State of lowa,

¥

FOLLOWING THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT, TO THE

GOVERNOR OF IOWA,

FOR THE

PERIOD ENDING JUNE 30, 1897.

DES MOINES:
F, R, CONAWAY, STATE PRINTER.

FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT

OF THE

OF THE

FOLLOWING THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT, TO THE

FOR THE

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

F, R,. CONAWAY, STATE PRINTER.

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PEG Ly

Whe
sand

: iy 1 aay

To Francis Marion Drake, Governor of Iowa:

I have the honor to transcribe to you herewith, in accordance
with law, the first biennial report of the office of the state
veterinary surgeon, for the term ending June 380, 1897.

Respectfully,
J. I. GIBSON,

State Veterinary Surgeon.

REPORT.

I have the honor to submit the following report of the work
accomplished by the veterinary department, from April 27,
1896, to June 30, 1897, together with expense account for the
period stated. This report is not intended as a treatise on
diseases of domestic animals, but rather as a review of the
work done, the diseases encountered and money expended, with
a few of the principal laws and rulings of the State Board of
Health, and some suggestions as to what improvements may
yet be effected in the veterinary sanitation of the state.

In serving the state as veterinarian, there are pleasant exper-
iences in which the veterinarian is looked upon as a real bene-
factor, and many instances where he appears in the form of a
destroyer, bringing upon himself the displeasure of the people
whom he seeks to benefit. In a majority of cases the owner of
diseased animals welcomes the veterinarian as one sent toserve
his best interests, and to rescue him from the power of con-
tagion; but occasionally he is treated as an unwelcome guest
and receives curses instead of blessings, which treatment it
becomes an officer to overlook, knowing that ‘‘they know not
what they do.” Lack of knowledge on the part of the owner
often causes trouble, because he cannot see where he is to be
benefited, but when it is the other fellow’s horse or cow that is
condemned he never fails to see the benefits to him in the pro-
tection of his animals.

The veterinarian must needs possess a virtue often lacking
in the owners of diseased animals, viz: charity, and when nec-
cessary he must offer explanations, and counsel with the owner
until he sees the matter in the proper light, and submits to the
great principle upon which all sanitary laws are enacted: ‘‘the
greatest good to the greatest number.” During this period,
_ this department has been called upon in connection with eighty

6 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

outbreaks of disease, which is an increase over the ordinary
number of calls in a like period of time. But withal, we are
pleased to state that there is no evidence of the spread of con-
tagion from any of the premises involved after the cases were
in the hands of the department, which success was largely con-
tributed to by the excellent results attained from the use of a
form of quarantine prepared by the attorney-general, Hon.
Milton Remley, and approved by the executive council.
There is often a desire on the part of horse traders to remove
a condemned animal for the purpose of obtaining some financial
benefit, in place of destroying theanimal. This has been over-
come in every instance where the above quarantine has been
officially served upon the owner, except in one case, where a
horse was stolen from under lock and key, and the whereabouts
of this animal still remains a mystery. 7
During this period, we have encountered the following dis-
eases: Glanders and farcy; encephalitis (grass staggers); para-
sitic bronchitis, in young cattle; ulcerative pharyngitis, in
calves; enzootic catarrh; contagious pnuemonia, in horses and
calves; anthrax; foot rot (non-contagious), in sheep; mange, in
horses; hog cholera; scab and strongulus-falaria, in sheep.
Most of the work, however, has been in answering the calls
to investigate suspected cases of glanders. Many cases of this
disease are liable to be overlooked because of the latent nature
of the attack, but the acute cases will almost invariably present
a line of symptons that are unmistakably characteristic of the
disease. In all cases where suspicion warranted it, we have
resorted to the use of the Mallein test which has in many
instances revealed the existence of chronic or latent glanders,
when it was impossible to diagnose the case from the clinical
Symptoms presented. In all about sixty horses have been
tested, and forty-nine condemned. It seems unneccessary to
describe the test further than to state it is similar to the tuber-
culin test which will be described later. Glanders is readily
communicated to man by inoculation; hence the peculiar dread
people have of this disease; while in all the history and develop-
ment of our great state, not as many human lives have suc-
cumbed to glanders as fall in one day a victim to tuberculosis.
On June 23, 1897, at Alton, Sioux county, a child died from
farcy, as diagnosed by Dr. Smith of that place. The following
is a letter written by Dr. Smith upon the subject, to Dr. J. F.
Kennedy, secretary of the State Board of Health, the same
having been placed upon the records of that office:

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 7

In the following I will give you a brief history of the glanders case,
I reported to the board last spring: A. V. Age 3, female, white, Ameri-
ean. Always been a healthy child until February, 1897. At this time she
had a mild attack of croupous-pneumonia, which terminated by crisis on.
the seventh day. The patient had not yet entirely recovered her strength,
when about March 10th she had an attack of la grippe, and on the 20th of
the same month a relapse. Unfortunately no physician was called in at
either time, so the diagnosis of the parents cannot be verified. According
to the statement of the parents, after the last attack of la grippe, the child
remained weak, perspired much, and was often feverish. About April
15th the child complained of itching on the fingers and it was seen that
they were red and swollen. This became worse. Small blisters now made
their appearance upon the affected area so that the general appearance
was similar to an eczema. The redness extended from the back of the
hand toabout half way up to the wrist. Later on there appeared large
blebs, which upon opening discharged a puriform fluid tinged with blood.
These blebs grew more numerous, were slow in healing; those near each
other would often merge to form large ulcers; at this stage the same pro-
cess was taking place in the patient’s mouth, affecting the buccal and
labial mucous membranes, the tongue and gums. There was slight eleva-
tion of temperature each evening, with remission in the morning. There
was constipation, vomiting, and probably from straining at stool, prolapsus
of the rectum. About the 20th of April, eezematous condition implicated
all the fingers. By the 27th of April the feet and toes were similarly
affected, though the lesions were much more severe than those on her
hand. The ulcers being much larger and excavated with ragged and
everted edges, involving skin and subcutaneous tissue and exposing tendons
and bones. At this time, the 31st of May, I saw the case for the first time,
and in some respects it looked like a case of blood poisoning. There were
numerous boils all over the body, most of which would come to a head and
when opened would discharge a sanious ischorous pus, having a mawkish
odor. The big toes were denuded on their dorsal aspect, and the tendons
and bones being quite exposed, while the little toe of the left foot was
grangrenous, and sloughed off entirely. Boils were forming on different
parts of the foot and elsewhere, some opening, some open, and some only
beginning toform. The ulceration about the fingers and hands now also
became more destructive, though not so bad as that of the feet and toes.
The skin of the affected area, where it was not destroyed by the ulcera-
tion, was red and swollen, and looked something like eczema of a sluggish
type. The boils were liable to appear anywhere, though the extremities,
back and head, seemed to be their favorite location. The inside of the
mouth became one large ulcer. In places there was blackening of the tis-
sue as though grangrene had set in. Some of the teeth fell out.

The ulceration extended to the nares, naso-pharynx, phrynx, larynx,
and bronchi. Large abscesses formed in the nose and naso-phrynx, which
broke and discharged a horribly fetid pus. The laryngitis became so-
severe that there was hoarseness for several weeks, and aphonia for one
week. For awhile there was also capilliary bronchitis. The ulceration
seemed to pass down into the stomach and bowels; at any rate the consti-
pation which had existed at first later on was replaced by a diarrhea,
pulse was small, weak, and rapid, varying from 120 to 180 per minute.

8 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Temperature was not usually very high, the fever was of a hectic type;
patient was much debilitated and emaciated. During the first three weeks
in which I saw the case, there seemed to be indications of improvement;
the ulcers began to heal, the mouth and throat improved very much, bron-
chitis got better though not entirely well; diarrhcea much better and no
more vomiting, fever declined and seemed to go away altogether; pulse
improved in foree and was slower (120). Four days before death, diarrhea
got much worse, and at the same time catarrhal pnuemonia supervened.
The child died on June 24th. The treatments were various. Before I saw
the case, it had been put on antiscrofulous remedies; then antisyphilitic
treatment was instituted; though neither treatment did any good. During
the time I treated the child, I gave strychnine, arsenic; iobide of iron,
plenty of milk and brandy for the diarrhea; I gave a powder containing
bismuth subnitrate and pepsin. I cannot tell how the child became
infected, for, though there were two glandered horses on the adjoining
farm, it is not believed that the child could have had direct contact with
them. It is more than likely that some one else carried the infection to .
the child.

During the term covered by this report, cases of glanders
and farcy have been found in the following counties: Buena
Vista, Buchanan, Cherokee, Hancock, Jasper, Kossuth, Linn,
Louisa, Monona, O’Brien, Plymouth, Wright, and Woodbury.
It is a fact that certain localities in this state have suffered from
glanders more than others, and upon investigation we find that
some time in the past arailway or highway has been graded and
a number of mules and horses used in such work had been
afflicted with glanders, which fact accounts for the existence
of the disease in that locality. This fact simply shows that
where there are a large number of horses and mules at work,
on any public highway or contract, the state veterinarian should
examine them from time to time, with a view to preventing the
spread of disease. Mules are much more susceptible to the
disease than horses. Most outbreaks are sequels to horse
trades. Therefore horse trading should be prohibited by law.

TUBERCULOSIS.

This disease destroys more human lives than any other plague
known. It is the same disease whether we find it afflicting man
or animal. Much of our human consumption is doubtless the
result of using milk from the tuberculous cows. This disease
opens a theme that cannot be exhausted. The fact of its exist-
ence to some extent in Iowa suggests the question: What shall

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 9

we do and how shall we eradicate it from our herds, and by so
doing protect our children and invalids who are the chief con-
sumers of milk from the disease? First, all dairy cows should
be tested with the tuberculin test, which is no doubt the best
diagnostic within our reach. The cost is but a trifle and the
modus operandi well known to many cattle dealers already. The
test briefly described is as follows:

The animal to be tested should first be haltered and cared
_for as usual, so that the temperature may be as nearly normal
as possible. The first day of the test the temperature of the
animal should be taken every two hours, beginning at 8 A. M.
and ending at 8p. M. The tuberculin should be injected at 10
P. M. of the first day, by means of a hypodermic syringe, in the
shoulder or neck. The second day the temperature should be
taken the same as the first day, beginning at 8 A. M. and end-
ing at8p.M. The result of this is that the tuberculous animal
will give a fever reaction of from 2 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit,
while the majority of the unaffected animals will give a lower
average temperature on the day following the injection than
_ the day preceding it. There are many things that may arise
in the habits and condition of an animal to cause a rise of tem-
perature, so that the person taking the temperature or making
the test should be careful to study the animal and to know
whether or not the rise may be the result of nervous excitement
or sickness,, and not an indication of tuberculosis. During the
term covered by this report, we have been called upon to make
tests in the following counties: Boone, Buena Vista, Davis,
Emmet, Fayette, Kossuth, Linn, Pottawattamie, Ringgold,
Shelby, Taylor, and Tama. In all the tests made, there were
sixty-four found to be tuberculous. While the percentage of
diseased animals is not alarming, yet in the interest of the
cattle industry, as well as of human life, all dairy and breeding ©
herds should be tested, and the diseased animals destroyed.
The test is not injurious to the animal tested, and is a sufficient
guarantee that her milk is free from tubercle baccilli, if she
gives no reaction to the test. The breeders of lowa have an
"example along the line of the golden rule exemplified by Thos.
Westrop & Sons, of Harlan, Shelby county, who are extensive
breeders of Shorthorn cattle, and who upon slaughtering a
heifer for home use, and finding the lungs diseased, took steps
at once to have their herd tested, and all that reacted destroyed.
The result is that Mr. Westrop has cleaned out of his herd all

10 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

the tuberculous animals, and further than that he offers for sale
none buttested animals, which is a great protection to the
buyer. Mr. Westrop might have secretly sold these cattle, but
he said he would not cffer for sale any but sound, healthy
animals. Mr. Westrop bought most of the tuberculous animals
outside of the state, and had lowa’s laws regarding the impor-
tation of cattle for breeding purposes been as the laws of
Montana are at present the animals bought outside of the state
would have been tested with tuberculin, and proving tubercu- .
lous, as they undoubtedly were at the time of purchasing, Mr.
Westrop would have been saved from a loss of about $4,000 in
afew years. Then let lowa quarantine all cattle coming into
the state for dairy or breeding purposes, unless tested and
accompanied with a certificate of test. This is a matter of busi-
ness, and should be made a part of our statutes at the next ses-
sion of the legislature.

RABIES.

Rabies is a disease which was dreaded for a long time because
it was incurable and meant certain death to all who became
inoculated. Judging from our observation of this disease in
animals, it must be a pitiable sight to see a fellow being suffer-
ing from it. However, much of the dread of rabies in the
human family has been overcome by the wonderful work of the
immortal Pasteur, who, after years of experimenting, devel-
oped a vaccine treatment which has proven a sure protection to
those bitten by rabid animals. On the 23d of December, 1896,
the writer, in answer to an official call, visited Louisa county
to investigate an outbreak of rabies, and while there was
informed that the same dog that had bitten the animals had
also bitten his owner, Mr. B. of Columbus Junction, who, being
advised by his friends, at once went to the Pasteur institute at
Chicago and took the carcass of his dog along. After a post
mortem examination had been made and the dog pronounced
rabid, Mr. B. was at once put under a treatment which lasted
about ten days, after which he was pronounced immune from
rabies for a period of years. Mr. B. returned home in time to

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. . 11

see the animals bitten by his dog, the same day he himself was
bitten, dying with rabies of the most acute and violent form,
while he was in perfect health. During the period covered by
this report we have seen forty cases, which were in the follow-
ing counties: Buchanan, Davis, Johnson, Louisa, Scott, Wash-
ington and -Woodbury. In Washington county, the dog caus-
ing the outbreak was thought to have been bitten by a mad dog
just a year prior to his becoming affected and biting the other
animals. Cases have been cited in the human as breaking out
years and years after being bitten, but it is a rare occurrence
that a dog will become affected one year after being bitten.
Most animals develop the symptoms in from fifteen to ninety
days after the inoculation or bite, as the case may be. One
cow was attacked by a mad steer, which tore the cow’s nostril
with his horn, and the saliva from his mouth being drooled
about her head, the cow was thus inoculated, and later became
affected. One general symptom of rabies is the exhibition of
the method of warfare of the animal affected. The subacute ©
form, or dumb rabies, may easily be mistaken for encephalitis
or grass staggers, as described in one of the reports of the
Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States. When the
history of a mad dog accompanies the symptoms in other ani-
mals there is no difficulty in deciding the case, but when there
are some symptoms of rabies only, and no history of dogs, it is
not so easy to diagnose the case. In such cases a post mortem
examination should be made. In Woodbury county a rabid
cow charged at the wife of the owner, and so seriously fright-
ened her as to cause nervous prostration and necessitate the
calling in of the family physician. The facial expression of ,
rabid animals is such as will terrify not only timid women, but
brave men as well. One of the assistant veterinarians was once
obliged to climb a tree in order to escape a rabid horse, and,
fortunately for the doctor, the amount cf adipose tissue he car-
ries did not interfere with his ability as a climber. Rabies.
seems to occur oftenest near timber and along streams of water.
Fewer worthless dogs will lessen th2 number of outbreaks.

12 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

ACTIMONYCOSIS.:

This disease, commonly called ‘‘lumpy-jaw,” does not often
come under the notice of the department, as in the period
covered by this report only two cases were seen; one in Plym-
outh county and the other in Woodbury. This affection is of
importance to the cattle dealer and breeder, because fat steers,
no matter how slightly affected, are sometimes rejected. No
fine, healthy looking steer that has been fed for months should
be condemned by casual observance in the yards, but all steers
affected should be carefully inspected in the killing room. We
claim that no man, professional or unprofessional, is capable
of saying whether or not a certain steer should be sold or con-
demned and taken from the owner by simply looking through
the yard fence, and the only place the inspector can deal fairly
with a man, who offers a steer for sale, is in the killing room,
by making a careful post mortem examination. There is a
difference of opinion as to whether this disease is infectious or
not. As itis a fungus, due to a germ sometimes found on veg-
etation, it is reasonable to suppose that the discharge from a
tumor may carry the fungus, and that it may live on the grass
and be taken up and eaten by other animals, and produce an
inoculation. ‘This being conceded, all animals having tumors
are a source of infection and should be isolated or destroyed.
It is a fact worthy of notice that on farms, where an animal
has been allowed to run with others while thus affected, a
number of cases often develop within afew months. In some
instances we believe that veterinarians have been mistaken in
diagnosing cases of tuberculous glands as actinomycotic tumors.

TEXAS FEVER.
This disease is one of the most serious affecting cattle, and
were it not for the carfuliy arranged quarantine (placed on
southern cattle) by the bureau of animal industry, the losses

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 13

would be very heavy indeed. With this report, we have had
only one outbreak—at Wilton Junction, Muscatine county,
which resulted in the loss of some twenty head of milch cows
herded in the vicinity of the railway yards, where undoubtedly
some cars had been sidetracked in which southern cattle had
been shipped to Davenport for immediate slaughter. As the
tick is the source of infection it would be an easy matter to dis-
infect the cars in which southern cattle are shipped, and the
inspector should see to it that these regulations are strictly
complied with in all instances where there is reasonable grounds
for suspicion. This outbreak just mentioned was looked after
by Dr. J. W. Griffith, assistant state veterinarian, who estab-
lished rigid quarantine upon all cattle in the immediate vicinity,
and by so doing prevented further spread of the disease. The
cattle men of the southern states are constantly experimenting
with dips in the hope of destroying the ticks and thus render.
ing their cattle safe to be shipped into our state as feeders to
consume our corn crop, which will be of great benefit to the
Iowa farmer.

PARASITIC BRONCHITIS.

This disease has been seen but once during this period in
Shelby county, where a large number of young cattle were
affected. The parasite (strongulus micrurus) was found in
great numbers on posting a yearling steer that had almost
succumbed to the disease and was considered valueless. In
this animal the parasites were found in the bronchial tubes and
the small intestines; also in the pericardial sack. The pastures
were very low, and had several pools of stagnant water which
formed the necessary intermediate host for the development
of the ova. In the affected herd some milch cows were evi-
dently affected, as evinced by the characteristic cough. This
disease is not necessarily fatal, and will respond to treatment.
readily. |

14 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

ULCERATIVE PHARYNGITIS.
(Diphtheria in calves.)

One outbreak of this disease was reported from Boone county,
by Dr. W. B. Niles, assistant state veterinarian. This disease
is of rare occurrence, and we have but little literature on the
subject. ‘The following article, written by Doctor Niles, upon
this topic will be of interest:

Inflammation of the pharynx, commonly called sore throat, is, in the
opinion of the writer, of more common occurrence in domestic animals
than is usually supposed. In many cases the inflammation is not limited
to the pharynx, but extends to the contiguous structures and the cause
operating to produce pharyngitis in one animal may produce stomatitis or
laryngitis in another. The affection may be traced to a variety of causes:
The inhalation of irritating vapors, the administration of irritating medi-
eines, the action of cold, and infection, are among the causes in most
frequent operation. Noclass of animals areexempt. In some species the
disease is more common than in others and as a rule it occurs more fre-
quently in young animals than in adults. The symptomatology differs
somewhat in different outbreaks and in different species of animals. In
the main, there is more or less fever, partial loss of appetite, some tume-
faction in the laryngeal region, and great tenderness of the pharnyx shown
by difficulty in swallowing, and by external manipulation of that region.
In the horse, food and water is returned through the nose. Asa general
thing the prognosis is favorable, the case making a good recovery in a
few days. In some instances, however, the disease assumes a much more.
severe form and frequently terminates fatally.

As this brief article is mainly written for the purpose of calling atten-
tion to the infectious form, pharyngitis due to the usual causes will not be
discussed further. That there is an infectious form of the disease is estab-
lished by the appearance from time to time of enzootic outbreaks of
pharyngitis. In the horse an epizootic sore throat attended by the for-
mation of abscesses in the submaxillary region must, however, be looked
upon as strangles. Iam not aware that the germ of the infectious form
of the disease have ever been isolated, and consequently whether more
than one organism is concerned in these attacks is not known. It would
seem to the writer that more than one cause may be in operation in the
production of many attacks of sore throat; for example, bacteria normally
present in the mouth and throat, and incapable of producing disease when
the tissues are in the normal conditions, may when these tissues suffer a
decrease in resisting power become pathogenic. In this way exposure to

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. | 15

cold may so lower the vitality of the mucuous membrane of the pharynx
that bacteria present in the mouth may set up inflammation. In allforms
of pharyngitis the disease differs much in severity. Many eases are
mild, the disease changes being principally confined to the mucous mem-
brane of the pharynx and adjoining and contiguous cavities. At other
times the attacks are severe; the deep-seated structures are also involved,
leading to ulceration and in some cases abscesses in the deep-seated tissues
of the throat. Tumefaction in severe cases is well marked externally. In
the hog, this severe form is usually termed quinsy. In thisstate infectious
sore throat is most frequently seen in this animal. It is most frequent in
fall, winter and spring, and thus it would seem that exposure to cold by
drinking of ice water, sleeping in damp nests, or exposure to inclement
weather must have much to do with these attacks. In mild attacks the
pigs always recover, usually in from one to two weeks. In aggravated
eases, there is fever, with frequent and painful breathing. The region of
the throat becomes swollen and the grunt or squeal is hoarse. Theappetite
is lost and swallowing -causes great pain. As the disease advances these
symptoms become intensified; breathing becomes very painful and the pig
frequently sits on his haunches and breathes through the half open mouth
with a wheezing sound. In these aggravated cases the animal may die
from asphyxia in from one to three days.

The treatment of pharyngitis depends somewhat upon the species of
animal attacked. Affected swine should be placed in dry, comfortable
quarters and fed entirely upon sloppy food. Friedberger and Frohner state
that an emetic at the beginning of the disease may cut short the attack.
For this purpose white hellebore in doses of one-half to two grams is rec-
ommended. (This treatment has not been tried by the writer.) Drench-
ing, owing to the difficulty in swallowing, is dangerous, and most medicine
must be given in the food. In case medicine is given alone, the amount
should be only sufficient to wet the mouth and pharyngeal region. Local
sedatives and astringents, when given in this way to the horse give good
results, and are worthy of a trial in the treatment of swine. Counter irri-
tants, when applied to the throat, are indicated in some cases and not in
others. When there is much tumefaction they should: not be employed.
The aggravated cases cannot be successfully treated. In mild ones, if
receiving proper care, will make a good recovery without active treatment.

Between the aggravated and mild there are many cases which yield to
eareful treatment. Good care and good and comfortable quarters, espe-
cially during the season when the disease is most liable to occur, will pre-
vent many of the attacks of pharyngitis. When there are indications that
the disease is contagious, the well should be separated from the sick.
Pharyngitis in the larger domestic animals is not so serious and is more
easily treated. Soft foods must be provided, and all dry, coarse forage
discarded. The mouth should be kept clean by frequent washings and a
plentiful supply of fresh water should be within the reach of the patient.
As in swine, care must be exercised in drenching. The use of small quan-
tities of a solution containing belladonna and chlorate of potash gives
excellent results. Tincture of iron or the use of hydrogen peroxide in the
form of a spray can be used to advantage. Counter-irritants must be used
cautiously. Complications should be treated according to indications. In
the horse the disease usually responds quickly to judicious treatment.

16 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Chronic cases are, however, met with, and I have seen attacks that baffled
all treatment, and finally terminated fatally.

The foregoing has been written, not with a view of giving a complete
discussion of the subject, but to call attention to, and awaken interest in
a subject which the writer believes should receive more attention from
veterinarians and stock owners. ;

During the past season, much complaint has been made concerning a
disease of young pigs, which usually assumes the form of ulcerative stom-
atitis. The pharynx and larynx is sometimes involved. A brief deseription
may be of interest here. An examination of several affected pigs sent to
the experiment station for that purpese revealed what may be properly
called ulcerative sore mouth. The trouble is characterized by the appear-
ance of ulcers on the inside and outside of the lips. Both the upper and
lower lip are usually involved. The most frequent seat of the ulcer is the
inside of the lip near the line of union with the jaw and in front of where
the two lips unite. In one case examined a wholespace between the gums
and the lip and from one side of the mouth to the other was occupied by.
the gangrenous ulcer. Usually, however, this:space will show three or
four distinct ulcers on each jaw. Occasionally they appear on the outside
of the lips, and will then be found about the nose or in the extremity of
the lower lip. These ulcers appear as circular, light colored spots, at cer-
tain stages of the disease considerably raised above the surrounding
mucous membrane. . The ulceration does not alone involve the superficial
tissues, but extends deeply into the lip, causing marked thickening of the
- parts.

As the disease advances the inflamed areas (ulcers) enlarge and the
amount of dead (gangrenous) tissue increases until, in some cases, pieces
of dead tissue as large as beans may readily be removed by scraping the
uleer. In appearance these spots resemble, except in color, those found in
the intestines in hog cholera, and they enlarge in a similar way. Both
begin as small points on the surface and gradually extend over a larger
area and more deeply into the parts involved. When located on the out-
side of the lip the appearance and force is the same, except that it does not
become so much raised above the surrounding surface. When located
within the mouth the teeth may become involved, but in all cases I have
examined the teeth were not at first affected. As the result of the sore-
ness and thickening of the lip, the pig has great difficulty in suckling, and
may be unable eventually to suck at all. This interference with the tak-
ing of nourishment no doubt assists in causing a fatal termination of the
trouble. The disease is, according to reports, usually fatal. As one
writer mentioned, the pigs do not die rapidly, but linger for several days
and eventually die. The most important feature of this trouble to the swine
raiser is the necessary prevention and treatment. The theory that it is
caused by the teeth is surely not correct... That it is due to a diseased con-
dition of the sow, or want of care the dams receive, I do not believe will
prove true. It seems to me that the location and character of the ulcers,
as well asthe enzootic nature of the trouble, points to infection as the
eause. I believe that some infectious agent, germ or fungus enters the
mouth of the pig from the sow’s udder or some other source. The sow
may obtain the germ from the soil, manure, or other litter with which she
may come in contact. While filthy yards and pens would seem most liable

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. a

to contain such organisms, it is not unreasonable to suppose that reason-
ably clean quarters may contain at some time disease-producing germs.
The udder of the sow is more liable than that of any other animal to come
in contact with filth, and may consequently easily become contaminated,
A foreign authority upon veterinary matters has described an enzootic
sore mouth in lambs due to bacteria. I see no reason why pigs may not
be similarly affected. Acting upon the theory that the disease is caused
by some infectious agent which gets into the mouth, preventive treatment
should consist of paying the strictest attention to cleanliness about pens
and yards, the early separation of sows with diseased pigs from the rest
and, when the disease appears, washing the udder with some good anti-
septic solution. For this purpose a saturated solution of boracic acid and
water may be used. The diseased pigs, if successfully treated, must be
taken in hand early. As soon as the ulcers appear, by means of a small
swab touch them with the solution of tincture of iron, tincture of iodine,
or a 5 per cent solution of silver nitrate. In addition, the mouth should
be washed out with the boracic acid solution. This treatment, if carried
out early, I believe will save many cases. When the disease is well
advanced no treatment will avail. When the teeth become involved it is
better to extract them.

Since the above treatment was recommended I have received notice
trom several parties, who state that good results followed its application,
and that they were able to save many pigs. A similar affection is somes
times observed in calves. Here treatment should begin early, and in the
main is the same as for the pig. Recovery will depend upon the location
of the ulcers and the time when treatment begins.

CATARRH.

——_—_——

This disease appeared once in Cass county during this period,
when it assumed the form of an enzootic, apparently caused by
some irritant gases or dust from low pastures that had recently
been flooded. The mucous membrane of the nostrils were con-
gested, and there was profuse weeping, also some swelling
about the throat and jaws. The attack lasted about ten days,
and then passed off leaving the animals apparently in perfect
health. The outbreak extended over but a few farms and did
not seam to extend to other farms.

18 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

ENCEPHALITIS.
(Staggers. )

This term applies to any inflammation of the brain and its
coverings. But under this heading we wish to call attention to
the fact that such cases occasionally occur and may be wrongly
diagnosed as rabies. There is a form of stomach or grass stag-
gers caused by eating food containing deleterious matters such
as ergot, and other fungi which may be mistaken for rabies,
from the frenzy and bellowing which are symptoms of rabies.
The animal often presses its head against objects and some-
times goes into convulsions and then into coma. During this
period two such outbreaks came to our notice. One in Boone
county and the other in Dallas. The fatality is great in such
outbreaks, hence the necessity of knowing such symptoms and
regulating the diet so as to check the disease and prevent
unnecessary loss of property. Dr. Harbaugh, of Richmond,
Va., describes this disease in the special report of ‘‘The Bureau
of Animal Industry,” upon diseases of cattle.

HOG CHOLERA.

This disease, though very common, and the cause of great
loss to the farmers of lowa, does not often come before this
department because of the fact that no definite or specific cure
has yet been discovered. The following practical article by Dr.
John EK. Brown, assistant veterinarian, if carefully studied, may
be of benefit to the hog breeders and feeders of Iowa:

During the past year the above disease has raged defiantly in all sec-
tions of the state, and the loss occasioned thereby to the families of lowa
is greatly in excess of that produced by all other animal diseases combined.
Year after year apparently the disease covers a great area, and it might
seem that, unless some successful method of controlling hog cholera and

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 19

swine plague can be brought into execution the swine herds which, in time
past have proven so profitable to the herdsmen of this country would,
sooner or later, become extinct. Two fairly distinct forms of the,disease
have existed, namely, hog cholera and swine plague. They are diseases,
however, with which this department has had little to do. Owners gen-
erally recognize the disease when the outbreak comes, and adopt such
method of treatment as is within their own reach, which is at best in any
ease experimental; and only in a few cases where the nature of the disease
was somewhat obscure has the state veterinary surgeon been called. So
much has been said and printed concerning the cause, nature, and external
_manifestations of hog cholera and swine plague that the occupying of suf-
_ ficient space here to repeat the same would seem to be unwarranted, but,
as the external symptoms are not always sufficiently well marked to justify
a positive diagnosis, a few words on post-mortem appearances may not be
out of place. There will rarely be any trouble in detecting hog cholera.
Upon opening the abdominal cavity one usually observes a somewhat dark-
ened appearance of certain parts of the bowels, and there is generally
some sign of inflammation of the bowels or mesentery, or both. Red or
brownish red spots or splotches, varying in size froma pin point up, will be
found dotted irregularly over the large bowel, through the mesentery or on
the membrane lining the abdominal cavity. Upon removing the kidneys
the same petechia (red spots) may be noticed dotted over its surface. These
spots are usually visible'through the enveloping tunic or capsule (a very
delicate membranous covering of the kidneys) but if not, after a slight cut
into the body of the kidney, the tunic is easily stripped off and the spots
brought plainly into view. These spots may not be found in all the organs
as described above in every case, but where found in any of them their sig-
nificance is the same. These spots are the result of the germs forming in
colonies in the minute blood vessels. The spleen will be found darker in
color than it is in health, somewhat enlarged and engorded with dark blood.
Often the surface presents‘a somewhat mottled appearance, as does also the
surface of the liver. Other abnormal conditions may be present, but the
above are sufficient to determine the true natureof thecase. Swine plague
may, under certain circumstances, be more difficult to detect. If unassoci-
ated with hog cholera the red spots will not be found on the organs in the
abdominal cavity. The lungs will be found more or less inflamed and pos-
sible portions of them will be solidified, very dark red in color, and pre-
senting much the same appearance as they would from ordinary pneumonia.
In other cases they are not so badly diseased, but show a mottled or mar-
bled appearance on the surface of red and grey. Often the grey portion
appears to be raised. Such cases might be mistaken for an ordinary non-
contagious pneumonia, but if a number of cases present similar symptoms
and the above lesions are found on post-mortem, there will be little diffi-
culty in arriving at a true conclusion. Moreover the two diseases generally
exist in the same herd at the same time, and very often the symptoms and
post-mortem lesions of both are found in the same subject. While much
experimenting has been done, little or no progress has been achieved in
actually discovering anything that will either cure the disease or prevent
an outbreak of it; at least no suecessful method has had a general public
demonstration. Further experiments along the line of inoculation may
develop a successful method of producing immunity, but as the disease is

90 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

of a specific type, and exceedingly virulent, it would hardly seem that
medicinal agents ean ever be brought into practical use. Much might be
done in the way of preventing a spread of this disease if proper sanitary
police regulations could be enforced. Dead animals, if buried, should be
placed fully three feet under ground, otherwise they should be burned.
Dogs should not be permitted to run over the country and carry portions
of carcasses from farm to farm. Persons should be very careful in going
from a pen of diseased hogs to thoroughly cleanse and disinfect their shoes
before going into the quarters of healthy ones.

The same thing holds good regarding teams, wagons, etc.
Keep the hogs from the railways. Sick hogs are constantly
being shipped, and by the droppings which fall from the cars
the disease may be communicated to healthy animals. Rail-
way companies should be compelled by ‘egislation to thoroughly
clean and disinfect all cars after hogs have been shipped in
them. All traffic in or shipment of diseased or dead hogs
should be carefully watched for by all authorities, and the
state law rigidly enforced. County, and particularly state, fairs
have been sources of spread of disease.

It is definitely known that hog cholera was spread from the
Iowa state fair each year for a number of years prior to 1896.
At that exhibition methods were put into execution by state
authority that successfully prevented a further spread in that
way. The state board of health, recognizing this danger, made.
a ruling to the effect that all hogs presented for exhibition at
the Iowa state fair shall be subject to daily inspection by the
state veterinary surgeon, and any animal found sick with hog
cholera or swine plague shall be taken up and put into a place
of quarantine. The efficiency of this movement became appar-
ent_ when, on the third day of the fair, the disease made its
appearance in one of the herds onexhibition. The lot numbered
twenty-eight head. One sow was found sick and immediately
taken up and placed in quarantine. On Monday a boar in the
same lot was found ailing just before time for him to go into the
show ring. Instead of going into the show ring the hog was
taken to the quarantine station. On Thursday both of these
were dead, and others were coming down with the disease, and
promptly taken into quarantine. By the close of the fair sev-
eral hogs that had remained healthy up to that time had been
sold, and were only prevented from being delivered and shipped
out by the attending inspector. The hogs were kept on the
grounds. One by one they sickened and died until only twelve
were left, and the hog cholera was prevented from being

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 21

carried to just as many herds as there were hogs from this lot
sold, to say nothing of the contagion which the boar would have
spread had he been permitted to go into the exhibition ring
with his competitors.

ANTHRAX.

Anthrax is a disease of specific character, being caused by the
introduction of the micro-organisms of the disease into the
blood of the animal, generally through the mouth with the food.
The germs are most plentiful in low, marshy lands or gulches,
after water has been high or when it is low. The germs of
anthrax are not easily destroyed and may live in the soil for a
long time, hence the carcasses of all animals dying of the dis-
ease should be burned. All domestic animals are subject to this
disease, and man is susceptible by inoculation, the disease in
man being known as ‘‘malignant pustule.” During the term
covered by this report, twenty-five cases have been seen which
were confined to three outbreaks in the following counties:
Davis, Ringgold and Union. Inall cases the parties concerned
were strongly advised of the necessity of burning the dead ani-
mals, and when not convenient a barrel of fresh lime was spread.
over each carcass before filling the grave. This disease when
once introduced into a community is liable to reappear unless
the greatest of care is exercised in disposing of the dead ani-
mals and cleansing and disinfecting where the animals have
been. The excretions from a diseased animal will carry the
germs of the disease. The only cure or preventive for a
herd where anthrax has gained a hold is vaccination, which has
proven a great blessing to cattle owners in infected districts.
The cost of vaccination is reasonable when considered with
what it may save to the owner of a herd of cattle that has been
exposed to the disease.

Py FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

FOOT ROT.

(Non-contagious. )

Foot rot (non-contagious) in sheep was found to exist in one
flock of 200 sheep, in Adair county, and responded to treatment
prescribed by Dr. S. H. Kingery, assistant state veterinarian, of
Creston. In this instance the sheep were in the habit of stand-
ing in mud at the watering-troughs, and also passed through
the remains of an old stack of straw which was well rotted, and
on account of rain quite wet. Sheep should be on high, dry
land where they are free from all such mud and filth.

This flock was treated by walking them first, through a nar-
row trough sixteen feet long filled with water to wash the feet
clean, and then directly through a similar trough of medicated
solution. 'The worst cases were trimmed carefully with a knife,
and bandaged after padding with medicated cotton. One treat-
ment was sufficient in most cases. The results were very gratify-
ing to the owner, asthe flock wasquite run down from being lame,
many of them being too lame to graze. Old rotting stacks and
manure piles are very injurious to sheep and an ideal medium
for contagion and infection.

SCAB IN SHEEP.

Scab is due to a parasite (Peoroptes communis), which can
sometimes be seen with the naked eye. Dipping is the best
method of treatment and is successful when thoroughly carried
out. In this state outbreaks of scab are scarce and generally
exist in flock shipped in from Montana or Mexico. During this
period three flocks have been affected in Van Buren county,
which were imported. The restrictions on shipping are not
fully observed, and the dipping resorted to once is not a sure
cure. All sheep coming into-the state should be carefully

———

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON, 93

dipped twice, about eight days apart, and held in pens for the
purpose three weeks before being allowed to mingle with other
flocks on sheep farms.

Those wishing to gain valuable knowledge of diseases of
sheep in Iowa can do so by reading the portion of bulletin No.
35 from the experiment station at Ames, in which Dr. W. B.
Niles gives the reader the benefits of his years of special study
of diseases of sheep.

STRONGULUS FILARIA.

——

!

One form of lung worm in sheep is due to the presence of
the thread lung worm (strongulus filaria). Tnis condition was
reported by Dr. Brown as found in Warren county.

INSPECTION OF HOGS.

The following article which appeared in the edition of Wal-
laces’ Farmer and Dairyman, written by Johau EK. Brown, assist-
ant state veterinarian, is of interest in connection with the
subject of hog cholera and of swine herds:

While on duty as veterinary inspector of swine at the Iowa state fair
last fall, my observations led me to believe that many of the exhibitors in
the swine department were wantonly ignorant of the great danger of
cholera infection to which they subjected their hogs by shipping them in
stock cars not properly cleaned and disinfected.

It is unnatural that men should take such hazardous chances with their
hogs if they fully comprehended the danger, and realized that it might be
averted by the judicious application of a little muscular exertion, and the
expenditure of a few cents in disinfection. It is true there are a few men
who attempt to put up an argument to the effect that hog cholera and
swine plague are not contagious (germ) diseases; and that, therefore, dis-
infectants are of no use.. Since it is known that the blood taken from a
hog that is sick with cholera or swine plague, and injected into the system
of healthy hogs, regularly sets up the disease in the hogs so treated, it
would seem that the proof of its infectious nature would be satisfactory to
any fair minded person.

94 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

It is known that the germs will live and retain their virulence for
months in the litter, dirt, or even dry dust, then gain admission into the
animal system, and at once set up the original disease. During these years
when hog cholera prevails to such an alarming extent, thousands of hogs
are rushed off to market at the very first appearance of symptoms of dis-
ease in the herds.

Thus it is that hundreds of hogs sick with cholera are transported in
stock cars over therailroads of lowa, and the germs of disease left in the
cars. Such cars then spread the contagion far and wide.

Granting then, that cholera is a contagious and infectious disease, and
that the germ may live and retain its virulence in dust or dirt until taken
up by other hogs, is it not at once apparent that eternal vigilance should
be exerted to render all cars in which hogs are to be shipped to be perfectly
free from contagion? Any stock car may be made free from this danger
by proper cleaning and disinfection.

First.—Clean out all dirt and litter, sweep down the dust from the sides
of the car and from the floor. Do not leave this litter where the hogs can
get to it before loading, or where other hogs can get to it. Pour coal oil
over it and burn it. The car having thus been made as clean as possible,
is now ready to be disinfected. For this purpose there is probably nothing
more effectual, conveniently applied, and economical, than the cheap,
brown, crude carbolic acid. Its partial insolubility in water, especially
cold water, is the only objection—offering some difficulty of application
evenly of a desired strength. The solution should be used in about the
proportion of one-half pint of the crude acid to two gallons of water. If
it is mixed in cold water it will require constant stirring to keep thor-
oughly mixed, and can only be evenly and effectually applied with brooms,
scrubbing thoroughly intoall cracks and crevices of the floor and sides of
the car. If hot water is used to mix the acid with, it may then be applied
with the ordinary sprinkling pot, care being taken all the while that the
acid does not separate from the water while in the sprinkler and thereby
the effect of it be lost. Even where thus applied it should be well brushed
into all cracks witha broom. After.the floor and sides of the car are thus
treated, it may reasonably be considered free from contagion. If the pur-
ified carbolic acid is used, it should be mixed as strong as one pint of acid
to three gallons of water. Do not trust to covering the floor with lime or
sand, or a mixture of the two. JOHN E. Brown, V.S.,

Assistant State Veterinary Surgeon of Iowa.

INFECTIOUS PNEUMONIA.

This disease appeared at one time in Boone county, affecting
calves, and once in Woodbury county, affecting horses, during
this period. All animals affected with pneumonia should be
isolated as a safeguard, not knowing wuether or not it may be
infectious. :

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 95

The following able article was written by Dr. W. B. Niles,
assistant state veterinarian, and we trust it will prove interest-
ing and beneficial to all who read it:

While this disease is not so frequently observed in this state as in
some others, the subject is of sufficient importance to warrant a brief dis-
cussion of the subject in this report.

For a number of years it has been recognized that pneumonia occurs
as an enzootic among horses kept under certain conditions, and since the
discovery of Shutz, that a small ovoid bacterium is the cause of these out-
breaks the infectious nature of at least one form of pneumonia has been
proven.

The baeterium of Shutz is present in large numbers in the pleural
exudate, inflamed lung tissue, the nasal discharges, and in, toa certain
extent, the expired air. As yet nothing definite is known of the length of
time this organism may retain its vitality outside of the animal body. In
the diseased lung tissue it is supposed that in some cases it remains virulent
for several weeks. The inoculation of small animals with this germ pro-
duces fatal results, and the introduction of a culture of the organism into
the lung tissue of a healthy horse is followed by all the symptoms of con-
tagious pneumonia.

This form of pneumonia is most frequently ‘seen in crowded stables,
sale stables, and other places where a number of animals are kept. It is
more frequent in the city than the country, and frequently attacks young,
vigorous animals. I have personal knowledge of its frequent occurrence
in the sale stables in the south, where it causes much loss among horses
brought in from other states

It is supposed that in badly ventilated stables the infectious agent
may retain its vitality for a long time, and that the sick animal may con-
tinue, for some time after apparent recovery, to be a source of infection.
The respiratory apparatus offers the principal means for the entrance of
the organism into the system. While the inspired air is the usual medium
for conveying the virus into the system, it may no doubt in some cases
enter through the digestive tract. The period of incubation is somewhat
variable, but the first symptoms are supposed to be manifested about
fifteen days after exposure.

Dr. W. L. Williams, in an article on this subject, in Vol. 16, of the
American Veterinary Review, states that he had seen the disease appear as
early as the ninth, and as late as the twentieth, day after exposure. The
symptoms of this form of pneumonia do not differ materially from those
shown with pneumonia due to other causes. It frequently begins witha
chill, followed by a fever, the temperature reaching ahigh point. As the
disease progresses the pulse becomes weak and the appetite almost, if not
entirely, lost. In a majority of cases the inflammation extends to the pleura
when symptoms of pleurisy will be added to those ‘of pneumonia. The
friction sound at first plainly heard gives way as the exudate accumulates
to labored Soames which throughout the disease is of the Docu nat
type.

In many cases a rusty colored discharge issues from the nostrils. In
the paper referred to, Dr. Williams describes the appearance soon after
beginning of the fever of a characteristic ictorous hue of the eye. This

26 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

symptom I have not noted as marked in the cases I have seen. Early
Symptoms of nervous depression appear, the patient becoming much pros-
trated within a short time after the beginning of the attack. In this
respect the disease differs considerably from the common cases of pneu-
monia. The course of the disease varies. In some instances it runs a reg-
ular course tending to recovery in from two to three weeks. In others it
is more severe, and terminates fatally in from five to fifteen days.

In some cases coming under my observation, I have observed the affec-
tion to run a progressive course. A small part of only one lung at first
being involved, the inflammatory process gradually extends, eventually
involving the entire lung and pleura, leading to gangrene and death. In
some cases both lungs participate and become sufficiently involved to cause
death.

The prognosis depends largely upon the surroundings and complications
that occur. In crowded stables and where from other causes the sanitary
conditions are at fault, and when occurring in animals recently brought from
another climate the disease is very apt to progress to a fatal termination.
Complete loss of appetite with great prostration presages death. A rusty
colored discharge from the nose, if very marked, is a bad symptom, and if
followed later by a very odorous one, death usually results The loss
varies much in different outbreaks. In some stables but few animals are
involved and the death rate runs high. A post mortem examination
reveals usually very extensive lesions. The thoracic cavity contains a
large amount of purulent exudate containing clotted fibrin; the lungs show
more or less extensive pneumonia with gangrene of some parts, and col-
lapse of others. Pericarditis and endocarditis may also be present. The
treatment is uncertain. I believe that recovery depends more upon the
care received and the mildness of the attack than upon the administration
of drugs.

The sanitary conditions surrounding the patient should be the best
possible under the circumstances. The stall should be comfortable and
well ventilated, and the food both nutritious and laxative, consisting of
mashes, roots or green food. Except in case the temperature reaches a
high point, the use of antipyretics, quinine, etc., do little good. I have
never observed that the lowering of the temperature by the use of any of
' the above preparations arrested in the least the progress of the disease.

The usval treatment for pneumonia can be in the main carried out here.
Hot fomentations or poultices to the sides no doubt in some eases assist in
recovery. The use of cardiac stimulants must be resorted to easly.
Digitalis has been much used, and caffeine may be given hypodermically to.
overcome the nervous Gepression. The patient must be carefully watched
and complications combatted as they arise. All patients should be under
the care of a skilled veterinarian.

Prophylaxis is of great. importance. When a diagnosis of contagious
pneumonia is made the sick animal should be isolated and the building
disinfected. A complete disinfection of the building together with the
removal of all sick and suspected animals should lessen the number of
cases.
Epizootics of infectious pneumonia in cattle have been studied by a few
observers, and Dr T Smith, in the twelfth and thirteenth annual reports
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, refers to this disease on account of its

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. oF

resemblance to contagious pleuro pneumonia, or what has been called the
lung plague, a disease which does not now exist in this country. In one
outbreak, called by the observer septic-pleuro pneumonia of calves, the
disease was fatalin from fifteen to twenty hours, and only a few recoveries
occurred. A study of the diseased organs, lungs, pleura, etc., revealed the
presence of small ovoid bacteria, The inoculation of healthy calves with
cultures of this germ produced death with lesions of pneumonia. A
- somewhat similar outbreak among calves in Jutland was studied by Dr. O.
Jensen. Ina herd of two hundred animals, sixteen died in from twelve to
twenty-four hours after first symptoms were shown. Lesions of pleuritis
pericarditis and gastro enteritis were found. Bacteria were also associated
with this outbreak. The writer has not personally studied an outbreak
such as described above but has had two or three herds reported with a
history of contagious pneumonia. In some of these herds a number of the
cattle were attacked and the principal lesions described was that of
extensive pneumonia. In the lung tissue sent me from ove of these out-
breaks, I was able to find an organism resembling that described by Shutz
in connection with contagious pneumonia of the horse. Lesions of the
hardened lung tissue, when stained with metheline blue, revealed several
ovoid bacteria scattered throughout the field. From the history of the
outbreak and the appearance of the lung tissue, it would seem that this
germ may have been the causative agent in the production of the disease.

In the two herds reported the disease ran rather a lingering course in
the herd. It extended over a period of several weeks, ending fatally in
most cases. As a result of what I have learned from various sources
concerning pneumonia of calves, Iam lead to believe that a fatal form of
what should be denominated infectious pneumonia of calves, occasionally
occurs in this state. ;

Recognizing infection as the existing cause, our efforts should be directed
towards preventing a spread of disease in the herd. Thesick animals
should be isolated and the premises disinfected, or preferably those
unaffected may be placed in new quarters. The sanitary conditions should
be looked into and made the best possible. Pure and nutritious food will
aid the sick in recovery. The medicinal treatment is the same as for
common pneumonia.

PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS.

Since there is no disease of domestic animals to-day which
has such direct bearing upon human life as tuberculosis, it
consequently should receive our most serious attention; yet as
the cattle breeders and dairymen seem to impugn the motives of
the veterinarian who writes upon the subject and charges him
with executing a scheme to test cattle for pecuniary purposes,
the writer has said but little, in this report, of what might be
referred to at great length of this the worst of all diseases.

98 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

The following article by Dr. J. M. Emmert, president of the
State Board of Health, who cannot have other than a motive to
sustain the best interests of the people, and preserve the health
of those who use milk, the children and the invalid, who sustain
life, almost, by the use of milk.

Every cattle breeder and dairyman should read this article
carefully, and when having finished let him decide if he will be
a party to such daily destruction of human life. When will
you, my reader dairyman, be willing to test your cows in order
to be sure that you are not selling milk carrying tubercle bacilli,
which will be the means of destroying the lives you seek to
nourish, and you, my reader cattle breeder, when will you test
all your bulls and heifers in order to be sure that the ambitious
farmer who pays you from a hundred toa thousand dollars per
head for thoroughbreds to improve his herd, is not being
poisoned by this disease? It is time one and all should unite
the world over in a combined warfare on this universal plague
—tuberculosis. The Jews, asa people, are almost entirely free
from tuberculosis, and the solution to any observer should be
easy. For centuries the Jews have maintained a rigid meat
inspection, and have also made it a fixed custom to sterilize milk
before using, by boiling. Put the customs of these people
together with the fact above stated—that they are almost
entirely free from consumption (tuberculosis), and may we not
learn a valuable lesson? Look at the Swedish movement; on
this, the twenty-fifth anniversary of their ruler, assuming that
the most important matter for their consideration as a nation ~
who are dying the world over with tuberculosis, is the eradica-
tion from their herds of tuberculcsis, they have contributed
throughout Sweden, and even in this country, to a fund for the
stamping out of this disease in their cattle herds, which are
more susceptible than ours on account of being more closely
housed most of the year. Shall we not see the interests of the
public health as readily as other nations and states of our great
union? Hoping the Twenty-seventh General Assembly will see
the necessity of enacting laws for the clearing of our dairy and
breeding herds of this disease and stopping of all dairy and
breeding cattle coming into our state until tested and accom-
panied by certificate of test, I leave the matter by calling your
attention to the paper written by Dr. Emmert, which is full of
information and should benefit all who read it:

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 99

Can tuberculosis be prevented? is one of the most important questions
of the day. Sanitarians, physicians are not alone interested in this ques-
tion, but it is of vital interest to every father and mother, brother and
sister. When we remember that the ‘‘ Great White Plague” is the cause
of every seventh death;-that in the state of lowa nine persons die of tuber-
culosis every day, 3,000 every year; that the United States contribute every
year 150,000, and the world 5,000,000, I say, when these facts confront us,
it is no wonder that the people are asking, what can be done to prevent
this disease? All infectious and contagious diseases are preventable toa
certain extent, and among the list there is none that has received so much
patient scientific study and investigation as that of tuberculosis, and to-day
there is no disease in the infectious and contagious list that we so
thoroughly understand the natural history of the germ causing the
disease, its modes of growth, products of growth, its climatic distribution,
and modes of infection. Notwithstanding the accumulated knowledge
upon the subject and our thorough understanding of the disease, we have
made but little advance toward preventing or stamping out the disease.
Our boasted knowledge of the cause of the disease is but of little use to
humanity if we do not use it in applying preventive measures. The dis-
ease can be prevented to such an extent that many lives may be saved by
obeying certain hygienic and sanitary laws, thereby rendering persons
less susceptible to the disease and removing the cause, which consists in
destroying the pathogenic germs. Hereditary transmission is now looked
upon as very doubtful, if not impossible. But there is inherited a condition
that predisposes the person to the disease, a condition that makes the
system a suitable culture by inviting the disease and making it dangerous
for the person to breathe air but slightly contaminated with the poison,
- and for even a few minutes. This class of persons can do much in
avoiding the disease and live long and healthy lives by giving special atten-
tion to personal hygiene. The most important factor in preventing the dis-
ease in predisposed persons isthat of fresh air and sunlight. God has given
man no better disinfectant and disease distroyer than these two elements.
The person should live in fresh air and sunshine as much as possible. Dr.
Thuadu, of Baltimore, in a paper before the American Climatical associa-
tion, very truthfully says: ‘‘ All means which tend to increase the vitality
of the body’s cells, have been found to be precisely those which are most
effectual in combating tuberculosis; one by one, specific methods of treat-
ment which for a season enjoyed popularity, have fallen into disuse, and
hygienic, climatic, and feeding — in other words a favorable environment,
have alone given results which have stood the test of time. The home
should be high and dry. No damp cellars, no leaky sewer pipes or cess
pools, or manure piles should be tolerated; the sleeping room should be
well ventilated and living rooms the same. All indulgence in alcoholic
liquors, tobacco, over-eating, worry, anxiety, and mental strain should be
avoided. All these lower the vitality, and consequently the personal
existence.

The methods of infection are almost entirely confined to two sources:
from tuberculous animals to man, and from one human being to another.
There are two principal channels by which the germs get into the system
—thelungsandthe stomach. Although direct inoculation by way of denuded
surfaces may and often does take place, as in operation and post-mortem

30 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

wounds, it has been abundantly proven that eating uncooked or partially
cooked tuberculous meat, and drinking milk containing the tuberculous
bacilli, will produce tuberculosis in the human being. To avoid the
danger of infection from meat and milk, there should be a most rigid
system of inspection of all cattle for food and milk supply in each county.
This should apply not only to the larger towns and cities, but to the vil-
lages as well, with supervision over all farm stock. Literature should be
distributed among the dairymen and farmers, instructing them how to
feed and house and care for their cattle to prevent tuberculosis; they should
also be instructed how to use the tuberculin test and how to treat all
suspected animals. In by far the largest number of eases, tuberculosis has
been caused by the disease in some other human being. If we ever suc-
ceed in preventing tuberculosis, it will have to be along the line of per-
sonal and legal control of those already infected. This may not neces-
sarily mean strict quarantine, but it does mean an abridgment of personal
liberties, a medical or legal supervision of action, with entire control of
all excretion from lungs and bowels. Every case of pulmonary tubercu-
losis is a walking culture bed, sowing seed broadcast. He is a wholesale
dealer in his particular line of living germs; he is a living example of the
parable of the sower: ‘‘A sower went forth to sow his seed, and as he
sowed, some fell by the wayside, and others fell under the ground, and it
sprang forth and bore fruit a hundred fold.’”’ Unfortunately for the
human family, many fall on good ground, and keep up the fearful mortal-
ity stated in the beginning of this paper. There is no longer any doubtas
to the correctness of Koch’s theory. The germ has been isolated and
- injected into animals, producing the disease, demonstrating that the
bacillus is the cause of the disease. But of as much if not more
interest to us is the fact that the sputa of a pulmonary tuberculous patient
is loaded with these germs, and that this sputa fed to animals, or injected
into them, will produce the disease. It has also been proven by scientific
investigation and demonstrated that these germs will maintain their vital-
ity for months in a dry state, floating in the air, to be carried into the
lungs of the unsuspected victim. Some authors go so far as to say that 90
per cent of cases are produced by inhaled germs, thrown. off in the sputa
of an infected person. If these statements are true, and I believe they
are, how necessary it is to prevent the spitting by tuberculous persons
upon the streets, in stores, hotels, depots, railway cars, in fact, anywhere
and everywhere except a receiving vessel containing a strong antiseptic,
or in cloths or other material that can be burned at once. The promis-
cuous spitting of tuberculous matter is not only spreading the disease
throughout the inhabited globe, but is making a pest-house out of some of
the most healthy parts of the country, but unfortunately used for health
resorts for these patients. The Denver Medical Timessays: ‘‘It wassome
time ago intimated in an eastern paper that the streets and walks of Denver
were covered with the sputa of consumptives. The statement was not far
from the truth. Unless very rigid measures for the prevention of con-
sumption in Colorado are adopted and put into force, Colorado will become
a pest hole.”

The Pacific Medical Journal, recognizing the danger, insists upon strin.
gent measures being adopted to stop expectoration upon and about public

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 31

places. The inhabitants of Los Angeles have become aroused to the dan-
ger of indiscriminate mingling of consumptives with healthy persons, and
the board of health of that city has passed an ordinance against expecto-
rating upon the streets and in public places. San Francisco has passed the
same kind of an ordinance which, so far, has been impracticable. While
the people are not ready to indorse and give their moral enforcement to
the important street quarantine law, a law can be drawn so as to have the
endorsement of the best people in every community. Such a law should
require placarding the premises to warn the predisposed from entering, to
require the sputa to be received in cloths and upon paper and immediately
burned. The first law of nature, self-preservation, would demand at least
this much. The patient should not be allowed to attend large gatherings,
especially in large rooms containing children. They should be allowed to
travel the streets, walks and road-ways only when they carry receiving
vessels for the sputa, and a fine should be attached for expectorating,
except in this vessel, while absent from the house. The eminent sanita-
rian, Henry B. Baker, secretary of the Michigan state board of health,
advises small pieces of cloth, each large enough to receive one sputum, and
parafined paper envelopes or wrappers in which the cloth as soon as once
used may be put and securely enclosed, and with its envelope burned at
the first opportunity. Dr. George Casmet of the Berlin hygienic institute,
with the dust from the walls of rooms inhabited .by tuberculous persons,
and not contaminated directly with the sputum, has, upon the same being
mixed with sterilized bouillon, and then injected into the peritoneal cavity
of guinea pigs, produced tuberculosis. Twenty-one hospital wards were
examined in the same way, and the dust from fifteen of them produced
tuberculosis. This admonishes us that thorough disinfection in all build-
ings, rooms and wards where persons have died of tuberculosis should be
had, and that all sick rooms should be ventilated as thoroughly and as
often as possible, as well as occasionally washing down of the walls with
a disinfectant, and then whitewashed, which also should contain some dis-
infectant not injurious when inhaled.

There is another sower that has attracted some attention and will
more in the future; that is the railway coach, and especially the elegant
Pullman cars; they are veritable ‘‘ whited sepulchers” which indeed appear
beautiful outwardly, but within are full of dead men’s bones, and of all
uncleanness. With allits magnificent settings, rich tapestries, and beauti-
ful velvet curtains, it is a modern death-trap of the worst kind. Think of
being closed up in a room forty feet long, and ten feet wide containing
probably forty persons, among them two or three consumptives, without
any ventilation, except when the doors are opened and then only fora
moment; filled with hangings and velvet covered seats, that had accommo-

dated probably a hundred tuberculous and other diseased persons, with
ouly an oceasional dusting which only brought out the germs that had
hidden in the dead recesses of the velvet folds, ashamed to look a poor
mortal in the eye because he had no chance for his life. But this will be
corrected in the future. The votaries of sanitary science, and those who
love their fellow-men, like Abou Ben Adam, will rise up and demand that
a sanitary car be built that will reduce the dangers of disease to a mini-
mum. The law should demand that every trunk-line running through
trains should carry a hospital car, not only for the protection of the well,

32 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

but for the comfort of the sick. The closets upon the cars should be so
arranged that the dejecta could be received into a strong disinfectant
before being thrown to the ground. It has been proven that these dejecta,
both urine and fecal matter, contain millions of germs, and these germs
are now being dropped all over this country, to be dried and scattered to
the four winds of Heaven. Ihave in a very brief and disconnected manner
pointed out a few of the important measures for arresting tuberculosis,
and firmly believe that if they, as well as others, could be enacted into laws,
the mortality from tuberculosis in the future would decline in a direct
ratio to the enforcement of said laws.

THE LAWS CONCERNING THE VETERINARY
DISEASES.

CHAPTER 14.

OF STATH VETERINARY SURGEON.

SECTION 2529. Appointment —qualification. Thestate veterinary surgeon
shall be appointed by the governor, subject to removal by him for cause,
who shall hold office for three years. He shall be a graduate of some reg-
ularly established veterinary college, skilled in that science, and shall be
by virtue of his office a member of the state board of health. (20 G. A., ch.
189, 3 1.)

SEC. 2530. Powers—regulations. He shall have supervision of all con-
tagious and infectious diseases among domestic animals in, or being driven
or transported through the state, and is empowered to establish quarantine
against animals thus diseased, or that have been exposed to others thus
diseased, whether within or without the state, and, with concurrence of
the state board of health, may make such rules and regulations as he may
regard necessary for the prevention and suppression, and against the
spread of said disease or diseases, which rules and regulations, the execu-
tive council concurring, shall be published and enforced, and in the per-
formance of his duties he may eall for the assistance of any peace officer.
(Same, 2 2 )

Suc. 2531. Penalty for interfering with. Any person who wilfully hin-
ders, obstructs or resists said veterinary surgeon, his assistants, or any
peace officer acting under him or them, when engaged in the duties or
exercising the powers herein conferred, or violates any quarantine estab-
lished by him or them, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. (Same, 2 3 )

Src. 2532. Report. Said surgeon shall biennially make a full and
detailed report of his doings since his last report to the governor, including
his compensation and expenses, which report shall not exceed 150 pages of
printed matter, (22G. A., ch. 82, 3 39; 20G. A., ch. 189, ¢ 4.)

Sec. 2533. Duties—deputies. Whenever a majority of any board of
supervisors or township trustees, or any city or town council, whether in

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 33

session or not, shall in writing notify the governor of the prevalence of,
or probable danger from, any of said diseases, he shall notify the veterinary
surgeon, who shall at once repair to the place designated in said notice and
take such action as the exigencies may demand, and the governor may, in
ease of emergency, appoint a substitute or assistants with like qualifica-
tions, and with equal powers and compensation. (20G. A., ch. 189, ¢ 5.)

SEC. 2534. Destruction of stock—compensation—appeal. Whenever. in the
opinion of the state veterinary surgeon the publie safety demands the
destruction of any stock, the same may be destroyed upon the written
order of such surgeon, with the consent of the owner, or upon approval of
the governor, and by virtue of such order such surgeon, his deputy or
assistant, or any peace officer, may destroy such diseased stock, and the
owner thereof shall be entitled to receive its actual value in its condition
when condemned, to be ascertained and fixed by the state veterinary
surgeon and the nearest justice of the peace, who, if unable to agree, shall
call upon the nearest or other justice of the peace upon whom they agree
as umpire, and their judgment shall be final when the value of the stock,
if not diseased, would not exceed twenty-five dollars; but in all other cases
either party shall have the right of appeal to the district court, but such |
appeal shall not delay the destruction of the diseased animals. The
veterinary surgeon shall at once file with the governor his written report
thereof, who shali, if found correct, indorse his finding thereon, whereupon
the auditor of state shall issue his warrant therefor upon the treasurer of
state, who shall pay the same out of any moneys at his disposal under the
provisions of this act, but no compensation shall be allowed for stock
destroyed while in transit through or across the state, and the word
‘stock ” as herein used, shall be held to mean cattle, horses, mules and
asses. (Same, @ 6)

A certificate given by a deputy veterinary surgeon to the owner of a
horse showing him to be affected with glanders, held not admissible as
evidence that he was so affected at the time of his purchase, more than a
year previous to the giving of such certificate. Welch v. Norton, 73-721.

SEC. 2535. Co-operation with United States. The governor, with the
veterinary surgeon, may co-operate with the government of the United
States for the objects of this chapter, and the governor may accept and
receipt for any moneys receivable by the state under the provisions of any
act of congress which may at any time be in force upon this subject, and
pay the same into the state treasury to be used according to the act of
congress and the provisions of this chapter as nearly as may be. (Same, 2 7.)

SEC. 2536. Appropriation. There is annually appropriated out of any
moneys, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of three thousand dollars, or
so much thereof as may be necessary, for the uses and purposes herein set
forth. (Same, 2 8.)

SEC. 2537. Compensation of wssistants. Any person, except the veterinary
surgeon, called upon under the provisions of this chapter, shall be allowed
and receive two dollars per day while actually employed. (Same, 2 9.)

SEc. 2536. Compensation of veterinary surgeon. When engaged in the
discharge of his duties, the veterinary surgeon shall receive the sum of
five dollars per day and his actual expenses, the claim therefor to be

temized, verified, accompanied with written vouchers, and filed witb the
state auditor, who shall allow the same and draw his warrant upon the
treasurer therefor. (Same, ? 1.)

34 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

The follo wing rules and regulations were adopted by the
State Board of Health during this period:

DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Doctor Gibson, of the Committee on Diseases of Domestic
Animals, presented the following report, which was adopted:

Mr. PRESIDENT—Your committee recommend the following:

That all the laws pertaining to the prevention and restriction of con-
tagious diseases of domestic animals be printed in pamphlet form, which
shall include:

First —The laws PEG to the shipment of :southern cattle into or
through this state.

Second. —The laws relative to the dealing in or shipment of diseased
hogs within the state.

Third —The laws relative to glanders pee the disposition to be made of
animals thus affected

Fourth.—That a ruling of the board be made relative to the disposition
of piggy sows rejected by the United States inspectors at the various stock
yards within the state.

Fifth.—That the board, directed by the attorney-general, prepare legal
quarantine blanks to be usec by the state veterinary surgeon and his assist-
ants whenever such quarantine is indicated, in order to prevent the spread
of contagious diseases among domestic animals or the transmission of such
diseases to the human family.

Sixth.—That the pamphlet contain all of chapter one hundred and
eighty-nine of the laws of 1884, __

Seventh.—That as there is no evidence of the existence of glanders at
Van Meter the matter be passed over.

Highth.—That the pamphlet contain the laws relative to rabies, and the
fact that no damage can be collected from the state or county for the ani-

mals lost by said disease.
(Signed) J. I, GIBSON,

WALTON BANCROFT,
EK. H. CARTER.

INSPECTION OF HOGS.

Dr. Gibson presented the following recommendation, which
was referred to the committee:

All hogs presented for the Iowa state fair and Sioux City fair shall be
subject to examination by the state veterinary surgeon before entering the
fair grounds, and to daily inspection during the exhibition. Should any
animal be found diseased with hog cholera or swine plague, it must be
immediately removed to a place of quarantine. The show-pens must be
cleansed and disinfected under the supervision of the state veterinary sur-
geon before and during the fair.

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON. 35

VIVISECTION.

The committee to whom was referred the communication of
Dr. Walter Wyman, surgeon-general U.S. A., and a copy of a
bill before congress relating to the practice of vivisection in the
laboratories of the Bureau of Animal Industry, submitted the
following report, which was adopted:

Your committee having under consideration the proposed legislation by
the United States congress, restricting very materially in the District of
Columbia the experiments upon animals by the Bureau of Animal Industry
on the ground that vivisection, as practiced, is a needless cruelty to ani-
mals, beg leave to submit the following report: Inasmuch as your com-
mittee believe it necessary to continue all lines of scientific investigation
and do not believe the scientists engayed in such experiments are guilty of
unnecessary cruelty to the animals experimented upon, but are, instead,
benefactors not only to the animal kingdom but to humanity as well,
therefore we report in favor of humanity and vivisection, and reeommend
that this board instruct its secretary to inform the chairman of the senate
committee that the state board of health of lowa‘is emphatically opposed to
the pending bill (Senate bill 1552), and entirely in favor of vivisection as

carried on at present.
(Signed) J. I. GIBSON,

EK. A. GUILBERT,
R. E. CONNIFF.

HOG CHOLERA.

The Committee on Infectious Diseases of Animals submitted
the following, which was adopted:

WHEREAS, The legislature, at the request of his excellency, Francis
M. Drake, governor of Iowa, has recently passed a bill requiring state and
county officials to co-operate with the department of agriculture at Wash-
ington, D. C., in the experiment of the federal government toe control and
stamp out hog cholera, be it

Resolwed, That we, the members of the Iowa State Board of Health,
are in sympathy with the movement, and ask the local boards to join in
co-operating with the department of agriculture in this special attack

36 FIRST BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

upon the fell destroyer of our swine industry; and that we recognize and
appreciate the deep interest shown in this movement by the Hon. James
Wilson, in the financial welfare of our swine breeders and feeders.
(Signed) J. I. GIBson,
R. E. ConnirrF,
E. A. GuILBERT.

From pamphlet ‘Regulations for the Prevention and
Restriction of Contagious Diseases among Domestic Animals”
issued by the State Board of Health and executive council of
the state of Iowa:

So-called ‘‘piggy” or pregnant sows and rejected cattle found in rail
way or packing house stock yards must not be sold nor delivered to
farmers, but held subject to such quarantine as may be deemed necessary
to prevent the communication of any contagious disease.

(Signed) J. I. Gipson,

State Veterinary Surgeon
May 20, 1896.

Ruue#e 10. In suspected cases of glanders and farcy, when the symptoms do not
warrant the state veterinarian in condemning the animal, the Mallein test shall be
recognized as a valuable diagnostic.

RULE 11. In suspected cases of bovine tuberculosis the tuberculin test shall be
recognized as a valuable diagnostic.

Statement of per diem and expenses of state veterinary
surgeon and assistant, from April 27, 1895, to June 30, 1897:

aod
RO
NAME. : s E PER DIEM. | EXPENSE. TOTAL

iF 2
IVIESES Gan OIA Ere Ned cyetascctee levateiisiersca(t de aeteaue sate 5. |) ne $ 865.00 $ 482.09 $ 1,347.09
MoOMMPMCGBUTIMC y 2 Ah Gees seis cleo oak Saco lon Sores oe 53 265 00 289 82 554.82
ORME S VOLES dette tec tee cts ciaiaree lovee vdoaborn one ere cierens 21 105.00 100.66 205.66
CeO U5 alone rg kb aoasas pose oonponcagongad 9 45 00 43 78 88.78
NS a MIG WAS Gara os ee hei sey apt latein: Se, hitasahe aay ei uear 10 50.00 32.69 82.69
ERGATTRVAS DUE. S oso -krisqs Sarde lee o's, -'ars.sse acktioke ve fet Ales 40 00 15.10 55.10
feet) a hel <Otralees(3) egies ee Se ta ay NRO 14 70.00 46.60 116.60
IWS PINGING Seis ates ns © atresia Woot pr Seereiae ire: EPO 120.00 88.79 208.79
GACT OlMTSO MME save sian Geistesiec eles cia eisis eles 41 205.00 118 63 323.63
SME VOhMSOM. iiac scecis saeco ace is combine aces 9 45 00 26.60 71.60
iO MST E OKO Goes aa eats scottarsrot ote aseerepentecs soa 4 20.00 10.61 30.61
POPU OUOH a ias ke cic iene icine teretbiese las Sic meee ets 3 15.00 9.70 24.70
MN jop Gu ita Tel eae es sake Saye, crenata nies etefeae oie sisi 20 100.00 27.08 127.08
RV aehvenGl aa ON Oe arene nye Heo me. eis ae net: 8 40.00 16.90 56.90
OMOEA EO Wiad) re severance oreo eae mena 20 100.00 69.31 169 31
TRAGER Clave waite a cteee tin Sancta srs emiaoaere ne»: 3 15 00 7.00 22.00
TEVAG SB OW0 AU eR Re Mie yee AT A SVE ae 1 5 00 10.14 15.14
A eel LAN Coll GX oir any Bains ies ReMi: con eR 307 1,535.00 1,461.63 2,996.63
MOT WIP RAN ersten en ant hae Pah cic ich aN rae 728 $ 3,640.00 € 2,857.18 8 6,497.18
TN: Geddes (G2iper Gay) a. a-a0<cein olo ce aces 5 MOKOOK I, eieresidtehos oes 10 00
Joshua Miller ($2 per day)...............000 35 OOO es |edit: cae stains 70.00
Grand ovale sole Been Ih Mores $ 3,720 00 $ 2,857.13 $ 6,577.13

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