvic, 316 skeletal, histogenesis of, 318 of trunk, 316 nasal gland ducts, 226 nasal region, 256 nasolacrimal duct, 256 nerve endings, 330 in beak, 331 nerve plexuses, 330 nerves, cerebrospinal, 328 ciliary, 333 cranial, 327 nuclei of, 78 facial, 327 glossopharyngeal, 328 hypoglossal, 328 trigeminal, 328 vagus, 329 intercostal, 330, 426 nerves, splanchnic, 67 nervous system, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334 neuroblasts, 323 neuroglia tissue, development of, 323 neurons, preganglionic, 334 nestlings, color of, 94 down feathers, 202 plumage, 381, 383, 384 nictitating glands, 226, 227 nitrogen excretion, 61, 66 notochord, 159 oblique septum, 430 olfactory epithelium, 338 olfactory organs, 328 oral cavity, 25 orientation, 340 relation of vestibular apparatus, 340 ossification, 340 of pericardium, 351 Roentgen rays studies of, 341 osteo-arthritis, 354 ovaries, paired, 343 oviduct, physiology of, 423 pancreas, ablation effects, 346 development of, 345, 514 inanition, effects of, 338 pancreatic islets, 345, 346 parthenogensis, 150 pecten, 171 pectoral girdle, development of, 451 pennamotor cortical center, 333 pericardial cavity, 157 peritoneal canals, 157 pharyngeal operculum, 158 pharynx, 26 pineal body, 375 plague, 364 pleura, 430 pleuroperitoneal cavity, 157 plumage, eclipse, 382 effects of ovarian extract on, 376 of thyroid gland, 384, 504 sequence of, 380 variation in color of, 515 premandibular cavities, 157 primordial germ cells, 411 primitive streak, 149 proctodeum, 159 proventriculus, 30 pulse rate, 375 Rathke's pocket, 157 reflexes, 159, 409 in flight, 290 pupillary, 370, 409 regeneration, of beak, 410 of nerves, 410 reproduction, effects, of cholesteremia, 421 of length of day, 421 erection of penis, 511 periodic reproductive instinct, 52 reproductive system, 508, 509, 510, 511 seasonal changes in gonads, 424 respiration,, 425, 426 measurements of, 425 of gases in, 403 of embryo, 155, 426 respiratory organs, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431 retina, 171, 172 salivary glands, 227 sarcoma, experimental studies, 369 scutes, 278 Seesel's pocket, 157 serum, 65 sex characters, in plumage, 383 secondary sex characters, changes in, 86, 439 Anas BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 14 Anas — Continued sex hormones, 440 sex physiology, 434 sex ratio, 223 sexual behavior, 56, 57 size, inheritance of, 220 skeleton, 443 development of, 452 pneumaticity of, 448 skin, cooling of, 483 histology of, 276 skull, 454, 455 smell, 460 spermatogenesis, 420 spermatozoa, 419, 421 fertilizing power, 420 spinal cord, 87, 324, 325 blood vessels of, 324 central canal, 403 spleen, 293 sternum, 452 ossification of, 341 stomach, 28, 29 innervation of, 332 measurements of, 405 pyloric glands, 29 surface area of mucosa, 405 variation in, 408 weight correlations with diet, 401 sugar excretion, 63 suprarenal glands, 467 syrinx, 468 tail, variation in, 514 taste, 469 teratology, 485-489, 491-499 testes, changes in, 500 hyperplasia of, 501 hypophysis extract effects on, 500 interstitial tissue of, 499 pathology of, 353 thalamus connections, 78 thymus gland, development of, 502 thyroid gland, 503 effects of hypophysis on, 271, 505 tissue culture, with embryonic tissue, 508 heart tissue growth in, 506 tongue, 25, 26 development of tongue muscles, 316 trachea, 431 enlargements of, 431 tuberculosis, 366 tumors, 367, 368 urinary organs, rudimentary, 511 urine, 64 chemical and physical properties, 513 urogenital system, development of, 508 uropygeal gland, 227, 228 variation, 513 veins, 89, 90 cardinal, 159 vertebrae, development of, 454 vertebral articulations, 447 vision, 517 related movements of head, 517 voice, 462 in great pain, 466 weights, 406 wing bones, development of, 450 wings, 282 arteries of, 89 development of, 152 yolk, development of, 419 yolk sac, postembryonic, 151 xenia, 225 Anas acuta — see also Dafila acuta banding, 44 ligaments, 446 locking wing joints in flight, 283 wing, articulations, 446 bones, 450 Anas boscas, eclipse plumage, 382 food, 212 hybrids, 263, 267 longevity, 292 Anas boschas, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 97 change in color, 105 copulation, 58, 422 courtship, 57 fecundity, 204, 205 habits, 236 breeding, 242 hybrids, 263, 264, 267 fertility of, 269 gonads of, 268 hyoid apparatus, development, 458 iconography, 274 isabellism, 100 melanism, 101 ovary, 342 sequence of plumages, 380 sex hormone effects on eclipse plum- age, 441 sex reversal, 437 teratology, 485 double monsters, 486 testes, 499 Anas clangula, hybrids, 264 Anas clypeata, breeding in captivity, 43 Anas crecca, albinism, 97 autosurgery, 48 courtship, 57 hybrids, 264 sequence of plumages, 380 testes, periodicity in activity of, 500 Anas gakriculata, breeding in captivity, 43 Anas magallanica, tracheal loops, 431 Anas marila, color change, 105 15 FINDING INDEX Anas mollissima Anas mollissima, food, 208 fungus parasites, 348 in air sacs, 353 habits, 236 Anas rrwschata, hybrids, 264 Anas niger, food, 208 Anas obscure rubripes, sequence of plumages, 380 taxonomy, 478 Anas penehpe, amelia, 495 one wing absent, 496 banding, 46 hybrids, 264 Anas platyrhyncha, sex reversal, 437 Anas platyrhynchos, feeding habits, 249 hybrids, 264 migrations, 307 Anas platyrhynchus, sexual behavior, 56 Anas poecilorhyncha, hybrids, pictures of, 274 Anas punctata, bulla ossea, 438 sternum, 452 syrinx, 468 trachea, 431 Anas rubripes tristis, habits, 236 incubation period, 244 Anas sponsa, breeding in captivity, 43 Anas superciliosa, hybrids, 264 Anas tadorna, breeding in captivity, 43 duration of mating, 59 Anostomus, anatomy, 35 myology, 314 syrinx, 468 Anostormis oscitans, intestine, 31 stomach, 28 Anatidae, adaptation, 21 albinism, 97 anatomy, 34 arrhenoidy, 437 banding, 44 behavior, 47 body temperature, 482 botulism, 357 carcinoma, 368 care in captivity, 41 castration, effects on sex, 433 ceca, 33 cholera, 357 color pattern, 109 variation in, 515 white spotting, 221 coloration, abnormal, 95 communal relationships, 133 conservation, 114 corpuscles, Grandry's, 331 lamellar, 331 courtship, 57 distribution, 119, 174 diving, 291 ecology, 125 esophagus, 28 evolution, 160 feathers, nestling down, 202 primary, lateral extension of vane, 377 tail down, specialized, 202 feeding, experimental, 33 fertilization, artificial, 269 field identification, 294, 308 flight, 285 velocity of, 289 food, 208 insect, 213 general works, 215, 217 genetics, 218 habits, 233, 236 breeding, 240 feeding, 249 hybridization tendency, 219, 268 hybrids, 262 eggs of, 269, 412 weights of parts, 407 experimental, 218, 269 fertility of, 269 germ cells, 268 ovaries, 269 testes, 499 iconography, 272, 273, 274 incubation period, 244 India, distribution in, 191 iris, physiology, 167 locomotion, 284 measurements, 402 melanism, 101 Mendelian heredity, 223 migrations, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301 failure in, 302 molt, 309, 310 natural history, 320, 321 nestlings getting to water from tree nests, 247 North America, distribution in, 179 oogensis, 416 in hybrids, 268, 416 ossification, 340 ovary, phytogeny of, 342 parasites of, 346 plumage, discoloration of, 96 eclipse, 382 effect of, 281 sequence of, 380 poisoning, 313 reproductive system, copulatory or- gans, 511 gonad histology, 509 sex, dimorphism, 435 ratio, 442 skeleton, 443, 445 smell, sense of, 459 social relations, 460 speciation, 466 spermatogenesis, 420 in hybrids, 268, 420 Anatidae BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 16 Anatidae — Continued stomach, 28, 29 swimming under water, 291 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 474, 475 testes, seasonal changes in, 501 trachea, enlargement of, 431 loops of, 431 tracheal bulb, 431 trapping methods, 295 traps for, 46 typhoid fever, 369 uropygeal gland secretion, 227 voice, 463 weights, 406 Anatinae, spermatozoa, 419 Anatolian Plateau, fauna, 192 Anatomy, 33-39 — see also under various organs pathologic, 355 taxonomic characters, 39, 476, 477 Ancre Valley, France, fauna, 193 Andalusian Sierras, fauna, 195 Andaman Isls., fauna, 189 Andes Mountains, ecology, 131 Androglossa, esophagus, 28 esophageal glands, phytogeny of, 28, 226 taste buds and nerve endings, 469 Anemia, 355 Anencephalia, 497 Anesthesia, effects on ear, 124 Aneurisms, 351 Angola, fauna, 177, 178 Anhalt, fauna, 194 Anhimidae, anatomy, 34 Anhinga, anatomy, 37 ceca, 33 color, of eyes, 94 of gular sac, 95 of skin, 95 feather eating, 252 Anhydremia, 83 Anideus, 486 Annam, fauna, 190 Ann Arbor, migrations, 298 Anomalies — see also Teratology heredity of, 220, 221 in blastoderm, 149 arrested development of, 491 in egg tooth, 150 in embryos, 156 in lens invagination, 151 in plumage, 376 absence of feathers, 163, 224 Anous, behavior, 47 courtship, 57 learning, 53 Anous stolidus, food, 208 habits, breeding, 240 feeding, 249 orientation, 340 recognition, of eggs and nest, 55 of young, 56 Anoxemia, 29 effects on gizzard, 31 Ansa intestinalis, 334 Anser, accessory spleen, 293 adaptation, in feeding, 23 in stomach, 22 adipose tissue, 110 chemistry of, 66 of dermis, 277 air sacs, inflammation of, 353 albinism, 97 alimentary canal, 24 measurements of, 405 anatomy, 34 arteries, 87, 88 articulations, 446, 447 asphyxia, 67 basal metabolism, 374 bird pox, 357 blood, 65, 66 corpuscles, red, 73, 74 osmotic pressure of, 65, 71 physiology of, 71 blood vessels, 86, 87, 88 of ear, 122 of eye, 168 body temperature, 482, 483 bone, mineral content of, 447 brain, 76, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84 breathing rate, 426 bursa Fabricii, 87, 92 care in captivity, 41 ceca, 33 cholera, 357 cloaca, 91, 92 crop, 27 dancing, 58 diabetes mellitus, 350 digestion, 116 domestication, 43 effects, on interstitial cells, 500 on reproduction, 411 ear, 121, 122, 123 environmental effects on gonads, 509 eggs, chemistry of, 67 osmotic pressure of, 68, 412 structure of, 418 study of, with polarized light, 414, 480 embryology, 144, 147, 156 endoparasites of, 347 epidemic diseases of, 360 eye, 87, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 315 pathology of, 352 fat, 66 feathers, chemistry of, 66 growth, measurements of, 403 rate of, 201, 233 monoamino acids of, 199 17 FINDING INDEX Anser Anser — Continued structure of, 201 food, 208, 394 value of corn, 337 foot, connective tissue of, 282 furcula, 451 ganglia, cerebrospinal, 326 ciliary, 334 gizzard, 30, 31 adaptation in, 22 glands, of mouth, innervation of, 226 nasal, innervation of, 226 nictitating, 226, 227 salivary, 227 gonads, environmental effects on, 509 weight loss, 408 gout, 64, 361 habits, 236 hearing, 257 heart, 257, 258, 259, 260 innervation of, 333 vagus nerve action on, 260 heat production, 60, 73, 372 hemolymph nodes, 292 histology, 38 hybrids, 262, 263, 264 hydrophobia, 354 hypnosis, 50 hypophysis, 269 incubation period, 244 intestine, 31, 32 kidneys, 511 renal corpuscles, 513 lactic acid formation, 66 leg muscle mechanics, 319 leukemia, 361 leukocytes, 72 leukocytozoa of, 348 limbs, variation in, 514 liver, cytology of, 116 development of, 284 extirpation effects on metabolism, 284, 374 fat formation in, 66 pathology of, 352 silicic acid content of, 284 longevity, 292 lungs, 429, 430 lymph, 75 lymph hearts, 91 lymph nodes, 292 of esophagus, 292 lymphatic system, 90, 91 preparation technic, 480 lymphoid tissue, 292 melanophores, 105 memory, 54 mesonephric ducts, 512 mouth, innervation of, 331, 332 nasal chambers, innervation of, 332 natural history of, 322 nervous system, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334 nuclei of cranial nerves, 78 nitrogen excretion, 63, 66 notochord, 159 olfactory epithelium, 338 oogenesis, rate changes, 416, 422 optic chiasma, 83, 328 ossification, 340, 341 osteo-arthritis, 354 ovary, 343 oviduct, physiology of, 423 pancreas, effects of ablation, 346 periorbital fascia, 165, 171 periorbital region, 254 pigments of skin, 103 pineal eye homology, 157 plague, 364 pulse rate, 375 reproductive system, 508, 510, 511 respiration, 425, 426 respiratory organs, 427 sex hormones, effects of, 441, 442 role of interstitial tissue, 442 skeleton, 443, 449, 451, 454 skull, 455, 458 fontanelles, 457 os interparietale, 457 smell, 459 spermatogenesis, 420 spinal cord, 324, 325 blood vessels of, 324 spleen, accessory, 293 sternum, 452 stomach, 28, 29 sugar, excretion of, 67 hydrolysis of, 66 tendon of anterior patagial muscle, 317 teratology, 487, 488 amnion absent, 491 beak anomalies, 493 double embryos, 487 egg in egg, 489 eye anomalies, 494 foot anomalies, 496 incomplete webbing of toes, 496 plumage, anomalies of, 497 spurs on head, 493 supernumary limbs, 496 testes, histology of, 499 seasonal variations in, 500 weight of, 408 thyroidectomy, effects on plumage 384, 505 toe connective tissue, 111 tongue, 25 urea, 66 uric acid, 66 urinary organs, development of, 511 renal corpuscles, 513 urine, 61 Anser BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 18 Anser — Continued uropygeal glands, 227 veins, 89 vertebrae, number of, 405 weather forecasting, 59, 308 weights, of various organs, 406 wing bones, development of, 162, 450 Anser aUnfrons, albinism, 97 hybrids, 264 migrations, 297 Anser anser, migrations, 301 Anser brachyrhynchos, webless toes, 496 Anser cinereus, autonomic nervous system, 332 hybrids, 264 regeneration of beak, 410 Anser cinereus domesticus, hybrids, 265 Anser fabalis, hybrids, 264 pectoral girdle, 451 measurements of, 405 variation, 513 Anser gambensis, syrinx, 468 tracheal coils, 431 Anser hyperboreus, albinism, 97 Anser neglectus, pectoral girdle, 405, 451 Anser anas, gradual molt, 310 Anseranas semipalmata, anatomy, 34 Anseres, behavior, 47 tameness, 49 habits, 234 hybrids, fertility of, 269 life histories, 280 migrations, 299 skeleton, 443 Anserifprmes, anatomy, 34 care in captivity, 41 Anserinae, breeding in captivity, 43 distribution, 120 economic relations, 138 flight, velocity of, 289 food, 208 Grandry's corpuscles, 331 habits, 236 hybrids, 262, 269 injuries to, 21 longevity, 291 migrations, 300, 301 altitude, 303 mortality from lightning, 313 orientation, 340 trachea, 431 voice, 463 weather forecasting, 132 Antarctic Ocean, ecology, 129, 131 fauna, 174 habits, 236 Antarctic region, fauna, 175 life histories, 279 Antarctica, fauna, 175 iconography, 271 migrations, 296, 301 sequence of plumages, 380 social relations, 460 taxonomy, 470 Anthochaera carunculata, skeleton, 443 Anthoscopus, breeding habits, 240 Anthracoceros, embryology, 144 Anthrax, 355 transmission of by birds, 118, 138 Anthropoides, brain arteries, 88 furcula, 451 leg muscle mechanics, 319 migrations, 297 sternum, 452 tracheal loops and pouch, 431 Anthropoides paradisaeus, traches, 431 Anthropoides virgo, anatomy, 36 trachea, 431 Anthropomorphic writing, 48, 308 Anthus, albinism, 97 carrying young, 243 hybrids, 262 migrations, 307 orientation, 340 skeleton, 443 measurements of, 404, 445 Anthus cervinus, migrations, 300 Anthus pratensis, albinism, 97 fecundity, 204 hybrids, 264 number of eggs in clutch, 412 Anthus spinoktta, albinism, 97 Anthus trivialis, albinism, 97 hybrids, 264 Antibodies, 274 Antibrachium, 454 Antigens, 274 Antigone, tracheal coils in sternum, 432 Antigua Id., fauna, 186 taxonomy, 472 Antipathy to purple, 47, 518 Antrostomus, voice, 463 Antrostomus carolinensis, eating other birds, 251 Ants, as food for birds, 140 Anus, doubling of, 486 Aorta, 88 innervation of, 329 variation in, 514 Aortic arches, 88, 153 anomalies of, 490 Aphelocoma californica, feeding habits, 249 Aphelocoma californica woodhousei, mor- tality from rattlesnakes, 313 Aphids, as food for birds, 140 Aphriza, food, 208 migrations, 297 Aphriza virgata, skeleton, 443 taxonomy, 475 based on skeleton, 449 19 FINDING INDEX Apnea, 324, 409, 425 reflexes of, 409 Apoplexia, 351 Aporia, pupa of as food for birds, 213 Apparatus, 39-40 electrical, for hearing tests, 257 thermostat, 399 for filtering chicken plague virus, 364 for measuring sternum, 482 for recording voice, 464 for viewing nests in tree cavities, 479 Appetites, 47 Apple blossoms, eaten by birds, 139 Aptenodytes, albinism, 97 anatomy, 37 arteries of limbs, 89 ciliary muscle, 168 connective tissue, 110 feathers, structure of, 201 food, 208 habits, 236 molt, 309 pectoral girdle, 451 sequence of plumages, 380 skeleton, pneumaticity of, 448 skull, 455 sternum, 452 syrinx, 468 tongue, 25 trachea, 431 wings, 282 Aptenodytes demersa, air sacs, 428 Aptenodytes longirostris, breeding hab- its, 240 Aptenodytes patachonica, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 37 bursae, 445 eyes, 165 fascia, 110 ligaments, 446 myology, 314 skeleton, 443 measurements of, 404 pneumaticity absent, 449 Aptenodytes patagonica, anatomy, 37 blood vessels, 86 Aptenodytes pennanti, molt, 309 Apterygidae, anatomy, 35 Apteryx, air sacs, 428 albinism, 97 anatomy, 35 body temperature, rectal readings, 483 bones, carpal, 451 of hand, 451 brain, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 claws on wings, 277 cloaca, 91 conchae, 256 egg shell, 413 embryology, 144 eyes, 165 habits, 233, 236 in captivity, 247 incubating, 243 heart, 257 valves of, 258 hybrids, 262 hyoid arch extension, 158 muscles, 314 smooth, 319 nasal chambers, 256 oblique septum, 430 olfactory epithelium, development of, 338 olfactory nerves, 328 olfactory organs, 338 ossification, 340 of skull, 341 pectoral girdle, 451 plumage, 376 reproductive system, copulatory or- gans, 508 ovary, 342 oviduct, 509 skeleton, 443 development of, 448 evolution of, 162 skull, 454, 457 development of, 456 evolution of, 162 smell, 460 sternum, measurements of, 405 phylogeny of, 452 Aptosochromatism, 106 Apure, fauna, 189 Apus, histology of hypophysis, 270 phalanges, 451 Apus apus, as food for birds, 140 migrations, 301 Aquatic birds, domestication, 43 of British Isles, 193 Aqueductus ampullae posterioris, 124 Aquila, albinism, 97 alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 36 involved in flight, 288 arteries, 88 brain, 76 conservation, 112 economic relations, 134, 137 eyes, 165 bony plates in sclera, 173 sclerotic rings, 173 feather development, 200 flight, 285 anatomy involved, 288 mechanics of, 287 muscles of, 316 food, 208 gastric glands, 30, 226 geniculate ganglion, 328 habits, 233 Aquila BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 20 Aquila — Continued hybrids, 262 larynx, 429 leg bones, 449 lifting child, 288 ligaments, 446 longevity, 292 measurements, 402 migrations, 297 myology, 314, 317 olfactory organs, 338 pelvic girdle, 453 proventriculus, 30 pupillary reflexes, 409 sequence of plumages, 380 skeleton, 443 sternum, 452 taxonomy, based on anatomy, 476 tongue, 25 vertebral column, 453 weights, 406 Aquila chrysaetos, albinism, 97 behavior, 47 food, 208 growth, 230 habits, 233 breeding, 240 life history, 279 measurements, 402 sequence of plumages, 380 weights, 406 of brain, 407 Aquila glitchii, food, 208 growth, 230 habits, 236 voice, 463 Aquila pennata, sequence of plumages, 380 Aquintocubitalism, 199, 377 Ara, accessory vena cava, 90 brain, arteries of, 88 brain stem nuclei, 78 gizzard, 31 hybrids, 262 spinal nerves, 329 sympathetic and vagus nerves rela- tions, 332 Arabia, fauna, 189 habits, 236 taxonomy, 472 Arachnecthra, sequence of plumages, 380 Arachnothera magna, skeleton, 443 Aramidae, anatomy, 36 fossil species, 344 skeleton, 443 taxonomy, 475 Aramus, skeleton, 443 skull, 455 taxonomic anatomy, 39, 476 Aramus giganteus, anatomy, 36 Aramus pictus, breeding habits, 240 ecology, 125 Aramus scolopaceus, anatomy, 36 tracheal loops, 431 Aramus vociferus, skeleton, 443 taxonomy, 475 Arbor Day, 113 Arboricola, skull, 455 Arboriculae, supraorbital ossicles, 458 Archaeopteryx (fossil), 344 brain, 76 carpal bones, 451 claws, 277 flight, 285 habits, 237 limb bones, 449, 450, 451 relationships to dinosaurs, 478 remiges, 203 skeleton, 443 taxonomy, 478 wings, 282 claws of, 345 Archaeornis, skeleton, 443 Archaeornithes, brain, 76 Archibuteo, banding, 44 regurgitated pellets, 212 stomach contents, 211 Archibuteo ferrugineus, breeding habits, 240 feeding habits, 249 Archibuteo lagopus, teratology, 495 albinism, 97 Archilochus, albinism, 97 experimental diets, 208 intestinal villi, 32 intestine, 32 pollination of flowers, 250 Archilochus akxandrii, flying habits, 253 Archilochus colubris, breeding habits, 240 color vision, 518 feeding habits, 249, 250 Architectural ability, 48 Architecture, of bone, 447 of nest, 245 Arctic birds, food of, 206 natural history, 320 osteology, 447 sexual behavior, 56 Arctic coast, fauna, 192 Arctic North America, fauna, 175 Arctic Ocean region, fauna, 174 habits, 236 sexual behavior, 56 Arctonetta, sequence of plumages, 380 Ardea, albinism, 97 anatomy, 35 arteries, 87, 88 aviculture, 42 behavior, 47 biliary ducts, 284 21 FINDING INDEX Ardea Ardea — Continued blood vessels, 87 brain, chemistry of, 66 medulla oblongata, 85 breathing, 426 through broken bone, 448 cataract, 352 ceca, 33 cloaca, 91 cochlea, 123 courtship, 57 crop contents, 211 domestication, 43 flight, muscles of, 316 posture in, 289 velocity of, 289 food, 208, 213 quantity of, 212 furcula, 451 gizzard, 30 habits, 237 feeding, 249 hyoid apparatus, 457 intestine, 31 larynx, 429 lymphatic vessels, 90 luminosity, 308 migrations, 301 nervus facialis, in ear, 123 pancreas, ducts of, 345 patagium, 283 powder-down, 203 proventriculus, 30 respiratory organs, 427 sexual behavior, 56 skeletal adaptations, 22 skull, 455 spleen, 293 sternum, 452 stomach, 28, 30 contents of, 211 syrinx, 468 tongue, 25 trachea, 431 vertebral column, 453 adaptation in, 22 weights of viscera, 408 zygodactylism, 496 Ardea cinerea, banding, 44 development of beak, 255 habits, breeding, 240 feeding, 251 migrations, 306 nestling plumage, 380, 383 pancreas, histology of, 345 physiology of, 346 Ardea garzetta, melanism, 100 Ardea herodias, albinism, 97 Ardea ibis, conservation, 112 economic relations, 137 insectivorous habits, 139 Ardea minuta, nestling plumage, 383 sequence of plumages, 380 Ardea purpurea, food, 208 Ardea stellaris, syrinx, 468 Ardeae, breeding behavior, 49 breeding in captivity, 247 dichromatism, 108 habits, 235, 236 Ardeidae, ecology, 125 feathers, growth measurements, 403 nestling down, development of, 202 powder-down, 203 food, 208 insects, 213 habits, 235 intestine, 32 liver, 283 luminosity, 308 measurements, 402 migrations, 301 myology, 314 pterylosis, 378 sexual behavior, 56 skeleton, 443 syrinx, 468 tendons in surgery, 141 Ardeinae, food, 208 skeleton, 443 Ardetta, unusual food, 212 Ardetta cinnamomea, number of rectri- ces, 203 Ardetta involucris, instinct, 51 Ardetta minuta,, food, 208 habits, 237 Arenaria, food, 208 spermatogenesis, 420 Arenaria interpres, adaptation, 21 gonads, histology, in summer, 509 habits, 237 sex ratio, 442 Argas americanus, parasites of, 347 Argas persicus, infection of, 370 Argentina, fauna, 188 habits, 235 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 paleontology, 344 taxonomy, 472 Arginase, 62, 434 content, effect of castration, 433 of kidneys, 512 of male internal genitalia, 499, 511 Argus, feather structure, 201 Argusianus argus, courtship, 57 display, 58 Arizona, distribution, 120 ecology, 120 fauna, 181 general work, 216 migrations, 306 paleontology, 344 taxonomy, 471 Arkansas BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 22 Arkansas, economic ornithology, 136 fauna, 181 population, 385 red-rice scavenger service by ducks, 143 voice, 463 Armenia, fauna, 192 Arquatella, food, 208 Arrhenoidy, 437-438 Arsenic, action of, 67 as poison, 365 for grasshoppers, 313 Art, methods, 294 in ornithology, 308 Artamidae, hybrids, 262 Artamus, feeding habits, 249 Arteries, 87-89 celiac, 159 coronary, 258 measurements, 405 pulmonary, 159, 490 Arterioles, development of, 87 Arteriosclerosis, 351 Arthropods, as food for birds, 142 Articulations, 446-447 Aruba Isl., ecology, 130 fauna, 189 Ascaridia perspicillum (parasite), 349 Ascaris, (parasite), 349 Asia, banding, 44 ecology, 128 economics, 136 fauna, 189 food, 207 general work, 217 habits, 236 breeding, 240 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 natural history, 321 oology, 338 sequence of plumages, 380 taxonomy, 472 Asia Minor, fauna, 192 Asio, arteries of brain, 88 ecology, 125 gizzard, 30 habits, 237 nuptial song flight, 59 oviduct, histology of, 510 regurgitated pellets, 212 sense of smell, 460 stomach, contents of, 211 proventriculus, 30 variation in plumage color, 515 Asio accipitrinus, albinism, 97 Asio brachyotus, mortality from starva- tion, 313 Asio flammeus, albinism, 97 economic relations, 135 eggs, recognition of, 56 food, 208, 213 habits, breeding, 240 eating other birds, 251 feeding, 249 Muskeget Isl., 183 rearing by Callus, 411 territorialism, 461 voice, 463 Asio otus, albinism, 97 food, 208 vertebrae, action of, 453 Asio mlsonianus, food, 209 Askold Isl., fauna, 191 Aspergillosis, 355 Aspergillus (fungus), 348 in air sacs, 428 Asphyxia, 425 effects of atropine on, 67 mortality from, 312 of embryos from, 313 in oviduct, 422 resistance to, 21 Asthenia, 354 Astragalinus, banding, 44 gregariousness, 461 sequence of plumages, 380 Astrakhan Prov., fauna, 195 Astur, albinism, 97 autonomic nervous system, 332 blood vessels, of eye, 87, 168, 518 of spinal cord, 87 economic relations, 135 eyes, 87 food, 209 heart ganglia, 258 migrations, 304 orientation, 340 paired ovaries, 343 sequence of plumages, 380 visibility at high altitude, 286 Astur gentilis, economic relations, 135 incubation period, 244 Astur palumbarius, habits, 237 natural history, 322 vision, accommodation in, 518 Asturinus, ear glands, 226 Asymmetry, 214 heredity of, 221 in amnion, 156 in coloration, 102 of eyes, 95, 100, 169 of skin, 164 in plumage, 376 in testes, 501 Atavism, 160, 218 Ataxia, hereditary, 77, 326 motor, 325, 372 Athabaska, fauna, 180 Athene, albinism, 97 connective tissue, of foot, 282 of toes, 111 eye, anatomy of, 166 physiology of, 166 23 FINDING INDEX Athene Athene — Continued fontanelles, 457 hypnosis, 50 iris, coloboma, 494 pigment of, 170 reflexes of, 409 mandibular articulations, 447 medulla oblongata, 85 skull, 455 spinal cord, blood vessels of, 87, 324 nuclei of, 325 sternum, measurements of, 452 vision, 517 Athene noctua, color vision, 518 eyes, 65 reactions of iris, 518 feeding habits, 249 food, 209 incubation period, 244 vision, 517, 518 retinal action current, 517 Athiospar cristatellus, economic rela- tions, 141 Atlantic coast, distribution, 120 Atlantic Ocean, ecology, 129, 130, 131 fauna, 174, 175 Atlasses, 271, 522 Atropa belladonna, (plant), not eaten by birds, 250 Atrophy, of eggs, 352 of eye, 352 of gonads, 208 of ovary, 353, 438 of testes, 353 of muscle, 319 of oviduct, 510 Atropine, action of, 67, 329, 425 Attagis, alimentary canal, 24 taxonomy based on, anatomy, 476 on myology, 314 on skull, 457 on syrinx, 469 Attentiveness, 48 Atthis calliope, hybrids, 267 Attitudes, in captivity, 49 on land, 253 Attracting birds, methods of, 294 Au Sable Valley, Michigan, ecology, 127 fauna, 183 Audubon Societies, 141 Austin, Texas, fauna, 185 Australia, banding, 44 check list, 476 climatic effects, 132 conservation, 112 ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 137, 138 fauna, 196 food, 207 general work, 217 habits, 236 breeding, 240 feeding, 249 hematozoa, 348 iconography, 273 incubation, artificial, 399 insectivorous birds, 139 migrations, 301 natural history, 321 oology, 338, 339 parasites, 346 Mallophaga, 347 plumage, 376 sequence of, 380 population, 384 stomach contents, 211 taxonomy, 473 weights, 406 Austria, economic ornithology, 136 fauna, 193 food, 207 migrations, 299, 303 stomach contents, 211 Autointoxication, 144, 232 Automobiles, mortality from, 312 Autopsies, 311, 355, 356 Autosite, 486 experimental production, 491 Autosurgery, 48 Aversions, 48 Aviaries, artificial light in, 305 Aviculture, 40-43 domestication, 43 exotic birds, 40 exportation, 144 food, 43 hybrids, 40 cage, 268 Avitaminosis, 65, 71, 362, 519 Aythya ferina, hybrids, 264 Azores Isls., fauna, 175 taxonomy, 470 B Babylonia, ancient records of jungle fowl, 224 Bacillary white diarrhea, 355-356 agglutination test, 275 effect on egg production, 393 immunological studies, 275 susceptibility to, 222 Bacillus acidophilus, effect on hydrogen ion concentration, 397 Bacillus aertrycke, infection with, 370 Bacillus avisepticus, immunization against, 358 Bacillus cloacae, epidemic of, 370 Bacillus gallinarum, in epidemics, 360 Bacteria, in albumen, 413 in dressed fowl, 386 in egg collections, 339 in eggs, 413, 414, 415 permeability of shell, 414 Bacteria BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 24 Bacteria — Continued in old eggs eaten by Chinese, 417 infections with, 370, 389 in paratyphus, 364 in tuberculosis, 366 of intestine, 32, 347 Bacteriological technic, 479 Bacterium pullorum, 356 agglutination test, 275, 356 relation to typhoid fever, 369 Bacterium sanguinarium, 356 Baeolophus, plumage discoloration, 96 geographic variation, 516 hybrids, 262 Baffin Land, fauna, 180 Bahama Isls., evolution, 160 fauna, 186 migrations, 298, 304 population, 384 Bahrein Isl., fauna, 189 Balabac Isl., fauna, 197 Balaeniceps, plumage, 376 skull, 455 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 Balaeniceps rex, anatomy, 35 intestine, 32 skeleton, 443 pneumaticity of, 448 skull bones, 457 Balance of nature, 140 Balanosphyra formicivora bairdi, storing acorns and almonds, 252 Balbiana, vitelline body of, 416 Balearic Isls., fauna, 196 Balearica, bristle feathers, 202 skull, 455 Balearica pavonina, anatomy, 36 heart, 257 Baltic Sea, mortality of migrating birds, 313 Baltic Sea region, fauna, 193 Baltimore, fauna, 183 Baluchistan, fauna, 189 Bambusicola thoracia, erythrism, 101 Banding, 44-46 in migration studies, 303 in poultry culture, 390 methods of, 295 Bands, 39 Bantams, culture of, 387 Baram Dist., Borneo, fauna, 197 Barbados Isls,, fauna, 186 habits, 235 Barbuda Isl., fauna, 186 taxonomy, 472 Barium, action of, 67 on blood circulation, 72 Barnardius, color change, 105 erythrism, 101 geographic variation, 516 plumage, 376 Barometer, use of in physiology, 479 Barometric fluctuations, adaptation to, 21 effects on ear, 122 Barr Lake Dist., fauna, 182 Barro Colorado Isl., habits, 235 Bartramia longicauda, migrations, 301 Barussan Isls., fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Bashehr, India, fauna, 191 Baton Rouge, fauna, 183 Bats as food for birds, 213 Bavaria, check list, 476 Bawean Isl., fauna, 197 Bay of Fundy, migrations, 304 Bay of Honduras Isls., fauna, 187 Bayberries, eaten by birds, 252 Beak, 255, 457-458 adaptation of, 22, 23 to feeding, 255 blood vessels of, 87 color of, abnormal, 95 seasonal changes in, 107 variation in, 515 crossing of horny sheaths, 494 adaptation of tongue to, 494 development of, 255 environmental effects on, 163 evolution of, 161 feeding effects on, 252 form of, 214 changes in, 255 fractures, 21 growth of, 231, 255 horny sheath, 255, 279 molt of, 311 length, inheritance of, 220 motility of upper mandible, 256 muscles, 315 nerve endings in, 330-331 pneumaticity of, 459 regeneration of, 410 sex hormone, effect on color, 1091 structure of, 255 tendons, 315 teratology of, 493, 494 tumor, 368 Bear Isl., ecology, 129 fauna, 175 Bear Mt., fauna, 184 Bechuanaland, fauna, 178 Bee moths, as food for birds, 213 Bees, behavior towards, 49 as food for birds, 140, 213, 251 Beetles, as food for birds, 140 Behavior, 46-60 aggressive, 49 booming, 58, 464 cackling, 59, 238, 464 care of young, 242, 243 effects of castration, 86 effects of sex hormones on, 441 25 FINDING INDEX Behavior Behavior — Continued methods of study of, 294 on diet of wheat and corn only, 374 Belgian Congo, ecology, 126 fauna, 176, 177 habits, 234 taxonomy, 470 Belgium, economic ornithology, 138 fauna, 193 migrations, 299 taxonomy, 473 Belostomidae (insects), as food for birds, 213 Benguet Prov., fauna, 197 Benzoic Acid, 60 Berhala Strait, fauna, 197 Beriberi, 61, 62, 362-363 blood calcium, 74 diastatic ferment content of pancreas, 346 effects on mitochondria of ganglion cells, 326 Bering Sea, fauna, 179 sanctuary, 113 taxonomy, 471 Berkshire, banding, 46 Bermuda Isls., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 174, 186 habits, 235 paleontology, 344 Bermudez, Venezuela, ecology, 128 fauna, 189 Bernicla, albinism, 97 care in captivity, 41 domestication, 43 hybrids, 262 Bernicla brenta, hybrids, 264 Berries, as food for birds, 214 Bible references to birds, 215, 261, 271, 296, 320 Bigamy, 58 Bile, action in digestion, 117 color of, 93 excretion or resorption of, 284, 372 osmotic pressure of, 375 Bilharziasis, 356 Bill— see Beak Biochemistry. 60-71 — see also under Nutrition action of adrenalin in nitrogen metabolism, 375 air composition in asphyxia, 425 alkali metabolism, 374 amino acids, 145, 232 arginase content, 434, 499, 512 effects of castration, 433 calcium, 335 assimilation of, 61 blood serum content in vitamin B deficiency, 520 effect on gout, 361 factor in egg production, 392 in egg-shell formation, 392 metabolism of, 520, 521 influence of thymus gland, 502 calcium salts, growth effects, 233, 432 carbohydrate metabolism, 146 carbon dioxide production, tempera- ture effects on, 484 catalse activity in polyneuritis, 521 chemical synthesis, 60 cholesterin, 362, 363 cholesterol, formation in tissue cul- ture, 505 metabolism of, 374 creatine, 374, 492 glycogen, 284, 324, 336 deficiency effects on liver weight, 408 in beriberi, 362 in Mstologic study, 60 in poisoning, 364, 365 in rachitis, 363, 364 in tuberculosis, 366 iodine content of thyroid gland, 503 effect of hypophysis on, 505 iron and copper in hemoglobin forma- tion, 208 lactose, 336 lipoids, in interstitial cells of testes, 500 metabolism of, 374 mineral content of tibiotarsus in slipped tendon disease, 450 nests, edible, 142 nitrogen, metabolism of, 375 nitrous acid, 520 nucleoproteid-like granules in embry- onic cells, 324 of adipose tissue, 110 of allantoic fluid, 151 of amniotic fluid, 151 of blood, 64-66 of bone, 447 of connective tissue, reticular 111, of crop secretion, 27 of diet, 232 of digestion, 117 of egg, 67-70, 142, 388, 412, 413, 414, 417, 419 cholera infected, hydrogen sulphate formation in, 358 powders, 142 shell pigments, 94 of embryo, 70, 71, 145, 146 of excrement, 164 of feathers, 199 of gizzard lining, 31 of gonads secretions, 508 of liver, 284 of organs and tissues, 64-67 of ovary, 342 of pigments, 103, 104 of reproduction, 421, 422, 424 Biochemistry BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 26 Biochemistry — Continued of reproductive tissues, 425 of respiration, 425, 426 of reticular connective tissue of spleen, 293 of skeleton, developing, 448 of stomach oil, 29 oxygen, castration effects on survival at various pressures, 433 phosphorus, metabolism of, 335, 375, 520, 521 sex variation in, 424 potassium nitrate, 400 proteins, foreign, 371 stearin, as source of vitamin D, 521 thyroxine, 374, 504 tyramin, 362 uric acid, elimination of, 372 production of by embryo, 146 Biometry — see Quantitative works Biophysics, of eggs, 412 of incubation, 146-147 Bird day, 113 Bird houses, construction of, 479 wasp pests of, 133 Bird liming, 296 Birds as food for birds, 213 Birds of prey, care of in captivity, 40 economic relations, 137 longevity, 291 Bismarck Archipelago, fauna, 198 taxonomy, 474 Biziura, anatomy, 34 skeletal adaptation, 22 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475, 476 Black head, 358 Blanquilla Isl., fauna, 189 Blastoderm, 149 anomalies of, 490-491 anidean, 487 without embryo, 149 area opaca, arrested development, 156 electrolysis technic, 480 experimental sectioning, 153 false, 491 glycogenic bodies in, 145 glycogenic tissue, 62 glycogenesis in, 372 grafts of, 228, 229 growth of, 232 irradiation of, 373 measurements of, 403 nutrition of, 335 preparation technic, 480 Blastopore, 149 Blindness, to blue, 518 Blinds, 39, 40, 294 Blood, 71-75 albumin, 60 calcium, changes in reproduction, 421 content of, 61, 65, 362 centrifuging, 71, 479 changes following repeated bleeding, 71 chemistry of, 64-66, 71 cholesterin content of, 362 circulation of, 39, 67, 72, 479 action of barium on, 67, 72 speed of, relation to pulse rate, 375 time, 402 cytology of, 114 effects of feeding experiments, 397 electrolytic conductivity of, 65 extraction from heart, 71, 479 fat content, 65, 392 sex variation in, 424 flow in kidney, 512 hemoglobin, 65 hemolysis, 74 in eggs, 415 infections, in chicken sarcoma, 369 with Salmonella pullorum, 356 injected into albumen, 153 injection studies, 275 molecular concentration, 65 osmotic pressure, 65, 71, 375 pathology of, 351 study technic of, 479 temperature of, 483 test for sex, 434 thyroxin in, 504 urea content, 66 uric acid content, 64 weights, 407 variation in, 517 Blood corpuscles, 72-74 effects of tuberculosis, 366 heat production, 483 injection into rabbits, 72, 371 red, 40, 73-74, 116 supravital and vital staining technic, 481 Blood fat, content of, 392 sex variation in, 424 Blood islands, 62, 74, 87, 157, 159 Blood pigments, 65, 73, 103 Blood plasma, action on ansa intesti- nalis, 334 coagulation of, 64, 402 separation of, 71 Blood platelets — see Thrombocytes Blood pressure, 60, 72, 372 of decerebrate birds, 80 diencephalon center for, 334 inanition, effects of, 337 regulation of, 82 effects of thalamic lesions, 83 Blood serum, 61, 65, 74 calcium content, in vitamin B de- ficiency, 520 effects on chicken sarcoma, 369 foreign proteins, 63 27 FINDING INDEX Blood serum Blood serum — Continued inorganic phosphorus of, 63 pigment of, 74, 104 Blood-sucking birds, anatomy of head, 254 adaptations, in beak, 22 in tongue, 22, 25 myology, 314 Blood sugar, 65-66 relation to ovulation, 424 values, heredity of, 220 Blood vessels, 86-90 aortic arches, 159 coronary arteries, 258 development of, 87, 88, 89, 90, 149, 153, 159 embryonic, demonstration technic, 480 elastic tissue of, 111 extraembryonic, 159 in tissue culture, 507 innervation of, 332 of alimentary canal, 24 of allantois, 151 of beak, 255 of crop, 27 of double embryos, 487 of ear, 122 of esophagus, 27 of eye, 168 of feather germs, 200 of head appendages, 278 of integument, 276 of pecten, 171 of skin, 50, 277 of spleen, 293 of spinal cord, 324 of suprarenal glands, 467 smooth muscle of, 319 teratology, in umbilical hernia, 498 Blue Andalusian fowl, Mendel's law, 223 Blushing, 50, 278 Bocche di Cattaro, fauna, 193 Bodo, fauna, 195 Body, growth of, 231 Body cavity — see Celom Body fluids, osmotic pressure of, 375 Body form, 38 adaptations to flight, 23 effects of captivity, 41 Body righting, 371 Body size, castration effects on, 86 climatic adaptation of, 23 correlations, 401 with brain weight, 81 with egg size, 401 dimensions of, 402 reproduction variation effects on, 425 Body temperature, 482-484 experimental poikilothermism, 270 heat-regulating center, 484 hypophysis extract, effects of, 270 inanition, effects of, 337 of decerebrate birds, 80 regulation of, 82 sex, effects of, 483 thyroid extract, effects of, 483, 504 Body weight, at sexual maturity, 231 castration effect on, 433 changes, 406 correlations, 81 with blood weight, 71 with brain weight, 81, 401 with flight area of wings, 283 with flight muscle size, 401 with flight power, 402 with liver weight, 401 with tail length, 401 with wing area, 402 diurnal loss, 406 effects of diet, 336 of inanition, 337 loss during gonad hypertrophy, 508 relation to flight area of wings, 283 thymus and thyroid gland, an- tagonism in effects on, 503 variation in, 516 Bohemia, fauna, 193 history of ornithology, 261 migrations, 300 Bolivia, fauna, 188 Bombycilla, breeding, late, 242 economic relations, 135 growth, 230 platelet appendages to feathers, 204 regurgitation in feeding young, 410 Bombycilla cedrorum, behavior, 47 care in captivity, 41 economic relations, 135 food, 209 habits, breeding, 240 feeding, 139, 249 of young, regurgitative, 243 life history, 280 Bombycilla garrula, anatomy, 37 migrations, 301, 304 Bonaire Isl., ecology, 130 fauna, 189 Bonasa, albinism, 97 connective tissue of foot, 282 of toes, 111 drumming, 58 epidemics, 360 food, 209 in winter, 214 gregariousness, 461 innervation of air sacs, 333 intestine, 32 measurements, 402 molt of claws, 277, 311 parasitology, 346 pathology, 350 poisoning, 364 Bonasa BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 28 Bonasa — Continued scutes of toes, 278 sexual behavior, 56 stomach contents, 211 voice, 463 weights, 406 Bonasa betulina, hybrids, 267 Bonasa umbellus, crop contents, 211 gizzard contents, 212 habits, 237 drumming, 248 life history, 279 mortality from forest fires, 312 population fluctuation, 385 Bonaventure Isl., fauna, 180 Bone (Bones), 447-448 — see also Skele- ton and Skull air in, 60 blood vessels of, 87 chemistry of, 61, 66 composition of, 447 deformities of, 354 developing, in tissue culture with thymus gland extract, 505 effect of fat diet, 335 in eggs, 415 embryonic, measurement of, 405 feeding experiments, effects on, 397 malformation prevention, 397 fossil, 345 fractures of, 21 growth, effects of thymus gland feeding, 502, 506 parietal, double, 459 regeneration of, 410 in sclera, 173 specific gravity of, 447 Bone marrow, 75 blood corpuscles in, 73 blood vessels of, 87 in tissue culture, 507 reaction to immune plasma, 274 regeneration of, 410 Booming, 58, 248 action of esophagus, 465 Boric acid, in liquid eggs, 400 Borneo, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Boron, in egg, 68 Bosnia, fauna, 194 Botaurus, behavior, in captivity, 49 booming, 27, 464 use of esophagus in, 465 brain development, 77 bursa Fabricii, 91 concealing coloration, 108 diencephalqn, 82 "freezing" in danger, 51 mimicry, 54 plumage, effects of thyroid gland on, 384, 504 nuptial, 383, 439 supraoptic canal, 77 voice, 462 Botaurus lentiginosus, concealing habits, 238 display, 58 nuptial feathers, 202 sexual behavior, 56 syrinx, 468 vocal organs, 464 Botaurus stellaris, behavior, 47 powder-down feathers, 203 Botulism, 357 Brachydactyly, 495 Brachyrhamphus, anatomy, 35 Bradypterus, flight muscles, 316 leg muscles, 317 pterylosis, 378 Brain, 34, 75-85, 323, 324 anomalies of, 494, 497 blood vessels, 87 arteries of, 77, 81, 88 cerebral cortex, pennamotor center, 333 cerebral lesions effects on ovary, 343 chemistry of, 66 cortical optical centers of, 519 cranial nerve nuclei, 78-79 cytology of, 114 degeneration effects, 124 development of, 77, 158 in cyclops, 494 diencephalon, 82 eaten by birds, 251 evolution of, 162 experimental extirpation, 80 experimental lesions, 59, 79, 80, 285 gray and white matter, 77 growth of, 231 rate, 233 weight comparison, 406 hernia of, 456 in tissue culture, 507 measurements of, 403 medulla, pennamotor center, 333 metameres of, 76, 152 mitosis, 114 of Polish fowl, 220 olfactory lobes, 338 parasites of, 349 regeneration of, 410 regulation of body temperature, 483, 484 relation in activity to suprarenal glands, 468 size of, correlation with body size, 401 teratology, experimental, 491 tumors in, 368, 369 rat sarcoma grafts, 230 weights, correlations with body size, 81, 401 effects of castration, 433 of chemical compounds, 407 29 FINDING INDEX Brain Brain — Continued sex differences, 407 variations in, 517 Brain stem, histology of, 77 lesions of, effects on blood tempera- ture, 483 nuclei of, 78, 79 Branchial arches and pouches, 158 Brandenburg Lowlands, fauna, 194 Branta, albinism, 97 gregariousness, 461 hybrids, 264 leg muscle mechanics, 319 migrations, 297 Branta bernicla hrota, conservation, 112 population fluctuation, 385 Branta canadensis, abnormal colora- tion, 95 banding, 44 hybrids, 264 migrations, 297, 298 behavior in, 48 Branta canadensis minor, banding, 44 migrations, 301 Branta leucopsis, breeding habits, 240 hybrids, 264 Brazil, ecology, 128 fauna, 188 oology, 339 taxonomy, 472 Breathing, 426 action of spinal nerves, 329 sound effects on, 257 through broken wing bones, 426, 448 Breeding, adaptation in, 23 climatic effects, 132 experimental, 162, 218 for fecundity, 204, 205, 218, 219 for plumage, 42, 199, 218 in captivity, 40, 41, 42, 43, 247-248 in first season, 242 in inmature plumage, 411 influence of food on, 133 of canaries, 41 of poultry, 387-388 unusual, 245 Breeding behavior, 49 Breeding habits, 51, 239-247 adaptation in, 23 evolution of, 161 parasitic, 23, 246-247 Breeding methods, 295 for poultry, 398 Breeding period, acceleration of by use of artificial light, 421 British Columbia, ecology, 126, 130 economic ornithology, 136 fauna, 180 migrations, 297 taxonomy, 471 British Empire, extinction of species, 165 British Guiana, ecology, 128, 132 fauna, 188 habits, 235 iconography, 272 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 472 British Honduras, fauna, 187 British Isles, communal relations, 133 ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 136, 137, 141 fauna, 193 food, 207 in winter, 214 general works, 217 habits, 236 breeding, 240 feeding, 249 iconography, 271, 273 migrations, 299, 303, 304, 307, 308 oology, 339 plumage, 376 sequence of, 380 taxonomy, 473 vernacular names, 478 voice, 463 Brittany, fauna, 193 Bromine, absorption, in egg, 68 Bromism, 354 Bronchitis, 353 Brood intervals, 246 Brood patch, 277, 421 Brooders, 39, 390 Brooding, artificial, 41, 398 by birds not parents, 461 by foster mother, 49 by male, 242 crop, histology during, 27 fecundity correlation, 205 habits, 242, 243 instinct, 52, 223 Broods, 411 Brotogerys, beak anomalies, 493 Bryce Canyon, fauna, 181 Buarremon, mutation, 163 speciation, 466 variation, 513 Bubalornis, copulatory organs, 511 Bubo, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 37 breeding in captivity, 43 eyes, 165, 167 Crampton's muscle, 168 extrinsic muscles of, 171 myology, 314 flight muscles, 316 nervous system, 322 pupillary reflexes, 409 retina, 172 sequence of plumages, 380 skeleton, pneumaticity of, 448 thyroid gland, effect on plumage, 384, 504 Bubo BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 30 Bubo — Continued urogenital system, 508 vision, accommodation in, 518 Bubo bubo, breeding habits, 240 Bubo ignavus, economic relations, 135 Bubo virginianus, behavior, 47 docility, 49 body temperature, 482 breeding habits, 240 ecology, 125 feeding habits, 249 food, 209 growth, 230 life history, 280 Bubonic plague, 118 dissemination by birds, 138 Bubonidae, skeleton, 443 Bubulcus ibis — see Ardea ibis Buccal pouch, 25 Bucco, vertebrae, number of, 454 Bucconidae, anatomy, 37 iconography, 273 pterylosis, 378 taxonomy, 474 Bucephala, courtship, 57 eclipse plumage, 382 pectoral girdle, function, 451 trachea, 431 wing bones, development of, 450 Bucephala clangula, hybrids, 264 Buceros, gizzard, 30, 31 habits, 237 breeding, 240 myology, 314 nasal gland ducts, 226 nasolacrimal ducts, 256 pneumaticity in all limb bones, 449 pterylosis, 378 regurgitation, 31 skeleton, pneumaticity of, 448 stomach, 28 vertebral column, 453 Buceros cavatus, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 35 Bucerotidae, anatomy, 35 habits, 237 iconography, 273 myology, cervical, 315 skeleton, 443 cervical, vertebrae, 454 articulation of, 446 pneumaticity of, 448 syrinx, 468 muscles of, 316 taxonomy, 474 Bucorax, hollow-shafted feathers, 199 Bucorax abyssinicus, gizzard obstruc- tion, 351 Bucorvus, anatomy, 35 arteries, 87 carotid, 88 tendons of patagium, 283 vertebral column, 453 Bucorvus abyssinicus — see also Bucorax abyssinicus arteries, 87, 88 Budytes flavus, albinism, 97 color change, 105 Buffalo Lake Dist., fauna, 180 Bulgaria, fauna, 193 insectivorous birds, 139 migrations, 300 Bulla ossea, 438, 452 Buphaga, feeding habits, changes in, 252 Burhinus gallarius, dancing, 58 Burma, breeding habits, 240 check lists, 476 fauna, 191 general work, 217 taxonomy, 473 vernacular names, 478 Bursa Fabricii, 91-92 blood vessels of, 87 castration effects on, 92 glands of, 226 growth in weight comparisons, 406 hemapoiesis in, 75 involution of, 92 irradiation of, 373 lymphatics of, 90 lymphoid tissue in, 92, 293 relation to testes activity, 500 to thymus, 92 Bursae, 445 "Bush-birds," habits, 236 Butalis grisola, incubation period, 244 training, 54 Buteo, air sacs, 428 cooling by, 429 albinism, 97 alimentary canal, 24 bursa Fabricii, 92 lymphoid tissue of, 293 chondroid bodies, 111 color change, 106 digestion, 117 ear, 121 experimental lesions of, 124 economic relations, 135, 138 eye, 166 pupillary reflexes, 170, 409 feathers, interlocking emarginate pri maries, 203 food, 209 insects, 203 foot, ligaments of, 446 mechanics of, 282 tendons, 318 habits, 237 hypophysis, histology of, 270 intestine, 31, 32 iris, 169 31 FINDING INDEX Buteo Buteo — Continued lungs, histology of, 430 marital relations, 58 melanism, 101 migrations, 301 muscles, infrahyoid, 315 of flight, 316 of leg, 317 nasal gland ducts, 226 nasolacrimal duct, 256 notpchord, 159 optic chiasma, 83 ossicle of antibrachium, 454 pleura, 430 proventriculus, 30 pulse rate, 375 rachitis, 363 regurgitated pellets, 212 respiratory organs, 427 skeleton, development of, 448 social relations, hostility between species, 460 speciation, 466 sternum measurements, 405 stomach, 29 contents of, 211 teratology, 495 thyroid gland, effect on plumage, 384, 504 trachea, 432 uriniferous tubules, 513 variation, 513 velocity of flight, 289 visibility at high altitude, 286 visual apparatus, experimental le- sions, 518 Buteo borealis, albinism, 97 blood corpuscles, 72 eating snakes, 214 Buteo buieo, albinism, 97 crop contents, 211 digestion, 117 eggs, measurements of, 403 weights of, 407 Buieo lagopus johannis, migrations, 298 Buteo latissimus, hyperdactylia, 495 melanism, 101 Buteo pennsylvanica, feeding young, 243 Buteo platypterus, food, 209 habits, 237 life history, 280 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 380 voice, 463 Buteo regalis, habits, breeding, 240 Buieo solitarius, dichromatism, 108 sequence of plumages, 380 Buteo swainsoni, feeding habits, 249 food, 209 migrations, 298 sequence of plumages, 380 Buteo vulgaris, food, 209 incubation by both sexes, 245 reproduction, 411 remating, 58 vision, experimental studies, 517, 518 Butorides, diving for food, 250 Butterflies, as food for birds, 140, 212, 213, 251 mimicry, 133 palatability, 469 warning colors of, 110, 519 Cacatua, brain stem nuclei, 78 cranial nerve nuclei, 79 Cacatua ophthalmica, iris color di- morphism, sexual, 169, 434 Cacatuinae, hybrids, 262 Caccabis, abnormal coloration, 95 breeding in captivity, 43 Cachexia, infectious, 355 Caffeine, injections into albumen, 154 Cagayancillo Isl., fauna, 197 Cage birds, care of, 41 iconography, 274 infectious diseases, 370 migratory instinct in, 51 pathology, 350 Cage^-bird traffic, 112 Cairina, bursa Fabricii, 91, 92 copulatory organs, 511 hybrids, 264 incubation period, 244 parthenogenesis, 150 secondary sex character changes, 439 Cairina moschata, hybrids, 264 gonads of, 268 ovary, 342 taxonomy, 476 testes, 499 variation, 513 Cairns region, fauna, 196 Calaenas, gizzard, 31 Calaenas nicobarica, gizzard, 30 Calamodus, albinism, 97 Calamophilus biarmicus, sternum, 452 Calamospiza, albinism, 97 Calao rhinoceros, air sacs, 428 Calcarius, migrations, 298 nocturnal singing, 253 Calcarius lapponicus, mortality from storms, 312 Calcification, 61, 341 relation to lipoid metabolism, 505 Calcium, 60, 61, 66 assimilation of, 335 by embryo, 71 effects on egg production, 392 effects on gout, 361 effects on growth, 232, 233 Calcium BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 32 Calcium — Continued effects on heart contractions in tissue culture, 507 in blood, 65 changes in vitamin B deficiency, 520 with beriberi, 74, 362 in eggs, 412 in shell, formation of, 424 incubation changes, 413 role in development of skeleton, 448 transfer to embryo, 71, 145, 413, 422 in nutrition experiments, 335 injection of, 61 metabolism of, 61, 374-375 influence of thymus gland, 502 of calcium and phosphorus, ir- radiated ergosterol effects, 373, 521 ratio to phosphorus, 395 secretion of, 372 serum reserve in rachitis, 363 Calcium carbolate as poison for birds, 364 Calcium carbonate, 61, 63 effects on development of skeleton, 448 of egg, 69 Calcium citrate, 61 Calcium salts, effect, on heart contrac- tion rate, 260 on reproduction, 421 sex difference in effect on growth rate, 432 Calcium sulphate, effect on bone de- velopment, 448 Calcutta District, fauna, 191 Calidris — see also Tringa color change, 105 courtship, 57 display, 58 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 380 spermatogenesis, 420 Calidris arenaria, molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 380 spermatogenesis, 305 relation to migration, 420 Calidris canutus, gonads, histology in summer, 509 seasonal changes in, 509 habits, 238 sex ratio, 442 in a population, 442 California, ecology, 126, 130 economic ornithology, 136, 138 fauna, 181-182 food, 206, 208 general work, 216 habits, 235 breeding, 239 feeding, 249 iconography, 272 life histories, 280 migrations, 297 molt, 309 mortality from fumigation, 312 natural history, 321 paleontology, 344 population changes, 385 taxonomy, 471 voice, 463 Callipepla, albinism, 97 hybrids, 264 Calliphorinae (parasites), 347 Calliste, stomach, 28 Callosities, heredity of, 220 Calodromas, alimentary canal, 24 Calopelia, voice, 463 Calopezus, breeding in captivity, 43 habits in captivity, 247 polyandry, 247 Calophasis ellioti, hybrids, 265 Calornis, food, 209 Calory quotients, 73, 483 Calurus, red lipochrome pigment, 104 Calypte, albinism, 97 growth, 230 of feathers, 231 incubation period, 244 life histories, 280 nuptial flight, 59, 285 Calypte anna, insect food, 213, 251 Camargue Isl., fauna, 193 Camera shutter, electric control of, 40, 481 Cameroons, fauna, 176, 177 Campephilus, beak anomalies, 493 danger of extinction, 164 Campephilus principalis, ecology, 125 habits, 237 natural history, 322 rarity, 384 voice, 463 Campethera, hyoid apparatus, 457 sterno-tracheal muscles, 315 tongue, 26 Canada, communal relationships, 133 conservation, 111 ecology, 126, 129 economic ornithology, 136, 137, 141 fauna, 180 food, 206 general work, 216 habits, 234 breeding, 239 iconography, 272 insectivorous birds, 139 migrations, 297, 307 natural history, 321 stomach contents, 211 taxonomy, 471 33 FINDING INDEX Canadian Rockies Canadian Rockies, fauna, 180 Canal of Petit, 170 Canal of Schlemm, 173 Canalicular apparatus, 116 Canaries, care and breeding, 41, 42 origin of, 160, 225 Canary Isls., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 175 iconography, 271 Cancer, 368 Cancroma, skeleton, 443 Cane molasses, as food for poultry, 396 Canker, 359 Cannabina, albinism, 97 hybrids, 264 Cannabina flavirostris, hybrids, 264 Cannabina linota, care of young, 242 hybrids, 264 incubation period, 244 sequence of plumages, 380 training, 54 Cannibalism, 48, 250 in brooders, 398 Cantabrian Mts., fauna, 195 Cantagallo, Brazil, fauna, 188 Canton, China, fauna, 190 Cape Disappointment, fauna, 185 Cape Horn, fauna, 188 Cape Province, Africa, banding re- coveries, 46 fauna, 178, 179 migrations, 297, 303 Cape San Antonio, Argentina, fauna, 188 Cape Verde Isls., fauna, 175 taxonomy, 470 Capella delicata, breeding habits, 240 nuptial song-flight, 59, 242 voice, 463 Capillaries, 89 of bone marrow, 75 vitelline, 152 Capim River region, fauna, 188 Capitonidae, anatomy, 37 foot pads, 278 gall bladder, 284 general work, 215 heel pads, 278, 281 iconography, 273 taxonomy, 474 Caponizing, 398 Capons, 386 feathers of, sex hormone effects on, 441 food consumption, 233, 394 forced feeding, effects of, 336 gonad grafts, 229 growth rate, 233 metabolism, changes in, 374 molt, 309 ovary grafted into, 439 reproductive instinct of, 52 sex hormone effects, 440 on feathers, 201 spur grafts, 230 Capri Isl., fauna, 194 Caprimulgi, humerus, 450 pterylosis, 378 Caprimulgidae, anatomy, 35 hyoid apparatus, 457 sexual behavior, 56 skeleton, 443 skull, 455 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, based on anatomy, 476 tongue, 25 Caprimulgus, conchae, 256 ear development, 121 food, 209 skull, 455, 456 ossifi cation of, 341 Caprimulgus europaeus, behavior, 47 concealing coloration, 108 food, 209 habits, 237 breeding, 240 incubation period, 244 molt, 309 skeleton, 443 vision, 517 voice, 463 Captive birds, effects of temperature, 484 iconography, 274 incubation period, 244 voice, development of, 464 weaving nests, 245 Captive predatory birds, natural his- tory, 322 Captivity, 40-43 adaptation to, 23 breeding in, 247-248 cannibalism in, 250 changes in singing, 466 effects, on behavior, 41, 49 on hemoglobin, 73 fecundity in, 205 food in, 43, 208 habits in, 247-248 hybrids bred, 268 longevity in, 292 reproduction in, 411 voice in, 464 Capturing birds, methods, 41 Carabideous larvae, killing birds, 311 Carbo, color change, 105 oviduct, 509 Carbohydrates,' 61, 336 digestion of, 117 in egg, 68, 69, 412 metabolism of, 61, 375 embryonic, 69, 146, 155 Carbon dioxide BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 34 Carbon dioxide, 60 amount of in incubator and under hen, 156 effect on hydrogen ion concentration of albumen during incubation, 69, 413 excretion of, 83 formation in embryo, 71, 156, 427 in asphyxia, 425 measurement in respiration, 426 production, in incubator, 156, 399 temperature effects on, 484 Carbonic acid, in embryo, 155 Carcinoma, 368 Cardinally, feather fault bars, 497 longevity, 291 singing habits, 253 skull, 455 development of, 456 ossification of, 341 structure of, 456 Cardiocephalia, 490, 498 Carduelinae, economic relations, 141 Carduelis, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 97 basal metabolism, 374 breeding in captivity, 43 combustion in respiration, 426 culture of, 40 ^ food of nestlings, 208 gizzard, 30 gonads, activity of, 508 of hybrids, 268, 509 hatchability of eggs, 148 hybrids, 267 experimental, 269 reproduction, 411 sexual behavior, 57 spermatogenesis of, 420 testes of, 499 melanism, 101 mortality from staryation,r313 period between laying and brooding, 411 skeletal muscle fiber measurements, 318, 404 smell, 460 spinal ganglia, 326 stomach, 28 variation, 513 viscera, 38 Carduelis carduelis, albinism, 97 hybrids, 264, 267 melanism, 101 Carduelis elegans, albinism, 97 beak anomalies, 493 hybrids, 264 Carduelis spinus, hybrids, 264 Cariama, brain arteries, 88 digestion, 116 ear, 121 labyrinth, measurements of, 403 rachitic short neck, 363 respiration, 425 skeleton, 443 suprarenal glands, capsule of, 467 veins of, 89, 467 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 477 Cariama crisiata, anatomy, 36 growth, 230 of young, 281 Cariamidae, anatomy, 36 Caribbean Sea, ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 175 Carinatae, hand bones, 451 Carine, immunity to snake venom, 274 molt of beak covering, 311 mortality from, 313 vitality, 309 Carine noctua, feeding habits, 309 retina, physiology of, 167 Carlsbad Cavern, fauna, 181 Carmarthenshire, banding, 46 Carnivorous birds, experimental feed- ing, 208 Caroline Isls., fauna, 198 Carpococcyx, pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 443 measurements of, 445 syrinx, 468 Carpococcyx radiatus, anatomy, 35 Carpodacus, albinism, 97 banding, 44 color change, 106 dichromatism, 108 economic relations, 135 equilibrium in flight, 283 evolution of color pattern, 161 feathers, abrasion of, 106 growth of, 201 food, 209 gregariousness, 461 habits, 237 intelligence, 53 life history, 280 secondary sex characters, 439 speciation, 466 variation, 513 voice, 463 Carpodacus cassini, eating salt, 214 Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis, band- ing, 44 egg weights, 407 growth, 230 incubation period, 244 life history, 280 Carpodacus purpureus, banding, 44 economic relations, 139 feeding habits, 139, 249 hybrids, 267 longevity, 291 sequence of plumages, 380 Carpophaga, gizzard, 30 intestine, 31 35 FINDING INDEX Carpophaga Carpophaga — Continued stomach, 28 syrinx, 468 Carpophaga latrans, myology, 314 Carpophaginae, intestine, 31 stomach, 28 Carrier pigeons, 112, 340 Carrion feeders, 143 Cartagena Lagoon, fauna, 187 Carter Co., Mo., ecology, 127 Cartilage, 447 adipose tissue in, 110, 115 cells in tissue culture, 516 cytology of, 115 in eggs, 415 in heart valves, 258 of feet, chondroid plaques, 282 ossification of Meckel's cartilage, 341 Cartilago acrochordialis, 458 Caruncle, 278 pathology of, 352 Casarca, eclipse plumage, 382 sequence of plumages, 380 Cassidix, polygamy, 247, 411 Cassidix mexicanus major, courtship, 57 Castrated birds, experimental feeding effects on, 336 Castration, 27, 52, 85-86, 218, 229, 232, 340, 354, 440, 442, 509 effects, on comb size, 441 on egg weights, 433 on growth rate, 433 on heat production, 372, 483 on interstitial cells, 500 on metabolism, 374 on migrations, 305 on nervous motor energy, 440 on plumage, 377, 378, 383 on resistance to oxygen pressure, 433 on sex, 433, 438, 440 secondary sex characters, 441, 500 on syrinx, 469 on thymus gland, 502 experimental intersexuality, 435 incomplete, 467 methods of, 479 regeneration of ovary, 410 of testes, 410 regression changes, 86 regression of erectile tissue resulting, 511 sex chord origin in subsequent re- generation, 411 Casuarius, air sacs, 428 anatomy, 35 body temperature, 483 brain stem nuclei, 78 bursa Fabricii, 75, 91, 92 care in captivity, 41 ceca, 33 cerebral cortex, 81 cloaca, 91 coloration, of head, 95 of skin, 95 egg, infection with fungi, 351, 415 feather structures, 201 food, 209 minimum, 212 foot, articulations, 447 gastric glands, 226 habits, 233, 237 breeding, 43, 240 in captivity, 247 hemapoiesis, 75 hyoid apparatus, 457 ligaments, 446 muscles, 315 incubation, artificial, 43 by male, 245 period of, 244 larynx, 429 myology of, 315 lymph nodules, aggregated, 292 natural history, 320 nerve canals in humerus, 450 oology, 339 pectoral girdle, 451 pigment, formation in skin, effects of sex hormones, 440 melanin, development in feathers, 104 proventriculus, 30 sexual behavior, 56 skeleton, 443 skull, 456 ossification of, 341 sterno-tracheal muscles, 315 sternum, variation in position, 452 syrinx, 468 muscles of, 316 taxonomic anatomy, 38 tongue muscles, 315 trachea, 431 urogenital system, 508 voice, 463 wings, 282 Casuarius australis, skeleton measure- ments, 404 Casuarius bennetti, habits, 237 Casuarius emeu, anatomy, 35 Casuarius galeatus, alimentary canal, 24 Casuarius novae-hollandiae, reproduc- tive system of female, 509 Catalase, 62 activity in polyneuritis, 521 egg content, 69 relation to work done, 319 Cataract, 352 Catarrh, 353 of eye, 352 Catarrhactes BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 36 Catarrhactes, albinism, 97 wing, arteries of, 89 bones of, development of, 450 ossification of, 341 Caterpillars, as food for birds, 140, 213, 251 Catharacta, habits, 237 Catharista, claws on wings, 277 Catharistes, brain stem nuclei, 78 cerebellum, 85 Cathartes, air sacs, 428 albinism, 97 anatomy, 36 behavior, 47 brain arteries, 88 claws on wings, 277 eye, 165 habits, 237 hypnosis, 50 hypoglossal nerve, 328 myology, 314 olfactory organs, 338 olfactory sense, 460 taxonomy, 474 tongue, taxonomic characters, 476 vision, experimental, 517 Cathartes aura, albinism, 97 feeding habits, 250 feeding young, 243 food, 213 found by sight, 250 olfactory sense, 460 vision, 517 Cathartidae, breeding habits, 240 claws on fingers, 278 olfactory sense, 460 oral cavity, 25 pharynx, 26 skeleton, 443 skull, 455 syrinx, 468 tongue, 25 trachea, 431 Catherpes, protective coloration, 22 Catheturus, mound building, 245 Catheturus lathami, breeding in cap- tivity, 43 mound building, in captivity, 248 Catoptrophorus semipalmatus, behavior, 47 ecology, 125 Cats (domestic), destruction of bird population, 112, 385 mortality from, 313 Caucasia, iconography, 272 Cavities, premandibular, 157 Cavity, abdominal, ectopic develop- ment in, 156 lesser peritoneal, 157 pericardial, 157 tympanic, 459 Cayenne, fauna, 189 Cayman Isls., fauna, 186 Cayuga Lake Basin, fauna, 184 Ceca (caeca), 32-33, 117 abligated, 33, 351 development of, 33 experimental diet, effects, 336 histology of, 33 hydrogen ion concentration, 62 lymph nodes, 33 lymphoid tissue in, 292 measurements, 405 parasites in, 349 pathology, 351 supernumary, 499 tuberculosis of, 367 Cecropians, as food for birds, 140 Ceiba, Honduras, fauna, 187 Celebes Isls., breeding habits, 240 ecology, 129 fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Celeus, damage to fruit, 139 Cells — see also Blood corpuscles and Cytology binucleate, 114 continuity of, in cleavage, 148 division of, 69, 114 giant, 115 in tissue culture, 506 growth of, 231 intercellular connections in cleavage, 148 luteal, 342 multinucleate, 114 spindle cells, 74 Celom (coelpm), 157 diverticuli of, 511 evolution of, 161 function, 38 Celosomia, 491, 499 Centrocercus, courtship, 57 display, 48 plumage of, 377 Centrocercus urophasianus, air sacs inflation in display, 429 breast feather loss, 204 gizzard musculature, 31 sexual behavior, 56 strutting, 248 Centropus, bursa Fabricii, 91 parasites of, 346 syrinx, 468 testis, single, 501 trachea, 431 Centropus ateralbus, sequence of plum- ages, 380 variation, 515 Centropus sinensis, pterylosis, 378 in embryo, 379 Centrosomes, 115, 150 37 FINDING INDEX Centurus aurifrons santacruzi Centurus aurifrons santacruzi, nestling- down feathers, 202 Ceophloeus, drumming with beak, 462 food, 209 pterylosis, 378 Cephalopterus, alimentary canal, 24 trachea, 431 Cephalopterus penduliger, esophagus, 27 stomach, 28 tongue, 25 trachea, 431 Cepphus, economic relations, 135 eggs, color of, 93 recognition of, 56 habits, 237 sequence of plumages, 380 Cerchneis, adipose tissue, 114 mimicry, 54 velocity of flight, 289 Cerebellum, 84 destruction of, 80 development of, 84 extirpation of, 59, 84 granule cells, 84 lesion, effects on, 124 Cerebral cortex, 81 evolution of, 162 experimental lesions of, 59, 80 pennamotor center, 202, 319, 333 removal of, 59 Cerebral hemispheres, development of, 77 lesions of, 59 regeneration of, 410 relation to body temperature, 483 Cerebral hernia, heredity of, 221 Cerebro-spinal fluid, 294 Cereopsis, anatomy, 34 copulatory organs, 511 Cereopsis novae-hollandiae, intestine, 31 liver, 283 skeleton, 443 stomach, 28 syrinx, 468 trachea, 431 Ceriornis, blue skin, 103 courtship, 57 head appendages, 278 secondary sex characters, 439 Ceriornis satyra, display, 58 Certhia, coloration, 108 hybrids, 262 habits, sleeping, 239 variation, geographic, 516 Certhia brachydactyla, dermoid cysts, 368 Certhia familiaris, concealing coloration, 108 Certhia familiaris americana, breeding habits, 240 ecology, 125 Certhidia, intestine, 32 pterylosis, 378 skull, 455 tongue, 25 Ceryle alcyon, at sea, 134 ecology, 125 feeding habits, 249 food, 209 skeleton, 443 skull, taxonomic bearings, 457 Ceryle stellata, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 35 myology, 314 tongue, 25 Cestoda (parasites), 349 Ceylon, ecology, 129 fauna, 191 habits, 236 breeding, 240 iconography, 272 taxonomy, 473 Chaco region, fauna, 188 Chaemepelia, fossil species, 344 Chaetura, aftershaft, 204 orientation, 340 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449, 477 Chaetura pelagica, banding, 44, 295 gregariousness, 461 Chalaza, 413, 418 Chakococcyx, host species, 247 Chamaea, skeleton, 443 taxonomic bearing, of pterylosis, 379 of skeleton, 449 taxonomy, 475 Chamaepelia, sternum, 452 Channel Isls. (British Isls.), fauna, 193 Charadrii, anatomy, 35 sequence of plumages, 380 Charadriidae, color pattern correlations, 109 concealing coloration, 108 evolution, 163 habits, 237 molt, 309 pterylosis, 378 skull, 455 Charadriiformes, anatomy, 39 behavior, 47 egg, measurements, 403 weights, 407 habits, 234, 235 migrations, 299 taxonomic anatomy, 39 taxonomy, 474 based on skull, 457, 477 variation, 514 Charadrioidea, conservation, 112 extinction, danger of, 164 food, 213 migrations, 297, 298, 301 North American, 179 Charadrius BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 38 Charadrius, color pattern, 109 heredity of, 221 concealing coloration, 108 follicular epithelium of ovary, 342 gizzard, 30 migrations, 300 nasal glands, 226 nestling color, 94 retina, 171 teratology, 495 yolk nucleus, 418 Charadrius apricarius altifrons, effect of temperature on breeding, 242 Charadrius auratus, carrying young, 243 Charadrius curonius, incubation period, 244 Charadrius dominicanus fulva, sequence of plumages, 380 Charadrius d. dominions, food, 209 Charadrius hiaticula, food, 209 rearing young artificially, 41 Charadrius melodus, behavior, 47 ecology, 131 Charadrius melodus circumcinctus, breeding habits, 240 voice, 463 Charadrius pluvialis, migrations, 300 Charadrius squatarola, habits, 237 voice, 463 Charitonetta albeola, velocity of flight, 289 Charity Isls., fauna, 183 Charts, 271 Chasmorhynchus, caruncle, 278 voice, 463 Chaulelasmus streperus, hybrids, 263 Chauna, alimentary canal, 24 digestion, 116 respiratory organs, 427 skeleton, 443 pneumaticity of, 448 skull, 455 stomach, 28 teratology of plumage, 497 Chauna chavaria, anatomy, 34 Chauna derbiana, myology, 314 Cheboygan Co., Michigan, ecology, 127, 131 Check lists, 174, 476 Ethiopian region, fauna, 176 U. S. National Parks, fauna, 181 Chefoo, China, fauna, 190 Chelidon, albinism, 97 banding, 44 fovea centralis, 173 double, physiology of, 167 oviduct, histology of, 510 Chelidon rustica, migrations, 306, 307 orientation, experimental studies on, 340 Chelidon urbica, care in captivity, 41 Chelidonaria urbica, migrations, 301 Chen, economic relations, 137 Chen rossi, breeding habits, 240 Chenalopes aegypticus, hybrids, 264, 267 Chendytes, fossil species, 344 Chenopsis, adaptation, 23 care in captivity, 41 Chenopsis atrata, atrio ventricular sys- tem, 258 hybrids, 264 syrinx, 468 Cherries, as food for birds, 214 Chester Co., Pa., ecology, 127 Cheyletus heteropalpus (parasite), 346 Chicago region, fauna, 183 migrations, 297-298 Chicken pox, 357 relation to diphtheria, 359 Chihli prov., China, fauna, 190 Chihuahua, fauna, 187 Chile, fauna, 188 food, 207 migrations, 306 Chilliwack District, fauna, 180 China, distribution, 120 ecology, 128 fauna, 190 habits, 236 breeding, 240 incubation, artificial, 399 migrations, 298 taxonomy, 473 Chinese cotton scale, destruction by birds, 140 Chinese goose, genetics of, 160, 218, 224 Chinese old eggs, 142, 417 Chinine, in treatment of cholera, 358 Chinkiang, China, fauna, 190 Chionididae, skeleton, taxonomy, 449 Chionis, anatomy, 35 embryology, 144 measurements of digestive organs, 405 skeleton, 443 sternum, taxonomic bearings, 452 Chionis minor, taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449, 477 Chiriqui, fauna, 187 Chlamydera, play, 55 Chlidonias nigra surinamensis, incu- bating habits, 243 migrations, 304 sequence of plumages, 380-381 Chloral hydrate, use in experimental embryology, 154 Chloretone, use in experimental embry- ology, 153, 154 Chloris, albinism, 97 atrioventricular system, 258 blood, oxidase reaction, 71 gizzard musculature, 31 hybrids, 262 muscle, skeletal, 318 FINDING INDEX Chloris Chloris — Continued smooth, in stomach and intestine, 319 Chloris chloris, hybrids, 264, 265 spermatogenesis, 420 Chloroform, clotting effect, 72 effects on embryo, 153 use in operations, 482 Chlorophonia, pterylosis, 378 skull, 455 stomach, 28 Chloropsis, variation in plumage color, 515 Chloroslilbon, brain, 76 Cholelithiasis, 352 Cholera, 62, 118, 275, 357 role of leukocytes in, 72 virus of, 62 Cholera morbus, 118 Cholera vibrio, in egg, 68, 415 Cholesteremia (cholesterolemia), 62, 354 effects on reproduction, 421 Cholesterin (cholesterol), 60, 62, 363 blood content in, beriberi, 362 in egg, 68 formation of, 505 metabolism of, 374 Choline, in egg, 68 Cholornis, toes, 282 Chondestes, albinism, 97 Chondriosomes, as heredity units, 222 in epidermal fibrillae, of beak, 115, 255 of feathers, 200 in germ cells, 411 Chondrocranium, 456 Chondrodystrophia, 363, 490 hormone effects, 160 heredity of, 220 Chordeiles, feather growth, 201 feeding on mosquitoes, 251 gall bladder, 284 habits, 237 breeding, 240, 246 insectivorous, 139 life history, 280 migrations, 301 sequence of plumages, 381 taxonomy, 475 variation, 513 volplaning, 285, 462 Chordeiles popetue, voraciousness, 251 Chorion, 150 Choroid layer of eye, 168 in tissue culture, 507 post mortem melanin pigment forma- tion, 103, 170 Choroid plexus, 294 Chromaffin System, 86 development of cells, 467 Chromatophores, see Melanophores Chromophages, 104 Chromosomes, 433 fixing technic, 480 number, variations of, 150 sex, 222, 433 Chrysococcyx, ceca, 33 Chrysococcyx luddus, feeding habits, 249 Chrysolampis mosquitus (plains), brain, 76, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84 Chrysomitris, concealing coloration, 108 Chrysomitris spinus, hybrids, 264 Chrysopterus, esophagus, 27 larynx, 429 trachea, 431 Chrysotis, color change, 106 gizzard, 31 hearing, pitch perception, 257 mimicry, 54 muscles, depressors of mandible, 315 infrahyoid, 315 speech, 465 spinal nerves, 329 Chrysotis aestiva, muscles of flight, 316 Chunga, anatomy, 36 down and definitive feather conti- nuity, 200 powder-down, feathers, 203 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 443 Chunga burmeisteri, myology, 314 Cicada (insect), as food for birds, 139, 140, 251 Cicinnurus regius, display, 58 Ciconia, adventitious coloration, 96 air sacs, histology of, 428 alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 35 arteries, 87 atrio ventricular system, 258 banding, 44, 303 recoveries, 46 bastard wing, function of, 283, 288 brain, 77, 78, 82, 83 cloaca, 91 color vision, 518 cranial nerve nuclei, 79 defecation, 371 ecology, 125 emotions, 50 fear, 50 flight, mechanics of, 287 foot, articulations of, 447 gout, 361 habits, 237 hyoid apparatus, 457 life histories, 279 longevity, 292 medulla oblongata, 85 migrations, 300, 301, 302, 306, 307 molt, 309 red blood corpuscles, 73 Ciconia BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 40 Ciconia — Continued respiration, 425 high altitude effects on, 425 sequence of plumages, 381 social relations, 460 stomach, 28 syrinx, 468 veins, 89 vitality, 309 Ciconia alba, banding, 44 breeding habits, 240 feather growth, 201 food, 209 migrations, 301, 306 wing artery anomaly, 498 Ciconia ciconia, economic relations, 135 extension of range, 385 migrations, 299, 300, 301 natural history, 322 Ciconia leucocephala, hybrids, 267 Ciconia nigra, banding, 44 color changes, 106 food, 209 natural history, 322 parasitic worm in heart, 349 Ciconiae, musculus ambiens, 318 regeneration of beak, 410 Ciconiidae, air sacs, 428 banding, 45 Ciconiiformes, migrations, 301 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 381 Cinclus, anatomy, 37 care in captivity, 40, 41 . fecundity, exceptional, 205 food, 209 habits, 237 bathing, 239 diving, 248, 291 swimming, 239 skeleton, measurements of, 404, 445 pneumaticity absent, 449 swimming power, 291 voice, 463 volplaning, 285 Cinclus aquaticus, swimming under water, 291 velocity of flight, 289 Cinclus britannicus, swimming, 291 Cinclus cinclus, singing in autumn, 466 Cinclus mexicanus, skeleton, 443 Cinematography, 40, 289 methods, 295, 481 records, of growth and cell move- ments, 505 of head movements, 517 use in embryology, 144 Cinnyris, ecology, 125 fertilization of flowers, 133 Circaetus, arrangement of toes, 282 Circaetus gallicus, rotator tendons of foot, 281 Circulatory System, 86-91 anomalies of, 498, 499 in bone, 447 pathology of, 351 Circus, color pattern, 109 feathers, adaptation in, 199 interlocking emarginate primaries, 203 powder-down, 203 food, 209 melanism, 101 molt, 309 ossicle of antibrachium, 454 paired ovaries, 343 pterylosis, 378 sequence of plumages, 381 uropygeal gland, 227 Circus aeruginosus, albinism, 97 "formenkreis" theory, 467 sequence of plumages, 381 Circus hudsonius, behavior, 47 care in captivity, 41 economic relations, 135 growth, 230 habits, 237 breeding, 240 life history, 280 paired ovaries, 343 skeleton, 443 tameness, 49 Cirrhosis, of liver, 352 Cissilopha yucatanica, sequence of plum- ages, 381 Civilization, effects, on birds, 132 on fauna, 174 on habits, 248 on population, 385 on speciation, 467 Clangula, anatomy, 34 carrying young, 243 courtship, 57 diving, 291 hybrids, 268 trachea, enlargements of, 431 in hybrids, 268 measurements of, 405 Clangula americana, ecology, 125 habits, 237 breeding, 240 Clangula hyemalis, food, 209 habits, 237 sequence of plumages, 381 Clasmatocytes, 110 Classics, migration references in, 296 Classification, see also Taxonomy behavior criteria for, 48 of embryos, 144 of feathers, 199 of races of fowls, 224 of song birds, 40 systems of, 478 41 FINDING INDEX Claws Claws, 277 abnormal, 496 asymmetry of, 214 curvature of, 255 molt of, 311 on wings, 277, 345 evolution of, 162 use of in oiling feathers, 376 variation in, 514 Cleavage, of eggs, 114, 148 compared in male and female eggs, 148, 412 Climate, adaptations to, 23 as distribution factor, 173 correlations with body size, 401 effects of, 132 on color, 107 of eggs, 93 on iridescence, 102 on egg size, 417 on evolution, 163 on growth, 42, 233 of feathers, 201 on nest building, 245 on pigmentation, 108 on plumage, 382, 515 on population, 385 on skeleton, 445 on song impulses, 465, 466 on speciation, 467 on thyroid gland, 503 variation factor, 516 Climbing, 285 Clipperton Isl., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 174 Clivicola, rib anomaly, 498 Cloaca, 91-92, 156, 423 abnormal separation of oviduct ori- fice, 498 doubling of, 486, 487 inflation of lining of, 58, 245 Clostridium botulinum (parasite), 361 Clutch, size of, 339 daylight effect on, 421 sex ratio in, 442 Cnemiornis, fossil bones, 345 Coagulation, 68, 74 of blood, 72 of plasma, 64 of egg, 417 of albumen, 413 Coasts, ecology, 130 Cobb's Isl., Va., fauna, 185 Cocain, effects on Grandry's corpuscles, 331 Cocain hydrochloride, effect on embryo, 154 Coccidiosis, 358 quantitative study, 401 Coccidium (parasites), 349 Coccothraustes, adaptations in mandible and palate, 22 albinism, 97 alimentary canal, 24 bosses, on mandible, 22, 457 on palate, 457 cytology of germinal disc, 418 economic relations, 138 eye color, 94 follicular epithelium of ovary, 342 foot, anomalies, of, 496 mandibular articulations, 447 mitochondria, 116 molt, 310 nuptial plumage, 383 pied coloration, 39 pigmentation changes, 103 regeneration of striped muscle, 410 salivary glands, 227 skin, histology, of, 276 spleen, 293 Coccothraustes vespertina, behavior in captivity, 49 breeding habits, 240 care in captivity, 41 food, 209 molt, 309 Coccothraustes vulgaris, mimicry, 54 Coccyx, tumors of, 368 — see also pygo- style Coccyzus behavior, 47 feathers, development of, 200 nestling down development, 202 food, 209 habits, breeding, 240 parasitic, 246 instinct, 51 migrations, 301 nocturnal singing, 253 voice, 463 Coccyzus americanus, life history, 280 Coccyzus erythropthalmus, life history, 280 Cochin, China, fauna, 190 Cochlea, 123 form of, 214 physiology of, 123 Cochleariidae, alimentary canal, 24 feathers, 198 powder-down, 203 heart, 257 hyoid apparatus, 457 integument of foot, 278 pterylosis, 378 tongue, 25 trachea, 431 Cock feathering, 225 castration effects on, 378 sex hormone effects on, 440 Cock fighting, 268 Cocornis, intestine, 32 pterylosis, 378 skull, 455 tongue, 25 Cocos Isls. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS Cocos Isls., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 187 taxonomy, 472 Cod liver oil, 232, 395, 519 effect on flavor of chicken flesh, 395 use in prevention of rachitis, 363 vitamin content, 395 Vitamin A content, 520 Vitamin D content, 521 Codeine, effect on embryo, 154 Coefficients, quantitative, 401 Coenogenesis, 145 Coereba, sequence of plumages, 381 skull, 455 stomach, 28 taxonomy, 475 tongue, 25 Coereba coerulea, muscles of tongue, 315 Coereba cyanea, color change, 106 muscles of tongue, 315 Coerebidae, anatomy, 37 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, taxonomy of, 449 Colaeus, behavior, 47 flight, velocity of, 290 phylogeny of ovary, 342 seasonal changes in oviduct, 510 in spermatogenesis, 420 in testes, 500 weights of testes, 408 Colaeus monedula, corpus luteum, 342 oogenesis, 416 spermatozoa, 419 testes, measurements of, 406 Colaeus monedula collaris, interstitial cells of testes, 499 Colaptes, adaptation, 23 beak anomalies, 493 behavior, 59 care in captivity, 41 evolution of color 161 exceptional fecundity, 205 gymndromorphism, 436 habits, 237 hybrids, 262 incubation period, 244 intersexuality, 435 life histories, 280 migrations, 297 recognition of sex, 56 regurgitation in feeding young, 410 sequence of plumages, 381 sexual selection, 442 velocity of flight, 289 Colaptes auratus, courtship, 57 crossbeak, 494 dancing, 58 drumming, 48, 58 feeding effects on beak, 252 feeding habits, 249 sexual behavior, 56 voice, 463 Colaptes cafer collaris, roosting habits. 239 sequence of plumages, 381 social relations, 460 Cold — see also Temperature effects of, 305 on molt, 310 resistance to, 41 Colinus, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 97 body and brain weights, 81 breeding in captivity, 43 castration effect on brain weight, 433- conservation, 111, 112, 114 ecology, 125 economic relations, 134, 135 eggs, destruction of, 252 gregariousness, 461 iconography, 273 incubation period, 243 intestine, 32 longevity, 291 mortality, 133, 311 natural history, 320 parasitology, 346 plumage, 376 reproduction, 410 sex ratio, 442 unusual nest sites, 246 voice, 463 winter care, 41 Colinus virginianus, food, 206, 209 habits, 234 hybrids, 264 Colius, anatomy, 35 intestine, 32 myology, 314 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 443 skull, 455 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 Collecting methods, 294, 295 Collections, care of, 294, 470 of skeletons, 445 Collocalia, mucus-secreting glands, 142; nests, chemical composition of, 142 Collyriclum faba (parasite), 349 Coloboma, 494 of iris, 352, 494 Coloeus, velocity of flight, 289, 290 Colombia, ecology, 128 fauna, 188 iconography, 272 taxonomy, 472 Colon bacilli infection, 370 Color, Coloration, 92-110, 120 adaptation in, 22, 92 antipathy to purple, 47, 518 appreciation of, 49 association of, 53, 101, 102, 519 43 FINDING INDEX Color Color, Coloration — Continued blindness to blue, 518 change in, 105-107 effects of climate, 107 in unfeathered areas, 107 relation to molt, 311 seasonal, 107 charactere, phylogenetic value, 163 climatic effects, 107, 132, 163 concealing, 55, 107-108 failure in, 251 confusing or warning, 55 dimorphism, 108 sexual, 434 evolution of, 161 mutation in, 164 genetic basis, 218 heredity of, 221 mimicry in, 108-109, 250 of beak, 93 effects of male sex hormones on, 256, 442 of bile, 284 of blood corpuscles, red, 73 of serum, 74 of egg shell, 339, 413-414 atavism in, 218 development of, 424 of parasitic birds, 247 variation in, 515 of feet, 95 effects of male sex hormones, 282, 442 of gizzard cuticula, 31 of iris, 169 of liver, 283 of plumage, 94, 95, 96-102, 103, 104, 110, 245 in gynandromorphism, 436 male sex hormone effects on, 442 thyroid gland effects on, 504 of skin, 94-95, 107 in gynandromorphism, 436 genes for, 222 of tongue, 26 of yolk, 419 effects of feeding, 397 optical or physical, 102 green in hybrid canaries, 268 pattern, 39 evolution of, 109, 161 heredity of, 221 sex-linked, 224 induced intermediate, 378 phytogeny of, 163 sex differences, 439 effects of sex hormones 441 thproid gland effects, 441 red reaction, 50 variation in, 515 warning, 251 Color vision, 518-519 Colorado, 316 conservation, 111 ecology, 127 fauna, 182 food, 206 general work, 216 habits, 235 migrations 297 Colorado Desert, fauna, 187 Colorado River delta, fauna, 187 Colorado River valley, ecology, 132 fauna, 182 Columba, adipose tissue, 114 agglutination tests, 274 air pressure, in flight, 288, 290 air sacs, 428, 429 parasitic fungi of, 348 albinism, 97 albumen, 70 secretion of, 423 alimentary canal, 24 measurements of, 405 almond, effects on absorption by in- testinal epithelium, 371 amino-acids, 61 amylolysis, 60, 284 anaphylaxis, 274 anatomy, 34, 35 anthrax, 355 antigens, 274 apnea, 425 arrhenoidy, 437 asphyxia, resistance to, 425 association, 53 ataxia, hereditary, 77, 354 avitaminosis, 65, 71, 362 banding, 45 behavior, 47, 48 fidelity of mates, 58 beriberi, 62, 74, 362, 363 biochemistry, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70 bird pox, 357 blastoderm, grafts of, 228 blood, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 bacteriocidal power of, 275 chemistry of, 64, 65 manganese content, 65 technic, 479 blood pressure, regulation in cere- brum, 372 blood vessels, 86, 87, 88, 89 of ear, 122 of spinal cord, 324 bone marrow, 75 brain, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 activity of, relation to function of suprarenal glands, 468 chemistry of, 66 Columba BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 44 Columba — Continued breathing, experimental studies of, 426 rate of, 426 breeding, late, 242 brooding and feeding by birds not parents, 461 bursa Fabricii, 87, 91, 92 callus formation in bone fractures, 447 care of, 41 caruncle, pathology of, 352 castration, effects of, 85, 383, 433 on feathering of foot, 440 catalase, relation to work done, 319 ceca, 33 cerebellum, 84, 85 cerebral cortex, 81, 82 cerebro-spinal fluid, 294 cholera, 275, 357 dissemination of hog cholera, 138 cholesterin study, 362 chondrocranium, 45 choroid plexus, 294 chromaffin system, 86 circulatory system, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 cloaca, 91 blood vessels of, 92 coccidiosis, 358 cochlear nuclei, 79 cold, effects on flight, 286 color, abnormal, 95 causes of, 102 change of, 106 evolution of, 109, 161 pattern, heredity of, 221 vision, 518, 519 coloration of eye, asymmetrical, 169 connective tissue, 110, 111 of cornea, 168 conservation, 112 cornification, 145 of integument, 276 courtship, 57, 58 crop, 27, 60, 87 fistula of, 351 innervation of, 332 oxidases in glands of, 62 secretion of, 64 cytology, 114, 115, 116 of autonomic ganglia, 332 of germinal disc, 418 of skeletal muscle, 318 of spermatozoa, 420 of spinal ganglia, 326 death from cutting vagus nerve, 312, 329 decerebration, 80, 167 decortication, 58, 59 deficiency diseases of, 336, 362 diencephalon, 82 center for regulation of blood pres- sure and body temperature, 83 lesions of, effects on body tempera- ture, 483 diet, 60, 208, 363 synthetic, 519 digestion, 61, 62, 63, 116, 117 diphtheria, 359 dissection technic, 479 ear, 121, 122, 123, 124 glands of, 226 lesions of semicircular cnals, 85, 124 eating cherry stones, 214 ecology, 125 egg, cleavage of, 148 envelopes, 413, 414 fertilization of, 147, 148 maturation of, 416 polarity of, 417 size, effect, of climate on 417 of length of day on, 417 yolk, 70, 419 electrocardiograph studies, 260 elimination of water, 372 embryology, 144, 145, 156 early embryonic coelom, 157 irradiation of embryo, 373 emotions, 50 enteritis due to parasitic wounds, 360 epidemics, 360 epidermis, comparison with guinea pig, 277 epiphyses, pressure, 447 epiphysis, 77 epithelioma contagiosum, 360 erythropoiesis, 75 esophagus, 27, 28 eyes, 114, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173 anomalies of, 221 effects of extirpation of, 328 muscles of, innervation, 333 pathology of, 352 pupillary reflexes, effects of drugs, 409 feathers, abnormal, 199 degeneration of, due to disease, 199 depigmentation by thyroid gland extract, 505 development of, 200 effects of thymus gland feeding, 502 down and definitive feather con- tinuity in molt, 204 fault bar development, 199 fluids in lumens of quills, 199 growth, rate of, 201, 233, 403 heredity of tail feathers, 223 injuries to, 199 muscles, innervation of, 333 nestling down, 202 FINDING INDEX Columba Columba — Continued ruffling mechanism, 199 structure of, 201 filum terminate, 324 flight, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290 muscles of, 316 tumbling, 51 food, 209 consumption of, 212 foot, ligaments of, 446 mechanics of, 282 tendons of, 318 furcula, development of, 452 gall bladder, absence of, 284 gastric secretion, 117 gastrulation, 149 genetics, 218 gizzard, 30, 31 glands, 226 chemistry of, 66 parathyroid, 349 glycemia, 66 glycogen content, 62 of liver, 284 of retina, 172 glycogenesis, 372 gonads, activity relation to supra- renal glands, 468 histology in sex reversal, 437 grafts, integumental, 230 gregariousness, 461 growth, 230, 231 of internal organs, 233 of skeleton, 231 rate of, 233 gynandromorphism, 436 habits, 237 swimming, 59, 291 healing, of broken legs, 21, 281 of wounds, 371 hearing, 123 electrical apparatus tests, 257 of decerebrate bird, 257 heart, 257, 258, 259, 260 ganglia of, 258, 333 pathology of, 351 recording contractions of, 482 technic for extracting blood from, 479 heat regulation, 83 hemapoiesis, 74, 75 hemoglobin, 103 heredity, 220, 221, 222, 223 histology, 38 human disease transmission, 119 hunger center in brain, 371 hybridization, 218, 219 hybrids, 262, 264, 267 eggs of, 412 experimental, 218, 219, 269 ovaries of, 269 hydrocyanic gas, use in detecting, 479 hydrophobia, 354 hyperglycemia, 66 hyperthyroidization, 200 hypnosis, 50 hypophysis, 269, 270 effects, on reproductive system, 270 of extracts, 270 immunity, to anthrax, 355 to hemoproteus infection, 275 to malaria, 275 to snake venom, 21, 274 inanition, 65 effects, on body temperature, 337 on body weight, 337 on digestive organs, 338 on muscle tissue, 319 on pancreas, 345 on testes, 500 inbreeding, 219 instinct, 50, 51 insulin, resistance to, 160 intelligence, 53 intersexuality, 435 intestine, 31, 32 smooth muscle of, 319 iridescence, 102 irradiation with Roentgen rays, of embryo, 373 kidneys, 512 histology of, 513 lactic acid formation in muscle tissue, 63, 319 labyrinth studies, 54 larynx, development of, 429 lead poisoning, 364 learning, 54 leg fractures, 21 leukocytes, 72 development of, 75 liver, 62, 284 longevity, 291 lungs, 429, 430 lymph, 75 lymphatic system, 90 lymphoid tissue, 292 in bursa Fabricii, 293 in pancreas, 345 irradiation of, 373 Mallophaga (parasites), 347 mandible, 458 manganese content, 63 marital relations, 58 measurements, 402 of respiratory surface of lungs, 405 of skeletal muscle fibers, 404 of vestibular apparatus, 403 meninges, 293 mesenteries, 24 development of, 156 Columba BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 46 Columba — Continued metabolism, 373, 374, 375, 421 of cardiac muscle, 259 migrations, 307 mitoses, number of, in proliferating epidermis, 401 molt, feather continuity at, 310 precocious, 505 muscle tissue, 318, 319 tonus, 330 specific gravity of, 318, 406 muscles, 168, 258, 315, 318, 319 natural selection, 164 nervous system, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 334 ganglion cells, 116, 151, 172, 325 neuroglia, 77, 323 nutrition, 335, 336 nutritional deficiency diseases, 336, 362 nystagmus, 124 oblique septum, 430 olfactory organs, 328, 338 oogenesis, 416 optic chiasma, 83, 328 optic lobes, 83 • optic nerves, 83, 328 optic nerve reflexes, 409 optic tracts, 83 orientation, 339 castration experiment in, 340 ossifi'ation, 340, 341 ova, 412 degeneration of, 413 ovarian extract injection, effects of, 57 ovary, 342 ovulation, 66 pancreas, 345, 346 paraganglia, 86 paraphysis, 77 parasites, 347, 348 parathyroid glands, 349 paratympanic organ, 122, 290 parietal eye, development of, 254 parthenogenesis, 150 pathologic anatomy, 355 pathology, 350, 351, 352, 354, 355, 357, 358, 359, 360, 362, 363, 365, 366, 369, 370, 371 pecten, 171 pectoral girdle, 451 penis, 511 pennamotor cortical center, 333 pericardial cavity, 157 pericardium, 258 pharmacologic studies, 67 pigments, of feather, 103, 104 plague virus, 364 plethysmographic records, 425 pleura, 430 pleuroperitoneal cavity, 157 plumbism, 355 poikilothermism, 270, 483 polyspermy, 148 pouting, 51 precipitation tests of race relation- ships, 218 protein specificity, 63 proventnculus, 30 psychic development, 48 Pur kin je fibers, 258 rachitis, 363 rat carcinoma, grafts of, 368 rat sarcoma, grafts of, 230 reflexes, 82, 408, 409 pupillary, 167, 170, 409, 518 regeneration, 410 regurgitation, 31 reproduction, 421, 422 suprarenal gland activity in, 424 reproductive system, 508, 509, 510. 511 smooth muscle of, 319 resistance to low air pressure, 372 respiration, 425 artificial, 425 combustion in, 426 emotional effects on, 50, 426 respiratory center, 426 respiratory organs, 427, 428, 429, 430, 432 reticular fibres, 111, 284 retina, 172 physiology of, 167 pigment epithelium of, 172 red oil globule of, 172 rods and cones of, 172 stimulation of, 167 reversion, 225 salivary glands, 227 sarcoma, experimental studies, 369 secondary sex characters, 438 development of, 439 seed dissemination, 140 senses, 432 sex, chromosomes, 434 determination by eggs, 433 identification, 479 hormones, 441 effects, on behavior, 441 on plumage, 383 ratio, aberrant, 219 in clutch, 442 reversal, 437 sexual behavior, 56, 57, 58 sinus rhomboidalis, 326 . skeleton, 443, 446, 448, 449, 450, 451 452 development of, 448, 452 limb bones, 449, 450, 451 pneumaticity of, 448, 449 variation in, 446 47 FINDING INDEX Columba Columba — Continued skin, grafts, 230 innervation of, 276 skull, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459 pathology of, 354 smell, 460 social relations, 460 space sense, 308, 518 spermatogenesis, 420 spermatozoa, 419, 420 spinal cord, 87, 324, 325, 326 diameter of central canal, 403 effects of extirpation of, 80, 325 variation in, 514 spleen, 293 chemistry of, 64 hemapoiesis, 75 spurs, development of, 279 sterility, 424 sternum, 452 stomach, 28, 29 Altmann's granules, 162 innervation of, 332 smooth muscle of, 319 suprarenal glands, 467 glycemia and hyperglycemia in- volvement, 468 nutrition of, 335 physiology of, 468 swimming, 59, 291 temperature, external, effects, on ear labyrinth, 484 on heart contractions, 259 on muscle contractions, 319 on nutrition, 335 temperature, of body, 482 effects of brain stem lesions on, 483 regulation in brain, 483 variation in, 483 teratology, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499 testes, 499, 500, 501 thalamus, lesions of, 83, 270 effects, on metabolism, 374 on respiration, 426 thermal stimulation of N. acusticus, 166 thrush (disease), 355 thymovidin function in development of egg envelopes, 502 thymus gland, 501, 502 feeding extract of, 200 function in ovulation, 502 sex comparison, 502 thymus and thyroid feeding effects, 374 thyroid gland, 107, 502, 503, 504, 505 effects on molt, 310, 504 grafts of, 228 tissue culture, 505, 506, 507, 508 tissue proliferation, 231 tissue respiration, 425 trachea, 432 tuberculosis, 365, 366 tumbling, 51, 161 tumors, 367 grafts of, 228 tympanic cavity, 459 typhoid fever, 369 unnary organs, 511, 512, 513 urogenital system, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512 vagus nerves, 329 action on heart, 329 pathology of, 351 thoracic ganglia of, 332 variation, 513, 514, 515 in spinal nerves roots, 329 in vertebrae, 454, 514 veins, 89 vertebral articulations, 447 vestibular apparatus, 124 physiology of, 124 relation to orientation, 340 vibrio infection, resistance to, 276 viscera, 38 growth rate of, 233 vision, 517, 518, 519 visual purple, 172 vitamin B deficiency, 60, 208, 520, 521 vitamins, 519, 520, 521 water, absorption in embryo, 146 elimination of, effect of brain stem lesions, 372 weather effects, on altitude of flight, 286 on orientation, 340 weights, 406 of chemical compounds in brain, 407 wings, bastard, function of, 288 bones of, 450 mechanics of, 283 xenia, 225 yolk sac recession, 151 Columba fasciata, breeding habits, 242 conservation, 112 economic relations, 138 egg carrying, alleged, 320 extinction danger, 164 Columba frugilegus, late breeding, 212 Columba leuconata, experimental hy- bridization, 219 Columba livia, hybrids, 264 fecundity of, 219 fertility of, 269 Columba livia dakhloe, speciation, 466 taxonomy, age of races, 478 Columba oenas, communal nesting, 248 hybrids, 264 late breeding, 212 Columba palumbus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 48 Columba palumbus, albinism, 97 autonomic nervous system, 332 beak, anomalies of, 493 coloration, 93 abnormal, 95 diphtheria, 359 food, 213 habits, 237 breeding, 240 hybrids, 264 pathology, 350 regurgitation of pellets, 410 swallowing potato, 251 swimming, 59, 291 testes, periodicity in activity, 500 Columba turtur, breeding habits, 240 hybrids, 264 Columbae, behavior, 57 ceca, 33 color, heredity of, 223 variation in, 515 courtship, 57 diastataxy, 199 emotions, 50 eutaxy, 377 experimental evolution, 162 food, 214 habits, 234 breeding, 240 sleeping, 239 hybridization, experimental, 218 hybrids, 218, 269 oogenesis, 416 iconography, 271 incubation period, 244 instinct, 51 myology, 314 m. ambiens, 318 natural history, 320 nerves, cranial, 327 ovary, compensatory right, 343 powder-down feathers, 203 quintocubitalism, 282 rectrices, 203 retina, 172 sex, 225 sex-linked genes, 224 sex ratio, 442 skeleton, 443 skull, nerve foramina in, 459 spermatogenesis, 420 testis, right only, 501 uropygeal gland, 227 vision, 517 voice, 463 Columbidae, age, at maturity, 281 relation to blood sugar, 66 albinism, 97 alcohol, effect on size of yolk, 419 behavior, 47, 59 sexual, 56, 57 bursa Fabricii, 92 glands of, 226 care in captivity, 41, 42 castration, 85 color pattern, 109 crop, 27 digestion, 117 ecology, 125 economic relations, 135 emotions, 50 food, 209 general work, 215 gizzard, 30 gonads, absence or reduction of, 508 seasonal changes in, 509 grafts, integumental, 230, 269 of suprarenal glands, 228 growth of body, 231 growth rate, 233 of gonads, 233 habits, 237 drinking, 249 hybridization, experimental, 218 hybrids, 262, 268 experimental, 218, 269 gonads of, 268 sex chromosomes of, 222 spermatogenesis of, 268, 420 hypophysectomy, effects on basal metabolism, 270, 374 hypophysis, effects of, on testes, 270 iconography, 273 identical twins, 411 incubation period, 244 life histories, 280 limb muscles, 317, 318 learning to drink, 54 male stimulating female to lay eggs, 57, 423 male sex hormones, 441 Mendelian heredity, 223 metabolism, 373 measurements of, 402 migrations, 301 natural history, 320 oyulation, 66, 424 pigmentation, heredity of, 222 physiology of reproduction, 421 secondary sex characters, 439 sex, 432 determination of, 433 of hybrids, 434 sex chromosomes of hybrids, 222 skeleton, 443, 445 spermatogenesis in hybrids, 268 spermatozoa, giant, 420 spleen, 293 taxonomy, 475 temperature, effects on metabolism, 484 of body, experimental modification, 483 49 FINDING INDEX Columbidae Columbidae — Continued testes, relative size of right and left in hybrids, 501 thymus gland, function in formation of egg envelopes, 502 thyroid gland, seasonal changes in, 503 size relation to ovulation, 505 weights, 406 of body, changes in, 406 Columbiformes, behavior, 47 communal relationships, 133 distribution, 119, 190 habits, 234 natural history, 321 skeleton, 443 social behavior, 49 taxonomy, 474 phylogenetic relationship, 478 voice, 463 social significance of, 464 Columbina picui, melanism, 101 Columella, 122 Colymbidae, claws on fingers, 278 diving, 291 feathers in gizzard, 31 food, 209 skeleton, 445 Colymbus, albinism, 97 anomalies of beak, 493 articulations, 446 brain, 76, 78 ceca, 33 courtship, 57 eye, 165, 166 measurements of, 165, 403 fibula, 449 foot bones, 450 Grandry's corpuscles, 331 habits, 237 eating feathers, 252 hand bones, development of, 451 lamellar corpuscles, 331 locomotion on land, 290 molt, 309 muscles, 314 anal, 316 caudal, 316 depressor of mandible, 315 nerves, cranial, 327 plumages, sequence of, 381 variation in color of, 515 posture, 253 proventriculus, 30 respiratory organs, 427 skeleton, 443 skull, 455 voice, 463 wings, 282 position in diving, 249 use of, in diving, 291 Colymbus arcticus (Colymbo), esophagus, 28, 29 pterylosis, 378 stomach, 28 Colymbus auritus, incubation period, 244 Colymbus cristatus, territorialism, 462 Colymbus glacialis, color pattern, 109 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 381 Colymbus septentrionalis, breeding hab- its, 240 territorialism, 461 Colymbus stellatus, habits, 237 breeding, 240 Comb, 278 castration, effects, of 440, 441 development of, 278-279 evolution of, 161 gelatin casts of, 470 grafts of, 230 growth of, 231 after ovariotomy, 86, 442 heredity of, 222, 224 hypertrophy after pineal gland ex- tirpation, 375 in poultry judging, 386 ovariotomy, effects on, 86 red pigment of, 104 sex hormone effects on, 279, 441 size, 439 castration, effects on, 441 spur grafts on, 230 sunshine, effects of removal, 439 testes, effects of extract of, 501 variation in, 514 vitamin effects on, 519 Combatiyeness, 49 Combustion, measurement of in respira- tion, 426 Commensalism, 132 Communication to man, 53 Communal nesting, two or more species in one nest, 248 Communities, 132-133 relations to biota, 133 roosting, 133 wading birds, 112 Competition, among ova, 416 of spermatozoa in fertilization, 419 Compsothlypidae, distribution, 119, 179 at sea, 173 in winter, 302 economic relations, 141 habits, 234 heredity, Mendelian, 223 hybrids, 268 iconography, 272 migrations, 297, 301, 306 mortality from storms, 312 sucking juice, of unripe grapes, 252 voice, 463 Compsothlypis am. pusillaBlBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 50 Compsothlypis americana pusilla, nat- ural history, 322 Conchae, 256 Concrescence theory, 149, 150 Conditioned reflexes, 409 Conditioning, sexual, 439 Confinement, effects, on growth, 232 on ovary, 343 rearing poultry in, 388 Congo, taxonomy, 470 Congo trypanosomiasis, 361 Conjunctiva, cytology of, 114 development of, 157 Conjunctivitis due to parasite, 352 Connecticut, fauna, 182 general work, 216 migrations, 306 Connecticut River valley, migrations, 297 Connective tissue, 110-111, areolar, development of leukocytes in: 75 cartilage, in heart valves, 258 cell types in inflammation, 361 chondroid bodies, 111, 282 collagenous fibers, 110, 349, 503 of cornea, 168 cytology, 114 elastic, 259 in oviduct, 510 of eye, 166, 169 of heart, 258 of ovary, 342 fibers, arrangement in dermis, 277 growth, in tissue culture, 110, 231, 506, 507 in eggs, 415 of retina, 172 pigments, 103 reticular, 64, 284, 293 histochemistry of, 111 Conophaga (Conopophaga), skeleton 443 sternum, 452 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, anatomic characters, 476 Consanguinity, in poultry, 389 Conservation, 111-114, 141 Audubon Societies, 141 millinery trade, 376 teaching in, 143 Constantinople, fauna, 196 Contagion, feather-borne, 118 Conurus, corpuscles of Ruffini in tongue, 330 gout, 361 pathology, of skin, 354 tumors of, 368 pupillary reflexes, 170, 409 sympathetic and vagus nerves, rela- tions of, 332 vision, after experimental lesions, 518 Conurus carolinensis, color change, 105 extinction of, 164 molt, 309 rarity, 384 skeleton, 443 Cook town, fauna, 196 Coordination, 372 development of, 124 in reflexes, 409 Copper, experimental feeding of, 208 relation, to hemoglobin 65 Copulation, 58, 422 factors, 148 fecundity, relation to, 205 of hybrids, 268 organs of, 508, 511 position of hen, 242 Coracias, feathers, 198 feet, 281 food, 209 habits, 237 hyoid apparatus, 457 skull, 455 sternum, 452 stomach, 28 Coracias garrulus (a), anatomy, 35 early embryology, 147 myology, 314 Coraciidae, anatomy, 35 habits, 234 iconography, 273 taxonomy, 474 tongue, 25 Coradna, anatomy, 37 skeleton, 443 syrinx, 468 Coracoid bone, 451 Coracopsis vasa, inflation of cloaca, 58, 245 Coracornithes, brachial plexus, 330 flight muscles, 316 structure of wings, 282 Coragyps, cerebellum, 85 Coragyps atratus, regurgitative feeding of young, 243 Corcorax, skeleton, 443 Cordentery, 490 Corn, feeding effects on yolk color, 397 as food for birds, 212, 337, 397 Corn boll worm, as food for birds, 140 Corn smut, pathologic effects, 397 on blood, 71 Cornea, 168 Cornification, of egg tooth, 150 of embryo, 145 Coronados Isl., taxonomy, 472 Corpus callpsum, 77 Corpus geniculatum, 82 Corpus luteum, 342 effects of feeding, on egg production, 392 51 FINDING INDEX Corpus luteum Corpus luteum — Continued on growth, 233, 397 on ovulation, 424 Corpus striatum, 81-82 experimental lesions of, 59 Corpuscles, chyle, 117 for general sensation, 331 measurements of, 404 of blood, 72-74, 355 of Ruffini, in tongue, 330 thymic, 502 Correlations, embry logic, 152, 155 growth, 231, 232 in poultry culture, 204, 205, 389, 390, 391, 392, 515 of body weight, with brain weight, 81 with heart weight, 260 with size, 260 of color pattern with diversity in structure, 109 of egg and human skull measure- ments, 404 of flight area, with heart weight, 283 with weight of pectoral muscles, 283 of flight power with organ weights, 289 of geographic distribution with color and size variations, 516 of wing strokes with breathing, 426 Corrosion preparations, 479 Corsica Isl., fauna, 196 Corvidae, abnormal coloration, 95 behavior, 47 moral, 55 communal relationships, 133 ecology, 125 economic relations, 135, 137 food, 206, 209 habits, 237 feeding, 249 language, 53 migrations, 307 skeleton, 443 taxonomy of, 449 skull, 455 nerve foramina, 459 social relations, 460 speech, 465 spermatozoa, 419 stomach, 29 contents of, 212 vagus nerve influence on, 329 territorialism, 461 Corvus, acquired characters, 220 aesthetic sense, 49 air sacs, 428 cooling action of, 429 albinism, 97 amnion, 151 arteries, 87, 88 behavior, 47, 48 blood, red corpuscles of, 74 pigments, 103 breeding in captivity, 43 bursa Fabricii, 91 chondroid bodies, 111 cloaca, 91 cochlea, 123 coloration, 92, 93 abnormal, 95 communal relation?, 133 conchae, 256 destruction of other birds, 112, 138 digestion, 11 / dissemination of anthrax, 355 ear, 121 facial nerve in, 123 ecology, 134 economic relations, 135, 137, 138, 139 egg, color origin, 93 polarity of, 417 shell pigments, 70, 94 embryology, 144 early, 147 epidemic diseases, disseminated by, 360 esophagus, 28 evolution, of voice, 161 excrement, contents of, 212 eye, 165 foves centralis, 173 muscles of, 315 sclerotic rings, 173 eyelids, histology of, 168 feathers, 198 feces contents, 136 flight, muscles of, 316 position of feet, 282 velocity determinations, 290 food, 209 foot, mechanics of, 282 tendons, 318 fossil species, 344 gastrulation, 149 gizzard, 30 Grandry 's corpuscles, 331 gregariousness, 461 habits, 236, 237 feeding, 249 carrying food with feet, 250 opening mo Husk shells, 252 incubating, 243 heart, 257 innervation of, 258, 333 mesentery, development of, 259 hostility between species, 460 hybrids, 262 experimental, 218 hyoid apparatus, 457 muscles of, 315 hypnosis, 50 Corvus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 52 Corvus — Continued inanition, effects of, on muscle tis- sue, 319 on striped muscle, 338 iinstinct, 51 ntelligence, 53 intersexuality, 435 intestine, 32 innervation of, 332 isabellism, 100 lacrimal glands, 226 larynx, 429 learning, 45 leg muscles, function of, 319 ligaments, 446 ligamentum pectinatum, 169 light, effects of, on migrations, 305 liver, histology of, 284 lungs, 429 lymphatic vessels, 90 melanism, 101 mesencephalon, 83 mesenteries, 24 migrations, 299 effects of castration on, 305 mortality from epidemic disease, 311 myology, 315, 316 nerve endings, proprioceptive, 330 nervous system, autonomic, 332 cranial nerves, 327, 328 obturator nerve, 330 spinal cord, structure of, 324 spinal ganglia, 326 nestling pterylosis, 379 optic chiasma, 83 optic lobes, 83 orientation, 340 oviduct, 423 pancreas, physiology of, 346 pecans, damage to, 139 perception, 55 periorbital fascia, 165, 171 periorbital region, 254 pharyngeal operculum, 158 pharynx, 26 poisoning methods, 479 polygamy, 247 primitive streak, 149 proventriculus, 30 pulse rate, 375 Purkinje fibers, 258 reproduction, physiology of, 421 reproductive system, of female, 509, 510 respiration, in tissues, 425 retina, 172 fovea centralis, 173, 519 roup, 365 salivary glands, 227 seed dissemination, 141 skeleton, 443, 453 pneumaticity of, 448 skin, blood vessels of, 78 skull, 455, 456, 458 ossification of, 341 smell, exp & imental, 460 social relations, roosting, 460 spermatogenesis, 420 spermatozoa, 419 spleen, 293 stomach, 29 measurements of, 405 syrinx, innervation of, 328 469 taxonomy, 475 temperament, 59 temperature, effect on nest building, 245 teratology, anideus, 486 anopia, 494 beak anomalies, 493, 494 blastoderm without embryo, 491 double eggs, 488 extra testes, 498 spur on head, 493 testes, interstitial cells of, 499, 500 thyroid gland, effects of climate, 503 race differences, 503 seasonal size change, 503, 505 trachea, 431 tuberculosis, 366 tympanic cavity, 459 urinary organs, renal corpuscles, 513 variation, 93, 513 visibility at high altitudes, 286 Corvus americvnus — see also Corvus brachyrhynchos behavior, 47 feeding habits, 249 Corvus brachyrhynchos albinism, 97 communal relationships, 133 courtship, 57 ecology, 125 economic relations, 135 habits, feeding, 249 roosting, 248 Corvus corax, healing of injured beak, 371 regeneration of, 410 feather structure, 201 food, 209 habits, 237 breeding, 240 intelligence, 53 myology, 314 scavenger service, 143 voice, 463 Corvus corax principalis, breeding hab- its, 240 Corvus comix, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 97 anatomy, 37 banding, 45, 46 brachial plexus, 330 eating mollusks, 251 53 FINDING INDEX Corvus comix Corpus cornix — Continued economic ornithology, 138 feeding habits, 249 hybrids, 264 egg shell structure, 414 isabellism, 100 nervous system, 332 accessory nerve, 327 position of legs in flight, 288 Corpus corone, abnormal coloration, 95 adaptation, 21 albinism, 97 ecology, 125 economic relations, 135 evolution, 160 facial feathers, loss of, 279 food, 209 habits, 237 breeding, 240 hybrids, 264 egg shell structure, 414 eggs of, 269 myology, 314 sex, 432 skeleton, 445 teratology, beak anomalies, 493 territorialism, 461 voice, 463 Corvus crytoleucus, brain parasites, 349 Corvus frugilegus, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 97 banding, 45 beak, anomalies of, 493, 494 pouch, 255 distribution, 119 ecology, 125 economic relations, 137 embryology, early, 147 food, 209 habits, 237 breeding, 239, 242 feeding, 249 insectivorous, 139 roosting, 239 incubation period, 243 isabellism, 100 life history, 280 measurements, 402 molt, 309 of head feathers, 310 nudity, of forehead, 379 of throat, 279 regurgitated pellets, 117, 212 rodent destruction, 143 sequence of plumages, 381 stomach contents, 212 territorialism, 461 variation in plumage color, 515 vestibular nucle , 78 Corvus monedula, beak anomalies, 493 cross beak, 494 daubing eggs with clay, 108, 242 food, 209 habits, 237 Corpus splendens, albinism, 97 isabellism, 100 variation in plumage color, 515 Corythaix, intestine, 31 pancreas, 345 sternum, taxonomic bearings, 452 stomach, 28 trachea, 431 turacin pigment, 105 fading of, 107 Corythaix buffoni, liver, 283 viscera, 38 Corythaix porphyreolopha, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 36 Coryza, 353 Cosmetornis vexillarius, unusual length of primary feathers, 203, 377 Costa Rica, fauna, 187 taxonomy, 472 variation, 516 Cotinga, feather structure, 201 red lipochrome pigment, 104 Cotingidae, tarsal scutes, 163 Cotton boll weevil, as food for birds, 140, 142 Cotton seed meal, as food for poultry, 396 Coturniculus, adaptation, in beak, 22 to flight, 23 environment, effects of, 163 evolution, of beak, 161 of tail, 161 Coturnix, albinism, 97 blastoderm, 149 color change, 107 humidity, effects on plumage, 377 melanism, 101 molt of claws, 277, 311 optic chiasma, 83 optic lobes, 83 salivary glands, 227 speciation, 466 spleen, 293 teratology, 495 supernumary limbs, 496 of tongue, 495 thyroid gland, effects on plumage, 504 variation, 513 Coturnix communis, melanism, 101 Coturnix japonica, sequence of plum- ages, 381 variation in throat color, 515 Cotyle, skull, development of, 456 structure of, 456 Counting, 53 Courtship, 57-58 evolution of, 161 Cracidae BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 54 Cracidae, distribution, 119 taxonomy, 475 Cracticus torquatus, longevity, 291 Crampton's muscle, 167, 168 Cranioscope, 39 Cranorrhinus, development of beak, 255 Crateropus canorus, social behavior, 49 Crax, copulatory organs, 508, 511 tracheal loops, 432 Crax yarrelli, sterno-tracheal muscles, 315 tracheal loops, 432 Creatine, 62 effect on embryo, 154, 492 excretion of, 63 metabolism of, 284, 374 Creatinine, in egg, 68 Creatophora carunculata, plumage, 376 Creeper fowls, atavism, 218 heredity, 220 Crest, hypochordal, 159 Crested fowl, development, of beak, 255 of head, 254 of skull, 456 teratology, of brain and skull, 77, 492 Crests, use in alluring insects, 377 in courtship, 58 Crete Isl., fauna, 196 Crex, albinism, 97 color change, 105 molt, 309 skeleton, 443 Crex crex, feeding habits, 249 food, 209 Crex pratensis, gizzard, 30 migrations, 301 Crickets, as food for birds, 140 Criminology, feather studies, 136, 201 Crinoids, analogy of plates with bird toe scutes, 278 Cristae acusticae, 124 Croatia, migrations, 301 Crocethia alba, color change, 105 Crocuses (plants), damaged by birds, 139 Crooked Lake region, fauna, 183 Crop, 27 blood vessels of, 27, 87 circular muscle of, 274 effects, castration, 85 of extract of hypophysis on, 270 enzymes of, 62 fistula of, 351 glands of, 27, 62, 226 innervation of, 27, 332 lymphatics of, 27, 90 muscle reaction in anaphylactic shock, 355 regeneration of, 410 saccharose content of, 60 secretion of, 27, 64 Crotophaga, fossil species, 344 oviduct, 509 taxonomy, based on anatomy, 39, 476 Crouching habits, 238 Crowing, of rooster, 253, 464 heredity of, 220 Crowing hen, 436 Cryptoglaux acadica, breeding habits, 240 feather growth, 201 food, 209 life history, 280 migrations, 301 Cryptorchids, 432 Crypturiformes, body temperature, rec- tal readings, 483 egg shell, 413 skeleton, 444 Crypturus, habits, 237 life history, 280 skeleton, 444 Crypturus brevirostris, Juvenal plumage, 383 Crypturus tataupa, breeding in captiv- ity, 43 food, 209 incubation period, 244 Crypturus variegatus, syrinx, 468 Crystal balls, gizzard action on, 118 Cuba, fauna, 186 taxonomy, 472 Cuckoo, recognition of eggs, 56 Cuculi, ecology, 125 Cuculidae, anatomy, 35 distribution, 119 expulsion of host eggs and young, 246 food, 209 instinct, 51 myology, 314 leg muscles, 317 oology, 339 ossification of trachea, 341, 431 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 444 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 voice, 463 Cuculiformes, skeleton, 444 Cuculinae, food, 209 parasitic breeding habits, 246 Cuculus, albinism, 97 alimentary canal, 24 banding recoveries, 46 behavior, 47 breeding, 49 breeding, late, 242 bursa Fabricii, 92 lymphoid tissue in, 293 connective tissue of foot, 282 courtship, 57 economic relations, 135 55 FINDING INDEX Cuculus Cuculus — Continued eggs, color of, 93, 94, 247 destruction of, 252 evolution of, 161 genetic potencies in, 412 hatching own, 245 mimicry in, 23, 93, 94 recognition of, 56 shell structure, 414 size, correlations with host species, 401 measurements of, 403 relation to species parasitized, 417 variation in, 516 variation in, 93, 515 eye, 165 fecundity, 204 exceptional, 205 fledging periods, 281 food, 209 gizzard, 30, 31 growth, 231 habits, 337 breeding, 23, 240, 246, 247 heredity, 220 of eye color, 221 host species, 247 incubation period, 244 instinct, 51 lamellar corpuscles, 331 learning, 54 life history, 279 longevity, 291 migrations, 299, 300, 301 mortality of young birds, 313 muscles, 316 natural history, 322 oology, 339 ovary, 342 oviposition, 247 plumage, hepatic, 382 sequence of, 381 reared, in same nest, two cuckoos, 411 with swallow, 247 reproduction, 411 sex ratio, 442 sexual behavior, 56 social relations of voice, 464 speciation, biometric study of eggs, 467 stomach, 28 contents of, 212 tameness, 50 territorialism, 461 testes, 499 . voice, musical analysis of, 464 voraciousness, 251 Cuculus canorus, anatomy, 35 parasitic breeding habits, 246 skeleton, 444 measurements of, 404 subspecies, 478 voice, 463 Cuculus poliocephalus, feeding young, 246 Cuculus saturatus, habits, 237 secondary sex characters, 438 Culebra Isl., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 187 Cupidonia cupido, hybrids, 266 Curasao Isl., ecology, 130 fauna, 188, 189 taxonomy, 472 Curare, effects, on autonomic nervous system, 334 on embryo, 154 Curruca, play, 55 Cursores, lymphoid tissue, 292 in bursa Fabrici, 92, 293 Cuyo Isl., fauna, 197 Cyanecula, arrhenoidy, 437 Cyanistes, hybrids, 262 Cyanistes cyaneus, albinism, 97 hybrids, 264 Cyanocitta, albinism, 97 feeding habits, 249 food, 209 temperature, effect of on nest build- ing, 245 variation, geographic, 516 Cyanocitta cristata, economic ornithol- ogy, 138 feathers, function of, 199 structure of, 201 pterylosis, 378 Cyanops, heel pads, 281 Cyanosis, 364 Cyanospiza, color change, 105 nocturnal singing, 253 voice, 463 Cyanospiza cms, feeding effects on color, 103 Cyclades Isls., fauna, 194 Cycles, of egg production, 392 in growth, 233 embryonic, 232 of seminal vesicles, sex hormone effects on. 511 Cyclopia, 491, 494 olfactory chambers in, 490 Cygninae, food, 209 form adaptation in, 22, 215 habits, 237 feeding, 249 hybrids, 262 marking, 45 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 Cygnopsis cygnoides, hybrids, 264 Cygnus, air sacs, 428 air, composition of, 60 albinism, 97 anatomy, 34 Cygnus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS Cygnus — Continued apnea, postural, 425 artery ? tracheal, 88 behavior, 47 cartilage, interarticular, 447 cholera, 357 copulatory organs, 508, 511 ecology, 125 eyes, 166 ferruginous stain, 96 fronto-nasal joint, 256 genetics, 218 habits, 237 hybrids, 264 hyoid apparatus, 457 incubation period, 244 instinct, 51 intestine, 32 lymph nodes, 292 lymphatic system, 90 measurements, 402, 404 medulla oblongata, 85 migrations, 306 mortality at Niagara Falls, 312 mouth, pathology of, 352 myology, 314 pelvic girdle, 453 pleura, 430 postural apnea, 425 respiratory organs, 427 sequence of plumages, 381 sexual behavior, 56 skeleton, 444 pneumaticity of, 448 skull, measurements, 457 sternum, 452 articulations of, 447 stomach, 28, 29 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, based on anatomy, 476 teratology, cross beak, 494 egg in egg, 489 triple-yolk eggs, 489 trachea, 431 coils of, in sternum, 432 tuberculosis, 366 vertebral column, 453 vocal organs, 464 voice, 463 wing, length of, 283, 404 measurements of, 404 strength of, 283 Cygnus albus, hybrids, 265 Cygnus atratus, fecundity, 204 hybrids, 265 incubation by male, 245 Cygnus buccinator, syrinx, 468 trachea, 431 coils in sternum, 432, 452 Cygnus columbianus, natural history, 320 Cygnus musicus, hybrids, 264, 265 Cygnus olor, hybrids, 264, 265 teratology, 485 Cyprus Isl., fauna, 196 migrations, 307 Cypselidae, food, 209 humerus, 450 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 taxonomy, 475 Cypseloides, habits, 237 Cypselus, aftershaft, 204 air sacs, histology of, 428 alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 36 eggs, measurements of, 403 weights of, 407 eye, 165 iris, 169 fasting, 337 mechanics of flight, 288, 289, 290 migrations, 300, 301 nerve endings, in ear, 330 night soaring, 253 pigmented testes, difference in right and left, 501 proventriculus, 30 rib anomaly, 498 salivary glands, 227 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 development of, 456 ossification of, 341 structure of, 456 stomach, 29 Cypselus apus, anatomy, 36 brain, 76 gular pouch, 25 mechanics of flight, 288 migrations, 299, 301 myology, 314 old nests used, 246 pharyngeal pouch, 26 spermatozoa, 419 stomach contents, 212 Cypselus melba, development, of foot bones, 450 of limbs, 157, 281 of limb bones, 449 ossification, 340 phalanges, 451 skeleton, development of, 448 wing bones, proportions of, 450 Cyrtonyx, molt, 309 Cystine, in egg, ' 8, 69 requirements during molt, 337 Cysts, 368 of skin, 354 ovarian, 353 parthenogenesis in, 150 Cytology, 1 14^-116, 144 adaptation in, 23 57 FINDING INDEX Cytology Cytology — Continued Golgi apparatus, in oviducal gland cells, 423 granules, acidophil, 75 Altmann's, evolution of, 162 in parthenogenesis, 150 in tissue culture, 505, 506, 507 of cerebral cortex, 81 of connective tissue, 110 of cornea, 168 of egg, 147 of epidermis, 277 of ganglion cells, 79 autonomic, 332 in spinal ganglia, 326 of germ cells, 411, 416 Golgi bodies in, 411 of germinal disc, 418 of intestinal epithelium, 32 of lungs, 430 of mandibular glands, 226 of muscle, cardiac, 258, 318 skeletal, 318 smooth, 31 of neurons, 323, 324 in retina, 172 of pancreas, 345 of red blood corpuscles, 74 of sex organs, in sex reversal, 437 of testes, 500 of stomach, 29, 30 of uropygeal gland, 228 tecnic of, 480, 481 Cytotoxin, 274 Czechoslovakia, migrations, 300 D Dacelo, regurgitated pellets, 212 sense of smell, 460 taste, 469 Dacelo gigas, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 35 niyology, 314 tongue, 25 Dacnis, green color, 102 gynandromorphism, 436 Dafila, banding, 45 functional ductus arteriosus, 258 eye, measurements of, 165 hybrids, 265 experimental, 218 Dafila acuta — see also Anas acuta abnormal coloration, 95 banding, 44 hybrids, 265, 266 fecundity of, 204 fertility of, 269 iconography, 274 plumages, sequence of, 381 wings, articulations of, 446 bones of, 450 ligaments of, 446 mechanics of, 283 Dafila acuta tsitzihoa, banding, 45, 303 longevity, 291 Dahomey, fauna, 176 Dakota, ecology, 130, 131 economic ornithology, 136 habits, 235 Dalmatia, migrations, 300 Dancing, 48, 124 Danger, behavior in, 48 reaction to, 55 Daphne berries, as food for birds, 214 Darien, fauna, 188 Darkness vision, 519 Daubentonia (plant) poisoning, 313 Dead Sea, fauna, 192 Dead Sea region, fauna, 189 Deafness, in sexual excitement, 57, 257 temporary, 121 when vocal, 322 Death, from asphyxia, 425 causes of, 311-313 Death rates, 311 Death Valley, California, adaptation, 23 ecology, 127, 130 fauna, 182 introduced species, 120 weights, 406 Decerebrate bird, 59, 80, 83, 167 behavior of, 80, 81 body temperature of, 483 hearing of, 257 olfactory sense of, 460 reflexes of, 409 pupillary, 167 vision of, 517 Declimatization, 23, 132 Decoying, 294 Defecation, 371 reflexes in, 409 Defense, communal, 49, 133 reactions, 49 use of one wing, 283 Deformed birds, sacrificed by parents, 311 Degeneration, 80, 160, 218 caseous, 366 cellular, 144 experimental, 84 of cerebellum, 84 of cerebrospinal nerves, 327 of optic chiasma, 328 of optic lobes, 328 of optic nerves, 328 of spinal cord, 325 fatty, of liver, 352 of aftershaft, 204 of axis cylinders in tissue culture, 507 of muscle, embryonic, 319 skeletal, 318 Degeneration BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 58 Degeneration — Continued of ova, 352, 413 of ovary, 343, 353 of plumage, 376 of rectrices, 162 of unlayed eggs, 423 of vertebrae, 162 of vestibular apparatus, 124 of vestibular nuclei, 79 Delaware, ecology, 127 fauna, 182 Delichon, eating flowers, 214 late breeding, 242 migrations, 300 Delichon urbica, albinism, 97 migrations, 307 tenacity of life, 372 teratology, 485 syndactyly, 496 Dendragapus, age indication, 308 feathers as, 199 care in captivity, 41 color change, 105 courtship, 57 feeding habits, 249 in captivity, 250 migrations, 301 sequence of plumages, 381 sexual behavior, 56 Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus, hab- its, 237 breeding, 240 hybrids, 265 Dendrocopus, albinism, 97 beak, anomalies of, 493 color change, 107 economic relations, 141 Dendrocopus major, variation in plum- age color, 515 Dendrocopus minor, vibrating sounds, 462 Dendrocygna, albinism, 97 incubation period, 244 malposition of, heart, 499 sequence of plumages, 381 taxonomy, 475 of skeleton, 449 Dendroica, albinism, 97 hybrids, 262 sap-drinking, 252 sequence of plumages, 381 skull, 455 tongue muscles, 315 unusual food, 212 Dendroica aestiva, incubation period, 244 natural history, 322 Dendroica caerulescens, development of, plumage, 376 habits, 237 breeding, 240 feeding, 249 incubation period, 244 life history, 280 nest sanitation, 245 sequence of plumages, 381 territorialism, 461 voice, 463 Dendroica ceruka, breeding habits, 240 Dendroica coronata, breeding habits, 240 migrations, 304 territorialism, 461 winter food, 214 Dendroica kirtlandi, breeding habits, 240 ecology, 125 food, 209 migrations, 306 voice, 413 Dendroica magnolia, breeding habits, 240 nest building, 245 sexual behavior, 56 territorialism, 461 voice, 463 Dendroica striata, albinism, 97 Dendroica tigrina, economic relations, 139 tongue, 25 Dendroica virens, breeding habits, 240 incubation period, 244 territorialism, 461 voice, 463 Dendropicus, hyoid apparatus, 457 sterno-tracheal muscles, 315 tongue, 26 Dendropicus major, storing acorns, 252 Denmark, conservation, 112 distribution, 120 ecology, 128, 130 fauna, 195 food, 207, 208 general work, 217 habits, 236 breeding, 240 iconography, 273 migrations, 300, 304 natural history, 321 oology, 338 taxonomy, 473 vernacular names, 478 Deradelphus, 486 Dermatitis, caused by feathers, 118 vesicular, 354 Dermatomeres, 327 Dermatomycosis, 348, 359 Desecheo Isl., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 186, 187 Descemet, membrane of, 168 Desert North America, ecology, 126 Deserts, ecology of, 127, 130 fauna of, 182 population of, 385 Despotism, 461 59 FINDING INDEX Destruction of birds Destruction of birds, 112-113 Development — see organ affected and Embryology, 143-159 Dextrose, in egg, 70 effects on embryo, 154 Diabetes mellitus, effects of ablation of pancreas, 346 Diaminic acid, in egg, 68, 70 Diaphragm — see also Oblique septum evolution of, 161 DiardigaUus diardi, hybrids, 265 Diarrhea, 351 bacillary white, 355-356 agglutination test, 275 effects on egg production, 393 heredity of immunity to, 222 immunological studies, 275 Diastase, 62 Diastataxy, 199, 379 Diatonic scale, in describing voice, 464 Diatryma, plumage, 376 Dicaeidae, alimentary canal, 24 Dicaeum, hybrids, 262 Dicephalus, 486 Dichoceros bicornis, feeding habits, 249 food, 209 natural history, 322 Dicholophus, skeleton, 444 skull, 456 Dicholophus cristatus, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 36 respiration, 425 Dichromatism, 93, 108 Dictionaries, 215 Didunculus, flight muscles, 316 habits, 237 sternum, 452 Didunculus strigiroslris, adaptations, 23 habits, changes in, 248 skeleton, 444 Didus, anatomy, 35 extinction of, 164 feather structure, 201 foot bones, 450 fossil species, 344 general work, 215 natural history, 320 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 443, 444, 453 pneumaticity of, 448 skull, 455 taxonomy, 474, 475 Diencephalon, 82-83 center for regulation of blood pressure and body temperature, 334 development of, 82 ependymal grooves, 82 lesions, effects of, 483 Diet, experimental, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 61, 62, 107 carnivorous, 335 effects, on egg production, 395 on fertility and hatchability of eggs, 395 on kidneys, 395, 513 on molt, 395 on tuberculosis, 367 correlation, with stomach weight, 401 effects, on beriberi, 363 on blood phosphorus, 65 on body weight, 406 on color, 107 on developing skeleton, 448 on egg production, 392 on fertility, 422 on hatchability of eggs, 389 on kidney, weight of, 408 on molt, 310 on pigmentation, 104 on sex, 433 forced feeding, 85 grain, 335 inadequate, 60, 62 effects on blood, 71 of glycogen deficiency on liver weight, 408 on bone, 447 on growth of internal organs, 232 rachitic, 61 scorbutic, 521 significance in flight, 285 synthetic, 519 vitamin free, effect on carbohydrate metabolism, 519 Digestibility, of ant pupae, 43 coefficients of, 336 of food for poultry, 394 Digestion, 116-118 beriberi, effects of, 362 cell changes, in intestine, 32, 115 in pancreas, 346 coefficients, calculation of, 481 effects, of beriberi on, 362 of cutting vagus nerve, 329 of carbohydrates, 61 of egg proteins, 142 rapidity of, 305 Digestive system, 117, 118 adaptation in, 23 chromaffin tissue in, 86 effects of inanition, 338 measurements of, 405 Diglossa, evolution, 160 variation, geographic, 516 Dimorphism, in crossing of mandible, 214 in sex, 434, 435 Dinitrophenol, calorigenic action of, 60 Dinornis, bones, embryonic, measure- ments, 405 specific gravity of, 447 egg shell, structure of, 414 Dinornis BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 60 Dinornis — Continued feathers, structure of, 201 fossil embryo, 345 fossil species, 344 skull, development of, 456 Dinornithidae, fossil species, 344 Dinosaurs, relation to birds, 163, 478 Diomedea, "acid avique", 66 air sacs, 428 banding, 45 beak, 255 behavior, 47 dancing, 48 sexual, 56 bones, of limbs, measurements, 405 of wings, 450 cerebellum, 84 epiglottis, 429 esophagus, 27 feathers, chemistry of, 66 flight, 285 mechanics of, 288, 290 muscles of, 316 habits, 237 heart, hypertrophy of, 261 humerus, 450 inanition of young, 337 larynx, 429 longevity, 291 lungs, 430 nasal glands, 226 pectoral girdle, 451 red lipochrome pigments, 104 rudimentary hallux, 282 skeleton, 444 trachea, 431 variation, 513 vitality, 309 voice, 463 Diomedea albatrus, breeding habits, 240 Diomedea brachyura, growth of beak, 255 trachea, enlargements of, 431 loops of, 432 Diomedea exulans, distribution, tem- perature factor, 120, 132 ecology, 125 habits, 237 mechanics of flight, 120, 288 migrations, 301 sequence of plumages, 381 Diomedeidae, ecology, 125, 129 food, 209 voraciousness, 251 Dipththeria, 118, 359 immunity to, 275 heredity of, 222 relation to epithelioma contagiosum, 361 Diplogenesis, 486 Diplosomes, 115 Diprosopus, 486 Diptera (parasites), 347 Direction perception, 55 Dirk Hartog Is!., fauna, 196 Discrimination, 53, 55 in color, 519 in form and size, 517 Disease dissemination by birds, 138 Diseases of birds — see Pathology Diseases of man, 118-119 Disgorgement, 212, 252 Dispharagus (parasite), in epidemics, 360 Display, 48, 58 communal, 460 in plumage, 377 Disposition, 48 Dissections, methods of, 294, 479 Dissoura, anatomy, 35 oblique septum, 430 pterylosis, 378 syrinx, 468 Distomum ovatum (parasite), in eggs of Gallus, 416 Distribution, 119-120 accidental, 173, 174 adaptation in, 21, 22 changes in, 134, 173 extension of range, 120 geographic, 101 significance of parasites, 346 geologic factor, 174 introduced species, 134, 141 of water birds, 132 relation to altitude, 384 vertical, 131 District of Columbia, fauna, 182 migrations, 297 Diuresis, 83 Diving, 51, 248, 291 adaptation of skeleton to, 22 air sacs as oxygen reservoirs, 429 use, of plumage, 378 of wings, 291 with young, 249 Diving birds, habits, 233 molt of flight feathers, 310 natural history, 320 sequence of plumages, 380 Diving period, 249 Docility, 49-50 Doggersbank, migrations, 299 Dogs, immunity to avian tuberculosis, 276 Dolichonyx, albinism, 97 changes in color, 105, 106 distribution, 120 sequence of plumages, 381 wing spurs, 279, 496 Dolichonyx oryzivorous, albinism, 97 economic relations, 135 instinct, 51 learning to sing, 54, 466 61 FINDING INDEX Dolichonyx oryzivorous Dolichonyx oryzivorous — Continued migrations, 301 song, inheritance of, 224 vocal instinct, 52 Domestic birds, classification of, 40 evolution of, 160 hybrids of, 262 incubation period of, 244 instinct of, 51 origin of, 219 pathology of, 350 Domestic fowl — see also Gallus origin of, 224 Domestic geese — see also Anser genetics of, 218 origin of, 160, 224 Domestic pigeon — see also Columba origin of, 224 Domestic turkey — see also Meleagris origin of, 225 Domestication, 43, 112 effects, on interstitial cells, 500 on ovary, 343 on reproduction, 411 of Phalacrocorax, 143 Dominican Republic, ecology, 129, 130 "Dopa", in melanin pigment develop- ment, 104 Dorsosacrum, 220 Douglas Lake region, fauna, 183 Dove culture, 42 Down plumage, color of, 94 taxonomic characters, 477 Downlessness, 497 Dragon flies, as food for birds, 140, 213 Draining lakes, effects on birds, 114 Drepanididae, adaptation, 21 ecology, 125 evolution of, 160 habits, 237 taxonomy, 475 tongue, 26 voice, 463 Dromaeus — see also Dromaius and Dromiceius alimentary canal, 24 arteries of brain, 88 behavior, 56 biliary ducts, 284 bones, carpal, 451 of hand, 451 of leg, 449 brain tumor of embryo, 368 breeding in captivity, 43 copulatpry organs, 511 domestication, 43 ear labyrinth, 122 embryology, 144 eye, 165 habits in captivity, 247 heart, 257 incubation period, 244 larynx, 429 ligaments, 446 lungs, 429 pectoral girdle, 451 precaval homologies, 258 rachitis, 363 skeleton, 444 skin, 276 skull, 456 ossification, 341 spinal cord, blood vessels of, 324 nuclei of, 325 segments of, 324 spinal meninges, 294 superior vena cava, 90 syrinx, 468 tracheal pouch, 431 Dromaeus novae-ho'landiae, body tem- perature, 482 incubation, 43 muscles, of leg, 317 pelvic, 316 oil, 64 pelvic girdle, 453 reproduction, 411 young at two months, 281 Dromaius novae-hollandiae, kidney fr.t, 66 Dromiceius — see also Dromaeus and Dromaius alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 35 body temperature, 482 breeding in captivity, 247 care in captivity, 41, 43 ear labyrinth, 122 feathers, structure of, 201 flight muscles, 316 food, 209 habits, 234 breeding, 240 in captivity, 247 incubating, 243 heart, 257 valves of, 258 hippocampus, 81 incubation period, 244 legs, bones of, 449 muscles of, 317 attachments of, 317 mechanics of, 319 lungs, 429 parahippocampus, 81 pelvic girdle, 453 pelvic muscles, 316 rachitis, 363 reproduction, 411 reproductive system, 509 sexual behavior, 56 skeleton, 444 skull, 456 ossification of, 341 Dromiceius BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 62 Dromiceius — Continued spinal cord, 324 nuclei of, 325 syrinx, 468 telencephalon, 81 trachea, 431 Dromo cm, albinism, 97 Drouth, effects of, 132 Drugs, effects of, 67, 162 on progeny, 162, 163 on uric acid secretion, 64 on vagus nerve, 329 Drumming, 48, 58, 248 with beak, 248, 462 Dryobates, albinism, 97 drumming with beak, 248 food, 209 eating cecropians, 140 natural selection, 164 plumages, sequence of, 381 speciation, 466 variation, geographic, 516 Dryobates major, habits, breeding, 240 climbing, 285 in captivity, 247 Dryobates major pinetorum, sex reversal, 437 Dryobates nuttalii, hybrids, 265 Dryobates pubescens, hybrids, 265 Dryobates villosus, habits, 237 variation, 513 Dryocopus, development of beak, 255 function of beak, 256 Dryocopus martius, unusual nest cavity, 246 Ducks — see also Anas and Anatidae culture of, 114,387 feeding, 394 shooting records, 113 Duct(s), biliary, 284 of Botalli, 258 contractions of, 225 cystic, 284 hypobranchial, 158 nasolacrimal, 170 Ductuli efferentes, 511 Ductus, arteriosus, functional, 258 endolymphaticus, 123 thyreoglossus, 158 Dumetella — see also Galeoscoptes banding, 45 ecology, 125 marital relations, 58 Dumetella carolinensis, economic rela- tions, 135 food, 209 habits, breeding, 240 nocturnal, 253 incubation period, 244 territorialism, 461 voice, 463 Dupetor flavicollis nesophilus, albinism, 97 Dura mater, sinuses of, 89, 293 Durango, fauna, 187 Dutch East Africa, natural history, 321 Dutch East Indies, breeding habits, 240 taxonomy, 474 Dwarfishness, 485, 491 heredity of, 220 origin of, 224 Dyschromia, 362 Dysentery, 351 Dystrophia, 362 E Ear, 34, 120-124 adaptation to barometric changes, 21, 122 bones or ossicles, 157, 341, 459 development of, experimental studies, 155 effects of temperature on labyrinth, 484 evolution of, 161 glands of, 226 in dissections of skull, 254 innervation of, 323, 327, 328 lymphatics of, 90 lymphoid tissue of auricular folds, 293 measurements of, 403 reflexes of, 409 Earth worms transmission of gapes, 361 East Indies, f auna, 198 iconography, 273 Easter Isl., fauna, 174 Eclectus, nestling color, 94 secondary sex characters, 439 sequence of plumages, 381 sex differences in coloration, 102 Eclectus roratus, gynandromorphism, 436 intersexuality, 435 Ecology, 124-134 Economic Ornithology, 133, 134-143 education in, 143 Ectoderm, 170 amniotic, cytology of, 114 in tissue culture, 116, 507 Ectopia, 156, 352, 422 Ectopistes migratorius — see also Columba migratorius anatomy, 35 behavior in captivity, 49 brain, histology of, 77 extinction of, 164 food, 209 general work, 215 habits, 237 in captivity, 247 flying, 253 healing of wound, 371 FINDING INDEX Ectopistes migratorius Eciopistes migratorius — Continued methods, collecting, 295 decoying, 294 hunting, 294 migrations, 304 natural history, 322 neuroglia, 77 pterylosis, 378 Purkinje cells, 85 skeleton, 444 spinal cord, histology of, 325 voice, 463 Ectromelia, 495 experimental production, 491 Ecuador, ecology, 128 fauna, 188 food, 207 migrations, 298 taxonomy, 472 variation, 516 Edema, of air sacs, 353, 360 of wattles, 352, 360 Edibility, of flesh of birds, 142 of peculiar food, 213 Education, 143 conservation, 113 of decerebrate bird, 59 of nestlings, 54 teaching-mounts, 470 Egg(s) — see also Embryology and Ova abnormal, 339, 404, 422, 487-489 accidents to, 21 adaptations of, 22 air space, 414-415 albumen of, 68, 70, 413 albumin of, 60, 68, 70 arrangement in nest, 245, 312 as food for man, 142 bacteriologic examination of,[479 biometric analysis of, 404 biophysics of, 412 brooding of, 242 care of, in collections, 339 carrying of, 242, 320 chemical composition of, 61, 68-71, 412, 419 effects of castration on, 433 Chinese preserved, 68 weights of parts, 407 cleavage, 148 clutch, number in, 339 effects of daylight on, 421 sex ratio in, 412 color of, 93, 94, 339 anomalies, 100-101 atavism in, 218 concealing, 108 correlations, 94 effects of feeding on, 414 evolution of, 161 experimental coloring, 56 inheritance of, 221 colored plates of, 271 commercial, 388 chemical analysis of, 388 examination technic, 481 comparison with mammalian ova, 412 cooking, 68, 388 covering eggs when leaving nest, 242 cytology, 115, 116 crystals developed, 417 daubing with clay, 242 decomposition of, 68 dessication of, 146 defense against, 417 destruction, by crows, 388 by wood ashes, 68, 412 disease transmission, 118 electrical condition, 417 evolution of, 161 expulsion by parasitic birds, 246 effects of castration, 433 effects, of feeding, 397 of jarring, 155, 492 on production of saliva, in man, 30 fertility of, 422 fertilization of, 147-148 food reserve in, 411 foreign, reaction to, 242 form of, 339 compared with skeleton, 214 effects of temperature on, 484 formation of, 416 fossil, 345, 412 genetics of, 218 grafts on, 228, 500 hatchability of, 148 heredity of, 220 heat production in, 68 heredity of characters, 222 hiding, 242 iconography, 272 immunological studies, 274 inclusions of abnormal objects, 415- 416 incubating, 64, 69 effects, of coating egg shell, 427 of injecting toxic substances, 492 metabolism of, 374 multiple turning, 480 infections of, 351, 389 laying of, 423 time of, 242 luminous, 308 luster of, 219 male producing, 223 measurements of, 40, 402-404 before and after boiling, 404 capacity of, 482 correlations with human skull, 404 mimicry, 23 mineral composition, 412 mitochondria of, 116 Egg(s) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 64 Egg(s) — Continued natural selection of, 164 nitrogen content of, 67 number in nest, 412 of altricial species, 68 of hybrids, 269, 412 of parasitic birds, 247 of poultry, 388, 390 of hybrid fowls, 219 of precocial species, 68 osmotic pressure of, 68 parasites of, 415 pathology of, 351, 352 pharmacology of, 67 physical characters, 401 powdered, 388 preservation of, 68, 399, 400, 481 putrefaction of, 389, 400, 417 radio-sensitivity of, 483 recognition of, 56 recording methods, 295 resistance to freezing, 417 sex of, 39 sex hormones, effects of, 440, 441, 442 shape of, 22, 339, 423 cause of, 516 size of, 339, 417 as factor in sex determination, 433 correlations, 401 effects of castration, 433 factors, 390 nutritional, 338 temperature, 390, 484 variation in, 516 specific gravity of, 406 sterility of, 389, 417 storage of, 70, 400 storage quality, feeding effects on, 397 structure of, 418 surface area, 482 taxonomic character, 476, 477 technic, measuring, 40, 482 oological, 295 testing methods, 295 transfer of, 59 turning of, 389, 480 unfertilized, 417-418 variations in, 339, 515, 516 in rate of loss of weight, 515 vertical position, effects on embryo, 492 vitamin B source, 520 vitamin C content, 521 voice of young birds in, 466 weighing methods, 482 weight, 407-408, 485 changes during incubation, 418 correlations, with age at first laying, 401 with body weight, 402 with weights of parts, 401 factors, 390 loss, by evaporation, 339, 412 during incubation, 335 yolkless, 488 Egg-eating chickens, 388 Egg envelopes, 413-415 adaptation of, 22 albumen, in anaphylaxis, 274 injection of creatine, 492 development of, function of thymus gland, 502 lesions of, 155 measurements of, 404 teratology of, 488 Egg in egg, 489 production of, 422 Egg inclusions, 415-416 cholera organisms, 358 Egg laying, 423 stimulation of, 57 Egg membranes, use for granulation tissue, 142 Egg poisoning, 118 Egg powders, 142 analysis of, 68 Egg production, 204, 387, 389, 391-393, 422 antecedent, sex ratio correlation, 442 by Struthio, 42 correlation with fertility in winter, 401 correlation tables, 401 decline with age, 281 effects, of feeding, 397 of increased light absorption, 421 of irradiation, 373 of molt, 310 of thyroid gland, 504 of vitamins, 519 inbreeding for, 387 in winter, 223, 398 periodism in, 424 quantitative study, 401 by Struthio, 42 weighing methods, 482 Egg proteins, metabolism of, 374 Egg shell, 153, 413^14 action in production of abnormal embryos, 492 adaptation in, 22 calcium of, 61 transfer, 71 use in development of skeleton, 448 changes in incubation, 152, 413 chemistry of, 70 development of, 423 dissolution of, 413 experiments on, 153, 155, 156 lime content of, 413 membranes of, 414 filtration properties, 415 physical properties of, 414 pigments of, 70, 94 65 FINDING INDEX Egg shell Egg shell — Continued removal from nest, 242 round worm parasites, 349 structure of, 22, 269, 414 polarized light, use of, 480 teratology of, 100, 422, 488, 489 viewed with ultraviolet light, 414 weight before and after hatching, 408 Egg tooth, 150 Egg yolk, absence of, 488 amyloid substance in, 70 as food for chicks, 388 color of, 94, 104 coloring of, 479 monoaminodisulphate in, 68 starch in, 70 white and yellow yolk compared, 70 Egret farms, 42 Egretta, banding, 45 conservation, 112 taxonomy, 475 variation, 513 Egretta alba, breeding habits, 241 natural history, 322 Egypt, artificial incubation, 399 banding, 45 bird liming, technic, 296 ecology, 126, 130 economic relations, 137 fauna, 175 habits, 234 iconography, 271 migrations, 297 origin of poultry, 224 . ovens as incubators, 399 taxonomy, 471 trapping methods, 296 Eimeria avium (parasite), 349, 358 Eimeria pfeifferi (parasite), 349, 358 El Salvador, fauna, 187 Elainea, variation, 513 Elanus, breeding habits, 241 food, 209 Elaphes, skull, 455 fontanelles, 457 Elastic tissue, 110 of eye, 166 of iris, 169 of heart, 258 development in, 259 Elbe Valley, fauna, 194 Elbow, 446 Elburg Mts., fauna, 192 natural history, 321 Electric control of camera shutter, 40, 481 Electric light, effects on migrations, 305 mortality from, 312 stimulation of reproductive organs, 509 Electric recording apparatus, 39 Electric thermostat, 40 Electric wires, avoiding, 53 Electrical condition of egg, 417 Electrical stimulation, effects of, 409 Electrocardiograph, 146, 260 Electrolysis, of blastoderm, 480 of early embryo, 152 Electrolytes, effects on embryo in tissue culture, 505 Electrolytic conductivity, 65 Elephantiasis, 354 Elimination, 372 of embryonic wast products, 145 Elk Co., Pa., ecology, 127 Elk Mt. region, fauna, 182 Elm aphis, as food for birds, 213 Elm tree beetle, as food for birds, 213 Elseyornis melanops, color change, 105 sequence of plumages, 381 Emberiza, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 97 arrhenoidy, 437 courtship, 57 cross beak, 494 cytology of germinal disc, 418 follicular epithelium of ovary, 342 heart, 257 hypophysis, histology of, 270 mitochondria, 116 optic chiasma, 83 optic lobes, 83 proventriculus, 30 sex reversal, 437 spleen, 293 stomach glands, 30 testes, periodicity in activity, 500 variation in plumage color, 515 Emberiza amazona, phosphorus poison- ing, 365 Emberiza canneti, sex reversal, 437 Emberiza cirltis, autumn singing, 466 care of young, 242 incubation period, 244 training, 54 Emberiza citrinella, abnormal colora- tion, 95 courtship, 57, 58 hybrids, 265 incubation period, 244 training, 54 voice, 463 Emberiza hortulana, breeding habits, 241 breeding in immature plumage, 411 nestings per season, 246 Emberiza kiicocephala, hybrids, 265 Emberiza miliaris, albinism, 97 Emberiza poliopleura, long filo plumes, 202 Emberiza schoeniclus, hybrids, 265 Embryo (s), abnormal, 489^-492 ectopic development in abdominal cavity, 156 Embryo (s) BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 66 Embryo (s) — Continued sticky, 61, 71, 341, 375 calcium metabolism in, 375 air hunger, 389 allantois, contractile fibers of, 151 amitosis, 114 anemia, 114 anomalies of, 86, 485-487, 489-499 chemistry of, 61, 70, 71 ammonia production, 63 calcium transfer from egg shell, 413 chloride concentration of, 145 cholesterin content of, 62 effects of antipyrine, 153 gaseous environment, 133 hemoglobin formation, 65 osmotic pressure, 375 urea formation, 63 uric acid content, 64 cytology, 114, 115, 150, 418 damage to, by loud noises, 155, 243 digestion, 117 effects, of dessication, 146, 153 of hypophysis, 271 of mechanical vibrations, 155 incubator for, 40 irradiation with radium, 375 life in tissue culture after incubation stops, 505 malposition of, 156, 490 measurements of, 403 metabolism of, 374 mortality of, 313, 400 movements of, 155 nutrition of, 335 reactions to, ether, 67 experimental temperatures, 484- 485 morphine, 67 red blood corpuscles of, 74 respiration in, 154-155, 426-427 vital staining of, 481 weights of, 406 Embryology, 40, 143-159 — see also under various organs, apparatus for, 39 cinematography in, 295 taxonomic characters, 477 teaching of, 143 technic of, 480 Embryonic cells, effects of ether on, 60 Embryonic extracts, in anaphylaxis, 274 effects on blood pressure, 60 toxicity of, 60 Embryonic inclusions, 485 Embryonic membranes, 150 anomalies of, 491 demonstration technic, 480 trypan blue stain for, 481 Embryonic tissue, 67 Emotions, 50 blushing, 50, 278 color effect, 106 effects on breathing, 426 Emphysema, 360 Empidonax, geographic variation, 516 Empidonax trailii alnorum, breeding habits, 241 life history, 280 Ems River region, Germany, fauna, 194 Encephalitis, 352, 354, 360 Encephalocele, 497 Encyclopedias, 215 Endocarditis, 351, 360 Endocrine effects, gynandromorphism, 436 Endocrine secretion, effects of castra- tion, 85 Endocrinology, 160 — see also Hypophy- sis, Ovary, Pancreas, Parathyroid Glands, Reproduction, Sex, Supra- renal Glands, Testes, Thymus Gland, and Thyroid Glands grafting experiments, 229 sex hormone production, 401 Endocyma, 486 Endoparasites, 347-349 Endosmosis, in shell membranes, 415 Endothelium, 75 development of, 152 embryonic, experimental studies of, 155 of embryonic liver, 114 in tissue culture, 507 origin of, 87 phagocytosis by, 276 Endurance, in flight, 285 in polar conditions, 120 Enemies, effecting breeding habits, 242 Energy, 375 nervous, sex hormone effects on, 440 sources in embryo, 146 transformation of, 146 England, ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 136, 138 fauna, 193 general work, 217 life histories, 280 migrations, 299, 303, 304, 306 unusual, 304 stomach contents, 211 Eniconetta, sequence of plumages, 381 Enneoctonus, connective tissue of foot. 282 Entanglement, 21 Enteritis, 360 infectious, 351 Enterohepatitis, 358 Enterokinase, 117 Entero-proventriculitis, infectious puru- lent, 351 67 FINDING INDEX Environment Environment, adaptations to, 22-23 effects, on color, 108 on evolution, 163 on feeding habits, 251 on molt, 310 on population, 385 on reproductive system, 509 on size of intestine and stomach, 405 on song impulse, 465, 466 on variation, 516 Environmental relations, 133 to vegetation, 134 Enzymes, 62, 335 "artificial", 335 in poultry food, 395 in eggs, 69, 412 Eos fuscata, variation in plumage color, 515 Eosinophils, 72 development of, 75 Ependyma, 77, 82 Epidemics, 360 with Bacillus cloacae, 370 Epidermal structures, physiology of, 371 Epidermis, 277 before and after hatching, 278 cytology of, 114, 115 development of, 157 growth of, 231 of beak, 255 of foot, abnormal, 496 proliferating, number of mitoses, 401 regeneration in wound healing, 410 transmission of heat, 482 Epididymis, 511 Epiglottis, 429 Epilepsy, 118, 352, 360 Epinephrin, suprarenal gland content in beriberi, 362 Epiphyses, 448 ossification of, 341 pressure, 447 Epiphysis, 77 — see also Pineal body Epistropheus, 454 Epithalamus, 82 Epithelioma contagiosum, 360 immunity to, 275 relation, to diphtheria, 359 to faulty nutrition, 336 Epithelium, ciliated, 33, 270 cytology of, 115 Golgi apparatus, 116 staining technic for, 481 differentiation in tissue culture, 507 feathered, of eye, 171 follicular, mitochondria in, 116 germinal, in tissue culture, 507 of testes, 499 intercellular bridges, 38 intestinal, 32, 115 of villi, 32 Paneth cells of, 115 of air sacs, 428 of amnion, 151 of epididymis, 511 of gizzard, 31 of iris, 169 of kidneys, 513 of lungs, 430 of stomach, 29, 162 of yolk sac, 151 pavement, 38 pigment of, in tissue culture, 507 proliferation of, in abnormal embryos, 491 regeneration of, 410 Epitrichium, 157 Epoopheron, 512 Epyornis, 344 — see also Aepyornis fossil eggs of, 345, 412 Equipment for poultry culture, 390 Erectile tissue, 511 effects of castration on, 86 in fleshy head appendages, 278 innervation of, 333 Eremophila alpestris, food in captivity, 43 skeleton, 444 Ereunetes, albinism, 97 Ergosterol, irradiated, 61, 63, 364, 373, 521 for poultry, 396 use of, for prevention of rachitis, 363 Erie, Pa., fauna, 185 Erie Isles, Pa., ecology, 127 Erismatura, down and definitive feather continuity, 200 Erismatura jamaicensis, air sacs, 428 tracheal, 429 courtship, 57 larynx, 429 secondary sex characters, 438 sterno-tracheal muscles, 315 Erithacus, albinism, 97 banding, 45 bigamy, 58 erythrism, 101 jugular veins, 89 migrations, 299 multiple nests, 245 sex reversal, 437 teratology, 489 territorialism, 461 Erithacus phoenicurus, bigamy, 58 Erithaciis rubicola, albinism, 97 experimental acceleration of breeding period, 421 migrations, 299 effects of light on, 305 testes, effects of artificial light on, 501 Eritrea BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 68 Eritrea, fauna, 177, 178 natural history, 321 Erythacus, double-yoked egg, 489 Erythrism, 100, 101 Erythroblasts, 75 Erythrocytes, changes in anaphylaxis, 355 development of, 75 embryonic, experimental studies, 155 Erythromelana, gynandromorphism, 436 Erythropoiesis, 75 experimental studies, 75 in tissue culture, 507 Eryihropygia, albinism, 97 Erythrura psittacea, color of nestling mouth parts, 95 Erz Mts., Germany, fauna, 194 Erzerum, Turkey, fauna, 192 Esbjerg region, Denmark, fauna, 195 Esophagus, 27-28 atresia of, 490 dilation of, 499 function in booming, 58, 465 glands of, 226 nerve endings in, 331 taxonomic value, 477 Essences, effect of, on embryo, 153 Essex County, Mass., ecology, 127 Ester, of hemin, 70 Ether, 60 action of, 67 effects of, on cells in tissue culture, 60, 505 on embryo, 153 Ethiopia, fauna, 177, 178 taxonomy, 471 Ethiopian region, fauna, 176-178 Eudromias morinellus, habits, 237 migrations, 301 Eudynamis, parasitic breeding habits, 246 Eudyptes, alimentary canal, 24 arteries, 88 of leg, 89 embryology, 144 feathers, development of, 200 nestling down, 202 structure of, 201 leg bones, 449 metatarsal, 450 molt of beak covering, 311 muscles, 314 flight, 316 of leg, 317 pelvic, 316 nerve plexuses, 330 oblique septum, 436 skeleton, ossification of, 340 pelvic girdle, 453 skull, 455 taxonomy, 449 vertebrae, development of, 453 wing bones, 450 wings, 282 Eudyptes ardicus, molt, 309 Eudyptes chrysocome, beak, develop- ment of, 255 eye, anatomy of, 166 leg bones, 449 melanin pigment, development of, 104 molt, 309 pelvic girdle, development of, 453 Eudyptida, albinism, 97 sequence of plumages, 381 variation, 513 Eugenics, 220 Eunetta falcata, courtship, 57 display, 58 Euornithae, taxonomic characters, 477 Eupetes, taxonomic anatomy, 39 Euphagus, albinism, 98 Euphagus cyanocephalus, eating young goldfinches, 252 economic relations, 135 eye color, 160 feeding habits, 249 Euphones, intestine, 31 Euphonia, gizzard, 30 intestine, 32 pterylosis, 378 skull, 455 stomach, 28 Euplectes franciscanus, epithelium of kidneys, 513 Euplectus hordeacea, polygamy, 247 temtorialism, 461 Euplocamus, color pattern, 109 hybrids, 218, 262 Eupodotis, display, 58 gular pouch, 25 Eupodotis denhami, inflation of proximal esophagus, 27 Europe, 217 banding, 44, 46 conservation, 112 distribution, 120 ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 136, 137 fauna, 192 food, 207, 208 habits, 236 breeding, 240 feeding, 249 iconography, 273 insectivorous birds, 139 life histories, 280 migrations, 298-299, 304, 306, 307 natural history, 320, 321 oology, 339 plumage, 376 sequence of plumages, 380 stomach contents, 211 taxonomy, 473 69 FINDING INDEX Europe Europe-^Continued variation, 516 vernacular names, 478 voice, 463 European corn borer, eaten by birds, 140 Europyga, breeding in captivity, 247 Eurylaemidae, myology, 314 skeleton, 44 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, based on anatomy, 476 on skeleton, 477 Eurylaemus, arteries, 87 color, causes of, 102 change in, 105 optical, 102 pigmental, 103 egg shell pigments, 94 myology, 314 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 Eurynorhynchus, alimentary canal, 24 habits, 237 breeding, 241 liver, 283 sequence of plumages, 381 skeleton, 444 Eurynorhynchus pygmaeus, pterylosis, 378 Eurypygidae, alimentary canal, 24 feathers, 198 powder-down, 203 heart, 257 hyoid apparatus, 457 integument of foot, 278 pterylosis, 378 tongue, 25 trachea, 431 Eustachian tube, 122 Eutaxy, 377, 379 Evolution, 160-164 of autonomic nervous system, 332 of bird fauna, 186 American, 174 of color pattern, 109 of egg color, 93 of egg shell, 413 of membranes, 414 of feathers, 199 of flight, 285 of lacrimal bones, 458 of mesencephalon, 83 of races, 478 of red blood corpuscles, 73 of secondary sex characters, 439 of skeleton, 445 of suprarenal glands, 467 of syrinx, 469 of thalamus, 83 of voice, 464, 465 of wings, 162 role, of subspecies, 467 Excrement, 96, 164 identification of food, 212 parasites in, 347 weight of, 308, 407 Excretion, 63-64, 513 effects of carnivorous diet on, 395 embryonic, 145 of iodine, 69 of nitrogen, 61, 63, 67, 71 of sugar, 61, 63, 67 of uric acid, 64 Exencephalia, 490, 493, 494 experimental production of, 491 Exercise, 55 lack of, causing degeneration of ovary, 343 for poultry, 389 Exhaustion, effect on color, 106 Exotic species, care in captivity, 40 introduction of, 174 learning, 53 resistance to cold, 41 Expeditions, 308 Experience, relation to instinct, 52 Exportation, 41 Extermination, 385 Extinction, 164-165 danger of, 113 effects of hybridization on, 268 restoration of nearly extinct species, 112 Extirpation, of bursa Fabricii, 92 of middle ear, 122 of motor cortex, 80 of pineal body, 375 of semicircular canals, 80 Extremities, laminated corpuscles in, 331 Eye, 34, 165-173 anomalies of, 490, 494, 495 heredity of, 221 atrophy of, 352, 494 autonomic innervation, 333 blood vessels of, 87, 168 choroid sarcoma, 369 ciliary body, 167-168 changes in accommodation, 518 color of, 94, 95 in albino birds, 100 inheritance of, 221 connective tissue of, 110 development of, 157 eye muscles, 315 dilator pupillae, smooth muscle of, 319 evolution of, 161 in experimental embryology, 156 extirpation of, 80, 328 grafts of, 228 growth rate of, 233 in experimental embryology, 156 in tissue culture, 507 Eye BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 70 Eye — Continued lens, fixing technic for, 480 lymphatics of, 90 measurements of, 403 muscle, ciliary, 168 innervation of, 333 extrinsic, 315 parasites of, 349 pathology of, 352 pigment epithelium of, 103 reflex movements, 409 regeneration of, 410 relation to habits, 239 retina, foveae of, 167 fovea centralis, 173, 519 fovea lateralis, 519 Eyelashes, 168 Eyelids, 104, 168 myology, 315 Face, absence of, 494 Falco, abnormal coloration, 95 accommodation apparatus, 167 albinism, 98 anatomy, general, 36 arteries, 87 of brain, 88 bursa Fabricii, 91 cannibalism, 250 ciliary body, 167 cloaca, 91 cochlea, 123 color vision, 518 crop contents, 212 ear, 121 evolution, 160 eye, 165 flight, mechanics of, 288 food, 209 insects, 213 gizzard, 31 adaptations of, 22 hearing, 257 heart ganglia, 258, 333 hostility between species, 460 hybrids, 262 incubating habits, 243 intestine, 32 killing instinct, 51 lacrimal glands, 226 leg muscle mechanics, 319 life history, 280 lungs, 429 molt, 309 nerves, cerebrospinal, 326, 327 otoconia, 124 pathology, 350 pecten, 171 proventriculus, 30 pursuit of prey, 285 red blood corpuscles, 73, 74 regurgitated pellets, 212 respiration, 425 sequence of plumages, 381 sesamoid bones, 454 spleen, 293 stomach, 28, 29 supernumary limbs, 496 trachea, 431 variation, 513 in size of eggs, 516 veins, 89 vision, 517 worm parasites in eye, 349 wounded bird fed by another bird, 461 Falco aesalon, breeding habits, 241 incubation period, 244 Falco altaicus, sequence of plumages, 381 Falco ekonorae, habits, 237 molt, 309 natural history, 322 sequence of plumages, 381 Falco lymnaetus, anatomy, 36 Faico mexicanus, habits, 237 voice, 463 Falco nisus, leukocytozoa of, 348 trypanosomes of, 348 Falco niveus, anatomy, 36 Falco palumbarius, ovary, 342 paired, 343 persistent right oviduct, 510 Fako peregrinus, feeding habits, 249 food, 209 habits, breeding, 241 incubation, by male, 245 period of, 244 marital relations, 58 oology, 339 sequence of plumages, 381 rapid remating, 58 Fako peregrinus anatum, habits, 237 Fako peregrinus peaki, banding, 45 Fako sacer, food, 209 Fako sparverius, economic relations, 135 egg weights, 407 food, 209 growth, 231 habits, breeding, 241 feeding, 251 incubation period, 244 migrations, 304 sex alternation in brood, 432 weights, 406 Fako subbuteo, crop contents, 211 feeding habits, 249 food, 209 stomach contents, 212 71 FINDING INDEX Falco tinnunculus Falco tinnunculus, albinism, 98 beak, fractures of, 21 regeneration of, 410 ligamentum pectinatum, 169 retina, fovea centralis, 519 fovea lateralis, 519 sequence of plumages, 381 vision, experimental, 517 reactions of iris, 518 variation in eggs, 515 Falcones, aviculture, 40 coloration, 109 directive, 108 crop, 27 diabetes mellitus, 350 economic relations, 135, 137 eye, 165 anatomy of, 166 cornea, 168 flight area, 283 food, 209 gregariousness, 461 growth, 231 of feathers, 231 heart contraction rate, 259 iris color, 94 migrations, 298, 300, 306, 307 nestling down feathers, 202 of Ontario, 180 paired ovaries, 343 reaction to heat, 55 sequence of plumages, 381 stomach, 28 taste, 469 taxonomy, 475 Falconidae, digestion, 116 hyoid apparatus, 457 interlocking of primaries in flight, 288 mesonephric duct, 512 of North America, 179 paired ovaries, 343 pelvic girdle, 453 pubis, 453 tongue, 26 muscles of, 315 Falconifprmes, anatomy, 36 behavior, 47 bursa Fabricii, 92 of Europe, 192 evolution of head crests, 162 food, 206, 209 habits, 234, 236 iconography, 273 life history, 280 lymphoid tissue, 292 in bursa Fabricii, 293 male feeding young, 243 mechanics of flight, 288 migrations, 299 natural history, 321 plumage, 376 pterylosis, 378 renal blood vessels, 87 retina, 172 of Russia, 195 skeleton, 443, 444 pneumaticity of, 448 skull, development of, 456 taxonomic bearings, 457 taxonomy, 474, 475 based on skeleton, 477 tuberculosis, 366 Falconinae, destruction of, 112 Falconoidea, conservation, 111 dichromatism, 108 economic relations, 137 migrations, 297 of North America, 179 Falconry, 173, 271 Falkland Isls., fauna, 188 habits, 235 Farms, for birds, 42 Fame Isl., banding, 46 Faroe Isls., economic ornithology, 136 food, 207 iconography, 273 Fars, Persia, fauna, 192 Farsistan, Persia, fauna, 192 Fascia, 110 of wings, 283 periorbital, 165, 171 Fascination, by snakes, 48 Fasting, 337 Fat, 64 — see also Adipose tissue absorption of, 146 chemistry of, 66 oxidation, 66, 479 color of, 93 combustion of, 146 excessive, 354 effects of feeding of, on bone, 447 in chordoid tissue, 111 in diet, 336 in egg, 68, 69 in testes, 499 in tissue culture, 507 metabolism of, 374 in embryo, 155 of blood, 71, 392, 424, 439 secretion of, in dermis, 277 periodic, 500 serum content of, 74 synthesis of, 66 yellow pigment of, 104 Fatty acids, concentration of, 60 Fauna, 173-198 Favus, 354 Fear, 50 Feathers, 198-204 — see also Molt and Plumage absence of, 224, 497, 514 bifurcation of, 199 chemistry of, 66 fluorine in, 60 Feathers BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 72 Feathers — Continued iron content of, 63 silicic acid content, 63 defects of, 42 fault bars, 199, 497 experimental production, 491 dermatitis caused by, 118 development of, 199-201, 202 antagonism of thymus and thyroid glands, 502, 503, 504 effects, of diet on, 336 of feeding thymus gland, 502 of feeding thyroid gland, 504 of female sex hormones, 441 of vitamin B, 520 in skin grafts, 230 disease transmission, 118 eating of by birds, 252, 294, 386 electrically charged, 199 evolution of, 164 fossil, 202, 345 frizzled, 376, 497 in grafts, 230 in industry, 42, 142 in regurgitated pellets, 117 in sex reversal, 437 in stomach, 31, 212 in teratoma, experimental, 368 growth of, 42, 43, 231 measurements of, 403 rate of, 233 hairy, 376 heredity of, 223, 225 histology of, 101 measuring methods, 294 mites, quill inhabiting, 347 muscles of, 82, 202, 319 nestling down, persisting on'legs, 376 nutrition of, 335 on uropygeal gland, 227 oiling, 277 papilliform, 104 pathology of, 352 pigments of, 63, 64, 103-105 primary, bastard, 203 emargination of, 23, 303 interlocking in flight, 288 regeneration of, 410 effects, of sex hormones, 441 of vitamin B, 520 removal by dry method, 479 selection, effects on structure, 164, 442 silky, 497 spiny, 497 tactile, development of, 202 innergation of, 202 teratology of, 497 unusual length in tail, 377 vestigial, 157 weights of, 408 wooly, 497 development of, 200 heredity of, 221 Featherless fowls, 221 origin, 224 Feces, 63-64, 136 see also Excrement weights of, 407 Fecundity, 204-206, 391-393, 422 see also Egg production correlations, 401 with yellow pigmentation, 103 decline with age, 281 effects, of calcium on, 61 of diet on, 336, 397 of disease on, 354 of hypophysis, 270 of irradiation, 378 of proteins in diet, 337 of selective breeding, 219 evolution of, 161, 164 heredity of, 223, 224 sex ratio correlations, 442 variation in, 514 Feeding, experimental, 27, 31, 107, 200, 203, 232, 335, 336, 519 effects, of feeding fat, on bone, 447 on intestine, 402 on kidneys, 513 on yolk color, 94 habits of, 249-253 adaptation in, 23 adaptations to, 22 in flight, 253 instinct, 51 of wounded bird by another bird, 461 of young, 53 by birds not parents, 461 cooperation by older young, 243 by regurgitation, 410 reflexes, 409 Feet — see Foot Feminization due to ovary graft, 229 Femur, 449 adaptation in, 22 marrow of, 75 Fenestra rotunda, 123 Feni Isl., fauna, 198 taxonomy, 474 Ferments — see also Enzymes absence of, 62 diastatic, 346 effects on chicken sarcoma, 369 in egg, 69 of pancreas in beriberi, 362 uropoietic, 62 Ferns, as food for birds, 214 Ferrous sulphide, in egg, 68 Fertility, of eggs, 148, 388-389, 422 age as factor in fowls, 387 correlation with winter egg produc- tion, 401 duration after copulation, 148, 388 73 FINDING INDEX Fertility Fertility — Continued effects of inbreeding, 219 of irradiation, 373 heredity of, 220, 222 of hybrids, 269 maximum, 148 methods for maintaining in transpor- tation, 294 relation to mortality, 311 resistance to cold, 417 retained in case of arrhenoidy, 438 testing methods, 295, 398, 479 Fertilization of egg, 147-148 artificial, 147-148, 269 failure of, as cause of anomalies, 485 period after copulation, 148, 422-423 Fertilization of flowers, 133, 136 Fertilization power, of spermatozoa, 420 of stale spermatozoa, 148 Fever, 354 metabolism in, 374 paratyphoid, 364 produced by serum, 74 typhoid, 369 Fibrinogen, in egg, 68, 70 Fibroblasts, 110 effects, of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions on, 260, 507 of temperature, 484, 506 growth in tissue culture, 506 Fibrocartilage, 111 Fibrosarcoma, 369 Fibula, 449 Fighting, 49 use of one wing, 283 Fighting cocks, 386 Fiji Isls., conservation, 112 fauna, 198 habits, 236 taxonomy, 474 Filaria (parasites), 349 Filoplumes, 202 Filum terminale, 324 Finger Lakes, N. Y., ecology, 127, 130 fauna, 184 Finland, banding, 44 ecology, 128 fauna, 193 food, 207 habits, 236 migrations, 300, 304, 307 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 473 Finmarken, fauna, 195 Fishes, as food for birds, 213, 251 enemies of, 139 habits compared with birds, 238 migrating, 302 Fishing, 53, 251 use of sea bird, 143 of Phalacrocorax, by Chinese and Japanese, 294 Fistula, of crop, 351 Flandreau, S. Dak., fauna, 185 Flathead Lake, fauna, 184 Flavism, 100 Flavor, of chicken meat, cod liver oil, effect, 395 of waterfowl, fishy, 142, 308 Fleas (parasites), 347 Fledging periods, 281 Flesh, "fishy" taste, 308 odor of, 308 Flies, as food for birds, 243 Flight, 40, 260, 285-290 adaptation to, 23, 215 in skeleton, 22 altitude of, 40 telescopic observations, 295-296, 482 backwards, 285 copulation in, 422 correlations, 401, 402 evolution of, 161 function, of air sacs, 429 of joints, 446 of pectoral muscles, 319 glycogen content in, 62 habits of, 253 heaviest flying bird, 406 in gale, 253 mode of, 317 nocturnal, 285 organs of, 162 measurements of, 404 position of legs, 253 posture, 253 recording methods, 295 relation of ears to, 122 respiration in, 425 singing in, 465 soaring, 283, 286-288 relation to olfactory sense, 460 use of telescope in study of, 295-296 velocity of, 40, 289, 290 wing area, 283 Flightless birds, 285 adaptation in, 21 economic relations, 135 evolution of, 160 taxonomy, 475 wings of, 283 Flocking, 248, 461 Florida, ecology, 127 fauna, 182 food, 208 habits, 235 iconography, 272 life histories, 280 stomach contents, 211 Flowers, as food for birds, 214 in nest, 245 Flukes (parasites), 349 Fluorine BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 74 Fluorine, absorption in egg, 68 effects, on calcification, 341 on growth, 232 on nutrition, 335 on ossification, 341 on parathyroid glands, 350 on poultry feed, 395 feather content of, 60 Fokien, China, fauna, 190 Foliage, as food for birds, 250 Folk lore, 320 Fontanelles, 457 Foochow, China, fauna, 190 Food, 33, 113, 116-118, 206-214, 243, adaptation to, 24 animal, for poultry, 394-395 chemical composition of, 60 choice of, 48 determination of, 211-212 effects, of castration on utilization of, 433 of temperature, 484 on eggs, 417 on fecundity, 397 on spermatogenesis, 420 on yolk color, 419 estimating stomach contents, 211-212 finding of, 48 for man, 136, 142 for poultry, 393-397 for ducks, 114 for prevention of rachitis, 363 in captivity, 43 for cage birds, 41 of nestling birds, 208 relations, to breeding habits, 242, 245 to length of intestine, 405 to tongue form, 22, 26 unusual, 251 value, 212, 336 Foodstuffs, irradiation effects, 373 Food supply, 133 effects, on bird population, 385 on migrations, 305 Foot (or feet), 281 adaptation in, 22 anomalies of, 496 arteries of, 89 arterio-venous anastomoses, 281 articulations of, 447 bones of, 450 coloration of, 95 effects of male sex hormone on color, 109 disease of, 365 evolution of, 162 growth rate of, 233 integument of, 278 ligaments of, 446 muscles of, 318 " pigments of, 103 position in flight, 253, 288 taxonomic character, 476 tendons of, 111, 318 use in diving, 291 variation in, 514 Foot and mouth disease, 138 Foot disease, 353 Foramen oyale, 259 Foramina, in pneumatic bones, 449 of skull, 459 for cranial nerves, 327 Forest fires, mortality from, 312 Forests, economic relations of birds, 138-139, 141 effects of clearing on populations, 385 Form, 38, 214-215 — see also asym- metry, hypertrophy, and symmetry adaptation in, 22 asymmetry, in double monster, 486 of skull, 456 of testes, 442, 501 correlations with length of migra- tions, 304 differentiation of, in embryo, 145 evolution of, 161 of beak, 255 of body, 38, 41, 402 of eyes, 165 of gall bladder, 284 of gizzard, 30 of red blood corpuscles, 73 perception of, 55, 517 recognition of, 56 Formenkreis theory, 467, 478 Formicariidae, heterogynism, 467, 476 Formosa Isl., fauna, 191 general work, 217 iconography, 272 Forrester Isl., breeding habits, 239 fauna, 180 Fort Buford region, 184 Fort St. Michael region, fauna, 179 Fort Sisseton, S. Dak., fauna, 185 Foster mothers, 461 Foster parents, 49, 246 Fowl pox, 357 Fowls — see Gallus and Poultry Fractures, 21 of bones, 354, 447 air-containing, marrow regenera- tion, 410 of leg bones, 281 of wing, 448 France, ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 136, 137, 138, 141 fauna, 193 food, 207 habits, 236 feeding, 249 insectivorous birds, 139 migrations, 300, 307 mortality, 311 75 FINDING INDEX France France — Continued natural history, 321 paleontology, 344 population loss through rodents, 385 stomach contents, 211 vernacular names, 478 voice, 463 Francolinus, albinism, 98 Francolinus clappertoni, in captivity, breeding in, 43 care in, 41 Fratercula, acquired characters, 220 bursa Fabricii, 91 coloration, 93 egg pigments, 94 molt, of beak covering, 311 of palpebral ornaments, 311 oblique septum, 430 sequence of plumages, 381 skeleton, 444 variation, 513 in color of eggs, 93 Fraterculinae, metatarsal bones, 450 skull, 455 Fregata, pectoral girdle, 451 Fregata aquila, habits, 237 life history, 280 pectoral girdle, 451 plumage, development of, 376 Fregata, minor, feeding habits, 249 Fregilupus varius, evolution, 160 skeleton, 444 Fregilus, healing of bone fractures, 354, 447 French Alps, adaptation, 23 population decrease, 385 French Guiana, fauna, 189 taxonomy, 472 French Indo China, fauna, 190 poultry culture, 387 French Isls., taxonomy, 474 fauna, 198 French West Indies, ecology, 130 Fresno Dist., California, fauna, 182 Fright, 29 from loud noise, 257 Fringilla, abnormal coloration, 95 air sacs, histology of, 428 albinism, 98 brain, anatomy of, 76 chemistry of, 66 development of, 77 bursa Fabricii, 91 cochlea, 123 early embryology, 147 egg, envelopes of, 413 measurements of, 403 weights of, 407 eye, 165 fovea centralis, 173 feathers, abrasion of, 199 fecundity, 204 feet, development of, 281 fibrocartilage, 111 formenkreis theory, 478 gizzard, 31 habits, 237 heart, 257 development of, 259 myocardium of, 258 hybrids, 262, 265 experimental, 269 hyoid apparatus, 457 muscles, 315 hypophysis, histology of, 270 inferior olivary nucleus, 85 learning to sing, 54 longevity, 291 mandibular articulations, 447 melanism, 101 mitochondria, 116 natural history, 322 nerve endings in ear, 330 nerves, cranial, nuclei of, 79 hypoglossal, 328 optic, 83 neuroglia, development of, 323 nictitating glands, 227 oogenesis, 416 orbital sinus, development of, 171 ovary, interstitial cells of, 342 oviduct, egg position in, 423 pericardial cavity, 157 pharynx, 26 pleuroperitoneal cavity, 157 polygamy, 411 red blood corpuscles, 73 reproduction, physiology of, 421 gonad hypertrophy at mating time, 509 retina, 172 rods and cones of, 172 reproductive system, 508 sex hormones, 440 skeleton, 444 skin, histology of, 276 smell, 460 spinal ganglia, 326 stomach, 28, 29 tendons, 111 teratology, double eggs, 488 anomalies of beak, 493 supernumary limbs, 496 triple-yolk eggs, 489 testes, development of, 499 interstitial cells of, 439, 500 periodicity in activity, 500 thyroid gland, development of, 503 tongue, 25 muscles of, 315 weights of various organs, 406 Fringilla bengalus, breeding habits, 241 feeding offspring, 243 glycogen reserve limitation, 62, 335 Fringilla canaria BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 76 Fringilla canaria, pneumaticity of skull, 459 Fringilla carduelis, hybrids, 265, 267 isabellism, 100 Fringilla chloris, albinism, 98 hatchability of eggs, 148 hybrids, 265 period between laying and brooding, 411 Fringilla coelebs, arrhenoidy, fertility retained, 438 brain, 76 stem nuclei, 78 tracts of, 78 castration, 85 corpus striatum, 82 cranial nerves, nuclei of, 78 damage to horticulture, 139 diencephalon, 82 economic relations, 135, 139 glycogen, limited reserve of, 62 gynandromorphism, 436 hybrids, 265, 267 incubating by male, 245 intersexuality, 435 mortality, 311 optic lobes, 83 speciation, 466 stomach contents, 212 temperature, effect on carbon dioxide production, 426 Fringilla linaria, albinism, 98 Fringilla montifringilla, hybrids, 265 Fringillidae, aggressive behavior, 49 albinism, 98 care in captivity, 40, 41 color change, 105 combativeness, 49 digestion, 117 economic relations, 135, 138 erythrism, 101 feeding habits, 249 gonads, histology of, 509 hybrids, 262 experimental, 218, 269 gonads of, 268 oogenesis of, 416 integumental grafts, 230, 269 intersexuality, 435 Mendelian heredity, 223 molt, relation to color change, 311 natural history, 322 parasitology, 346 parthenogenesis, 150 play, 55 rearing by foster parents, 411 sequence of plumages, 381 sex, identification of, 434 skeleton, measurements of, 404 social relations, 460 spermatogenesis, 420 taxonomy, 474 voice in captivity, 466 Fringilliformes, body temperature, rec- tal readings, 483 Fringillinae, economic relations, 137 Frogs as food for birds, 212 as host for bird skin grafts, 230 Fruit, damage to, by birds, 139 as food for birds, 212, 214, 243, 252 protection of, 294 Fujiyama, fauna, 191 Fulica, albinism, 98 anatomy, 36 arteries, 87 behavior, 48 bones, histologic measurements of, 404 cloaca, 91 cranial nerves, 327 diving depth, 248 diving period, 249 egg color anomalies, 100 epiglottis, 429 fat chemistry, 66 feeding habits, 249 flesh, odor and taste, 66 larynx, 429 migration failure, 302 nestling down feathers, 202 respiratory organs, 427 tongue muscles, 315 ultimobranchial bodies, 158 Fulica americana, abnormal eggs, 487 courtship, 57 migration delay, 303 young, returning to nest, 242 Fulica atra, albinism, 98 double eggs, 488 embryology, 144 hatching, 423 hybrids, 265 instinct, 51 pappiliform feathers, 202 pigments, red lipochrome, 104 respiratory organs, 427 Fulica cristata, albinism, 98 Fuligula, anatomy, 34 of eye, 166 color of eye, 169 hybrids, 263 measurements, of eye, 165, 403 stomach, 28 Fuligula baeri, courtship, 57 Fuligula cristata, hybrids, 265 Fuligula ferina, hybrids, 265 Fuligula nyroca, eye color, 94 hybrids, 265 longevity, 291 Fulix, albinism, 98 Fulmarus, courtship, 57 foods, 209 fossil species, 344 77 FINDING INDEX Fulmarus Fulmarus — Continued habits, 237 flying, 253 osmotic pressure of body fluids, 71, 375 sequence of plumages, 381 skeleton, 444 Fulmarus glacialis, chemistry, 60 olfactory lobes, 338 stomach oil, 64 Fumigation, mortality from, 312 Fungi (us), in air sacs, 353, 428 in eggs, 351, 415 as food for birds, 214 infection of lungs, 370 transmission of, 139 Funk Isls., Quebec, habits, 234 Furcula, 451 measurements of, 405 Furfurol, 60 in metabolism, 374 Furnarius, unusual nests, 246 Furnarius rufus, nests sites in telegraph poles, 246 G Gabon, Africa, fauna, 176 Galapagos Isls., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 188 habits, 235 Mallophaga (parasites), 347 migrations, 298 sequence of plumages, 380 taxonomy, 472 variation, 516 voice, 463 Galbulidae, anatomy, 37 iconography, 273 plantar tendons, 318 pterylosis, 378 taxonomy, 474 Galeoscoptes, economic relations, 135 food, 209 rib anomaly, 498 Galerida cristata brachyura, speciation, 466 Gakrida cristata nigricans, age of races, 478 speciation, 466 Galenta, albinism, 98 Galicia, Spain, fauna, 195 Gall bladder, 284 Gall stones, 352 Galli, artificial fertilization, 269 comb, development after ovariotomy, 279 tetronerythin of, 279 epiphyses, 448 hybrids, 262 artificial fertilization, 269 oogenesis in, 268 spermatogenesis in, 268 periodic changes in secondary sex characters, 439 salivary glands, 227 sex-linked inheritance, 224 sex hormones, 440 skeleton, 444 spur development following ovariot- omy, 279 taxonomy, 475 Gallicolumba jobienis, hybrids, 265 Gallicolumba xanthonura, hybrids, 265 Galliformes, French Indo China, 190 habits, 234 hybrids, 262 life histories, 280 sexual behavior, 56 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 474 variation, 514 Gallinae, arrhenoidy, 437 comb, histology of, 279 eating insects, 140 fibrosarcoma, 369 head appendages, 278 hybrids, 262 innoculation with mammalian tuber- culosis, 367 molt, 309 muscles, 316 natural history, 320 pectoral girdle, 451 sequence of plumages, 381 sex reversal, 437 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 sternum, 452 stomach, 28 syrinx, 468 testis, tumors of, 368 throat, breathing-movements of, 426 tuberculosis, 366 uropygeal gland, measurements of, 403 Gallinago, albinism, 98 beak anomalies, 493 ecto tympanic muscle, 256, 315 flight, upside down, 285 fossil species, 344 habits, 237 drumming, 248 feeding, 250 life histories, 280 migrations, 299, 301 myology, 314 skeleton, 444 upper mandible motility, 256 Gallinago gallinago, banding, 45 behavior, 47 Gallinago gallinago BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 78 Gallinago gallinago — Continued natural history, 322 syrinx, 468 voice, 464 Gallinula, abnormal eggs, 487 albinism, 98 carrying young, 243 color, change in, 107 diving, 291 eggs, abnormal, 487 measurements of, 403 weights of, 407 fruit eaten, 212 hairy feathers, 202 innervation of heart, 333 molt, 309 ovary, 342 oviduct, 509 pigmentation of periosteum, 103, 447 respiratory organs, 427, salivary glands, 227 sequence of plumages, 381 skeleton, 444 spleen, 293 syrinx, innervation of, 469 teeth, embryonic, 25 ultimobranchial bodies, 158 voice, 463 Gallinula chloropus, behavior, 47 development of nasal chamber , 256 eating fruit, 214 habits, 237 hairy feathers, 376 hybrids, 265 instinct, 51 Jacobson's organ, 256 locomotion on land, 290 shield, color of, 107 unusual nest sites, 246 Gallinula porzana, habits, 237 molt, 309 natural history, 322 Gallopavo, copulation position of hen, 242 courtship, 57 eggs, 412 abnormal, 487 sexual behavior, 56 Galloperdix, carriage of tail, 253 tail folding, 215 Galloperdix spadiceus, spurs, 279 Gallus, acquired characters, 220 adaptations, 22, 23 age, at sexual maturity, 148, 231 changes with, 281 estimation of, 294 of parents, relation to fecundity, 205 relation to fertilizing power, 148 agglutination tests, 274 air sacs, 427, 428 albinism, 98 albumen, assimilation of, 152 alimentary canal, development of, 157 innervation of, components, 332 allantoic fluid, chemical composition of, 151 allantois, 151 vascular system of, 151 Altmann's granules, evolution of, 162 amino acids, in diet, 232 of embryo, 145 amnion, 151 amniotic folds in lens invagination, 151 anaphylaxis, 274 anatomy, 36, 38 anemia in embryo, 144 aneurysms, 351 ansa intestinalis, 334 antibodies, 274 antigens, 274 aortic arches, 159 development of, 153 apoplexia, 351 arrested development, 156 atavism, 218 autopsy studies, 311 bacillary white diarrhea, resistance to, 222, 275 heredity of resistance to, 222 beak, anomalies of, 493 development of, 255 structure of, 255 behavior, 47, 57, 59 biochemistry, 60, 71 of embryo, 145, 146 biophysics, of embryo, 146, 147 bird pox, 275 blood, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75 antisheep amboceptor in, 274 injection studies of, 275 blood islands, 159 blood pressure, 372 blood vessels, 87, 88, 89, 90 arteries, 88, 89 of brain, 77 development of, 159 in feather germ, 200 of ear, 122 of head appendages, 278 splenic, 293 blushing, 278 body form, development of, 214 body temperature, 482, 483, 484 bone marrow, 75 brain, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,85 apertures of ventricles, 294 development of, 158 brain and cord dissection, 324 79 FINDING INDEX Callus Gallus — Continued branchial arches, 158 breed, new, production of, 164, 219, 223 breeding, experimental, 218, 219, 269 pure stock, 219 brood patch, 277 brooding instinct, 205, 223 bursa Fabricii, glands of, 226 calcium assimilation, 335 cardiac jelly, 156, 259 cartilage in heart valves, 258 in tendons, 282 castration, 85, 86 incomplete, 467 effects on plumage, 383 celiac plexus, 334 celom, 157 cerebral hernia, 221 cerebrospinal fluid, 294 chicken sarcoma grafts, 230 cholera, 275 chondriosomes, 222 chrondrodystrophia, 220 hormone effects on, 160 chondroid bodies, 111 choroid fissure, 166 choroid plexus, 294 chromaffin system, 86 circulatory system, 86, 87,88, 89, 90, 91 claws, development of, 277 on fingers, 278 cloaca, 91, 156 cochlea, 123 cock feathering, 225 color, 94 assymmetrical, 100 causes of, 102 heredity of, 221, 223 mimicry of, 108 color pattern, 109 comb, 278, 279 effects of freezing, 279 heredity of, 224 inhibitors of, 222 necrosis of, 279 conchae, 256 connective tissue, 111 of foot, 282 constitutional vigor, heredity of, 220 copulation, 148 position of hen, 242 corpus luteum, 342 effects on growth, 233 courtship, 57 crop, 27 crowing of rooster, 220, 253 culture of, 386-400 cytology, 114, 115, 116, 150 chromosomes in heredity, 222 death from cutting vagus nerve, 312, 329 dermis, 277 adipose tissue in, 277 diarthrodial articulations, 446 diets, experimental, 208, 335 gritless, 232 rachitic, effects of, 336 disease, effects on fecundity, 205 immunity to, 222 transmission of, 119 dorsosacrum, 220 drug effects, on heart, 260 on progeny, 163 ear, 119, 121, 123, 124 glands of, 122, 226 innervation of, 121, 328 ecology, 125 reversion to wild state, 126 economic relations, 135 egg (s), chemical composition of, 412 color of, 93, 94, 414 cytology of, 114, 115, 116, 418 effects, of movement on, 153 on production of saliva in man, 308 envelopes of, 413, 414 experimental incubation of, 153, 154, 155 fertility of, inheritance of, 220 in various seasons, 148 maximum time, 148 fertilization of, 147, 148 hatchability of, 148 hiding, 242 immunological studies of, 274 inclusions of abnormal objects, 415 infection of, 351 luminosity of, 308 pied, 164 variation in production of, 204, 223, 391, 514 weight of, 204 egg tooth, 150 elastic tissue, development of, 110, 111 of heart, 258, 259 of iris, 169 electrocardiogram, 260 embryo, alcoholized, 47 autointoxication of, 144, 232 bulbus cordis, 259 effects of suffocation, 232 elimination by, 372 growth, measurements of, 403 rate of, 232 nomenclature of, 143 embryology, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 embryonic cells, 114, 115, 116 enzymes, 62, 69, 335 Gallus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 80 Gattiis — Continued epidermis, 277 before and after hatching, 278 differentiation of, 277 epitrichium, 277 erectile tissue in fleshy appendages of head, 278 esophageal glands, 226 eugenics, 220 evolution, 160 of ear, 161 of comb, 161 of fecundity, 161 of limbs, 162 of pineal body, 161 of skeleton, 162 of wing bones, 162 eyes, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 muscles of, 171, 315 eyelids, histology of, 168 innervation of, 167 featherless race, 163, 224 feathers, abnormal, 202, 224 development of, 200 down and definitive feather con- tinuity, 200 growth of, 201 measurements of, 403 heredity of, 221, 222, 223, 224 homology of with scutes, 202, 278 in grafts, 230 nestling down, 202 on toes, 223 powder-down, 203 quills, fluids in lumen of, 199 regeneration of, 201 silky and wooly, 200 structure of, 201 fecundity, 204, 205, 219 heredity of, 205, 223, 224 feeding experimental, 208, 232, 233, 335-336 fibroblasts, effects of solutions on, 260 flight reflexes, 290 fluorine, effect on calcification, 341 food, snakes as, 214 furcula, development of, 452 gall bladder, 284 ganglia, cerebrospinal, 326 ciliary, 334 of heart, 258 spinal, 324, 326 spiral, 123 thoracic, 334 ganglion cells, in ovary, 342 gastrulation, 149 genes, crossing over of, 116, 222 genetics, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 experimental race formation, 269 selective breeding, 387, 388 germ cells, 116, 411, 412 giantism, 220 gizzard, 30, 31 dilation of, 351 glands of, 226 Golgi apparatus, 326 gonads, atrophy of, 208 effects, of extirpation, 232 of extracts, 160 grafts of, 228, 229, 230 into ovariotomized hen, effects, on plumage 383 grafts, 228, 229, 230 chorioallantoic, 154, 229 of liver, 284 of mesonephros, 229 of metanephros, 154 of neural tube, 154, 229 of embryonic eye, 166 of ovaries, 222, 383 growth, 230, 231, 232, 233 curve of, 403 gynandromorphism, 436 habits, breeding, 241 drinking, 249 insectivorous, 139 hatchability of eggs, 148 heredity of, 220 in various seasons, 148 hatching power of hen, 205 hatching time, 233 head, development of, 157, 254 muscles of, 315 hearing, 257 heart, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 electrical stimulation of, 260 ganglia of, 258, 333 heat production, 372 hebin, effect of, 270 hemagglutinin production, 274 hemapoiesis, in embryonic liver, 284 hemilateral hypertrophy, 215 hemoglobin formation, 208 hemolysin production, 274 hemolytic sera, 275 immune, 274 hen-feathering of male, factors in, 225 heredity, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224 of form, 215 of resistance to diphtheria, 275 study methods, 294 heterotaxia, 156 hybridization, experimental, 218, 219, 269 hybrids, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268 hydrogen ion concentration in em- bryo, 146 hyperdactylia, heredity of, 221 muscles and tendons in, 282 81 FINDING INDEX Callus Gallus — Continued hyperthyroidism, 200, 274 hypobranchial groove and duct, 158 hypophysectomy, effects of, 270 hypophysis, development of, 159, 269 effects of, 205, 270 on growth, 271 on sex characters, 270 histology of, 270 two infundibula, 82, 270 immunology, 274, 275. 276 heredity of immunity to disease, 222 inbreeding, effects of, 219 incubation, electrical phenomena in, 146 experimental, 153-154 habits of, 243 period of, 244 physics of, 146, 147 innervation, of mouth and nasal glands, 226 instinct, 51 integument, development of, 157, 276, 277 intestine, epithelium of, 115 length of, 405 irradiation, 372, 373 Jacobson's organ, 256 lacrimal glands, 226 lamellar corpuscles, histology of, 331 language, 53 larynx, 429 learning, 53 legs, 281 leukocytes of stomach, 29 ligamentum denticulatum, 294 limb bones, 449 development of, 157, 449 liver, 283, 284 longevity, 291 long-tailed race, rectrices of, 203 lungs, 429, 430 luteal cells, 116 lymphoid tissue, 292, 293 in bursa Fabricii, 293 in pancreas, 345 melanin pigment, 104 meninges, 293, 294 mesenteries, development of, 156 mesoderrn, 149 mesovarium, smooth muscle in, 342 metabolic rate, 231 metabolism, 374, 375 calcium-phosphorus, experimental, 335 of cardiac muscle, 259 of developing retina, 167 of embryo, 155 metamerism, 152 of head, 152, 254 mimicry in coloration, 109 mitochondria, of lens, 170 molt, 309, 311, 504, 505 induced, 310 rate for wing, 310 mongrel stock improvement, 164 mortality, causes of, 311, 312, 313 in incubator, 311 muscle, of iris, 169, 170 physiology of, 319 skeletal, histogenesis of, 318 muscle fibers, 404 myofibrillae, development of, 259 muscles, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319 cardiac, 258, 259 cerebral cortex center for, 81, 202 ciliary, 168 feather, innervation of, 333 mutations, 163, 220 myenteric plexus, 334 nasal chambers, development of, 256 nasal gland ducts, 226 nasal region, 256 nasolacrimal duct, 256 natural selection, 164 neck posture, 215, 285 neck region development, 158 nervous system, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334 development of, 147, 158 neural plate, 158 neural tube, 158 neurofibrillae in retina, 172 neuroglia, 323 neurohumors, 372 neurons, 323 new breed production, 164, 219 nictitating glands, 227 nuclear changes in fertilization, 147 nutrition, of pecten, 171 nystagmus, 124 olfactory epithelium, 338 oology, 339 optic nerve, insertion of, 172 papilla of, 169 optic nerves and chiasma, 83, 328 orbital sinus, development of, 171 orientation, 340 origin, 224, 274 osmotic pressure, effect of, 335 of egg, 146 of embryo, 375 ossification, 340, 341 hormone effects on, 160, 341 otoconia, 124 ova, 115, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419 ovary, right, 342, 343 oviduct, 509, 510 ruptured, 21 Gallus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 82 GaKus — Continued ovulation, inhibition of, 277 pancreas, 345, 346 parasites of, 346, 347, 348, 349 parathyroid glands, 349, 350 paratympanic organ, 122 parietal eye, development of, 254 parthenogenesis, 150 pathology, 350-351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371 pectoral girdle, 451 pennamotor center, in cerebral cortex, 319, 333 in medulla, 333 pericardial cavity, 157 pericardium, development of, 259 periorbital fascia, 171 periorbital region, 254 phylogenetic characters, 220 phylogeny, 162 of sclerotic ring, 173 physiology, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375 pigment cells of ectoderm, 166 pigment epithelium of retina, 172 pigmentation, 205 of silky fowl, 222 yellow, 104, 205 pigments, development of, 172 melanin, 104, 504 plant carotinoid, 205 pile breed, production of, 223 pineal body, 375 pineal eye, 157 plumage, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384 color, 108, 109 pattern development, 109, 200 frizzled, 221 weight of, 376, 408 poisoning, 313 polyspermy, 148 precipitation reactions, 218, 276 ptilopody, 377 Purkinje fibers, 258 quantitative studies, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408 reflexes, 408-409 pupillary, 167, 170, 409 regeneration, 410 reproduction, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425 reproductive instinct, 52 reproductive system, 508, 509, 510, 511 inneryation of, 333 respiration, 155, 425, 426 respiratory organs, 427. 428, 429, 430, 431, 432 reticular tissue, 111 fibers, 284 reversion, 225 to wild state, 126 Roentgen ray studies, 341 salivary glands, 227 sclera, 173 scutes, 278 secretion of lime, 372 Seesel's pocket, 157 senescence, 281 senses, 432 septum transversum, 157 sex, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442 determining factors, 222 identification of, 39, 295 sex differences, in growth, 232 in ossification, 341 sex hormones, 225, 440, 441, 442 effects, on comb, 279, 441 on growth, 231, 441 on plumage, 383, 384, 441 sex ratio, 205, 223 sexual behavior, 56 sexual maturity, relation to weight, 406 sinus rhomboidalis, 157, 326 skeleton, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454 skin, development of, 276, 277 histology of, 276 skull, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459 sleep, induced, as cause of death, 312 smooth muscle, 318-319 in stomach and intestine, 319 of amnion, 151 somatic segregation of genes, 222 spermatogenesis in hybrids, 268 spermatozoa, 419, 420, 421 competition of, 147 longevity of, 148 spinal cord, 324, 325, 326 diameter of central canal of, 403 spleen, arteries of, 293 spurs, 279 in female, 220 suprarenal glands, 467 syrinx, 468, 469 taste, 469 taxonomy, anatomic characters, 476 technic, 479, 480, 481, 482 temperature effects, on contractions of heart, 259 on embryo, 146-147 on growth, 232 on muscle contractions, 319 tendon cells, 115 tendons of foot, 318 cartilage in, 282 83 FINDING INDEX Callus Gattus — Co ntinued teratology, 485, 499 abnormal races, 224, 225 abnormal spurs, 279 multiple spinal canals, 326 rumplessness, 220 tendency to lay double-yolked eggs, 221 twin-embryo membranes, 150 testes, 499, 500, 501 development of, in ovary grafts, 229 grafts of, 230 Ugation effects on plumage, 377 pathology of, 353 pigments of, 103 Thebesian veins and sinusoids, 258 thymus gland, 309, 501, 502, 503 effects of extract feeding, 200 thyroid gland, 503, 504, 505 effects, on molt, 310 on plumage, 377, 384 effects, of extract, 233 on thyroidectomized birds, 384 grafts of, 228 tolerance to nicotine, 232 tumors, resistance to, 276 ultra-violet light, effects of, 233 urogenital system, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513 uropygeal gland, 227, 228 variation, 513, 514, 515, 516, 517 vasoligation of senile male, 372 vesical plexus, 334 vestibular apparatus, 124 viscera, 38 vision, 517, 518, 519 vitamins, 519, 520, 521 wattles, development of, 279 weight at sexual maturity, 231 relation to fecundity, 205 wings, anatomy of, 282 xenia, 225 x-rays, effects of, on embryo, 146 on lymphoid tissue, 292 yolk, absorption of, 335 assimilation, of, 152 color of, 94 elements in blastoderm cells, 149 in position changes, 152 resorption of, 151 yolk sac, 151, 152 Gattus bankiva ancient records, 224 cackling of hens, 238, 464 hemolymph nodes, 292 hybrids, 265 pigments of feathers, 103 skeleton, 444 measurements of, 404 spermatogenesis, 420 Gallus ferrugineus, hybrids, 268 Callus sonnerati, hybrids, 265 platelet appendages to feathers, 204 Gallus stanleyi, hybrids, experimental, 219, 269 Gallus temminckii, genetics, 218 hybrids, 263 Gambia, fauna, 176 Game birds, of Africa, life histories, 279 alien, 136 as food, for man, 136 conservation of, 111, 113, 114 ecology, 125 economic relations, 135 edibility of flesh, 142 extinction, 165 habits, 234 breeding, 240 feeding, 249 hybrids, 268 iconography, 274 introduction of, 174 methods, of propagation, 295 of trapping, 296 mortality of, 311 of Burma, 191 of India, 191 pathology, 350 Game Laws, 141 Ganglia, of acoustic nerve, 327 autonomic, 332 cranial, 333, 334 dorsal sympathetic, 426 in gland ducts, 332 of heart, 258, 333 of Remak, 332 superior cervical, 334 thoracic, 334 cerebrospinal, 326 of cranial nerves, 326, 327 ectomammilar, 82, 326 Gasserian (semilunar), 326 geniculate, 328 spiral, 123 vestibular, 124, 326 spinal (dorsal root), 324, 326 anomalies of, 497 Ganglion cells, 323, 325 cytology of, 115 of ovary, 342 of retina, 172 Gangrene, in air sacs, 353 in legs, 353 Gan-su, China, fauna, 190 Gapes, 361 Garrulinae, mortality from, 313 Garrulus, anomalies, of beak, 493 of tongue, 495 color of iris, 169 connective tissue of foot, 111, 282 ear, 121 Garrulus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 84 Garrulus — Continued economic relations, 138 food, 209 eating butterflies, 140 hyoid apparatus, 457 innervation of intestine, 332 kidneys, 512 learning, 53 migrations, 299, 301 molt, 309 oviduct, egg position in, 423 physiology of reproduction, 421 skin, histology of, 276 toes, connective tissue of, 111 variation, 513 in tail color, 515 Garrulus glandarius, albinism, 98 autonomic nervous system, 332 economic relations, 135 migrations, 302 Gas (gases), content in eggs, 412 effects, on embryo, 146 on preservation of eggs, 68 exchange, in blood, 73 in lungs and air sacs, 426 metabolism of, 374 volume in body, 403 Gastornis, fossil species, 344 tibio tarsus, 450 Gastric glands, 226 Gastric epithelium, cytology of, 115 Gastric juice, technic of removal from stomach, 479 Gastric motility, 334 Gastrin bodies, 29 Gastrulation, 149 Gavia, albinism, 98 cross beak, 494 behavior, 47, 48 diving habits, 290, 291 eclipse plumage, 311 eye, anatomy of, 166 measurements of, 165, 403 food, 209 locomotion on land, 290 migrations, 297, 302 molt, 309 of primaries, simultaneous, 311 posture, 253 skull, development of, 456 ossification of, 341 structure of, 456 swimming under water, 291 Gavia adamsi, migrations, 302 Gavia immer, migrations, 304 Gavia stellata breeding habits, 241 incubation period, 244 Gaviidae, skeleton, 445 diving, 291 Gecinus, economic relations, 141 foot pads of young, 278 proventriculus, 29 salivary glands, 227 skull, 455 tongue, 26 Gecinus viridis, abnormal coloration, 141 anomalies of beak, 493 food, 209 Geese — see also Anser culture of, 387 domestication of, 43 feeding, 394 Gelochelidon, food, 209 General works, 215-217 Generic names, 476 Genes, 222 crossing over, 116 for inhibition of comb development, 279 sex-linked, 224 Genetic potencies, in eggs, 412 Genetic relations, 476 Genetics, 217-225 egg production, 393 growth, variation in poultry, 397 of plumage, 377 of sex, 434 of sterility, 424 Genital papilla, persistence of, 498 Genital system, 508-511 Genitalia — see also Ovary, Testes, and Urogenital System anomalies of, 498 male external, 510, 511 Tannenberg bodies, 90 Gennaeus, experimental breeding, 218 genetics, 218 habits, 237 heredity, experimental, 222 hybrids, 263 experimental, 219 inversion of dominance, 223 mutation, 163 secondary sex characters, develop- ment of, 439 sex determination, 433 sex hormones, 225, 440 female, effects of, 441 Gennaeus melanonotus, hybrids, 265 Gennaeus nycthemerus, interstitial tis- sue, 509 Genotypes, 477 sex differences, 220 Geneva Lake, fauna, 196 Genyornis, fossil vertebrae, 345 Geococcyx, eating caterpillars, 140 eyes, 165 flight muscles, 316 fossil species, 344 habits, 237 85 FINDING INDEX Geococcyx Geococcyx — Continued carnivorous, 251 hybrids, 265 myology, 314 nervous system, 322 pterylosis, 378 running speed, 291 skeleton, 444, 450 measurements of, 404 urogenital system, 508 Geococcyx calif or nianus, food, 209 parasitology, 346 skeleton, 444 Geographic distribution, 120 adaptation in coloration, 22 Geographic location, effect on migration urge, 305 Geographic origin of birds, 161 Geographic variation, 516 Geology, distribution relation, 120 Geopelia, hybrids, 263 sternum, 452 Geopsittacus occidentalis, anatomy, 37 taxonomic, 39 Georgia, breeding habits, 239 ecology, 127 fauna, 182 feeding, 249 migrations, 297 Geospiza, adaptation in beak, 22, 255 intestine, coils of, 32 pterylosis, 378 skull, 455 tongue, 26 Geothlypis, aerial song, 465 ecology, 125 food, 209 habits, 237 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 381 taxonomy, 475 variation, 513 • Geothlypis trichas, breeding habits, 241 Geranoetus, fossil species, 344 Germ cells, 85, 411 cytology of, 115, 411, 424 of hybrids, 115 maturation, 268 of sterile birds, 115 Germ layers, experimental studies, 152 formation of, 149 Germ plasm, stability of, 412 German-Bohemian Mts., fauna, 193- 194 Germany, banding, 45, 46 conservation, 112 duck culture, 387 ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 136, 137, 138, 141 fauna, 194 food, 207 general works, 217 habits, 236 breeding, 240 feeding, 249 history of ornithology, 261 iconography, 273 insectivorous birds, 139 migrations, 300, 303, 304, 306, 307, 308 natural history, 321 oology, 339 stomach contents, 211 taxonomy, 473 temperature, effects of, 484 voice, 463 Germinal disc, 418 Germinal epithelium, in tissue culture, 507 Gerontiacus eremita, food, 209 Giantism, 485 heredity of, 220 origin, 224 Giardia (parasites), 348, 349 Gilgit, fauna, 191 Gill arches, phylogeny of, 163 Gill filaments, vestigial, 158, 163 Gizzard, 30 action of, 118 chemistry of, 64 chitin of, 64 contents of, 212 cuticula of, 31 feeding effects on, 208 glands of, 226 muscle fibers, measurements of, 404 pathology of, 351 regurgitation of lining, 410 smooth muscle of, 319 teratology of, 499 Glacial period, effects on evolution, 163 Glacier National Park, fauna, 181 Gland cells, in tissue culture, 506 reticular apparatus of, 116 Glands, 225-228 — see also kidneys, liver, pancreas, parathyroid glands, seminal vesicles, suprarenal glands, and thyroid glands. carotid, 225 endocrine, weights of, 407 ganglia, in ducts of, 332 nerve endings in, 330 of alimentary canal, 24 cecal, cytology of, 115 of stomach, 29, 30, 226 of ear, 122 of edible-nest birds, 142 of esophagus, 28 of eye, 169 Glands BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 86 Glands — Continued of head, 66, 226 of nasal chambers, 256 nictitating, 169 salivary, 142, 227 oviducal, 225, 423, 510 secretion of, vitamin B influence, 520 secretory, of shell, 424 absence of, 498 uropygeal, 227 Glandular extracts, growth effects, 232 Glareola melanoptera, hybrids, 265 Glareola pratincola, albinism, 98 hybrids, 265 Glaucidium, food, 209 habits, 237 carnivorous, 50, 251 Glaucidium nanum, hypnotism, 50 Glaucionetta islandica, eclipse plumage, 382 Glaucopis, albinism, 98 Globicera pacifera, gizzard, 30 Globulins, 62 Glossoptila, skull, 455 tongue, muscles of, 26, 315 Glucose, in eggs, 69, 70, 412 effects on embryo, 154 injections into albumen, 154 Glutathione, content, in normal tissues, 60 in tumors, 60, 368 determination of, 63 Glycemia, 354 relation to suprarenal glands, 66, 468 Glycerine, injections into albumen, 154 Glycin, experimental feeding of, 208 metabolism of, 336 in nutrition, experiments, 60, 208, 336 use in vitamin B deficiency, 520 Glycogen, 62, 71 in blastoderm, 71, 145 in blood, 65 effects of testes on production of, 284 in egg, 68 in liver, 284, 501 in nervous system, 324 in retina, 172 liver content on deficient diet, 336, 408 reserve of, 335 Glycogenesis, 62, 372 Goats, as destroyers of birds, 385 infection of with avian tuberculosis, 367 Gobi, Mongolia, fauna, 191 Goiter, 361 Golf courses, conservation on, 113 economic ornithology, 141 Golgi apparatus, 116, 226 fixing technic, 481 in ganglion cells, 326 in germinal disc, 418 in oocytes, 416 in oviducal gland cells, 423 Golgi bodies, 174 Gonads, 508 atrophy of, 208 effects, of castration, 86 of extirpation on growth, 232 of hybridization, 268 of hypophysis, 270 on courtship, 58 on migrations, 305 on secondary sex characters, 509 in plumage, 383 extracts of, 160 effects on reproduction, 423 fixation of thyroxin in, 504 grafts of, 228, 229, 435, 438 effects on plumage, 229, 383 growth, rate of, 233 weight comparisons, 406 hemapoiesis in, 75 histogenesis of, 509 in sex reversal, 437, 438 involution of, 502 relation to thymus gland, 502 relation in activity to suprarenal glands, 468 right in female, structure of, 509 seasonal changes in, 424 summer condition, 509 weights of, 408 Gophers, destroyed by birds, 143 Gough Isl., breeding habits, 240 fauna, 174 taxonomy, 470 Goura, accommodation in vision, 167 hybrids, 263 sternum, 452 Gourds, as bird houses, 113 Gout, 361 effect of calcium, 61 relation to uric acid, 64 Gozo Isl., Mediterranean Sea, fauna, 196 Gracula, anatomy, 37 taste, for butterflies, 469 viscera, measurements of, 405 Graculus, air sacs, 428 skeleton, pneumaticity of, 448 Graculus carbo, trachea, 431 Gradient, of embryo temperature, 146, 484 Grafts, 154, 228-230 action of lymphocytes in tissue grafts, 72 chorio-allantoic, 154, 229, 284, 323, 500, 512 of blastoderm containing heart, 259 of gonads, 509, 512 87 FINDING INDEX Grafts Grafts — Continued of kidney, use in taxonomy, 477- 478 of liver, 229 of mesonephros, 512 of ovary, 500 of pancreas, 229 of suprarenal glands, 467 of testis, 432, 500 of eye, 166 of feather germs, 200, 230 of gonads, 228, 229, 433, 435, 439 into ovariotomized hen, effects on plumage, 383 of hypophysis, 270 of kidneys, embryonic, 512 of limb buds, 153 of ovary, 222, 269, 343, 438, 500 effects on plumage, 383 of sarcoma, 369 of skin, 225, 269, 355 sex characters retained, 383 of testicular tissue, into castrate male, 441 into ovariotomized hen, 376, effects, on plumage, 376, 377 on sex, 432 of thyroid gland, embryonic, 503 of tumors, 368 of chicken sarcoma into embryos, 369 GraUina, skeleton, 444 Gran Chaco, Paraguay, ecology, 128 fauna, 189 Grand Canyon, fauna, 181 Grand Cayman Isl., West Indies, ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 186 Grandala, skull, 457 taxonomic bearings, 457 Grandala coelicolor, ear, 121 skull, 455 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 477 Grandry's corpuscles, measurements of, 404 Granulation tissue, use of egg mem- branes on, 142 Granulocytes, 75 Graphophasianus soemmeringi, hybrids, 265 Grapes, destruction of by birds, 139 Grasshoppers, as food for birds, 140, 213, 251 Gravity, center of, 215, 406 in flight, 288 Great Britain, fauna, 193 fledgling bird periods, 281 life histories, 280 Great Salt Lake, Utah, conservation, 113 ecology, 127, 131 Great Slave Lake, migrations, 307 Greece, fauna, 194 migrations, 306 Greek classics, references to birds, 215 to nests, 245 Green decomposition, in dressed fowl, 386 Greenland, ecology, 129 fauna, 180 general works, 216 habits, 234 iconography, 272 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 471 vernacular names, 478 Gregarinida (parasites), 349 as cause for epithelioma contagiosum, 360 Gregariousness, 133, 248, 461 flock formations, 286 roosting, 253 Greifswald, Germany, fauna, 194 Grit, eaten by birds, 251 in gizzard, 31, 118 in poultry food, 396 starvation, 337 Growth, 230-233 assimilation of calcium, 335 effects on, of calcium, 61 of feeding experiments, 397, 502 of gonad extracts, 160 of hypophysis, 271 of rachitis, 397 of sex hormones, 441 of ultraviolet light, 398 in slipped tendon condition, 364 in tissue culture, 506 mathematical analysis of, 403 measurements of, 403 nutrition studies, 337 of allantois, 151 of beak, 2 55 of blastoderm, 149 of brain in weight, 406 of comb, 279 of embryo, 145, 152, 153 of feathers, 43, 201, 218 of grafts, 229 of neural tube in chorio-allantoic grafts, 154 of poultry, 397 of primitive streak, 150 of seminal vasicles, cyclic, 511 of tibiotarsus, 450 of young, 281 significant numbers in quantitative studies, 401 weight comparisons, 406 Growth rate BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 88 Growth rate, 233 changes in oogenesis, 422 effects, of climate on, 132 of thyroid gland on, 504 heredity of, 220 Gruidae, iconography, 273 intelligence, 53 natural history, 320, 322 taxonomy, 474 tendons in surgery, 141 Gruiformes, myology, 314 remiges, 203 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 based on skeleton, 477 Gruinae, habits, 237 Grus — see also Megalornis altitude of flight, 286 cranial nerves, 327 habits in captivity, 247 incubation period, 244 lamellar corpuscles in uropygeal gland, 331 longevity, 291 migrations, 302 alleged carrying of small birds, 302 molt, 309 nuclei of spinal cord, 325 sequence of plumages, 381 skeleton, 453 trachea, 431 tracheal coils in sternum, 432 vertebrae, measurements of, 405 visibility at high altitudes, 286 vocal organs, 464 Grus canadensis tabida, behavior, 47 habits, 237 migrations, 302 Grus montignesia, care of, 41 Guadaloupe (Guadalupe) Isl., Lower California, ecology, 129 fauna, 187 taxonomy, 472 Guadeloupe Isl., West Indies, ecology, 129 fauna, 186 habits, 235 taxonomy, 472 variation, 516 Guam Isl., Micronesia, fauna, 198 Guanico Lagoon, Puerto Rico, fauna, 187 Guanidine, origin in egg, 68 Guanin, effects on embryo, 154 Guano, 164 Guanta, Venezuela, fauna, 189 Guara, growth, 231 sequence of plumages, 381 Guara alba, anatomy, 35 Guarico, Venezuela, fauna, 189 Guatemala, fauna, 187 migrations, 298 taxonomy, 472 weights, 406 Gubernatrix crisiata, hybrids, 266 Guiana — see also British, Dutch, and French Guiana general, 217 natural history, 321 Guinea pig, epidermis comparison, 23 1, 277 as host for bird skin grafts, 230 innoculation with avian tuberculosis, 367 skin grafts to Colurnba, 230 Guinean Forest Prov., Africa, fauna, 176 Guinean Isls., Africa, fauna, 176, 177 Guinean Savanna prov., Africa, fauna, 176 Gular pouch, 25 Gulf of St. Lawrence Isls., fauna, 180 Gyantse region, Tibet, fauna, 192 Gymnogyps, air sacs, 428 destruction of, 112 flight, altitude of, 286 mechanics of, 288 high altitude effect on respiration, 425- life history, 280 measurements, 402 of wing spread areas in flight, 404 smell, experimental, 460 Gymnorhina, arteries of brain, 88 molt, 309 pterylosis, 378 skull, 455, 456 ossification of, 341 syrinx, 468 Gynandromorphism, 383, 436 sex hormones, 440 Gynandromorphous male, antiovarian serum effect, 384 Gypaetus, discoloration of plumage, 96 feathers, iron content of, 199 pigments of, 103, 104 visibility at high altitudes, 286 Gypaetus barbatus, anatomy of, 36 change in color, 106 ecolory, 125 environmental relations, 133 food, 209 habits, 237 myology, 314 natural history, 322 sequence of plumages, 381 Gypagus, albinism, 98 feeding habits, 250 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 474 Gypogeranus, conchae, 256 Gypoictinia, habits, 237 89 FINDING INDEX Gyps Gyps, anatomy of eye, 166 ear, development of, 121 economic relations, 138 feeding habits, destructive, 252 flight, 285 separate control, of outer primaries, 203 of outer rectrices, 203 skull, 455, 456 ossification of, 341 Gyps kolbii, economic relations, 135, 138 ^ food, 209 Gypsy moth, as food for birds, 140 H Habia — see also Hedymeles and Zamelodia eating potato beetles, 140 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 Habia ludovicianus, abnormal colora- tion, 95 Habitats, 134 ecology, 129-132 evolution of, 161 Habits, 233-254 — see also Behavior and Economic Ornithology breeding, 133, 239-247 carnivorous, 138, 251-252 carrying young, 243, 322 change in, effects on skeleton, 445 color association, 101 comparison with instinct, 51 evolution of, 161 feather eating, curing of, 294 feeding, use of crest feathers in allur- ing insects, 377 relations to intestine length, 405 harmful to man, 137-139 heredity of, 220 insectivorous, 139-140 migratory, 306 variation in, 516 Habropyga cinerea, hybrids, 265 Habropyga melpoda, hybrids, 265 Hackleless fowl, origin, 224 pterylosis, 379 Haematopus, albinism, 98 cytology of germinal disc, 418 ear, 121 eating mollusks, 251 ecology, 125 embryonic teeth, 25 environmental relations, 133, 251 feeding habits, 250 follicular epithelium of ovary, 342 life histories, 280 opening mollusk shells, 21, 252 skull, chondocranium, 456 ear position in, 459 spleen, 293 vertebrae, development of, 454 Haematopus ostralegus, albinism, 98 courtship, 57 territorialism, 461 Haematozoa — see Hematozoa Hail stones, mortality from, 21, 313 Hainan Isl., fauna, 190 Haiti, ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 186 habits, 235 iconography, 272 paleontology, 344 taxonomy, 472 Hakodadi, fauna, 191 Halcyon, molt, 309 of remiges, 310 variation in color, 515 Halcyon chloris, speciation, 466 "formenkreis" theory, 478 Halcyon smyrnensis, speciation, 466 "formenkreis" theory, 478 Halcyones, skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 Haliaeetus, anatomy, 36 conservation, 112 ear labyrinth, 122 economic relations, 135, 137 effects, of climate on eggs, 417 of length of day, on egg size, 417 on reproduction, 421 feet, 281 flight, 285 habits, 234 leukocytozoa (parasites) of, 348 migrations, 297 natural history, 320 skeleton, 444 measurements of, 404 of sternum, 405 teratology of plumage, 497 Haliaeetus albicilla, albinism, 98 breeding habits, 241 effects of pancreas ablation, 346 esophagus, 27, 28 extinction of, 165 measurements of epithelial cells in alimentary canal, 405 Haliaeetus indus, breeding habits, 241 Haliaeetus kucocephalus, behavior, 47 breeding in captivity, 43 food, 209 habits, 237 breeding, 241 methods for studying, 39, 294 incubation period, 244 life history, 279, 280 sexual behavior, 56 variation in tarsal scutes, 514 voice, 463 Haliaeetus leucocephalus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 90 Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus, life history, 280 Halieus, siphonoma (tumor) in tym- panic cavity, 368 Halmahera, ciliary muscle, 168 iris muscle, development of, 169 Halodroma, embryology, 144 Halteridium (parasites), 348 Hamlin Lake region, fauna, 183 Hand, evolution of, 162 Hand digits, evolution of by natural selection, 164 Hand lists, 476 Hapaloderma, fading of color, 106 Harder, glands of, 169, 226-227 Harelda, sequence of plumages, 381 change in color, 105 Harelda glacialis, molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 381 Harelda hyemalis, habits, 237 Harelip, 493 Hariab Dist., Afghanistan, fauna, 189 Harriman Park, New York, fauna, 184 Hasa, Arabia, fauna, 189 Hassall's corpuscles, 502 Hatchability of eggs, 148, 387, 388, 389 correlations, 389, 390, 391 effects of feeding, 397 factors, 389 nutritional, 335 of ultraviolet light, 398 heredity of, 220, 222 methods for improving, 398 relation to winter egg production, 392 variation in, 515 in various seasons, 148 Hatching, 423 behavior, 48 correlation between time of and egg production, 391 egg weights before and after, 407 function of M. com plexus, 423 mortality in, 311 power, of hens, 389 time, significance of, 386 weight, of shell before and after hatching, 408 of unassimulated yolk, 152, 408 Hatley, Quebec, fauna, 180 Hawaii, ecology, 129 food, 208 introduced species, 134 Hawaiian feather work, 142 Hawaiian Isls., ecology, 129 fauna, 196 general work, 217 habits, 236 feeding, 249 iconography, 273 Head, 254-257 anomalies of, 221, 493-495 in embryos, 490 appendages, fleshy, 278, 439 color cause, 102 growth of, 231 arrested development of beak, 494 blood vessels of, 87 development of, 157 glands of, 226 grafts on, 154 integument of, 278 movements of, 48 ornamentation of, 278 pathology of, 352 position in flight, 288 Head crest, heredity of, 220 Head process, 150 Healing, of bone fractures, 354 of wounds, 371 Hearing, 257 — see also Ear Heart, 38, 257-261 accessory, 88 adaptation in, 22 anomalies of, 498-499 doubling of, 486 experimental production of, 491 blood extraction from, 479 cardiac muscle, 258, 318 nerve endings in, 330 contractions of, in embryos, 260 in abnormal embryos, 490 initiation of contraction wave chronicity, 507 myogenic origin of contraction im- pulse, 507 observing technic, 479 recording methods, 482 relation to respiratory rhythm, 426 reversal of, 156 temperature effects on rhythm, 260 development of, 153, 259 elastic tissue of, 111, 258 grafts of, 229 growth of, 231 growth rate, 233 in tissue culture, 506, 507 infections with Salmonella pullorum, 356 innervation of, 329, 333 measurements of, 405 melanin pigment of, 104 pathology of, 351 size of, correlation with work per- formed, 22, 401 synchronous pulsation of fragments, 507 tuberculosis of, 367 weights of, 408 correlation with flight power, 402 Hearts, multiple, 498 91 FINDING INDEX Heat Heat, 484 absorption of in incubation, 146 effects of, 71, 484 embryonic, 146 radiated, transmission by epidermis, 483 reaction to, 55 tropical, 102 Heat production, 73, 372, 483 in cells, 60 in metabolism, 374 in oxidation, 427 in egg, 68 in vitamin B deficiency, 520 measuring technic, 482 Heat regulation, 83, 372 by plumage, 378 Hebin, effect on ovariotomized bird, 86, 270 Hedge birds, economic relations, 138 Hedymeles — see also Habia and Zamelodia anomalies of beak, 493 behavior, 47 inheritance of song, 465 Hedymeles ludovicianus, abnormal colo- ration, 95 learning to sing, 54, 465, 466 molt, 310 nest-building instinct, 223 sequence of plumages, 382 singing in thunderstorm, 466 voice, inheritance of, 52, 224 Heel pads, 281 Heinasaaret Isl., fauna, 193 Helgoland, fauna, 194 migrations, 300, 303 weights of migrating birds, 406 Helias, taxonomy, based on anatomy, 39, 476 Heliodilus, plumage, 376 taxonomy, 475 Heliornis, pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 444 Heliornis surinamensis, myology, 314 Helminthophila, hybrids, 263 Helminihophila chrysoptera, hybrids, 265 Helminthophila leucobronchialis, hy- brids, 265 Helminthophila pinus, hybrids, 265 Helminthophila ruficapilla gutturalis, breeding habits, 241 discovery of first nest, 242 ecology, 125 Helotarsus, arrangement of toes, 282 rotator tendons of foot, 281 Hemagglutinins, preparation technic, 479 Hemansioma, 368 Hematin, 65, 73 Hematopoiesis, 74-75, 293 in embryonic spleen, 293 in liver, 284 in tissue culture, 507 Hematozoa (blood parasites), 348, 370 Hemihy per trophy, causes of, 214 lateral, in sex reversal, 437 Hemin, 70 Hemiplegic epilepsy, 360 Hemipodius, anatomy, 36 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449, 477 Hemiprocne zonaris, flight muscles, 316 leg muscles, 317 Hemoblasts, 75 Hemoglobin, 62, 65, 72, 73, 103 decomposition in dressed fowl, 386 effect of confinement on, 388 formation of, 208 of muscle tissue, 62, 319 sex hormone effects on, 440 staining technic, 481 Hemogregarina (parasites), 348 Hemogregarinidae (parasites), 348 Hemolysins, 74 preparation technic, 479 production of, 274 Hemolytic sera, 65, 74, 275 Hemoproteus (parasites), 348 injection with, immnnity to, 275 Hemorrhage, in bone, 354, 447 effects of, on bone marrow, 75 pulmonary, 354 Hemorrhagic septicemia, 357 Hemosporidia (parasites), 348 Henderson Isl., Polynesia, fauna, 198 Henfeathering of male, 225, 376 effects, of thyroid gland, 377, 504 of thyroidectomy, 440, 505 relation to luteal cells, 500 testes of, 501 Hensen's knot (node), 150 experimental studies of, 155 role in development, 155 Hepatic plumages, 382 Heredity, 219-224 as factor in hatchability of eggs, 389 of brachydactylia, 495 of brooding instinct, 52 of chicken sarcoma, 369 of egg weight, 390 of form and function, 215 of growth rate, 220 of hyperdactylia, 495 of resistance, to diphtheria, 275 to typhoid fever, 276, 369 of singing, 465, 466 of spurs, 279 of syndactylia, 496 study methods, 40, 294 Hermaphroditism BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 92 Hermaphroditism, 435 sex hormones, 440 Hernia, 354 abdominal, experimental production of, 491 of skull, 492 umbilical, 498 Herodias, sequence of plumages, 381 Herodii, genetic relations, 476 taxonomy, 475 Herodiones, habits, 234 skeleton, 444 Herpetomonas (parasites), 349 Hesperiphona, breeding in captivity, 248 care in captivity, 41 migrations, 302 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 381 skull, 455 taxonomy, 475 Hesperiphona vespertine, breeding hab- its, 241 distribution, 175 ecology, 125 environmental relations, 133 skeleton, 444 Hesperocichla, skeleton, 444 measurements of, 404, 445 Hesperornis, (extinct genus) bones, 345 brain, 76 teeth, 25, 344 Hessen Nassau Prov., Germany fauna, 194 Heteractitis incanus, breeding habits, 241 Heteralocha, anomalies of beak, 493 habits, 237 measurements, 402 Heterodactylia, 495 Heterogynism, 467, 476 Heteromorphae, distribution, 119 Heteromorphic type (anomaly), 487 Heteromorphism (anomalies), 490 Heteroscelus incanus, breeding habits, 241 Heterotaxia, of embryo, 146 experimental production, 156, 491 Hexadactylia (anomaly), 495 Hibernation, 261 Hierofako, viscera weights, 408 Hierophasis, mutation, 163 Hildesheim Prov., Germany, fauna, 194 Himalaya Mts., fauna, 189 Himantopus, food, 209 Hippocampus, 81 Hippolais, anomalies, of beak, 493 Hirundinidae, albinism, 98 anatomy, 37 banding, 45, 46 bed bugs as parasites of, 347 care in captivity, 41 edible nests, 60 feeding habits, 250 food, 209 eating, bay berries, 252 insects, 139 fright from noise, 257 hibernation myth, 261 hybrids, 263 iconography, 273 instinct, 51, 52 migrations, 298, 300, 302, 303, 305, 306 mortality, from bad weather, 312 nocturnal soaring, 253 old nests used, 246 semihibernation, 261 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 474 velocity of flight, 290 Hirundo, albinism, 98 banding observations, 46 care of young, by older young, 243 by other species, 59 diencephalon, 82 eggs, cleavage of, 148 measurements of, 404 feet, development of, 281 fovea centralis, 173 double, 167 habits, 237 breeding, 241, 242 hybrids, 263 melanism, 101 migrations, 300, 301, 306 North America to Chili, 286 molt, 309 natural history, 322 optic chiasma and lobes, 83 physiology of double fovea, 167 preganglionic neurons, 334 reaction to noise, 50 red blood corpuscles, 74 sterility, 424 taxonomic anatomy, 39 velocity of flight, 290 Hirundo erythrogaster, banding, 45 body temperature, 483 food, 209 growth, 231 in weight, 406 hybrids, 265 sequence of plumages, 381 Hirundo fulva, migrations, 302 Hirundo melon, wing bones, propor- tions, 450 Hirundo rupestris, habits, 237 Hirundo rustica, albinism, 98 anatomy, 37 banding, 45, 46 hibernation myth, 261 93 FINDING INDEX Hirundo rustica Hirundo rustica — Continued hybrids, 265 orientation, experimental, 340 pterylosis, 378 retina, fovea centralis, 519 skeleton, 444 velocity of flight, 290 Hirundo serripennis, habits, 237 Hirundo urbica, albinism, 98 habits, changes in, 248 hibernation myth, 261 hybrids, 265 skeleton, 444 His, bundle of, 258 Hispaniola Isl. — see Haiti Histamine, 117 effect on gastric secretion, 60 Histiocytes, 73, 110 Histology, 38 — see also under various organs Histolysis, in development of neural tube, 323 History, of artificial incubation, 399 of banding, 45-46 of migrations, 302 of ornithology, 261 economic, in America, 136 of photography in America, 481 of taxonomy in America, 476 of territorialism, 462 Histrionicus, behavior, 47 food, 209 Histrionicus histrionicus, eclipse plum- age, 382 Histrionicus torquatus, syrinx, 468 trachea, 431 Hoarding, 238 Hog cholera, dissemination by birds, 138 Hole drilling, 238 Holland, fauna, 194 migration, 300 taxonomy, 473 Hollyberries, as food for birds, 214 Holy Isl., England, migrations, 307 Homing instinct, 51 — see also Orienta- tion Homologies, of allantois with mam- malian placenta, 151 of carpal bones, 451 of conchae, 256 of developing feathers, 278 of ear, 121, 122 of mesencephalon, 83 of pectoral girdle, 451 of phallus, 511 of pineal eye, 157 of precayal valves, 258 of seminiferous tubules and medullary cords of ovary, 500 of skeleton, 445, 453 of skull, 457, 458, 459 of tar sal bones, 450 of thymus gland, 502 Homosexuality, 432 Homotyposis, 476 Honduras, fauna, 187 taxonomy, 472 Honey, as food for birds, 250 Honey guides, 136 Hongkong, fauna, 190 Hoplopterus, albinism, 98 Hormones, 160 effects, on feathers, 200-201 on seminal vesicles, 511 hypophyseal effects, 270 on oogenesis, 416 on ossification, 341 on ovulation, 424 sex, 225, 228, 229, 230, 233, 254, 269, 305, 384, 423, 424, 432-442, 501, 510 effects, on comb, 279 of gonad grafts, 228, 433 of placental hormone injections, 441 on growth, 231 on migrations, 305 on plumage, 200, 201, 378, 383, 384 on secondary sex characters, 441 gonadotrophic, 438 inhibitor of male plumage, 440 role of interstitial tissue, 442 threshold of, 440 thyroid, 504 Horticulture, damage to, by birds, 139 Houbara, hybrids, 263 House fly, as carrier of coccidiosis, 359 Houtmans Rocks, Australia, fauna, 196 Hovering, 288 Huachuca Mts., Arizona, fauna, 181 Humerus, 450 breathing through, 426 measurements of, 405 Humidity, effects, on eggs, 22 on growth, 152 on metabolism of embryo, 374 on mortality of embryos, 313 on plumage, 377 resistance of egg, 417 variation factor, 516 Humming birds, eating insects, 213 sap sucking, 252 Humming noise, 464 Humor, 50 Hungary, banding, 46 conservation, 112 economic ornithology, 136, 137 fauna, 194 food, 207 migrations, 300, 307 Hungary BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 94 Hungary — Continued natural history, 321 paleontology, 344 taxonomy, 473 Hunger center, in brain, 371 Hunting methods, 294 Hupeh prov., China, fauna, 190 Hybridization, 218, 222 effects of, on eggs, 93, 219 on testes, 499 on Sertoli cells, 500 experimental, 42, 218-219 Mendel's law, application in, 223 new race, development of, 219 parthenogenesis, 150 species formation, 467 Hybrids, 102, 261-269, 411 care of, 40 comb of, 278 fecundity of, 204 germ cells of, cytology, 115 gonads, activity of, 508 histology of, 509 iconography, 274 in Berlin Zoological Gardens, 262 incubation period, 244 measurements of skeleton, 404 refractive index of blood serum, 74 reproductive system of, 508 testes, 499 relative form and size, 501 sex chromosomes of, 222 sex of, 434 sex ratio of, 442 sexual behavior, 56-57 Hydrakctor gallinaceus, intelligence, 53 Hydrobatidae, variation, 513 Hydrocephalus, 352, 493 Hydrochelidon, brain, 76 olfactory lobes, 338 Hydrochelidon kucoptera, albinism, 98 Hydrochelidon nigra, albinism, 98 Hydrochloric acid, 117 formation of, 29, 60 Hydrocolaeus ridibundus, albinism, 98 Hydrocorax, stomach, histology of, 29 molt of lining, 311 Hydrocyanic acid, effects on embryo, 153, 154 Hydrocyanic acid gas detection, 479 Hydrogen-ion concentration, in ceca, effects of Bacillus acidophilus on, 397 in embryo, 146 in intestine, 62, 336, 395 of albumen during incubation, 69, 413 of yolk during incubation, 69, 418 Hydrogen peroxide, in oxidation of fat, 66, 479 Hydrogen sulphate, formation in egg by cholera organism, 358 Hydrogen sulphide, formation of in egg, 68 products in dressed fowl, 386 Hydrophasianus chirugus, skeleton, 444 Hydrophobia, 354 Hydroprogne, banding, 45 Hydroprogne caspia imperator, incubat- ing habits, 243 Hygiene, in aviculture, 40 Hygienic significance of birds, 136 Hylocichla, behavior in captivity, 49 breeding habits, 241 growth, 231 life histories, 280 song, 465 variation, geographic, 516 weight, 406 Hylocichla guttata, habits in captivity, 247 Hyoid apparatus, 457 ligaments of, 446 Hyoid arch operculum, 158 Hypercapnia, 31 Hyperchromism, 94 Hyperdactylia, 282, 495 heredity of, 221 muscles and tendons, 318 Hyperencephalia, 498 Hyperfecundation, as cause of anom- alies, 465 Hyperglycemia, relation to suprarenal glands, 66, 468 Hypermasculinization, 432 Hyperplasia, subcutaneous, 355 of testis, 353, 501 of thyroid gland, 505 Hyperthermia, from destruction of thalamus, 270, 371 effect, of pituitary extract, 371-372 Hyperthyroidism, 503-505 causing sex reversal, 437 effects, 504 on immunity, 152, 274 on plumage, 105, 200, 361, 384 on sex hormones, 440 in thyroidectomized chick, 505 Hypertrophy, of gonads, 508 of kidney, 498, 513 of liver, 352 of ovary, 353 of spurs, 496 of suprarenal glands, 468 of testis, 353, 501 after extirpation, of pineal body, 375 of other testis, 500 of thyroid gland, 505 of uropygeal gland, 354 Hypervitaminosus, 354 Hyphantornis, hybrids, 267 Hypnotism, 50 95 FINDING INDEX Hypochera Hypochera, content of cholesterin, 62 fatty acid concentration, 60 Hypochera ignestii, taxonomy, 475 Hypolais, hybrids, 263 Hypolais salicaria, albinism, 98 Hypoleucus, body temperature, 483 food, 209 measurements, 402 weights, 406 Hypophysectomy, effects of, 270 Hypophysis (Pituitary gland), 269-271 cell types, 439 development of, 159, 269-270 double infundibulum, as anomaly, 497 effects on thyroid gland, 505 of extract on egg production, 393 evolution of, 161 extirpation with castration, 509 mucoid cysts in, 368 pars anterior, 270-271 effects of feeding of, on body weight, 406 on egg production, 392 on growth, 397 effects of feeding extract of, on growth, 232 on testes, 500 on thymus gland, 502 on thyroid gland, 505 effects of injection of extract of, on ovulation, 424 pars posterior, 271 relations to suprarenal, thymus, and thyroid glands, 502 Hyporhachis, 204 Hypothalamus, 82 Hypoxanthin, 64 Ibididae, food, 211 leg muscle function, 319 Ibis, elastic ligaments of neck, 446 Ibycter, medulla oblongata, 85 Iceland, banding, 44 ecology, 130 economic ornithology, 136 fauna, 194 habits, 236 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 473 Ichthyornis, fossil species, 344 skeleton, 444 Iconography, 271-274 Icteria, nocturnal singing, 253 sequence of plumages, 381 Icteria virens, breeding habits, 241 Icteridae, courtship, 57 distribution, 119 economic relations, 138 habits, 237 skeleton, taxonomy of, 449 skull, nerve foramina of, 459 palate, 458 Icterus, color vision, 518 eating flesh of birds, 213 habits, feeding, 250 singing, 253 Icterus galbula, sequence of plumages, 381 Icterus spurius, sequence of plumages, 381 Idaho, fossil birds, 344 Ideation, 53 Iki Isl., Japan, fauna, 191 Ilium, 453 Illinois, ecology, 127, 131 economic ornithology, 136, 141 fauna, 182-183 food, 206 habits, 235 iconography, 272 migrations, 297 population, 384 sequence of plumages, 380 taxonomy, 471 Illumination, in poultry culture, 398 Imbros Isl., fauna, 192 Imitation, 239 compared with instinct, 51 of voice, 464, 465 Immune plasma, in tissue culture, 507 Immunity, heredity of, 222 of embryo, effects of hyperthyroid- ism, 152 to anthrax, 355 to bird pox, 357 to coccidiosis, 358 to human tuberculosis, 367 Immunization, against chicken plague, 364 against cholera, 358 against epithelioma contagiosum, 361 Immunology, 274-276 antigenic properties of Bacillus psit- tacosis, 365 cytotoxic action of immune rabbit serum, 505 hereditary resistance to diphtheria, 359 precipitation method in taxonomy, 478 resistance, to anthrax, 355 to bacillary white diarrhea, 356 to heredity of typhoid fever,'^369 to spirochaete infection, 370 ft thyroid gland feeding, producing re- sistance to infection, 504 Impaling, instinct for, 51 mortality from, 312 Impennes, skeleton, 444 Importation of birds BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 96 Importation of birds, 136 Inanition, changes in muscle tissue, 319 effects, on beriberi, 363 on blood pressure, 337 on body temperature, 337 on body weight, 337 on digestion, 117 on digestive organs, 338 on docility, 50 on nutrition, 337 on ovary, 343 on pancreas, 338, 345 on residual oxygen of blood, 65 on sex characters, 337, 439 on sex ratio, 337, 442 on striped muscle, 338 on suprarenal glands, 338 on testis, 338, 500 on tissue, 337 with flesh diets, 337 with grain diets, 337 Inbreeding, 218, 219, 387, 402 as factor in hatchability of eggs, 389 effects, on fecundity, 205 on fertility, 219 for winter egg production, 392 Incubation, 43, 145, 146, 147, 148, 152, 153, 154, 243-245, 399 artificial, 43, 69, 243, 399, 480 cooling eggs, 399 turning eggs, 148, 155, 389 without brooding, 147 at high altitudes, 399 changes in shell during incubation, 152, 413 duration of life after interruption of, in tissue culture, 505 egg weights during, 335, 407 loss during, 335 experimental, 153-155 habits of, evolution of, 161, 243 in ant hill, 242 in foreign nests, 245 of abnormal eggs, 488 of double eggs, 489 period of, 156, 243-244 pH changes, 413 retarded, experimentally, 492 temperature of, 483 effects of experimental tempera- tures, 146-147, 484 yolk position changes, 152 Incubators, 40, 390, 399 mammoth, 399 mortality in, 311 pullorum disease transmission in, 356 ventilation of, 399 Index lists, 476 India, ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 136 fauna, 191 food, 207 general work, 217 habits, 236 breeding, 240 hand list, 476 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 oology, 338 taxonomy, 473 variation, 514 India-runner duck, chromosomes of, 115, 116 Indian Ocean, ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 174 Indian Ocean Isls., iconography, 271 Indiana, economic ornithology, 137 food, 206 Indicator, anatomy, 37 carotid arteries, 88 myology, 314 pterylosis, 378 skull, 455 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 Indicator xanthonotus anatomy, 37 sternum, 452 Indicatorinae, honey guiding, 51 Indigestible objects, as cause of death, 312 Individuality, of cells, 144 of tissues, 144, 228 Indo-Australian Archipelago, taxon- omy, 474 Indo-China, duck culture, 387 iconography, 272 unhusked rice used in incubation, 399 Inflammation, 361 in air sacs, 353 Infusoria (parasites), 349 Inheritance — see also Heredity of anomalies, 494 of acquired characters, 163 of resistance to disease, 274 sex-linked, 434 of standard poultry strain disqualifi- cations, 386 Inhibition, of respiratory muscles, by vagus nerve, 329 Injection, apparatus for, 39 intraperitoneal, of anterior lobe sub- stance, 270 methods, 480 of testes extracts, 501 subcutaneous, effect on embryos, 492 Inkerman Station, Australia, fauna, 196 Innervation — see also under various organs of alimentary canal, 24, 28, 332 of crop, 27 of stomach, 29, 31, 332 of breathing organs, 426 97 FINDING INDEX Inner vation Innervation — Continued of ciliary muscle, 168 of ear, 121, 122, 323, 327 of eye, 169 of feather muscles, 202, 333 of glands of mouth and nasal cham- bers, 226 of head integument, 278 of heart, 258, 260, 333 of iris, 169 of kidneys by vagus nerve, 513 of larynx, 429 of lungs, 333, 430 of membranous labyrinth, 123 of mouth, autonomic, 332 of nasal chambers, 332 of oblique septum, 430 of ovary, 342 of reproductive system, 510 of respiratory organs, 333, 427 of skeletal muscle, autonomic, 332 of skin, 276 of spleen, 333 of stomach, 29, 31, 332 of suprarenal glands, 333, 467 of syrinx, 328, 333, 469 of tactile feathers, 202 of trachea, 330, 432 Inoculations, with cholera, 358 experimental, 351 from tubercular fowls, 355 Insect larvae, as food for birds, 213 distastefulness, 469 Insect parasites, 347 Insectivorous birds, 139-140 mortality of, 311 regurgitated pellets, 212 winter distribution, 120, 302 Insects, alluring by crest feathers, 377 as food for birds, 22, 139-140, 213, 243, 251 for fish-eating birds, 251 coloration, concealing, 108 protective, 22 distastefulness, 22, 469 distribution comparison, 120 mimicry, 109 noxious, as food for poultry, 395 warning colors of, 110 Insemination, artificial, 148, 421 Insessores, taxonomy, 475 Insight, 53 Instinct, 50-53 brooding, 52 by castrated male, 52, 435 effect on egg production, 392 relation to fecundity, 422 heredity of, 223 hormone effects on, 160 impaling, 250 maternal, castration effects on, 433 migratory, 305, 306 sexual, in castrated males, 435 Insulin, effects, on avitaminosis, 362 on reproduction, 421 resistance, to lethal dose of, 160 Integument, 276-279 adaptation in, 22 development of, 157 evolution of, 161 grafts of, 230 papillae of, 103, 278, 434 pigments of, 103, 278, 434 sex differentiation, 433 smooth muscle of, 319 Intelligence, 52-53 Intercalated discs, of heart muscle, 318 Intercentra, 454 Intersexuality, 435-439 ovary of cock-feathered females, 342 Interstitial calls (tissue), 434, 439, 499- 500, 501, 509 correlation with body size, 401 effects on plumage, 378 following ovariotomy, 438 sex hormone production, 384 Intestinal coils, taxonomic value, 477 Intestine, 31-33 anomalies of, 499 passing through sternum, 498 atresia of, 490 carcinoma of, 368 development in, of Coccidium (para- site), 349 of Hemoproteus (parasite), 348 effects, of experimental feeding, 33, 208 of malnutrition, 336 histopathology in baccilary white diarrhea, 356 hydrogen ion concentration, 62 infections of, 370 innervation of, 332 measurements of, 405 surface area of mucosa, 405 pathology of, 351 physiology of, 117 sex difference, 270 smooth muscle of, 319 trichomoniasis of, 370 tuberculosis of, 367 variation in, 515 weights, 408 Intoxication by poisonous berries, 67 Intraocular pressure, effects on accomo- dation, 518 Introduced species, 113, 120, 134, 141, 174, 179, 181 dangers, 136 effects on biota, 134 Involution, of bursa Fabricii, 92 of capillaries, 159 Involution BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS Involution — Continued of corpus luteum, 342 of diverticulum ilei, 33 of notochord, 159 of oviduct, 423 of pancreatic islets, 346 of thymus gland, 502 Iodine, absorption of, 68 content in thyroid gland, 63, 271, 503 effects of hypophysis on, 63, 505 excretion of through egg, 69 use, as vermicide, 398, 479 in determination of glutathione, 63 Ionian Isls., fauna, 194 lonornis, fossil, 344 lonornis martinica (us), breeding hab- its, 241 claws on wings of nestlings, 278 food, 209 instinct, 51 measuremants, 402 sequence of plumages, 381 voice, 463 weights, 406 Ions, transmissibility of ovum for, 417 Iowa, ecology, 127 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 183 habits, 235 migrations, 298 Ipswich, Massachusetts, fauna, 183 Iran, fauna, 192 Iraq, ecology, 128 fauna, 191 Ireland, 217 fauna, 193 habits, 236 iconography, 273 migrations, 299, 304, 307 taxonomy, 473 vernacular names, 478 Iridescence, 102 evolution of, 161 feather structure involved, 201 Iridoprocne bicolor, winter food, 214 Iris, 169-170 coloboma of, 352, 494 reflexes of, 409 color of, 103, 169, 434 variation, 515 dilator muscle of, 169 effects of drugs, 67, 409 innervation of, 167, 333 physiology of, 167 reflexes of, 409, 518 smooth muscle of, 319 Iron, 63 blood content of, 65 with spirochaete infection, 370 experimental feeding of, 73, 208 feather content of, 199 in egg, 69 in liver, 284 in yolk, 419 Iron compounds, effects on beriberi, 363, 520 Irradiation, 372-373 effects, on chicken sarcoma, 369 on growth, 233 in poultry culture, 398 in treatment of rachitis, 363 of embryo, 146 of ergosterol, 61, 364 of food stuffs, 373 of lymphoid tissue, 292 in poultry culture, 398 of respiratory organs, 373 of sarcoma, 369, 373 Irrigation, as distribution factor, 174, 385 Irrisor, taxonomy, 475 tongue, 26 topographic anatomy, 38 Isabellism, in winter, 383 Ischiodidymis (Ischiopagus), 487 Island of Mellum, Europe, natural history, 321 Islands, fauna, of, 174 Isle, of Cozumel, Yucatan, fauna, 187 of Gottland, Sweden, fauna, 195 of Man, ecology, 128, 130 fauna, 193 life histories, 280 of May, Scotland, migrations, 299 of Pantelleria, Italy, fauna, 194 of Pines, Cuba, fauna, 186 Isle Royale, Mich., ecology, 127, 131 migrations, 298 Isolation in evolution, 164 Italy, 217 breeding habits, 240 conservation, 112 ecology, 126, 128 economic ornithology, 136, 141 fauna, 194 food, 207 hematozoa, 348 migrations, 301, 303, 307 oology, 339 taxonomy, 473 variation, 516 vernacular names, 478 Ixobrychus, attitudes in captivity, 49 natural history, 322 Jzorews, abnormal coloration, 95 feeding habits, 250 mutation, 163 secondary sex characters, 439 Ixus hainanas, leukocytozoa of, 348 lynx — see also Jynx adipose tissue, 114 exceptional fecundity, 205 99 FINDING INDEX lynx lynx — Continued feet, 281 hyoid extension, 458 orientation, 340 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 Jabrin, Arabia, fauna, 189 Jacana, breeding habits, 241 sexual behavior, 56 Jacanidae, myology, 314 skeleton, 444 Jacobson's organ, 256 homologies of, 226 Jafura, Arabia, fauna, 189 Jamaica, fauna, 186 habits, 235 Janowitz region, Poland, fauna, 195 Japan, ecology, 126, 128 fauna, 191 hematozoa, 348 iconography, 273 insect food, 213 migrations, 298 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 473 Japanese long-tailed fowls, 162, 224, 377 molt, 310 Japanese silky fowl, pigments of, 103 Jasper Park, British Columbia, fauna, 180 Java, ecology, 129, 130 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 197 food, 208 natural history, 321 stomach contents, 211 Java Sea Isle., fauna, 197 Jaw mechanism, 255 Jehol, China, fauna, 190 taxonomy, 473 Jemtland Prov., Sweden, fauna, 195 Jerusalem, fauna, 192 Jhang Distr., India, fauna, 191 Jhelum Distr., India, fauna, 191 Jidda, Arabia, fauna, 189 Joints — see also articulations, coracoscapular angle, 405 elbow, 283 lamellar corpuscles in capsule, 331 tumors of, 368 Juan Fernandez Isls., Pacific Ocean, fauna, 174, 188 Jugoslavia, fauna, 194 migrations, 301 Junco, albinism, 98 banding, 45 courtship, 57 distribution, 120 fovea centralis, 519 gregariousness, 461 variation, 513 geographic, 120, 516 Junco hyemalis, hybrids, 268 teratology, 495 Jungle associations, 132 Jungle fowl, egg color, 339 iconography, 273 origin, 224 Jungles, ecology, 128 Juniper seed, dissemination of, by birds, 141 Jutland, Denmark, migrations, 300 Jynx — see also lynx lamellar corpuscles, 331 mandibular glands, 226 stomach, 29, 30 tongue, 26 Kainogenesis, 145 Kaiser Wilhelm Land, New Guinea, fauna, 198 Kamerun, Africa, ecology, 126 Kangra Distr., India, fauna, 191 Kansas, breeding habits, 239 ecology, 127, 134 economic ornithology, 141 fauna, 183 migrations, 298 natural history, 321 Kansas City region, fauna, 184 habits, 235 Kansu prov. China, fauna, 190 Kara-Kum Desert, Turkestan, fauna, 190 Karyosomes, 115 in germinal disc, 418 Kashmir, India, fauna, 191 Keam Canyon, Arizona, fauna, 181 Kent, England, ecology, 128 fauna, 193 Kentucky, feeding habits, 249 Kenya, Africa, fauna, 177, 178 Keratinization, of epithelium, in tissue culture, 507 Kerguelin Isl., breeding habits, 240 fauna, 174 taxonomy, 470 Kermadec Isls., fauna, 198 Kerr Co., Texas, fauna, 185 Kerville, Texas, fauna, 185 Kidney, 66, 511-513 congenital absence, 498 development of, 512 in tissue culture, 507 forced feeding effects, 336 grafts of, 154, 229, 477 pathology of, 352 Kidney BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 100 Kidney — Continued weights of, 408 effects of experimental nutrition, 336 Kiev Prov., fauna, 195 Killing instinct, 51 Kirghiz Steppe, fauna, 190 Knee, 446 Kohat, fauna, 191 Kola Peninsula, fauna, 194 Kolguev Isl., fauna, 195 Korea, fauna, 191 iconography, 273 Kotzebue Sound Region, fauna, 179 Kumaon, India, fauna, 191 Kuril Isls., fauna, 191 Kurram, fauna, 191 Kwangsi, fauna, 190 Labrador, banding recovery, 46 conservation, 111 ecology, 126 fauna, 180 habits, 234 migrations, 297 taxonomy, 471 Labyrinth, of ear, 122-123, 459 destruction of, technic for, 479 extirpation of, 80, 257, 325 ossification of, 341 reflexes with lesions of, 409 tracheal, 431 Lacrimal apparatus, 170 glands of, 226 Lacteals, 90 Lactic acid, in embryo, 145 formation of, 66 in egg, 68, 69 in muscle tissue, 63, 319 Lactose, 63 in poultry feed, 395 utilization of in nutrition, 336 Ladak, India, fauna, 191 Lagena — see Cochlea Lagopodes, taxonomy, 475 Lagopus, air sacs, physiology of, 428 anatomy, 36 behavior, 47 blood, 71 breeding in captivity, 43 ceca, 33 coccidiosis in, 358 color, abnormal, 95 albinism, 98 erythrism, 101 changes in, 105, 106 concealing, 108 conservation, 111 ecology, 125 food, 209 general work, 215 grit in gizzard, 31 habits, 237 feeding, 249 heart, effects of high altitudes on, 22, 261 on weight, 408 measurements of, 405 hybrids, 263, 265, 266 intestinal glands, 226 migrations, 302 molt, 309 of claws, 277, 311 mortality, 311 parasitology, 346 protozoa of, 348 pathology, 350, 351, 358 sequence of, plumages, 381 skeleton, 443 Lagopus albus, hybrids, 265, 266 Lagopus lagopus, hybrids, 265, 267 Lagopus lapponicus, hybrids, 265 Lagopus mutus, fossil bones of, 344 hybrids, 266 molt of rectrices, 310 sequence of plumages, 381 Lagopus scoticus, anatomy, 36 body temperature, 482 coccidiosis in, 358 color pattern, 109 ectoparasites, 346 erythrism, 101 food, 206, 209 grit starvation, 118, 337 grouse disease, 361 hybrids, 265, 266, 267 iconography, 273 physiology, 371 pterylosis, 381 reproductive system, 508 sequence of plumages, 379, 381 variation in color, 515 weights, 406 worm infections, 371 Lagopus urogallus, hybrids, 265, 266 Laguayra, Venezuela, fauna, 189 Lahul, India, fauna, 191 Lake associations, 130-131 Lake Burford, New Mexico, fauna, 184 habits, 235 Lake Cayuga, freezing as cause of death, 312 Lake Crescent, Wash., ecology, 131 Lake Erie, ecology, 131 migrations, 297 Lake Geneva, Switzerland, fauna, 196 Lake Michigan, ecology, 131 Lake Nyasa region, ecology, 339 Lake Owen, Wisconsin, fauna, 186 Lake Umbagog region, fauna, 183 101 FINDING INDEX Lampornis Lampornis, brain, 76 corpus stria turn, 82 telencephalon, 81 Lampornis magna, cerebral cortex, 81 Lamprocolius, change in color, 106 Lampronessa, sex reversal, 437 Lampronessa sponsa, habits, 237 natural history, 322 sequence of plumages, 381 voice, 463 Lancaster, Pa., fauna, 185 Langerhans, islets of, 345 Langkawi Isl., Siam, fauna, 192 Language, 53 Laniidae, food, 210 skeleton, 444 Lanius, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 98 basal metabolism, 374 breeding in captivity, 43 color pattern, 109 evolution of, 161 courtship, 57 digestion, 116 ecology, 125 evolution, 160 feet, 281 flight, 285 habits, 237 feeding, 250 impaling instinct, 51, 250 intelligence, 52 juvenal plumage, 383 life histories, 280 migrations, 300, 302 molt, 309 mortality, 311 natural history, 322 physiology of reproduction, 421 polarity of egg, 417 quantitative study, 401 sequence of plumages, 381 speciation, 466 spleen, 293 stomach, 29, 30 taxonomy, 475, 478 teratology, double eggs, 488 egg in egg, 489 territorialism, 461 variation, 510, 514 velocity of flight, 290 voice, 463 Lanius borealis, food, 210 Lanius collurio, albinism, 98 egg color, 93 variation in, 93, 515 erythrism, 100 food, 210 habits in captivity, 247 hybrids, 266 melanism, 101 orientation, experimental studies of, 340 spermatozoa, 419 Lanius cristatus, "formenkreis" theory, 478 migrations, 302 Lanius dichrourus, hybrids, 266 Lanius erythronotus, food, 210 Lanius ludovicianus change in color, 105 food, 210 molt, 309 pterylosis, 378 sequence of plumages, 381 Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides, bone fractures, 21 skeleton, 444 Lanius minor, sequence of plumages, 381 Lanius senator, hybrids, 266 Lapland, ecology, 128 fauna, 194 La Plata River region, South America, fauna, 188 life histories, 280 Laridae, banding, 45 behavior, 47 body temperature, 483 conservation, 112 distribution, 119 gradual molt, 310 life histories, 280 migrations, 297 molt, 309, 310 nest robbing, 251 nocturnal habits, 253 opening mollusk shells, 252 position of feet in cold weather, 253 relation to wind, of flight, 290 sequence of plumages, 381 stomach, 28, 29 vertebrae, number of, 454 Larus, air sacs, physiology of, 428 albinism, 98 alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 35 articulations, diarthrodial, 446 banding, 45 beak, color of, 93 behavior, 48, 59 sexual, 50 body temperature, 483 brain tract lesions, 80 breeding in captivity, 248 bursa Fabricii, 91, 92 cannibalism, 250 castration, effects on migrations, 305 chondro cranium, 456 color, change in, 105 of feet, 95 courtship, 57 Larus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 102 Larus — Continued eating, corn, 212, 252 starfish, 213 economic relations, 139 embryology, 145 early 147, 149, 150 eye, color changes, 169 iris reactions, 315 muscles of, development of, 315 worm parasites in, 349 eyelids, histology of, 168 family units, 133 flight, 285 illustrations of, 289 mechanics of, 288, 289, 290 muscles of, 316 relation to wind, 290 food, 206, 210, 213 furcula, 451 habits, diving, 248, 291 feeding, 139, 250, 251 roosting, 239 hatching, 423 head, development of, 254 heart, development of, 259 effects of high altitude on, 261 hybrids, 263 hypophysis, 269, 270 insect food, 139, 213 instinct, 51 limb bones, 449 measurements, 402 melanism, 101 migrations, 297, 304, 305 molt, 309 natural history, 322 nervous system, 323 cranial nerves, 327 fasciculus longitudinalis dorsalis, 78 obturator nerves, 330 ooporphyrin, 70, 414 osmotic pressure, of blood, 71 of body fluids, 375 opening mollusk shells, 252 pancreas, development of, 345 pathology, 350 pectoral girdle, 451 perching, 308 pineal eye, homplogy of, 157 position of feet in flight, 282 postural reflexes, 409 proyentriculus, 30 pupillary reflexes, 170, 409 respiration, in tissues, 425 rodent destruction, 143 salivary glands, 227 scavenger service, 143 sequence of plumages, 381 skeletal muscle, innervation of, 332 social relations, 460 somites of head, 152 spastic paralysis, 364 sternum, 452 taste, 469 taxonomy, based on foot color, 476 teratology, 485, 495 cross beak, 494 skeletal anomalies, 497 variation, 514 in color, 476, 515 in eggs, 515 veins, 89 vertebrae, development of, 453, 454 voice, 463 Larus argentatus, banding, 45, 46 behavior, 47, 48, 49 communal relationships, 49, 133, 248 crop contents, 212 fighting, 49 flight, 285 mechanics of, 288 food, 210 habits, 141, 237 breeding, 241 feeding, 250 nocturnal, 253 hearing, 257 hybrids, 266 killing instinct, 51 life history, 280 longevity, 291, 292 migrations, 297, 302 molt, 309 mortality of young birds, 49, 51, 313 parasitology, 346 population, 385 reactions to wind, 49 sequence of plumages, 381 social relations, 49, 460 tameness, 50 taste, 469 temperature, effects of, 484 territorialism, 49, 461 vision, 517 voice, 463 Larus atricilla, molt, 309 Larus canus, anomalies, albinism, 98 of spinal cord, 490 banding, 45 eating frogs, 212 molt, 309 pectoral girdle, 451 measurements of, 405 Larus delawarensis, incubating habits, 243 Larus dominicanus, mechanics of flight, 288 Larus franklinii, breeding habits, 241 Larus fuscus, communal nesting, 248 hybrids, 266 metamerism in head, 152, 255 migrations, 302 Larus glaucescens, bandng, 45 103 FINDING INDEX Larus glaucus Larus glaucus, hybrids, 266 Larus hyperboreus, breeding habits, 241 Larus leucophaeus, albinism, 98 Larus leucopterus, hybrids, 266 plumages, sequence of, 381 Larus marinus, albinism, 98 Larus melanocephalus, change in color, 105 feathers, 198 molt, 309 Larus minutus, color, change in, 105 of feet, 95 sequence of plumages, 381 Larus pipixcan, distribution, 119 habits, 237 Larus ridibundus, abnormal eggs, 488 banding, 45, 46 behavior, effected by weather, 59 development of head muscles, 315 eating cherries, 214 eye, color of, 94 muscles of, 315 food, 210, 212 insect food, 251 habits, 237 male sex hormone effects, on color of beak, 109, 256 on plumage, 110, 384, 442 mesoderm, 149 molt, 309 of remiges, 310 natural history, 322 parietal eye anlage, 157, pectoral girdle, 451 measurements of, 405 sequence of plumages, 381 sex of late broods, 432 social relations, 460 unusual food, 212 variation in eggs, 515 Laryngotracheitis, 353 effect on egg production, 393 Larynx, 429 muscles of, 315 reduction of, 161 Las Vigas, Mexico, fauna, 187 Lassen Peak region, ecolgy, 127, 131 fauna, 182 Lateral line system, vestigial, 158, 254, 323 Lathamus, food, 210 skeleton, 444 Latitude, as distribution factor, 173 effects, on resistance to cold, 484 on song impulse, 465 Latium, Italy, ecology, 131 Latvia, fauna, 194 Laying of eggs, 423 polarity during, 417 Laysan Isl., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 196 habits, 236 iconography, 273 tameness of birds, 50 Lead, poisoning by, 313, 364 Learning, 53-54 to sing, 54, 466 Lecithin, action on nervous system, 67, 71, 323 Leech Lake region, Minnesota, fauna, 183 Leeward Isls., fauna, 186, 197 habits, 236 taxonomy, 472 Legs, 281 ligaments of, 446 ppsition in flight, 288 tendons of, 318 Leg feathering, 225 heredity of, 223 Leg weakness, 353, 397, 398 effects of sunlight, 398 nutrition factor, 336 Legislation, for conservation, 113 Leipoa, body temperature, 483 incubation period, 244 sequence of plumages, 380 Leipoa ocellata rosinae, breeding habits, 241 Lemnos Isl., Turkey, fauna, 192 Lena R., Mouth region, Siberia, fauna, 192 Lens of eye, 170 anomalies of, 494 changes in accommodation, 518 cytology, 116 fixing methods, 480 inyagination in embryo, 491 mitochondria, 116 sensitized fowl serum, 274 Lepidoptera, as food for birds, 251 Leprosy, relation to tuberculosis, 366 Leptoptilus, air sacs, 428 altitude of flight, 286 articulations, action of, 446 of foot, 447 cloaca, 91 copulatory organs, 511 crop contents, 211 flight, 285 posture in, 288 hyoid apparatus, 457 pathology, 353 tarsal bones, 450 Leptoptilus crumeniferus, gular pouch, 25 Leptosoma, myology, 314 Leptosoma discolor, anatomy, 35, 39 feathers, 198 powder-down feathers, 203 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 444 syrinx, 468 Leptosoma discolor BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 104 Leptosoma discolor — Continued taxonomy, 475 tongue, 26 Lesions, accidental, in wild birds, 354 effects on embryo, 154-155 experimental, of amnion, 151 of brain, 285, 343, 409, 424, 426, 483 of ear labyrinth, 319, 409 of visual apparatus, 439, 517, 518 in ceca, 351 of egg envelopes, 423, 492 trophic, of extremities, 352 tubercular, 366 vestibular, 318 Lesser peritoneal cavity, 157 Lestris, body temperature, 483 salivary glands, 227 Letter carrying, 143 Leucolepis thoracicus, ptilosis, 379 Leucophaeus, eclipse plumage, 382 Leucosarcia, sternum, 452 Leucosticte, sequence of plumages, 381 weed seed as food, 142 Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis, be- havior, 47 habits, 237 breeding, 241 incubation period, 244 life history, 280 migrations, 302 seasonal changes in color, 107 social relations, 460 voice, 463 variation in, 466 winter food, 214 Leucosticte t. tephrocotis, breeding hab- its, 241 ecology, 125 Leukemia, 361 Leukocytes, 72 cytology of, 115 acidophil granules, 65, 115 development of, 75 Leukocytozoa (parasites), 348, 370 Leukosis, 355 Liberia, ecology, 126 fauna, 176 Lice (parasites), 347 Life Histories, 279 methods, of recording, 482 of study, 294 Life period, 311 Life zones, 120 Ligaments, 446 adipose tissue in, 110 elastic, of neck, 446 of ear, 122, 257 fat in cells of, 115 lamellar corpuscles in, 331 of feathers, 203 of leg, 446 of oviduct, 510 of wing, 283, 446 Ligamentum denticulatum, 294 Ligamentum pectinatum, 169 Light, artificial, 372 electric, acceleration of breeding period, 421 continuous, 372 effects on egg production, 393 on gonads, 509 on increase in spermatogenesis, 421 on migrations, 305 on retinal action current, 167 on testes, 501 use in viewing nests in tree cavities. 479 polarized light, in study of egg shells. 414, 480 sensitivity of eye to, 167 sunlight, effects, with comb and wattles removed, 439 on embryo, 146 on feathers, 199 on fecundity, 205, 398 on growth, 232 of comb and wattles, 279 on migrations, 305 on plumage, 382 on pupillary reflexes, 167 on retina, 172 on structure of neurons, 167 ultraviolet, effects on nutrition, 335 transmission of, 390 use, in poultry culture, 398 for prevention of rachitis, 363, 364 for viewing eggs, 414 Light-houses, mortality from, 21, 312 use in observations of migrations, 294, 304 Light periodicity, 133 relations to reproduction, 421 Light ships, observations at, 294 Light towers, influence on migrations, 306 Ligurinus, beak, anomalies of, 493 eggs, measurements of, 404 weights of, 407 hybrids, 264 testes, histology of, 501 weather, effects of, on altitude of flight, 286 xanthochroism, 101 Ligurinus chloris, breeding habits, 241 hybrids, 264 incubation period, 244 spermatogenesis, 420 Lihir Isls. Group, East Indies, fauna, 198 Lilac seeds, as food for birds, 214 105 FINDING INDEX Limb bud> Limb buds, experimental extirpation of, 155 grafts of, 154, 228, 229 growth in tissue culture, 506 Limb muscles, taxonomic considera- tion, 318 Limberneck, 361 Limbs. 281-283, 429 anomalies of, 495 blood vessels of, 87, 89 bones of, 449-451 correlations, 401 development of, 157 evolution of, 162 measurements of bones, 405 muscles of, 317, 318 pathology of, 352-353 quantitative studies, 401 supernumary, 496 variation in, 514 Limicolae, intestine, 32 life histories, 280 molt, 309 myology, 314 nestling plumage, 383 sequence of plumages, 381 skeleton, 444 Liming methods, 296 Limnocryptes gallinula, syrinx, 468 Limosa, extension of migration, 302 teeth, embryonic, 25 winter plumage, retained in summer, 383 Limosa haemastica, motility of upper mandible, 256 Limosa melanura, albinism, 98 Linaria, innervation of heart, 333 effects of weather on altitude of flight, 286 Linota, development of ear, 121 ossification of skull, 341 sequence of plumages, 381 skull, 455, 456 vocal instinct, 52 Linota cannabina, abnormal coloration, 95 hybrids, 264 uropygeal gland, histology of, 228 secretion of, 227 Lipemia, 355 Lipoa ocellata, mound building, 245 Lipochrome pigments, 103-104 Lipoids, in egg yolk, 419 in interstitial cells, 500 metabolism of, 374 Liquid egg preparations, 388 Lithium salts, effect on embryo, 67, 153, 154 Lithuania, fauna, 195 migrations, 301 taxonomy, 473 variation, 516 Liver, 283-284 color of, 93 cytology of, 115, 116 effects, of castration on, 85 of extirpation on metabolism, 374 of feeding on plumage, 107, 377 of forced feeding on, 336 of hypophysis on, 270 of testis on, 500 embryonic, in tissue culture, 507 glycogen production, 501 grafts of, 229 hemapoiesis in, 75 hypertrophy of, 352 infection with Salmonella pullorum, 356 iron content of, 63 measurements of cells, 405 of chickens fed on scorbutic diets, 521 parasitic protozoa in, 348 pathology, 352 sarcoma of, due to trichosomes, 369 phagocytosis of old red blood cor- puscles in, 73, 276 physiology of, 284 relation to persistent right ovary, 343 reticular connective tissue of, 111 sex differences in weights, 439 silicic acid content of, 63 tissue culture of, 114, 506 tuberculosis of, 367 uric acid formation in, 64 variation in weight of, 517 weights of, 408 correlation with body weight, 401 on diet deficient in starch, 336 yellow, 352 Liver cells, measurements of, 405 in tissue culture, 506 Lobipes, food, 210 Locoism, congenital, 355 Locomotion, 284-291 mechanics of flight, 286-290 organs of, evolution of, 162 reflexes, 409 use of claws on wings, 278 Locustella naevia, albinism, 98 Locusts, as food for birds, 140, 213 Lomblen Isl., Malaysia, fauna, 197 Lomvia, ear, 101 position of in skull, 459 Longevity, 291-292 correlation with constitutional fitness, 292, 401 of spermatozoa, 421 Longipennes, habits, 234 life histories, 280 Long Island, N. Y., fauna, 184 habits, 235 migrations, 298 Longtailed fowl, Japanese, 162, 224, 377 molt, 310 Lonicera tartarica BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 106 Lonicera tartarica (plant), intoxication from eating berries of, 67 Lophoceros, breeding habits, 241 Lophophanes, variation, 514 Lophophanes bicolor, albinism, 98 Lophophanes cristatus, hybrids, 266, 267 Lophophorus, behavior, 47 courtship, 57 dancing, 58 Lophorina superba, courtship, 57 dancing, 58 Lophorina superba, smooth muscle, in integument, 319 Lophortyx, accidental poisoning, 113 albinism, 98 chasing a weasel, 49 conservation, 112 ecology, 125 economic relations, 135 epidemics, 360 habits, 237 hybrids, 264, 266 incubation period, 244 life histories, 280 population, 385 Lophortyx californica (us), acclimatiza- tion, 41 economic relations, 135 food, 210 habits, 237 hybrids, 264, 265, 266 life history, 280 mortality from strychnine, 313 Lophortyx gambeli, hybrids, 266 Lord Howe Isl., Polynesia, fauna, 198 iconography, 273 Loriidae, iconography, 273 Loriinae, general work, 215 taxonomy, 474 Lorius, hybrids, 267 spinal nerves, 329 Lorius flavopalliatus, measurements, 402 skeleton, 447 Lorius ruber, flight muscles, 316 Los Coronados Isls., Mexico, fauna, 187 molt, 309 Loud sounds, effect on embryo, 155 Louisiana, conservation, 111 ecology, 127 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 183 habits, 235 breeding, 239 migrations, 298 Lower California, Mexico, ecology, 128 fauna, 187 molt, 309 taxonomy, 472 Lower Pilcomayo, Argentina, fauna, 188 Lower Suwanee River region, Florida, fauna, 182 Loxia, albinism, 98 beak, dimorphism of, 214 muscles of, 315 structure of, 255 teratology of, 494 brain weights in saline solutions, 407 change in color, 105 cochlea, 123 ecology, 125 food, 210 gizzard lining, 31 habits, 237 breeding, 241 feeding, 22, 250 insectivorous, 139, 213 histology, 38 migrations, 299, 301, 303, 304 nuptial plumage, 383 oxidase reaction of blood, 71 pied varieties, 93 pigmentation, changes in, 103 pterylosis, 378 pupillary reflexes, 170, 409 reproduction, 411 in immature plumage, 411 sequence of plumages, 381 sex reversal, 437 tumor of coccyx, 368 uropygeal gland, 228 variation in weight of brain, 517 vision, experimental studies, 518 Loxia bifasciata, migrations, 303 Loxia coccothraustes, anatomy, 37 feather structure, 201 skeleton, 444 Loxia curvirostra, albinism, 98 breeding habits, 241 sequence of plumages, 381 Loxia leucoptera, migrations, 304 Loyalty Isl., Melanesia, fauna, 197 Lubang Isl., Philipines, fauna, 197 Lucknow, India, fauna, 191 Lullula, effects of weather on altitude' of flight, 286 Lumbidan Prov., Borneo, fauna, 197 Luminosity, 308 Luminous papillae, of mouth, 256 Lunda, metatarsal bones, 450 Lungs, 429-430, 452 air sac connections, 428 correlation with flight power, 402 development of, 147 effects of temperature on lung diverticulum, 147, 484 fungus infections of, 348, 370 gas exchange in, 426 injection technic, 480 innervation of, 333 measurements of respiratory surface,. 405 mite parasites in, 347 pathology of, 354 107 FINDING INDEX Lungs Lungs — Continued phagocytosis of old red blood cor- puscles, 276 soot, inhalation of, 426 taxonomic value, 477 weights, 408 Luring intruders from nest, 242 Luscinia, migrations, 302 spleen, 293 voice, inheritance of, 224 origin of, 464 Luscinia vera, albinism, 98 Luteal cells, 500, 509 color association, 101 effects, on plumage, 378 on sex dimorphism, 434 in testes of hen feathered cock, 437 mitochondria of, 116 Luxemburg, ecology, 128 Luzon Isl., Phillipines, fauna, 197 Lymph, 75 of internal ear, 122 Lymph hearts, 91 Lymph nodes, 292 in bursa Fabricii, 92 leukopoiesis in, 75 of ceca, 33 of ear, 121 scrofula in, 364 Lymph nodules, aggregated, 292 esophogeal, 28 intestinal, 292 Lymphatic system, 90-91, 156 demonstration technic, 480 of allantois, 151 of crop, 166 of ear, 90, 121, 122 of eye, 166 Lymphocytes, amoeboid movements of, in thymus gland, 502 in resistance to tumors, 367 role, in grafting, 228 in tuberculosis, 366 Lympho-granulopoiesis, 110 Lymphoid organs and tissue, 292-293 hemapoiesis in, 75 in bursa Fabricii, 92 in pancreas, 345 irradiation of, 373 Lyrurus, early embryology, 147 blood vessels of head appendages, 87, 278 comb, 278 communal nesting, 248 female plumage acquired by male, 437 flight, determination of velocity, 290 food, 210 hybrids, 263, 265, 266 intersexuality, 435 molt of claws, 277, 311 pectoral girdle, 451 reproduction, 411 Lyrurus tetrix, abnormal molt, 310 albinism, 98 ceca, 33 hen feathering of male, 377 hybrids, 266, 267, 268 intersexuality, 435 intestine, 32 pathology of ovary, 353 sex reversal, 437, 438 variation, geographic, 516 in plumage color, 515 M Macao, China, fauna, 190 Macedonia, fauna, 196 life histories, 280 migrations, 301 molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 380 variation, 516 Machaeramphus, pectoral girdle, 451 syrinx, 468 Machetes, variation in plumage color, 515 Machetes pugnax, breeding habits, 241 plumage, 376 sequence of plumages, 381 sexual selection, 164, 442 Mackenzie R. Valley, migrations, 297 Mackinac Isl., ecology, 127, 131 fauna, 183 Macrochires, nerve canals in humerus, 450 wings, anatomy of, 282 Macrodactylus (insect), poisonous to birds, 365 Macrodipteryx, migrations, 297 Macrodipteryx macrodipterus, primary feathers, enormously elongated, 203, 377 Macroglossus, development of lens, 170 Macrophages, 110, 276 in spleen, 293 in tissue culture, 506 Macroplankton, effects on distribution of birds, 129 Macropterygidae, plantar tendons, 318 taxonomy, based on anatomy, 477 Macropteryx, leg tendons, 318 limb muscles, tendons of, 317 Macrorhamphus, food, 210 Macula lutea, 173 Maculae acusticae, 124 Madagascar, fauna, 179 food, 206 general work, 216 habits, 234 iconography, 271 migrations, 297 natural history, 321 Madagascar BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 108 Madagascar — Continued taxonomy, 471 vernacular names, 478 Madder, feeding effect, on egg color, 414 as bone stain, 447 Madeira Isl., fauna, 176 Magdalen Isls., Canada, fauna, 180 habits, 234 Magdeburg Prov., Germany, fauna, 194 Magdelena R. region, Colombia, fauna, 188 Magnesium carbonate, effect on de- velopment of skeleton, 448 in poultry feed, 395 Magnesium chloride, effect on embryo, 154 Magnesium salt solution, effect on embryo, 153 Magnetism, effect on sterile eggs, 417 in embryo, 146 Maine, economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 183 food, 206 habits, 235 iconography, 272 migrations, 298, 304 natural history, 321 Maize, digestion of, 117 as food for birds, 337, 520 Majorca Isl., Mediterranean Sea, fauna, 196 Malaga, Spain, fauna, 195 Malagasy, Africa, fauna, 179 vernacular names, 478 Malaria, 118, 275, 361 prevention of, 140 Malay Archipelago, ecology, 129 taxonomy, 473 Malay Peninsula, fauna, 189, 191, 192 iconography, 273 taxonomy, 473 Malaysia, fauna, 197 Mallophaga (parasites), 347 phylogenetic significance, 163 Mallorca Isl., Mediterranean Sea, fauna, 196 Malnutrition, 336 effects on feathers, 202 Malpelo Isl., Middle America, fauna, 187 taxonomy, 472 Malpositions, of embryos, 490 Malta Isl., Mediterranean Sea, fauna, 196 migrations, 306 Malurus, molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 381 Malurus gouldi, molt, 309 Malurus superbus, sequence of plum- ages, 381 Mamie Lake, Wise., fauna, 186 Mammals, as food for birds, 213 innoculation with avian tuberculosis, 367 migration comparison, 303 Mammalian blood injections, 72 Mammalian tissue, grafts of, 228 Man, — see also Diseases of Man dove tick as parasite of, 347 eggs of infected birds as menace to man, 356 susceptibility to avian diphtheria, 360 Mancalla, humerus, 450 Mancalla californiensis (fossil species), 344 Manchukuo — see Manchuria Manchuria, fauna, 189 iconography, 273 Mandible, 458 articulations of, 447 bosses on, 457 development of, 255 ossification of, 341 Mandibular glands, 226 Mandibular pouch, 255 Manganese, 63 in blood, 65 Manitoba, ecology, 126 fauna, 180 habits, 234 migrations, 297 Mannheim, migrations, 300 Mannpgalactanes, digestion of, 117 Manoilov reaction test, 479 Manometer, use of, 39 Manucodia, esophagus, 27 furcula, 451-452 larynx, 429 sternum, 452 trachea, 431 loops of, 432 Marcus Isl., Micronesia, fauna, 198 food, 207 Mareca, hybrids, 268 Mareca americana, hybrids, 266 Mareca penelope, albinism, 98 banding, 45 eclipse plumage, 382 food, 210 habits, 237 hybrids, 266 mimicry, 54 sex reversal, 437 Margarita Isl., Venezuela, fauna, 189 taxonomy, 472 Marila, abnormal coloration, 95 food, 210 Mariposa, pupillary reflexes, 409 Marital relations, 58, 246, 247 Marketing of poultry products, 398 Marne Dist., France, fauna, 193 Marquesas Isls., Pacific Ocean, ecology, 130 109 FINDING INDEX Marshes Marshes, ecology, 131 Maryland, breeding habits, 239 ecology, 127 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 183 migrations, 298 Maryland farm, feeding habits, 249 population, 384 Mashonaland, Africa, taxonomy, 471 Massachusetts, conservation, 111 ecology, 127, 131 economic ornithology, 137, 141 fauna, 183 habits, 235 iconography, 272 migrations, 298, 306 population, 385 taxonomy, 471 Mast cells, 110 Mating, 247 outside of species, 59 preferential, 388 song period, 466 Matto Grosso, Brazil, ecology, 128 fauna, 188 taxonomy, 472 Maturation, of egg, 416 Maturity, age of, 281 sexual, 270, 434 egg production correlations, 392, 393 Mauritius Isl., avifauna, 174 extinction of species, 165 fauna, 174 May Isl., Scotland, fauna, 193 Measurements, 402-406 of blood pH, 480 of embryonic respiration, 427 of eye ball, 165 of red blood corpuscles, 73 of skull, 457 of spleen, 293, 405 of sternum, 452 of tissue variation in breeding season, 500 Measuring apparatus and methods, 40, 294 Mechanics, of foot, 282 of wings, 283 Meckel's cartilage, 458 ossification of, 157, 341 Meckel's diverticulum (Diverticulum ilei), 33 lymphoid tissue in, 293 Medical use, of birds, 320 of eggs, 412 Medieval and classical literature, 261, 389 Mediterranean Sea region, fauna, 196 migrations, 301, 306 Medulla oblongata, 85 Medullary cords, of ovary, homology with seminiferous tubules, 500 Megacephalon, pterylosis, 378 Megacephalon maleo, myology, 314 skeleton, 444 syrinx, 468 Megaceryle, — see Ceryle Megaceryle alcyon, feeding habits, 249 food, 209 Megalaema, food, 210 habits, 237 skull, 456 Megalaema marshallorum, breeding hab- its, 241 Megalornis, leg muscle mechanics, 319 Megalornis grus, behavior, 47 change in color, 106 communities, 133 plumage stain, 96 Megapodidae, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 36 circulatory system, 86 habits, 237 breeding, 239, 241, 243 mound building, 245 myology, 314 natural history, 322 pterylosis, 378 respiratory organs, 427 skeleton, 444 measurements of, 404 Megapodius, embryology, 144 feathers, development of, 200, nestling down, development of, 202 structure of, 201 growth rate of foot, 233 leg muscles, 317 mound building, 245 pterylosis, 378 Megascops, change in color, 106 dichromatism, 108 economic relations, 135 evolution of plumage, 162 hyoid apparatus, 457 Megascops asio, habits, 237 Megascops flammeolus, habits, 237 Megaspheres, in germinal disc, 115, 418 in yolk, 63, 69, 419 Melampitta, syrinx, 468 Melanerpes, acorn storing, 51 communal relationships, 133 cross beak, 494 damage to oranges, 139 drumming with beak, 248 economic relations, 139 hole drilling, 238 insect food, 213, 251 unusual food, 212 Melanerpes erythrocephalus, eating, grasshoppers, 251 shelled corn, 253 young ducks, 252 Melanerpes erythroceph. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BlRDS 110 Melanerpes erythrocephalus — Continued feeding habits, 250 migrations, 304 Melanerpes formicivora, storing, acorns, 252 almonds, 252 Melanerpes torquatus, anatomy, 37 pterylpsis, 378 Melanesia, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Melanin pigment, 104-105 — see also under Pigments effects, of climate on, 163 of ovariotomy, 86 Melanism, 101, 163 in eggs, 93 Melanitta, larynx, 429 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 trachea, 431 variation, 514 Melanocorypha, albinism, 98 melanism, 101 Melanonyx segetum, hybrids, 264 Melanophores, 104, 105 Melanoptila, rib anomaly, 498 Meleagridae, nerve foramina in skull, 459 skeleton, 444 Meleagris, albumen, weight of, 408, 413 anal muscles, 316 anatomy, 36 artificial incubation, 399 blood, chemistry of, 64, 65 red corpuscles of, 73 blood vessels of head appendages, 278 brain, 76 breathing rate, 426 bursa Fabricii, 91 cardiac muscle, 258, 318 care of, 387 castration, 435 effects of, 48, 440 on reproductive instinct, 52 on secondary sex characters, 86, 440 caudal muscles, 316 cecum digestion, 33, 117 cerebro-spinal ganglia, 326 chromosomes, 115 ciliary muscle, 168 coccygeal vestiges of spinal cord, 325 colon bacilli infections, 370 comb, 278 combustion in respiration, 426 conchae, 256 copulation, 148 position of hen in, 242 courtship, 57 cranial nerves, 327, 328, 329 canals and foramina for, 327 crop, 27 despotism, 461 digestion, 116 domestication of, 43, 225 ear, 121 glands of, 226 labyrinth of, 123 muscle of, 121 early egg production, 392 ecology, 125 economic relations, 135 embryo, biochemistry of, 70, 145 physiology of, 152 erectile tissue, in fleshy head ap- pendages, 278 experimental, culture, 386 hybridization, 219 race formation, 269 eye, 165 anatomy of, 166 muscles of, 171, 315 fertilization interval, 148 filum terminale, 324 flight muscles, 316 fluids in lumen of quills, 199 fontanelles, 457 food, 210 ganglion, ciliary, 334 geniculate, 328 genetics, 218 gizzard action, 31, 118 growth, 231 rate of, 233 habits, incubating, 243 insectivorous, 139 hatchability of eggs, 148 head, anatomy of, 254 crest feathers, 202 hearing, 257 heart, ganglia of, 258 physiology of, 259 hemolymph nodes, 292 hybrids, 265, 266 hypophysis, 269 histology of, 270 innervation, of air sacs, 333 of eye, 169, 333 of eye lids, 167 of feather muscle, 202, 319 interarticular cartilage, 447 iris, 169 innervation of, 167 muscle of, 169 lamellar corpuscles in mouth region, 331 leg muscles, 317 lymph hearts, 91 lymph nodes, 33, 292 lymphatic system, 90 lymphoid tissue, in auricular folds, 293 meninges, 293 Ill FINDING INDEX Meleagris Mekagris—Continued metabolism, 373 of embryo, 155 natural history, 320, 322 nerves, cranial, 327, 328 olfactory organs, 338 oogenesis, rate changes, 416, 421, 422 oviduct, histology of, 510 oxidase reaction of blood, 71 parasites, 346, 348, 349 pathology, 350, 351, 364 abligated ceca, 351 anthrax, 355 apoplectiform septicemia, 365 bird pox, 357 coccidiosis, 358, 359 gout, 64, 361 rachitis, 363 swollen head, 355 tuberculosis, 366, 483 inoculation with mammalian tu- berculosis, 367 typhus, 370 periorbital fascia, 165, 171 pleura, 430 plumage, inheritance of, 221 pneumaticity, of skeleton, 448 of skull, 459 proctodeum, 159 remiges, 203 reproduction, 411 respiration, of embryo, 155, 426 in tissues, 425 retina, red oil globules in, 172 reversion to wild state, 126 Roentgen ray studies of ossification, 341 saccus endolymphaticus, 123 sex, 432, 433 effects on blood temperature, 483 relation to utilization of food, 394 sexual behavior, 56 shaft and quill, development of, 200 shell, weight of, 408 skull, 455, 458 extra bones, 457 smell, 460 social relations, 460 spinal cord, nuclei of, 325 sinus rhomboidalis, 326 spleen, 293 sternum, 452 suprarenal glands, capsule of, 467 surface tension of serum, 74 sympathetic nervous system, 333 syrinx, 468 temperature, factor in hatchability, 389 in tuberculosis, 366, 483 teratology, 486 egg in egg, 489 of embryos, 490 intestine passing through sternum, 498 sternopagia, 486 supernumary limbs, 496 thymus gland, change in, with age, 501 variation, in feather structure, 514 in skull, 514 veins of suprarenal glands, 467 vision, 517 voice, 463 weights, 406 of various structures, 406 of yolk, 408 Meleagris gallopavo, habits, 237 hybrids, 266 incubation by male, 59 instinct, 51 Meleagris ocellate, habits, 237 taxonomy, 475 Meliphagidae, food, 210 spermatozoa, resemblance to spirachaetes, 420 Melizophilus, variation in plumage color, 515 Mellum Isl., Greenland, fauna, 181 Melopelia, blood parasites of, 348 voice, 463 Melopelia asiatica, economic relations, 135 feeding habits, 250 Melopstittacus, beak, anomalies of, 493 development of, 255 mesodermal papillae of, 255 corpus geniculatum, 82 commissure of Gudden, 76 embryology, 144, 147 egg tooth, 150 feathers, development of, 200 form perception, 517 glands of tongue, 227 heredity of color, 221 limb bones, 449 liver, development of, 284 measurements of embryos, 403 natural history, 322 optic nerves and tracts, 83 para ty panic organ, 122 sexual behavior, 56 sexual selection, 164, 442 stomach, 28, 30 suprarenal glands, 467 teeth, in embryo, 25 tongue muscles, development of,^316> tracts of brain, 78 variation, in color, 515 Melopsittacus undulatus, albinism,r98 color association, 53, 519 color vision, 518 incubation period, 244 number of eggs in clutch, 412 Melopsittacus undulatus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BlRDS 112 Melopsittacus undulatus — Continued pedunculated hydatids, 510 yellow pigment, absence of, 100 Melospiza, banding, 45 evolution, 160 experimental coloring of eggs, 56 feeding offspring, 243 habits, 237 inheritance of song, 465 life histories, 280 methods of study, 294 migratory instinct, 51 natural history, 322 song, development of, 465 undeveloped, 465 stomach contents, 212 territorialism, 49, 462 variation, geographic, 516 weights of stomach contents, 406 Melospiza georgiana, albinism, 98 Melospiza melodia, banding recoveries, 46 breeding habits, 241 ecology, 125 migrations, 302 recognition of eggs, 56 sexual behavior, 56 voice, recording of, 464 Melospiza melodia beata, mortality, 311 population, 386 reproduction of, 385 reproduction, 411 sexual selection, 442 Melville Isl., Australia fauna, 196 Membrana tympanica secundaria, 123 Membrane, of Bruch, 169 of Descemet, 168 interdigital, healing of wounds in, 371 nictitating, 167, 171 Membrane formation, in tissue culture, 506 Membranes, atlanto-occipitalis, 447 embryonic, cytology, 115 of double embryos, 487 Membranous labyrinth, 123 innervation of, 123 Memory, 54 heredity of, 220 Mendelian inheritance, 268 variation in, 514 Mendel's law, 223 Meninges, 293-294 pathology of, 352 veins of, 89 Meniscus, of mandibular articulation, 458 Mental attributes, 54 Mental inferiority, of female sex, 53, 439 Menura (us), habits, 234, 237 breeding, 241 plumage, 376 voice, 462 Menura superba, hybrids, 265 Mercury, effects on embryo, 153 Merganser, sequence of plumages, 381 Merganser senator, edibility of flesh, 142 Mergellus albellus, hybrids, 264 Mergulus, myology, 314 nerve plexuses, 330 Mergus, albinism, 98 arrhenoidy, 437 , care of young, 243 change in color, 106 courtship, 57 habits, 237 hybrids, 266 environmental effects, on color, 108 on molt, 310 environmental relations, 134 furcula, 452 locomotion on land, 290 natural history, 322 pectoral girdle, 451 phylogeny of ovary, 342 plumage, 376 sequence of plumages, 381 sternum, 452 measurements of, 405 syrinx, 468 tongue muscles, 315 trachea, 431 in hybrid, 268 measurements of, 405 voice, 462, 463 wing bones, development of, 450 Mergus albeUus, hybrids, 264 tracheal labyrinth, 431 Mergus castor, trachea, 431 Mergus merganser, hybrids, 263 sequence of plumages, 381 Mergus serrator, breeding habits, 241 care in captivity, 41 communal nesting, 132, 248 food, 210 habits, 237 life history, 280 migrations, 302 partial submergence in water, 291 tracheal labyrinth, 431 Mermqt, Australia, fauna, 196 Meropidae, habits, 234 iconography, 273 taxonomy, 474 Merops, change in color, 106 feeding habits, 250 migrations, 302 Merula, abnormal coloration, 95 commensalism, 132 hybrids, 263, 267 regurgitation of gizzard lining, 31 skeleton, 444 measurements of, 404, 445 skull, 455 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 477 113 FINDING INDEX Merula atrigularis Merula atrigularis, hybrids, 266 Merula boulboul, food, 210 Merula migratoria, breeding habits, 241 instinct, 51 Merula nigra, albinism, 98 Merula ruficollis, hybrids, 266 Mesenchyme, 110, 149 in tissue culture, 507 Mesenteries, of alimentary canal, 24 development of, 156 of heart, 259 post caval, 90, 159 Mesites, anatomy, 36 down and definitive feather con- tinuity, 200 powder-down feathers, 203 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 444 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 Mesoderm, hemapoiesis in, 75 Mesoenas, anatomy, 36 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 444 taxonomy of, 449, 477 syrinx, 468 Mesonephric duct, 512 experimental obstruction of, 152 Mesonephros, 512 development of suprarenal glands from, 467 grafts of, 229, 512 Mesopotamia, ecology, 128 fauna, 191 natural history, 321 Mesothelium, in tissue culture, 507 Mesovarium, smooth muscle of, 342 Metabolic gradient, 374 Metabolic rate, significance in repro- duction, 421 variations in embryo as cause of anomalies, 490 Metabolism, 61, 519 change in, at ovulation, 424 effects, of castration, 85 of extirpation of liver, 284 of humidity, 374 of sex hormones, 440 of temperature, 484 of testes, 500 of thyroid gland, 504 of vitamines, 335, 520 in fever, 374 in inanition, 374 in vitamin deficiency, 520 measurements of, 402 of calcium-phosphorus, 521 influence, of cereals and vitamins, 395 of irradiated ergosterol, 521 of vitamin A, 520 of carbohydrates, in avitamininosis, 362 in embryo, 146 influence of vitamin free diet, 519 of creatine, 62 of embyo, 155 of minerals, 397 of muscle tissue, 319 of phosphorus, 63 of retina, 167 of tumors, 368 rate significance in reproduction, 421 Metacarpal bones, 451 Metameres, 77, 327 Metamerism, 152 of brain, 76 of head, 254-255 of olfactory nerves, 328 of skull, 456, 457, 458 Metamorphosis, of beak, 255 Metamephros, 512 chorio-allantoic grafts of, 154 Metaphan, as internal disinfectant, 371 Metaplasia, myeloid, 355 Methoda, 294-296 banding, 46 biometrical, 398 chemical, 68 for attracting birds, 113 for clearing albumen, 413 for description of voice, 464 for estimation, of distance of flight, 290 of velocity of flight, 290 for increasing fecundity, 204 for indicating abundance or rarity, 384 for measuring forces in flight, 288 for sex identification at autopsy, 295 for transmission of sunlight by glass substitutes, 448 for vital staining, 153 in economic ornithology, 136 in poultry culture, 398 Manoilpv reaction test, 374 measuring, 402 quantitative, 401 in taxonomy, 478 recording, 295, 482 taxonomic, 477-478 weighing, 482 Metopagus, 486 Metopia peposaca, hybrids, 266 Mendelian heredity, 223 Mexico, ecology, 128 fauna, 187, 491 habits, 235 molt, 309 taxonomy, 472 Mice, as food for birds, 213 Michalaski, Alaska, fauna, 179 Michigan BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 114 Michigan, ecology, 127, 131 fauna, 183 food, 206 migrations, 298, 304, 307 Micranous worcesteri. breeding habits, 241 Micrastur, taxonomy, 475 Microcarbo, body temperature, 483 food, 210 measurements, 402 weights, 406 Micrococcus (bacteria), infection with, 370 Microeca, sequence of plumages, 381 Microfilaria (parasites), 349 Microglossa alecto, nasal chambers, 256 skeleton, 444 Microglossus, stomach, 28 Micrognathia, 494 Micronesia, fauna, 198 Microphthalmia, 494 Micropodi, eating bees, 213 Microppdidae, claws on wings, 277 deltoid muscle, 317 migrations, 299 pterylosis, 378 tongue, 26 Micropodiformes, pterylosis, 378 Micropterus, skeleton, 444 stomach, 28 Mic opterus cinereus, respiratory or- gans, 427 Micropus, altitude of flight, 286 lungs, development of, 430 Micropus apus, banding recoveries, 46 breeding habits, 241 copulation, 58, 422 food, 210 incubation period^ 244 migrations, 302, 305, 306 Micropus melanoleucus, habits, 237 plumage, 376 Micropus melba, anatomy of wings, 282 Microscelis leucocephalus, dichromatism, 108 Microtarsus melanocephalus, absence of yellow pigment, 100, 104 Microzymas, in eggs, 415 Middle America, ecology, 128 fauna, 187 general works, 217 habits, 235 iconography, 272 Mallophaga (parasites), 347 migrations, 298 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 472 Midway Isl., fauna, 197 Migrating birds, altitude of flight, 40, 286, 303 effects, of castration, 85 of temperature, 484 of war, 306 orientation, 340 velocity of flight, 40, 289-290 Migration (s), 296-308 as check to variation, 514 effects of wind, 290 habits of, correlation with age, 401 evolution of, 161 impulse, effects of female sex hormone on, 441 molt in, 311 nocturnal, 304-305 relation, to interstitial cells, 500 to outer primary feathers, 203 to periodism in reproduction, 424 to plumage, 382 to population, 384 to spermatogenesis, 420 return to same territory, 462 sex differences in, 307, 439 significance in weather forecasting, 322 singing on, 59, 254, 466 study methods, 294 velocity of, 290, 307 Miliaria, abnormal feathers, 199, 376 Miliaria calandra, anomaly in plumage, 497 variation in feather structure, 514 Military use, of carrier (homing) pigeons, 143, 340 Milk, as food for poultry, 395 Millinery trade, 43, 112, 376 Milos Isl., Turkey, fauna, 192 Milvus, double eggs, 488 eye, anatomy of, 166 physiology of, 166 flight, 285 Milvus govinda, breeding habits, 241 Mimicry, 23, 133, 250 in coloration, 108 in eggs, 93, 339, 412 evolution of, 161 of voice, 253 Miminae, skeleton, 444 Mimus, banding, 45 behavior, 47 breeding habits, 241 digestion, 117 ecology, 125 effects of changes in temperature, 466 food, 210 incubation period, 244 mocking, 465 nocturnal singing, 253 seed dissemination, 140 singing habits, 253, 466 territorialism, 462 voice, 463, 466 Minus carolinensis, mocking, 54 Mimus polyglottos, distribution changes, 120, 174 115 FINDING INDEX Mimus polyglottos Mimus polyglottos — Continued effects of temperature on singing, 254,484 Mindanao, Philippine Isls., fauna, 197 Mindoro Isl., Philippine Isls., fauna, 197 Minerals, availability for ossification, 341 metabolism of, 374 requirements, for growth, 232, 336 in poultry food, 396 Minerva (fossil species), 344 Mingan Isls., Quebec, habits, 234 Minnesolta, ecology, 127 economic ornithology, 137, 141 fauna, 183 general work, 216 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 taxonomy, 471 Minorca Isl., Mediterranean Sea, fauna, 196 Mirror, use in viewing nests in tree cavities, 479 Mississippi, breeding habits, 239 ecology, 127 fauna, 183 migrations, 298 Mississippi Valley, migrations, 297 Missouri, conservation, 111 ecology, 127 fauna, 183 migrations, 298 Missouri Valley, migrations, 297 Mistletoe, dissemination of, by birds, 134, 141 Mites (parasites), 347 Mitochondria, 116 in epidermal fibrillae of beak, 255 in oogonesis, 416 in spermatogenesis, 420 in tissue culture, 506 of ganglion cells, with beriberi, 326, 362 of lens, 170 vital staining of, 481 role in yolk development, 419 Mitogenetic rays, effects on embryo, 146 Mitosis, 77, 114 carbon dioxide relation, 69, 156 in tissue culture, 506 irradiation, susceptibility to, 373 number of, in proliferating epidermis. 401 x-rays, effects of, 146 Mniotiltidae, migrations, 302 Mocking, 54, 239, 253 Models, embryonic, 40, 147, 480 Of flying bird, 40, 288 of red blood corpuscles, 40, 73 Modoc Co., California, fauna, 182 Mold infections, 370 Molluscum contagiesum, 360 Mollusks, as food for birds, 212, 213-214 shell opening, 252 Molothrus, albinism, 98 economic relations, 134, 135 food, 210 habits, 234, 237-238 incubation period, 244 instinct, 50, 52 learning, 53 parasitic breeding habits, 246, 247 host species, 247 oviposition, 247 sex, 432 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 social parasitism, 461 territorialism, 461 Molothrus bonariensis, parasitic breed- ing habits, 246 Molpastes, albinism, 98 incubation period, 244 Molt, 134, 200, 309-311, 400 cystine requirements, 337 effects, of carnivorous diet, 395 of thyroid gland, 504 on blood chemistry, 65 on egg production, 393 on endogenous nitrogen, 63 on migration, 303 induction of, 378 of claws, 277 of flight feathers, 310 of remiges with loss of flight, 288 precocious, induction of by thyroid extract, 505 Molucca Isls., Melanesia, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Momotidae, racket feather formation, 204 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 Momotus, racket feather formation, 204 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 Mona Isl., West Indies, fauna, 186 Monachiis, anomalies of beak, 493 Monakow's bundle, 78 Monasa, skeleton, 444 vertebrae, number of, 454 Monastir Prov., Turkey, fauna, 196 Monedula, lymphoid tissue in bursa Fabricii, 293 Mongolia, fauna, 191 iconography, 273 Mongrel poultry, improvement, 219 Manias, skeleton, 444 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 477 Monkeys, immunity to avian tubercu- losis, 276 Monoamino acids BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 116 Monoamino acids, content, in feathers, 66, 199 in eggs, 70 Monoamino diphosphatides, of eggs, 70 Monocephalus, 487 Monogamy, 247, 411 Monosomus, 486 Monsters, double, 485-487 — see also Teratology experimental production of, 491 triple, experimental production of, 492 Montana, ecology, 127 economic ornithology, 141 fauna, 184 Montane Prov., Africa, fauna, 177 Montenegro, fauna, 193 Montrose Co., Colo., fauna, 182 Monuments, 308 mortality from, 312 Moods, 53 Moon, use of in studying flight at night, 290 Moral behavior, 54-55 Moray Basin, fauna, 193 Moris, — see also Sula, fossil species, 344 Moris bassana — see also Sula bassana absence of nostrils, 257 adaptation to flight, 288 conservation of, 111 distribution of, 119 respiratory organs, 427, 428 vision, 517 voice, 464 Mormon, body temperature, 483 myology, 314 nerve plexuses, 330 skeleton, 444 Mormonidae, molt of beak covering, 311 Morocco, fauna, 176 Morpheus daggetti, fossil species, 344 Morphine, 351 effect on embryos, 67, 492 Morphine hydrochlorate, effects on embryo, 154 Motor vehicles, as cause of population decrease, 385 Mortality, 311-313 age as factor in fowls, 387 during incubation, 243 from bacillary white diarrhea, 356 from cutting vagus nerve, 329 from poisoning, 364-365 in artificial incubation, 399 in coccidiosis, 358 of embryos, 152, 400 of abnormal embryos, 490 of poultry, 400 significance of in initial weight of poultry, 397 ticks, as cause, 347 Mosquito larvae, as food for birds, 140 Mosquitoes feeding on birds, 133 transmission of bird pox by, 357 Motacilla, albinism, 98 allantois, 151 color change, 105 courtship, 57 embryology, 144 isabellism, 100 migrations, 299, 307 molt, 309 nestling down feathers, 202 nestlings, pterylosis of, 379 pathology, 350 bird pox, 357 sequence of plumages, 381 yolk sac, exclusion of, 423 Motacilla alba, "formenkreis" theory, 478 hybrids, 266 migrations, 302 variation, geographic, 516 Motacilla boarula, albinism, 98 Motacilla cinerea melanope, migrations, 302 Motacilla flava, hybrids, 266 Motacilla lugubris, display, 58 Motacilla melanocephala, hybrids, 266 Motacilla yarrelli, courtship, 57 display, 58 hybrids, 266 migrations, 302 Moths, as food for birds, 140, 213, 251 Motor end plates, 330 Moulds, in egg collections, 339 Mound building, 245 in captivity, 248 Mount Dulit Dist., Borneo, fauna, 197 Mount Mansfield, Vt., fauna, 185 Mount McKinley National Park, fauna, 181, Mount Rainier National Park, ecology, 127 fauna, 181, 185 Mount Robson, Brit., Col., fauna, 180 Mount Sanhedrin, Calif., fauna, 182 Mount Shasta, Calif., ecology, 121 fauna, 182 Mountain Co., Va., ecology, 127 Mouth, 24-25, 256 buccal pouch, 25 glands of, 226 innervation of, 332 pathology of, 352 Mouth parts, ornamentation of, 108, 256 tactile corpuscles of, 331 Moving picture methods — see cine- matography Mucoid cysts, 368 Mucor in air sacs, 428 Mulberries, as food for birds, 214 117 FINDING INDEX Mullcrian ducts Mullerian ducts, 510 relation to pronephros, 512 Miinster Prov., Germany, fauna, 194 Mullerornis (fossil species) 344 Mummies of birds, 176, 308, 345 Munia, color change in, 105 development of feathers, 200 hybrids, 267 melanin pigment, development of, 104, 105 Munia flaviprymna, variation, 514 Muonio River, Sweden, fauna, 195 Murman coast, Lapland, fauna, 194 Muscicapa, albinism, 98 abnormal eggs, 488 cytology of germinal disc, 418 food, 210 heart ganglia, 258, 333 hybrids, 263 oogenesis, 416 ovum, 115 plumage, arrangement of, 377 variation, 514 Muscicapa fusca, banding recoveries, 46 Muscicapidae, allantois, 151 amnion, 151 food, 210 insect food, 213 of British Isles, 193 skeleton, 444 Muscle tissue, catalase content of, 62 chemistry of, 64 hemoglobin content, 62, 65 measurements of fibers, 404 varieties of, 318-319 cardiac, 258, 259, 260, 318 cytology of, 114, 318 myofibrillae, in tissue culture, 506 effects of temperature, 484 skeletal (striated), 318 autonomic innervation of, 332 effects of temperature, 319 in eye, 168 metabolism of, 319 regeneration of, 410 specific gravity of, 406 spindles, 410 smooth, 318-319 in air sacs, tissue culture of, 506 in crop, 27, 355 in dilator pupillae, 319 in gizzard, 31, 319 in mesovarium, 342 in ovary, 342 in tissue culture, 506 of feathers, 201, 202, 319, 333 Muscles — see also Myology anomalies of, 496 esophageal, 28 growth of, 231 in hyperdactylia, 495 of Breschet, 121 of ear, 121 of eye, 167, 168 of feathers, 169, 202 cortical center for, 82 innervation of, 333 of flight, 289, 316-317 of jaw, evolution of, 161 of oblique septum, 430 of respiratory organs, 427 influence of vagus nerves, 329 of skin, relation to pterylosis, 379 of syrinx, 316, 469 of tongue, 315-316, 458 of wings, 283, 316-317 pectoral, correlations, with flight power, 402 with wing area, 289 with weight, 402 effects of vestibular lesions, 124 heart embedded in, 499 weights, 407 taxonomic value, 477 temporal, ossification of attachments, 458 Museum methods, 480 Musical analyses of voice, 464 Musical scale, use in recording song, 482 Musk, effects on embryo, 153 Musket Isl., Mass., ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 183 Muskoka, Ontario fauna, 180 Musophagidae, iconography, 273 os infraorbitale, 458 plumage, 376 change in color of, 107 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 Mustard seed, as poison, 364 Mutation, 163-164, 220, 478 Mycosis, of lungs, 354 Mycteria, skeleton, 444 tuberculosis, 366 Mycteria americana, food, 310 Myelination, 324 Myialges anchora (parasite), 347 Myiarchus, food, 210 injury to, 21 sexual behavior, 56 Myiarchus crinitus, behavior, 47 snake exuviae in nests, 245 Myiochanes, twilight song, 466 variation, in song, 516 voice, musical analysis, 464 Myiochanes wrens, voice, 463 Myoblasts, cytology of, 116 Myocarditis, 351 Myofibrillae, 318 development of, 259 in tissue culture, 506 Myology, 313-319 — see also Muscle Mythology, 320 Mytilus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 118 Mytilus, as food for birds, 251 Myxedema infantilis, 355 measurements of skeleton, 404* Myxosarcoma, 369 grafts of, 228 N Nagana, 361 Nanism, 492 Nannus, albinism, 98 Nannus hiemalis, nocturnal singing, 253 Nanodes discolor, hyoid apparatus, 457 Nanopterum horrisi, habits in captivity, 247 skeleton, 444 Naples dist., fauna, 194 Narcotics, effects on embryo, 153 Nasal chambers, 256 glands of, 226 innervation of, 332 Nasal region, 256 Nashville, Tenn., fauna, 185 Nasiterna, anatomy, 37 taxonomic anatomy, 39 Nasolacrimal duct, 226, 256 Natal Colony, fauna, 178 National Park, Switzerland, ecology, 128 National Parks, U. S., 113 ecology, 127 fauna, 181 Natuna Isls., Malaysia, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Natural History, 320-322 Natural selection, 164 Naturalization, 174 Nautilornis (fossil species), 344 Navarre, Spain, fauna, 195 Navigation, sea bird use in, 143 Nayarit, Mexico, fauna, 187 Nearctica, economic relations, 136 feeding habits, 249 adaptation in, 23 Nebraska, ecology, 127, 131 economic ornithology, 137, 141 fauna, 184 feeding habits, 249 food, 206, 208 migrations, 298 paleontology, 344 Neck, absence of feathers, 514 posture in locomotion, 289 Neck mechanism, relation to habits, 239, 429 Neck region, development of, 157, 158 Necrosis, 362 of comb, 279 of foot, 353 Nectar, as food for birds, 214 Nectariniidae, effects of confinement on color, 106 habits, 234 honey eating, 250 iconography, 273 plumage, 376 pollination of flowers, 250 taxonomy, 474, 475 tongue, 26 Neighing, 464 Nelson Prov., New Zealand, fauna, 198 Nematoda (parasites), 349 in eggs, 416 in nictitating membrane, 352 Neognathae, cubital feathers, 203 hand bones, 451 palate, 458 Neophron, ciliary muscle, 168 flight, 285 Neossoptyles, 202 Nephoecetes niger borealis, gregarious- ness, 461 habits, 238 migrations, 302 secondary sex characters, 439 Nerve (s) abducent, 327 accessory, 327 acusticus, 123, 327 reflex eye movements following stimulation of, 409 thermal stimulation of, 124, 166 canals for, in humerus, 450 chorda tympani, 327 ciliary, 333 cranial, 323, 327-329 nuclei of, 78-79 development of, 79, 152 evolution of, 162 effects of cutting, on Grandry's cor- puscles, 331 facial, 327 distribution in ear, 123 hypoglossal, 328 inferior laryngeal, 329 function, in breathing, 426 in physiology of larynx, 429 intercostal, 330 experimental cutting of, 426 olfactory, 328 effects of cutting, 338 optic, 169, 172, 328 epithelial vestiges in, 172 reflexes after transsection of, 409 of pelvic region, 330 regeneration of, 410 spinal, 329-330 relation to vertebrae, 454 splanchnic, action of pilocarpine on, 67 components, 332 vagus, 260, 329, 513 atropine, effect of, 329 experimental cutting, 117, 351, 426 119 FINDING INDEX Nerve (s) Nerye(s) — Continued influence on metabolism, 374 respiratory function, 426 variation in, 514 vestibular, 327 Nerve cells, — see also neurons cytology of, 115 Nerve endings, 330-332 of taste, 469 trigeminal, in nasal chambers, 338 Nerve fibers, pupillary, experimental lesions of, 518 in tissue culture, 507 Nerve foramina, 459 Nerve plexuses, 330 Nervous impulse, 324 Nervous System, 322-334 anomalies of, 497 in embryos, 490 autonomic (sympathetic), 167, 168, 202, 331, 332-334 effects of drugs, 67 evoluton of, 162 in chorio-allantoic grafts, 154 of embryonic intestine in tissue culture, 507 of trachea, 432 relation to suprarenal glands, 468 role claimed in spastic paralysis, 364 splanchnic components, 332 central, development of, 158 effects of cholera, 357 lesion^ of, 124 life with brain and upper cord re- moved, 372 pathology of, 351 temperature, effects of, on develop- ment of, 147 Nervous tissue, in tissue culture, 507 Nest boxes, 113 Nest building instinct, 223 Nests, artificial, 113, 242 color association, 102 construction of, 245-246 domed, 245 dummy, 245 edible, 142 chemical composition, 60 evolution of, 161 fauna, of, 132 parasitic, 132, 346, 347 in sheep fleece, 308 luminous, 308 multiple, 245 old, 246 robbing of, 251 sanitation of, 245 singing on, 254 sites of, 246 size of, 245 transfer of, 245 unusual, 246 variation in, 516 weaving, in captivity, 245, 248 Nestling birds, accidents to, 21 concealing coloration of, 108 food, 208 in Europe, taxonomic characters, 476 natural history, 320 Nestling down — see also under feathers, 202 color of, 94 development of, 202 Nestor, anomalies of beak, 493 tongue, 26 Nestor meridionalis, hyoid apparatus, 457 Nestor notabilis, economic relations, 134, 135 habits, 238 feeding, 250 sheep killing, 138, 212, 252 evolution of, 161 Mallophaga (parasites) of, 347 natural history, 322 skeleton, 444 Netherlands, fauna, 195 general work, 217 habits, 236 iconography, 273 oology, 338 plumage, 375 Netta, gonad grafts, 229 lamellar corpuscles in uropygeal gland, 331 secondary sex characters changes, 86, 439 Netta rufina, hybrids, 266 Mendelian heredity, 223 Nettapus, locomotion on land, 290 Netting methods, 296 Nettion, hybrids, 268 Nettion carolinense, hybrids, 264 supernumary wings, 497 Nettion creca, migrations, 306 Neural crests, 158, 323 Neural tube, 158, 323 grafts of, 229 chorio-allantoic of, 154 growth of, 154 mitosis in, 114 primitive knot, 150 teratology, 490 doubling, 487 experimental anomalies, 492 modifications, as cause of anoma- lies, 485 multiple, 492 multiple central canals, 490 vestige, 105 Neurenteric canal, 158 persistent portion, 490 Neuritis BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 120 Neuritis, 364 multiple, 362-363 Neurobiotaxis, 79 Neuroblasts, 158 cytology of, 115, 325 differentiation of, 154 Neuroepithelium, vestibular, 124 Neurofibrillae, 324 in retina, 172 Neuroglia tissue, 77, 323 Neurohumors, 372 Neurolymphomatosis, 355 Neuron theory, 330 Neurons, 323 cytology of, 115 degeneration and regeneration of axis cylinders in tissue culture, 507 development of, 158 histogenesis of, 329 preganglionic, 334 retinal, 172 of spinal cord, 329 Neuropore, 158 Neurotoxin, 313 Neutrophil leukocytes, 72 Neu-Vorpommern, Germany, fauna, 194 Nevada, ecology, 127 fauna, 184 New Britain, fauna, 198 New Brunswick, fauna, 180 migrations, 297 New Caledonia, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 New England, economic ornithology, 136, 137 fauna, 181 food, 206 general works, 216 migrations, 297 natural history, 321 population, 385 Newfoundland, fauna, 180 habits, 234 taxonomy, 471 New Guinea, fauna, 198 iconography, 273 food, 208 sequence of plumages, 380 taxonomy, 474 New Hampshire, insectivorous birds, 140 New Hanover, fauna, 198 New Hebrides, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 New Jersey, cretaceous fossil birds, 344 ecology, 127, 130, 131 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 184 habits, 235 migrations, 298, 306 population changes on coast, 385 taxonomy, 471 New Mexico, artificial incubation, 399 ecology, 127, 130 fauna, 184 food, 206 habits, 235 taxonomy, 471 New Pomerania Isl., Melanesia, tax- onomy, 474 New Providence Isl., Bahama Isls., fauna, 186 New South Wales, fauna, 196 food, 207 habits, 236 iconography, 273 insectivorous birds, 140 stomach contents, 211 Newark marshes, fauna, 184 New York, ecology, 127, 131 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 184 food, 206 habits, 235 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 voice, 463 New Zealand, conservation. 112 ecology, 129, 130 economic ornithology, 137 extinction of species, 165 fauna, 198 habits, 236 iconography, 273 introduced species, 120 life histories, 236 natural history, 321 paleontology, 344 taxonomy, 474 Niagara Falls, mortality from, 312 Nicaragua, fauna, 187 Nicotine, effects on embryo, 153, 154 tolerance to, 67, 232 Nictitating glands, 226-227 Nictitating membrane, 171 nematode worm infestation, 352 Nigeria, fauna, 176, 177 oology, 339 taxonomy, 471 Nisagtus pennatus, sexual variation in plumage, 383 Nissan Isl., Melanesia, fauna, 198 Nissl bodies, 115, 323 Nisus, development of skull, 456 ossification of, 341 Nitrogen, 63, 64, 67, 69 availability of, 337 excretion in embryo, 71, 145 expiration of, 426 in excrement, 164 metabolism of, 61, 375 Nitrogenous food, for poultry, 336, 395 Nitrous acid, effect on vitamin B, 520 Noctua, posterior epithelium of iris, 169 121 FINDING INDEX Nocturnal birds Nocturnal birds, color vision, 519 pupillary reflexes, 167, 409 vision compared with diurnal birds, 517 Nocturnal flying, 253, 285 Nocturnal habits, 253 Nocturnal migrating birds, 304, 305 voice of, 462 Nocturnal singing, 253, 466 Nocturnal soaring, 253 Nodular taeniasis, 362 Nodules, in skin, 354 Nomenclature, of color, 93 of plumages, 382 of topographic anatomy, 38 Norfolk Isl., fauna, 198 iconography, 273 North America, banding, 44-45 breeding habits, 239 check lists, 476 conservation, 111-112 distribution, 119, 120 ecology, 126, 130 economic ornithology, 136-137 extinction of species, 165 fauna, 179-187 food, 206-207 general works, 216 geographic origin of birds, 161 habits, 234-235 feeding, 249 iconography, 271, 272 insectivorous birds, 140 introduced species, 120 life histories, 280 Mallophaga (parasites), 347 migrations, 297, 304, 306, 307 natural history, 321 oology, 339 plumage, 376 sequence of plumages, 380 stomach contents, 211 taxonomy, 471-472 of song birds, 475 variation, 514, 516 voice, 462-463 North Atlantic Ocean, food, 207 habits, 236 North Carolina, fauna, 184 food, 207 general work, 216 habits, 235 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 North Dakota, ecology, 127 fauna, 184 North Pacific Ocean, ecology, 129 North Queensland, fauna, 196 food, 208 habits, 236 North Sea, migrations, 299 migrations, 306 Norway, 262 fauna, 195 food, 207 speciation, 466 Nostrils, 257 absence of, 257, 427 Nothamn, Finland, fauna, 193 Nothocrax, air sacs, 428 tracheal loops, 432 Nothoprocta perdicaria, breeding in captivity, 43, 248 Nothura, myology, 314 Nothura maculosa, food, 210 skeleton, 444 Notochord, 159 teratology of, 490 Notornis, alimentary canal, 24 fossil species, 344 intestine, 32 larynx, 429 skeleton, 444 skull, development of, 456 structure of, 456 sternum, 452 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 Nova Friburgo, Brazil, fauna, 188 Nova Scotia, fauna, 180 migrations, 297 Nova Zembla, fauna, 175, 180, 195 Noxious animals, 112, 134, 143 Noxious birds, 137-139 Noxious insects, as food for poultry, 395 Nubia, habits, 234 Nucifraga, alimentary canal, 24 connective tissue of foot, 111, 282 food, 210 heart, 257 hybrids, 263 migrations, 300, 302 pericardium, 258 Nucifraga caryocatactes, buccal pouch, 25 migrations, 302, 304 Nuclear changes in fertilization, 147 Nuclease, influence on spermatozoa, 62, Nuclei, of brain, 78-79 of spinal cord, 325 Nuclei acid, 60 Nucleoprotein formation, 60 Nucleus of Balbiani, 418 Numenius, banding, 45 chondroid bodies, 111 conchae, 256 embryonic teeth, 25 excrescence on beak, 493 flight, visibility at high altitudes, 286 foot, ligaments of, 446 mechanics of, 282 tendons of, 318 regurgitatipn of gizzard lining, 31, 410 ricin in quills, 66, 199 Numenius BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 122 Numenius — Continued skull, 455, 457 evolution of, 162 Numenius arquatus, albinism, 98 anomalies of beak, 493 migrations, 302 Numenius longirostris, skeleton, 444 Numida, aftershaft, 204 anatomy, 36 atavism, 218 blood vessels, of eye, 168 of head appendages, 87, 278 of spinal cord, 87, 324 color pattern, 109 development of, 200 evolution of, 161 comb, 278 embryo, chemistry of, 70 physiology of, 152 metabolism of, 155, 374 respiration of, 155, 426 feather growth, rate of, 201 measurements of, 403 furcula, 452 hybrids, 263, 265, 266 experimental, 219 testes of, 268 incubating habits, 243 mimicry in coloration, 109 mutation, 163 nervous system, thoracic and ab- dominal autonomic, 334 oogenesis, rate changes, 416, 422 origin of, 225 oviduct, histology of, 510 precipitation reactions, 218 red blood corpuscles, 73 sex chromosomes, 116, 434 sexual selection, 442 spermatogenesis, 420 sternum, 452 trachea, 431 transitory excretory organs, 511 trophic lesions of extremities, 352 Numida meleagris, early embryology, 147 hybrids, 265, 266 Numida ptilorhyncha, hybrids, 266 Nuptial feathers, 202, 439 Nuptial flight, 59, 285 Nuptial plumage, 383 Nutrition, 334-338 — see also Food and Feeding Habits, as factor in hatchability of eggs, 389 deficiency diseases, 362 effects, of castration on, 85 on color of eggs, 93 of experimental feeding, 232, 335 of embryo, 152, 335 faulty, 360 effects, on bone marrow, 75 on nestling down feathers, 383 of feathers, 199 of pecten of eye, 335 Nyasaland, Africa, fauna, 177, 178 habits, 234 breeding, 239 taxonomy, 471 Nyctale, asymmetry of skull, 214 Nyctea, breeding in captivity, 43 migrations, 297, 302 Nyctea nyctea, cyclic variation in population, 385 economic relations, 135 food, 210 migrations, 304 winter population, 120 Nyctea scandiaca, habits in captivity.. 247 Nycthemerus argentatus, hybrids, 266 Nyctiardea, breeding habits, 241 Nyctibius jamaicensis, posture, 253 Nycticorax, behavior, 47 diphtheria of intestines, 359 ecology, 125 food, 210 in captivity, 208 foot, muscles of, 318 tendons of, 318 functional ductus arteriosus, 258 migrations, 297 parasites of, 346 plumage, 376 spleen, 293 variation, geographic, 516 Nycticorax naevius hoactli, color of skin, 95 communal relationships, 133 copulation, 58 courtship, 58 food, 210 growth, 231 habits, 238 breeding, 241 homosexuality, 432 incubation period, 244 life histories, 280 measurements, 402 migrations, 302 pecking order, 461 powder-down feathers, 203 pterylosis, 378 secondary sex characters, 438 sequence of plumages, 381 sexual, recognition, 56 selection, 442 social behavior, 49 territorialism, 49, 462 voice, 463 Nyctinomus, wings, 282 Nynee Tal, India, fauna, 191 Nyroca, banding recoveries, 46 color of iris, 169 courtship, 57 123 FINDING INDEX Nyroca Nyroca — Continued nestling plumage, 94, 383 tracheal enlargements, 431 Nyroca affinis, courtship, 57 melanism, 101 Nyroca africana, sequence of plumages, 381 Nyroca americana, banding, 45 Nyroca ferina, eclipse plumage, 382 eye color, 94 hybrids, 265 Nyroca fuligula, incubation period, 244 unusual nest sites, 246 Nyroca leucophthalmus, alimentary ca- nal, measurements of, 405 trachea, 431 loops of, 432 Nyroca marila, eclipse plumage, 382 Nyroca nyroca, hybrids, 264 Nyroca valisineria, banding, 45 Nystagmus, 80, 82, 124, 167 O Oak-borer, as food for birds, 140 Oberholseria, albinism, 98 Oblique septum, 430 muscles of, 316 Occipital condyle, 458 region, 458 style, 458 Oceanic birds, ecology, 128, 129, 130, 133, 174 flight, 285 mechanics of, 287 gizzard contents, 212 habits, 236 breeding, 240 life histories, 280 measurements of flight organs area, 404 of South America, 188 Oceanic currents, relation to migrations, 306 Oceanic Isls., taxonomy, 472 voice, 463 Oceanica, economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 196 food, 207 habits, 236 iconography, 273 migrations, 301 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 473 Oceanodroma, skeleton, 444 Oceanodroma leucorhoa, voice, 463 Ocydromus, habits, 238 hybrids, 265 Ocydromus auslralia, life history, 280 Ocydromus earli, hybrids, 266 Ocypterus, skeleton, 444 Odontoglossae, habits, 234 life histories, 280 Odontophorinae, economic relations, 135 Odontornithes (fossil birds), brain, 344 Odor, of flesh, 308 Oedicnemus, arteries, 88 crouching habits, 238 embryonic pharyngeal operculum, 158 teeth, 25 transitory knobs on beak, 255 Oedicnemus crepitans, habits, 238 Oedicnemus Oedicnemus, courtship, 57 incubation period, 244 smell, 460 Oenanthe, albinism, 98 care in captivity, 41 melanism, 163 Oenanthe leucopyga eagra, natural his- tory, 322 Oenanthe opistholeuca, mutation, 163 Ohio, conservation, 111 ecology, 127 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 184 food, 207 habits, 235 feeding, 249 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 population, 384 Oidemia, albinism, 98 courtship, 57 habits, 238 heart, 257 knees, 446 larynx, 429 locomotion, 285 migrations, 297 molt, 309 pericardium, 258 sequence of plumages, 381 sexual behavior, 56 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 trachea, 431 tuberculosis, 366 variation, 514 Oidemia nigra, change in color, 105 Oil(s), 64 on plumage, 199, 376 from ships, as cause of death, 312 from stomach, 29-30, 64 Oil globules, in retina, 172 Okefinokee Swamp, ecology, 131 Oklahoma, campus population, 384 conservation, 112 distribution, 120 ecology, 127, 133 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 184 Oklahoma BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 124 Oklahoma — Continued food, 207 habits, 235 migrations, 298 taxonomy, 471 Oland Isl. of Sweden, fauna, 195 Old eggs, of Chinese, 417 Olfactory, lobes and bulbs, 82 Olfactory mucosa, nerve endings in, 330 Olfactory nerves, diameter of, 403 Olfactory organs, 338, 490 Olfactory sense-^-see Smell Olives, destruction of by birds, 139 Olor, mortality at Niagara Falls, 312 pectoral girdle, 451 trachea! coils in sternum, 432 Olor buccinator, conservation, 112 Olygyps, heart, 257 pericardium, 258 Olympia Mts., Wash., fauna, 185 Omphalitis, 364 Omphalocele, 86, 498 Omphalocephalia, 495 experimental production, 492 Omphalosite, 485 Oneida Lake region, ecology, 127, 131 habits, 235 migrations, 298 Ontario, ecology, 126 economic ornithology, 137, 141 fauna, 180 general works, 216 habits, 234 breeding, 239 Ontogenesis, 401 — see also Embryology chance in, 401 Oocytes, 416 cytology, 116 Oogenesis, 416 in hybrids, 268 hypophysis, effects of, 271 rate changes, 416 Sjovall's method, 481 utilization of calcium, 61 Oogonia, 416 cytology of, 116 Oology, 338-339 technic, preserving, 481 removing embryos, 479 Ooporphyrin, 70, 94, 414 Operculum, pharyngeal, in embryo, 158 Ophthalmoscopic observations of eye, 166 Opisthocomus, alimentary canal, 24 beak, 255 behavior, 47 claws on wings of nestlings, 162, 163, 277, 278 crop, 27 ecology, 125 habits, 238 diving, 248, 291 inheritance of acquired characters, 163 life histories, 280 muscles, of flight, 317 odor of flesh, 308 Mallophaga (parasites), 347 sternum, 452 syrinx, 468 taxonomy based, on anatomy, 39 on skeleton, 477 vestigial wing claws, 163, 277 evolution of, 162 voice, 463 wing bones, 450 Opisthocomus cristatus, anatomy, 36 egg shell structure, 414 esophagus, 27 fourth finger, 451 habits, 238 integument, 276 intestine, 32 leg muscles, 317 myology, 314 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 449 development of, 444 ossification of, 340 trachea, 431 variation in muscles, 318 wing, anatomy of, 283 Opodidymus, 486 Oporornis agilis, breeding habits, 241 voice, 463 Optic chiasma, 328 Optic lobes, 80, 83 chemical stimulation of, 517 degeneration of, 328 Optic nerves, 80, 83, 169, 172, 173, 328 coloboma of papilla, 494 measurements of, 403 Optic tracts, 80, 83 Optic vesicles, accessory, 157, 494 Oral cavity, 24-25 Orange Free State, fauna, 178, 179 Oranges, as food for birds, 212 Orbiculus ciliaris, 168 Orbit of eye, 171 muscles of, 315 Orbital region, 458 Orchard community, 133 Oregon, ecology, 127 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 185 habits, 235 breeding, 239 migrations, 298 Orenburg Proy., Russia, fauna, 195 Oreopelia, fossil species, 344 Oreophasis derbianus, distribution, 120 fossil species, 344 natural history, 322 voice, 463 FINDING INDEX Oreortyx Oreortyx, food, 210 hybrids, 266 Oreortyx pictus, variation, sexual versus geographic, 516 Oreoscoptcs, skeleton, 444 measurements of, 404, 445 Oreoscoptes montanus, eating fruit, 139, 252 economic relations, 139 feeding habits, 250 Organ of Corti — see Spiral organ Organ forming substance, 149 Organ specificity, 68, 276 Orientation, 124, 303, 339-340 in blastoderm, 149 in migrations, 303 on nest, 242 terrestrial magnetism, relation to, 340 Origin, of domestic fowl races, 161 Orinoco River region, fauna, 189 habits, 235 taxonomy, 472 Oriolus, cranial nerves, 327 eye, 165 Orizaba, volcano of, humming birds, 120 Ornithuric acid synthesis, 60 Orphans, fed by other birds, 243 Orthogenesis, 163 Orthonyx, syrinx, 468 taxonomic anatomy, 39 Orthorhamphus magnirostris, skeleton, 444 Orlygospiza polyzona, mouth parts, 256 color of, 95 Osmosis, in eggs, 68, 146, 375 Osmotic pressure, 375 effect on nutrition, 335 in culture media, 507 of blood, 65, 74 of eggs, 68, 412 incubating, 146 of embryo, 70 Ossicle(s), of antibrachium, 454 supraorbital, 458 Ossification, 340-341 centers in sternum, 452 effects of hormones on, 160 of ear bones, 157, 341 of ligaments, 446 of mandible, 157, 458 of Meckel's cartilage, 157 of muscle attachments, 458 of pericardium, 351 of testis, 353 of trachea, 431 precocious from thyroid extract, 504 sex differences, 439 Ossifraga, air sacs, 428 Osteoarthritis, 354 Osteochondrosarcoma, 369 Osteology, — see also Skeleton and Skull comparative, 447, 448 of wing, 450 Ostinops decumanus, variation, 514 Ostrich feather industry, 42, 43, 143 Ostrich farming, 42 Otis, anatomy, 36 cross beak, 494 display, 58 economic relations, 135 food, 210 foot, articulations of, 447 gular pouch, 25 habits, 238 in captivity, 41, 247 late breeding, 242 measurements, 402 molt, 309 oral cavity, 25 salivary glands, 227 smooth muscle, 318 sternum, measurements of, 405 tar sal bones, 450 tongue, 26 trachea, 431 Otis tar da, anatomy, 36 habits, 238 longevity, 292 position of legs, in flight, 288 sex reversal, 437 weight, as heaviest flying bird, 406 Otoconia, 123, 124 Otocoris, economic relations, 135 food, 210 gregariousness, 461 incubation period, 244 velocity of flight, 290 Otocoris alpestris praticola, anomalies of beak, 493 breeding habits, 241 Otocorys, albinism, 98 Otocorys alpestris, food in captivity, 43 Otogyps, flight, 285 Otoliths, 124 Otomela karelini, hybrids, 266 Otus, albinism, 98 — see also Megascops breeding habits, 241 ciliary body, 167 color vision, 519 economic relations, 135, 137 eye, anatomy of, 166 extrinsic muscles of, 171 physiology of, 166, 167 facial nerve, in ear, 123 food, 210 gizzard, 30 incubating habits, 243 life history, 280 lymphoid tissue, in bursa Fabricii, 293 proventriculus, 30 pupillary reflexes, 167 Otis BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 126 Otis — Continued retina, 172 spinal ganglia, 326 vision, telescopic, 517 Otus asio, death caused by automobiles, 312 habits, 237, 238 mortality from starvation, 313 Otus asio kennicotti, economic relations, 135 Otus asio naevius, brooding strange young, 59 dichromatism, 108 Otus flammeolus, habits, 237 Otus vulgaris, albinism, 98 vision, experimental studies of, 517 iris reflexes, 518 Oudh, India fauna, 191 Ourax mitu, sterno-tracheal muscles, 315 trachea, 431 Ourenteria, 490 Ova, 412-419 — see also Eggs cytology of, 115, 116 Ovarian acitivity, effects of suprarenal glands on, 468 Ovarian-egg membrane, permeability to urotropin, 416 Ovarian extract, antagonism to thyroid, 503 effects on plumage, 376 Ovarian follicles, atresia of, 413 Ovarian operations, effect on egg pro- duction, 393 Ovaries, asymmetry of, 214 teratology, two present, 498, 509 Ovariotomy, 86, 148, 230, 376, 435, 438, 439 effects of, 343, 442, 510 on comb, 279 on plumage, 383 with grafts of testis, 376 on sex characters, 439 testis like gonads resulting, 500 spermatogenesis, following, 343, 438 Ovary, 342-343 antagonism to thyroid gland, 105, 503 atrophy of, 353, 438 condition in sex reversal, 437 degeneration of ova, 413 elastic tissue of, 111 ganglion cells in, 333 grafts of, 229, 383, 435 into capon, 439 into male, 229 growth, 231 hybrids, 269 hypophysis, effects of, 270 in hermaphroditism, 436 in sex reversal, 437 infection of, 353 medullary cords of, 500 one sided reduction of, 161 pathology of, 353 regeneration of, 410 senility of, 342, 438 tumors of, 368 weights of, 408 Oviducal glands, 225 Oviduct, 509-510 anomalies of, 498 antiperistalsis of, 422 chemistry of, 64, 66 cyst, 353 ectopic development of embryo in, 156 effects of atropine, 67 of hypophysis, 270 of ligation, section or removal, 423 of placental hormone injection on, 441 eggs retained abnormally, 353 elastic tissue of, 111 innervation of, 333 occlusion of, 353, 510 pathology of, 353, 356, 510 persistence of right, 343, 510 physiology of, 423, 510 pigment formation in, 94 ruptures of, 353, 510 secretory activity of, 423 speed of spermatozoa in, 420 viability of spermatozoa in, 421 Oviposition, 421 for parasitic birds, 247 Ovitegous habit, 243 Ovomucoid, in albumen, 413 Ovoteste?, in sex reversal, 437 right, following ovariotomy, 438 Ovulation, 424 blood sugar increase during, 66 into body cavity, 353 coincident with hypertrophy of su- prarenal glands, 468 function of thymus gland, 502 inhibition of by hypophysis, 270 Ovulation rate, relation to size of thyroid gland, 505 Oxidases, in crop glands, 62 reaction in blood, 65, 71 Oxidation, 60, 483 heat production in, 427 in egg, 68 of fat, 479 regional rate in blastoderm, 149 Oxyechus vociferus, breeding habits, 241 courtship, 57 eggs, arrangement in nest, 245 fecundity, 204 incubation period, 244 voice, 463 127 FINDING INDEX Oxygen Oxygen, consumption by embryo, 427 deficiency of, in embryo, 156 measurement of, in respiration, 425 residual, in blood, 65 storage in air sacs, 291 for diving, 429 Oxygen exchange, in vitamin deficiency, 520 Oxygen pressure, experimental, re- sistance to asphyxia, 425 unusual survival in, 433 Oxy hemoglobin, 65 dissociation in respiration, 73, 426 Oxyruncus, anatomy, 37 Oyster shells, in poultry food, 336, 396 Pachycephala, sequence of plumages, 381 Pacific coast, fauna, 179 Pacific Isls., iconography, 273 Pacific Ocean, ecology, 129, 130, 131 fauna, 174, 175 Pacific States, fauna, 181 Pacinian corpuscles, measurements of, 404 Padua, fauna, 194 Pagophila eburnea, natural history, 322 Pain, 100, 320 voice in, 466 Paiute Indian names, 479 Palaearctic region, taxonomy, 470 Palaeochenoides (fossil genus), 344 Palaeognathae, — see also Paleognathae copulatory organs, 511 habits, incubating, 343 incubation period, 244 male external genitalia, 510 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, epiphyses of, 448 skull, development of, 456 syrinx, 469 Palaeoplaneus sternbergi (fossil species), 344 Palamedea, anatomy, 34 skeleton, 444 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 based, on anatomy, 38, 476 on skeleton, 477 Palamedea chavaria, taxonomy, 475 based on skeleton, 449 Palamedea cornuta, habits, 238 spurs on wings, 279 Palamedeidae, taxonomy, 475 Palapteryx (fossil genus), 344 skull, 456 Palate, 26, 254, 458 bosses on, 457 color of, 93 Palawan Isls, Pacific Ocean, ecology, 129, 130 fauna, 197 Palearctica, altitude in flight, 286 distribution, 119, 120 ecology, 125, 129 fauna, 175 habits, 234 iconography, 271 insectivorous birds, 140 migrations, 296 oology, 339 taxonomy, 470 velocity of flight, 289 Paleogeography, significance of para- sites, 346 Paleognathae, — see also Palaeognathae evolution of, 160 hand bones, 451 ossification of skull, 341 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449 Paleontology, 343-345 fossil feathers, 202 Pakornis, iconography, 273 Palestine, ecology, 128 fauna, 192 habits, 236 Palisades Interstate Pk., fauna, 184 Pallium, 81, 82 Palpebral fissure, 169 Palpebral ornaments, molt, 311 Paludicolae, habits, 234 Pamir Mts., Turkestan, fauna, 190 Panama, ecology, 128 fauna, 187 food, 207 habits, 235 inconography, 272 taxonomy, 472 Panama Canal Zone, fauna, 187 Pancreas, 345-346 amylolytic action-of, 60, 346 development, in tissue culture, 507 of ventral pancreatic anlage, 514 effects on, of inanition, 338 grafts, 229 physiology of, 117 teratology, ventral anlage missing in embryo, 490 weights, 408 Pancreatic islets, 345-346 Pandion, arrangement of toes, 282 bursa Fabricii, 92 ear labyrinth, 123 fibula, 449 interlocking emarginate primaries, 203 lymphoid tissue, 292 natural history, 320 rotator tendons of foot, 281 skeleton, pneumaticity of, 448 skull, 455 Pandion BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 128 Pandion — Continued stomach contents, 212 viscera, weights of, 408 Pandion haliaeetus, skull, 455 Pandion haliaeetus carolinensis, fishing habits, 251 life history, 279 Paneth, cells of, 115 Pantelleria Isl., Italy, migrations, 301 Panyptila, architecture of nests, 245 Papua, New Guinea, fauna, 198 Parabiosis, 486 Parablast, 149 anomaly of, 491 Parabuteo unicinctiis harrisi, food, 210 Paradisea, courtship, 57 display, 48 hybrids, 263 molt, 309 plumes, 377 pterylosis, 378 scutes, 278 sequence of plumages, 381 sexual selection, 442 smooth muscle, in integument, 319 Paradisea apoda, habits in captivity, 247 molt, 309 Paradisea minor, display, 58 Paradiseidae, display, 58 doubling of middle rectrices, 497 habits, 238 iconography, 273 natural history, 320 plumage, 376 taxonomy, 474, 475 Paradoxornithinae, molt, 309 sequence of plumages, 381 Paraganglia, 86 Paraguay, ecology, 128 fauna, 189 taxonomy, 472 trypanosomes, 348 Parahippocampus, 81 Parakeets, care of, 42 Paralysis, 364 from coccidiosis, 358 Paranasal chambers, 256 Paraphysis, 77, 158 Parasites, 346-349 as causes of death, 312 as food for birds, 141-142 dissemination by birds, 138-139 external, 346-347 in eggs, 415 microorganisms, 389 intestinal, 479 of blood, staining technic, 481 of poultry, 400 protozoan, 348-349 Parasitic breeding habits, 246-247 Parasitic dermoid cysts, 368 Parasitic diseases, 355 Parasitic wounds causing enteritis, 360 Parasitism, effect on thymus gland, 502 social, 461 Parasitology, 346-349 Parathyroid Glands, 110, 349-350 enlargement in rachitis, 363 irradiation with selective solar light, 372 with ultraviolet light, 373 Paratympanic organ of Vitali, 122 innervation of, 323 relation to flight, 290 Paratyphoid fever (paratyphus), 364 Paria peninsula, Venezuela, fauna, 189 Paridae, anatomy, 39 salivary glands, 227 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 Parietal eye, 157 development of, 254 Paroaria, sequence of plumages, 381 Paroaria cucullata, hybrids, 266 longevity, 292 melanism, 101 Parovarium, 512 Parra, skeleton, 444 Parridae, myology, 314 pterylosis, 378 skeleton, 444 Parrots, care of, 42 Parry Sound, Ontario, fauna, 180 Parthenogenesis, 115, 150 origin of dermoid cysts in ovary, 368 Parus, albinism, 98 banding, 45 cytology of germinal disc, 418 eating nectar, 214 economic relations, 135, 138 egg, cleavage of, 148 fertilization of, 147 maturation of, 416 epidemics, 360 follicular epithelium of ovary, 342 food, 210 hyoid apparatus, 457 muscles, 315 melanism, 101 migrations, 301 mitochondria, 116 nestling pterylosis, 379 oogenesis, 416 oology, 339 optic lobes, 83 ovum, 115 pathology, 350 regeneration of striped muscle, 410 retina, fovea centralis, 519 macula lutea, 173 salivary glands, 227 singing habits, 253 skeleton, 444 129 FINDING INDEX Parus Parus — Continued skull, development of, 456 ossification of, 341 temperature, effect on nest building, 245 teratology, 485 anomalies, of beak, 493, 494 tongue muscles, 315 tracts of brain, 78 tuber cinereum, 82 variation, in eye color, 169, 515 veins, 89 weights of various organs, 406 winter food, 214 yolk, development of, 419 Parus ater, distribution changes in, 120 natural history, 322 Parus atricapillus, ecology, 125 muscles, or leg, 317 Parus biarmicus, sequence of plumages, 381 Parus borealis, hybrids, 266 Parus caudatus, taxonomy, based on skeleton, 477 Parus coeruleus, melanism, 101 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449, 477 variation in habits, 239 Parus cristatus, ecology, 125 hibernation, 261 unusual nest sites, 246 Parus major, abnormal coloration, 95 banding, 45 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449, 477 unusual nests, 246 Passer, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 98, 100 allantois, 151 arrhenoidy, 437 alanto-occipital articulation, 446 atlas vertebra, 454 atrioventricular system, 258 autonomic nervous system, develop- ment of, 332 behavior, 47, 49 brain, tracts of, 78 weight, of, 407 castration, effect on body to brain weight ratio, 433 ceca, 33 cerebellum, 84 chondroid bodies, 111, 282 choroid plexus, 294 claws on wings, 277 cochlea, 123 coccidiosis, transmission of, 359 coloboma, 494 connective tissue of foot, 282 corpus stria turn, 81 cranial nerves, 327 nuclei of, 79 distribution, 120 extension of range, 385 ear, physiology of, 121 eating, insects, 140 termites, 140, 251 ecology, 125 economic relations, 134, 135, 137, 138 eggs, cleavage of, 148 destruction of, 252 fertilization of, 147 maturation of, 416 measurements of, 402, 404 weights of, 407 embryology, 144, 145, 147 epidemic of Baccillus cloacae, 370 epididymis, 511 epithelium of intestine, changes with absorption, 32, 371 eye, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172 eyelids, 168 fatty secretions of testes, 500 fecundity, 204 food, 210 of nestlings, 208 foot, ligaments of, 446 mechanics of, 282 tendons of, 318 gastrulation, 149 genetics, 218 gizzard, 30, 31 glands of tongue, 227 Golgi apparatus, 116 gonad hypertrophy at mating time, 509 gregariousness, 133, 461 gynandromorphism, 436 habits, 238 feeding, 250 carnivorous, 138 insectivorous, 139 roosting, 239 head muscles, development of, 315 hearing, 257 heart, 258 development of, 259 ganglia of, 258, 333 histology, 38 hostility towards other species, 460 hybrids, 263, 266 hyoid appartus, 457, 458 hypophysis, histology of, 270 insect food, 139, 213, 251 intelligence, 53 interstitial cells, of testis, 439, 499, 500 intestinal epithelium, cytology of, 115 introduction of, 174, 179 into North America, 120, 134 jugular veins, 89 karyosomes in germinal disc, 418 lacrimal apparatus, 170 lamellar corpuscles, histology of, 331 Passer BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 130 Passer — Continued learning, 53 lens, histology, of, 170 longevity, 292 lungs, 430 lymph nodules, intestinal, 292 lymphatic system, 90 male internal genitalia, 511 measurements, 402 medulla oblongata, 85 melanism, 101 memory, 54 mesonephros, function of, 512 metabolism of embryo, 155, 374 methods, for destroying, 295 for poisoning, 479 for trapping, 296 mites, dissemination of, 138, 347 mitochondria, 116 in oogenesis, 416 muscle, skeletal, 318 smooth, 319 muscles, of thigh, 317 of tongue, 316 mutation, 163 natural history, 322 natural selection 164 nerve endings, 330 nerves, cranial, 327, 328 insertion of optic nerve, 172 nervous system, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334 neurons, 323 preganglionic, 334 of retina, 172 nuclear changes in fertilization, 147 olfactory organs, 338 oogenesis, technic for study of, 481 optic chiasma and lobes, 83 ova, 115 degeneration of, 413 pancreas, 345 pancreatic islets, 345 parathyroid glands, 350 persisting right ovary rudiment, 342 persisting right oviduct, 510 pharynx, 26 pharyngeal pouch derivatives, 158 poisoning methods, 479 population decrease, 385 position sense, 340 primitive streak, 150 Rathke's pocket, 157 red blood corpuscles, 73 regeneration of striped muscles, 410 reproductive system, 509, 510 retina, 172 sarcoma, 369 sclera, 173. secondary sex characters, 439 secretion of semen, 500 Seesel's pocket, 157 seminiferous epithelium, 420 Sertoli cells, 421, 500 sex differences in weight, 81 sex dimorphism, 434 sex hormones, 440, 442 skeleton, 445 measurements of, 404 skin, 276 skull, 455 development of, 456 smell, 460 spermatogenesis, 420 Weigert stain, technic for study of, 481 spermatozoa, 419, 420 spinal cord, 325, 326 spleen, 293 stomach 28, 29, 30, 31, 212 suprarenal glands, development of, 467 taste, 469 temperature, effect of, on carbon dioxide production, 426 teratology, 485, 495 anadidymus, 486 anomalies, of beak 493 of eye, 494 double monsters, 486 supernumary limbs, 496 testes, 499, 500 thymus gland, 501, 502 thyroid gland, 503 tissue respiration, 425 tongue, 26 uropygeal glands, 227 use in hydrocyanic gas detection, 479 variation, 514 in eggs, 515 in skeleton, 514 new and old world comparison, 516 vertebrae, development of, 454 vision, 517, 518 weather, effects of, on altidude of flight, 286 weights of stomach contents, 406 yolk, development of, 419 yolk sac, exclusion of, 423 Passer chloris, hybrids, 265 reproductive system, 508 Passer domesticus, adaptation, 23 hybrids, 266 methods for destroying, 295 natural history, 322 thigh muscles, 317 Passer italiae, albinism, 99 spermatogenesis, 420 Passer luteus, hybrids, 266 Passer montanus, albinism, 99 hybrids, 266 ligamentum denticulattum, 294 natural history, 322 skull, 455 131 FINDING INDEX Passer montanus Passer montanus — Continued spinal cord, 324 spinal meninges, 294 Passerculus, adaptation, in beak, 22 to flight, 23 albinism, 99 environmental effects, 163 Passerella, albinism, 99 migrations, 302 Passerella iliaca, ecology, 125 environmental effects, 133 habits, 238 feeding, 250 measurements, 402 migrations, 297 natural history, 322 skull, 455 voice, 463 musical analysis of, 464 variation, 514 Passeres, albinism, 99 change in color, 105 economic relations, 135 feeding on trout fly, 251 hyoid apparatus, 457 integument of foot, 278 isabellism, 100 muscles, taxonomic consideration of, 314 number of primaries, 203 of Brazil, 188 position of feet in flight, 282 pterylosis, 378 taxonomic bearings, 379, 477 sequence of plumages, 380, 381 skeleton, 444 taxonomic bearings, of sternum, 452 skull, 455 taxonomic bearings, 457 syrinx, 468 muscles of, 316, 469 ossification of, 341 taxonomy of, 469 taxonomy, 475 Passerherbulus, albinism, 99 banding, 45 gregariousness, 461 Passerherbulus caudacutus, breeding habits, 241 ecology, 125 voice, 463 Passeriformes, body temperature, rectal readings, 483 British Isles, 193 conchae, 256 directive coloration, 108 first primaries, 203 food, 210 fossil species, 344 habits, 238 iconography, 274 incubation period, 244 learning, 54 molt, 311 oblique septum, 430 plumage, 376 vernacular names, 478 warning colors, 110 Passerina, arrhenoidy, 437 change in color, 105, 106, 107 feather development, 200 melanin pigment formation, 104, 105 molt, 309 Passerina ampena, hybrids, 266 Passerina cms, melanin pigment forma- tion, 104 molt, 310 sequence of plumages, 381 Passerina cyanea, hybrids, 266 sequence of plumages, 381 snake skin in nest, 245 Pasteurella avisepticum (microorganism) , infection with, 370 Patagium, muscles of, 283, 317 Patagonia, fauna, 188 taxonomy, 472 Patagona gigas, pterylosis, 378 Patella, 454 Pathology, 294, 311, 350-371 corn smut, effects of, 397 deficiency diseases, 519, 520, 521 dermoid cysts, 150, 368 effects, on egg production, 393 on fecundity, 205 on weight, 406 heredity of, 220 intussusception, 351 nutritional deficiency diseases, 336 of eggs, 412 of feathers, 199 of ovary, 353, 435, 438 of oviduct, 353, 510 of testis, effects on plumage, 377 of thyroid gland, cause of hen- feathering of male, 377 polyneuritis, 521 polyneuritis columbarum, 116 poultry race characters, 386 rachitis, 227, 363-364 vitamin D effect on, 521 transmission to man, 118-119 tuberculosis, 138, 365-367 amyloid infiltration in, 366 vitamin B deficiency, 520 Pavo, anal muscles, 316 arrhenoidy, 437 behavior, 47 caudal muscles, 316 claws on wings, 277 color of iris, 94, 169 courtship, 57 depigmentation of feathers by thyroid gland extract, 505 Pavo BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 132 Pavo — Continued despotism, 461 double shafted feathers, 199 embryo, chemistry of, 70 metabolism of, 374 physiology of, 152 respiration of, 155, 426 habits, 238 heredity, 220 hybrids, 263, 266, 268 hyperthyroidization, 200 hypoglossal nerve, 328 incubation, habits of, 243 period of, 244 intersexuality, 435 leg muscles, function of, 319 mutation, 163 mythology, 320 parthenogenesis, 150 sex reversal, 436, 437 social relations, 460 thyroid gland, effects of, 503 on melanin pigment development, 504 on plumage, 504 vagus nerves, 329 Pavo cristatus, hybrids, 266 Pavo nigripennis, color of Juvenal plumage, 94 Pavoncella, nuptial plumage, 383 Pavoncella pugnax, habits, 238 display plumage, 377 Peacock parrot, breeding in captivity, 43, 248 Peafowl, culture of, 387 Pearl Isls, Panama, fauna, 187 taxonomy, 472 Pecan culture, damage by Corvus, 139 Pecan Insects, as food for birds, 140 Pecking instinct, 51 Pecking order, 461 Pecten, 171 — see also under Eye blood supply, 518 nutrition of, 335 ophthalmoscopic demonstration of, 479 Pectination, of middle claw, 277 Pectoral (shoulder) girdle, 451 articulations of, 447 asymmetry of, 214 evolution of, 162 ligaments of, 446 measurements of, 405 Pedigree poultry breeding, 387, 390, 399 Pedioecetes, conservation, 112 ecology, 125 habits, 238 skeleton, of hybrids, 268, 445 taxonomy, 475 Pedioecetes campestris, hybrids, 268 Pedioecetes phasianellus, hybrids, 266, 268 Pedioecetes phasianellus campestris, ec- ology, 125 feeding habits, 250 Pedionomus torquatus, taxonomy, based on anatomy, 39, 476 Pedunculated hydatid, 510 Peiping, China, fauna, 190 Peking, China, fauna, 190 Pelagic birds, migrations, 306 Pelagornis (fossil genus), 344 humerus, 450 limb bones, measurements of, 405 Pelagosa, Isl. of, Italy, migrations, 301 Pelargi, genetic relations, 476 taxonomy, 475 Pelecanidae, axial skeleton, 453 care in captivity, 41 Pelecaniformes, behavior, 47 general work, 216 habits, 234 Pelecanoides, leg muscles, 317 skull, 455 ossification of, 341 Pelecanoididae, evolution, 160 food, 210 habits, 238 molt, 310 sequence of plumages, 381 taxonomy, 475 variation, 514 Pelecanus, air sacs, 428 altitude of flight, 286 anatomy, 37 banding, 45 brain, 76 arteries of, 88 breeding in captivity, 43 economic relations, 135, 139 habits, feeding, 250 flying, 253 horny process on beak, 255 longevity, 292 mandibular pouch, 255 muscles, of feather, 201 hyoid, 315 of leg, 317 natural history, 322 olfactory lobes, 338 oviduct, 509 pharyngeal pouch, 26 skeleton, 444 measurements of, 404 pneumaticity of, 448 pneumatic foramina of, 449 self injury, 48 skin, 276 stomach, 29, 30 syrinx, 468 tuberculosis of air sacs, 367 133 FINDING INDEX Pelecanus (Moris) bassanus Pelecanus (Moris) bassanus, — see also Moris and Suto bassana absence of nostrils, 257 air sacs, 428 respiratory organs, 427 Pelecanus (Phalacrocorax) carbo, esoph- agus, 28 muscle attachments to ziphoid bone, • 319 skull, 455 Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, conserva- tion, 113 Pelecanus occidentalis, food, 210 Pelecanus rufescens, air sacs, 428 anatomy, 37 skeleton, 448 syrinx, 468 Pelidina alpina, change in color, 105 Pelionetta, larynx, 429 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 trachea, 431 Pellagra, 154, 363 Pellets, regurgitation of, 117, 410 Peltops, skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 Pelvic girdle, 453 sex differences, 439 teratology of, 486, 487 Pelvic wing 377 evolution of, 162 Penelope, domestication of, 43 phallus, 511 stomach, 28 throat, breathing movements of, 426 trachea, 431 loops of, 432 Penguin Isls., Quebec, habits, 234 Penis — see Phallus Pennamotor center in cerebral cortex, 202, 319 Pennsylvania, breeding habits, 239 conservation, 112 ecology, 127, 129 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 185 food, 207 general work, 216 habits, 235 iconographv, 272 migrations, 298, 304, 305, 306, 307 natural history, 321 population, 384 taxonomy, 471 voice, 463 Pentadactylia, 495 Penthestes, banding, 45 eating oak-borer, 140 feeding habits, 250 food, insects, 213 in winter, 214 weed-seed, 142 mimicry, 54 social relations, 461 Penthestes atricapillus, economic rela- tions, 135 Penthestes hudsonicus nigricans, migra- tions, 298, 302 Peptone, content, in egg, 68, 69, 419 effects, on circulation of blood, 72 on embryo, 154 Perc6 Isl., Quebec, fauna, 180 Perception, 55, 517, 518 Perching, 239 in trees by Larus, 308 mechanism of, 281 muscles, action of, 319 Perdicinae, food, 210 Perdix, aftershaft, 204 air sacs, 428 albinism, 99 behavior, 47 blood parasites of, 348 bone, mineral content of, 447 breeding in captivity, 43 coloboma, 494 communal nesting, 248 commensalism, 132 concealing coloration, 108 conservation, 114 diphtheria, 359 distribution, 120 eclipse plumage, 382 economic relations, 135 flight, mechanics of, 288 velocity, determination of, 290 food, 210 insects, 139, 213 insectivorous habits, 139 lens, histology of, 170 suspensory ligament of, 170 lungs, 429 male brooding, 242 melanism, 101 oblique septum, 430 parent carrying young, 322 retina, 172 sex ratio, 442 smell, 460 subcutaneous hyperplasia, 355 teratology, 496 anomalies, of beak 493 doubling, 486 folding of suspensory ligament of lens, 494 variation in feather structure, 514 voice, in great pain, 466 Perdix cinerea, albinism, 99 anomalies, of beak 493 transfer of eggs, 59 Perdix grisea, albinism, 99 Perdix montana, erythrism, 101 variation, in plumage color, 95, 515 Perdix perdix BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 134 Perdix perdix, ecology, 125 feeding habits, 250 food, 210 introduction into North America, 134 mutation, 163 sequence of plumages, 381 Periblast nuclei, origin of, 148 Pericardial cavity, 157 Pericarditis, 351 Pericardium, 258 development of, 259 Pericrocotus, intelligence, 53 Perilymph, movements of, 124 Periodism, causes, 239 in reproduction, 424 Periorbital region, 254 Periosteum, nerve endings in, 330, 331 pigmentation of, 447 Perisoreus, food, 210 Perisoreus canadensis capitalis, habits, 238 Peristalsis, 24, 29 Peritoneal canals, 157 Peritoneal cavity, lesser, 157 Peritoneum, anatomy of, 38 pathology of, 351 carcinoma of, 368 Permiability, of egg shell, 414 Perm's, breeding habits, 241 melanism, 101 sequence of plumages, 381 sternum, measurements of, 405 Pernis apivorus, food, 210 habits, 238 Peron Peninsula, Australia, fauna, 196 Perosis, 353 Persia, fauna, 192 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 473 Persian Gulf, fauna, 189 Perspiration, 372 Peru, coast population, 384 conservation, 112 ecology, 128, 130 fauna, 189 guano isls. of, 164 habits, 235 taxonomy, 472 Pests, see under Economic ornithology Pete"n, Guatemala, fauna, 187 Petit, canal of, 170 Petra, Asia, fauna, 189 Petrochelidon, albinism, 99 mortality from starvation, 313 restoration, attempt at, 113 Petrochelidon albifrons, hybrids, 265 Petroselinum sativum (plant), toxicity of studied, 67 Petroeca, sequence of plumages, 381 Peucaea, distribution, 119 Peyer's patches, 292 Pezophaps, 522 Pezophaps solilarius, grit in gizzard, 31, 118 measurements, 402 skeleton, 444 vertebrae, number of, 454 Pezoporus, flight muscles, 317 pectoral girdle, 451 wing bones, 450 Phaeopus hudsonicus, habits, 235 • migrations, 302 Phaethon (Phaeton), anatomy, 37 behavior, 47 ecology, 125 food, 210 hyoid apparatus, 457 intestine, 32 larynx, 429 limb muscles, 317 sequence of plumages, 381 skull, 455 tongue, 26 variation, geographic, 516 Phaeton flavirostris, habits, 238 Phaeton phoenicurus, embryology, 144 Phaethornis, ecology, 125 sexual behavior, 56 voice, 463 Phagocytosis, 73, 276 of muscle fibers following injection of chicken sarcoma, 369 Phainopepla nitens, breeding habits, 241 male sex hormones, 441 migrations, 297 molt, 310 secondary sex characters, 438 sequence of plumages, 381 Phalacrocoracidae, body temperature, 483 breeding in captivity, 248 natural history, 322 patella, 454 swimming under water, 291 Phalacrocorax, accomodation in focus, 167, 518 air sacs, 428 albinism, 99 alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 37 bursa Fabricii, 92 economic relations, 139 embryology, 144 eye, ciliary body, 167 anatomy of, 166 habits, 238 in captivity, 247 high soaring, 285 isabellism, 100 larynx, 429 limb bones, measurements of, 405 lymphoid tissue, 292 measurements of wing areas in flight, 404 135 FINDING INDEX Phalacrocorax Phalacrocprax — Continued mortality from telephone wires, 312 nasal chambers, 256 natural history, 322 nestling down feathers, 202 nostrils absent, 257, 427 occipital style, 458 sequence of plumages, 381 sesamoid bones, 454 skeleton, 444 pneumaticity of, 448 skull, 455 development of, 456 smell, 460 spinal cord, histology of, 325 use, by man in fishing, 143, 294 of wings in diving, 291 wing bones, 450 Phakrocorax atriceps georgianus, ossifi- cation, 340 Phalacrocorax auritus, ecology, 125 environmental relations, 133 habits, 234 life history, 279 migrations, 302 natural history, 320 population, 385 territorialism, 461 Phalacrocorax bicristatus, occipital style, 458 pectoral girdle, 451 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 sternum, 452 Phalacrocorax carbo, change in color, 105 esophagus, 28 muscles attached to xiphoid bone, 319 sequence of plumages, 381 Phalacrocorax carbo subcormoranus, be- havior, 47 Phalacrocorax dilophus, food, 210 habits, 235 Phalacrocroax graculus, incubation pe- riod, 244 Phalacrocorax harrisi, flight area of wings, 283 Phalacrocorax nigrogularis, nestling plu- mage, 383 sequence of plumages, 381-382 Phalacrocorax penicittatus, chromophil substance, 323 courtship, 57 Phalacrocorax perspicillatus, skeleton, 444 skull, 455 measurements of, 404 sternum, 452 measurements of, 405 Phalaenoptilus, alimentary canal, 24 behavior, 47 limb muscles, 317 respiration, 425 urogenital system, 508 Phalaenoptilus nutalli californica, breed- ing habits, 241 Phalanges, 450, 451 anomalies of, 496 vestigial phalanges, 163 Phalaropodidae, distribution, 119 food, 210 migrations, 302 Phalaropus, luteal cells, 509 absence of, 500 Phalaropus fulicarius, migrations, 299 Phalaropus lobatus, feeding habits, 250 Phaleris, air sacs, 428 skeleton, 444 Phallus, 511 reduction of, 424 Phaps elegans, food, 210 habits in captivity, 247 Pharmacology, 67 effects, of drugs, on accomodation in vision, 167, 518 on blood pressure, 372 on heart, 260 on progeny, 163 on pupillary reflexes, 167, 170, 409 on sex reversal, 438 on uric acid excretion and secretion, 513 on vagus nerve, 329 of alcohol on size of egg yolk, 419 of atropine on asphyxia, 425 of cocaine on Grandry's corpuscles, 331 of curare on autonomic nervous system, 334 of calcium and potassium salts on heart contractions in tissue cul- ture, 507 of ether on cells in tissue culture, 505 of inhalation of ethyl alcohol, 371 of morphine, 351 of quinine on pogenesis, 416 iodine as vermicide, 479 metaphan as internal disinfectant, 371 Pharomacrus mocinno, natural history, 322 Pharyngeal membrane, perforation of, 26, 158 Pharyngeal pouches, derivatives of, 158 histology, 26 Pharyngeal sac, 157 Pharynx, 26 color of, 93 development of, 158 Phasianidae, albinism, 99 atrophied ovaries, 438 care of, 42 Phasianidae BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 136 Phasianidae — Continued economic relations, 137 epidemics, 360 evolution, of color pattern, 161 experimental hybridization, 219 fossil species, 344 general work, 215 genetics, 219 habits, 238 hybrids, 42, 219, 262 experimental, 269 fertility of, 269 oogenesis, 416 spermatogenesis, 268-269, 420 iconography, 274 lead poisoning, 364 molt, 310 natural history, 320, 322 ovary, histology of, 342 pathology, 350 sclerotic rings, 173 sequence of plumages, 382 sex, effect on blood temperature, 483 taxonomy, 474, 475 territorialism, 461 thyroid gland, experimental studies of, 503 tuberculosis, 366 Phasianoidea, ecology, 125 evolution, 160 gynandromorphism, 436 intersexuality, 435 pterylosis, 379 taxonomy, 475 Phasianus, albinism, 99 arrhenoidy, 437, 438 atavism, 218 behavior, 47 blood vessels of head appendages, 87, 278 body temperature, 483 brain, 76 chemistry of, 66 breeding in cativity, 248 bursa Fabricii, 92 castration, 435 effects on plumage, 383 catarrh of eye, 352 cause of color, 102 color pattern, 109 comb, 278 commensalism, 132 communal nesting, 248 conservation, 114 double monsters, 486 ear glands, 226 evolution of plumage, 162 erythrism, 101 feathers, 198 female plumage acquired by male, 437 food, 210 germ cells, 115 gynadromorphism, 436 habits, 238 feeding, 250 heart, pathology of, 351 hen feathering of male, 377 heredity, 220 hermaphroditism, 436 hybrids, 263, 265, 266, 267, 268 experimental, 219 fertility, 269 gonads of, 268, 509 spermatogenesis of, 269, 420 sterility of, 268 testes of, 499 incubation period, 244 infectious diseases, 370 intelligence, 53 intersexuality, 435 interstitial tissue of testes, 499 learning, 54 melanism, 101 Mendelian heredity, 223 molt, 310 mutation, 163 oogenesis in hybrids, 416 optic chiasma and lobes, 83 ovary, development of, 342 disease of, 438 ovariotomy, effects on plumage, 383 papillae about eye, 278 pathology, 350 pigmentation of integumental papil- lae, 434 rectrices, 203 renal corpuscles, 513 reproductive system, 508 retina, 172 secondary sex characters, 223, 438, 439 sex hormones, 440 effects, on development, 441 on sex characters, 441 sex ratio, 223 of hybrids, 442 sex reversal, 437, 438 smell, 460 spermatogenesis, in hybrids, 269, 420 of sterile birds, 420 spurs in arrhenoidy, 438 sterility, 416 germ cell cytology, 424 stomach, 28 syrinx, 468 teratology, 495 abnormal eggs, 488 anomalies of beak, 493 double monsters, 486 feathers inverted 497 x-ray picture of supernumary hind limbs, 496 FINDING INDEX Phasianus Phasianus — Continued testes, effects on secondary sex characters, 501 modification of Sertoli cells in, 500 thoracic and abdominal autonomic nervous system, 334 thymus gland, striated cells of, 502 thyroid gland, effects of, on plumage, 504, on sex development, 505 tuberculosis, 366 of liver, 367 tumors of ovary, 368 variation, 514 in feather structure, 514 weights of chemical compounds in brain, 407 Phasianus colchicus, arrhenoidy, 438 hybrids, 266, 267 sex reversal, 437, 438 , zoonerythrin, 104 Phasianus cokhichus torquatus, habits, 238 as introduced species, 179 life history, 280 Phasianus formosanus, hybrid eggs, 269 Phasianus pictus, parthenogenesis, 150 Phasianus reevesi, hybrids, 266, 267 Phasianus torquatus, conservation, 112 habits, 238 hybrids, 265 sex reversal, 437 Phasianus versicolor, ciliary muscle, 168 hybrids, 267 eggs of, 269 Pheasants, care of, 42 destruction of by Quiscalus, 138 Philadelphia, migrations, 298 observations at, City hall tower 304 Philepitta, anatomy, 37 syrinx, 468 Philippine Isls., conservation, 112 ecology, 129, 130 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 197 general work, 217 habits, 236 insectivorous birds, 140 mammoth incubators, 399 population changes due to clearing of forests; 385 taxonomy, 474 Philohela, albinism, 99 brain, 76 conservation, 112 motility of upper mandible, 256 olfactory lobes, 338 Philohela minor, carrying young, 243 decreasing population, 385 eating ferns, 214 ecology, 125 habits, 238 breeding, 241 incubation period, 244 sexual behavior, 56 Phlogoenas crinigera, breeding habits, 241 pectoral girdle, 451 Phodilus, plumage, 376 skeleton, 444 Phodilus badius, measurements of skeleton, 404 Phoenicopteri, behavior, 47 general work, 216 Phoenicopterus, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 35 of eye, 166 brain weight, 407 ciliary muscle, 168 fungus infection of lungs, 354, 370 hand bones, 451 horny covering of beak, 279 inferior olivary nucleus, 85 migrations, 302 myology, 314 parasitic fungi of, 347 pterylosis, 379 skeleton, 444 syrinx, 468 taxonomic anatomy, 39, 476 tongue, 26 vertebrae, action of, 453 Phoenicopterus ruber, habits, 238 incubation period, 244 life history, 280 sequence of plumages, 382 Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum, migra- tions, 302 Phoenicurus, banding, 45, 46 natural history, 320 Phoenicurus ochrurus, hybrids, 267 Phoenicurus ochrurus gibralteriensis, molt, 310 sequence of plumages, 382 Phoenicurus phoenicurus, hybrids, 267 sex reversal, 437 Pholeoptynx cunicularia, habits, 238 Phonygama, tracheal loops, 432 Phosphate, in urine, 64 Phosphatids, in yolk, 419 Phosphorescence, 308 Phosphorus, as poison, 365 calcium ration, 61 effects on embryo, 153 in nutrition studies, 335 metabolism of, 63, 335, 375 effects of cereals and vitamins, 395 of vitamin A, 520 of blood, 65, 74 of egg, 69 serum reserve in rachitis, 363 sex difference in blood content of, 439 sex variation in content, 424 Photodilus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 138 Photodilus, anatomy of, 37 pterylosis, 379 skeleton, 444 Photodilus badius, taxonomy, 475 Photography, 261 apparatus for, 40 methods, 295 of sound, 482 technic, 481 Photoperiodism, as migration factor, 305 Phototropism, 55 Phyllopneuste trochilus, albinism, 99 Phylloscopus, as host species, 247 breeding habits, 126 eating nectar 214 ecology, 125, 126 mocking, 54 orientation, 340 Phylloscopus inornatus, migrations, 304 Phylloscopus rufus, hybrids, 267 mocking, 253 song in autumn, 254 Phylloscopus trochilus, flavism, 100 hybrids, 267 territorialism, 462 Phylogeny, 81, 145, 162-163, 220 as factor in anomalies, 491 of cerebellum, 85 of color, 102 of corpus striatum, 81 of esophageal glands, 28, 226 of feathers, 199 of remiges, 203 of vestigial feathers, 157 of fossil birds, 345 of limbs, 281 of ovary, 342 of pelvic girdle, 453 of phallus, 511 of salivary glands, 227 of sclerotic rings, 173 of skeleton, 445 of sternum, 452 taxonomic use, 478 value of precipitin reactions, 276 vestigial mass of cells, 157 Physical chemistry of yolk, 419 Physiological zero, in embryo, 147, 485 Physiology, 371-375 — see also under various organs Physostigmine, influence on vagus nerve, 329 Phytotoma, skull, 455 Phytotoma rara, sternum, 452 Pia mater, 293 Pica, albinism, 99 anomalies of beak, 493 autonomic nervous system, 332 breeding in captivity, 43 carnivorous habits, 251 killing other birds, 313 cytology of germinal disc, 418 economic relations, 135, 137, 138 eggs, measurements of, 404 weights of, 407 feathers, growth of, 201 flight, velocity of, 290 follicular epithelium of ovary, 342 food, 210 habits, 238 heart ganglia, 258 innervation of intestine, 332 instinct, 51 intelligence, 53 natural history, 322 nest robbing, 251 nests used by Gallinula, 246 pancreas, physiology of, 346 pectoral girdle, 451 salivary glands, 227 sexual behavior, 56 Pica caudata, anomalies of beak, 493 banding, 45 development of feathers, 200, 201 incubation period, 244 learning, 54 Pica rustica, albinism, 99 isabellism, 100 Picarian birds, position of feet in flight, 282 Pici, arrangement of toes, 282 conchae, 256 economic relations, 137 feeding habits, 141 food, 210 iconography, 274 metamorphosis of beak, 255 palate, 458 pterylosis, 379 skeleton, 444 taxonomy, 475 tongue, 26 Picidae, abbreviated inner primaries,. 203 adaptation, 21, 22 color of iris, 169 ear, 121 ecology, 125 economic relations, 135 embryology, 144 food, 210 foot, anatomy of, 281 mechanics of, 282 general work, 215 habits, 234, 235, 238 breeding, 241 feeding, 250 changes in feeding habits, 252 heel padis, 278, 281 larynx, 429 limb bones, 281 molt, 310 mortality from automobiles, 312 139 FINDING INDEX Picidae Picidae — Continued muscles, 314 of foot, 282 ossification, of auditory ossicles, 341 of skull, 341 pigment of iris, 170 pterylosis, 379 red head-patch in juvenal females, 383 sap sucking, 252 sequence of plumages, 382 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 development of, 456 structure of, 456 stomach contents, 212 taxonomy, 475 tongue, 26 tree boring, 250 vision, darkness, 519 voice, 463 Picinae, of Oklahoma, 184 Picoides arcticus, migrations, 304 Picumnus, hyoid apparatus, extension of horns, 458 Picus, albinism, 99 beak, anomalies of, 493, 494 development of, 255 drumming with, 248 climbing, 285 cranial nerves, 327 double eggs, 488 elephantiasis, 354 eyes, 165 flight, velocity of, 290 food, 210 habits, 238 feeding, 250 hyoid apparatus, extension of horns, 26, 458 infrahyoid muscles, 315 lamellar corpuscles in mouth region, 331 optic chiasma and lobes, 83 ossification of tendons, 341 regeneration of beak, 410 tongue, 26 Picus epicthonius, food, 210 Picus major, natural history, 322 Picus martins, economic relations, 135 food, 210 Picus viridis, anomalies of beak, 493 drumming, 248 food, 210 hyoid apparatus, 457 mesentenc nerves, 332 tongue, 26 variation, 515 Pied plumage, heredity of, 221 Pigeons, care of, 42 Pigments, chemistry of, 63 development of, in egg shell, 424 in skin, effects of sex hormones, 440 inhibitors of, 222 lipochrome (carotinoid, carotenoid) pigments, 103-104, 205, 231, anomalies of, 100 absence of, 100, 103 inheritance of, 221 tetronerythrin in comb, 279 visual purple of retina, 172 yellow pigments in blood, 74 melanin pigments, 104-105 development of, 104-105, 504 effects of ovary versus thyroid glands, 503 in sarcoma of eye, 369 wandering epidermal pigment cells, 166 of blood, 65 of corpus luteum, 343 of eye, 168, 169, 170, 172 of feathers, 64, 66, 102-105, 204, 503 of neurons, 323 storage in liver, 284 Pigmental colors, 102-105 Pigmentation, egg production correla- tion, 392 genes for, 222 head patch, 157 heredity of, 222 in integumental papillae about eye, 434 influence, of thymus gland on, 503 of thyroid gland, 504, 505 of body, 205 of heart, 257 of periosteum, 447 of skin, of bald red-headed fowls, 276 relation to speciation, 467 Pilocarpine, influence, on splanchnic nerves, 67 on vagus nerves, 329 Pimiento pepper, effects, on hatcha- bility of egg, 389 on yolk color, 397, 419 Pineal body or gland, 375 development of, 158 evolution of, 161 experimental technic for, 479 extirpation of, 232, 375 relation to hypophysis, 270 Pineal eye, 157 Pine-seed, as food for birds, 136 Pines, Isle of, West Indies, taxonomy, 472 Pinicola, care in captivity, 41 change in color, 105 fecundity, 204 molt, 310 Pinicola enucleator BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 140 Pinicola enucleator, abnormal colora- tion, 95 hybrids, 267 sequence of plumages, 382 Pipilo, albinism, 99 intersexuality, 435 musical appreciation, 49 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 Pipilo erythrophthalmus, sexual be- havior, 56 Pipilo fuscus, albinism, 99 Pipra, anatomy, 37 Piranga, behavior, 47 hybrids, 263 insect food, 213 molt, 310 skeleton, 444 skull, 455 Piranga flava, taxonomy, 475 Piranga rubra, sequence of plumages, 382 sex reversal, 437, shadow boxing, 48 Pisobia bairdi, habits, 238 natural history, 322 Pithecophaga jefferyi, skeleton, 444 Pitta, carotid arteries, anomaly of, 498 evolution of voice, 161 feather structure, 201 Pittidae, iconography, 274 taxonomy, 474, 475 Pituitary gland, 269-271, 421— see also Hypophysis effects, of extract on body tempera- ture, 371-372, 483 on fecundity, 205, 393 on growth, 232 sex differences in size, 439 Pituitrin, effects on embryo, 154 on circulation of blood, 67, 72 Pitylus, stomach, 28 Pityriasis, 354 Pityusae Isls., Mediterranean Sea, fauna, 196 Placental extract, effects on migrations, 305 Plague, 364 immunity to, 275 Planesticus migratorius, — see also Tur- dus migratorius supernumary hind limbs, 496 Plants, as food for birds, 214 Plasma, 71 foreign, as' tissue culture medium, 505 of doves, as tissue culture medium, 506 Plasmodium (parasites), culture of, sporozoites of 479 Plalalea, anatomy, 35 beak, histology of, 255 esophagus, 27 nerve endings, in beak region, 330 syrinx, 468 tracheal coils in sternum, 432 Plalycercus, change in color, 105 erythrism, 101 food, 210 geographic variation, 516 hybrids, 263 plumage, 376 Platycercus auriceps, albinism, 99 Platycercus elegans, hybrids, 267 Platycercus eximius, hybrids, 267 Platypus niger, molt, 310 Plautus impennis, anatomy and history, 165 beak, 255 extinction of, 164 habits, 234 natural history, 320 skeleton, 445 taxonomy, 475 Play, 55 Plectrophanes, albinism, 99 Plectrophenax, change in color, 106 migrations, 302, 306 sequence of plumages, 382 Plectrophenax nivalis, change in color, 106 habits, 238 molt, 310 Plegadis, medulla oblongata, 85 tongue, 26 Plegadis autumnalis, habits, 238 Plethysmographic records, of respira- tion, 425 Pleura, 430 Plexuses, autonomic, 334 vascular, 87 Pleuro peritoneal cavity, 157 Plictolophus, optic chiasrna and lobes, 83 oviduct, egg position in, 423 physiology of reproduction, 421 Ploceidae, breeding habits, 241 parasitic, 246 color, 94 change in, 106 directive coloration, 108 "formenkreis" theory, 467 hybrids, 262 luminous mouth parts, 95, 256 mutation, 163 sequence of plumages, 382 skeleton, 445 skull, 455 speciation, 466 sternum, 452 taxonomy, 474, 475, 478 Ploceus franciscanus, epithelium of kid- neys, 513 Plotiis, alimentary canal, 24 carotid arteries, 88 141 FINDING INDEX Plotus Plotus — Continued cervical vertebrae, 454 fibula, 449 habits, effected by neck mechanism, 239 medulla oblongata, 85 molt, 310 induced, 310, 378 myology, 314 cervical muscles, 315 regurgitation of gizzard lining, 31 skeleton, 445 vertebral column, 453 length of vertebrae, 454 Plotus anhinga action of vertebrae, 453 measurements of, 405 Plotus kvaillantii, anatomy, 37 skeleton, 445 Plotus melanogaster, anatomy, 37 molt, 310 plumage, 376 Plum Isl., Massachusetts, ecology, 129, 130; Plumage, 375-384 abrasion as source of taxonomic error, 477 anomalies of, 497 heredity of, 221 bleaching as source of taxonomic error, 477 cock feathering, 225 effects, of castration, 378 of sex hormones, 440 color of, 94 effects of abrasion on, 515 in gynandromorphism, 436 inheritance of, 221 relation to nest, 245 contraction of in diving, 291 cubital coverts as taxonomic charac- ters, 477 discoloration of, 96 eclipse, 288, 311, 382 effects of sex hormones on, 441 iconography, 274 effects, of castration on, 85, 86, 383 of goiter, 361 of nutrition, 338 gonad grafts, 229, 230 into ovariotomized hen, 439 of ovarian extracts, 343 of senile ovary, 342 of sex hormones, 441 of thyroid gland, 504, 508 of thyroidectomy, 505 evolution of, 162 female, acquired by male, 437 food, adherence to, 250 frizzled, heredity of, 221 function in heat regulation, 372 genetics of, 225 head creasts, evolution of, 162 hen feathering of male, 225 effects of hormones on, 160 pathology of thyroid gland as cause, 505 heredity of, 223 in gynandromorphism, 436 in poultry judging, 386 in sex reversal, 438 mutation of, 163 oil of, 227 porcupine, heredity of, 221 relation to migrations, 303, 382 sequence of, 379-383 sex differences in, 439 sex dimorphism, 434 taxonomic characters, 477 variation, 514 in color, 51 5 weights of, 408 Plumbi nitrate, effects on embryo, 154 Plumbism, 355 Plumes, 377 — see also Feathers breeding for, 43, 218, 219 Pluvialis apricaria, albinism, 99 migrations, 300 Pluvialis aegypticus, habits, 238 Pluvialis dominica, migrations, 298, 302 Pneumaticity of skeleton, 448-449 of skull, 459 Pneumonia, 355 Podargus, conchae, 256 ossification of skull, 341 powder-down feathers, 203 pterylosis, 379 sclerotic rings, 173 Podasocys montonus, cranial nerves, canals and foramina for, 327 skeleton, 445 skull, 455 nerve foramina of, 459 Podica, anatomy, 36 pterylosis, 379 syrinx, 468 Podiceps, albinism, 99 anomalies of beak, 493 arteries, 88 cloaca, 91 color of skin, 95 development, of eye, 166 of pecten, 171 digestion, 116 display, 58 diving, 291 eating feathers, 252 eclipse plumage, 382 evolution of voice, 161 feathers, in stomach, 212 structure of, 201 fecundity, 204 food, 210 late breeding, 242 locomotion on land, 290 Podiceps BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 142 Podiceps — Continued natural history, 322 obturator nerves, 330 optic nerves, insertion of, 172 pterylosis, 379 rectrices, 162, 203 reproductive instinct, 52 resistance of egg to humidity, 417 skeleton, 445 stomach, 28 swimming, 291 tongue muscles, 315 wings, 282 Podiceps cristatus, courtship, 57 ecology, 125 habits, 238 breeding, 241 secondary sex characters, evolution of, 161 sexual behavior, 56 sexual selection, 442 territorialism, 462 Podiceps fluviatilis, degeneration of caudal vertebrae, 162 retrograde evolution of rectrices, 162 sexual behavior, 56 Podiceps nigricollis, abnormal colora- tion, 95 sequence of plumages, 382 Podiceps rubricollis stomach contents, 212 Podicipes — see also Podiceps change in color, 106 habits, 238, 242 sequence of plumages, 382 Podicipides, ossification of skull, 341 Podicipedidae, stomach contents, 212 Podilymbtis, eating feathers, 252 parathyroid glands, 350 thymus gland, development of, 502 ultimobranchial bodies, 158 Podilymbus podiceps, diving with young, 55, 249 habits, 238 Podoa, alimentary canal, 24 skeleton, 445 syrinx, 468 Podoa surinamensis, anatomy, 36 myology, 314 Poecilc borealis, hybrids, 264, 267 Poephila, breeding in captivity, 43 hybrids, 263 luminous papillae of mouth, 256 melanism, 101 sequence of plumage, 382 Poephila gouldiae, change in color of plumage, 106 gynandromorphism, 436' longevity, 292 Peophila mirabilis, color of skin of head, 95 directive coloration, 108 mutation, 163 Poikilothermism, from lesions of di- encephalon, 483 experimental, 270 Point Pelee, Canada, ecology, 126, 130 fauna, 180 migrations, 306 Poison gas, detection of, 135, 479 Poisoning, 67, 113, 313, 364, 365 from hyperthyroidation, 504 methods of, 479 of poultry by Daubentonia, 313, 400 Poisonous fruits, eaten by birds, 212 Poisonous plant, not eaten, 250 Poland, economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 195 migrations, 301 oology, 339 vernacular names, 478 Polar regions, ecology, 129 fauna, 175 Polarity, of egg, 417 of embryo, 146 Polarized light, use in studying, al- bumen, 68, 70 shell structure, 480 Polioptila caerulea, breeding habits, 49, 241 care of young, 242 incubation period, 244 nest construction, 245 tirritorialism, 462 Polish fowl, brain, 220 cerebral hernia, 221 feather development, 200 origin, 161 Pollination of flowers, by birds, 250 Polyandry, 58, 247, 411 Polyborus, arrangement of toes, 282 fossil species, 344 rotator tendons of foot, 281 Polydactylia, 495 Polydipsia, 504 Polygamy, 58, 247, 411 Polymyelia, 483, 495-496 Polynesia, fauna, 198 habits, 236 taxonomy, 474 Polyneuritis, 362-363, 410, 504, 521 Polyneuritis columbarum, 116 Polyphagia, 504 Polyplectron, progressive variation, 514 sexual selection, 225 Polyplectron cristata, courtship, 57 display, 58 Polypkctrum (Polyplectron), progres- sive variation, 514 Polyspermy, 148 as cause of double monsters, 486 Polytelis, hybrids, 263 143 FINDING INDEX Potnatorhina (us) Pomatorhina (us), damaged feathers, 199 insectivorous habits, 139 sequence of plumages, 382 Pomerania, Germany, fauna, 194 Ponape" Isl., Micronesia, fauna, 198 Pond associations, 131 Pooeceies, intelligence, 53 learning, 54 Pooecetes gramineus, albinism, 99 breeding habits, 241 growth, 231 life history, 280 weights, 406 Population, 384-386 change in, 112 decrease in, 173 Porphyrinuria, 64 Porphyrio, anatomy, 36 exceptional fecundity, 205 fecundity in captivity, 205 Porphyrio coeruleus, breeding in cap- tivity, 43 Porphyrio melanonotus, claws on wings, of nestlings, 277 Porphyrio pulverulentus, skeleton, 445 Port Henderson, Jamaica, fauna, 186 Porthetria dispar (moth), eggs of, as food for birds, 208 Portland, Oregon, fauna, 185 Porto (Puerto) Rico, ecology, 130 economic ernithology, 137 fauna, 187 food, 207 paleontology, 344 Portugal, fauna, 195 leukoctyozoa (parasites) of birds, 348 Portuguese East Africa, fauna, 178 Porzana, albinism, 99 sternum, 452 Porzana Carolina, skeleton, 445 Porzana jamaicencis, habits, 241 voice, 463 Posen, fauna, 194 Position sense, 48 — see also Orientation Postorbital plate, 458 Postural apnea, 324, 425 Postural reflexes, 409 Posture, 253 concealing, 48 in flight, 253, 288-289 hand position, 283 of neck, 215 in locomotion, 289 Potassium, 60, 413 antagonistic action of, 60 deficiency in diseases, 362 salts of, action on heart contractions in tissue culture, 260, 507 Potassium bromide, effects on embryo, 154 Potassium iodide, effects on embryo, 153, 154 Potassium nitrate, toxicity, 67, 365, 400 Potassium sulphate, 164 Potassium sulphocyanide, effects on embryo, 154 Potassium thiocyanate, effects on em- bryo, 154 Potato beetles, as food for birds, 140 Potencies, of blastoderm parts, 155, 228 of testis-like gonads after ovario- tomy, 442 Pouch, palatine, 159 Seesel's 157 Poultry, classification of, 224, 387 development of new varieties, 387, 388, 467 judging, 386 origin, 224 parasites of, 346, 347, 348, 349 pathology of, 350 varieties or races, 387-388 with teratologic characters, 492 Poultry Culture, 386-400 education in, 143 methods of, 204, 479 use of vitamins, 519, 520, 521 Poultry houses, 390-391 Pouting instinct, 51 Powder-down, 203 Power, of muscle, 319 in rowing flight, 289 Pox, bird, 357 immunity to, 275 Prairie associations, 131, 133 population, 384 Pratincola, allantois, 151 exclusion of yolk sac, 423 Precipitation (precipitin) reactions, 276 of sex cells, 68 race relationships, 218 use in taxonomy and phylogeny, 276, 478 Precocial birds, albumen comparison with altricial birds, 413 Predaceous birds, crop, 27 economic relations, 137 food, 208 holding booty in flight, 285 iconography, 274 mechanics of flight, 286 mortality from, 313 natural history, 320 regurgitated pellets, 212 stomach contents, 211 Predaceous mammals, mortality from, 313 Premandibular cavities, 157 Premaxilla, 457 Prcsbyornis (fossil genus), 344 Preserving technic, 481 Presque Isle BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 144 Presque Isle, Pa., fauna, 185 ecology, 127, 131 Prey, holding in flight, 253 Pribilof Isls., fauna, 180 food, 206 taxonomy, 471 Primary feathers, 203 taxonomic characters, 477 Primitive knot, — see Hensen's knot Primitive streak, 149-150, 158 anomalies of, 487, 491 Primordial germ cells, 411^12 Prince Edward Isls., avifauna, 174, 180 migrations, 297 Prince William Sound, ecology, 126 fauna, 180 Prinia gracilis natronensis, age of races, 478 speciation, 467 Priori, embryology, 144 Prioniturus, racket-feather formation, 204 Pripet River Swamps, Russia, fauna, 195 Proamnion, 151 Problem solution, 53 Procellaria, behavior in captivity, 49 body temperature, 483 care in captivity, 41 salivary glands, 227 Procellariidae, distribution, 175 habits, 238 taxonomy, 475 wing, bones of, 450 sesamoid, 454 muscle tendons, 317 Procellariiformes, — see also Tubinares alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 37 beak, taxonomic anatomy, 255 behavior, 47 body temperature, 483 distribution, 119 flight muscles, 317 food, 210 general work, 216 habits, 234 breeding, 241 life histories, 281 limb muscles, 317 mechanics of flight, 288 migrations, 298, 302 rudimentary hallux, 282 skeleton, 445 skull, 456 taxonomy, 474, 476 variation, 516 wing, anatomy of, 283 Procniatidae, pterylosis, 379 skeleton, taxonomy of, 449 Proctodeum, 159 Progne, communal relationships, 133 cross beak, 494 ecology, 125 food, 210 habits, 235 incubation period, 244 migrations, 297 Progne subis, communal relationships, 133 egg substitution, 411 food of nestlings, 208 habits, 238 migrations, 298, 302 Prolactin, effects of, 27 production of, 270 Promeropidae, taxonomy, 475 Pronephric duct, 512 Pronephros, 512 Propagation of game birds, 40, 113 Proprioceptive mechanism, 324 tracts of, 78 Proteins, 63, 337 absorption of, 146 combustion of, 146 concentration in embryo, 145 digestion of, 117 effects on egg production, 393 foreign, 63, 371, 384 in blood sera, 65 in egg, 68 in nutrition, 335, 337 in poultry food, 396 metabolism of, 71, 374 in embryo, 155 sex differences, 63, 439 Protocalliphora, (parasites), 347 Protonotaria citrea, breeding habits, 241 ecology, 125 Protozoa, parasitic, infections with, 348-349, 370 lice as carriers, 347 Protozyme (Aspergillus orizae), in poul- try feed, 395 Proventriculus, 30 cytology, 115 feeding effects on, 208 Prunella, hyoid apparatus, 457 Prunella modularis, albinism, 99 incubation period, 244 infection with epithelioma contag- iosum, 360 learning, 54 Pruritus, 355 Prussia, fauna, 194 migrations, 300 Psaltriparus, behavior, 47 fear, 50 gregariousness, 133, 461 social relations, 460 tameness, 50 Psarisomus, arteries, 88 myology, 314 skeleton, 445 Psephotus, beak of nestling, 255 145 FINDING INDEX Pseudencephalia Pseudencephalia, 497 Pseudocalyptomena, anatomy, 37 hyoid apparatus, 457 myology, 314 skull, 455 syrinx, 468 taxonomy, 475 Pseudochromospmes, 116, 416 in germinal. disc, 418 Pseudogerygone, taxonomy, 475 Pseudogryphus, claws on wings, 277 Pseudogyps, flight, 285 Pseudoinfluenza, 355 Pseudotuberculosis, 367 Psendotantalus, sequence of plumages, 382 Pseudota.nta.lus ibis, proventriculus, 30 Psittaci, air sacs, 428 albinism, 99, 100 anomalies of beak, 493 arrangement of toes, 282 arteriosclerosis, 351 blood vessels of spinal cord, 87 carotid arteries, 88 eating feathers, 252, 294 eye, anatomy of, 166 fossil species, 344 hyoid apparatus, 457 iconography, 274 infection with Bacillus aerirycke, 370 ligaments of ear, 122 longevity, 292 lungs, 429 physiology of, 430 melanism, 101 myology, 314 natural history, 320 pterylosis, 379 senility, 308 skeleton, 445 taxonomy of, 449 skull, 455 susceptibility to mammalian tubercu- losis, 367 taxonomy, 474, 475 telencephalon, 81 thyroid gland, 503 tongue muscles, 315 typhus, 370 variation in plumage color, 515 Psittacidae, anatomy, 39 behavior, 47 care of, 42 coloration of, 92 domestication of, 43 ear, 121 early embryology, 147 emotions, 50 evolution, 160 furcula, 452 gall bladder, 284 hybrids, 262 language, 53 learning, 54 mandible, 458 mimcry, 54 musical appreciation, 49 myology, 314, 318 natural history, 320 pathology, 350 pelvis, secondary sex characters of, 439 sex, differences in skeleton, 453 identification of, 434 skeleton, 445 skull, 455 extra bones of, 457 speech, 54, 465 syrinx, 468, 469 taxonomy, 474, 475 based, on anatomy, 39, 476 on skeleton, 477 on uropygeal gland, 227 tendons of depressor muscles of man- dible, 315 tuberculosis, innoculation with, 367 vision, 517 Psittaciformes, neurons, pigment of, 323 Psittacosis, 119, 365 immunity to, 275 Psittacula, abnormal eggs, 488 Psittacus, air sacs, 428 anatomy, 37 behavior, 47, 49 brain, 80 bronchi, 430 carotid arteries, 88 cochlea, 123 conchae, 256 ear, injury to, 121 economic relations, 138 embryonic teeth, 25 epilepsy, 119 erythrism, 101 feathers, electrically charged, 199 loss of, 352 feeding habits, changes in, 252 lamellar corpuscles in mouth region, 331 longevity, 292 medulla oblongata, 85 melanism, 101 molt, without replacement, 310 mimcry, 54 muscles, of flight, 317 of leg, function of, 319 nasal gland ducts, 226 masolacrimal duct, 256 otoliths, 124 pitch discrimination, 53 renal corpuscles, 513 scrofula in lymph nodes, 364 skull, 455 spinal cord, blood vessels of, 324 stomach, histology of, 29 Pstitacus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 146 Pstitacus — Continued syrinx, 468, 469 taste, 469 teratology, abnormal Mullerian ducts, 510 double feathers, 497 egg in egg, 489 trachea, 431 vocal ability, 53 Psittacus chinensis, flight muscles, 317 Psittacus erithacus, anomalies, of beak 493 measurements, 402 skeleton, 447 Pstitacus indicus, food, 210 habits in captivity, 247 Psophia, anatomy, 36 arteries of brain, 88 down and definitive feather conti- nuity, 200 powder-down feathers, 203 pterylosis, 379 skeleton, 445 taxonomy, 475 Psophia agami, sternum, taxonomic bearings, 452 Psophia crepitans, air sacs, 428 alimentary canal, 24 larynx, 429 myology, 314 respiratory organs, 427 sequence of plumages, 382 skeleton, 445 syrinx, 469 trachea, 431 Pterocles, ear labyrinth, 123 integument, 276 myology, 314 nestling down feathers, 202 skeleton, 445 taxonomy, based on anatomy, 477 based on skeleton, 449, 477 Pterocles senegallensis, nestling plumage, 383 sequence of plumages, 382 Pterocles setarius, change in color, 106 Pteroclidae, taxonomy, 474, 475 Pterylae (Pterylosis), 378-379 taxonomic characters, 477 Ptilocorys cristata, beak anomalies, 493 Ptilogonys, skeleton, compared with reptilian, 447 Ptilonorhynchidae, courtship, 58 habits, 238 iconography, 274 plumage, 376 taxonomy, 474 Ptilonorhynchus, color vision, 518 cubital coverts, 377 play house construction, 55 Ptilopody, 377 Ptilopus, taxonomy, 474 Ptilorhis magnifica, courtship, 57 display, 58 Ptilosis, 379 Plilotis, sequence of plumages, 382 Pubis, 453 Puerto Rico — see Porto Rico Puffinus, albinism, 99 breeding habits, 241 caudal and anal muscles, 316 dichromatism, 108 ecology, 125 fossil species, 344 salt water drinking, 249 skeleton, 445 wings, 282 Puffinus anglorum, food, 210 habits, 238 Puffinus brevicaudus, incubation period, 244 Puffinus major, habits, 238 Puffinus opisthomelas, feeding habits, 250 voice, 463 Puffinus puffinus, food, 210 Puffinus tenuirostris, olfactory organs, 338 Puget Sound region, fauna, 185 Pullorum disease, 355-356 immunity to, 275 serum tests for, 74 Pulmonary artery, anomaly of, 490 Pulo Taya Isl., fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Pulse rate, 260, 375 effects of temperature on embryo, 146 of arteries, 88 relation to breathing, 426 Punjab, fauna, 191 Pupil of eye, 167, 170 Pupillary reflexes, 167, 170 Pure line concept, 219 Purkinje fibers, 258 function of, 260 Purkinje phenomen, 518 Purulent abdomen, 355 Putrefaction, 73 of eggs, 417 Putrid eggs, as food for man, 142 Puszta-Hortobagy, Hungary, fauna, 194 Pycnonotus, longevity, 292 Pycnonotus hemorrhous, behavior in captivity, 49 Pycnoptilus floccosus, habits, 238 incubation period, 244 Pygmornis, ecology, 125 sexual behavior, 56 voice, 463 Pygomelus, 486 Pygopodes, behavior, 47 habits, 234 life histories, 280 skeleton, 445 147 FINDING INDEX Pygopodes Pygopodes — Continued skull, 455 taxonomy, 475 Pygoscelis, behavior, 47 doubling of parietal bones, 486 evolution, 160 feet, bones of, 450 development of, 281 habits, 238 incubation period, 244 nasolacrimal duct, development of, 256 ossification, 340, 341 parietal bone, 459 wing bones, development of, 450 wings, 282, arteries of, 89 development of, 152 Pygoscelis adeliae, albinism, 99 embryology, 144 Pygoscelis papua, adaptation in feet, 22 nasal glands, development of, 226 nictitating glands, development of, 227 Pygostyle, 162, 454 Pyramid Peak, CaL, ecology, 131 Pyrenees Mts., fauna, 193 Pyrenees-Orientales, fauna, 193 Pyrenestes, food, 210 variation in size, 514 Pyrgita, albinism, 99 anomalies of beak, 493 spinal ganglia, 326 Pyromelana, seasonal changes in color, 106 sequence of plumages, 382 Pyromelana franciscana, castration ef- fects, 85 on secondary sex characters, 440 sex hormone effects, on plumage, 378 on regenerating feathers. 441 Pyrrhocorax, anomalies of beak, 493, 494 habits, 238 irregular breeding, 245 sexual behavior, 56 Pyrrhocorax alpinus, habits, 238 breeding, 241 Pyrrhocorax graculus, habits, 238 Pyrrhopicus, hyoid apparatus, 458 Pyrrhula, albinism, 99 breeding habits, 241 care of young, 242 castration, 435 change in color, 106 food, 210 Grandry's corpuscles, 331 gynandromorphism, 436 habits, 238 hermaphroditism, 435 hybrids, 263 spermatogenesis, 420 incubation period, 244 intersexuality, 435 learning, 54 melanin pigment, 104 melanism, 101 natural history, 322 optic chiasma and lobes, 83 reproductive system, 508 secondary sex characters in nestling plumage, 383, 439 smell, 460 taxonomy, 475 thyroid gland, effect on change of color of feathers, 107, 504 influence, on melanin pigment development, 504 zoonerythrin (zooerythrin), 104 Pyrrhula canaria, hybrids, 267 Pyrrhula coccinea, intersexuality, 435 Pyrrhula europaea, eating lilac seeds, 214 gynandromorphism, 436 Pyrrhula germanica, voice 463, Pyrrhula pyrrhula, gynandromorphism, 436 hybrids, 264, intersexuality, 435 sex reversal, 437 Pyrrhulopsis spendens, albinism, 99 Q Quail disease, 355 Quangtri, Indo-China, fauna, 190 Quangtung coast, China, fauna, 190 Quantitative Works, 400-408 counts of lamellar corpuscles, 331 fecundity, 204 food estimates, 212 measurements, 215, 231, 402-406 of accomodation in diopters, 518 of body temperature, rectal read- ings, 483 of egg production, 399 of embryonic respiration, 427 of feet, 281 of flight conditions, 288 of flight mechanism, 288 of gases in respiration, 425, 426-427 of gonads, 509 of Grandry's corpuscles, 331 of heart, 260 of lamellar corpuscles, 331 of muscle power, 319 of red blood corpuscles, 73 of respiration, 425, 426, 427 of skeletal muscle fibers, 318 of skeleton, 404^05, 445 of skull, 391, 404 of spleen, 293 of testes, 501 of wings, 282, 283 of work by flight muscles, 289 Quantitative Works BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 148 Quantitative Works — Continued methods, 294, 481 for weighing food, 295 in taxonomy, 478 number of contour and primary feathers, 377 on brain, 80-81 significant numbers, 401 size, increase northward, 516 of cells, 114 of eggs, 390, 516 of gall bladder, 284 of hypophysis, 270 of liver in embryo, 283 of nest, 245 of thyroid gland, 505 stomach capacity, 117 weights, 205, 220, 231, 232, 289, 401, 406-408 of body, 212, 406, 516-517 correlations, 392 in inanition, 337 of eggs, 204, 219, 269, 390, 485 changes during incubation, 418 correlations, 392 of egg parts, 156 in hybrids, 269 heredity of, 222 loss of weight, 515 during incubation, 156, 335 taxonomic use, 477 of excreta, 308 of flight mechanism, 288 of gonads, 270, 509 of heart, 283, 289 of hypophysis, gonad effects on. 270 of internal organs, 289, 397 of kidneys, 336, 513 of liver, 270, 284 on starch deficient diet, 336 of liver and spleen, sex differences, 439 of lungs, 430 of oviduct, 270 of pectoral muscles, 283, 289 of plumage, 202, 203, 376 of spleen, 293 of suprarenal glands, 270 of thymus gland, 271, 501 of thyroid gland, 271 of wings, 282 of yolk at hatching, 152 relations, 317 to incubation period, 244 Quebec, ecology, 126 fauna, 180 habits, 234 migrations, 297 Queen Charlotte Isls., British Colum- bia, ecology, 129 fauna, 180 taxonomy, 471 Quelea, nest weaving in captivity, 245, 248 Querquedula, evolution of color pattern, 109 hybrids, 267 leukocytozoa of, 348 plumage, discoloration of, 96 variation in color, 515 teratology, heart embedded in pec- toral muscles, 499 Querquedula circia, migrations, 303 failure in, 302 Querquedual crecca, hybrids, 264, 265, 267 Querquedula cyanoptera, plumage, 382 Querquedula discors, breeding habits, 241 Querquedula fakaia, hybrids, 267 Quetta, fauna, 191 Quinine, 67, 68 lethal dose, 67, 313, 416 in treatment of cholera, 358 Quintocubitalism, 282 Quiscalus, albinism, 99 brain, 76 cannibalism, 250 communal relations, 133 eating young pheasants, 252 economic relations, 138 food, 210, 213 phototropism, 55 polygamy, 247, 411 roosting habits, 239, 253 rib anomaly, 498 R Raasay Isl., Scotland, fauna, 193 Rabbit lungs reaction to pigeon red blood corpuscles, 275 Rabbits, 70, 222 as food for birds, 251 as host for bird skin grafts, 230 effects of injecting chicken blood corpuscles into, 72, 371 infection with avian tuberculosis, 367 Rabies, 354 Races, geographic, 467 origin of, 478 Racket feathers formation, 204 Rachitis, 363-364 blood chemistry, 65 embryonic, 490 irradiation effects on, 373 prevention feeding, 336, 397 use, of salmon oil, 395 of ultraviolet light, in prevention of, 479 Radium irradiations of embryo, 146, 373 use in producing experimental anoma- lies, 492 149 FINDING INDEX Rainfall Rainfall as factor in distribution, 120 effects, on evolution, 163 on speciation, 467 Rallidae, distribution, 119 infectious diseases, 370 migrations, 297 taxonomy, 475 Ralliformes, skeleton, 445 taxonomy, 475 Rallinae, respiratory organs, 427 voice, 463 Rallus, albinism, 99 melanism, 101 migrations, 302 pathology, 350 platelet appendages to feathers, 204 skeleton, 445 Rallus aquations, food, 210 Rallus crax, hibernation, 261 wing spurs, 279 Ralltts longirostris crepitans, intelli- gence, 53 Ramphastos, feeding habits, 250 food, 210 vascularity of beak, 255 Ramphastos brevicarinatus, — see also Rhamphastos brevicarinatus food, 210 function of beak, 256 habits, 258 breeding habits, 241 heel pads, 278 life history, 280 sound production, 463 Ramphastos carinatus, — see also Rham- phastos carinatus mortality, 311 pathology of feathers, 352 Ramphastos toco — see also Rhamphastos toco anatomy of beak, 255 of head, 254 nasal chambers, 256 olfactory organs, 328, 338 Rapacious birds — see also predaceous birds curvature of beak and claws, 255 food, 206 habits, 235 of Iowa, 183 of Pennsylvania, 185 position of legs in flight, 288 Rapid peering, 250 Raptores, conchae, 256 feeding habits, 250 genetic relations, 476 migrations, 299 muscles of esophagus, 28 origin of secondary sex characters, 439 taxonomy, 475 based on esophageal muscles, 477 Rat carcinoma, transplantation to brain of Columba, 368 Rat embryo tissue, in chorio allantoic grafts, 154, 228, 229 Rat sarcoma, grafts into birds, 230, 369 Rathke's pocket (pouch), 157 Ratitae, claws on wings, 277 copulatory organs, 511 feather structure, 201 hand bones, 451 muscles, of leg, 317 pelvic, 316 skeleton, 445 skull, 456 spinal nerves, 329 swallowing unusual objects, 251 syrinx, 469 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449 Rats, as food for birds, 251 Rattle snakes, mortality from, 313 Rawal Pindi dist., fauna, 191 Reason, 53 Recapitulation theory, 162-163 Recessus perilymphaticus, 124 Recognition, 55-56 Recognition marks, 93, 460 Recolonization, 112, 384 Recording methods, 295, 482 for voice, 39, 464, 482 Rectrices, 203 anomalies of, 497 evolution of, 162 molt of, 310 Recurvirostra americana, sexual be- havior, 56 Red blood corpuscles, cytology of, 115 development of, 75 effects, of castration, 433 of ovariotomy, 86 of sex hormones, 440 evolution of, 161 measurements of, 403 phagocytosis of old, 276 Red rice, destruction by Anatidae, 143 Reel foot Lake, fauna, 185 Reflexes, 80, 408-409 conditioned, 82, 409 flight, 290 lumbar, 325, 409 vestibular, effects of lesions, 124 Refuges and sanctuaries, 113, 141 Regeneration, 410 in crop, 27 of axis cylinders in tissue culture, 507 of embryonic eye, 167 of extirpated ovaries, 229 of feathers, 199, 201 of limb bones, 449 of ovary, 343 of sex cords after castration, 411 of shell membranes, 415 of testes, 85, 86 Regression BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 150 Regression, of secondary sex characters, 86 of testes, seasonal, 501 Regulation, in ontogenesis, 401 Regulus, albinism, 99 alimentary canal, 24 ecology, 125 egg, cleavage of, 148 fertilization of, 147 maturation of, 416 mitochondria in yolk, 419 hyoid apparatus, 457 larynx, 429 salivary glands, 227 tongue, 26 variation, geographic, 516 weights of various organs, 406 Regulus regulus, leg muscles, 317 Regurgitation, 117, 410 in feeding of young, 243, 410 of cherry stones, 410 of poisonous substances, 212 pellet contents, 212 Reissner's fibers, 326 Rejuvenation, 372, 511 artificial, 505 by feeding thyroid gland, 504 Remiges, 203 molt of, 310 variation, 515 in color, 476 Remiza, breeding habits, 241 Renal calculus, 352 Renal corpuscles, 512, 513 Reproduction, 410-425 effects, of gonad extracts, 160 of vitamin D, 521 erection of penis, 511 of population, 385 Reproductive system, 435, 508-511 in sex reversal, 437 innervation of, 333 pathology of, 353 smooth muscles of, 319 weights, 408 Resistance, to cold, 484 to heteroplastic tissue, 228 Resourcefulness, 53 Respiration, 425-427 barometer, use in study of, 39, 479 blood pressure relation, 372 in vitamin B deficiency, 520 influence of vagus nerves, 329 measurements of, 403 of embryo, 155-156, 413, 426, 427 skeletal structures involved, 446 Respiratory apparatus, use of x-rays in study of, 479 Respiratory center, 426 Respiratory exchange, 83 Respiratory movements, visual effects on, 518, 519 Respiratory organs, 427-432 blood vessels of, 87 innervation of, 333 irradiation of with x-rays, 373 pathology of, 353 respiratory surface of lungs, measure- ments of, 405 Rest, in incubation, 153 periods of, 372 Restoration, 160 Rete mirabile, 89 Reticular apparatus, 74, 116 Reticular connective tissue, 111 chemistry of, 64 of spleen, 293 Retina, 80, 171-173 action current of, 517 coloboma of, 494 measurements of, 403 metabolism of, in embryo, 374 pigment of, 103 physiology of, 167 post mortem melanin pigment forma- tion in, 170 sharp vision regions, 519 Return, to same territory, 462 Reversion, 225 to wild state, 126 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 369 Rhamphastidae, behavior in captivity, 49 gall bladder, 284 gastric (stomach) glands, 226 habits, 234 iconography, 274 skeleton, pneumaticity of, 448 taxonomy, 474 Rhamphastos, — see also Ramphastos anatomy, 37 sense of smell, 460 Rhamphastos carinatus, — see also Ram- phastos carinatus pathology, 350 Rhamphastos toco, — see also Ramphastos toco anatomy of foot, 281 brain, 76 Rhamphotheca, 255 Rhea, action, of atlanto-occipital articu- lations, 446 of pelvic bones and muscles, 319 alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 37 bones of leg, 449 bursa Fabricii, 91 care in captivity, 41 carotid arteries, 88 cholera, 357 ciliary muscle, 168 cloaca, 91 columella, 122 copulatory organs, 511 151 FINDING INDEX Rhca Rhea — Continued digestion, 116 ear, 122 egg color, 93 egg shell, structure of, 414 thickness of, 414 eye, structure of, 166 feathers, 198 foot, articulations of, 447 gastric (stomach) glands, 30, 226 girdle, pectoral, 451 pelvic, 453 habits, 234, 238 in captivity, 247 heart, 258 hyoid appartus, 457 integument, 276 measurements of shell thickness, 404 medulla oblongata, 85 muscles, 314 cervical, 315 of leg, 317 mechanics of, 319 osmotic pressure, of blood, 71 of eggs, 68, 412 pectoral girdle, 451 pelvic girdle, 453 muscles of, 316 mechanics of, 319 polyandry, 247, 411 pterylosis, 379 rachitis, 363 respiratory organs, 427 skeleton, 445 measurements of, 404 tarsal bones, 450 skin, 276 skull, 455 development of, 456 structure of, 456 stomach, 28 thymus gland, development of, 502 thyroid gland, development of, 503 tuberculosis, 366 wings, 282 Rhea americana, development after hatching, 281 incubation of eggs, 43 Rhinochetidae, alimentary canal, 24 feathers, 199 powder-down, 203 heart, 257 hyoid apparatus, 457 integument of foot, 278 pterylosis, 379 scutes, 278 syrinx, structure of, 469 tongue, 26 trachea, 431 Rhinochetus, nestling down and de- finitive feather continuity, 200 nestling plumage, 383 pterylosis, 379 sequence of plumages, 382 skeleton, 445 topographic anatomy, 38 Rhinochetus jubatus, anatomy, 36 habits, 238 hyoid apparatus, 457 intestine, 31 liver, 283 pancreas, 345 powder down feathers, 203 skeleton, 445 measurements of, 404 spleen, 293 syrinx, 469 Rhinolophus, wings, 282 Rhinoplax vigil, development of fea- thers, 200 molt of rectrices, 310 sequence of plumages, unusual, 382 Rhinorchilus, ptilosis, 379 Rhipidura flabellifera, hybrids, 267 Rhipidura fuliginosa, hybrids, 267 Rhode Island, habits, 235 Rhodesia, fauna, 177, 178, 179 general work, 216 iconography, 272 Rhodinocichla, anatomy, 37 pterylosis, 379 Rhodostethia rosea, sequence of plum- ages, 382 Rhone River delta, fauna, 193 Rhynchaea, anatomy, 35 syrinx, 469 Rhynchaea capensis, syrinx, 469 tracheal loops, 432 Rhynchops, anatomy, 35 skeleton, 445 taxonomy, 449 Rhynchops nigra, habits, feeding, 250 fishing, 251 shape of pupil, 170 Rhynchotus, breeding in captivity, 248 incubation period, 244 skull, 455 suprarenal glands, 467 veins of, 89, 467 Rhynchotus rufescens, breeding in cap- tivity, 43 limb muscles, 317 uropygeal gland, 228 Rhythm, of reproduction, 424 of song, 465 Rhytidoceros, articulations of neck, 446 cervical muscles, 315 habits, 238 breeding, 239 movements of neck, 319, 372 pterylosis, 379 Ribs, 453 anomalies of, 498 Ribs BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 152 Ribs — Continued articulations of, 446 variation in, 514 Rice, as food for birds, 520 effect on beriberi, 363 Richmond dist., Australia, fauna, 196 Richmondena cardinalis, behavior, 47 courtship, 57 longevity, 292 singing habits, 253 Ricin in quills, 66, 199 Rickets, 227 — see also rachitis Right-handedness, 48 Ring dove, origin of, 225 Ringworm disease, 365 Rio de Janeiro, fauna, 188 Rio Grande R. Valley, fauna, 185 Riparia, breeding in first season, 242 marital relations, 247 Riparia riparia, banding, 45 life period, 311 Rising time, 239 Rissa, banding, 45 natural history, 322 sequence of plumages, 382 Rissa tridactyla, gonad effects on plumage, 382 radim?ntary hallux, 282 sequence of plumages, 382 sex characters in plumage, 383 Rivers, as factors in distribution, 120 Robbing, 251 Rock scratches, 308 Rocky Mt. National Park, fauna, 181, 182 Rodents, as bird enemies, 385 noxious, destroyed by birds, 143 Roentgen (X) rays irradiation, 373 effects on lymphoid tissue, 292 in studies of ossification, 341 Rold forest, Denmark, fauna, 195 Roosting habits, 248, 253, 460 damage to residential property, 138 Roosts, 133 Rose chafer beetle, mortality from, 313 Rossitten, Germany, migrations, 300 Rostrhamus, food, 210 Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus, breed- ing habits, 241 courtship, 57 Rotation, of earth, effects on migration, 303 of embryo in egg, 146 Rough leg, 365 Roumania, fauna, 195 migrations, 301 Roup, 365 diphtheric, 359-360 effect on egg production, 393 Rous chicken sarcoma, 369 Riigen Isl., Germany, fauna, 194 Rumpless fowl, vertebral column anom- aly, 498 Rumplessness, 493 heredity of, 220 skeletal modifications, 445 Rupicola, taxonomy based on anatomy, 39, 477 Ruptured yolk, 352 Rupununi dist., British Guiana, fauna, 188 Russia, banding, 45 breeding habits, 240 exportation, of birds and feathers, 142 of poultry, 386 fauna, 195 food, 207 general work, 217 iconography, 273 migrations, 301, 306, 307 taxonomy, 473 Ruticilla, abnormal eggs, 488 albinism, 99 hybrids, 263 Ruticilla phoenicura, intersexuality, 435 Ruticilla tethys, hen feathering of male, 377 sex reversal in male, 437 S Sabaragamuwa prov., Ceylon, fauna, 191 Saccharose, in crop, 60 Saccus endolymphaticus, 123 Safety, devices in wings, 288 of sea birds, 322 Saginaw Bay, Mich., ecology, 127, 131 Sahara Desert, ecology, 126, 130 fauna, 176 migrations, 297 St. Croix, West Indies, breeding habits, 186, 240 St. John Valley, Canada, fauna, 180 St. Kilda Isls., Scotland, iconography, 273 St. Lawrence Isl., Alaska, fauna, 180 St. Matthew Isl., Alaska, conservation,. 113 fauna, 180 St. Lucia Isl., West Indies, fauna, 186 habits, 235 St. Vincent Isl., West Indies, fauna, 186 habits, 235 Salang Isl., Siam, fauna, 192 Salasphorus rufus, hybrids, 267 Salivary glands, 227 evolution of, 161 Salmon oil, use for rachitis, 336 Salmonella gallinarum (parasite), 356 Salmonella -pullorum, 355-356 in egg infections, 398, 415 153 FINDING INDEX Salpinctes Salpinctes, skeleton, 445 measurements of, 404, 445 Salt, eaten by birds, 214 toxicity for poultry, 400 Salt Lake, Utah, food, 207 Salt solution, injected into embryo, 154 Salt water, drinking, 249 effect on nasal gland, 226 Salta, Argentina, fauna, 188 Saltator, pterylosis, 379 skull, 455 Salton Sea, breeding habits, 239 fauna, 182 Samoa, habits, 236 Samoan Isls., fauna, 198 taxonomy, 474 San Bernardino Mts., Calif., ecology, 127, 131 San Clemente Isl., Calif., fauna, 182 San Diego Co., Calif., fauna, 182 San (Santo) Domingo, Haiti, fauna, 186 iconography, 272 San Francisco Bay region, fauna, 182 San Jacinto area, Calif., ecology, 127 fauna, 182 San Jos6 scale, as food for birds, 140 San Miguel Isl., Calif., fauna, 182 San Miguel Isl., Panama, fauna, 187 Sand dunes associations, 131 Sandwich Isls., fauna, 196 general work, 217 Sanitation, 371 in nest, 245 of preserved eggs, 400 Santa Barbara Isl., Calif., ecology, 127 fauna, 182 molt, 309 Santa Cruz Isl., Philippine Isls., tax- onomy, 474 Santa Marta region, Colombia, ecology, 128 fauna, 188 Sap drinking, 214, 252 Sarcoma, 369 chicken, 369 in tissue culture, 508 resistance to, 276, 369 irradiation with x-rays 373 Sarcomatosis, 369 Sarcops calvus, skeleton, 445 Sarcoptes (parasites), 347 Sarcorhamphus, heart, 257 syrinx, 469 taxonomy, 474 trachea, 431 Sarcorhamphus gryphus, cloaca, 91 high altitude of flight, 286 sense of smell, 460 stomach, 28 Sarcorhamphus papa, habits, 238 Sarcosporidia (parasites), 349 Sardinia Isl., Mediterranean Sea, fauna, 196 Sark Isl., British Isls., fauna, 193 Saskatchewan, fauna, 180 Saurognathism, skeleton, 446, 458 Savannas, British Guiana, fauna, 188 Saxicola, albinism, 99 arrhenoidy, 438 sequence of plumages, 382 variation, 514 Saxicola melanoleuca, abnormal colora- tion, 95 Saxicola stapazina, albinism, 99 Saxony, fauna, 194 Sayornis, death from over feeding, 312 food, 210 Sayornis phoebe, banding, 46 Scab (disease), 365, 370 Scabies, 118, 365 Scale insects, as food for birds, 140 Scaly leg, 365 Scandinavia, fauna, 195 general work, 217 taxonomy, 473 Scavenger service, 143 Scansores, skeleton, 445 Scent, absence in brooding birds, 460 Scheldt River region, Belgium, fauna, 193 Schizorhis, antigenic properties of B. psittacosis, 365 Schizura, food, 210 Schlegelia, cubital coverts, 377 Schlegelia vnlsoni, courtship, 57 display, 58 Schlesien, fauna, 194 Schweigger-Seidel sheaths 293 Sclera, 173 connection with cornea, 168 Sclerotic rings, 173 Scoliosis (disease), 354 Scolopacidae, syrinx, 469 Scolopax, banding, 45, 46 beak, structure of, 255 upper mandible, motility of, 256 blood vessels of eye, 168 brain, chemistry of, 66 chondroid bodies, 111 communal nesting, 248 display, 58 epiglottis, 429 fecundity, exceptional, 205 foot, tendons of, 318 ligaments of, 446 habits, 238 drumming, 248 larynx, 429 mandibular articulations, 447 migrations, 299, 301, 304 natural history, 322 nerve endings, in ear, 330 in mouth region, 331 Scolopax BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 154 Scolopax — Continued pterylosis, 379 skull, 455 position of ear, 121, 459 tongue, 26 Scalopax gallinago, albinism, 99 bone fracture, 21 Scolopax rusticola, albinism, 99 banding, 45 carrying young, 243 food, 210 isabellism, 100 lamellar cropuscles, 331 migrations, 299, 300, 302, 307 monogamy, 247 polygamy, 247 sex determination, 433 syrinx, 469 Scolt Head, England, migrations, 307 Scops, dichromatism, 108 posterior epithelium of iris, 169 Scopus, anatomy, 35 limb muscles, 317 pterylosis, 379 Scopus umbrella, skeleton, 445 Scotch Dumpie fowls, 221 Scotland, ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 136 fauna, 193 food, 207 iconography, 273 life histories, 280 migrations, 299, 307 molt, 309 Scotopelia peli, anatomy, 37 sternum, 452 Scrofula, 364 Scutes, 278 evolution of, 161 homology with feathers, 202 patterns as taxonomic characters, 477 Scythrops, anatomy, 35 ear, development of, 121 skull, 455 development of, 456 ossification of, 341 structure of, 456 Seabirds, collecting methods, 295 feeding habits, 249 food, 208 incubation period, 244 migrations of, 296 safety of, 134, 322 use, in fishing, 143 in navigation, 143 Sea coast, Peru, ecology, 128 Sea water, use in tissue culture, 506 Seabright bantam, 225 Season, as fertilization factor, 148 relation, to glycogenesis, 372 to molt, 310 Seasonal changes, in gonads, 424, 501, 509 in reproductive system, 510 in song, 254, 466 in spermatogenesis, 420 in thyroid gland, 503 taxonomic importance, 478 Secondary sex characters — see Sex characters Secretion granules, 115 Secretions, gastric, 60, 64 of gonads, chemical properties, 508 of lime, 372 of oviducal glands, 225 of uric acid, 64, 67, 513 of urine, 513 Seeds, digestion of, 117 dispersion of, by birds, 134, 138, 140, 141 in excrement, viability of, 117 Sessel's pouch, 157 Segmental duct, 157 Segmentation, of egg, 148 Seiurus, (Siurus) nocturnal singing, 253 skeleton, 445 measurements of, 404, 445 Seiurus aurocapillus, habits, breeding, 241 feeding, 250 natural history, 322 nest building instinct, 52 voice, 463 Seiurus motacilla, fishing habits, 251 Selasphorus, reaction to new situations, 55 Selasphorus rufus, ecology, 125 habits, 238 hybrids, 267 Selection, by male, as factor in low fertility, 422 for egg production, 393 natural, 164 of good laying hens, 398 of nest locality, 246 of poultry, 388 sexual, 164, 442 as factor in singing, 465 Selective breeding, 219 Seknidera, heel pads, 278, 281 Selenka's pharyngeal sac, 157 Seleucides, syrinx, 469 Semen, effects on egg color, 94 secretion of, 500 Semicircular canals, — see also Vesti- bular apparatus developmental relation to coordina- tion, 372 lesions of, 80, 124, 319, 325 pathology of, 352 Seminal epithelium, 500 Seminal vesicles, 511 sex hormone effect on growth of, 441 155 FINDING INDEX Seminiferous tissue Seminiferous tissue, correlation with body size, 401 Seminiferous tubules, 114, 500 epithelium of, 420 Senescence, 281 Senility, 308 relation to thymus gland, 309, 502 Sense of position, 340 Senses, 432 Sensitization of fowl serum, 274 Septicemia, 365 experimental, 358 Septum transversum, 157 Sequence of plumages, 379-383 Sequoia National Park, Calif., fauna, 181 Seritulus, sex reversal, 437 Serinus, banding, 45 beak, anomalies of, 493 behavior, 47, 48 care in captivity, 41 cleavage of egg, 148 color, feeding effects on, 107 heredity of, 223 color vision, 519 death caused, by bitter almond poisoning, 365 by carabideous larvae, 311 development of brain, 77 ear, 121 early embryology, 147 ecology, 125 evolution of head crests, 162 by mutation, 163 experimental breeding, 218 fecundity, 204 furcula (clavicles), development of, 452 ossification of, 341 gallstones, 352 genetics, 218, 225 experimental hybridization, 219 gonads, activity of, 508 grafts of, 229 green color, causes of, 102, 268 habits, 238 hearing, 257 hemiplegic epilepsy, 360 heredity, 219, 222 Mendelian, 223 of head crest, 220 of pigmentation, 222 of red eyes, 221 of sex, 223 of song, 224 of white plumage, 221 sex linked, 224 hybridization effect on egg color, 93, 414 hybrids, 57, 219, 263, 267, 500 eggs of, 269, 412 experimental, 269 fertility of, 269 gonads of, 268, 509 ovaries of, 269 reproduction by, 114 spermatogenesis in 420 testes of, 499 hydrophobia, 354 hypophysis, development of, 270 iconography, 274 infection with Bacillus aertrycke, 370 infectious diseases, 370 infertile ovary, 342 learning, 54 measurements of intestine, 405 mimcry, 54 molt, 310 natural history, 322 oviduct, histology of, 510 pathology, 350, 364 paratyphoid fever, 364 plague, 364 pericardial cavity, 157 pharynx, 26 pleuroperitoneal cavity, 157 poison gas, detection of, 135 pure stock breeding, 219 regeneration, of leg, 410 of striped muscle, 410 sex chromosomes, 434 sex determination, 433 sex ratio factors, 442 stunted rectrices, 497 testes, modifications of Sertoli cells in, 500 thymus gland, development of, 502 thyroid gland, development of, 503 experimental studies of, 503 tongue, 26 tuberculosis, 366 tumors, 367 variation, 514 vision, 517 form perception, 517 voice, evolution of, 161 heredity of, 224 xenia, 225 Serinus canarius, hybrids, 265 pneumaticity of skull, 459 Serinus canarius serinus, 119 Serinus canicollis, hybrids, 267 Serinus flaviventri, longevity, 292 Serinus hortulanus, albinism, 99 Serology, of incubating egg, 145 Serresius galeatus, foot bones, 450 sternum, 452 Sertoli cells, 421, 500 Serum of blood, 65, 74, 274, 275 alkaline reserve, 65 in rachitis, 363 antiovarian, 384 effects on gynandromorphism. 384, 436 Serum of blood BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 156 Serum of blood — Continued bacteriocidal power, 275 cytotoxic action of immune rabbit serum, 274, 505 in anaphylaxis, 274 * injections into blood, 275 surface tension of, 74 test for cholera, 358 Sesamoid bones, 454 of wing, 283 Sex, 225, 432-442 comparison with body and brain weights, 402 determination of, 433 for eggs, 39 determining factors, 222 dichromatism in, 108 differentiation of in skin grafts, 230 effects of, on blood temperature, 483 of gonad grafts, 229 on heat production, 372 growth, correlations with 232 heredity of, 219, 223, 224 identification of, 295, 302, 434, 479 in chicks, 398 male characters inhibited by sex hormones, 384 of incubating bird, 245 race differences in male plumage only, 376 recognition of, 432 relation, to blood sugar, 66 to food utilization, 394 to glycogenesis, 372 to intestine length, 270 to molt, 310 to red blood corpuscles count, 73 reversal of, in graft of skin, 230, 437 selection of nesting locality, 462 influence of thyroid gland, 505 Sex characters, 86, 109, 223, 230, 435, 438-440 effects, of castration on, 85, 86, 500 of gonads, 509 of hypophysis on, 270 of inanition on, 337 of lesions of visual apparatus, 517 of testes on, 501 of thyroid gland, 505 evolution of, 161 relation to interstitial tissue, 500 Sex chromosomes, 115-116, 222, 434 crossing over, 222, 434 Sex differences, biochemical, 60 effect of calcium, 61 in blood fat and phosphorus, 65, 74, 424 in blood temperature, 483 in eggs, 148, 390, 412 weight correlation with body weight at hatching, 402 in eye color, 169 in feeding experiments with poultry, 397 in intelligence, 53 in iodine content of thyroid gland, 503 in measurements, 402 in migrations, 307, 401 in ossification, 341 in plumage, 376, 383 in proteins, 63 in size and composition of tibiotarsus during growth, 450 in skeleton, 446, 448, 453 in suprarenal glands, 467 in thymus glands, 502 in weight, 406, 407 of brain, 81, 407 of spleen, 293 sex hormones, 228, 229, 230, 254, 269, 401 effects, 441 on color, of beak, 256 of feet, 282 on feathers, 109, 200 on growth, 231, 233 significance of, 225 Sex-linked inheritance, 224, 434 Sex ornamentation, evolution of, 161 Sex passion, revival in autumn, 434 Sex potentiality, in transplanted ovary, 438 Sex ratio, 223, 442 aberrant, 219 effects on, of inanition, 337 egg production, 391 genetics of, 223, 442 in hybrids, 268 in migrations, 307 in mortality, 311 Sex reversal, 86, 436-438 feathers of, in skin graft, 225, 230 in plumage, 383 ovary grafted into capon, 439 Sexograph, 39 Sexual activity, 434, 435, 441 of male, maximum period of day, 411 Sexual cycle changes, effects of arti- ficial light, 501 Sexual excitement, 91, 245 Sexual maturity, 92, 205 age of, 231 effects on, of hypophysis, 270 thymus gland condition 502 Sexual selection, 164, 225, 442 effects on structure of feathers, 164 relation to singing, 254 Sexual variation versus geographic variation, 516 Shadow boxing, 48 Shan States, Burma, fauna, 191 Shannon Co., Mo., ecology, 127 Shantung prov., China, fauna, 190 157 FINDING INDEX Shape Shape, — see Form Sheep killing, 138, 212, 252 evolution of, 161 Shell, measurements of thickness, 404 taxonomic characters, 477 weak, 488 weights of, 408 Shell glands, 424 absence of, 498 Shell membranes, anomalies of, 488 grafts of, 228 osmosis, 375 Shield, changes in color of, 107 Shioctan, Wise., fauna, 186 Shore birds, conservation of, 114 food poisoning, 364 winter distribution, 302 Shrews as food for birds, 213 Si Kiang river region, China, fauna, 190 Sialia, albinism, 99 economic relations, 135 experimental coloring of eggs, 56 feathers, structure of, 201 food, 210 insects, 140, 213, 251 melanism, 101 skeleton, 445 measurements of, 445 Sialis sialis, abnormal coloration, 95 mortality, 311 population changes, 21, 384 Siam, fauna, 192 taxonomy, 473 Siberia, ecology, 128 fauna, 175, 192 food, 207 migrations, 298 taxonomy, 473 Sicalis, pterylosis, 379 Sicily, migrations, 301 Sidney, Australia, fauna, 196 Siebenbiirgen, fauna, 194, 195 Sierra de las Minas, Guatemala, fauna, 187 Sierra Leone, Africa, fauna, 176 taxonomy, 471 Sierra Nevada, Colombia, fauna, 188 Signalling, with tails, 461 Sikkim, India, fauna, 191 Silence, during breeding, 242 Silicic acid, in feathers and liver, 63, 66 Silky feathering, heredity of, 221 Silky fowl, origin, 161 Silla de Caracas, Venezuela, fauna, 189 taxonomy, 472 Silver-spangled fowl, feather develop- ment, 200 Simalu Isl., Sumatra, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Simorhynchus, molt of beak covering, 311 Sinaloa, Mexico, fauna, 187 Sind prov., India, fauna, 191 Singing tree, 462 Sinus, orbital, 171 rhomboidalis, 110, 157, 326 terminalis, 149 venosus sclerae, 173 Sinuses, of dura, 293 Sinusoids, 87 Siphonoma (tumor), in tympanic cavity, 368 Siskiyou Co., Calif., fauna, 182 Siskiyou Mts., fauna, 182 Sitta, beak anomalies, 493 care in captivity, 41 feeding habits, 250 food in captivity, 208 melanism, 101 skeleton, 445 stomach contents, 212 weights of, 406 Sitta caesia, opening nuts, 51 Sitta carolinensis, economic relations, 135 Sitta cinnamomeiventris, beak anomalies, 493 Sitta homeyeri, abnormal coloration, 95 variation, 514 Sittace, spinal nerves, 329 Situs inversus viscerum, 499 Siurus — see Seiurus Size — see also under Quantitative works climatic effects on, 163 of egg, 516 factors in, 417 perception of, 517 Sjovall's method, in study of oo- genesis, 481 Skeleton, 443-454 adaptation in, 22 air sacs in, 429 asymmetry of, 214 bones, involved in breathing, 427 chemical composition of, 66 development of limb bones, 157 egg production correlations, 391 evolution of, 162 form of, 214 compared with egg, 415 fractures of, 354 growth of, 231, 406 inbreeding effects on, 219 in rachitis, 363 malformation of, 354 measurements of, 404-405 technic of, 294, 482 of feet, 281 of hybrid, 268 neck bones, action of, 319 ossification of, 340-341 pathology of, 354 preparation technic, 479 Skeleton BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 158 Skeleton — Continued sex differences, 434, 453 study collection, 143 taxonomic use, 477 teratology of, 497-498 doubling, 486 of wing, 496 tuberculosis of, 367 uncinate processes, muscle attach- ments to, 316 variation in, 454, 514 wing bones, 283 sesamoid bones of, 283 Skin, 276 blood vessels of, 87 color of, 94, 102, 107 genes for, 222 inheritance of, 221 cooling of, 483 grafts of, 225, 229, 230, 269, 355 retain sex characters, 383 sex reversal in, 437 hematozoa of, 348 lesions caused by round worms, 349 lymphatic vessels of, 90 parasites in, 349 pathology of, 354 pigments of, 103, 104, 278 relation to egg laying, 422 tuberculosis of, 367 tumors of, 368 unfeathered, 50 Skin muscles, relation to pterylosis, 379 Skokie Marsh, 111., ecology, 131 Skull, 454-459, 492 air sacs of, 429 asymmetry of, 214 canals and foramina, 327 doubling of parietal bones, 486 ear labyrinth, 122, 123 ear position, 459 egg production correlation, 391 evolution of, 162 exostosis, 354 eye position, 173 hernia, in crested fowls, 492 identification methods, 294 ligaments of, 446 measurements of, 404, 457 metameres of, 152, 456, 457 ossification of, 341 pathology of, 354 piercing of by carnivorous birds, 251 variation in, 457, 514 Skunks, as food for birds, 213 Slavonia, migration, 301 Sleep, 375 induced, followed by death, 312 Sleeping habits, 239 Sleeping sickness of man, 119, 370 Slipped tendon, 364 mineral content of tibio tarsus, 66, 450 Smell, sense of, 250, 459-460 comparison with vision, 517 Smooth muscle fibers of amnion, 151 Smut, pathologic effects of, 397 Snails, as food for birds, 214 Snake skins, in nests, 245 Snake venom, immunity to, 274 Snakes, as food for birds, 214 mobbing of, by birds, 49 Snaring methods, 296 Snow storm, mortality from, 313 Soaring flight, 286-290, 338 Social Relations, 48, 460-462 of voice, 464 Society Isls., ecology, 130 Sodium bromide, effects on embryo, 154 Sodium chloride, toxicity of, 67 Solar eclipse, behavior during, 59 Solar irradiation, effects of, 372 Solomon Isls., fauna, 198 taxonomy, 474 Somaliland, fauna, 177 Somateria, albinism, 99 breeding habits, 241 in captivity, 43 carrying of young, 243 coloration, 92 conservation, 112 courtship, 57 economic relations, 135 food, 210 nestling down feathers, 202 pectoral girdle, 451 sequence of plumages, 382 tamenesa, 50 Somateria dresseri, food, 210 habits, 238 Somateria mollissima, habits, 236 hybrids, 267 life history, 280 mutation, 163 sequence of plumages, 382 variation in plumage color, 515 Somateria spectabilis, coloration, 92 feathers, 199 hybrids, 267 sequence of plumages, 382 Somatopleure, 147, 150 Somites, 152 Song, 50, 218, 465, 466 as criterion for territory, 462 color association, 102 correlation with reproduction, 422 diagrams of, 482 effects, of latitude on, 132 of temperature on, 484 of weather on, 60, 132 factors in, 254 habits of, 253-254 heredity of, 224 in flight, 254 learned or inherited, 54, 466 159 FINDING INDEX Song Song — Continued location of, 254 on nest, 242, 254 periods of, 254, 466 relation, to sexual selection, 442 seasonal decline in, 466 variation in, 516 Song birds, of British Isls., 193 care of, 40 domestication of, 43 evolution of, 160 habits of, 236 hybrids, 262 pathology, 350 Song flight, nuptial, 242 Song impulse, 254 Sonora, Mexico, fauna, 187 taxonomy, 472 Sound-conduction apparatus, 121 Sound, location of, 257 Sound Production, 53, 59, 60, 462-466 by beak, 49 by wings, 285 gular, 333 Sounds, effects on embryo, 155 methods of recording, 295, 482 South Africa, migrations, 297 South America, conservation, 112, 114 ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 141 fauna, 187-189 general works, 217 geographic origin of birds, 161 habits, 235 iconography, 272 life histories, 280 migrations, 298 natural history, 321 oology, 339 taxonomy, 472 variation, 516 voice, 463 South Australia, fauna, 196 temperature, 482 South Carolina, ecology, 127, 130 fauna, 185 habits, 235 breeding, 239 migrations, 298 population crowding, 385 sequence of plumages, 380 variation, 516 South Dakota, ecology, 127 fauna, 185 South Dalmatian prov., Austria, fauna, 193 South Georgia Isls., fauna, 174 habits, 235 breeding, 240 natural history, 321 taxonomy, 470 South Orkney Isls., ecology, 129 fauna, 175 sequence of plumages, 380 South Pacific Isls., ecology, 129 Southern Oceans, habits, 236 Soy beans, as food for poultry, 337, 397 Space sense, 55, 308, 518 Spaces, of Fontana, 169 Spain, banding, 44 ecology, 128 fauna, 195 stomach contents, 211-212 Spangling, heredity of, 221 Sparrow nuisance, remedy for, 136 Spatula, albinism, 99 beak as filter, 22, 256 eye, anatomy of, 166 measurements of, 165 hybrids, 267 sequence of plumages, 382 Spatula clypeata, coloration, 92 feeding habits, 250 hybrids, 264 Speciation, 466-467 formenkreis theory, 467, 478 race formation, 269 role of hybrids, 268 Species, relations, to blood sugar, 66 to subspecies, 478 specificity, in chorio-allantoic grafts, 154, 477 Specific gravity, 406 adjustments of, 288 changing, by contracting air sacs, 291, 428 by plumage adjustment, 291, 378 of blood, 72 of bone, 447 of eggs, 231,389, 406, 412 variation in, 515 of skeletal muscle, 318, 406 Spectral analysis, of egg shell pigments, 94 of oil globules of retina, 172 Spectrum, of yolk, 419 Speech, 53, 465 Speotyto, eating horned larks, 213 fundus of eye, 166 habits, 238 feeding, 250 myology, 314 pterylosis, 379 retina, 171 vision, 517 Speotyto cunicularia, breeding habits, 241 Speotyto cunicularia floridano, ecology, 125 habits, 238 voice, 463 Speotyto cunicularia BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 160 Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea, ecology, 125, 134 nasal chambers, 256 skeleton, 445 urban adaptation, 23 Sperm nuclei, in germinal disc, 418 Spermatogenesis, 420-421 after ovariotomy, 438 as cause of migrations, 305 in hybrids, 268 Spermatozoa, 419-421 agglutination of, 424 competition in, 147 efficiency of, 148 in tissue culture, 506 longevity of, 148 stale, 148 as factor in sex determination, 433, 442 variation, in activity and production, 424 Spermophila, eclipse plumage, 382 Spheniscidae, circulatory system, 86, 88 degeneration, 160 domestication of, 43 ecology, 126 embryology, 144 feather structure, 201 fossil species, 344 habits, 235 head muscles, 315 intestine, 32 limb bones, 449 liver, 283 locomotion on land, 291 molt, 310 myology, 314 natural history, 322 nestling down feathers, 202 pterylosis, 379 skeleton, 445 skull, 455 syrinx, 469 webbing of toes, 282 Sphenisciformes, communal relation- ships, 132 distribution, 175 early embryology, 147 egg color, 93 evolution, 160 feathers, 199 development of, 200 muscles of, 201, 319 habits, 234, 238 in captivity, 247 life histories, 279 migrations, 296, 301 myology, 314 plumage, 376 rock scratches, 308 skeleton, 445 social relations, 460 Spheniscus, anatomy, 37 arteries, of brain, 88 of wings, 89 behavior in captivity, 49 breeding habits, 241 diencephalon, 82 ear labyrinth, 122 incubation period, 244 lamellar corpuscles in uropygeal gland, 331 loss of flight, 285 mechanics of flight, 288 molt, 310 sequence of plumages, 382 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449 uropygeal gland, 227 variation in ribs, 514 vertebrae, action of, 453 Spheniscus demersus, brain, 76 cerebrospinal nerves, 326 myology, 314 Sphenura, pterylosis, 379 Sphyrapicus, care in captivity, 41 economic relations, 138, 139 food, 210 in captivity, 208 liver, pathology of, 352 sap drinking, 249 Sphyrapicus varius, economic relations, 135 habits in captivity, 247 sap sucking, 252 Spiders, killing birds, 312 Spina bifida, 498 experimental production, 492 Spinal cord, 157, 324-326 blood vessels of, 87 central canal, diameter of, 403 growth of, 231 growth rate of, 233 reflexes, 409 teratology of, 486, 487, 490 experimental anomalies, 491 tissue culture of, 507 variation in, 514 weights, in development, 407 Spinal ganglion cells, cytology of, 116 mitochondria in, 116 Spinal nerves, 329-330 Spindalis, anatomy, 37 pterylosis, 379 Spindle cells, 74 Spines, of mouth and tongue, 25 Spinus, cochlea, 123 hearing, 257 hybrids, 263, 264, 267 sclera, 173 vestibular apparatus, 124 Spinus pinus, foliage eating, 250 molt, 310 sequence of plumages, 382 161 FINDING INDEX Spinus spinus Spinus spinus, food, 210 hybrids, 267 Spinus tristis, food, 210 Spiral organ, 123 Spirillum (parasite) infection, 370 Spirochaetes (parasites), effects on chicken sarcoma, 369 of intestine, 347 resemblance to spermatozoa, 420 Spirachaeta anserina (parasite) infec- tion, 370 Spirochaeta gallinarum (parasite), 347, 355 infection with, 72, 370 resistance to, 274, 276 Spirpchetosis, 370 Spiti, Ceylon, fauna, 191 Spitzbergen, ecology, 129 fauna, 175 food, 207 habits, 236 Spiza, breeding habits, 241 ecology, 126 economic relations, 135 life histories, 280 migrations, 297 nocturnal singing, 253 Spiza americana, distribution, changes in, 120 habits, 238 incubation period, 244 sequence of plumages, 382 voice, 463 Spizella, albinism, 99 feeding offspring habits, 243 intelligence, 53 nocturnal singing, 253 Spizella passerina, banding, 45-46 habits, feeding, 250 insectivorous, 139 mated for two seasons, 59 scabies infection, 365 winter food, 214 Spizella pusilla, albinism, 99 voice, 463 Spizella socialis, longevity, 292 Spleen, 293 chemistry of, 64 cholesterin formation in, 62 effects, of castration on, 85 of forced feeding on, 336 grafts of, 229 growth of, 231 in tissue culture, 506 hemapoiesis in, 75 inneryation of, 333 irradiation of with x-rays, 373 measurements of, 293, 405 phagocytosis of old red blood cor- puscles, 73, 276 sex differences in weight, 439 weights, 293, 408 Splenectomy, effects of, 293 on hemopoiesis, 75 on oxygen carrying capacity of blood, 73 Spongioblasts, 172 Sporadinus, care in captivity, 41 Sporaeginthus, content of cholesterin, 62 molt, 310 sequence of plumages, 382 Sporozoa (parasites), 349 Spruce tree insects, as food for birds, 140 Spurs, 279 grafts of, 230 growth after ovariotomy, 442 heredity of in female, 220 hypertrophy of, 491 in arrhenoidy, 438 in sex reversal, 437 on beak, 494 on head, 493 on wings, 279, 496 preventing development of, 398 Squatarola (Charadrius), habits, 237 sequence of plumages, 382 sex determination, 433 voice, 463 Squatarola squatarola, migrations, 298 sequence of plumages, 382 Squirrels, mortality from, 313 Stains, for blood, 72, 481 in tissue culture, 506 vital, 153, 481 Stalked parapineal vesicle, 77 Staphylococcus (parasites), infection, 370 Starch, in eggs, 68, 70 in testes, 60 Starfish, as food for birds, 213 Starna, conservation, 114 Starvation, 305 — see also inanition from nestling competition, 313 mortality from, 313 Statistics, in poultry culture, 389 of fecundity, 223 of right and left crossing of beak, 494 Stearin, use in rachitis prevention feed- ing, 363, 397 vitamin D source, 521 Steatornis, alimentary canal, 24 digestion, 116 food, 210 myology, 314 pterylosis, 379 skull, 455 syrinx, 469 taxonomy, 475 based on anatomy, 38, 477 Steatornis caripensis, anatomy, 35 taxonomic, 38 eye, 165 nasal glands, 226 natural history, 322 Steatornis caripensis BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 162 Steatornis caripensis — Continued nictitating glands, 226 pterylosis, 379 syrinx, 469 trachea, 431 Steganopodes, genetic relations, 476 habits, breeding, 241 incubation period, 244 life histories, 280 skeleton, 445 skull, 455, 459 taxonomy, 475 Steganopus, food, 210 Steganura paradisea, regurgitation of gizzard lining, 31 Stelgidopteryx (Hirundo) ruficollis serri- pennis, habits, 237 migrations, 302 Stellula calliope, architecture of nests, 245 ecology, 126 Steppes, fauna, 195 Stercorarius, acquired characters, 220 variation, 514 in color, 93 Stercorarius crepidatus, variation in plumage, 515 Stercorarius parasiticus, feeding habits, 250 Stereotropism, 372 of embryonic cells, 506 Sterilization of eggs, 398 Sterility, 389, 416, 424 of hybrids, 268 of male, 353 small size of phallus, as cause, 511 Sterilization of eggs, 398 Sterna, banding, 45, behavior, 47, 48 breeding habits, 241 bursa Fabricii, 92 change in color, 106 courtship, 58 cranial nerves, development of, 327 destruction of, 112 development of color pattern, 109 eggs, measurements of, 404 egg tooth, 150 embryonic head, section figures, 157 evolution of pineal body, 161 feathers, development of, 200 nestling down, 202 fovea centralis, 173 food, 210 insect, 251 learning, 54 melanin pigment, development of, 104, 105 molt, 310 mortality of young birds, 313 motor end plates, 330 pathology, 350 pharynegal operculum, 158 pineal body, 375 pineal eye, homology of, 157 primitive streak, 150 sequence of plumages, 382 sharp vision regions, 519 somites of embryonic head, 152 teeth in embryo, 25 ultimobranchial bodies, 158 variation in eggs, 515 Sterna anglica, banding, 45 Sterna cantiaca, banding, 45 Sterna caspia, breeding habits, 241 Sterna dougalli, color pattern, 109 recognition of nest, 55 Sterna fuliginosa, experimental coloring of eggs, 56 recognition of young, 56 Sterna fuscata, food, 210 habits, breeding, 241 feeding, 250 orientation, 340 Sterna hirundo, banding, 45 breeding habits, 241 color pattern, 109 development of wings, 282 exceptional fecundity, 205 homotyposis, 476 migrations, 302 recognition of nest, 55 recolonization, 112, 384 spinal cord anomalies, 490 Sterna macrura, early embryology, 147 Sterna paradisaea, ecology, 126 habits, 238 life history,-280 natural history, 322 orientation, 340 Sterna sandvicensis, natural history, 322 ecology, 126 habits, 238 life history, 280 orientation, 340 Sterna wilsoni, development of wing bones, 450 Sterninae, concealing coloration, 108 food, 210 Sternopagia, 486 Sternum, 452 adaptation in, 22 anomalies of, 452, 498 articulations of, 447 measurements of, 40, 405, 482 ossification of, 341 tracheal coils in, 432 Sticky embryos, hormone effects on, 160 metabolism of, 61, 71 Stictonetta, tracheal enlargements, 431 syrinx, 469 Stictonetta naevos, trachea, 431 Stikine River region, Britis^ Columbia, fauna, 180 163 FINDING INDEX Stimulation Stimulation, of acoustic nerve, 166 electric, 124 of Grandry's corpuscles, 331 optical, 55 thermal, 124 of eyes, 409 Stimulus, rhythm of, 319 strength of, 54 Stomach, 28-31 capacity of, 117 contents of, 141, 211 technic for estimating, 294, 481 cytology of, 115 digestion in, 117 evolution of, 162 feeding effects on, 208, 336 gastric juice removal, 479 glands of, 29, 226 canaliculi, 29 influence of vagus nerve, 329 innervation of, 332 leukocytes of mucosa, 72 lymphatic vessels of, 90 measurements of, 405 molt of lining, 311 nerve endings in, 331 nutrition, experimental effects on, 336 oil of, 29-30, 64 pathology, 351 smooth muscle in, 319 taxonomic consideration, 29 tumor of, due to nail penetration, 368 weights of contents, 406 correlation with diet, 401, 408 Stony nodules, in liver, 352 Stop watch use, in recording voice, 482 Storage, of eggs, 400 Storms, effects on birds, 132, 322 effects on migrations, 308 mortality from, 312-313 thunder, singing in, 466 Strait of Bosporus, migrations, 306 Straits of Gibraltar, fauna, 196 iconography, 271 Stream lining, 215 Strepera, myology, 314 pterylosis, 379 Streptococcus, infection with, 354, 370 Streptopelia, abnormal feathers, 202 blastoderm, development of, 149 blood calcium changes in reproduc- tion, 421 blood sugar value, heredity of, 220 bursa Fabricii, 92 castration effect on survival in low and high oxygen pressures, 433 color vision, 519 crop, 27 feathers, 497 continuity at molt, 310 development of, 200 fault bars in, 491 produced experimentally, 497 structure of, 201 food, 210 hatching movements, 48, 423 hybrids, 263 experimental, 219, 269 spermatogenesis in, 420 testes of, 499 hypophysis, 270 intergeneric mating, 59 incubation period, 244 learning, 54 Mendelian heredity, 223 metabolic rate, as factor in reproduc- tion, 421 variations in embryo as cause of anomalies, 490 metabolism, in inanition, 374 basal, as factor in breeding, 374 nutrition, faulty, effect on feather development, 336, 383 oviduct, nerve stimulation effects on, 423 parthenogenesis, 150 pigment epithelium of retina, 103, 170 placental sex hormones injected, 441 post mortem melanin pigment forma- tion, 103, 170 prolactin production, 270 quinine, effects, on egg albumen, 68 on oogenesis, 416 resistance to asphyxia, 425 respiration, 425 seasonal differences, in liver weight, 284 in spleen weights, 293 secondary sex characters, 438, 439 Sertoli cells, modifications of, 500 sex, determination of, 433 differences, in intestine, 270 in liver weight, 284 in spleen, 293 sex hormones, 440 sex linked inheritance, 224, 434 smell, 460 stale sperm, effects on sex ratio, 442 power of, 148 thymus gland, function in ovulation, 502 sex comparison, 502 thymovidin production, 422 vision, Purkinje phenomenon, 518 voice, 464 Streptopelia douraca, hybrids, 267 Streptopelia risoria, albinism, 99 heredity, 220 hybrids, 264, 267 origin, 225 temperament, 59 Streptostyly, 459 Striges BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 164 Striges, ear, external, 121 eye, anatomy of, 166 foot bones, 450 ossification, 340 skull, 455 syrinx, 469 Strigidae, anatomy, 37 asymmetry, 214 cannibalism, 250 color, 94 destruction of, 112 digestion of vegetable matter, experi- mental 117 directive coloration, 108 ear, 121 bony layrinth, 459 economic relations, 135 egg size, 333 eye, 165 extrinsic muscles of, 171 iris, 169 lymphatic vessels of, 166 melanin pigment of, 170 nervous elements of, 172 feathers, structure of, 201 filoplumes, 202 food, 210 habits, breeding, 241 feeding, 250 leg muscle function, 319 longevity, 292 of Europe, 192 pterylosis, 379 Purkinje fibers, 258 regurgitated pellets, 212 retina, 172 neurons of, 172 physiology of, 167 skeleton, 445 development of, 448 skull, 455 auditory apertures, 459 structure of, 456 stomach contents, 212 syrinx, 469 taxonomy, 475 variation in age of nestlings, 411 voice, 464 Strigiformes, anatomy, 37 behavior, breeding, 49 sexual, 56 color vision, 519 eye, anatomy of, 166 anomalies of, 494 retina, 172 food, 210 Infusoria (parasites) of, 349 male feeding young, 243 variation in skull, 457, 514 vision, 517 Stringops, adaptation to flight, 23 crop, 27 flight muscles, 317 pectoral girdle, 451 skeleton, 445 wing bones, 450 Stringops habroptilus, natural history, 322 skeleton, 445 Strix, albinism, 99 cannibalism, 48, 250 captives fed by free birds, 461 care in captivity, 41 color vision, 519 cranial nerves, 327 ear, 121 economic relations, 135 embryology, 144 eye, 165 anatomy of, 166 aqueous humor, 166 ciliary ganglion, 334 color function of choroid layer. 168 fovea cen tralis, 173 iris, posterior epithelium of, 169 muscle of, 169 physiology of, 166 facial nerve, in ear, 123 fontanelles, 457 food, in captivity, 208 quantity of, 212 fossil species, 344 habits in captivity, 247 heart, 258 liver, epithelial cells of, 284 measurements of, 405 meninges, development of, 293 histology of, 293 metabolism, 373 myology, 314 optic chiasma and lobes, 83 oviduct, histology of, 510 pulse rate, 375 pupillary reflexes, 409 regurgitation of gizzard living, 31 respiratory organs, 427 salivary glands, 227 skeleton, 445 skull, 456 os interparietale, 457 tympanic cavity, 459 smell, 460 stomach, 30, 31 contents of, 212 histology of, 29 vestibular functions, 78 vision, 517 experimental studies, 518, 519 telescopic, 517 Strix asio, sequence of plumages, 382 Strix flammea, abnormal coloration, 95 economic relations, 135 165 FINDING INDEX Strix flammea Strix flammea — Continued electrical characteristics of uropygeal gland, 227 food, 210 eating shrews, 213 habits, 238 luminosity, 308 mortality from disease, 311 natural history, 322 nestling plumage, 383 plumage, use of daws in oiling, 376 pectination of middle claw, 277 population, food supply control, 385 sequence of plumages, 382 Strix noctua, oxidation, 60 water and ash content of feces, 64 Strix novaehollandiae, nestling down persisting on legs, 376 Strix passerina, plumage, 376 pterylosis, 379 Strix pratincola, late breeding, 242 Strix varia, sequence of plumages, 382 Strobophotography, 295, 464 Strongylus (parasites), 349 infections in Lagopus scoticus, 371 Strontium, 60 Strontium bromide, injections of, into albumen, 154 Struma Plain, Greece, fauna, 194 Struthidea, skeleton, 445 Struthio, acquired characters, 163, 220 inheritance of, 163 acclimatization, 132 adaptation, 21, 22 air sacs, 427, 428 albinism, 99 alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 37 arrhenoidy, 438 articulations, action of, 446 of vertebrae, 447 tibio-tareal, 446 aspergillosis, 348, 355 a trio ventricular system, 258 axial skeleton, 453 behavior, 47, 59 body temperature, 483 breeding, experimental, 218 for plumage, 42, 199, 218 bursa Fabricii, 91 callosities, of ankle, 161, 278 inheritance of, 220 care in captivity, 41, 42 cholera, 357 choroid plexus, 294 claws on wings, 277 cloaca, 91 concealing coloration, 108 copulatory organs, 511 courtship, 58 dancing, 48, 58 digestion, 116 ear, 121 columella, 122 labyrinth of, 122 measurements of, 403 ecology, 126 edibility of flesh, 142 egg shell, structure of, 414, 480 study with polarized light, 414 egg tooth, 150 eggs, double, 488 fungus inclusions in, 415 laying of, 423 embryology, 144, 145 early embryology, 147 primitive streak, 150 erectile tissue, 511 evolution, 160 experimental, 162 of feathers, 199 of foot, 162 parallel mutation, 163 eye, 165 sclerotic rings, 173 structure of, 166 eye lids, 315 feathers, 199 abnormal, 199 climatic effects on growth of, 201 devlopment of, 200 experimental modification of, 200 fault-bar development, 199 feeding effects on, 200 growth rate, 201, 403 nestling down, 202 structure of, 201 fecundity, 204 food, minimum, 212 foot, 281,282 articulations of, 447 bones of, 450 structure of, 282 fossil species, 344 gastrulation, 149 genetics, 218 glands, stomach, 226 lacrimal, 226 glandular bodies in omentum, 225 growth, 231 habits, 234, 238 breeding, 241 feeding, 250 in captivity, 247 hatching, 423 heart, 257 valves of, 258 heredity, 220 hybrids, 263 hyoid apparatus, 457 incubation, habits of, 243, 245 hyperdactylia, 495 Struthio BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 166 Struthio — Continued incubation, 43 by both sexes, 245 period of, 243 instinct, 50 intersexuality, 435 intestine, 32 life history, 280 ligaments, 446 limb bones, 449 longevity, 292 lungs, 429 male reproductive system, 510 mortality from indigestible objects, 312 muscles, 314 mechanics of, 319 of flight, 316, 317 of tongue, 316 pelvic, 316, 319 natural history, 320 neurenteric canal, 158 ossification, 341 pathology, 350 pectoral girdle, 451 pelvic girdle, 453 mechanics of, 319 phalanges, 450 phallus, 511 pharyngeal operculum, 158 phylogeny, 162, 220 plumage, anomalies of, 497 degeneration of, 376 pterylosis, 379 rachitis, 363 red blood corpuscles, 73, 74 renal portal veins, 89 scutes, loss of, 161, 278 selective breeding for plumes, 219 sequence of plumages, 382 skeleton, 445 pneumaticity of, 448 processus pectinealis, 453 sternum, 452 measurements of, 405 tarsal bones, 450 wing bones, development of, 450 vestigial phalanges, 451 skin, 276 skull, 456 metamerism of, 457 smell, 460 spermatozoa, 419 spinal cord, 324 histology of, 325 meninges of, 294 nuclei marginales, 325 sinus rhomboidalis, 326 spleen, 293 stomach, 28, 31 peculiar contents of, 212 syrinx, 469 taste, 469 taxonomy, based on anatomy, 477 teeth, embryonic, 25 tela chorioidea, 294 toes, degeneration of, 282 tuberculosis, 366 tumors, 367 urine, 64 urogenital system, 508 variation, in plumage, 514 in skeleton, 514 veins of kidney, 512 vertebrae, action of, 453 morphology of, 454 vertebral arteries, 89 vestibular functions, 78 vestigial phalanges, 163, 282, 451 viscera, 38 measurements of, 405 vocal sac, 464 wings, 282 xenia, 225 Struthiones, paleontologic relationships to dinosaurs, 345 skeleton, 445 Struthionidae, axial skeleton, 453 economic relations, 135 red blood corpuscles, 73 Struthioniformes, bursa Fabricii, 91 extinction, 165 Strutting, 248 Strychnine, injections of into albumen, 154 poisoning, 313 Strychnine sulfate as cause of bird de- struction in poisoning mammals, 113 Sturnella, albinism, 99, 100 alimentary canal, 24 eating crickets, 140 economic relations, 135 food, 211 insect food, 139, 213 habits, feeding, 250 insectivorous, 139 intelligence, 53 rib anomaly, 498 skeleton, 445 skull, canals & foramina, for cranial nerves, 327 stomach, 28 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449 voice, 464 Sturnella magna, learning to sing, 52, 54, 466 Sturnella neglecta, insect food, 213 Sturnus, autonomic nervous system, 332 change in color, 106 celom, 157 cloaca* 91 distribution extension, 173 ear, injury to, 121 ecology, 125, 126 167 FINDING INDEX Sturnus Sturnus — Continued embryology, 144 early, 147 fledging periods, 281 gregariousness, 461 hypolemmal nerve endings, 330 innervation of heart, 333 interstitial cells of testis, 439 lens, histology, of, 170 optic chiasma and lobes, 83 ossification of skull, 341 pericardia! cavity, 157 pleuroperitoneal cavity, 157 proventriculus, 30 regurgitation of gizzard lining, 31 reproduction, 411 roosting habits, 239 sex hormones, 440, 441 sexual maturity, 434 skin color, 94 skull, 456 spermatogenesis, 420 spinal cord, development of, 325 stomach contents, weights of, 406 syrinx, innervation of, 469 tendons of depressor muscles of mandible, 315 teratology, anadidymus, 486 double monsters, 486 of plumage, 497 albinism, 99 spina bifida, 498 testes, effects of artificial light on, 501 interstitial cells of, 500 seasonal changes in, 500, 501 variation, 514 vision, related movements of head, 517 Siurnus vulgaris, air sacs, 428 albinism, 99 banding, 45, 46 beak, anomalies of, 493 periodic changes in form, 255 breeding period, experimental accele- ration of, 421 communal nesting, 248 damage to olives, 139 dissemination of disease by, 361 distribution, 120 ecology, 126 economic relations, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139 flocking, 248 food, 206, 211 insect, 251 "formenkreis" theory, 467, 478 habits, 234, 238 breeding, 241 feeding, 250 hermaphroditism, 436 introduction, 174 iridescence, 102 learning, 54 metabolism, 373 migrations, 299, 300, 302, 304, 307 unusual, 304 mimicry, 54 molt, 310 nestings per season, 246 orientation, experimental studies of 340 ovary of unmated birds, 342 sequence of plumages, 382 speech, 54, 465 spermatogenesis, effects of light on, 421 sterility, 424 stomach contents, 212 unmated birds, 248 voice, 462, 464 Subarachnoid space, 294 Submarines, detection of, 141 Subspecies, climatic effects on differenti- ation of, 163 evolution of, 163 hybrids of, 268 relations to species, 478 Subs t ant ia gelatinosa Rolandi, of spinal cord, 325 in sinus rhomboidalis, 326 Sudan, Africa, ecology, 126 migrations, 297 taxonomy, 471 Sudan III, effect in food on yolk color, 419 transmission to offspring, 422 Sudanese Prov., Africa, fauna, 177 Suffocation, effects on growth, 232 Suffolk County, England, fauna, 193 Sugar, excretion of, 61, 64 effect of adrenalin, 67 hydrolysis of, 66 in egg, 68, 69 Suicide, 48, 59, 311 Sula — see also Moris abnormal coloration, 95 absence of nostrils, 257 albinism, 99 anatomy involved in diving, 22, 291 banding recoveries, 46 breeding habits, 241 chondroid bodies, 111 conservation, 111 distribution, 175 economic relations, 135 eye, extrinsic muscles of, 171 physiology of double fovea, 167 fibula, 449 foot, ligaments of, 446 mechanics of, 282 tendons of, 318 fossil species, 344 oviduct, 509 skeleton, 445 Sula BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 168 Sula — Continued skull, 456 ear position, 121, 459 sternum, 452 variation, in plumage color, 515 Sula bassana — see also Moris bassana abnormal coloration, 95 adaptation to flight, 288 air sacs, 428 changing specific gravity by con- traction of, 428 communal relationships, 133 distribution, 119, 180 diving, 291 ecology, 126 edibility of flesh, 142 habits, 238 locomotion on land, 290 melanism, 101 methods for capturing, 294 296 natural history, 322 parasites of, 346 skeleton, pneumaticity of, 448 vision, 517 voice, 464 Sula leucogastra (leucogaster), develop- ment of plumage, 376 habits, 238 life history, 280 Sulidae, hybrids, 262 Sulphuretted hydrogen in egg, 68 Sulu Archipelago, Philippine Isls., fauna, 197 Sumatra, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Sun spots, relation to migrations, 303 Sunflower seed, effect on beriberi, 363 Sunlight, in poultry culture, 398 Supernumerary limbs, 495-496 Superstitions, 320 Supraorbital glands, 226 Suprapericardial bodies, 158 Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands, 66, 85, 424, 467-468 action in vitamin B deficiency, 520 blood vessels of, 87, 467 capsule, pathology of, 351 chemistry of, 66 effects, of cortex on sex, 433 of hypophysis on, 270 of inanition on, 338 on glycemia and hyperglycemia, 66 epinephrin content in beriberi, 362 grafts of, 228 innervation, 333 measurements of, 405 nutrition of, 335 relations to hypophysis, to thymus and thyroid gland, 502 sex differences in, 439 veins of, 89, 467 weights, 408 Surface tension of serum, 74 Surgery — see also Grafts egg membranes for granulation tissue, 142 end to end anastomosis of oviduct without loss of function, 510 technic of, 482 use of tendons, 141 Surnia, regurgitation of gizzard lining, 31 Survival of population, 386 Suspensory ligament of lens, 170 anomalies of, 494 Sussex, England, fauna, 193 iconography, 273 Sutures, in skull, 457 Swallow stones, 320 Swallowing, 372 Swallow's herb, 320 Swamp associations, 131 Swan Lake, Montana, fauna, 184 Swatow, China, fauna, 190 Sweden, fauna, 195 general work, 217 iconography, 273 migrations, 301 plumage, 376 taxonomy, 473 vernacular names, 478 Swimming, 291 unusual, 59 use of plumage, 378 Swimming birds, culture of, 40 natural history, 321 Swimming habits, 234, 239 Swimming organs, measurements of, 403 Swine, infected, with avian cholera, 357 with avian tuberculosis, 138,^367 protected against parasites by birds, 141 Switzerland, ecology, 128 economic ornithology, 141 fauna, 196 migrations, 301, 303, 306, 307 stomach contents, 211 Swollen head, 355 Sylt Isl., Germany, migrations, 300 Sylvia, abnormal eggs, 488 albinism, 99 blood pigments, 103 brain, 76, 78 development of feet, 281 eating nectar, 214 egg shell pigments, 94 hypophysis, 270 melanism, 101 parathyroid glands, 349 polygamy, 411 thyroid gland, 503 voice, 464 169 FINDING INDEX Sylvia atricapilla Sylvia atricapilla, albinism, 99 erythrism, 100 taxonomy, 475 Sylvia borin, care in captivity, 41 food, 211 Sylvia caligata, taxonomy, 475 Sylvia communis, migrations, 305 Sylvia horiensis, pathology, 350 Sylvia rubecula, care in captivity, 43 Sylvia undata, ecology, 126 Sylvia undata dartfordiensis, territorial- ism, 462 Sylviidae, iconography, 273 taxonomy, 474 territorialism, 461 Sylviinae, taxonomy, 475 Symmelia, 495 Symmetry, of eyes, 165 Synadelphus, 487, 496 Syncephalus, 487 Synchronous action, 49, 461 Syndactyly(ia), 496 heredity of, 221 Synoecus australis, breeding in captiv- ity, 43 habits, 241 Syngamus trachealis (parasite), 349, 361, 371 Synsacral vertebrae, 454 Synthetic diets, 336 Synthliborhamphus, anatomy, 35 Syria, fauna, 189 natural history, 321 Syrinx, 464, 468-469 evolution of, 161 innervation of, 328, 333 muscles of, 316 ossification of, 341 taxpnomic value, 477 Syrmien, Jugoslavia, fauna, 194 Syrnium, arteries of brain, 88 breeding in captivity, 43 color vision, 519 eyes, 166 posterior epithelium of, 169 food, 211 hyperthyroidation effects on plumage, 384 hypophysis, histology of, 270 skull, 456 fontanelles of, 457 thyroid gland, effect on plumage, 504 Syrnium aluco, captives fed by free birds, 461 dichromatism, 108 food, 211 habits, 238 sternum, anomaly of, 498 Syrnium nebulosum, feeding offspring, 243 Syrrhaptes, acquired characters, 220 skeleton, 445 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449, 477 variation, 514 in color, 93 Syrrhaptes paradoxus care in captivity, 41 conservation, 111 economic relations, 134 food, 206, 211 habits, 234 life history, 279 migrations, 300, 302, 303, 304 Szechwan prov., China, fauna, 190 Taccocua, display, 58 Tachybaptus, rectrices, 203 Tachybaptus philippensis, skeleton, 445 Tachycineta, skull, 456, 457 Tachypetes aquilum, air sacs, 428 inflation of, 58 throat pouch, 429 habits, 238 skeleton, pneumaticity of, 448 Tachyphonus, stomach, 28 Tactile corpuscles, 331 Tactile feathers, 202 Tactile sense, 432 Tadorna, breeding in captivity, 43 change in color, 106 communal nesting, 248 eyes, pathology of, 352 mesonephros, 512 migrations, 303 Miillerian ducts, 510 sequence of plumages, 382 Tadorna casarca, hybrids, 267 Tadorna serrator, commensalism, 132 Tadorna vulpanser, hybrids, 267 Taeniopygia, hybrids, 267 Tahiti Isl., Polynesia, fauna, 198 Tail, adaptation in, 23 as stabilizer in flight, 289 carriage of, 253 environmental effects on, 163 evolution of, 161 form of, 215 variation in color of, 515 Tail area, correlation with wing area, 402 Tail length, correlation with body length and weight, 401 Taillessness, 493 origin of, 225 Talaut Isls., Melanesia, fauna, 198 Takgatta(us), breeding habits, 241 care in captivity, 41 hybrids, 267 incubation period, 244 skeleton, 445 syrinx, 469 Talegalla lathami BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 170 Talegalla lathami, breeding in captivity, 248 mound building, 245 Talking birds, culture of, 40 Talien Bay, China, fauna, 190 Tambelan Isls., Malaysia, fauna, 197 taxonomy, 474 Tameness, 21, 49-50 Tanah Jampea Isl., Melanesia, fauna, 198 Tanganyika, Africa, fauna, 177, 178 taxonomy, 471 Tangavius, social parasitism, 461 territorialism, 461 Tantalus, arteries of brain, 88 esophagus, 27 stomach, measurements of, 405 syrinx, 469 trachea, 431 loops of, 432 measurements of, 405 Tantalus ibis, hybrids, 267 ova, 412 Tapajos River region, Brazil, fauna, 188 Tapeworm, in egg, 416 Tapeworm disease, 362 Tarsal scutes, reptilian pores in, 163 variation in, 514 Tasmania, breeding habits, 240 fauna, 196 oology, 339 Taste, 469 distasteful insect larvae, 213 taste buds, 469 Taxidermy, 469-470 Taxonomic anatomy, 38-39 Taxonomy, 102, 201, 470-479 based, on alimentary canal, 24 on beak structure, 255 on ceca, 33 on eggs, 414 on color of, 93 on structure of, 418 on feathers, 203 on aftershaft, 514 on development of, 200 on innervation of heart, 258 on patagial muscles, 317 on precipitation tests, 218 value of, 276 on pterylae, 379 on quadrate bone, 458 on skeleton, 449, 477 on sternum, 452 subspecies distinctions, 448, 467 on skull, 457 on stomach, 29 on syrinx, 469 on uropygeal gland, 227 on wings, 282 disassociation of characters, 219 field characters, 302 significance of parasitology, 346 Technic, 479-482 vital stains, for blood, 481 for embryo, 153 in tissue culture, 506 Tectum opticum, 78 Teeth, of fossil birds, 344 Tegmentum vasculosum, 323 innervation of, 123 Tela chorioidea, 294 Teleoptyles, 202 Telephone wires, mortality from, 312 Telescope, in observations of flight, 40, 286, 295-296, 482 in studying migrations, 303 Telegraph wires, injuries from, 21 mortality from, 312 Telmatodytes palustris, breeding habits, 241 courtship, 58 life history, 280 migrations, 302 multiple nests, 245 nocturnal singing, 253, 466 sexual behavior, 56 territorialism, 462 voice, 464 Temperament, 59 relation to voice, 464, 465 Temperature, 482-485 changes in, effects, on embryo, 492 on growth of teratoma, 368 on song impulse, 466 effects of, on ovulation, 424 on ampullae, 124 on breeding, 242 on brooding, 242 on carbon dioxide production, 426 on cardiac muscle metabolism, 259 on distribution, 120 on egg size, 390, 417 on embryo, 146-147 on feeding habits, 250, 251 on flight, 286 on velocity of, 290 on food consumption, 212 on hatchability of eggs, 389 on heart contraction, 259, 260, 907 on lung development, 430 on metabolism, 484 on migrations, 302 on nest building, 245 on nutrition, 335 on parthenogenesis, 150 on plumage, 377 on pulse rate, 375 of embryo, 146 on pupillary reflexes, 167 on shape and physical constitution of eggs, 417 on singing, 254 171 FINDING INDEX Temperature Temperature — Continued on susceptibility to irradiation by X-rays, 373 low temperature, effects of 132 in tissue culture, 506 on migrations, 306 on molt, 310 on yolk, 419 of body, 270, 482-483 cooling action of air sacs, 429 diencephalon center for, 334 effects, of destruction of optic thalamus, 270, 371 of excessive doses of thyroid gland extract, of pituitary and thymus gland extracts, 270 egg production correlation, 391 heat production, 372 hyperthermia, 270 in tuberculosis, 366 of egg, 418 of nonincubating egg, 404 of incubation, 399 incubation experiments, 146-147 resistance of egg to variation in, 417 thermal stimulation of acoustic nerve, 166 Temporal region, 459 Tenacity of life, 372 Tenasserim, Ceylon, fauna, 191 Tendon, slipped, 364 Tendons, 315 connective tissue of, 111 development of tendon cells, 110, 115 in hyperdactylia, 495 nerve endings in, 330 of foot, 281-282 of limb muscles, 317, 318 of wings muscles, 283, 317 ossification of, 341 taxonomic value, 477 Tennessee college campus population, 185, 384 Tenuirostres, tongue, 26 Teratologic races, of domestic birds, 492 Teratology, 78, 485-499 — see also Anomalies abnormal eggs, 339, 422 shell membranes, 414 weight of, 407 abnormal development of skull, 456 abnormal feathers, 199, 202 nestling down, 383 abnormal yolk, development of, 419 anomalies, in ear, 122 of celom, insufficient division, 510 creeper fowl, 281 crested fowls, 492 in embryos, 156, 490, 492 malposition of embryo, 423 in molt, 310 of Mullerian ducts, 510 persistence in females, of mesonephric duct, 512 of right oviduct, 510 rumpless fowls, 387 sebaceous excresence of uropygeal gland, 227 spur dichotomy, 442 vestigial structure, 157 Teratoma, experimental production of, 368 Termites, as food for birds, 40, 213, 251 Terrestrial magnetism, relation to orien- tation, 340 Territorialism, 49, 461-462 Terutau Isl., Siam, fauna, 192 Testes, 499-501 ablation of, 85 asymmetry of, castration effects, 433 cystic, 353 effects, of changes in on sex hormone production, 442 of extract of on comb, 441 of hypophysis on, 270 of inanition on, 338 of lesion of visual apparatus on function of, 517 of ligation of, on plumage, 377 of thymectomy, on 502 of vitamin B deficiency on, 520 on sex characters, 440 grafts of, 229, 230, 435 in ovariotomized hen, effects on plumage, 376 in ovary, development of, 229 hypertrophy of, 501 after pineal body extirpation, 375 in hermaphroditism, 436 interstitial tissue of, 439, 499-500 measuring technic, 482 involution of, on vitamin deficient diet, 520 irradiation with x-rays, 373 measurements of, 405-406 nerve endings in, 332 of hen-feathered cock, 377 of hybrids, 268 pathology of, 353 penetrating suprarenal glands, 467 pigmentation of, 501 regeneration of, 85, 410 size of, 501 starch in, 60 tumors of, 368 weights of, 408 Tetanus, 355 Tetragonops, pterylosis, 379 Tetrao, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 99 anatomy, 36 arrhenoidy, 438 arteries, 88 Tetrao BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 172 Tetrao — Continued beak anomalies, 493, 494 ceca, 33 chondroid bodies, 111 connective tissue of, 111, 282 domestication of, 43 eclipse plumage, 382 foot, ligaments of, 446 mechanics of, 282 tendons of, 318 gizzard, 30 glands of external auditory meatus, 122, 226 lacrimal, 226 hen feathering of male, 377 histology, 38 hybrids, 263, 265, 266, 267, 438 innervation of air sacs, 333 integument, 276 intersexuality, 435 Ihymphoid tissue in auricular folds, 293 measurements, of sternum 405 of viscera, 405 molt of claws, 311 natural history, 322 posture, 253 scoliosis, 354 seasonal changes in color, 107 sequence of plumages, 382 sex behavior, 56 sex reversal, 437 sleeping habits, 239 trachea, 431 voice, 464 Tetaro alba, hybrids, 267 Tetrao intermedius, habits, 238 Tetrao lagopoides, hybrids, 267 Tetrao medius, hybrids, 267, 268 Tetrao tetrix, albinism, 99 crop contents, 211 fossil species, 344 hybrids, 265, 266, 267 sequence of plumages, 382 sex reversal, 437 Tetrao urogallus, arrhenoidy, 438 courtship, 58 deafness of male in sexual excitement, 121-122, 257, 322 display, 58 ear, 121, 122, 254 hen feathering of male, 377 hybrids, 265, 266, 267 hyoid apparatus, 457 intersexuality, 435 ovarian disease, 438 sequence of plumages, 382 sex reversal, 437, 438 skeleton, 445 skull, 456 tongue, 26 trachea, 431 variation, 514 voice, 464 Tetraonidae, abnormal eggs, 488 albinism, 99 ceca, 33 change in color, 106 food, 211 hybrids, 262 iconography, 272, 273 molt, 310 of claws, 277, 311 reproductive system, 508 secondary sex characters, 438 secretion granules, 115 sequence of plumages, 382 sex reversal, 437 skeleton, 445 skull, 456 Tetrastes, ceca, 33 hybrids, 265, 266 Tetrastes bonasia, abnormal coloration, 95 Tetronerythrin, in comb, 279 in naked skin, 104 Texas, ecology, 127 economic relations, 137 food, 207 migrations, 307 Texel Isl., Netherlands, fauna, 195 Textor, hybrids, 267 Textor niger, phallus, 511 Thalamus, 83 effects of lesions, 371 on body temperature, 270, 483 on metabolism, 371 on respiration, 426 evolution of, 83, 162 reflexes, 409 tract connections, 77, 78 Thalassidroma, alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 39 embryology, 144 myology, 314 trachea, 431 Thalurania, hybrids, 263 Tharrhakus modularis, commensalism, 132 Thaumaka picta, hybrids, 266, 267, 269 Theelin, negative effects, 160 Therapy, use of birds by ancients, 308, 320 Theristicus, loss of wattles, after breed- ing season, 279 Thinocorus, taxonomy, based, on ali- mentary canal, 24 on anatomy, 477 on muscles, 314 on skull, 457 on syrinx, 469 Thoracic duct, 91 Thoradelphus, 487 173 FINDING INDEX Thorax Thorax, parasitic fungi of, 348 Thraupidae, taxonomy, 476 Threskiornithinae, food, 211 Thripias, hyoid apparatus, 457 sterno-tracheal muscles, 315 tongue, 26 Throat, movements in breathing, 426 Thrombocytes, 72 change in anaphylaxis, 355 Thrush (disease), 355 Thryomanes hewicki, taxonomy, 476 Thunder effects of, 60 Thymectomy, effects of, 502 Thymovidin (hormone acting on ovi- ducal glands) , 422 function in development of egg enve- lopes, 502 Thymus gland, 501-503 antagonism to thyroid gland, in influence on development of feath- ers, 502-504 effects, of ablation of, on testes, 500 of castration on, 86 of hypophysis on, 271 of round worm parasites, 349 of senility, 309 on basal metabolism, 374 on calcium metabolism, 61 extract effects, on development of bone in tissue culture, 448, 505 on feathers, 200, 378 on young chicks, 270 weight of, 408 Thyroid gland, 110, 503-505 antagonism to thymus gland, 502, 504 effects, of castration, 86 of decerebration, 80 of experimental feeding, 200, 233, 395 hen feathering produced, 344, 438 of hypophysis on, 271 of removal on hen feathering, 225 on basal metabolism, 374 on egg production, 393 on molt, 310 on ossification, 341 on plumage, 105, 109, 384 on sex characters, 440 extract of, effects, on beriberi, 363 on body temperature, 483 grafts of, 228 iodine content of, 63, 271 ovarian antagonism, relation to mela- nin pigment formation, 343 pathology of, effects on plumage, 437 relations to suprarenal gland, thymus gland, and hypophysis, 502 weights of, 407 Thyroidectomy, 60 effects of, 505 on growth, 232 on plumage, 378, 384 on sex characters, 440 Thyroxin, effects, on basal metabolism, 374 on color, 109 on sex differentiation, 433 fate in blood and tissues, 504 negative effects, 160 Tibet, fauna, 192 Tibiotarsus, 450 anomaly of, 496 Tichodroma, plumage, anomaly of, 497 skin, histology of, 276 Ticks (parasites), 347 as cause of death, 312 as food for birds, 142 of doves, parasitic on man, 347 Timor Isl., Maylay Archipelago, ecol- ogy, 129 fauna, 197 Tinamiformes, pterylosis, 379 Tinamus, copulatory organs, 508, 511 ligaments, 446 penis, well developed, 511 skeleton, 445 skull, development of, 456 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449, 477 Tinnunculus, heart, 257 mandible, development of, 458 mechanics of flight, 290 nerve endings in ear, 330 oral cavity, 25 pericardium, 258 skull, 456 stomach contents, 212 weather, effects of on altitude of flight, 286 Tinnunculus alaudarius, skull, 456 Tinnunculus naumanni, gynandromor- phism, 436 Tinnunculus tinnunculus, sex reversal, 437 Tishoming Co., Miss., ecology, 127 Tissue, differentiation of, 149 elastic, 166 growth of connective tissue in tissue culture, 231 interstitial tissue of ovary, 342 Tissue culture, 60, 67, 114, 116, 145, 428, 505-508 irradiation of tissues in, 373 metabolism in, 374 mitochondria in, 116 mitosis in, 114 of amniotic ectoderm, 116 of cardiac muscle, 318 of connective tissue, 110, 231 of cytotoxin, 274 of developing bone, 448 of developing eye, 166 of fibroblasts, 506 of gonads, 512 Tissue culture BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 174 Tissue culture — Continued of heart, 259, 260 of spleen macrophages, 293 of spermatozoa, 420 technic of, 479 staining, 481 Tobago Isl., West Indies, economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 186 habits, 235 Tobolsk, Siberia, fauna, 192 Tocantins River region, Brazil, fauna, 188 Toccus, esophagus, 27 taxonomy, based on esophagus, 477 Todidae, anatomy, 35 taxonomy based on anatomy, 477 Todus, anatomy, 35 pterylosis, 379 skeleton, 445 measurements of, 404 taxonomy, 476 based on anatomy, 477 Toes, 282 anomalies of, 221, 496 arterio-venous anastomoses in, 87, 372 connective tissue of, 111 heat regulation, 372 Tolmarchus, fossil genus, 344 Tonga Isls., Polynesia, fauna, 198 Tongking, — see Tonkin Tongue, 25-26 adaptation in, 22 anomalies of, 495 glands of, 227 muscles of, 26, 315-316 nerve endings in, 331 tactile corpuscles of, 331 taxonomic characters, 476 variation, in color markings, 26, 515 Tonkin, French Indo China, fauna, 190 Tonsils, 292 Tonus, of muscle, experimental modi- fication of, 330, 334 Topaza pella, ecology, 126 habits, 238 sex ratio, 442 territorialism, 462 Topographic anatomy, 38 Tornadoes, effects on migrations, 308 Torsion, in embryo, 156 of humerus, 450-451 Torulin, 521 Totanus, communal nesting, 248 cross beak, 494 exceptional fecundity, 205 feeding habits, 250 taxonomy, based on skeleton, 449, 477 Totanus calidris, courtship, 58 Totanus flavipes, habits, breeding, 241 Totanus pugnax, position of feet in flight, 282 Totanus solitarius, — see also Tringa solitaria breeding habits, 241 discovery of first nest, 242 sternum, 452 Touch, epidermal modification for, 277 Towering, 49, 290, 354 Towers, observations from, of migra- tions, 304 mortality from, 312 Toxic substances, effects on embryos, 492 Toxicity, of a-amino acids, 61 of eggs, for man, 142 of parts injected into mammals, 70 412 of embryonic extracts, 60 of sodium chloride, 67 Toxins, of diphtheria, 359 injected into albumen, 154 Toxostoma, ecology, 129 nest sanitation, 245 variation, geographic, 516 Toxostoma redivivum, distribution, 120 feeding habits, 250 stomach contents, 212 Toxostoma rufum, economic relations, 135 food, 211 Trachea, 430-432 innervation of, 333 measurements of, 405 of hybrid, 268 ossification of, 341 taxonomic value, 477 Tracheal artery, doubling of, 486 Tracheal bulb, 431 Tracheal pouch, 431 Tracts, of brain, 77-78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85 of spinal cord, 326 Tragopan, care in captivity, 41 caruncle, 278 courtship, 58 habits in captivity, 247 Training, 54 Trains, mortality from, 312 Transbaikalia, Asia, fauna, 192 Transcaucasia prov., Russia, fauna, 195 Transjordania, Asia, fauna, 189 Transplantation — see Grafting Transvaal, Africa, fauna, 178 migrations, 306 Transylvania, Hungary, fauna, 194 Transylvania, Roumania, fauna, 195 Trap nests, 390, 400 Trapping methods, 295, 296 Traps, 39 mortality from, 312 Tree boring, 250, 252 Tree diseases, dissemination of, 138-139 175 FINDING INDEX Trematoda Trematoda (parasites), 349 in eggs, 416 Tres Marias Isls., Mexico, ecology, 128, 130 fauna, 187 Trichoglossus, hybrids, 267 Trichomonas (parasites), 349 Trichomoniasis, intestinal, 370 Trichosoma (parasites), 349 sarcoma of liver due to, 369 Trichosoma contortum (parasite), 349 Tringa, — see also Calidris albinism, 99 anatomy, 35 brain, 76 change in color, 106 dancing, 58 flight, velocity determination, 290 food, 211 head muscles, 315 incubation period, 244 motility of upper mandible, 256 weights, 406 Tringa alpina, feeding habits, 250 Tringa canutus, habits, 238 sequence of plumages, 382 spermatogenesis, 420 winter plumage, retained in summer, 383 Tringa pusilla, egg tooth, 150 Tringa solitaria — see also Totanus soli- tarius discovery of first nest, 242 old nests ued, 246 Tringa subarquata, sequence of plu- mages, 382 Trinidad Isl., Brazil, ecology, 128, 130 fauna, 188 Trinidad Isl., Venezuela, fauna, 189 Trinidad Isl., West Indies, economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 186 food, 207 habits, 235 taxonomy, 472 Trinidad (Cuba), evolution, 160 voice, 463 Tristan da Cunha Isls., fauna, 174 . Trochalopteron, anatomy, 37 plumage, 376 Trochili, humerus, 450 Trochilidae, albinism, 99 anatomy, 36 bathing habits, 239 beak, structure of, 249 care in captivity, 41 color vision, 518 death caused by spiders, 312 display, 58 communal, 460 distribution, 119 at sea, 134 in California, 182 in Colombia, 188 in Ecuador, 188 drinking sap, 214 eating fruit, 214 ecology, 126 eye lashes, 168 fertilization of flowers, 136 flight, 285 general work, 215 generic characters, 476 habits, 238 hybrids, 262 hyoid apparatus, 457 iconography, 271, 274 insect food, 213 iridescence, 102 life histories, 280 melanism, 101 migrations, 297 natural history, 320, 321 plantar tendons, 281, 318 pterylosis, 379 sap drinking, 249 skeleton, 445 humerus, 450 skull, 456 taxonomy, 470, 474, 475, 476 teratology, 485 territorialism, 462 tongue, structure of, 26 muscles of, 316 variation in nest, 516 vertical distribution, 120 voice, 463 wing stroke rate, 289 Trochilus, cardiac muscle, 258, 318 change in color, 106 food, 211 furcula, 452 intercalated discs, 318 rib anomaly, 498 tongue, function of, 251 Trochilus colubris, albinism, 99 alimentary canal, 24 anatomy, 36 feeding habits, 250 myology, 314 trachea, 431 Troglodytes, banding, 45 behavior, 48 ear, development of, 121 food, 211 insect, 213 orientation, 340 preganglionic neurons, 334 pterylosis, 379 reflexes, 409 skeleton, 445 skull, 456 ossification of, 341 weights of various organs, 406 Troglodytes aedon BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 176 Troglodytes aedon, body temperature, control in nestlings, 483 communal relationships, 133 ecology, 126 economic relations, 135, 138 eggs, destruction of, 252 feeding offspring, 243 habits, 238 breeding, 241 destructive, 138, 252 incubation period, 244 light, effects of on singing, 254, 466 marital relations, 247 social relations, 460 territorialism, 462 Troglodytes albinucha, taxonomy, 476 Troglodytes parvulus, albinism, 99 Troglodytidae, feeding on moths, 251 Trogon, habits, 238 vertebrae, number of, 454 Trogonidae, iconography, 274 palate, 458 pterylosis, 379 taxonomy, 474 Trombicula akamsushi (parasite), dis- semination of infection by birds, 138 Trophospongia, 116, 323 Tropical Africa, ecology, 126 Tropical birds, coloration, 92, 94, 102 habits, 233, 234 insectivorous, 140 resistance to low temperature, 484 sexual behavior, 56 stomach size, 405 voice, 462 Tropicoperdix, skull, 456 Trout fly, as food for birds, 251 Trupialis, albinism, 99 Trypan blue, injections of, into al- bumen, 154 into embryos, 480 in staining technic, 481 Trypanocorax, anal and caudal muscles 316 featherless areas on head, 279 natural history, 322 Trypanosoma (parasites), 348, 370, 420 Trypanosoma gallinarum (parasite), 348 Trypanosoma gambiense (parasite), 348, 370 Trypanosoma paddae (parasite), 275 effects of serum on, 275 Trypanosoma rhodesiense (parasite), 349, 370 Trypsin, 117 Tryptophan, in egg, 68, 69 Tsetse fly, as food for birds, 140 Tsetse fly disease, 361 Tsushima Isl., Japan, fauna, 191 Tuber cinereum, 82 Tuberculin, 366, 367 Tuberculosis, 119, 365-367 body temperature in, 483 causing sex reversal in male, 437 dissemination by birds, 138 mammalian, in birds, 367 human, immunity to, 276, 367 Tubinares, — see also Procellariiformes behavior, 47 habits, 234 breeding, 241 life histories, 281 migrations, 298, 302 muscles, of flight, 317 of limbs, 317 skeleton, 445 skull, 456 taxonomy, 476 variation, 516 Tucuman, Argentina, fauna, 188 Tumbler pigeon, origin, 224, 290, 492 "Tumbling" flight, 492 evolution of, 161 instinct for, 51 Tumors, 367-369 chicken sarcoma, in tissue culture, 506 glutathione content, 60 grafts of, 156, 230 rat sarcoma, 230 mixed with embryonic tissue in tissue culture, 508 ovarian, 438 resistance to, 276 Tundra region, fauna, 192, 195 Tuning fork, in experimental enbry- ology, 155 Tunis, Africa, fauna, 176 general work, 216 Tunisia, Africa, ecology, 126 iconography, 272 Turacoena, alimentary canal, 24 Turacin, 105 Turacus, feathers development of, 200 nestling down, 202 structure of, 201 pterylosis, 379 turacin pigment, 105 Turacus porphyreolopha, anatomy, 36 Turbinates, 256 Turbo (mollusk), mythology, calcareous operculum as swallow stone, 320 Turdidae, color pattern phylogeny, 163 food, 211, 213 genetics, 218 habits, 234 feeding, 250 hybrids, 262 iconography, 274 migrations, 300 plumage, 376 pterylosis, 379 regurgitated pellets, 212 skeleton, 445 177 FINDING INDEX Turdidae Turdidae — Continued syrinx, 469 taxonomy, 474, 476 voice, 462 Turdus, albinism, 99, 100 anomalies of hind limbs, 496 blood changes in carcinoma, 368 blood pigments, 103 bone, lack of mineral matter, 354, 447 brain, 76 nuclei of, 78 tracts of, 78 cross beak, 494 double eggs, 488 eating termites, 140, 251 economic relations, 135 eggs, cleavage of, 148 experimental coloring of, 56 fertilization of, 147 maturation, 416 measurements of, 404 shell pigments, 94 weights of, 407 eye, development of, 166 feet, development of, 281 filarian parasites of, 349 food, 211 gregariousness, 248 insects, 213 homology of feathers with scutes, 202 hybrids, 263, 267 hypophysis, histology of, 270 infectious diseases, 370 instinct, 51 intelligence, 53 interspecific mating, 59 learning, 54 life histories, 281 longevity, 292 measurements, 402 melanism, 101 migrations, 302 mimicry, 54 nocturnal singing, 253 pterylosis, of nestlings, 379 regeneration of striped muscle, 410 regurgitation of gizzard lining, 31 retina, fovea centralis, 519 salivary glands, 227 scutes, 278 skull, development of, 456 ossification of, 341 smell, 460 spleen, 293 spinal cord, blood vessels of, 324 stomach , 30 syrinx, 468 toe connective tissue, 111, 282 trypanosomes of, 348 twilight song, 466 variation, 514 veins, jugular, 89 voice, 462 yolk, 419 Turdus aenalaschkae pallasii, albinism, 99 Turdus cyaneus, beak anomalies, 493 Turdus iliacus, habits, nocturnal, 253 singing, 465 hybrids, 267 voice, 464 Turdus merula, albinism, 99 breeding in captivity, 43 cell types in hypophysis, 270, 439 feeding habits, 250 food, 211, 214 hybrids, 267 polyandry, 247 sequence of plumages, 382 vitelline membrane, 419 voice, musical analysis of, 464 Turdus migratorius, — see also Merula migratoria and Planesticus migra- torius abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 99 communal relations, 133 economic relations, 135 death from eating twine, 312 distribution, 120 food, 211 caterpillars, 140 of nestlings, 208 growth, 231 habits, breeding, 241 roosting, 239 longevity, 292 melanism, 101 migrations, 302 mortality from storms, 313 notochord, relations of, 159 scute pattern, 278 shadow boxing, 48 third hind limb, 496 water for young, 243 Turdus musicus, banding, 45 breeding in captivity, 43 care in captivity, 41 dichromatism in color of eggs, 93 hybrids, 267 migrations, 302 variation in egg color, 515 Turdus musicus clarkei, mimicry, 54 Turdus obscurus, hybrids, 267 Turdus philomelos, migrations, 305 Turdus pilaris, abnormal coloration, 95 albinism, 99 effects of temperature on breeding, 242 feeding habits, unusual, 59, 252 hybrids, 267 Turdus torquatus, economic relations, 135 migrations, 302 Turdus viscivorus BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 178 Turdus viscivorus, albinism, 100 melanism, 101 Turkestan, fauna, 190 iconography, 273 parasitology, 346 taxonomy, 473 Turkey, ecology, 128 fauna, 192, 196 Turkeys,— see also Meleagris and Melea- gris gallopavo culture of, 387 Turnix, breeding habits, 241 Turpentine, effects on embryo, 153 Turtur, albinism, 100 anatomy, 35 basal metabolism, 374 eggs, sterile, structure of, 417 excessive fat in viscera, 354 feathers, fault bars in, 199 continuity of at molt, 310 hybrids, 263, 267 experimental, 218 late breeding, 242 leukocytozoa, 348 longevity, 292 oviduct, histology of, 510 suprarenal glands, histology of, 467 physiology of, 468 thymus gland, histology of, 502 zygodactylism, 496 Turtur auritus, hybrids, 267 Turtur ferrago, longevity, 292 Turtur risoria (us), color vision, 519 feathers, development of, 200 fault bars in, 491 hybrids, 267 secondary sex characters, 438 temperament, 59 vision, Purkinje phenomenon, 518 voice, 464 Turtur tigrinus, albinism, 99 Turtur turtur, hibrids, 267 Twine eating, as cause of death, 312 Twins, embryonic, 150 identical, 411 Tympanic cavity, 122 tumors of, 368 Tympanic membrane, 123 Tympanistria, care in captivity, 41 Tympanuchus, bone, vascular supply of, 447 "booming" habit, 248 erythrism, 101 hybrids, 268 sex behavior, 56 skeleton, 445 Tympanuchus cupido, breeding habits, 241 decreasing population, 385 ecology, 125 extinction, 113, 164 habits, 238 life history, 281 mortality, 311 sequence of plumages, 382 Tympanuchus cupido americanus, breed- ing habits, 239 conservation 112 ecology, 126 food, 206 habits, 234, 238 hybrids, 268 incubation period, 244 life history. 279 parasitology, 346 pathology, 350 Tympanum, 122 innervation of, 323 Typhoid fever, 118, 369 immunity to, 276 relations to leukemia, 361 resistance to, heredity of, 222 Typhus fever, 118, 369-370 Tyramin, action in beriberi, 61, 362 Tyrannidae, food, 211 skeleton, 445 Tyrannus, albinism, 100 behavior, 47 eating fruit, 214, 243 egg substitution, 56, 411 insect food, 211, 213 Tyrannus tyrannus, food, 211 habits, feeding, 250 singing, 253 voice, 464 Tyroglyphinae (parasites), 347 Tyrosin, in egg, 68, 69 in melanin pigment development, 104 Tyto, economic relations, 135 destruction of rodents, 143 fossil species, 344 habits, in captivity, 247 feeding, 250 regurgitated pellets, 212 sexual behavior, 56 skeleton, 445 Tyto alba pratincola, behavior in captiv- ity, 49 food, 211 habits, 238 late breeding, 242 regurgitated pellets, 212 U • , Ubangi Savanna Dist., Africa, fauna, 176-177 Uganda, Africa, fauna, 177 Ultimobranchial bodies, 158 Ultramicroscope, 39, 480 use in study of blood, 71, 72, 74 Ultramicroscopic organisms, 370 179 FINDING INDEX Ultraviolet light Irradiation Ultraviolet light irradiation, 373 effects, in development of skeleton, 448 in preventing rachitis, 479 of lack of, on parathyroid glands, 350 on growth, 232, 233 on nutrition, 335 of embryo, 146 transmission of, 390, 391 use in viewing eggs, 93 Ultra virus, 274 Umbilicus, anomaly of, 491 Uncinate processes, 453 United States, breeding habits, 239 cage bird traffic, 112 conservation, 111-112 sanctuaries, 113 ecology, 126-127 economic ornithology, 136-137 extinction of game birds, 165 fauna, 181 food, 206 general works, 216 habits, 235 feeding, 249 iconography, 272 introduced species, distribution of, 120 migrations, 297-298, 306 natural history, 321 sequence of plumages, 380 taxonomy, 471 vernacular names, 479 United States National Parks, fauna, 181 Upupa, abnormal eggs, 488 albinism, 100 fetid secretion of uropygeal gland, 227 oviduct, egg position in, 423 physiology of reproduction, 421 taxonomy, 476 tongue, 26 topographic anatomy, 38 Upupa epops, albinism, 100 anatomy, 35 brain, 76 myology, 314 Upupidae, skeleton, 445 taxonomy, 476 Uraeginihus, breeding in captivity, 43, 411 feeding habits, 250 regurgitation, 243 Ural region, Russia, fauna, 195 parasitology, 346 Urea, embryonic, 145, 146 formation of, 63, 71 Ureters, 513 Una, acquired characters, 220 albinism, 100 alimentary canal, 24 body temperature, 483 bursa Fabricii, glands of, 226 lymphoid tissue, 92, 293 melanism, 101 molt, 310 osmotic pressure, of blood, 71, 375 of bile and body fluids, 375 pleura, 430 retina, 172 sequence of plumages, 382 spermatozoa, 419 trachea, 431 variation, 514 in egg color, 93 Una aalge, sequence of plumages, 382 Una lomvia, migrations, 304 Una mandtii, sequence of plumages, 382 Una troile, molt, 310 sequence of plumages, 382 Uric acid, 64, 66 effects of drugs, 67 elimination of, 64, 372 embryonic, 64, 71, 146 secretion of, 513 transformation of ammonia into, 61 Urinary organs, 511-513 Urinary passages, pathology of, 352 Urinator arcticus, ecology, 126 food, 211 habits, 238 natural history, 322 Urine, chemical and physical properties, 61, 64, 67, 513 foreign proteins in, 63, 371 secretion of, vagus nerve influence on, 329 Uriniferous tubules, 513 Urinogenital system — see Urogenital system Uroaetus, albinism, 100 Uroaetus audax, skeleton, 445 measurements of, 404 Urodynamis taitensis, parasitic breed- ing habits, 246 Urogallus, anatomy, 36 molt of claws, 277, 311 Urogenital system. 508-513 anomalies of, 498 Uropygeal gland, 227-228, 277 anomalies of, 498 electric characteristics, 227 excrescence of, 354 feathers of, 202 hypertrophy of, 354 inheritance of characters, 220 lamellar corpuscles in, 331 measurements of, 403 pathology of, 354 Uropygeal gland BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 180 Uropygeal gland — Continued secretion by, 66 smooth muscle of, 319 weights of, 407 Urotropin, permeability of ovarian egg membrane for, 416 Uruguay, fauna, 189 Ushant Isl., France, fauna, 193 Utah, ecology, 127 fauna, 185 Uterus, 510 effects of extirpation on ovary, 343 V Vaccination, for bird pox, 357 for epithelioma contagiosum, 361 in tuberculosis, 366 Vaccines, 371 Vagina, absence of, 424, 498 Valencia, Venezuela, fauna, 189 Valley associations, 132 Valves, of vascular system, 87, 88, 90 of heart, 258 Vancouver Isl., Canada, fauna, 180 food, 206 habits, 235 taxonomy, 471 Van Dresser method of inducing molt, 295 Vanellus, albinism, 100 albumen, weight of, 408, 413 amputation of toes, 21 banding, 45, 46 beak, development of, 255 brain, development of, 77 carrying young, 243 cloaca, 91 courtship, 58 cranial nerves, development of, 327 embryology, 144, 149 heart, development of, 259 interarticular cartilage, 447 lens, histology of, 170 limbs, development of, 281 melanism, 101 membranous labyrinth, development of, 123 meninges, development of, 293 mortality from storms, 313 necrosis, of legs, 21, 362 of foot, 353 ossification, 341 shell weight, 408 skull, 456 somites of embryonic head, 152 sternum, measurements of, 405 syrinx, 469 trachea, 431 uropygeal gland, anomaly of, 498 hornshaped excrescence of, 227 pathology of, 354 veins, 89 vertebral articulations, 447 yolk weight, 408 Vanellus cristatus, albinism, 100 banding, 45 embryology, 144 aortic arch derivatives, 159 pharyngeal pouch derivatives, 158 thymue gland, development of, 502 thyroid gland, development of, 503 pronephros, 512 Vanellus yulgaris, habits, 238 territorialism, 462 Var Dist., France, fauna, 194 Variation, 513-517 geographic, migration effects, 302 in age of young, 411 in behavior, 49, 59 in blood, 71, 72 in chemical composition of, 65 in body temperature, 483, 484 in breeding habits, 242 in center of gravity, 288 in chromosome number, 115, 150 in color markings, 93, 476, 515 in egg production by fowls, 391, 392 in eggs, 339, 417 in color of, 93 in egg weights, of successive layings, 407 in embryo polarity, 146 in fecundity, 204 in feet, 282 in growth, 231 in tissue culture, 506 in habits, 239 feeding, 251 in migrations, 303 in nest building, 245 in nitrogen metabolism, 375 in nutrition, 338 in osmotic pressure, 74 in plumage, 377, 515 in pneumaticity of skeleton, 449 in reproductive cycle, 60, 424, 425 in skeleton, 434, 446 in skull, 457 in song as territory criterion, 462 in spinal cord, 326 in spinal meninges, 294 in spinal nerves, 329 in sternum position, 452 in temperature, 80, 484 in tongue color, 26 in vertebrae, 454, 514 in voice, 466 in weight, of eggs, 390, 407 of liver, 408, 517 of plumage, 517 in yolk color, 94 181 FINDING INDEX Variola Variola, 359 Varying hare, bird enemies of, 143 Vascular system, development of, 159 in tissue culture, 507 of esophagus, 27 Vas deferens, ligation of, 501, 511 Vasoligation of senile male, 372 Vasomotor functions, influence of in- ferior laryngeal nerves, 329 Veins, 89-90 cardinal, 159 caval, 90 of head, Slonaker, J. R. 1918 of kidneys, 512 of suprarenal glands, 467 postcaval, 159 pulmonary, 159 renal portal, 89-90, 512 thebesian, 258 vitelline, 152 Veldt Dist., Africa, fauna, 178 Venezuela, ecology, 128 fauna, 189 habits, 235 taxonomy, 472 Venice, fauna, 194 Venom, injections into albumen, 154 immunization to, 274 Ventilation, of brooders, 398 of cages, 41 Ventriloqual power, 464 Vera Cruz, Mesico, fauna, 187 Vermicide, iodine, 398, 479 Vermivora, hybrids, 263 Vermivora chrysoptera, food, 211 hybrids, 265-268 voice, 464 Vermivora leucobronchialis, banding, 45 breeding habits, 241 heredity, 220 Vermivora pinus, hybrids, 265, 268 Vermont, ecology, 127 fauna, 185 Vernacular names, 470, 478-479 Vertebrae, 453-454 air sacs of, 429 measurements of, 405 ossification of, 341 taxonomy, based on numbers of, 477 variation in, 514 Vertebral column, 453-454 adaptation in, 22 anomalies of, 498 articulations of, 447 evolution of, 162 ligaments of, 446 Vertebral elements, in skull, 456 Vestibular apparatus, 76, 123-124 effects of artillery fire on, 124 lesions of, 124 measurements of, 403 physiology of, 124 relation to orientation, 340 Vestibule, of nasal chambers, 256 Vestiges, 157, 163 coccygeal, of spinal cord, 325 epithelial, 172 of mesonephros, 512 of Miillerian ducts, 510 of uriniferous tubules, 513 Vestigial phalanges, 451 Viability of spermatozoa, 421 Vibripnes (parasites), in eggs, 415 resistance to infection with, 276 Victoria, Australia, fauna, 196 natural history, 321 Vidua paradisiaca, specialized feathers, 203 Vigor, of artificially hatched chicks, 399 color association, 102 heredity of, 220 in hybrids, 268 of egg, 412 of male, as factor in fertility, 422 of poultry, 400 of progeny, effects of experimental feeding, 397 relation to reproduction, 425 selection for, 388 Villi, intestinal, 32 Vireo, mimicry, 54 molt, 310 sequence of plumages, 382 sexual behavior, 56 spurious primary feathers, 377 voice, 464 Vireo belli, breeding habits, 241 incubation period, 244 voice, 464 Vireo olivaceus, behavior, 47 breeding habits, 241 double nests, 245 economic relations, 135 Vireo philadelphicus, food, 211 habits, 238 breeding, 242 incubation period, 244 voice, 464 Vireoninae, feeding habits, 250 Virgin Isls., West Indies, fauna, 186 Virginia, ecology, 127 fauna, 185 food, 207 habits, 235 iconography, 272 Virginia creeper berries, dissemination by Passer, 141 as food for birds, 214 Virginia Mt. County, ecology, 131 Virus, of bird pox, 357 of cholera, 62, 358 of plague, 364 Virus disease, 355 Viscera BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 182 Viscera — see also various visceral organs anatomy of, 38 anomalies of, 499 effects, of climate on coloration of, 132 of forced feeding on, 232 growth rate, 233 inversion in embryo, 156 measurements of, 405 variation in, 514-515 weights of, 408 Visibility, distance of, 285, 286, 308 Vision, 517-519 adaptation in, 22 effects of decerebration on, 80 use in finding food, 250 Visual cortex, 82 Visual purple, 172 Visual reflexes, 409 Vitali, paratympanic organ of — see Paratympanic organ of Vitali Vitality, 309, 372 duration of, in tissue culture after incubation ends, 505 of egg, 412, 418 of embryo, 145 of spermatozoa, 420 unusual, 372 Vitamins, 519-521 effects, on calcium and ph >sphorus metabolism, 395 for poultry, 396 in nutrition studies, 337 vitamin A, 61, 337, 520 content in cod-liver oil, 395 deficiency of, 362 vitamin B, 337, 520-521 deficiency of, 208, 362 effects on activity of suprarenal glands, 468 effects on feathers, 200 on heat production, 483 vitamin C, 337, 521 vitamin, D, in calcium metabolism, 61, 521 content in cod-liver oil, 395 effects, on egg production, 393 on hatchability, of eggs, 389 in eggs, 363 in treatment of rachitis, 363 Vitelline area, of blastoderm, 149 Vitelline blood vessels, 152 Vitelline body of Balbiani, in oocytes, 416, 419 Vitelline duct, 151 Vitelline membrane, 419 capillaries of, 89 Vitreous body, 173 Vocal organs, 464, 465 Voice, 462-466 effects of sexual selection on, 465 evolution of, 161, 465 heredity of, 224 psychological analysis of, 59, 465 recording methods, 464, 482 seasonal changes in, 424 variation in, 466, 516 vocal behavior, 59 Volga River delta, Russia, fauna, 195 Volplaning, 285, 462 Vulpanser tadorna, albinism, 100 Vultur, anatomy, 36 flight, mechanics of, 288 ligaments, 446 structure of tongue, 26 Vultur aura, feeding habits, 250 smell, 460 vision, 517 Vultur bengalensis, sequence of plum- ages, 382 Vultur fulvus, anatomy, 36 myology, 314 Vultur gryphus, stomach, 28 Vultur papa, habits, 238 vision, 518 Vultures, mechanics of flight, 290 Vulturidae, sequence of plumages, 382 sternum, 452 Vulturinae, egg shell structure, 414 feeding habits, 250 smell, 460 W Wading birds, culture of, 40 ecology, 133 migrations of, 307 swimming, 291 Waigats IsL, Russia, fauna, 175, 195 War, banding records, 46 effects, on behavior, 49 on bird population, 193, 385 on habits, 239, 242 on migrations, 303, 306 increase in tuberculosis, 366 letter carrying, 143 Warning colors, 55, 110, 519 Washington, ecology, 127 fauna, 185 habits, 235 iconography, 272 Washington, D. C. region, fauna, 182 migrations, 297 Wasps, as bird house pests, 133 as food for birds, 213, 251 Water, absorption of in incubating egg, 146 effects on evolution, 163 elimination of, 372 injections of into albumen, 154 supply of, 112, 243 Water birds, conservation of, 114 habits, 234 of North America, 179 poisoning of, 313 183 FINDING INDEX Waterfowl Waterfowl, conservation of, 114 ecology, 125 environmental relations, 133 food, 208 natural history, 320 of North Dakota, 184 Waterglass preservation of eggs, 481 Wattles, 279 edema of, 360 growth of, 279 pathology of, 352 removed, effects of sunshine, 439 vitamin effects on, 519 Weather, effects of, 132 on behavior, 59-60 on breeding habits, 242 on flight, 286 on integument, 276 on orientation, 340 on pigmentation, 108 on population, 385 on singing, 254, 466 pathology from, 355 severe, mortality from, 312 Weather forecasting, 60, 132, 308, 320, 322 Webbing of toes, 282, 496 Weddell Sea, Antarctic Ocean, ecology, 129, 131 fauna, 174 Weepecket Isls., Massachusetts, ecol- ogy, 129, 130 Weights, 406-408 at hatching, 402 loss in incubation, 156 of brain, 81 of spleen, 293 of sternum, 452 variation in, 516-517 Wei Hai Wei, China, fauna, 190 West Guinea, South America, fauna, 189 West Indies, breeding habits, 240 ecology, 129, 130 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 186 habits, 235 inconography, 272 paleontology, 344 taxonomy, 472 voice, 463 West Virginia, conservation, 112 ecology, 127 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 186 food, 207 habits, 235 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 Wheat, as food for birds, 520 White spotting, heredity of, 221 Whiteness, 102 Willow Creek Valley, Ore., ecology, 127, 132 Wilsonia citrina, sequence of plumages, 382 Wind effects, on distribution, 120 on migrations, 308 reactions to, 49 relation to flight, 286, 290 Wing area, 317, 404 correlations, 402 relation to sternum, 452 Wingless fowls, myology, 314 Wingra Springs region, Wisconsin, ecology, 127 Wings, 282-283 acuity of, 404 adaptation in, 23, 215 anomalies of, 496 arteries of, 89 articulations of, 446 bones of, 450 color pattern, 109 correlations, 402 development of, 152, 282 evolution of, 162 feathers of, sex differences in, 439 as taxonomic characters, 477 growth of, 231 length ratio to tarsus, 215 measurements of, 404 pelvic, evolution of, 162 safety devices, 288 sex difference in, 434, 439 strokes of, correlation with breath- ing, 426 use in swimming under water, 291 Winter, distribution in, 120 food, 214 habits, 239 plumage, 383 protection in, 114 rainfall, effects on reproduction, 422 singing in, 466 Wire worms, as food for birds, 140 Wisconsin, ecology, 127, 129 economic ornithology, 137 fauna, 186 migrations, 298 sequence of plumages, 380 taxonomy, 471 Wissahickon Hills, Pa., ecology, 127 habits, 235 natural history, 321 voice, 463 Work, in flight, measuring technic, 481 Worms (parasites), 349, 371 in eggs, 415-416 Wounds, 48, 371 healing of, 410 mortality from, 311 Wrangell Isl., Arctic region, fauna, 175, 192 Wyoming BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BIRDS 184 Wyoming, agricultural development, effects on population, 385 ecology, 127 fauna, 186 iconography, 272 migrations, 298 Xanthocephalus, food, 211 mortality, 311 Xanthocreatinine, injected into al- bumen, 154 Xanthophyll, 104 Xema, sequence of plumages, 382 Xenia, 94, 225 Xenicus, taxonomy, 476 Xenorhynchus, syrinx, 469 • Xiphoid bone, 452 X-rays, 496 effects, on bursa Fabricii, 92 on embryo, 146 on sarcoma, 369 technic of, 479 Yakima Valley, Wash., ecology, 127, 132 Yangtse Valley, China, fauna, 190 Yaruca, Honduras, fauna, 187 Yawning, 239 Yeast, effects on growth, 232 food value, 337 for poultry, 397 as source for vitamin B, 520 in treatment of beriberi, 363 Yellowhead Pass, British Columbia, fauna, 180 Yellowstone National Park, ecology, 127 fauna, 181 Yemen, Arabia, fauna, 189 Yenisei River region, Siberia, fauna, 192 Yolk, 4187419 absorption of, 335, 397 effects of experimental feeding on, 397 assimilation of by embryo, 152 in blastoderm cells, 149 changes in incubation, 152 color of, 94 effects of experimental feeding on, 397 hydrogen ion concentration, 146 infection with Salmonella pullorum, 356 injections of, effects on plumage of ovariotomized hen, 343, 383, 440 iron content, 63 mesoderm relations, 149 position changes, 152 resorption of, 151 unassimilated portion at hatching, 408 value in sex determination, 433 weight of, 408 percentage of body weight, 401 white and yellow compared, 419 Yolk nucleus (i), 151, 418 Yolk sac, 151-152 anomaly of, 496 exclusion in hatching, 423 hemapoeisis in, 75 leukocytes of, 72 Yosemite National Park, ecology, 127 fauna, 181 life histories, 280 natural history, 321 Ypsilanti, Mich., ecology, 127 Yucatan, Mexico, ecology, 128 fauna, 187 taxonomy, 472 Yungidae, ossification, of ear ossicles, 341 of skull, 341 skull, development of, 456 Yunnan Prov., China, fauna, 190 taxonomy, 473 Z Zamelodia, food, 211 Zamelodia ludoviciana (us) — see also Habia and Hedemeks ludovicianus beak, anomalies of, 493 behavior, 47 inheritance of song, 465 learning to sing, 54, 466 molt, 310 nest building instinct, 223 sequence of plumages, 382 song, development of, 465, 466 voice, inheritance of, 224 Zanzibar, Africa, fauna, 178 Zarafschan Basin, Asia, fauna, 190 Zeledonia, limb muscles, 317 Zeledonia coronata, taxonomy, 476 Zenaida zenaida, feigning injury, 51 Zenaidura, basal metabolism, 374 behavior, 47 diphtheria, 359 ecology, 126 fecundity, 204 food, 211 growth, 231 habits in captivity, 247 light, effects of, 133 on migrations, 305 on reproduction, 421 scabies, infection with, 365 sexual behavior, 56 tumbling, 51 voice, 464 185 FINDING INDEX Zenaidura graysoni Zenaidura graysoni, care in captivity, 41 habits in captivity, 247 Zenaidura macroura, crop contents of nestlings, 211 Zenaidura macroura marginella, breed- ing habits, 242 Zion National Park, fauna, 181 Zobten, Germany, fauna, 194 Zonotrichia, albinism, 100 banding, 45 change in distribution, 173 gregariousness, 461 voice, 464 Zonotrichia albicollis, banding, 45 hybrids, 268 territorialism, 462 habits in winter, 239 Zonotrichia querula, breeding habits, 242 ecology, 126 food, 211 life history, 281 molt, 310 voice, 464 Zonotrichiae, evolution, 160 Zonula of Zinn, 170 Zooerythrin, 104 Zoogeographic areas, 120, 126 Zoological Gardens, mortality in, 311 Zoologies, 521-522 Zoorubin, 104 Zooxanthin, 104 Zosterops, death caused by spiders, 312 economic relations, 135 seasonal changes in color, 107 tongue, 26 Zosterops caerulescens, sequence of plum- ages, 382 Zygodactylism, 282 as anomaly, 496 Zygomatic arch, 457 CORRIGENDA PART 2. Keyes, Charles Rollin (1864-) should be Keyes, Charles Reuben (1871-1951) PART 3. p. 26, paragraph 7, and p. 475, paragraph 5, Drepanidae should be Drepanididae p. 98, Haematopus astralgus should be Haematopus osiralgus p. 99, Poocaetus gramineus should be Pooecetes gramineus p. 129, under West Indies and 3rd line, right hand paragraph, p. 130, Desecho Isl. should be Desecheo Isl. p. 242, paragraph 11. Totanus (Tringd) so itarius should be Totanus (Tringa) solitarius P. 247, last word. Europyga should be Eurypyga p. 267, first column, Salasphorus rufus should be Selasphorus rufus p. 273, last paragraph, Coracidae should be Coraciidae p. 320, 13th paragraph Turba should be Turbo p. 349, right column, 6 pt. heading Filiaria should be Filaria P. 395, Transpose paragraph 4, right column, "Thyroid gland . . ." to p. 397 as a fourth paragraph under Feeding experiments p. 433, All paragraphs under CASTRATION, EFFECTS ON SEX, except for the first, fourth, tenth and eleventh, should be under a different heading COR- RELATIONS WITH SEX. p. 461, fourth paragraph, second column, Sylvidae should be Sylviidae