338.1

TENTH
BIENNIAL REPORT

OF THE

Montana State Board
of Horticulture

FOR THE YEARS

1917-1918 S""*^ -DOCUMENTK COUprTirN

330 E Lyndafe / -j
Hfilena. Montana SStjpJ

STATE of MONTANA

•^•

Montana State Library

3 0864 1004 7787 9

ii

TENTH
BIENNIAL REPORT

OF THE

Montana State Board
of Horticulture

FOR THE YEARS
1917-1918

STATE of MONTANA

\

Montana State Board of Horticulture

HON. SAMUEL V. STEWART

EX-OFFICIO MEMBER, HELENA

F. G. PICKERING

FIRST DtSTRICT, JOLIET

T. T. BLACK

SECOND DISTRICT, WHITEHALL

ALLEN PIERSE

THIRD DISTRICT, GREAT FALLS

FRED T. PARKER

FOURTH DISTRICT, MISSOULA

O. M. GERER

FIFTH DISTRICT, HAMILTON

J. C. WOOD

SIXTH DISTRICT, BIG FORK

C. C. WILLIS

SEVENTH DISTRICT, PLAINS

J. C. WOOD

PRESIDENT

A. L. STRAUSZ

STATE HORTICUT^TURIST

OFFICE, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE BUILDING, MISSOULA.

CONTENTS

;/

Page

Tenth Biennial Report - 7

Recommendations 17

Financial Statements 18

Inspection Reports 19

Licensed Nurseries ..— 35

Horticultural Inspectors 37

Order of Postmaster General 38

Plants and Plant Products Addressed to Places in Montana 40

Quarantines 41

Horticultural Conditions in the Bitter Root Valley, P. T. Baden 47

Marketing the Bitter Root Apple Crop, O. M, Gerer 53

Kinds and Varieties of Fruit for Eastern Montana, A, L. Strausz 55

Fruit for Eastern Montana, Letter from O. S. Chilcott 57

Greenhouses in Montana 60

The Alfalfa Weevil, George L Reeves..... 62

A Review of the Alfalfa Weevil Situation, R. A. Cooley 65

The Present Status of the White Pine Blister Rust Control in Montana,

George A, Root 69

A Practical Method of Fighting Wheat Rust, D. B. Swingle 74

Grasshopper Control in Montana, J. R. Parker 80

Horticultural Exhibits Prominent at the State Fair, Horace S. Ensign 86

Spraying Program : 89

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Montana Fruit at the 1918 State Fair Frontispiece

Spraying with high pressure gives efficient control of orchard enemies 10

A lime-sulphur plant near Missoula 13

A mature orchard near Missoula .«.. 16

Top-grafting may often be used to change poor varieties 48

A good spraying outfit : 51

Floral exhibit in the Horticultural Building, State Fair, 1918 61

Map showing the present distribution of the alfalfa weevil 67

Life cycle of the White Pine Blister Rust '. 70

White pine tree dying from the effects of the rust ■ 71

Under side of black currant leaf, showing brown-hair or autumn stage of the

disease 72

Map of the United States, showing Barberry Eradication District : 74

Common barberry 76

Japanese barberry 77

Wheat rust on barberry and wheat 78

Mixing poison bran mash on sheet of canvas 81

Grasshopper catching machine 82

Eight hundred pounds of grasshoppers 84

Pear orchard completely defoliated in August by grasshoppers 85

The best in the State 87

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

Office of the State Board of Horticulture,
Missoula, Montana, January 1, 1919.

To His Excellency, Samuel V. Stewart, Governor of Montana:
To the Legislative Assembly of the State of Montana :

In Accordance with the provision of Section 1932 of the Revised
Codes of 1907, amended by the Twelfth Legislative Assembly, I have
the honor to transmit herewith the Tenth Biennial Report of the
State Board of Horticulture for the years 1917 and 1918.

Respectfully,

A. L. Strausz,

State Horticulturist.

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

The activities' of the State Board of Horticulture have followed
the lines which are outlined by law. The organization maintained
during the past two years is similar to that of former years and
any changes' that have been made have been necessitated by changed
conditions in the fruit industry, and by conditions brought about by
the war.

The different lines of work may be broadly considered under the
following heads :

«
Fruit Inspection.

Nursery and Nursery Stock Inspection.

Enforcement of Quarantines.

Orchard Inspection.

Advisory Work.

These lines of work cannot be definitely separated, the one
from the other, for they overlap in the daily work of the inspectors'.
In some places fruit inspection is the most important work, and in
others orchard inspection and advisory work occupies most of the
inspectors* time. Nursery stock inspection requires considerable time
during the spring and fall shipping season.

Organization of Inspection Force

The horticultural law divides the state into seven horticultural
districts as follows: The first district comprises the counties of
Dawson, Custer, Yellowstone, Sweetgra&s, Park, Carbon and Rosebud ;
the second district comprises the counties of Gallatin, Madison, Bea-
verhead, Silver Bow, Lewis and Clark, Meagher, Wheatland and
Broadwater ; the third district comprises the counties of Cascade, Fer-
gus, Valley, Chouteau, Teton and Musselshell ; the fourth district com-
prises the counties of Missoula, Mineral, Granite, Powell and Deer
Lodge; the fifth district comprises the county of Ravalli; the sixth
district comprises the counties of Flathead and Lincoln ; and the

7

8 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

seventh dlsti-ict (omprisos the eoiinty of Sanders. Counties formed
since the law was enacted all remain in the district which included
the original county.

The Board of Horticulture which is charged with the adminis-
tration of the horticultural law is appointed by the Governor, one
member from each district. The Governor is ex-officio a member
of the Board. The members from the various districts are chosen
with reference to their study of and practical experience in horti-
culture and the industries dependent thereon. They hold office
during a term of four years, and all members serve without salary.

Meetings of the Board are held semi-annually on the third
Monday of February and September. Special meetings may be held
at any time provided there are matters to be considered of sufficient
importance to warrant a meeting. During the past biennium the
Board has held its regular meetings and special meetings on May 1,
June ^ and June 16, 1917. The special meetings' were held rela-
tive to the appointment of a State Horticulturist, the position at that
time being vacant.

The executive work of the State Board of Horticulture is carried
on by the State Horticulturist, who is selected by the Board. It is
his duty to enforce the laws of the state relative to the growing and
marketing of fruits and traffic in nursery stock, the control and de-
struction of insect pests' and fungus and bacterial diseases, the
licensing of firms, persons or corporations engaged in selling or import-
ing trees, plants or nursery stock, to keep a record of the trans-
actions of the Board of Horticulture, to supervise and direct the
horticultural inspection service and the dissemination of horticultural
knowledge. He appoints local inspectors where necessary. Besides
the regular duties prescribed by law, the Board may specify from
time to time any other line of work which seems expedient.

Fruit Inspection.

All fruit entering the state or produced within the state is sub-
ject to inspection with the exception of blackberries', cranberries, cur-
rants, gooseberries, loganberries, raspberries, strawberries, bananas
and pineapples. IMelons, cantaloupes and tomatoes are also free from
inspection. In so far as it is possible to do so, fruit is inspected at
the distributing centers and at the points of production. The great-
est amount of incoming fruit is inspected at Butte, Helena, Great

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 9

Falls", Billings, Havre and Missoula. At these places carloads are
received from the western states and from California and are dis-
tributed to nearby points. In the Bitter Root Valley, the Missoula
Valley, the Flathead Lake section and parts of Carbon county locally
produced fruit is inspected for pests and diseases before it is shipped.
The railroads are forbidden by law to accept fruit for shipment be-
fore it has been inspected and passed as reasonably free from dan-
gerously injurious pests and diseases.

Considerable fruit is sold locally near places of production. Much
of this fruit is not inspected and it would be practically an impos-
sible task fo attempt a complete inspection of such fruit. Such a
course would probably be unwise and of little value, as there could
be little likelihood that such fruit would endanger the industry. While
some of the fruit, especially apples, is more or less affected with
pests and diseases, they are not those which are not already estab-
lished in the locality. The inspection of fruit should be maintained
in Montana with such thoroughness that new pests and diseases will
be kept from the fruit sections just as long as is humanly possible, and
in such manner that the consumers will be protected from inferior and
worthless fruit. It would be well also to have a stronger law regulating
/ the grades of apples and the marking of such grades upon the boxes.
However, since co-operative marketing is gaining favor, especially in
the Bitter Root valley, there is yearly less and less trouble along this
line. Growers now realize that the best business procedure is to put up
an honest pack and mark the box correctly.

Nursery and Nursery Stock Inspection.

Not only in Montana, but elsewhere in the United States, the
nursery business of late years has been at low ebb. The setting of
fruit trees has been very small with the exception of home orchards'.
Very few commercial orchards have been planted within the last five
years. Consequently only the older and well-established nurseries are
still operating. The nursery business at present is' concerned quite
largely with the production of shade and ornamental trees. Most
of the trees, of whatever kind, are planted in this state in the spring
and during the spring months most of the nursery stock must be in-
spected. The trees sold in Montana during the past two years have
been singularh' free from pests as shown by the fact that out of

10

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

1,304,293 plants inspected from December 1, 1916, to June 30, 1918,
only 385 were found to be unfit for sale.

Nurseries within the state are inspected yearly and if the stock
is found to be free from pests and diseases certificates of inspec-
tion are granted to the nurserymen. Very little stock is now growing

Spraying with higli pressure gives efficient control of orchard enemies.

in Montana. i\Iost of the danger lies in nursery stock shipped into
Montana and too cjircful watdi cannot ])v kept on tliese shipments.

Enforcement of Quarantines

The State of Montana at the present time is maintaining three
quarantines which are printed elsewhere in this report. They are
directed against the spread of white pine blister rust, wheat rust, and
the alfalfa weevil. All horticultural inspectors are charged with the
enforcement of the quarantine provisions. This* work naturally fiti
in with the fruit and nursery stock inspection and the horticultural
force is well organized to accomplish results.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 11

Orchard Inspection

Orchard inspection is maintained throughout the fruit-growing
sections, the purposes of which, are the following:

It enables the inspection service to keep track of the pests and
diseases already present and to define their boundaries' and retard
theii spread to adjoining areas.

It reveals the appearance of new pests and diseases and makes it
possible to eradicate them or to confine their activity to a restricted
locality.

It affords information as to the methods' employed by the or-
chardist in caring for his crop so that individual advisory work can
be intelligently given.

Diseases

The following report on diseases and pests mentions only those
which are of greatest importance:

Apple Scab: (Venturia pomi (Fr.) Wint.) This disease is prev-
alent throughout all the western portion of the state. It annually
causes thousands of dollars' worth of damage in misshapen and un-
/ salable fruit. In 1917 it was much more severe than in 1918. In
1918 very little fruit was affected with it in the Bitter Root valley,
but in the Flathead Lake region it prevailed quite universally. It is
the worst disease in the state and requires thorough work with the
sprayer. It can be controlled.

Blight, Fire Blight: (Bacillus' amylovorus (Burr.) De Toni.)
This is* the disease which has done so much damage to Montana orch-
ards in years past. During 1917 there was very little to be seen any-
where. In 1918 it appeared somewhat more in some of the old
Transcendent Crab and Alexander trees. It is not, however, doing
much serious damage at present to the fruit industry. There is no
remedy. Removing the affected part of the tree is the only thing
that can be done.

Root Gall and Crown Gall: (Psexidonionas tumefaciens Erw.
Smith & Townsend.) This' disease is present to a more or less extent
in all orchards. The damage it is' doing cannot be estimated, but evi-
dently many trees are showing the effects of this disease by their

12 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

dwarfed and stunted appearance. There is no remedy. Affected
trees should not be planted.

Silver Leaf: Some orchards show several trees affected with
this disease, but with very few exceptions it cannot be said to be doing
any damage.

Root Rot or Crov^tn Rot: It is not known what causes" this
condition. Some investigators have found the blight bacteria in af-
fected trees and they are inclined to attribute the condition to that
disease.

The tree is usually affected at or near the surface of the ground
where the bark gradually dies. The roots finally become affected and
in seme cases the condition extends up the trunk of the tree. Event-
ually the tree becomes girdled and dies. There is no remedy. Many
courses of procedure have been suggested, but they are of very doubt-
ful value. Many orchards are beginning to show this condition, but
generally only on a few^ trees. There is no special cause for alarm.

Insect Pests

Blistek ]\riTE: (EriopJiyes pi/W Pgst.) Apple and pear trees
are attacked by this insect and badly affected trees lose their leaves
before the summer is over. The insect is a microscopic mite which
feeds within the leaf causing the characteristic browning of the leaves.
The injury caused is worse during dry seasons than during rainy
seasons. It was exceptionally bad during 1918 and was present in
practically all orchards not properly sprayed for it. This was espe-
cially true in the Bitter Root valley. The blister mite can easily be
controlled by spraying.

Brn MoTH: (Spilonota (Tmetocera ) ocellana Schiff.) The bud
moth larva was apparent in most orchards' last year. The damage
done was, however, slight, but unless controlled it will become quite
serious in the future. It is easily controlled by spraying with arscn-
icals at the proper time.

Codling Motii: (CarjxKapsa pomanella Linn.) Very little
spread of this pest has been noted in the past two years. It is present
in most of the cities, but the orchards of the Flathead Lake region,
Sanders county and the Bitter Root valley are as yet quite free.
There is, however, a slight infestation on the east side of the latter

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

13

valley opposite Victor, where it was noted last year. Only a few
specimens of apples were found, but unless controlled a few years
only would be required to infest the whole valley. The State Board
this year is going to use every effort to stamp out this isolated in-
festation. The codling moth can be easily controlled by proper spray-

Spray material is made in Western Montana — A lime-sulphur plant near Missoula.

ing practices, but it is very difficult to eradicate when once an orch-
ard or district becomes thoroughly infested.

Oyster Shell Scale: (Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn.) This is
the worst scale insect in the state. It is not of much importance in
w^ell cared for orchards, but is present in practically all old and
neglected plantings. While it is almost everywhere present it does
not spread easily or rapidly from old to well cared for orchards. It
can be controlled by thorough and persistent spraying.

San Jose Scale : (Aspidiotus perniciosti^ Comst. ) This dreaded
pest is not present in Montana and it is doubtful if it could endure
the climate in the fruit section cf this state.

14 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

Red Spider: (Tetranychus himacylatus Harv. and Bryohia pra-
tensis Garm.) This pest is present to some extent but has not done
a considerable amount of injury to the orchards and is easily con-
trolled by spraying.

Aphids : (Many species.) These sucking insects occur in practic-
ally all the orchards and are of many different species. The green
aphids which feed on the leaves and growing twig tips are the most
common, but in some places' the woolly aphids, which feed both on
the roots and upper parts of the tree, are becoming established. The
green aphids can be controlled by spraying, but satisfactory results in
combating the woolly aphids are hard to secure. The total damage
to the fruit crop is not alarming.

Physiological Conditions

Many conditions are noticeable in Montana orchards, and else-
where, which cannot be attributed to any insect pest or to any specific
disease organism. While some of these conditions seem to be re-
sulting in considerable damage, others are not sufficiently wide-
spread or common enough to be a serious menace to the fruit in-
dustry. Chief among the conditions which may be for convenience
classed under this head are winter injury, malnutrition and brown
bark spot.

Winter Injury: Winter injury is noticeable to a more or less
extent in all of the fruit growing districts and is also noticeable in
nearly all kinds and varieties of fruit. Some kinds like the sweet
cherry are much more easily affected by low temperature than others,
but no kind of fruit has entirely escaped injury. In the Bitter Root
valley the sweet cherry trees have almost become a memory, consid-
ered from the standpoint of commercial production. Only a few
tracts remain which are at all in good condition. The winter
injury to apple trees has not caused any serious damage in those
orchards which are well located and properly cared for, but in the
low lying areas many of the young orchards have been seriously set
back if not actually destroyed. It is impossible to avoid by any sort
of care the effects of low temperatures if conditions are right for
winter killing, but by proper cultivation, fertilization cf the soil and
irrigation it is possible to reduce the effect of bad winters very ma-
terially.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICT LTIJRE 15

Malnutrition : This is a oreneral term which is often overworked,
but when orchards begin to show yellow leaves early in the summer and
when they make only a very short wood grow^th this condition may safe-
ly be attributed to lack of proper plant food in the soil, provided suffi-
cient water has been applied. This condition is especially noticeable in
soils which are very shallow. Wherever it is possible fertilizers should
be added to these soils either in the form of animal manures' or cover
crops of some leguminous plants. IMany of the diseases such as root
gall or root rot may give an appearance similar to trees which are
growing in a poor soil, but these conditions should not be easily con-
fused, for poorly nourished trees are quite uniformly yellow within
the entire orchard, while trees affected with disease will occur among
trees which may be entirely healthy and vigorous.

Brown Bark Spot : This is a condition which several years ago
caused a great deal of worry to the orchardist, especially in the upper
part of the Bitter Root valley and on the west shore of Flathead Lake.
The State Experiment Station at Bozeman has done considerable ex-
perimental work on this condition, but so far have not been able to
attribute its occurrence to any specific disease organism. This con-
dition, known as brown bark spot, has during the past couple of years
/ rather subsided and is not now spreading to any extent and it is even
disappearing in some orchards where it prevailed some years ago.

Advisory Work

During the past two years the inspectors in the fruit growing
districts have spent a large amount of their time in personal and ad-
visory work among the growers. This has been the most important
phase of the work of the State Board of Horticulture in disseminating
horticultural knowledge. Each inspector makes an effort to visit every
orchard in his district and at that time to give the grower what help
he can with respect to the various orchard operations. Beginning
with the early orchard work in the spring the inspector visits the
orchards and gives instructions in pruning where such seems to be
necessary. The pruning work lasts until about spraying time when
the efforts of the inspector are directed strenuously toward the se-
curing of proper spraying practices in all the orchards in his district.
As the spray machine is the most important implement used in con-
nection with the control of pests and diseases, it is needless to say

16

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

that special emphasis is placed upon the advisory work diirinj^ this
period. Spraying is of importance throughout the early summer
months, and at no time is the work along this line allowed to lag.
During the summer months other lines of work which are taken up by
the inspectors regards irrigation, cover crops, thinning, cultivation

A mature orchard near Missoula.

and any questions of orchard management which may from time to time
arise.

During the fall when the harvesting season begins the growers
are instructed in the proper methods of picking, packing and storing
when according to the inspectors' knowledge such instruction is neces-
sary.

The results secured in doing this work seems well worth any effort
and expense that may be required, but naturally work of this sort seems
more or less slow, yet in time it is certain to bring about changed
conditions in many orchards by causing the growers to use better
methods and thus secure larger returns from their orchards in money
and better fruit produced, and in the satisfaction of having performed
their work in the most economical and up-to-date manner.

RECOMMENDATIONS

In order to make the work of the State Board of Horticulture
more effective, the following recommendations are made to the Legis-
lature of the State of Montana :

1. A law should be passed providing for the inspection of fruits
and vegetables with the authority to condemn and destroy any ship-
ments if the physical condition of such fruits and vegetables render
them unfit for food. A record of such inspection should be taken per
se as evidence in court of the condition of the produce in question at
the time of inspection. Such inspection would safeguard the inter-
ests of the shipper, the dealer, the railroads and the consumer. In-
spection need be given only upon the request of one of the parties con-
cerned or upon the request of the public. A provision of this sort
would not to any extent overlap the work of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture as it maintains only one office in the state.
The funds required to operate such a system of inspection would not be
large, since the present organization of the horticultural inspection
iorce could be used in its entirety. In making inspections' upon request
it would be wise to charge a small fee in order to cover the actual
cost of the work.

2. It is very necessary that the salary of the clerk in the State
Horticulturist's office be increased. It is impossible to retain compe-
tent help at the present salary of one thousand dollars per year as
provided by law. It is respectfully asked that the law relating to
this matter be changed abolishing the position of clerk and creating the
position of secretary with the duties of clerk and stenographer, which
position shall carry a salary not to exceed one thousand eight hun-
dred dollars per year.

3. On account of the connection which the common barberry
has with the spread of wheat rust, a law should be passed declaring
barberry bushes a menace and making it unlawful to harbor them on
one's premises, giving power to the State Board of Horticulture to
eradicate them wherever found. It is not native to the state and
the plantings of this shrub are not extensive. It is useful only for
ornamentation, but other plants may be substituted for it which
are not a menace to farm crops.

17

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Fiscal Year Ending February 28, 1918

Receipts

Regular Appropriation $11,500.00

Salary State Horticulturist 2,500.00

Salary Secretary ! 1,000.00

Horticultural Spray Tax 701,48

Excess Inspection 549.56

Fruit and Nursery Stock Inspection....* 9,714.92

Spray Machinery and Supplies 44.00

Nursery Licenses 875.00

. $26,884.96
Disbursements

Expenses Board Members at Meetings $ 339.85

Traveling Expenses 836.93

Orchard In.«?pection and Spraying 5,462.94

Office Expenses „ 527.72

Fruit and Nursery Stock Inspection 13,504.93

Salary State Horticulturist 2,233.32

Salary Secretary : 1,000.00

Special Services 287.05

Spray Machinery and Supplies 615.06

In Mis.soula Trust & Savings Bank 700.68

In State Treasury— General Fund 1,109.80

In State Treasury— Salary State Horticulturist 266.68

* $26,884.96

November 30, 1918
Receipts

Regular Appropriation $11,500.00

Salary State Horticulturist 2.766.6S

Salary Secretary 1,000.00

Horticultural Spray Tax 538.06

Nursery Tags 2.50

Maintenance Account 1,510.48

Excess Inspection 803.81

Publishing Pro<*ee<lings State Horticultural Society 300.00

I'^uit and Nursery Stock Inspection 4,910.65

Spray Machinery and Supplies 155.00

Nursery Licenses 550.00

$24,037.18
18

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 19

Disbursements

Expenses Board Members at Meeting $ 241.60

Traveling Expenses 648.81

Orchard Inspection and Spraying :... 4,592.40

Office Expenses 792,78

Fruit and Nursery Stoclc Insi>ection 7,250.30

Salary State Horticulturist 1,875.00

Salary Secretary 750.00

Spray Machinery and Supplies 120.11

Special Services 273.15

In Missoula Trust & Savings Bank 1,639.29

In State Treasury — General Fund 4,712.06

In State Treasury— Salary State Horticulturist 891.68

In State Treasury — Salary Secretary 250.00

$24,037.18

INSPECTION REPORTS

FRUIT INSPECTED

December 1. 1916, to and including June 30, 1917.

Kind No.. Packages
Apples 173,501

Pears 301

Peaches 8,527

Prunes-Plums 510

Cherries : 5,656

Apricots 1,262

Oranges ' 119,354

Lemons 33,210

Grapes ! 1,056

Miscellaneous 2,934

Total 346,311

Number car lots inspected 617

Number car lots Montana apples inspected 80

FRUIT CONDEMNED

On Account of

Kind

Apples 1945

Lemons

Total 1945 50 2 13 2010

Scab

Codling
Moth

Decay

San Jose
Scale

Total No.
Packages

1945

50

2

....

1997

13

13

20

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

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22 TENTH BIEXXIAI. KKPOKT

NURSERY STOCK INSPECTED

December 1, 1916, to and including June 30, 1917

Kind No. Plants

Apples 23.098

Pears 457

Peaches 27

Prunes-Plums 4.037

Cherries 6,167

Apricots 59

Shade 165.550

Ornamentals 29,349

Seedlings 19.702

Grapes 1,006

Strawberries 147,369

Blackberries 6.908

Raspberries 8,015

Dewberries v 61

Blueberries 378

Currants :.. 4.788

Gooseberries 3.208

420,179
Number car lots inspected 19

NLRSERY STOCK CONDEMNED

On Account of

Total

Kind Root Gall Quar No. 4 No. Plants

Apples 66 -... 66

Shade 50 .... 50

Ornamentals 1 .... 1

<'nir:tiits 6 6

(;(M)S(l>erries 5 5

Total 117 11 128

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74,267
19,036

3,172

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6,177
1,664

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1

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2,650
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MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 25

FRUIT INSPECTED

July 1, 1917, to and including June 30, 1918

Kind No. Packages

Apples 469,230

Pears 40,799

Peaches 206,410

Prunes-Plums 70,917

Cherries 23,501

Apricots 6,033

Quinces 43

Oranges 96,953

Lemons 41,502

Grapes 189,438

Miscellaneous 7,478

Total 1,152,304

Number car lots inspected 1,431

Number car lots Montana apples inspected 257

FRUIT CONDEMNED

On

Account of

Scab

San Jose
Scale

Oyster
Shell

Old Total No.
Boxes Packages

918

67

10 2910
549

63

63
20

Codling-
Kind Moth

Apples 1915

Pears 549

Plums

Quinces 20

Total 2484 918 63 67 10 3542

26

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

Q £

M O

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Livingston ....

Miles City

Park City

Red Ledge

Sidnev

0

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u

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Cut Bank

Glasgow

Great Falls....

i

c
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1

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

27

'2

§

I

I

S o

i

9 ^-

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Car lot

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28 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

NURSERY STOCK INSPECTED

July 1, 1917, to and including June 30, 1918

Kind No. Plants

Apples 21,348

Pears - ..- 329

Peaches 79

Prunes- Plums 6,679

Cherries : 5,397

Apricots 6

Quinces 12

Shade 223,766

Ornamentals 51,785

Seedlings 416,593

Grapes 1,451

Strawberries 125,130

Blackberries 3,790

Raspberries : 19,936

Blueberries 58

Currants 3.446

Gooseberries 3,263

Mulberries 46

Loganberries 2

Miscellaneous 998

Total 884,114

Number ear lots inspected 26

NURSERY STOCK CONDEMNED

On Account of

Root Gall Quar. No. 4 Total

Kind No. Plants

Apples 50 50

Peaches 1 1

Cherries 4 4

Raspberries 134 1?A

Shade 25 25

Currants 26 26

Gooseberries 17 17

Total 214 43 257

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

29

Fees.

Goose-
berries.

Currants.

Blue-
berries.

g
1

i I 2

Grapes.

3

Car lots.

Total

MiKcel-
lareous

Rasp-
berries.

Black-
berries.

Straw-
berries.

Seedlings

Ornamen
tals

Shade

Apricot t:.

Cherries

Pri:nes
Plums.

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30

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

Fees.

©
d

Car lots-

CO

Total

?2

MiKcel
lar-ecus-

1

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berries-

o

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MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

31

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32

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

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MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

33

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TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

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-- — 73
53 :S as
J= ^ JS

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 33

LICENSED NURSERIES

Licenses Expiring June 30, 1918

No. Name Address

440 R. M. Kellogg Co Three Rivers, Mich.

441 Lewiston-Clarkston Nursery Co Clarkston, -Wash.

442 Albany Nursery Co Albany, Ore.

446 Avoca Nursery Co., Tidewater Inv. Co Butte, Montana

447 Rhinelander Nursery Co Rhinelander, Wis.

453 Hopper's Greenhouse & Nursery Billings, Montana

454 Owatonna Nursery Co Owatonna, Minn.

455 Northwest Nursery Co Valley City, N. Dak.

456 Froid Nursery Co Froid. Montana

457 Jewell Nursery Co Lake City, Minn.

458 Billings Nursery Co Billings, Montana

459 Wedge Nursery Co Albert Lea, Minn.

460 Oscar H. Will & Co Bismarck, N. Dak.

461 Rose Hill Nurseries Minneapolis, Minn.

462 Hankinson Nursery Co Hankinson, N. Dak.

463 State Nursery & Seed Co Helena, Mont.

464 Toppenish Nursery Co Toppenish, Wash.

465 Washington Nursery Co , Toppenish, Wash.

466 Henry A. Dreer, Inc Philadelphia, Pa.

467 Howard Lake & Victor Nurseries Howard Lake. Minn.

468 Missoula Nursery Co Butte, Montana

469 Oregon Nursery Co Orenco, Oregon

470 Deerfield Nursery Co Medford, Minn.

471 Yakima Valley Nursery Co Toppenish, Wash.

472 Northern Nursery Co Denver, Colo.

473 Gurney Seed & Nursery Co Yankton, S. Dak.

474 Stark Brothers Nursery & Orchard Co Louisiana, Mo.

475 Brand Nursery Co Faribault. Minn.

476 Yellowstone Nursery, O. S. Chilcott Silesia, Montana

477 E. M. Sherman Charles City, Iowa

478 Sonderegger Nursery & Seed House Beatrice, Neb.

501 Salem Nursery Co Salem, Oregon

502 Clinton Falls Nursery Co Owatonna, Minn.

503 Home Nursery Co., Fred Inabnit Billings, Montana

504 Gardner Nursery Co Osage, Iowa

505 Missoula Greenhouse & Nursery Co Missoula, Montana

506 Farmers' Seed & Nursery Co Faribault, Minn.

507 Hamilton Nursery Co Hamilton, Montana

36 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

Licenses Expiring June 30, 1919

No. Name Address

508 Albany Nursery Co Albany, Oregon

509 Hopper's Greenhouse & Nursery Billings, Montana

510 Salem Nursery Co Salem, Oregon

511 Jewell Nursery Co Lake City, Minn.

512 Oscar H. Will & Co Bismarck, N. Dak.

513 E. M. Sherman Charles City, Iowa

514 Northwest Nursery Co., Valley City, N. Dak.

515 Clinton Falls Nursery Co Owatonna, Minn.

516 Henry A. Dreer, Inc Philadelphia, Pa.

517 Stark* Brothers Nursery & Orchard Co Louisiana, Mo.

518 Rose Hill Nurseries Minneapolis, Minn.

519 Sonderegger Nursery & Seed House Beatrice, Neb.

520 Hankinson Nursery Co Hankinson N. Dak.

521 Deerfield Nursery Co Medford, Minn.

522 State Nursery & Seed Co Helena, Mont.

523 Gumey Seed & Nursery Co Yankton, S. Dak.

524 Farmers' Seed & Nursery Co Faribault, Minn.

525 R. M. Kellogg Co jl Three Rivers, Mich.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

37

HORTICULTURAL INSPECTORS

November 30, 1918

DISTRICT NO. 1

CITY

COUNTY

INSPECTOR

Billings

Yellowstone

Algeo, Ted

Columbus

Stillwater

Kucera, Jas.

Glendive

Dawson

Stokes, W. E.

Joliet

Carbon

♦Pickering, F. C.

Livingston

Park

Miles City

Custer

Fleck, John R.

Park City

Stillwater

Bessette, J. E.

Red Lodge

Carbon

DISTRICT NO. 2

Chapman, L. P.

Bozeman

Gallatin

Parker, J. R.

Butte

Silver Bow

Fossum, J. A.

Harlowton

Wheatland

Ruerup, J. H.

Helena

Lewis and Clark

DISTRICT NO. 3

Malcolm, S. H.

" Glasgow

Valley

Whitbread, A. H.

Great Falls

Cascade

Remington, W. A.

Havre

Hill

Trump, E. F.

Mondak

Sheridan

Newcomb, A. S.

Lewis town

Fergus

DISTRICT NO. 4

Kelly, J. W.

Anaconaa

Deer Lodge

Kelly, M. J.

Missoula

Missoula

DISTRICT NO. 5

Fox, Edwin

Corvallis

Ravalli

Baden, P. T.

Hamilton

Ravalli

DISTRICT NO. 6

Shovell, Wm.

" Big Fork

Flathead

♦Wood, J. C.

Kalispell

Flathead

Roush, Roy »

Somers

Flathead

Roush, Roy

Whitefish

Flathead

Roush, Roy

Columbia Falls

Flathead

Roush, Roy

^

DISTRICT NO. 7

Plains

Sanders

Putnam, W. J.

Plains

Sanders

♦Willis, C. C.

* Board Members.

ORDER OF THE POSTMASTER GENERAL

Office of the Postmaster General,
Order No. 8760. Washington, April 2, 1915.

The Postal Laws and Regulations, edition of 1913, are amended by the ad-
dition of the following, as Section 478i/i :

Sec. 4781/4. (a) When any state shall provide for terminal inspection of
plants and plant products, and shall establish and maintain, at the sole expense
of the state, such inspection at one or more places therein, the proper officials
of said state may submit to the Secretary of Agriculture a list of plants and
plant products and the plant pests transmitted thereby, that in the opinion of
said officials should be subject to terminal inspection in order to prevent the
introduction or dissemination in said state of pests injurious to agriculture.
Upon his approval of said list, in whole or in part, the Secretary of Agriculture
shall transmit the same to the Postmaster General, and thereafter all packages
contaiiiing any plants or plant products named in said approved lists shall,
upon payment of postage therefor, be forwarded by the postmaster at the
destination of said package to the proper state official at the nearest place
where inspection is maintained. If the plant or plant products are found upon
inspection to be free from injurious pests, or if infected shall be disinfected by
said official, they shall upon payment of postage therefor be returned to the
postmaster at the place of inspection to be forwarded to the person to whom
they are addressed ; but if found to be infected with injurious pests and in-
capable of satisfactory disinfection the state inspector shall so notify the post-
master at the place of inspection, who shall promptly notify the sender of said
plants or plant products that they will be returned to him upon his request
and at his expense, or in default of such request that they will be turned over
to the state authorities for destruction. (Act of March 4, 1915.)

(b) It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to deposit
In the United States mails any package containing any plant or plant prwluct
addressed to any place within a state maintaining inspection thereof, as herein
defined, without plainly marking the package so that its contents may be
readily ascertained by an inspection of the outside thereof. Whoever shall fail
to so mark said packages shall be punished by a fine of not more than $100.
(Act of March 4, 1915.)

(c) The Postmaster General is hereby authorized and directed to make all
needful rules and regulations for carrying out the purposes hereof. (Act of
March 4. 1915. )

2. When the Secretary of Agriculture furnishes the Postmaster General a
list of plants and plant products subject. to terminal inspection under the
provisions of the prweding paragraph, appropriate instructions in rt»gard there-
to shall be issue<l to postmasters by the Third Assistant Postmaster General,
Division of Classification.

3. When a package containing plants or plant products subject to terminal

38

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 39

inspection is received at the post office of address, the postmaster shall at
once notify the addressee of the required amoimt of postage for forwarding it
to the place of inspection and return. Upon payment of the required amount,
the postmaster shall affix to the parcel stamps sufficient to cover the postage
from his office to the place of inspection, and place in an official envelope, to
be attached to the parcel and addressed to the postmaster at the place of in-
spection, the stamps representing the amount of postage furnished by the ad-
dressee for its return. The postmaster shall then indorse on the wrapper of the

parcel the words, "Forward to , for inspection,"

(Give post office of inspection)
and transmit the parcel to the postmaster at the place of inspection.

4. (a) On receipt of the parcel at the post office of inspection the post-
master shall deliver it to the proper state official, and if such official shall
return it to him marked to show that it has been inspected and passed, the
postmaster shall affix to the parcel the postage furnished for returning it to
the post office of address and promptly transmit it to that office. It shall then
be delivered to the addressee.

(b) If the state official to whom a parcel containing plants or plant
products has been sent for inspection shall inform the postmaster at the place
of inspection that such plants or plant products are infected with injurious
pests and incapable of satisfactory disinfection, the postmaster shall promptly
notify the sender that the parcel is undeliverable, giving the reason therefor
together with the name and address of the addressee, and stating the amount
of postage required for its return and that if the postage is not promptly
furnished the parcel will be turned over to the state authorities for destruc-
tion. After the sending of such notice, the postmaster shall wait the length
of time prescribed in paragraph 8, Section 637, when, if postage be not re-
ceived by that time, he shall inform the state authorities that the parcel may
be destroyed by them.

5. When a parcel containing plants or plant products is returned to the
sender or destroyed under the provisions of the preceding paragraph. tJie
postage stamps representing the amount of postage furnished by the ad-
dressee for the return of such parcel from the post office of inspection to the
office of address shall be sent by the postmaster at the former office to the
addressee together with a letter of information as to the disposition of the
parcel.

6. If the addressee, after having been notified, as prescribed in paragraph
3 of this section, fails to furnish the required postage for sending the parcel
to the place of inspection and return, the postmaster shall so notify the State
Inspector at that place and advise him of the amount of postage required for
sending the parcel to him. If such official furnishes the postage the post-
master shall, after affixing the necessary stamps, indorse on the wrapper of
the parcel the words "Forward to for inspection,"

(Give post office of inspection)
together with the words "Postage paid by State," and transmit it to the post-
master at the place of inspection. If the State Inspector shall return the parcel
to the postmaster at the point of inspection, marked to show that it has been

40 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

inspected and passed, and having postage properly prepaid, it shall be trans-
mitted to the office of address and delivered to addressee. Should the State
Inspector fail to furnish the postage for sending the parcel to him for in-
spection, the parcel shall be treated as other undeliverable fourth-class matter,
as prescribed in Section 637.

DANIEL C. ROPER,
Acting Postmaster General.

Plants and Plant Products Addressed to Places in Montana

Office of Third Ass't P. M. Gen.

Washington, Oct. 21, 1915.

The State of Montana has established places for the terminal inspection
of plants and plant products, under the provisions of the Act of March 4, 1915,
embodied in Section 478^, Postal Laws and Regulations, appearing on page
49 of the May, 1915, Supplement to the Postal Guide.

All postmasters are, therefore, informed that packages containing plants
or plant products addressed to places in the State of Montana may be ac-
cepted for mailing only when plainly marked so that the contents may be
readily ascertained by an inspection of the outside thereof. The law makes
the failure so to mark such packages an offense pimishable by a fine of not
more than $100.

The plants and plant products subject to terminal inspection in the State
of Montana are described as follows :

"All florists' stock, trees, shrubs, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, fruit
pits and other seeds of fruit and ornamental trees or shrubs, and other plants
and plant products in the raw or unmanufactured state, except vegetable and
flower seeds : Provided. That this list of plants shall not apply to plants
shipped under the certificate of the United States Department of Agriculture
for propagation in the plant introduction and field work of the Division of
Forestry or Government Experiment Station work in Montana."

Postmasters within the State of Montana shall be governed strictly by the
provisions of paragraphs 3, 4, 5, and 6, Section 478^/4, Postal Laws and Reg-
ulations, in the treatment of all packages addressed for delivery at their of-
fices containing any plants or plant products above described as subject to
terminal inspection.

The place to which a postmaster in the State of Montana shall send for
Inspection, after receiving the required postage therefor, under the provisions
of Section 478^/4, Postal Laws and Regulations, a package containing plants
or plant products subject to terminal insijection is the one in the list below
whivh Is nearest to his office:

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

41

Anacouda

Bainville

Baker

Belfry

Bigfork

Billings

Bozeman

Bridger

Butte

Columbus

Como

Dillon

Dooley •

Edgar

Eureka

Fromberg

Glasgow

Glendive

Great Falls

Hamilton

Harlowton ,

Havre

Helena

Joliet

Kalispell

Laurel

I^ewistown

Livingston

Ix>dgegrass
Miles City
Missoula
Mondak
Park City
Plains
Plenty wood
Red Lodge
Somers
Stevens ville
Terry
Troy
Woodside

Owing to the perishable character of plants and plant products the pack-
ages containing such matter must be given prompt attention.

Any failure of compliance with the foregoing instructions, or with the
provisions of Section 478^/4 Postal Laws and Regulations, coming to the at-
tention of any postmaster, should be reported to the Third Assistant Post-
master General, Division of Classification.

A. M. DOCKERY,
Third Asst. P. M. Gen.

QUARANTINES

Quarantine No. 2

WHEREAS, the fact has been determined that a dangerously injurious
disease known as the White Pine Blister Rust (Peridermium strobi Kleb)
exists and is prevalent in portions of the eastern part of the United States
as far west as and including Minnesota ; and

WHEREAS, there is danger of the introduction of this disease into the
great white pine forests of the State of Montana through shipments of five-
leaved pines, and currant and gooseberry plants ;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, S. V. Stewart, Governor of the State of Montana,
under and by virtue of the authority conferred upon me by Chapter 61 of
the Session Laws of the Thirteenth Legislative Assembly, do hereby declare
and proclaim that a quarantine be and hereby is established against the
importation into the State of Montana of white pine (Pinus strobus), stone
pine (P. cembra), limber pine (P. flexilis) and any other five-leaved pines,
and currant and gooseberry plants (Ribes and Grossularia) from any part
of the United States east of and including the States of Minnesota, Iowa,
Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana.

All quarantine guardians and deputy state horticultural inspectors are
hereby instructed and required to refuse admission into Montana of any
shipments of any of the five-leaved pines above mentioned, and currant and
gooseberry plants. It shall be the duty of the deputy horticultural inspectors.

42 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

or other quarantine guardians, to deport immediately such shipments or
destroy them by burning. All exptnises incurred in deporting or destroying
such shipments shall be paid by the consignor.

Any person who sells or offers for sale within the State of Montana
pine seedlings, currant and gooseberry plants from the above quarantined
area in violation of this quarantine order shall be liable to prosecution under
the State Laws of Montana.

It is specifically understood and intended that this quarantine proclama-
tion shall revoke all previous proclamations on this subject by me made.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have liereunto set my hand and caused the
Great Seal of the State to be affixed.

DONE at the City of Helena, the Capital, this the third day of July, in
the 5'ear of our Lord one thousand nine hundred seventeen.

(Signed) : S. V. STEWART.
Seal.
By the Governor :

C. T. STEWART,

Secretary of State.

Quarantine No. 3

WHEREAS, the fact has been determined that a dangerously injurious
plant disease known as Wheat Rust is disseminated and carried by means
of Barberry bushes (Berberis vulgaris), both of the green and purple form;
and

WHEREAS, there is danger of the introduction of this disease into the
great wheat fields of Montana through shipments of said Barberry bushes
and a further dissemination of said wheat rust through the agency of Bar-
berry bushes ;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, S. V. Stewart, Governor of the State of Montana,
under and by virtue of the authority conferred upon me by Chapter 61 of
the Session Laws of the Thirteenth Legislative Assembly, do hereby declare
and proclaim that a quarantine be and hereby is established against the
importation into the State of Montana of Barberry bushes (Berberis vulgaris)
and plants from any point without the said State of Montana.

All quarantine guardians and deputy state horticultural inspectors are
hereby instructe<l and required to refuse admission into Montana of any
shipments of Barberry bushes (Berberis vulgaris) or plants. It shall be the
duty of the deputy horticultural inspectors, or other quarantine guardians, to
deport immediately Huch shipments or destroy them by burning. All expenses
incurred in deporting or destroying such shipments shall be paid by the con-
signor.

Any person who sells or offers for sale, in the State of Montana, Bar-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 43

berry bushes (Berberis iiilgaris) or plants contrary to this quarantine order
shall be liable to prosecution under the laws of the State of Montana,

IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the

Great Seal of the State to be affixed.
DONE at the City of Helena, the Capital, this the twenty-fourth day of
April, in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred eighteen.

(Signed) : S. V. STEWART.
Seal.
By the Governor :

C. T. STEWART,

Secretary of State.

Quarantine No. 4 *

WHEREAS, It has become known to me that an injurious insect, pop-
ularly called the alfalfa weevil, and scientifically known as "Phytonomus
posticus/' exists and is dangerously injurious to alfalfa in the State of Utah,
and in certain counties in the State of Idaho, to-wit : Bingham, Cassia, Bear
Lake, Oneida, Bannock, Franklin, Power and Payette; and in certain counties
in the State of Wyoming, to-wit : Uinta and Lincoln ; and in a certain county
in the State of Colorado, to-wit : Delta ;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, S. V. Stewart, Governor of the State of Montana,
under and by virtue of the authority conferred upon me by Chapter 61 of
the Session Laws of the Thirteenth Legislative Assembly, do hereby declare
(/ and proclaim a quarantine against said state of Utah, and said counties of
Bingham, Cassia, Bear Lake, Oneida, Bannock, Franklin, Power and Payette
in the State of Idaho ; and the counties of Uinta and Lincoln in the State of
Wyoming; and the county of Delta in the State of Colorado, and forbid the
importation into Montana of the following agricultural products and other
articles, excepting under conditions and regulations as specified :

1. Alfalfa hay and other hays of all kinds and cereal straws, excepting
the material known locally in Utah as salt grass packing hay, which shall
be admitted into Montana provided that such material be cut only between the
dates of October 1 and April 1, and that the raking, shocking, stacking, baling
or shipping of this material as a commercial product be allowed only after
the maximum daily temperature of the season has fallen below sixty degrees
Fahrenheit,

Provided further that a certificate be required from the Crop Pest Inspec-
tor of the State of Utah showing that these requirements have been met,
which certificate shall accompany each shipment. Provided further that no
salt grass packing hay shall be held over in the field from one season to
another. The use of salt grass hay as a packing material in shipments of
fruit, crockery and other materials is permitted, provided said salt grass hay
has been cut and removed from the field between October 1 and April 1 as

* Superseding Quarantine No. 1.

44 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

above specified and stored in warehouses removed from Alfalfa fields, alfalfa
hay or other suspected materials.

2. Fresh fruits and vegetables, exclusive of potatoes, excepting under
the following regulations :

a. Shipments for Montana to be made only from points designated by
the recognized State Pest Inspection Officers of the State shipping into Mon-
tana, said officers to notify the State Horticulturist of the State of Montana
by registered mail or by telegraph of the designation of all shipping points
in the aforesaid State of Utah, or counties of Bingham, Cassia, Bear Lake,
Oneida, Bannock, Franklin, Power and Payette in Idaho ; or counties of Uinta
and Lincoln in Wyoming; and the county of Delta in Colorado; said notifica-
tion to be sent and its receipt to be acknowledged before any shipments are
made to the State of Montana from said designated points.

b. Shipments to be repacked from orchard or field boxes into new, clean
boxes, or other fresh containers.

c. All wagons or other conveyances used in hauling to the place where
repacking is conducted to be kept free from alfalfa hay or other hays, straw,
and all other means of contamination.

d. All packing houses to be at all times free of alfalfa hay, other hays,
straw, and other means of contamination.

e. Each lot shipment shall bear an official certificate of the state from
which the shipment originates stating that it has been inspected and passed
in compliance with these regulations and stating where it was repacked and
inspected.

3. Potatoes unless accompanied by an official certificate signed by the
recognized State Pest Inspection Officer of the State from which such ship-
ments of potatoes originate, setting forth that the potatoes have been passed
over a screen, placed in fresh, clean sacks and packed in cars that are free
of alfalfa hay or other means of contamination.

4. All nursery stock, unless accompanied by si)ecial certificate setting
forth that such nursery stock has been fumigated for the alfalfa weevil in an
airtight enclosure subsequent to being boxed, baled or packed for shipment,
with cyanide of potassium or cyanide of sodium at the rate of one ounce to
each one hundred cubic feet of enclosed space.

5. That no shipment of household or emigrants' movables originating in

any state or county designated as infested, with the alfalfa weevil shall be

brought into the State of Montana by any common carrier, person or persons,

unless such shipment be accompanied by a copy of a sworn statement made in

duplicate by the owner or shipper after the following forms on blanks which

will be furnished to applicants by the State Horticulturist of Montana. Copy

No. 1 shall be mailed to the State Horticulturist, Missoula. Montana, and Copy

No. 2 sliall be delivered t<» the common carrier agent, with a special certificate

appended, to attach to waybill.

State of I

>ss.
County of j

I hereby solemnly swear that I was present during the preparation for

Bhipmeut of the household or emigrants' goods which this affidavit accom-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 45

panies ; that the goods were delivered to the.

(Railroad)

at on

(Station) , (Month, day, year)

constituting (less than) a carload '.

(If carload, write initials and car No. here)

to be shipped to

(Name of consignee)

at via

(Destination) (Give initials of others lines)

that no nursery stock, vegetables or fruit is included in the shipment and that
no hay or straw (except as provided for under Part No. 1 of this Quarantine)
is included for packing material, or any other purpose, except as food neces-
sary for the livestock in transit to the Montana State line ; that the shipment
is made up of the following: Household goods, farm implements, tools, har-
ness, farm wagons, automobiles, stands of bees, livestock (draw a line through

items not included) _

(Specify)

feed for animals in transit

(Specify kinds and amount of each)

and

(Specify any items not included in previous classification)

(Shipper or owner)
Subscribed and sworn to before me

a Notary Public in and for the State of

County of this the

day of , 19

7

(Notary Public)
My commission expires , 19....

The special certificate from the owner or shipper to be appended to Copy
No. 2 of the sworn statement shall be after the following form :

I hereby agree to observe explicitly the requirements of the Montana
Quarantine Order with regard to hay or str^w (included as stock feed for use
before reaching the Montana State line) ; household and emigrants' goods and
other materials, and hereby certify that I have mailed this day one copy
of the foregoing affidavit to the State Horticulturist, Missoula, Montana.

(Signature)
6. All railway shipments of livestock unless shipped in cars that are free
of alfalfa hay, all other hays and cereal straws, throughout all that portion
of the journey that is within the State of Utah, and counties of Bingham,
Cassia, Bear Lake, Oneida. Bannock, Franklin, Power and Payette in Idaho;
and counties of Uinta and Lincoln in Wyoming; and the county of Delta
in Colorado.

All horticultural inspectors of the State of Montana are hereby in-
structed and required to refuse admission into the State of Montana of all
such articles as are herein designated from said State of Utah ; and counties
of Bingham, Cassia, Bear Lake, Oneida, Bannock, Franklin, Power and Pay-
ette in Idaho ; and counties of Uinta and Lincoln in Wyoming ; and the county

46 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

of Delta in Colorado, except under the conditions herein enumerated. If any
such articles as are hereinbefore listed be shipped into the State of Montana
in violation of this Quarantine thej' must be at once destroyed or returned to
the shipper at his expense.

This (juarantine shall not be construed to interfere with shipments of
products to the Yellowstone National Park over the Oregon Short Line Rail-
road, and to Idaho points via Montana over the Gilmore and Pittsburg
Railroad.

This quarantine shall take effect and be in force on and after the fifteenth
day of July, A. D. 1918.

It is specifically understood and intended that this quarantine proclama-
tion shall revoke all previous proclamations on this subject by me made.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the

Great Seal of the State to be affixed.
DONE at the City of Helena, the Capital, this the sixth day of July, in
the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred eighteen.

(Signed) : S. V. STEW:ART.
( Seal )
By the Governor:

C. T. STEWART.

Secretary of State.

HORTICULTURAL CONDITIONS IN THE BITTER
ROOT VALLEY

By P. T. Baden, District Inspector, Fifth District

Horticultural work in the Bitter Root is gradually settling down
to business. The prospects for a sane and progressive growth along
horticultural lines have never looked brighter to the real orehardist
than now.

During the past year some hundreds of acres of young trees
have been pulled. No doubt this was a \n&e move on the part of the
owners. ]Many of the orchards were set without regard to the proper
location for an orchard site, and without proper thought as to whether
or not those conditions were present which go to make up a good
orchard location. In many cases there was not enough water to
supply the trees with the proper amount.. Many orchards were
planted on poor soil. Then, too, the late spring frosts coming year
after year in these unfavorable situations resulted in the pulling of
the orchards. This is particularly true in the lower parts of the
/ valley where frosts have periodically destroyed any chances there
might have been for profitable production. The largest percentage
of these orchards was owned by non-residents who depended upon
others for the care of their property and, though at first the tracts were
well cared for, gradually as the expenses of keeping them up mounted
higher aad higher, the owners began to lose interest in their ventures
and the orchards were neglected. The trees became stunted and many
died, and now these young orchards are hopeless cases.

It is these young orchards which are being pulled and the land
is being used for general farming. During the next few years many
more of these neglected and dying orchards will be done away with.

Many orchardists in first starting out believed that the thing to
do was to put every foot of land into trees. They did not realize that
an orchard must have a specially adapted location and that near-by
conditions of soil, slope, water and air drainage were so different as
to make good or poor orchard sites, and that trees could not be well
grown everywhere within a certain area with the same facility as
other crops. Consequently when the trees grew older and the care

47

48

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

of them took up more time the orchardists found they had too much
orchard, more than they could handle in the right way.

The orchardists who are beginning to make a success of their
business have in most instances a small acreage in well chosen locations
and have done away with the trees on the less desirable parts
of the farm and are now putting their time and efforts on what they

Top-grafting may often be used to change poor varieties into desireable ones.

can handle to advantage. The remaining part of the farm is' generally
profitably used in the production of general farm crops.

Many varieties were planted in the earlier days which were
not adapted to conditions here or were not desirable because of
their poor quality. These undesirable varieties are being taken out
and in many cases replaced with varieties which have proved their
worth.

Though the orchard acreage has been thus reduced the crop pro-
duction has not lessened, but is apparently on the increase. Notwith-
standing the late spring freeze of 1918 a very good crop was harvested
this fall and if it had not been for this freeze probably the largest crop
in the history of the valley would have been harvested.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 49

Throughout the valley there are many old orchards which are
sadly neglected. Many of them are family orchards, the owners not
wishing to spend time or money in caring for them. They are merely
a side issue on the farm and owing to their neglected state are quite
unprofitable, giving no more returns than a few apples for the family
use and a considerable amount of more or less valuable hog feed. If
apples are scarce and high priced some of this fruit is marketed, but
it is generally of low grade. These old orchards are gradually being
done away with, the owners in some cases keeping only enough trees
to furnish fruit for the household. A half dozen well cared for trees
will give better returns than a couple of acres' of neglected, unpruned
and unsprayed trees. Many of these old orchards harbor insects and
disease and serve as a source of infection for an entire neighborhood.
The sooner these old orchards are taken out or cleaned up, the better
will be the conditions for the commercial orchardists and also for those
who are trying to take care of a small home orchard.

It is the latter classes of orchardists who are taking more and more
interest in their work and who can see that the orchards respond to
good and efficient treatment and that apple growing in the Bitter
Root can be made to pay. With these men fruit growing is settling
down to business and the apple production will soon be increased.
There will be a better grade of apples raised with a good deal less
percentage of C grade and culls.

While apple production is the main thing with the fruit grow-
ers, they have found that it is not wise to put all of their eggs in one
basket and consequently they are branching out into other lines' of
farming. The two most common lines in connection with the orch-
ard industry are the raising of dairy cattle and swine. The raising
of livestock not only furnishes additional income but helps the orch-
ardist to maintain proper soil fertility. As the trees grow older the
maintaining of soil fertility becomes more and more important and
undoubtedly the best method of keeping the soil fertile and in good
physical condition is by the use of animal manures. Of course, ma-
nure is available for use mainly on farms keeping a number of ani-
mals.

The use of alfalfa and cover crops is becoming more general. In
connection with this it might be of interest to mention the eight-
year cultural tests conducted by the Horticultural Sub-Sation and pub-
lished in Bulletin 114 of the Agricultural Experiment Station. The

50 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

plot which received clean cultivation gave the lowest yield of fruit,
while the plots which were seeded to clover and to peas and all growth
plowed under gave the highest yields. There was also a great differ-
ence in the appearance of the bearing trees. The trees in the clover and
pea plots showed a normal, healthy growth, while in the cultivated
plot some of the trees had limbs entirely bare of foliage. A soil test
in the various plots showed 1,505 pounds more per acre of nitrogen
in the upper two feet of soil of the plot with the clover cover crops
plowed under than in the plot which received clean cultivation. To
bring the nitrogen content of the plot receiving continuous clean culti-
vation up to that of the clover plot approximately 9,406 pounds of
commercial nitrate of soda per acre would have to be applied. It
might not be entirely necessary to plow all of the growth of clover un-
der, one or even two crops of hay might be cut and then the clover
plowed under.

The prices received for apples this year were better than for many
years and some of the farmers who have hitherto neglected their
trees, encouraged by the satisfactory prices, will next year take
more interest and put more work in the orchards. According to some
who have the orchard only as a side issue, the apples were the best
paying crop on the ranch.

The apple crop compared very favorably with those of other years.
The frosts in the spring did not do near the damage expected and the
crop was much larger than estimated. The grade of the apples and
the color seemed to be better than usual. Although there was some hail
it was not of material consequence except in a few locations. The ap-
ples do not appear to have the keeping quality of other years. This'
is due probably to the exceedingly hot and dry season, the apples ma-
turing earlier than usual.

While sweet cherries are almost a failure here, sour cherries can
be grown to perfection in the valley. It would be hard to beat the
Morello and Montmorency grown the past season. From one young
orchard alone eight hundred and ninety two crates of cherries were
picked and shipped.

There was very little nursery stock shipped into the valley the
past year. There wore practically no new plantings of orchards and
the trees that were shipped in were used to replace dead or diseased
trees and in some cases blocks of undesirable varieties were pulled

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

51

and replaced by more desirable varieties. There was a considerable
setting of strawberry plants this last spring.

The main insect pests and diseases in the season of 1918 in the
order of their importance were the blister mite, bud moth, woolly aphis,
cherry slug and scab.

The blister mite was quite prominent in some of the young orch-

A good spraying outfit is the most necessary special orchard machinery.

ards as well as in the older orchards. It seems that in most cases where
it was not controlled the spray was put on too late, the mite having al-
ready burrowed into the leaf. A strong lime-sulphur spray early in
the spring, just as the buds start to swell, will control the insect. When
once under control a dormant lime-sulphur application every other
year should keep the orchard practically free from this pest.

The work of the bud moth could be found quite generally the
past year. It destroyed many fruit buds, but its work was not great
enough to have any material effect on the set of fruit. It can be con-
trolled easily by spraying with arsenate of lead, two pounds to fifty
gallons of water. This spray may be combined with the first two scab
sprays. i

52 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

The woolly aphis is found most commonly in the fall about apple
picking time when the white masses are present on the tender shoots,
in cracks and on injured parts of the trees. While it is hard to control
the woolly aphis it can be kept down to a reasonable extent by spray-
ing with tobacco solution, using high pressure so that the liquid will
penetrate through the woolly covering to the insects themselves.
The inspectors in visiting the orchards the past year found that the
apple scab, ^vhich had proved most troublesome in other years, did
not appear to any degree. This was probably due to the early
spraying and to the hot, dry season. There was evidently not
enough moisture for the spores to germinate. Although there was
practically no scab the past season it is liable to appear next summer
should, the spring prove to be wet. All orchardists should prepare
to spray next year in order to keep the scab down. With the ab-
sence of the scab the past year proper spraying should easily con-
trol it this coming season.

The cherry slug is another pest which is becoming more and
more prevalent. Numbers of cherry trees were almost defoliated
by it. The tree naturally is weakened and the fruit does not develop
normally. In many cases the tree is* weakened for the succeeding
season. The arsenate of lead spray will control the slug and should
be applied as soon as they begin to appear.

The State Fair.

The annual horticultural exhibit at the State Fair at Helena draws
largely from the Bitter Root valley for display fruit. Last year
the apple display, although the Fair was held the second week in
September, was* very creditable to the state. Display boxes of all the
standard varieties lined the racks on both sides of the hall and through
the center. The size, quality and color were excellent. Seldom, if
ever before, had there been such a large collection of perfect specimens
of apples. It is to the fruit growers of the Bitter Root that the
State Fair and the State Board of Horticulture are indebted for this
excellent display. Hard work, untiring efforts and close co-opera-
tion alone has made the fruit display at the State Fair possible.

MARKETING THE BITTER ROOT APPLE CROP

By O. M. Gerer, Board Member, Fifth District

This season there has been marketed from the Bitter Root valley
about two hundred cars of ^ood quality apples. The demand has
been strong and there is no question but that under present marketing
conditions twice this amount could easily have been sold. The price
received has been satisfactory and the growers who have produced
fruit of a good grade haVe been able to realize more profit from their
fruit than for many years past.

Those interested in marketing the crop in the Bitter Root realize
perhaps more than any one else the value of having a standard product.
In the past it has not been possible for the Bitter Root to put out
uniform grades when the growers have been doing their own packing.
The last couple of years has seen a great deal of progress along lines
of standardization because of the central packing house work which has
been done and the super\dsion of the packing by competent instructors
of the packing operations which have been carried on in»the individual
orchards. The packing supervisors are under instructions from the
marketing agencies handling the growers' output. When apples
are prepared for market under this plan the organization making the
sale can guarantee the grade and pack. It is to be hoped that in
the very near future all fruit which is sent out from this valley may
carry the stamp of some reputable organization which will be a guar-
antee to the purchaser of the honesty of the grade and pack. In
order to bring about this condition it is necessary that the fruit grow-
ers learn the lesson of co-operation and learn it from a practical
standpoint.

We, who have been in the marketing end of the business
for several years, realize, perhaps more than the growers, that this
co-operation, which in the past has been lacking, is the only solution
to the orchard problems. It has been proved beyond doubt to the
eastern buyers that the Bitter Root Mcintosh cannot be excelled by
any grown elsewhere in the United States. This fact is conclusively
shown by the increased demand for them and it is now only necessary
for the Bitter Root growers to put out a thoroughly standard grade
and pack. When this becomes a reality and is no longer a dream,

53

54 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

the output of the valley will not supply one-tenth of the demand. If
the growers will co-operate in marketing they will find that they will
save the cost of competition and no one will deny that competition is
costly. Competition between the growers in the Bitter Root has in
the past reduced the price so low that apples did not bring nearly
what the market would have warranted. If co-operation in mar-
keting can be learned it will save this community thousands of dollars
per year. The cost of marketing will be considerably lowered and
a much wider field can be covered as market organizations can operate
over a larger territory and do it at much less expense than the
individual.

Occasionally we hear the question asked, can an orchard be made
to pay if properly cared for? An incident which has been brought
to my attention this year is that "one grower was paid $546 net for
the Mcintosh which were produced on 100 six-year-old and 85 seven-
year-old trees. This' shows what may be done with orchards which
have been properly managed. After the good prices which have pre-
vailed this year it is to be expected that the orchardists will take better
care of their trees next year than ever before. They are coming to
the conclusion that orcharding may be a very profitable undertaking.

At present we still have too many poor varieties in this valley.
The poor varieties, either on account of low quality or because of their
being unsuited to this section, can never become profita^ble. It has
been proved by experience that the Mcintosh and Wealthy are the
two best varieties to grow, while in some parts of the valley we may
add to this short list the Delicious and Rome Beauty. These vari-
eties grow profitably and are in demand at good prices. As soon
as we get the proper spirit of co-operation and have weeded out the
undesirable varieties the problem of marketing our apple crop need
give us no further worry.

KINDS AND VARIETIES OF FRUIT FOR PLANTING IN

THE HOME FRUIT GARDEN IN EASTERN

MONTANA.

By A. L. Strausz, State Horticulturist

Eastern IMontana is by no means a fruit producing region. Only
in some favored valleys has fruit been attempted at all. However,
in many places where settlers are filling up the vast plains, enough
fruit can be produced to supply the home needs. An or<ihard, a cow
and a garden go far towards making any place seem like home, and
the orchard is not the least of these.

The place for planting the orchard should be well chosen. The
soil should be the best that the ranch affords. The land should have
a gentle slope, preferably to the north and west, but sloping ground
is not imperative. Sloping ground will give better air-drainage than
level ground and the danger of spring frosts during blossoming season
is thus lessened.

It seems from what information is available that the wind break
cannot be overlooked when planting fruit trees in eastern Montana.
The wind break will protect the trees from the cold winds of winter,
will help to hold the snow and leaves. During the summer it will
protect the soil from the drying winds and the trees and fruit like-
wise. The wind break should be planted at the same time the orchard
is set and must be composed of trees that will thrive in the region.
For this purpose the native cottonwoods are perhaps the best. As a
lower screen a row or two of the native sand cherry or wild plum is
excellent, as these trees or bushes will furnish some useful fruit. The
trees in the wind break should be planted closely together in order
that it may be effective when the orchard begins to bear. The
orchard trees should not be planted closer to the wind break than
forty feet.

Among the kinds of fruit that may be planted with a reasonable
hope of success are apples, both crab and standards, pears, plums,
cherries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries and strawberries. While
this is not at all a comprehensive list a few plants or trees of each

55

56 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

kind should eventually afford a family with sufficient fruit for do-
mestic needs.

Apples

In their order of ripening — Yellow Transparent, Duchess, Oka-
bena, Wealthy, Northwestern Greening, Hibernal and Gano may be
recommended. Not all are of high quality, but the trees are very
hardy and should succeed in most cases. The Yellow Transparent
ripens in the late summer while the Hibernal and Gano are the latest
winter sorts. The Martha is' perhaps the most worthy crab with
the Florence a close second choice. Both varieties seem to be fairly
blight resistant.

Pears

Pears would be more or less of an experiment. Of all varieties
the Flemish (Beauty) is perhaps most worthy of trial. It is of fair
quality and quite resistant to blight.

Plums

The DeSoto, Forest Garden, Wolf and American Eagle should
all do well. It might be advisable to plant some of the Hansen
Hybrids such as Opata, Sapa and Hanska.

Cherries

The native sand cherry produces very acceptable fruit and ought
to be planted. However, the seedlings are rather variable, some pro-
ducing very good fruit and others very poor. The Compass cherry
has' proved itself hardy throughout the state, but is self -sterile and
should not be planted unless some of the cherry varieties can be
grown. The Early Richmond and the- Montmorency might succeed
under the best care and conditions.

Raspberries

The Herbert, Cuthbert, Ruby and Early King are the best varie-
ties. They are all of the red raspberry type, which is the only kind
of the raspberries to be recommended. The canes would need pro-
tection during the winter but this could be easily given by bending
down the canes, placing a shovelful of earth on the tips and then turn-
ing a furrow with a breaking plow onto the row from each side. In

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 57

the spring, after the ground has thawed, the canes can be lifted with
a pitchfork and the dirt hoed out that has been piled up in the row.

Currants

The Red Dutch, Cherry, White Dutch and White^ Grape are the
best currant varieties.

Gooseberries

The Houghton, Industry and Oregon are acceptable gooseberry
varieties.

Strawberries

The State Agricultural Experiment Station recommends the
Senator Dunlap as the best variety for eastern Montana. The Clark
should also grow satisfactorily. In the home garden the Progressive,
an ever-bearing sort, would be especially acceptable, provided suffi-
cient moisture for continuous growth during the summer were
available.

Other Kinds of Fruit

^ It is very doubtful if grapes, blackberries, dewberries, loganberries
or black cap raspberries would succeed at all generally in eastern Mon-
tana. If they are planted the chance of failure is much greater than
the chance of success.

From the above list of varieties and kinds, however, the farmer
desiring to set a small home orchard can make his choice and feel cer-
tain that they will succeed as well cr perhaps much better than if he
chose according to his own desires.

Mr. A. L. Strausz, State Horticulturist,
Missoula, Montana.

Dear sir:

I have just returned from the eastern part of the state and will
at once answer your letter of recent date.*

The kinds of fruit that may be grown successfully in the eastern
or plains part of Montana is very limited, but enough varities' have
proved themselves adapted to that section so everyone may have a
home orchard. Commercial orcharding, however, should not be at-

* Letter received after the above article was written. Mr. Chilcott is an old resi-
dent of eastern Montana and has studied the problem of home fruit growing m his
se?tion for many years and is exceptionally well informed on this subject.— A. L. S.

58 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

tempted except passibly for local market, that is, for short shipments
direct from the grower to the consumer or the merchant.

For planting throughout the eastern part of the state I would
limit the apples to three varieties; the Yellow Transparent, Duchess
and Wealthy, with some Gano, locally known as Yellowstone Pippin,
in the district around Billings.

A good list of crabs may be grown, the Transcendent standing at
the head, and I think it may now safely be planted in a small way
since the blight seems to have died out ; then follows the White Arctic,
Florence, Whitney and Excelsior, the latter being an excellent Sep-
tember eating apple although listed as a crab.

The only pear I feel like recommending for trial or limited
planting is the Flemish Beauty. They were doing fairly well here
in the Clark's Fork valley on some farms until cleaned out by the
fire blight.

Plums and cherries seem better adapted to our conditions than
any tree fruit, but for success the right varieties must be selected.
Twenty-one years ago Joseph Eichhorne and William Haj^es, the
pioneer fruit growers of Miles City, tested about fifty varieties of
plums and they told me the Forest Garden and De Soto were the best,
therefore, when planting my own orchard I used them and have
always advised others to do the same, never having any reason to
change my opinion ; but there should be added a few of Prof. Hansen's
new plums. I have seen them bearing a very high class fruit at
Fairview in the northeastern part of the state on the Dakota line.

Cherries must be limited to the sour varieties. They seem to
stand and fruit may be expected about half the seasons in this part
of the state, the fruit buds winter killing the rest of the time. Great
Falls and Miles City should probably be the northern and eastern
limits for planting them because of bud' killing.

There are two sorts, however, which can be grown in the balance
of the state, the Rocky ^lountain Dwarf cherry, which is a low bush
bearing a great quantity of large fruit of a wild flavor, usually bear-
ing the next year after planting; and the Compass cherry, which was
produced by crossing the Rocky Mountain cherry with a plum. It is
a small tree and ripens a fruit in the fall and late summer which
might almast be called a plum as it resembles the plums as much as
the cherries.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 59

Grapes may just as well be passed up as far as any practical
results are concerned.

Most varieties of currants* and gooseberries handled by the nur-
series seem to do well, but the Downing and Houghton gooseberry
and Cherry and "White Grape currant may be relied on, therefore I
would advise planting more of those than any other variety.

I always pass up the blackberry in favor of the dewberry, using
the Lucretia variety. The Cuthbert and Columbia raspberry may
be grown by laying and protecting the <^anes in winter. I have not
tried the new sorts, however,, which some claim stand the winter fine.

I cannot recommend too strongly that the Senator Dunlap straw-
berry be used for the planting for home use and market, but if one
cares to have them drizzle along all season some Everbearing may be
planted. The Perfection is probably the best of this class.

I cannot close Avithout saying something about the forest trees
and shelter belts for the eastern part of the state, or rather the colder
part of it. There have been hundreds of thousands of poplars planted,
and thousands of dollars worth of time spent in caring for them.
They do well for a time but just when the planter thinks he has a nice
grove they begin to fail and are soon gone.

After twenty-five years' experience I want to advise the farmer
to pass up all the poplars under their various names, Carolina, Cana-
dian, Norway and "Sudden Sawlog," and plant the poplar mother
nature has given us, ' ' The Sturdy Cottonwood. ' '

The ash, elm, box elder, all of which are native in many parts
of the state, should also be used, but aim to get the trees or seed from
your own river or creek bottoms and brush coulees.

The Carriganna or Siberian Pea and Russian Olive are hardy
and may be used for shelter and hedge.

The Silver Leafed poplar belongs to a different class and may
be planted.

O. S. CHILCOTT,
Silesia, Montana.
December 30, 1918.

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TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

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MONTANA STATE IJOAIU) OF HOUTUMM/n'RE

61

THE ALFALFA WEEVIL

By George I. Reeves
Entomological Assistant, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

The damage which the alfalfa weevil does each year can be esti-
mated by millions of dollars. So many of the little green larvae
feed upon the leaves in May and June that the plants soon fail to
make headway against the attack and then are gradually eaten to
rags. If the field is well cultivated, fertile, and well watered and
drained, the first crop may, in favorable seasons, reach maturity
without much loss, but usually it begins to look white as if frost bitten
a week or more before it is ready to cut, and then it must be harvested
at once or be lost. Severe as is the effect upon the first cr6p, it only
begins the trouble, for the attack upon the second crop is so severe
as to amount to total loss. The larvae which feed upon the first
crop while it is in the field are forced to live upon the stubble after
haying, and although a great number of them are killed by the change
from the cool, moist shelter of the growing alfalfa, to the blistering
heat of the stubble-field, enough of them survive to cover the little
foliage which remains, eat the buds faster than the latter can grow,
and prevent all growth until they have finished their feeding period,
which means until the time when the second crop should 'have been
ready to cut. Their work ends here, but it has cost the farmer half
his annual yield of alfalfa hay. The insect spends the rest of the
year in the pupal and adult stages, during which it is harmless, except
that it is preparing to lay eggs in the dry stems on the ground and
the green standing stems from which will hatch the larvae to attack
the crop of the following year. This steady succession of severe at-
tacks, year after year with only one exception in the 12 years' since
the weevil was first discovered in Utah, is one of the most serious
features of the alfalfa weevil situation. The regions which have
been invaded by the pest are no longer able to produce alfalfa hay
in excess of their own needs, but on the contrary, must import it.
Nothing more need be said of the importance of this' pest to the west-
em states, whose agriculture is based largely upon the alfalfa crop.

The steady recurrence of the weevil attack, while it makes the
damage greater, en the other hand gives greater opportunities for its

62

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 63

study than we have in the case of insects which do not appear in
large numbers in the same locality every year. Farmers have been
able to work out methods of handling their crops which enable them
to prevent weevil damage or produce their necessary forage in spite
of it. In co-operation with entomologists, they have also devised
ways of destroying the weevils, such as pasturing, brush-dragging,
and spraying their fields, all of which methods are successful under
the right conditions and some one of which can be used under almost
any circumstances.

The unusual chance for study which the constant abundance of
this insect gives us, has also been utilized to learn how it travels and
how its spread may be delayed, if not prevented. It is known to be
carried in fresh-cut alfalfa, alfalfa hay, farm produce which has been
handled in contact with those commodities and then shipped in tight
cars, and in clothing which has been worn through infested fields.
Weevils' have often been found alighting on railroad trains in the
infested region, but there is no evidence and little likelihood that they
are carried far in this way. The spread of the weevil seems, from
a study of the territory over which it has gone from its original colony
at Salt Lake City, to have been principally by flight from field to
field or to the wild plants of the alfalfa family, which are everywhere
present along roads and in the native prairie. Its spread is prac-
tically continuous as far as' Sugar City, Idaho ; Granger, Wyoming ;
Price, Black Rock, Skull Valley and Rosette, Utah, but colonies at
Paonio, Colorado, and New Plymouth, Idaho, are separated by long
distances from the nearest infested territory, and were doubtless
planted by railroad or wagon traffic.

The entomologists and quarantine officers of the western states
have been vigilant in protecting their people by quarantines against
the introduction of the alfalfa weevil, and both because they must
expect eventually to be themselves quarantined against and because
they realize the hardships which are unavoidably caused by quaran-
tines, they have tried to obtain protection against the weevil with
the least possible disturbance of commerce. All hay and straw,
whether shipped as forage, bedding, or packing, and all produce
which has been in contact with alfalfa, are agreed upon as dangerous
when coming from weevil-infested territory. Household goods from
agricultural districts, fruits and vegetables are considered safe for
admittance to Montana if inspected to insure that they have been

64 TENTH BIENMAI, KKPORT

properly handled and are apparently free from weevils. Potatoes
are also required to be screened. Nursery stock is rendered safe
by fumigation.

In addition to these police measures for delaying the spread of the
weevil, all residents within the infested district should be careful not
to carry alfalfa hay into free territory and thus aid its natural prog-
ress. Without the co-operation of the public, quarantine regulations
have little value.

The first step in controlling this pe&t, which in spite of all pre-
cautions, may eventually appear in Montana, is to report its presence
speedily, as soon as it is discovered, to the county agricultural and
horticultural agents. There are other* small brown beetles and green
larvae which may be mistaken for the alfalfa weevil, but no chances'
should be taken with any such suspicious insect.

A REVIEW OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL SITUATION

By R. A. Cooley, Entomologist

Experiment Station, Bozeman, Montana.

Alfalfa is one of the corner stones of agriculture in Montana and
the annual crop is worth in the neighborhood of one and a quarter
millions of dollars. When one considers that on the ability to grow this
crop depends to a greater or less extent the success of the stock grow'-
ing industry, and considers further the peculiar relation of alfalfa
to western agriculture, it is realized that the above figure falls far
short of the real and potential value of this plant to the State of
Montana.

The alfalfa weevil (Fhytonomus posticus Fab.) is an exceedingly
injurious insect pest of the alfalfa plant. It is' of European origin
and made its appearance in Utah, near the city of Salt Lake, some-
what earlier than the year 1904, the first evidence of its presence hav-
ing been obtained in that year. It has been spreading ever since that
time and now is known to be present in the following states and
counties :

Utah-

Idaho —

Wyoming —

Box Elder

Utah

Cassia

Uinta

Caxjhe

Wasatch

Oneida

Lincoln

Rich

Duchesne

Franklin

Sweetwater

Weber

Jaub

Bear Lake

Davis

San Pete

Bannock

Colorado —

Morgan

Carbon

Bingham

Delta

Tooele

Millard

Power

Salt Lake

Sevier

Payette

•

Summit

The extent of its distribution at the present time, so far as is
known, is shown graphically by the accompanying figure, data for
which have been kindly furnished us by Mr. George I. Reeves' of the
U. S. Bureau of Entomology- branch office at Salt Lake. We are in-
debted to the Bureau of Entomology and the Utah Experiment Station
for a large part of what is known about the weevil in America and the
means, of controlling it.

From the figure it may be seen that this insect has
not yet reached the boundaries of the State of Montana. Every

65

06 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

possible effort has been made to prevent it from entering
our state, for it is believed that should it gain entrance it would
eventually become very destructive to alfalfa and entail enormous
losses to our agriculture — not for one year only, but for all the future
unless natural or more satisfactory artificial means of control are
found.

The writer, in company with the State Horticulturist, has visited
Utah several times and has made a study of the weevil and its damages
and has been much impressed with its destructiveness. When it
first appears in a locality not very much damage is done, but after a
few years, when it has greatly multiplied, the alfalfa is very much
damaged. So far as experience to the present time has shown, this
weevil is as injuirous now as' it was a few years ago ; that is, no factor
has intervened to reduce the powers of mi^ltiplication and destruction,
so far as we have information. Where effective control measures
have been carried out the damage has been reducd and good crops
of hay are grown, but satisfactory returns still come only at the price
of vigilance and hard work.

In this connection it should be mentioned that on the occasion
of the last visit to the vicinity of Salt Lake, we w^re much impressed
with the abundance of a certain parasite of the weevil which the
Bureau of Entomology has introduced and which is rapidly multiply-
ing. There seems to be good reason to hope that much benefit may
result from the introduction of this parasite.

Control Methods Now in Use.

As previously, the main dependence in the control of the alfala
weevil is dragging jast after the removal of the first crop of hay.
This method is followed by success and where thoroughly carried
out, the farmers are getting very satisfactory returns. The Bureau
of Entomology has also conducted experiments in poisoning the foliage
of the alfalfa early in the season and has secured encouraging results.
It is quite possible that this method may be found to be of much value.
For the present, however, poisoning is considered to be in an experi-
mental stage.

How the WeevU Spreads

Up to the past year the alfalfa weevil has occurred only in one
continuous region which at first was small and confined to the vicinity
of Salt Lake City, but which has rather rapidly increased in size

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

67

and now extends through much of Utah and parts of Idaho, Wyoming,
Arizona and New Mexico. Recently the weevil has appeared in Delta
Countj^ Colorado, and in Payette, Idaho, and in doing so has made
jumps past uninfested territory. Undoubtedly the principal means
of spreading is by flight and by this" means the weevil has widened
the region which it occupies by a considerable number of miles

The present distribution of the alfalfa weevil is shown by the shaded areas.

68 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

annually. The fact that the insect has now turned up in two isolated
localities is of much interest to us, as it is clear evidence that some
other means of spreading has been made use of. Without any doubt
it has gone into Delta County and Payette County in connection with
some kind of merchandise or in connection with the traveling of per-
sons who might readily carry the beetles in baggage or household
goods or in hay taken along by immigrants.

It is because of the danger of carrying the weevils out of the
state that Montana and other states have established quarantines and
are attempting to reduce so far as practicable the danger of introduc-
ing the pest. It is now all the more evident that the position taken
by ^lontana some years ago was warranted, since it is now known that
the insect has made at least two jumps.

Damage the Weevil Might Do in Montana

The alfalfa Aveevil has abundantly shown its capability of de-
struction in Utah. During the earlier years of Utah's experience it
was estimated that the alfalfa acreage had been reduced by about one-
third in the locality where the weevil had been present long enough
to bcome very abundant. Year by year this territory has become
enlarged and the losses have been enormous. To be sure, with
\'igilance and much expense, alfalfa can be grown in spite of the
insect but the difficulties are so great that its presence has been a
serious drawback to the territory affected.

To slacken our vigilance here in Montana is simply unthinkable.
Were this pest to become established in the alfalfa growing regions of
the state the losses year after year, and the set back to all agriculture,
because of the peculiar position which this alfalfa plant occupies in
the crop system and general agricultural economy, would be a serious
blow to the state.

In the figure shown herewith the shaded counties are reported by
the Bureau of Entomology to have the alfalfa weevil present. Note
that this insect has appeared in two isolated localities — that is, in these
instances, it has made jumps past uninfested territorj^ and there is
danger that it may appear in ^lontana in the same manner.

THE PRESENT STATUS OF THE WHITE PINE BLISTER

RUST CONTROL IN MONTANA

1918

By George A. Root

Field Assistant, White Pine Blister Rust Control, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S.
Department of Agriculture.

The Laboratory of Forest Pathology of the Bureau of Plant
Industry, located in Missoula, Montana, in charge of Dr. James R.
Weir, has taken precautions during the past two years to prevent the
introduction of the white pine blister rust, a very serious disease attack-
ing all species of white pine. The immense stands of white pine in the
West are in danger of attack by this disease, if ever the infection is
carried thus far.

The western states, especially those of the northwest sections,
contain an immense supply of the finest timber marketable. The
northwestern part of iMontana is included in this western white pine
belt, and therefore, the subject of the blister rust work is of vital
importance to this state. The destructive character of this disease
and the economic loss which it threatens in some of the New England
states and New York, should bring the people of this section to a
realization of its seriousness and the importance of keeping it from
gaining a foothold here.

This disease was imported on white pine nursery stock from
Europe and first appeared in Geneva, New York in 1906. Warnings
had been repeatedly sent out against the importation of white pine
stock from Europe, but in spite of this many subsequent importations
were made. The discovery of this disease at various times between
1906 and 1912, finally led to Federal action, which barred all such
importations.

The white pine blister rust is not an insect, as many erroneously
suppase, but a plant disease and attacks all five-leaf pines, especially
the eastern white pine. This disease is similar to the wheat rust,
in that it requires another host plant to complete its life cycle.
Instead of the alternate host plant being the common barberry, as in
the case of the wheat, it requires some members of the genera Ribes
and Grossularia (currants and gooseberries). (See Fig. 1). A

70

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

portion of the life of this disease of course is spent upon the pine,
producing large cankers, which eventually kill young growth and
maim and disfigure old trees by shutting off the supply of sap. In

IP 9li5tepif)g drop5
on pioe barK

FuDcjua threads
growin<^ 117
pine t'SriC /o'

orange-Yellow
blisters or?
p\ne borK

fungus
Tbreads
wbicb sprout
troiT? the spores
lo tbe cclomoo

In
oranqc -Yellow
pustules on tbe
L/pder .sidt of
currant aod qooi>t;berrY
leaves

Figure 1.
of the Bureau of Plant

In
bair-liKe colorwos
on The under side of
current and t^oo&eberrv -leaves

Life cycle of the White Pine Blister Rust. (Loaned by the courtesy
ndustry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.)

(f-

time there appear along the swelling of these cankers numerous white
blisters' which eventually break, disseminating orange-colored spores
of a powdery nature. (See Fig. 2). These may be noticed from
April to the middle of June. The spores are blown far and wide by

MONTANA STATP] P,()AKI) OF HOUTICULTUKE

71

Figure 2. White pine tree dying from the effects of the rust. Note the in-
fection on the main trunlt and side branches: also the blisters which have broken
through the bark, which contain the spores which are carried to currant and goose-
berry bushes. (Loaned by the courtesy of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S.
Department of Agriculture.)

the wind or carried by birds and insects, and may often be carried
on the clothing of individuals. These can not reinfect pine, but
should they by any of the above means happen to reach currants or
gooseberries, another stage of the disease is started on the leaf,

72 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

appearing on the under side as a rust. The spores produced on
these, leaves are also yellow or orange in color, which in turn produce
another set, brownish in color, which pass to the pine and cause in-
fection. (See Fig. 3). Thus the cycle is kept up indefinitely. The

FlKure 3. Under side of black currant leaf, showing- brown-hair or autumn stage
of disease. (Loaned by the courtesy of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture.)

yellow or summer stage may be noticed on the leaves of wild and
cultivated currants and gooseberries from June 1st to the fall of the
leaves. The brown-hair or autumn stage (See Fig. 3) may be noticed
from about August Ist, often occurring on the same leaves which are
still bearing the summer stage. Special attention should be paid
to the cultivated black currant, as this is the most susceptible variety.
The orange-colored spores ui)on the currants and gooseberries enable
it to spread rapidly from bush to bush over a wide area. Some
recent evidence by Government pathologists shows that the disease can
winter-over on currants and gooseberries as well fis on white pine.
It is hazardous, therefore, to ship currant and gooseberry stock at any

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 73

season of the year, from states where the disease is known to occur.

The precautionary measures taken by the U. S. Government to
prevent the disease from entering the northwest section, consists of
the inspection of all nursery shipments of eastern white pine and
Ribes as far as possible and quarantine regulations. Ribes ship-
ments from some of the western nurseries have also been inspected.
Special importance is attached to shipments which have come from
nurseries where the disease has been found, several of which are in
the Middle West and many in the East. Fortunately not many ship-
ments of eastern white pine have been made into Montana, but there
are innumerable shipments of Ribes' from various nurseries. There
is at the present time a quarantine ''established against the importa-
tion into the State of Montana of white pine (Pinus strobus), stone
pine (P. cembra), limber pine (P. flexilis), and any other five-leaved
pines and currant and gooseberry plants (Ribes and Gro&sularia)
from any part of the United States east of and including the States
of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana."

Owing to the scarcity of field men during the past season, only
a comparatively small part of ^Montana was covered. However, the
territory included in the white pine belt was covered, and the number
of inspections made in the various counties is as follows : Missoula,
552, distributed among 21 towns' and localities; Mineral, 53, among
9 towns and localities; Ravalli, 206, among 9 towns and localities;
Sanders, 399, among 19 towns and localities ; Flathead, 694, among 22
towns and localities, and Lincoln, 33, among 3 towns and localities.
This makes a total of 1,937 inspections traced in 83 towns or localities
in six counties. Very few of these represented white pine ship-
ments. The office has in its files at the present time 8,555 cards of
uninspected shipments, distributed among 601 localities, covering the
entire State of Montana.

To date the disease has not been found and no record of its occur-
rence has come to the attention of the office. To any acquainted
with the topography of IMontana and the limitation of transportation
in many sections, one can perceive that a large amount of work has
been accomplished, but that a tremendous amount still remains to be
done. It is the wish of this' office that the people of the state co-
operate in this work, and any one interested should communicate with
or ^^sit the local laboratory, where specimens of the disease are on
exhibition, and where more information concerning the method of
spreading and means of prevention can be obtained.

A PRACTICAL METHOD OF FIGHTING WHEAT RUST

By D. B. Swingle

Botanist and Bacteriologist, Montana Experiment Station.

Of all the diseases of crops the stem rust of wheat has long held
a place of first importance. No other disease has caused so much
loss to the human race. Much time and money have been spent
studying the disease and many important facts' about it have been
discovered, but owing to lack of concerted action on the part of
farmers none of the possible remedies have been put into general
operation.

The Original Discovery

Many years ago European botanists discovered that the disease
was caused by the attack of a fungus" — a reddish mould-like growth.
They made the further interesting discovery that this fungus cannot
pass through its complicated life cycle on any one plant, but requires
two: either wheat or some other cereal or grass and the barberry.
Commonly wheat and barberry are the two hosts used by this' rust.

(rSSi

u4

\ \ / / ' ' ' ' V ' 7-'''-"

•''J/X f ^

\fj

Fw^

¥V^

Figure 1. Map of the United States showing Barberry Eradication District.
In the shaded states the barberry is known to be of importance in the dissemina-
tion of wheat rust, and its eraxlication is being carried on.

74

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 75

Nor was the discovery limited to these scientific observations, for it
was also noted where grain fields were separated by barberry hedges
the rust was mnch worse near the hedges and less severe farther out
in the fields. This was many years ago, however, when there was
no organization of farmers, no co-operation, and much tendency to
scoff at scientific discoveries. For a period of more than fifty years
there was much objection to barberry bushes by many farmers' who
could see with their own eyes the damage done, but while some bushes
were removed many others remained and the rust continud to take
its toll.

A Great Lesson

The progessive little country of Denmark has taught the rest
of the world many useful lessons; and it was this country that dem-
onstrated the practical usefulness of the scientific discoveries con-
cerning wheat rust. In 1903 Denmark passed a law making it a
misdemeanor punishable by fine to have barberry bushes growing
upon one's property. There was but little opposition to the law,
though a iew objected and delayed as long as possible in removing
their bushes. For the most part the law met popular favor. Prior
to 1903 wheat rust had been responsible for terrible lasses in the grain
fields, but since that date, more than fifteen years ago, there has
not been a serious epidemic of the disease in that country.

The great world war, bringing many people to their senses, and
stimulating patriotism and friendly co-operation in America, has
furnished the opportunity, long sought, to strike a blow at wheat rust,
through barberry eradication. The plant pathologists of the United
States Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment Stations
got together to insist that wheat rust should not destroy wheat while
the people were sacrificing to save it.

The Barberry Eradication District

It had already been shown that in the southern half of the United
States the rust could get along without the barberry which apparently
was not the case in the northern states. There was some uncertainty
about the Pacific coast states. Being conservative and keeping on
sure ground these plant pathologists marked out a district extending
from Michigan west to Montana and south to Nebraska inclusive,
from which barberries should be eradicated. Just outside this boun-

76

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

dary are other states in the doubtful list, particularly Colorado, Kan-
sas, Missouri and Ohio. (See map, figure 1). In the states shaded
on this map active work on barberry eradication was carried on in
the summer of 1918, The task was a large one, but a splendid be-
ginning was' made.

f

Figure 2. Common barberry which harbors wheat rust, showing notched
leaves, berries in clusters and three-forlied spines.

Importance of Finishing the Task

One of the questions uppermost in the minds of American people
is "which of the good movements started on account of the war will
survive, and which will be abandoned ? " It is fully agreed that the
control of wheat rust is almost as important in peace times as in war
times, and if the program of barberry eradication is carried on to
completion in the territory indicated on the map the results will rank
among the benefits resulting indirectly from this fearful tragedy.
Probably wheat rust cannot be entirely done away with by barberry
eradication, but there is every reason to expect that it can be so reduced
in amount that it will cause very little economic los-s.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE
How to Get Rid of the Barberries

77

During the past season most states were handicapped in the bar-
berry campaign by lack of legal support. North Dakota has a bar-
berry law and Minnesota and Wisconsin have regulations that give
the work some legal backing. In this state Governor Stewart gave

3i

Figure 3. Japanese barberry which does not harbor wheat rust, showing
♦smooth edged leaves, berries borne singly or in pairs and thorns mostly of a
single prong,

material support to the movement by issuing Quarantine Proclama-
tion No. 3, prohibiting the importation of barberries into Montana.
In most of the states the bushes could be removed only by the consent
of the owners. This consent was freely given in most cases, refusals
being rather rare. In Montana no one flatly refused. It is very
expensive, however, to travel over these great states finding barberry
bushes, whereas, if each owner destroyed the bushes on his place the
cost would be much less, though some inspection would be needed.

Uniform Barberry Laws

In a meeting of barberry workers held in Minneapolis at the
close of the season of 1918, it was agreed that the work could be fin-

78

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

ished with least expense by securing in each State Legislature a law
declaring barberry bushes a menace to the wheat industry, and making
it unlawful to harbor them on one's land. It is believed that the
wisdom of this will be readily seen and the necessary laws' enacted.

V' i .

-s^^^

^i

l''iSiiJO 4. AVhoat rust on baibonV rnid wlieal.

Enforcement

In different states the laws, if passed, will be enforced in the
way most expedient under local conditions. In Montana it will be
most economical to have it enforced by the State Board of Horticul-
ture, which already has a good organization for work of this character.

Kinds of Barberry That Harbor Wheat Rust

There are several kinds of barberry of which three are quite
common in Montana. Two of these, the common green and the purple
leaved, are attacked by rust while the other, the Japanese barberry, is

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

70

not. The following diagram gives a comparison of the two.
comparison is brought out also in figures 2 and 3.

This

DESTROY

SAVE

Common Barberry
Purple-leaved Barberry

Dwarf or
Japanese Barberry

BUSHES

Open, upright, stout
branches, 2-6 ft. high

Dense, compact, slender
branches, 1-3 ft. high

SPINES

Usually 3 -pronged; often
5-pronged; and occasionally
single near tip.

Usually single; occa-
sionally 3 -pronged near
base of twig.

LEAVES

Green or purple, 1-2 in.
long, finely notched edge.

Green, small, ^-1 inch
long, smooth edges.

BRANCHES Year old twigs, light brown,
older ones grayish,
upright or spreading.

Year old twigs, reddish
brown, older ones
brown, arching.

FRUIT

Red Qr purplish, in clusters
like currants. Berries
shrivel and some hang
on all winter.

Scarlet, smgle or in 2's or
3's like gooseberries.
Berries not shriveled and
many hang on all winter.

FLOWERS

Bright yellow in clusters
like fruit.

Pale yellow, arranged
as in fruit.

GRASSHOPPER CONTROL IN MONTANA

By J. R. Parker

Assistant Entomologist, iVIontana Experiment Station.

During the last two years grasshoppers have been very abundant
in Montana and there have been numerous opportunities to try out
the rather varied control measures recommended in other states and
to develop methods of our own.

As a result of this experience the Montana Experiment Station
has found that the two most important methods of grasshopper con-
trol are the use of poisoned bran mash and the grasshopper catching
machine.

Preparation and Use of the Poisoned Bran Mash

The use of mash carrying some form of arsenic has been the most
generally used and the most effective and satisfactory control method.
It is effective against both young and adult grasshoppers and may be
used in all kinds of crops as well as in pasture and waste lands. Ap-
plied at the rate of 5 to 8 pounds of prepared mash to the acre, the
cost averages from 35 to 50 cents per acre.

The poisoned bran mash is made according to the following
formula :

Bran 25 pounds

Paris green or white arsenic 1 pound

Salt 1 pound

Cheap molasses or syrup 2 quarts

Lemons or oranges 6 fruits

Water enough to make a coarse, crumbly mash.

Distribute the salt and poison throughout the bran by mixing
very thoroughly. Dilute the molasses' with an equal amount of water.
Grind the fruits as fine as possible, after which they should be stirred
into the molasses and water. The wet and dry ingredients having
been mixed separately, should now be thoroughly mixed together and
enough more water added to make a coarse, crumbly mash that will
break into small flakes when scattered broadcast from the hand.

When only a small amount of the poison bran mash is needed a
galvanized tub makes a good mixing vessel. When a larger amount is

80

MONTANA STATE BOAKD OF HORTICULTUIIE

81

needed it can be mixed in a tank, wagon box, cooking vat, or on a
wooden platform, cement floor, or sheet of canvas.

Precautions Against Poisoning

It should be remembered that if poison bran mash will kill grass-
hoppers it will also kill poultry and domestic animals, if taken in

Figure 1. Mixing pt ison bran mash on slieel of canva.s. The two sides of the
canvas are alternately raised and lowered, the ingredients becoming thoroughly
mixed as they roll from side to side. After the wet materials have been added, the
mixture is again, rolled and any lumps which may form are broken with rakes.

large amounts. The mash should be prepared in a fenced enclosure
or in places far removed from poultry and livestock. After mixing
has been completed all scattered bran mash and any traces of poison
should be removed. Plowing the area where mixing has been done is
an easy and sure way of getting rid of such remains. Arsenic and
paris green containers should be kept where they cannot be licked by
wandering stock. Sacks containing poison bran mash should never
be left in wagons standing in corrals or farm yards where stock is
wandering about. Horses in particular will nase the sacks and often
get at the contents, even though the bag is securely tied. Sacks con-
taining poisoned bran mash should be always marked "Poison."

82 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

Spreading the Poison Bran Mash

Poison bran mash is spread over grasshopper infested areas" by
broadcasting from the hand, much as we would sow grass seed. It
must be of the right consistency and a certain snap of the wrist must
be given in order to have it fall apart into small flakes as it leaves
the hand. Every precaution should be taken to see that it does this

Figure 2. Grasshopper catching machine. Notice the cne-man driving ar-
rangement.

for grasshoppers will eat the individual flakes even after they are dry
and will not touch dried up lumps which are also dangerous to poultry
and livestock. The prepared mash should be applied at the rate of
from 5 to 15 pounds to the acre, depending on the number of grass-
hoppers present. When large amounts are to be scattered, it can
be sown from the rear end of a wagon or, if the ground is smooth
enough, from the rear cf an automobile.'

The best time to distribute the poison bran mash is from daylight
until about eight o'clock in the morning and from three to five in the
afternoon. This is based on the fact that the grasshoppers do most
of their feeding just after the sun warms them up in the morning and
during a short period before they go to rocst at sun down.

Judguig the Results of Poisoning

Full effects of the poison bran mash should not be looked for
until after a period of 4 or 5 days. Grasshoppers nearly always stop

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 83

feeding within 24 hours after taking the bait, but may crawl about for
three or four days before dying. Hoppers that have eaten the poison
seek dampness and shade, conditions which are shunned by normal
grasshoppers and in such places they are often found covering the
ground in piles. They also crawl into cracks in the ground and those
that die on the surface are carried away by birds, animals, and other
insects. The effectiveness of the treatment should, therefore, be
judged more by the number of grasshoppers left in the field than
by the number of dead grasshoppers found on the surface of the
ground.

Grasshopper Catching Machines

Large quantities of grasshoppers can frequently be caught in
machines or traps which are drawn over infested areas. The most suc-
cessful trap used consists of a rectangular wooden box mounted on
runners and bearing in front a curved tin shield. As the machine is
drawn over the field the grasshoppers jump against the shield and
are deflected downward. At the bottom of the shield is a projecting
lip upon which the falling grasshoppers strike and which def lexes them
through a small opening into the box.

Working plans and full directions for the making of such a ma-
chine can be secured by writing to the Montana Experiment Station.
The cost of construction will be somewhere between $15 and $20.

The grasshopper catching machine can be used in low growing
crops, such as alfalfa, grasses, flax and young grain, but is somewhat
injurious to ripening grain, corn and seed alfalfa in which the pods
are well developed. It is at its best in crops that are from 12 to 18
inches in height and works but poorly in prairie sod where there is*
little vegetation for the hoppers to rest on.

After several bushels of grasshoppers have collected in the ma-
chine, the cover of the box is raised and the contents are shoveled or
scooped into burlap sacks. After remaining in the sacks for about a
day the grasshoppers will be dead and can then be spread out and
dried for chicken feed. Such feed is very high in protein content and
has been very successfully used by a number of Montana farmers as
a winter feed in place of meat scrap.

Advantages of the Catching Machine Method of Control

The cost of building a catching machine is about the same as the
cost of treating 50 acres with poison bran mash. The cost of the first

84

TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

treatment of infested land would, therefore, be about the same in both
methods but the catching machine would be available for future treat-
ments that would cost only the labor of dragging it over the fields.

l-'iKiiii- :;. I':ii;|]l liuiidiiMi pounds nf l^i-ussIkiiiiji'Is (_■;
fifteen minutes with the grasshopper catthing machine,
used with great success as winter poultry food.

liiliL J 11 iwu Ihhhs and
These were dried and

When crops are attacked by grasshoppers that swarm in from sur-
rounding vacant land, repeated applications of the poisoned bran mash
are needed to save the crops and in such cases the cost becomes pro-
hibitive, while with a catching machine the crops can be saved by
having a boy or hired man run it a few^ hours each morning and even-
ing.

It frequently occurs that materials for the poison bran mash
cannot be secured on short notice, while a ranch provided with a
catching machine is ready for years to come to meet grasshopper
invasions at a moment 's notice.

Combination of Methods Is Best Practice

Under some conditions such as extremely hot and windy weather
or on prairie sod the catching machine is not successful. In cold, wet
weather poisoning is difficult. In general poisoning is most success-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

85

ful on warm bright days, while the machine works best on cool morn-
ings and dark days. The wise plan would, therefore, seem to be to
use a combination of the two methods, using the one best suited to
the prevailing conditions.

Figure 4. Pear orchard coiTipletely defoliated in Au.mi

1p\ Kiasslioppe

HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITS PROMINENT AT THE

STATE FAIR

By Horace S. Ensign

Secretary Montana State Fair.

The horticultural display at the 1918 State Fair was one of the
big features of the exposition in spite of the apprehension felt by many
people owing to the early dates of the fair. A total of 330 entries
were made in this department, of which over fifty per cent consisted
of apples — apples of more than fifteen different varieties comprising
all the popular commercial types raised in Montana such a&" Mcintosh,
Jonathans, Wealthies, Delicious, etc. Seldom, if ever, has there been a
more comprehensive display of fruit at the Montana State Fair. It
demonstrated conclusively that fruit growing in Montana is not only
holding its own, but is making forward progress.

The State Fair will be held early again this year and it is needless
to worry or feel any anxiety as to the showing that will be made. The
outcome of the 1918 fair and the experience of fruit exhibitors during
the past season should prove sufficient answer to those more or less
misguided persons who insist that ' * it can 't be done. ' ' The chief con-
cern for 1919 among growers should be: **What methods should I
adopt to build up and develop the standard and more nearly perfect
the varieties of fruits in my orchard?''

The first essentials, of course, are careful selection of land and
varieties of fruit to be raised. The State Horticulturist should be
consulted on these points as he can undoubtedly g^ve many valuable
suggestions that will save money and forestall disappointment. The
advice of experts is always helpful. Make the most of it.

The next step in building up standards lies in exhibiting at the
state and county fairs. The lessons to be gained from comparison of
fruit on the judge's table and the knowledge acquired by attentively
following the judging cannot be overestimated. Many fruit growers
have been put on the right track in just this way. They have dis-
covered slight deficiencies of which they were previously unaware —
deficiencies' that lowered the standards of their fruit. They have
learned how to eradicate or remedy these faults through observation
and information gleaned by reason of exhibiting at the fairs.

86

88 TENTH BIENNIAL REPORT

And quite aside from the matter of developing standards, awards
received at the State Fair greatly enhance the value of the fruit and
increase the prestige of the grower. A grower with a nice collection
of blue ribbons to his credit never experiences any difficulty in dis-
posing of his fruit crop at the highest market prices. The advertising
that he receives as a direct result of exhibiting at the State Fair, even
though he may not win a large number of premiums, is always effective
and is worth dollars and cents to any exhibitor. He is catalogued as
a ''progressive grower" merely by reason of the fact that he exhibits
at the State Fair.

And quite aside from such individual considerations as already
mentioned, there is the very important matter of helping to promote
the fruit industry as a whole to be considered. The man who does not
have sufficient vision to see beyond his own limited individual sphere
is a clog in the wheel of progress. But the fellow who embraces an
entire community, county or state in the scope of his vision and does
his utmost to aid in the development and general betterment of that
community or state — he is an empire builder and a true promoter of
progress. And that's the class in which the exhibitors at the Montana
State Fair are listed. They are aiding in the education of their fellow
workers in various lines of industry — their 's is a service to Progress
and Humanity.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE

89

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MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE 91

Acknowledgments are due to Geo. I. Reeves, R. A. Cooley, O. B.
"Whipple, George A. Root, D. B. Swingle, J. R. Parker, P. T. Baden,
0. M. Gerer, O. S. Chilcott, Horace S. Ensign, J. C. Wood and the
Montana Experiment Station for their aid in compiling this report.

A. L. Strausz,
State Horticulturist.