Second Biennial Report

OB" THEJ

Montana State Board

HORTICULTURE

I9OI-I902

Independent Publishing Co., Official State Printers and Binders
Helena, Montana

3 0864 1006 5225 7

Second Biennial Report

of the

nONTANA STATE BOARD OF

Horticulture

to the

Legislative Assembly

of the

STATE OF MONTANA

For the years

1901=1902

Independent Publishing- Company, Official State Printers and Binders
Helena, Montana

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.
Olney Taylor, First District, Park City-
E. N. Brandegee, President, Second District, Helena.
C. H. Campbell, Third District, Great Falls.
C. M. Allen, Fourth District, Lo Lo.
J. H. Edwards, Fifth District, Kalispeil.
Hon. Joseph K. Toole, Ex-officio Member, Helena.
Charles H. Edwards, Secretary, Butte-

INSPECTORS-
E N. Brandegee, Inspect or-at-Large for the state, Helena.
I. D. O'Donnell, First District, Billings.
H. C. Gardiner, Second District, Bozeman.
A. S. Johnson, Second District, Dillon.
Chas- H. Edwards, Second Disrtict, Butte, and Anaconda.
E. N. Brandegee, Second District, Helena.
C. E. Hubbard, Third District, Great Falls.
W. D. Luther, Third District, Glasgow.
Henry O. Wilson, Third District, Chinook.
W. B. Harlan, Fourth District, Como.
E. M. Tucker, Fourth District, Missoula.
O. A. Parsons, Fifth District, Ka'lispell.
O. C. Estey, Fifth District, Big Fork.

LETTER OF TRANSMlITTML.

Office of State Board of Horticulture.

Butte, Miont., January i, 1902.

TO HIS EXCELLENCY,

JOSEPH K. TOOLE,

GOVERNOiR OF MONTANA.
In accordance with law we have the honor to submit the Second
Biennial Report, Volume II, of the Montana State Board of Hor-
ticulture for the years 1901 and 1902-

E. N. B'RANDEGEE,
C. H. EDWARDS, President.
Secretary.

Digitized by

the Internet Archive

in 2013

http://archive.org/details/biennialreportof1901mont_0

Report of the Montana State Board of Horticulture.

TO HTS EXCELLENCY,

JOSEPH K. TOOLE,

GOVERNOR OE MiO'NTANA.
To the Governor and Legislative Assembly of the State of Mbn-
tana :

In compliance with the provisions oi law, I have the honor to
submit for your inspection the following report of tlie work of the
State Board of Horticulture and its officers and appointees for the
years 1901 and 1902:

Since the publication of the First Biennial Report there has
been five meetings of the board; three in Helena, one in Kalispell
and one in Missoula.

The meeting held in Helena on January 24, 1901, w^as important
inasmuch as it was at that session the rules and the laiw were
amended. Upon motion and adoption by the board I was dele-
gated to prepare the changes in the law in conformity with what
had been accepted and passed upon by the board and to see that
the same were presented to the legislature.

Mr. C. H- Campbell and myself were appointed a committee to
see Mr. Stanton, of Great Falls, and have prepared a bill to be
introduced in the legislature, the essence of which was tO' comp^el
all nurseries doing business in the state to furnish bond and to
provide license. An outline of such a bill was furnished your
committee by Mr. Emery and the same was presented to Mr.
Stanton, and it was his opinion that it would be best not tO' submit
the same at that time. Your committee then consulted with the
Governor and it was decided to drop the matter.

The law as amended and as it was presented to the Legislature
and passed is as follows:

6

SECOND BIENNIAiL REPORT OF THE

An Act

TO CREATE THE MlONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTI-
CULTURE, TO PRESCRIBE ITS POWERS AND DUTIES
AND TO APPROPRIATE MONEY THIEREFOR.

Be it Enacted by the Leg'islative Assembly of the State of Mon-
tana:

Section i. There is hereby created a State Board of Horticul-
ture, to consist of six (6) members, five of whom shall be appointed
by the Governor, one from each of the horticultural districts that
are hereby created, and the State Executive who shall 'be an ex-
officio member of the board. No person shall, however, be ap-
pointed on said board, or employed by them, who shall be con-
nected in any way with any nursery, or who shall be engaged in
the sale or handling for profit of any nursery product.

Sec. 2. The State shall be divided into the following horti-
cultural districts: The first district shall comprise the counties
of Dawson, Custer, Yellowstone, Sweet Grass, Carbon and Park;
the second district shall comprise the counties of Gallatin, Mlad-
ison, Jefferson, Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Lewis and Clarke,
Meagher and Broadwater; the third district shall comprise the
counties of Cascade, Fergus, Valley, Choteau and Teton; the
fourth district shall comprise the counties of Missoula, Ravalli,
Granite and Deer Lodge; the fifth district shall comprise the
county of Flathead.

Sec. 3. The members shall reside in the district for which they
are appointed. They shall be selected with reference to their
study of and practical experience in horticulture and the indus-
tries dependent thereon. They shall hold office for a term of four
years and until their successors are appointed and qualified, pro-
vided, hov/ever, that two of the board first appointed^ — to 'be de-
termined by lot — shall retire at the expiration of two years. All
vacancies in the board shall be filled by appointment of the Gov-
ernor and shall be for the unexpired term.

Sec. 4. The Board is authorized to employ a secretary and pre-
scribe his duties, who shall hold his appointment at the pleasure
of the board. Before entering upon the discharge of his duties,
each member and employe of the Board shall take and subscribe
to the oath of office, which said oath shall be filed with the Secre-
tary of State.

Sec. 5. The Board may call together and hold, in conjunction
with horticultural societies, public meetings of those interested in
horticulture and kindred pursuits, and may publish and distribute

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

7

such proceedings and discussions as in its judgment may seem
proper, provided the sum so expended shall not exceed the sum
of $300 per annum.

The Board shall meet on the third Monday of February and
September of each year and as much oftener as it may deem ex-
pedient.

Sec. 6. The office of the board shall be located at such place as
the majority thereof may determine, and shall be in charge of the
secretary during the absence of the board.

Sec. 7. For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious
diseases among fruit and fruit trees, and for the prevention, treat-
ment, cure and extirpation of fruit pests and the diseases of fruits,
archard debris, empty fruit boxes or packages and other suspect-
ed material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards,
fruits and fruit trees, said board may prescribe regulations for the
inspection and disinfection thereof, which regulations shall be cir-
culated in printed form, by the board, among the fruit growers
and fruit dealers of the state, and shall be published at least ten
days in two horticultural papers of general circulation in the state,
and shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each conuty of
the state, one of which shall be at the county court house thereof.

(See amended section.)

Sec. 8. The said board shall elect from their own number or ap-
point from without their number, to hold office at the pleasure of
the board, one competent person in each district, to be known and
to act as "Inspector of Fruit Pests." Said inspectors shall be
selected with reference to their study and practical experience in
horticulture. It shall be the duty of said inspectors tO' visit the
nurseries, orchards, stores, packing houses, warehouses and other
places where horticultural products and fruits are kept and han-
dled within their respective districts and to^ see that the regulations
of the state board of horticulture to prevent the spread of fruit
pests and diseasse of trees and plants, and the disinfection of fruit
trees, plants, grafts, scions, orchard debris and empty fruit boxes
and other material shall be fully carried out and complied
with. Said inspectors shall have free access, at all times, to all
the premises Vv^here any trees, plants, fruits or hortcultural pro-
ducts or supplies are kept or handled and shall have full power to
enforce the rules and regulations of the State Horticultural Board,
and to order the destruction or disinfection of any or all trees,
plants, fruits or horticultural products or supplies found to be in-

8 SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

fected with any disease, as prescribed or designated by said board.
(See amended section.)

Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of every person or persons, cor-
poraton or corporations, who shall sell or deliver to any person
or persons, corporation or corporations, any trees, plants, vines,
scions or grafts, to notify the inspector of said district wherein
snch trees, plants, vines, etc., etc., are to be delivered at least five
days before said goods are to be delivered, giving the date and
nursery or railroad station where said trees, plants, scions, etc.,
etc-, are to be delivered, together with the name of the party or
parties who are to receive the same. It shall be the duty of the in-
spector receiving said notice to inspect the said trees, plants, grafts,
scions, etc., etc., as soon thereafter as practicable, and at the point
where the same are to be delivered, and if the same be found free
from any and all diseases or pests, as designated by said State
Board of Horticulture, he shall so certify and shall attach such
certficate to each lot or bill of such trees, plants, scions, grafts, etc.,
etc., which said certificate must contain a list of said trees, grafts,
scions, plants or vines so inspected. But if any of the trees, grafts,
scions, vines or plants sO' infected shall be found to be diseased
or infested with any of the pests as prescribed by said board, then
the inspector shall order the destruction of such trees, grafts,
scions, vines, etc., etc-, so diseased or infested, together with all
boxes, wrapping or packing pertaining thereto. (See amended
section.)

Sec. 10. If any person or persons in charge or control of any
nusrery, orchard, storeroom, packing house or other place where
horticultural products or supplies are handled or kept, shall fail or
refuse to comply with the rules and regulations of the said State
Board of Horticulture, or shall fail or refuse to disinfect or de-
stroy any diseased or infected trees, plants, vines, scions, grafts,
shrubs or other horticultural supplies or products, when ordered
so to do, by the inspector of such district, he shall be deemed
guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be fined
m any sum not less than $25 nor more than $300.

Sec, II. It shall be the duty of every owner or manager of
every orchard, nursery, storeroom, packing house or other place
where horticultural products or supplies are kept or handled, which
shall become diseased or infected with any injurious insect or pest,
to immediately, upon discovery of the existence of such disease or
pest, to notify the inspector of said district of the existence of the
same, it shall be the duty of such owner or manager at his own

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 9

proper expense to comply with and carry out all the instructions of
said inspector tor the eradication of said disease or pests. Any
person who shall fail or refuse to comply with the instructions of
said inspector for the eradication of any disease or pest, shall be
deemed guilty oi a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall
be fined in any sum not less than $25 nor more than $300.

Sec- 12. If any person or persons, corporation or corporations
shall fail or refuse to forthwith comply with the instructions of said
inspector, for the eradication of any disease or pest, said inspec-
tor shall proceed forthwith to eradicate such disease or pest and
the expense of the same shall become a charge and a lien upon
the property of such owner.

Sec. 13. Every person who, for himself or as agent for any
other person or persons, corporation or corporations, transporting
company or common carrier, shall deliver or turn over to any
person or persons, corporation or corporations, any trees, vines,
shrubs, nurseiy stock, scions, grafts, without first having attached
the inspector's certificate, as provided in Section 9 of this Act,
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction
thereof shall be fined in a sum not less than $25 nor more than
$300.

Sec. 14. No person or persons, corporation or corporations/
shall be liable to any other person or persons, corporation or cor-
porations for any damage to any trees, vines or shrubs, nursery
stock, scions or grafts by reason of the same being held to await
the certificate of the inspector, as provided in Section 9 of this
Act.

Sec, 15. The inspectors of fruit pests appointed or elected by
said board shall receive as compensation for their services the sum
of $5-00 (five dollars) per day for the time actually employed; pro-
vided, however, t!;at no inspector shall receive more than three
hundred dollars in any one year when acting as such inspector of
fruit pests. The members of said board shall receive no compen-
sation for their services except actual expenses paid out. The sec-
retary of said board shall receive the sum of $1,000 per annum for
his services.

Sec- 16= AW bills for expenditures, under this Act, shall be
audited and passed upon by said Board of Horticulture, and if
found legal and just, shall be allowed, subject to the approval of
the State Board of Examiners, and a warrant shall be drawn there-
for upon the Auditor of the State of Montana who shall draw his
warrant upon the State Treasurer therefor.

10

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Sec. 17. It shall be the duty of the secretary to attend all meet-
ings of the board and procure records of the proceedings and cor-
rcspc ndence, to collect bool^s. pamphlets, periodicals and other
documents v'ontaining valuable information relating to horticul-
ture, and to preserve the same; to collect statistics and other infor-
matic'i showing the actual condition and progress of horticulture
in this state and elsewhere; to correspond wth agricultural and
hoi ticultural societies, colleges and schools of agriculture and hor-
ticulture and other persons and bodies as may be directed by the
board, and prepare, as required by the board, reports for publica-
tion: he shall also act as assistant to and obey the directions of the
inspectors of fruit pests, under the direction of the board.

Sec. 18. The board shall biennially, in the month of January,
report to the legislature a statement of its doings and aibstracts of
the repoits of the inspectors of fruit pests and of the secretary.

Sec. 19. There is hereby appropriated for the use of the State
Board of Hoi ticulture, as set forth in this Act, out of the moneys
in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of three
thousand ($3,000) dollars, or as much thereof as may be necessary
for the year commencing March i, 1899, three thousand six hun-
dre 1 ($3,6oo) dollars^ or as m.uch thereof as may be necessary for
the year commencing Mlarch i, 1900. (See amended section.)

Sec. 20. All sums of moneys collected as fines for violations
of any of the provisions of this Act shall be turned into the state
treasury for use in defraying the expenses of the board hereby
created, and the appropriations hereby made shall be paid out of
the fund to the extent of the money therein contained.

A BILL FOR

An Act Entitled, "An Act to Amend Sections 7, 8, 9 and 19 of an
Act to Create the Montana State Board of Horticulture, to Pre-
scribe its Powers and Duties and to Appropriate Mtoney There-
for."

Bo it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Mon-
tana :

'J1iat section 7 of an "Act to create the Mbntana State Board
of Hortictilture. to prescribe its powers and duties, and to appro-
priate money therefor," as enacted by the Sixth Legislative As-
sembly of the State of Montana, be amendted to read as follows:

Section 7. For the purpose of preventing the spread of con-
tagious diseases among fruit and fruit trees and for the prevention,
treatment, cure and extirpation of fruit pests and diseases of fruit
and fruit treos, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions and or-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

11

chard debris, empty fruit boxes or packages and other sus-
pected material or transportable articles dangerous to orchards,
fruit and fruit trees, said board may prescribe regulation for the
inspection, disinfection or destruction thereof, which regulation
shall be circulated in printed form by the board among the fruit
growers and fruit dealers of the state and shall be published at
least ten days in two horticlutural papers of general circulation in
the state, and shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each
county in the state, one of which shall be at the County Court
House thereof.

That section 8 of said Act be amended so as to read as follows:

Section 8. The said board shall elect from their own number
or appoint from without their number, to hold office at the pleas-
ure of the board, one competent person in each district to be
known and act as ''Inspector of Fruit Pests. Said inspectors
shall be selected with reference to their study and practical ex-
perience in horticulture. It shall be the duty of said inspectors to
visit the nurseries, orchards, stores, packing houses, warehouses
and other places where horticultural products and fruits are kept
and handled within their respective districts, and to see that the
regulations of th.e State Board of Horticulture to prevent the
spread of fruit pests and diseases of trees and plants, and the" dis-
infection of fruits, trees, plants, grafts, scions, orchard debris and
empty fruit boxes and other material shall be fully carried out and
complied with. Said inspectors shall have free access, at all times,
to all premises where any trees, plants, fruits or horticultural pro-
ducts or supplies are kept or handled, and shall have full power to
enforce the rules and regulations of the State Horticultural Board,
and to order the destruction and disinfection of any or all trees,
plants, fruits or horticultural products or supplies found to be in-
fected with any disease as prescribed or designated by said board.

The said board may appoint one or more, as necessar}', com-
petent persons to be known as "Special Fruit Inspectors" whose
general power ar^d duties shall be the same as those prescribed in
this section to govern "Inspectors of Fruit Pests," and whose es-
pecial duty shall be the inspection of fruits offered for sale in the
state of Montana.

Such special fruit inspector shall receive such sum per day as
the said Board of Horticulture may agree upon, provided such
sum shall in no case exceed the sum of five dollars per day for the
time actually employed, and further provided that such compensa-

12

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

tion shall not exceed the amounts charged and collected as fees
for such inspection.

That section nine of said act be amended so as to read as fol-
lows:

Section 9. It shall be the duty O'f every person or persons, cor-
poration or corporations, who shall sell or deliver to any person or
persons, corporation pr corporations, any trees, plants, vines,
scions or grafts, to notify the inspector of said district wherein
such trees, plants, vines, etc., etc-, are to be delivered, at least five
days before said goods are to be delivered, giving the date and
nursery or railroad station where said trees, plants, scions, etc.,
etc., are tO' be delivered, together with the name of the party or
parties who are to receive the same. It shall be the duty of the
inspector receiving said notice to inspect the said trees, plants,
grafts, scions, etc., etc., as soon thereafter as practicable and at
the point where the same are to be delivered, and if the same be
found free from any and all diseases or pests, as designated by
said State Board of Horticulture, he shall so certify and shall at-
tach such certificate to each lot or bill of such trees, grafts, plants,
scions, etc., which said certificate must contain a list of the said
trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants so inspected. But if any of
the trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants so inspected shall be found
to be diseased or infested with any of the pests, as prescribed by
said board, then the inspector shall order the disinfection or de-
struction of such trees, grafts, scions, vines, etc., etc., so diseased
or infected, together with all boxes, wrapping or packing pertain-
ing thereto, provided, that the State Board of Horticulture shall
have power to designate certain places as quarantine stations,
where all nursery stock brought into the state shall be inspected
and disinfected. The state board of horticulture shall charge and
collect from each nursery inspected the sum of ten dollars, and a
proportionate sum for less than car lots, but in no instance less
than two dollars for each separate inspection or disinfection. For
the inspection of fruits a fee of two cents per bocjt or package with
a maximum fee of five dollars for each separate lot or car shall be
charged and collected. The inspectors shall collect such fees and
shall not give certificates of inspection until the fees are paid.

That section nineteen of said act be amended so as tO' read as
follows :

There is hereby appropriated for the use of the State Board of
Horticulture, as set forth in this act, out of the moneys in the state
treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of twenty-five hun-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 13

dred dollars, or so miich thereof as may be necessary for the year
commencing March i, 1901- Three thousand dollars, or as much
thereof as may he necessary, for the year commencing- March i,
1902, said appropriation of money to be payable out of the
revenues of the state of Miontana for the year 1902.

Section 20. All Acts and parts of acts in conflict herewith are
hereby repealed.

The next meeting of the board was held in Kalispell and was
a very brief one. During the meeting of the horticultural society
in that city it was thought best to hold the board meeting, but as
some of the members failed to appear the business set for the
meeting was postponed to the meeting held in Helena.

On April 8, 1901, the board met in Helena. There were pres-
ent, Governor Toole, Olney Taylor, C. H. Campbell, S. M. Emery,
J. H. Ewards and S. Dinsmore.

The chief work of this meeting was the changing of the rules to
conform to the new law- This was the subject of the morning and
afternoon meetings. The following are the rules and regulations
as amended:

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

Under the law, the term nursery stock is construed to mean
and include fruit, shade and ornamental trees (deciduous or ever-
green), shrubs, plants, roots, bulbs, buds, scions, cuttings or other
portions of plants, shrubs, or trees designed to be replanted in
Montana for home or commercial use.

For the purpose of preventing the importation and spread of
contagious diseases among fruits, fruit trees and nursery stock,
and for the treatment, cure and extirpation of fruit pests, the Mon-
tana State Board of Horticulture established (in accordance with
an act to create the Montana State Board of Horticulture, to pre-
scribe its powers and duties, approved February, 1899), the fol-
lowing rules and regulations and ask the earnest co-operation- of
all fruit growers, dealers and all persons interested in maintain-
ing the present high grade of Mbntana fruit, in carrying out the
important work.

Rule I. All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings
grown or growing within the state of Montana, used for filling
orders, shall be inspected by a duly appointed inspector and shall
be disinfected by fumxigating or other method, when in his judg-
ment such is necessary. After such inspection, if it be found that

14 , SECOND BIENNIAiL REPORT OF THE

said nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings are clean and
free from insects and fungi pests, he shall issue his' certificate to
said nurseryman and said certificate shall entitle him to use said
stock, so inspected ajnd disinfected, for filling nursery orders for
the next current delivery.

Rule 2. It shall be the duty of the inspector after receiving
notice of the arrival of any nursery stock to immediately have the
same inspected or fumigated and he shall, if he finds after inspec-
tion said nursery stock free from any and all diseases, place his
certificate upon each and every package, showing that the said
nursery stock has been inspected or fumigated, giving name of the
inspector, the date of inspection and place, but if the said nursery
stock be found to be infected with any of the diseases or insects
injurious to orchards as prescribed by the Board of Hortculture^
other than the San Jose Scale, Woolly Aphis, Black Knot of the
plum and Black Knot of the cherry, the said diseased stock shall
be properly treated, but if the said nursery stock shall be infected
with San Jose Scale, Woolly Aphis, Black Knot of plum. Black
Knot of cherry, then the inspector shall destroy the same by burn-
ing, together with all wrapping and packing and shall issue a cer-
tificate to the shipper or owner showing cause for destruction.

Rule 3. All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings of
any kind shipped into or brought into the state of Mbntana, before
delivery to the purchaser shall be unpacked from the boxes and
in case of baled and burlapped shipments, these coverings shall be
removed and the stock shall be inspected and fumigated at Miles
City, Billings, Dillon, Missoula, Kalispell, Great Falls or Glasgow,
which points are hereby designated as quarantine stations.

All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings brought into
Montana by any transportation company, shall be inspected and
fumigated at the point of delivery, provided said point of delivery
shall be one of the above designated quarantine stations; but if
any shipments shall be filled for delivery at any other points in
Montana, they shall be inspected or fumigated at the quarantine
station on the line of such transportation company next preceding
or nearest the point of delivery tp which they are billed.

All such nursery stock, trees, plants, vines, cuttings brought
into the state of Montana by wagon shall be inspected and treated
at the nearest quarantine station, as hereinbefore mentioned, to the
point where such nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings
enter the state.

The certificate of the inspector making such examination and

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 15

inspection shall exonerate the shipper and consignee from any
and all penalties provided by law.

Rule 4. Importers or owners of nursery stock, trees, vines,
plants and cuttings who shall desire to have such nursery stock,
trees, plants, vines and cuttings inspected and fumigated at points
in Montana other than the regular quarantine stations, may have
such inspection and fumigation made at any point designated by
such importer or owner; provided, however, that such importer
or owner shall pay all charges of inspection and fumigation and
all expenses of the officer employed in such inspection and fumi-
gation, such charges and expenses to be paid before a certificate is
granted.

Rule 5. All boxes, packages, wrapping and packing used in
the importation of nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings
into the state of Mnotana shall be destroyed by burning the same
as soon as emptied of their contents.

Rule 6. It shall be unlawful for the owner or importer of any
fruits, green or dried, nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cut-
tings to allow any of the boxes, bales, etc., in which fruit is packed,
any debris of such nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings,
to accumulate or become a menace to the fruit industry; and the
destruction oi all such debris is hereby ordered, and inspector of
such district will see that all such debris is destroyed by burning.

Rule 7. The inspector of each district shall inspect or cause to
be inspected, each and every orchard within his district annually,
unless otherwise ordered by the board. He shall see that the
owner or owners of any premises where trees, plants, vines, etc.,
are growing shall obey the instructions of the state board.

Rule 8. It shall be unlawful for any person to spray any tree,
plant or shrub when the same is in bloom, with any substance in-
jurious to bees or honey.

Rule 9. In the absence of the inspector of any district or in the
event that he cannot or does not perform, for any reason, the work
required, the member of the State Board of Horticulture for said
district may appoint temporarily such assistant inspectors as may
be necessary for such work.

Rule lo- All inspectors shall, at the close of each week, report
to the secretary of said board a complete statement of his doings,
upon the proper blanks furnished for that purpose, together with
an itemized bill for his labor for the time actually served by him
during such week, which bill, when properly audited by the mem-
ber of the State Board of Horticulture for the district in which said

16

SECOND BIENNIAl^ REPORT OF THE

inspector shall labor, be again audited by the president and secre-
tary of the state board and forwarded to the state board of ex-
aminers for payment.

Rule II. Inspectors, other than special fruit inspectors, shall
receive as compensation the sum of $5.00 for each and every day
actually served, but such inspector shall pay his own expenses.

Rule 12. All inspection and fumigation shall be under the
charge and supervision of the inspector at large, and all inspectors
shall be responsible to him.

Rule 13. The inspectors ' appointed by this board are author-
ized to inspect in their respective districts any and all nursery
stock, trees, plants, shrubs, vines and friuts, and to collect the
fees prescribed in these rules and regulations from the owner or
person in control of such nursery stock or fruits wherever found.
All fruits inspected and found free of any disease or infection shall
be branded "Inspected and Passed," together with the date of the
inspection and number of district in which inspected, but if found
to be infested with any injurious insects or disease, shall be con-
demned and destroyed by burning by the inspector without excep-
tion.

Rule 14. For the inspection of each nursery the sum of $10.00
shall be collected, for each car of nursery stock inspected or dis-
infected the sum of $10.00 shall be collected and a proportionate
sum for less than car lots, but in no instance shall a sum of less
than $2-oo for each separate inspection or disinfection be collected
For the inspection of fruits a fee of two cents per box or package,
with a maximum fee of $5-00 for each separate lot or car shall be
charged and collected and the inspectors shall collect such fees
and shall not give certificate of inspection until fees are paid. All i
fees collected for inspection and fumigation shall be turned over by ;
inspectors to the secretary of the board each week with his report,
and shall be paid out on the order of the president and secretary.

Rule 15. It shall be the duty of each person or corporation of- -
fering to sell or selling and delivering any nursery stock, trees,
plants, vines, scions, cuttings, etc., within the state of Mbntana to
place on each and every package so sold and delivered a label or
card stating whether or not said trees, plants, vines, scions, cut-
tings, etc., were grown in the state of 'Montana or otherwise. .

Rule 16. The special fruit inspectors appointed by the board
shall, in all districts, excepting district No. 2, receive as compensa-
tion for the work of inspection of fruits the sum total of the fees

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 17

collected, provided, however, that the sum shall not exceed $5.00
per day for each day's work devoted to inspection..

By fumigation it is to be understood treatment with hydro-
cyanic acid gas. This treatment should be done as follows: All
nursery stock to be treated should be placed in an air tight tent or
box. For every one hundred cubic feet of space in box or tent,
take one oiunce, "Avoirdupois weight," of fused potassium cyanide,
ninety-eight per cent strength, preferably in lumps about the size
oi a walnut; one and one-half ounces commercial sulphuric acid,
best grade, and two and one-fourth fluid ounces of water. First:
Place the water in a three-gallon vessel (which may be of glazed
earthenware); to this add the acid and finally the potassium cyan-
ide. (The cyanide would better be enclosed in a small paper bag in
which a hole is torn.) Immdeiately close the doors or openings,
taking all precautions against inhaling the gas, as it is one of the
most violent poisons known. After leaving box or tent closed for
forty minutes, open all doors and allow at least one hour for thor-
ough ventilation before attempting to remove the stock. No in-
jury is caused tO' nursery stock if the gas is left in more than forty
minutes.

Resolved: The State Board of Horticulture suggests that con^
sumers purchase only fruits that bear the name of the grower upon
the package.

List of insects and fungi to guard against:

INSECTS.

San Jose Scale.
Oyster Shell Bark Louse.
Woolly Aphis.
Codling Moth.

Flat Head Apple Tree Borer.
Blister Mite of the Pear.
Apple Miaggot.

FUNGL

Black Knot of Plums.
Black Knot of Cherries.
Twig Blight of the Pear.
Leaf Blight of the Apple.

18

SECOND BIENNIAL HEiPORT OF THE

Butte, Mbnt., April 13, 19011.
As instructed by the board the following circular was addressed
to all transportation companies doing- business in the state of Mon-
tana:

I am directed to notify you that ''the Mbntana State Board of
Horticulture interpret section 9 of the organic law creating said
board with respect to 'five days notice of shipment' to apply to
nurserymen, dealers and salesmen and not to railways." The
board will greatly appreciate all possible notice on your part to
inspectors of the respective districts of shipments of nursery stock
and of fruits as soon as such information comes to your knowl-
edge.

The following officers were elected: S. Ml Emery, President;
C. H. Edwards, Secretary; Dr. E. V. Wilcox, Inspector-at-Large
and Inspector for the Second District; Olney Taylor, Inspector for
the First District; Mr. C. H. Campbell, Inspector for the Third
District; W. B. Harlan and J. O. Read, Inspectors for the Fourth
District, and O- C. Estey, for the Fifth District.

According to instructions of the board the following notice was
sent to all news companies doing business on railway trains in the
state :

"You are hereby notified that all infested fruits found on trains
in possession of news agents will be seized and destroyed by in-
spectors of the board of horticulture. You are requested to see
that all stock furnished your agents will be free from any disease.'^

During the months of April and Miay the time of this office was
taken up with preparation work. The passage of a new law and
the drafting of necessary rules and regulations demanded the
editing of both law and rules for the printer and also necessitated
an entire change in the forms of reports used. New orchard re-^
ports, fee certificates, condemnation certificates, fruit inspected
blanks and condemned fruit blanks. After these were all received
they were distributed to all inspectors and board members.

On June ist, the office of the board was opened in Butte. This
became necessary in order that the board should be in close touch
with the greatest fruit market. It has since proved to have been
a wise move, for it is into Butte that the major portion of all the
fruit imported into our state arrives. The office of secretary and
inspector were combined and the double dtities have ever since
been performed at a saving to the state of $1,000 per annum.

After securing a place to work in the subject of the inspection of

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 19

all fruits coming into our state was then taken up and has been
ever since one of the most impoTtant proiblems.

That the dealers throughout the state and those importing fruits
into the state might have no excuse to plead ignorance, a circular
was issued and delivered to all dealers in the state and sent to the
importers throughout the west, acquainting them fully as to our
law and methods of fruit inspection and calling their attetnion to
the fact that no diseased fruits would be accepted. This circular
proved to be very effectual and resulted in keeping out much badly
infested fruits.

To further the work of inspection, it was suggested by the
dealers that the board issue a gircular that might be furnished in
quantities and sent by dealers to their customers throughout the
country. This was done and many dealers were prompt to take
advantage and thus serve notice upon their shippers that if they
intended to supply any fruits they must be absolutely free of
disease-

INSPECTORS' MEETING.

The necessity for concerted action among inspectors of fruit,
especially in the prominent markets of the state, suggested to me
the advisability of a meeting that questions of vital interest to the
work mig'ht be discussed. To this end I presented the matter to
Mr. S. M'. Emery, president of the board, and was directed by him
to call such meeting. It was decided as a matter of economy that
only the inspectors from Miissoula, Great Falls and Helena and
Butte be called, these points being the chief distributing ones of
the state and that the conclusions reached at this meeting should
be sent to all inspectors of the state.

The results of the deliberations at Helena is herewith presented
and it is hoped that they may be found of value to the inspectors
and members of the board.

S. Mi. EMERY, President, Manhattan.
G H. EDWARDS, Secretary, Butte.

Meeting of the Montana fruit inspectors called by the presi-
dent and secretary of the board was held at Warren Hotel, Hel-
ena, July 7th, 1901. E. N. Brandegee was elected chairman and
C. E. Hubbard secretary.

At the close of the meeting it was moved by Mr. Edwards, sec-
onded and duly passed, that E. N. Brandegee write a synopsis of
the proceedings, together with any suggestions and recommenda-
tions that he might consider of immediate usefulness tO' inspec-
tors.

20 ' SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

The meeting- was unanimous in opinion that fruit once inspected
and passed and duly stamped should not be subsequently con-
demned unless found to be infected in locality contagious to or-
chards where the danger of infestation of the trees was great.
That in such localities an inspector needed special vigilance, and
in accordance with this view the following resolution was unani-
mously passed :

''Resolved, That where fruits had been inspected and passed by
the inspector of any district and said fruits shall pass under the
observation of any inspector of any other district and shall be
found to be infected with either codling- moth or Sam Jose scale,
the inspector discovering the same shall use his best judgment as
to condemning the infected fruits and shall notify the inspector of
the district whence said infested friut came."

In case of condemnation of fruit once passed by another inspec-
tor it would be well to submit samples tO' the first inspector in case
of condemnation because of infestation by scale insects- The in-
spectors also agreed to submit samples freely tO' each other of
scales as they appear on different fruit for some time to coime and
whenever any new scale or peculiar form is encountered.

The Codling Mbth was voted the most difficult pest to deal with.
It was suggested that some percentage of infection be recognized
above which fruit should be condemned and below which it should
be allowed to pass. This was deemed inadvisable. Whereas, if we
admit apples at the present time from other states, we admit Cod-
ling Mbth, no matter how careful the sorting of the fruit, yet that
sorting can be made more careful and the time can be brought
about when the Codling Mbth will not come at all. At present it
may be necessary to admit some. In a month from now the per-
centage of infected fruit should be very small and in a year from
now it should be almost unknown.

Red Astrachans are the worst apples in market at the present
time and in another year, perhaps, these early shipments of
apples should be restranied. Too often the early apple is ripened
by the Codling Moth.

It was deemed best, if consistent with the rulings of the board,
that a shipper be allowed, under certain circumstances, to with-
draw his shipment from the state. It was shown that but rarely
would this be necessary or advisable. But sometimes a carefull}/
sorted and carefully packed car of fruit comes in with the Codling
Mbth of the first brood, whose presence was unknown, apparently,
to the packer, but had developed since shipment. Under these con-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 21

ditions the inspectors deemed it advisable, if the shipment was n
dangerous one, to allow the owner the option of withdrawing the
car and requested 'Mr. EdAvards to submit the matter to the board.

It was agreed that while the inspector should not fear to con-
demn when necessary, yet the results aimed at should be attained
with as little destruction as possible of property. Fruit free from
insect pests must be the only fruit fianlly sent to Montana markets.
At first more condemnation would be necessary- than later, when
all shippers w^ere vividly aware of the law. The little fruit that
might be condemned was not the object but the influence on the
packer who sent subsequent cars. In all instances the co-opera-
tion of the local importers Avas always desirable. They are always
interested in getting the best fruit. In this way, eventually, only
localities and shippers who send the best fruit and fruit free from
infection will supply ^Montana markets.

How much inspection in a carload of fruit was necessary to de-
termine its condition for ocndemnation or passing was discussed.
It was agreed that much dependde upon the inspector's acquaint-
ance with previous cars from the same shipper or the same locality,
and also upon the kind of fruit. Lemons and oranges need less
scrutiny generally than other kinds. Apples, pears, peaches, plums,
apricots and quinces in the order named require more; and apples
and pears at all times need careful examination. The Snake River
A'alley and country around Walla Walla were most liable to send
the San Jose scale. In the experinece of the inspectors, fruit near
the door of the car was a fair sample of the contents of the car.
No coverng up of infected fruit in this way had been detected. At
all times, however,' it is well to examine at the door and if the
fruit proves all right examine further from time to time as un-
loading progresses. When more than one brand or more than one
kind of fruit is in the same car, examine each fully.

During the warm weather importers of the carload refrigerate
in the cars and bill orders directly from it. This has inconve-
nienced inspectors in Butte and Helena and interferes with stamp-
ing.

At all times possible it is well to view fruit exposed for sale at
fruit stands. If the inspector has made an oversight the knowl-
edge of it, though too late, perhaps, in the one instance, will en-
able him to prevent a repetition.

Samples of San Jose on peaches and apples were exhibited and
also fruit preserved in formalin lo per cent solution by Mr. Ed-
wads. Specimens of the red scale in two forms were shown on

22

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

orange and lemon. The oyster shell bark louse of citrus fruits and
excellent specimens of Codling in larval form were exhibited.

Mr. Edwards proposed that blanks informing shippers of the
inspection law be prepared and furnished the imoprters, by them
to be enclosed with orders for fruit. This was deemed by all the
inspectors of the highest importance and that the use of such docu-
ments would materially improve the quality of fruit packed for
Montana, was recognized by all.

In accordance with this resolution I submit the following re-
port :

Mr. Edwards was requested as secretary of the board or through
the influence of Mr. Emery, its president, to procure for each
inspector a copy of the 1900 Year Book of the Department of
Agriculture. An article in it relating to scale insects of citrus
fruits was deemed valuable.

The similarity of a certain fungus which appears on apricots
and Bellflower apples to the San Jose scale was commented on.
Also a fungus on peaches often produces a reddening of surround-
ing tissue which is somewhat similar to the reddening produced
by the San Jose scale. In ail cases where fruit is infected with
the San Jose scale this reddening should be present. This does not,
definitely, determine it as San Jose. If the red spots are present
the fruit should be carefully examined. If the spots are produced
by San Jose, usually the scales are in all stages. Among them
a well developed scale can be found. From this raise the armor.
A yellow insect will be beneath evident even to the naked eye.
Under a hand glass more of its features may be determined. And
under a compound microscope its posterior with characteristic or-
namentation will finally determine San Jose in my brief experience
beyond a doubt.

The red scale and the oyster shell bark louse of citrus fruit con-
fine themselves to citrus fruit. The San Jose I have never seen
on citrus fruit. I believe, however, that there also it will show
the same reddening and that there will be no difficulty of its de-
termination.

On western fruit it is easy to determine San Jose. If it red-
dens and is a scale insect at all it is probably this scale- With
some of the eastern species there is more danger of confusion.

Eastern apples at best are so bad that they should not be allowed
in Montana markets. Ail that I have seen have nearly all the
diseases known to appledom and a few cars of them contain more
noxious germs than all the western fruit combined.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 23

I believe that concerted action of inspectors should keep this
fruit from the market unless it is up to the western standard. This
standard at present is prohibitive to eastern apples.

When receipts for fruit condemend are issued to the owners of
the fruit, the name on the box should be written on the receipt.
For instance, if fruit sent from Lindsay is condemned in Mlissoula,
it is not necessary to put Lindsay's name on the certificate, but
the name of the California shipper or the name of the fruit. All
these importers hold consignors liable for fruit condemned, but
it is necessary that the receipt should indicate plainly what fruit
it was.

In conclusion I wish to congratulate the inspectors that they
have among their number a member of the board and its secretary;
and further, that he is located in Butte, which is the chief battle
ground. Through this fact there will be a better realization by the
board of the difficulties which confront an inspector and a closer
union of all engaged in the work and a better service.

E. N. BRA'NDE'GEE, Inspector, Helena.

Second District.
C. E. HUBBARD, Inspector, Great Falls.

Third District.

J. O. READ, Inspector, Missoula.

Fourth District.

C. H. EDWARDS, Secretary and Inspector, Butte.

Second District.

What the Board Has Accomplished.

During the four years existence of the board a vast amount of
good work for the horticultural interests of the state has been ac-
complished. Especially is this true when the small appropriation
— $12,100.00 for the four years — is considered-

Immediately after the organization of the board in M'arch, 1899,
inspectors for the five districts were appointed and as early as
practicable an examination of all the orchards and places wherein
fruit trees were grown were inspected for the purpose ot finding
out if there were any* diseased orchards in the state and also to se-
cure data that would enable the board to know as near as possible
how many fruit trees and acres of small fruits there were in the
state and other valuable data for the further guidance of the work.
This work has been carried on during the four years and consid-
erable information gleaned that is of large worth to the industry.

24

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

The Largest Fruit District.

The largest fruit districts are to be found in the counties of
RavalH, Missoula, Flathead, Yelloiwstone, Carbon, Park, Cascade,
Gallatin and Jefferson, with some scattering orchards throughout
the other counties. In nearly every portion of the state the small
fruits, such as the bush fruits and vine fruits, are grown in abund-
ance, but the planting of large orchards is confined, with few ex-
ceptions to the counties above mentioned. In the districts named
there are at the present time in roimd numbers 1,650,000 fruit trees
consisting of apples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries, peaches and
apricots, the apple, of course, leading all other fruits. Generally
speaking the people of the state are not aware that Mbntana is
famous for its choice apples. They have been tested in the far
east and to the west of us and pronounced by all tO' be perfect.
Indeed, nowhere in the world can you go and view as fine orchards
as you will in our state. They are well kept, are the pride of their
owners and represent the best paying investment upon the farm.
They are continually growing in wealth; each year sees them able
to porduce larger crops and it will be but a short time until the
prodlict of the late varieties will be great enough to bring to us the
purchasers from all parts, to buy, pick aind pack the crop for for-
eign markets.

EfTorts of the Board to Keep Out Orchard Pests.

The board from its very inception has endeavored by every
means at their command to keep out of our state all infected nur-
sery stcok and diseased fruits. In this they have found their
hardest work. At no time have they lost sight of the fact that
they must be ever at their duty- For the purpose of preventing
the spread of contagious diseases from nursery tO' orchard, all
trees imported into the state and grown within the state are re-
quired to be inspected and fumigated before delivery. All nur-
sery stock found to be infected with disease is destroyed. Nur-
serymen throughout the land claim our law to be the strictest
known, yet as they become better acquainted with its workings
they admit its wisdom. To treat and inspect all the nursery stock
imported into the state and also' all that is grown within the state
is no small labor, when it is understood thaf there was imported
and grown for sale in the state during the last four years not less
than 1,000,000 trees, besides the thousands of smaller plants.
Inspection of Fruits.

In all the important towns and counites of the state a rigid
inspection of imported fruits has been kept up by the board. This

A corner in the Bass Bros, orchard near Stevensville, Mont.

A pretty bunch.

lAONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 25

feature of the work is one of stupendous proportions, when it is
considered that there was imported into the state from May i,
1901, to Nov. 30, 1902, a period of nineteen months, the enormous
number of 6S4.,2o6 packages of fruit, or a total of about 34,210,300
pounds. During the same period there was inspected of Montana
grown fruits 86,043 packages, or a total of about 4,302,150 pounds,
making a grand total of imported and home-grown fruits inspected
of 770,249 packages, or a total of 38,512,450 pounds of fruits. Of
this total the city of Butte alone handled 441,469 packages, or 22,-
073,450 pounds. It should be borne in mind that the 86,043 pack-
ages of Montana fruits inspected does not represent her produc-
tion. The product of the Mbntana orchards goes into all parts of
the state and to places where the board has been unable, through
lack of funds, to maintain inspection. As a consequence a com-
plete record of the number of packages sold could not be secured.
Then, too, the local consumption is not accounted for. It is, how-
ever, knc'vvn throiigli n.ost careir.l estimates made by this otiice,
assisted by the most experienced horticulturists, that Mbntana or-
chards produced during the year 1902 275,000 boxes of apples, and
a fair crop of pears, plums, cherries and berries. It will be but
a few years until the product of our orchards will supply the home
market.

Adding to the totals of fruits imported into the state, the pro-
duction of our home orchards and allowing ten per cent of this
to cover importations and consumption not recorded would bring
up the total consumption of fruits for the nineteeen months to
51,381,300 pounds, or about 170 pounds for each individual in the
state during the period above mentioned. Mbntana's fruit crop
for 1902 represents at the lowest value over half a million dollars.
The total value of the fruits consumed in the state during the
nineteen months recorded is over $3,000,000.

The inspection of fruits is looked after by special fruit inspec-
tors and all fruits found to be infected with any injurious disease,
liable to be disseminated throughout the orchards, are condemned.
The good effect of this rigid inspection is seen in all the important
markets in the state- At the present time fruits are being shipped
to us fromi various sections of the country under guarantee as to
their freedom from dangerous diseases. In many instances they
have been inspected by the inspectors of the localities from whence
they were shipped. In such cases a certificate of inspection ac-
companies the invoice. California, Oregon, Washington and
Idaho, the states which import most of our fruits, have found it

26

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

necessary to take active steps looking to the eradication of disease
from their orchards owing to the stringency of our horticultural
law in order to hold this market.

Personnelle of the Board.

At the present time the members and officers of the board are:
Governor Joseph K. Toole, Helena; Mir. Olney Taylor, Park City;
Mr. E. N. Brandegee, Helena; Mr. Charles H. Campbell, Great
Fails; Mr. C. M. Allen, Lo Lo; M'r- J. H. Edwards, KaHspell; Mr.
E. N. Brandegee, Helena, inspector-at-large for the state, and
Charles H. Edwards, Butte, secretary. Orchard and fruit inspec-
tors: I. D. O'Donnell, Billings; H. C. Gardnier, Bozeman; Chas.
H. Edwards, Butte and Anaconda; E. N. Brandegee, Helena; A-
S. Johnson, Dillon; C. E. Hubbard, Great Falls; Henry O. Wilson,
Chinook; W. D. Luther, Glasgow; E. 'ML Tucker, Miissoula; W. B.
Harlan, Como; O- C. Estey, Big Fork; O. A. Parsons, Kalispell.

It will be readily recognized by all that the board has a large
field to cover; that it will continue to safeguard the orchards of
the state none need question,, and if given the intelligent aid of the
individual orchardist, Montana will continue to be the only dis-
trict in the United States producing fruit free from all disease and
blight.

Following is a tabulated report of fruits inspected in the state
from May i, 1901, to Nov. 30, 1902, showing varieties and amounts
as received from the various states in each of the horticultural
districts :

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. • 27

FRUITS INSPEiOTED IN BUTTE ALONE, IN DISTRICT NO. 2, SHOWING VAR-
IETIES AND WHEREFROM FROM MAY 1, 1901, TO NOVBiMBER 30, 1902.

Apples

Pears

Apricots
and Peaches

Calif oriuia . .

Oreg-on

Washing-ton

Idaho

Utah

Montana

Michigan . . .
New York ..

Total

44,402
13,438
47,332
7,983
83
52,129

12,457
2,302
4,345
1,635
465
10

165,367

21,214

47,377

I, ;

II, 335
892

5,610

Plums and
Prunes

Cherries

66,552 253,133

Quinces

California . ,

Oregon

WasMng-ton

Idaho

Utah

Montana

Michigan ...
New York ..

Total

26,426
1,084
9,425
1,622
2,594
431

2,485
2,386
3,579
1,192
1,980
153

357

41.582

11,775

357

Oranges

Lemons

Grapes

California . .

Oregon

Washing^ton

Idaho

Utah

Montana

Miciiigan ...
New York ..

Total

27,676

13,274

25

49,689
139
5,776
320
58

9,000
1,000

27,676

13,299

65,982

California . ,

Oregon

Washingiton

Idaho ,

Utah

Montana

Michigan ...
New York .,

Total

Grand Total

Berries

Miscellan-
eous

11,375
2,608
6,115
1,111
3,271
2,978

27,458

2071

SECOND BIENNIAI^ REPORT OP THE

FRUITS INSPECTED IN DISTRICT NO. 2, SHOWING VARIETIES AND
WHEREFROM FROM MAY 1, 1901, TO NOV. 30, 1902.

Apples

Pears

Apricots
and Peache^

Totals

69,619
17,575

CO AAO

12,307
295
71,173

16,237
4,654

D,Oov

2,436
849
10

76,312
2,770

1,354
11,712

372,575

234,411

30,71b

1

107,448

Plums and
Prunes

Cherries

Quinces

Totals

36,275
3 524

13', 429
2,347
4,245
806

4,569

699

2,416
4!l28
1,392
1,980
153

25

Utah

60,626

14,638

724

' 75,988

Oranges

Lemons

Grapes

Totals

California,

45 408

22,518

49 701
'238
5,776
320
58

131,344

2S

Utah

9,000
1,000

300

45,708

22,543

63,093

Berries

Miscellan-

Totals

. 11,375
2,608
6,115
1,111
3,271
2,978

27,665

32
32
43
34
66

Montana

27,458

207

Grand Total

607,572

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

29

FRUITS '±x>JiSPECTEiD IN DISTRICT NO. 3, SHOWING VARIETIES AND
WHERE FROM FROM MAY 1, 1901, TO NO'V. 30, 1902.

Apples

Pears

Apricots
and Peaches

Totals

o, < oy
4,733
32,614
4,670
50
2,017

1,810
1,191
165
87

1ft IflR
XD,XUD

10
1,615

68
2,400

52,853

6,028

20,199

' 79,080

Plums and
Prunes

Cherries

Quinces

Totals

6,276
89
4,644
258
1,016

799
39
1,905
77

15,103

12,283

2,820

Oranges

Lemons

Giapes

Totals

10,726

4,587

194

15,B42

15

20

Total

10,741

4,607

194

Berries

Miscellan-
eous

Totals

979

931

110,706

2

Total

981

Grand Total

30

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

FRUITS INSPECTED IN DISTRICT NO. 4, SHOWING VARIETIES AND
WHERE FROM, FROM MAY 1, 1901, TO NOV. 30, 1902.

AppLes

Pears

Apricos

and Peaches

Totals

101

2,962
2,108

15,702

1,153
18
8,390

373
490
107

9,561

970

5,171

Plums ana
Prunes

Cherries

Quinces

Totals

21
21
638

445

2,962

1,190
304
343

1,837

1,125

Oranges

Lemons

Grapes

Totals

104

186

339

49

Total

104

186

19,003

FRUITS INSPECTED IN DISTRICT NO. 5, SHOWING VARIETIES AND
WHERE 5*R0M, FROM MAY 1, 1901 TO NOV. 30, 1902.

Apples

Pears

Apricots
and Peaches

Totals

1,005 88
1.^.2'^11 ■ 1.271

1 F,MA^

46

17SI fiOfil

14.302

1,537

6,450

22,2S9

Plums and
Prunes

Cherries

Quinces

Totals

2,606
293

870
115

12

3,896

2,899

985

12

Oranges

Lemons

Grapes

Totals

1,029
84

596

80

Total

1,113

596 ( 80
1

1,789

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

31

Bcrncs

MiscelJan
eous

124

124

28,098

124

1

RECAPITULATION OP FRUITS INSPECTED, SHOWUNG TOTAL. OF EACH
VARIETY REiCEIVED FROM VARIOUS STATES.

Apples

Pears

Apricots
and "Peaches

Totals

79,393
22,308
110,460
17,041
345
81,580

19,100
5,464
9,365
3,269
936
117

92,519
2,780

25,721
4,136

14,112

488,646

Utah

Total

311,127

38,251

139,268

Plums and
Prunes

Cherries

Quinces

Totals

42,551
3,613

21,869
3,202
5,261
1,149

5,389
2,476
7,541
2,029
1,980
163

699

97,949

37

Utah

Total

77,645

19,568

736

Orang-es

Lemons

Grapes

'i otals

55,267

27,887

49,895
238
5,905
320
58

150,014

Washington

99

45

Utah

9,000
1,000

Mexico

300
55,666

1

Total

27,932

66,416

32

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Berries

Miscellan-
eous

Misc. Scat-
tering

California ..

Oregon

Washing-ton

Idialio

Utah

Montana . . . .
Michigan . . .

Total

Grand Total

Miscellaneous fruits inspected in District
No. 1, not reported by states

Grand Total of Packages

12,354
2,608
6,239
1,113
3,271
2,978

28,563

207

TABLE OF FRUITS CONDEMNED IN THE STATE FROM MAY 1, 1901, TO NOV.

30, 1902.
DISTRICT NO. 2.

Totals

California

Oregon

Washington

Idaho

Utah

Nebraska . .

Total ...

2,428

DISTRICT NO. 2.

Cherries

Berries

Miscellan-
eovjs

Totals

22

22

Utah

22

DISTRICT NO. 3.

Apples

Pears

Peaches

Totals

130
201

68

224

623

1 681 224

1 1 !

MONTANA STATE BOART^ OF HORTICULTURE. . 33
DISTRICT NO. 4.

Washing^ton
Idaho

Total

Apples Pears Peaches

I I-
12| 87|

10| 39 1

22

120

Totals

149

DISTRICT NO. 5.

A pples

Pears

Peaches

Totals

Washington

10

33 1 131
I

DISTRICT NO. 5.

Cherries Berries

Totals

Washington

Grand Total

12

13

3,366

TOTAL FRUITS CONDEiMNFD, SHOWI NG ^STATES FROM AND VARIETIES

Apples

Pears

Peaches

Totals

California ..

Oregon

Washington

Idaho

Utah

Nebraska . . .

Total

112
437

24

50O

107
213
174
85
223

82

2,214

315

3,331

Cheiries Berries Miscellan- Totals
aneous

California ..

Oregon

Washington

Idaho

Utah

Total

Grand Total of all Fruits Condemned
in the States

23

12

23|

12

35

3.366

Of this total over 2,000 packages were condemned in Butte.

34

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

The Necessity for Inspection.

To a great many people the inspection of fruits, especially when
it is carried on in a section of country like Butte, seems entirely
needless, and the efforts of the fruit inspector to keep out all
diseased fruits are sneered at by the ignorant and by those who
should know better, but who have never given the subject any
thought. It is stated by persons eminently qualified to speak that
the majority of the diseases to which fruits are subjected to, are
spread from district to district and from country to country by the
distribution of fruits. For instance: The San Jose scaile, discov-
ered in the far east, was traced fromi California and it is said that
it was carried upon some pears imported from California and that
the careless throwing of a single uneaten portion of a pear from a
passenger coach window into the corner of an orchard was the
starting point of that disease, which has caused the eastern states
to spend hundreds of thousands of dollars tO' simply hold it in
check. Instances of this kind are numerous. We have examples
of them at home. The practice of using old second-hand fruit
boxes by the fruit growers to pack their product in has brought
into our midst foreign pests; the packages used for the importa-
tion of nursery stock, carelessly allowed to remain in and around
the orchards, is another fruitful source for disseminating orchard
diseases. Butte, Helena, Great Falls, Bozeman, Livingston, Bill-
ings are all large distributing points. Large quantities of fruits
are received at these places to be repacked and shipped again to
many sections of the state where orchards are found, consequently
it is as important that the inspection of fruits be as rigid in these
points as at places situated in the very center of the fruit belts.
Benefits to the Consumer and Grower.

The orchardists of Montana are not the only persons benefited
by the inspection of fruits. The consumer is protected from the
necessity of purchasing fruits diseased, thereby securing clean and
wholesome fruits- The grower and packer who seeks to sell his
product in our state is protected in the sale oi his fruits. He
knows that when he has given care to his orchard, endeavored to
keep it free from all diseases, aimed to pick and pack only clean
and good fruits that when he comes to our market with his stock
free from all disease, the results of honest effort, that he will not
be compelled tO' place his goods in competition with the worm-
eaten, scab-covered fruits of the negligent grower. A few days
ago we received a visit from a fruit grower from the state of Wash-
ington who had shipped a car of fancy apples to^ this city which

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

35

had been inspected and passed, as the same were found free of any
and all diseases. He was free in his appreciation of our law. De-
clared it the best fruit law in existence and said that he wished
that every state in the union would estabhsh the same stringent
laws that are in force in this state.

It is universally conceded by all progressive business men that
the law is a good one; that the inspection of fruits has secured for
them a cleaner market, guaranteeing to them a better profit and
has made the handling of fruits decidedly more satisfactory. They
concede that 95 per cent of their stock comes to them clean, thus
assuring the keeping qualities. They would not go back to the
old methods, back to the point where Montana was made the
dumping grounds for all worthless fruits.

A comparison of the fruits offered for sale in the markets of
the states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Utah with those
offered for sale within our state will prove the efficiency of our
law. The observer will conclude that the grower, dealer and con-
sumer are well protected through the inspection law. It is, of
course, a physical impossibility for any inspector, be he ever so
careful, to detect each and every package of fruit that may be
diseased, especially when we consider the vast quantities to be in- -
spected, yet for the short time that the law has been in force a
great work has been accomplished and the danger of infesting
Montana orchards greatly reduced.

FEE FUND RECEIPTS FROM APRIL 1, 1901, TO DECEMBER 31, 1902.

Amount Received-
Fruit Fees 5,826 10

Nursery Fees 136 85

Fumigation Fees 433 00

6,395 95

FEE FUND DISBURSEMENTS FROM APRIL 1, 1901 TO DECEMBER 31, 1902.
Amount Disbursed to-
Freight, Express and Transfer 100 00

Wages 5,328 17

Office Expense, Etc 719 06

Do Business Men Like the Law?

Traveling Expense

6,147 23
156 90

Grand Total .
Balance on hand

6,304 13
91 82

36,395 95

36

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

DISBURSEMENT OF APPROPRIATION FUND, MARCH, 1901, TO SEPTEM-
BER 10, 1902.

General Expense 2,084 02

Expense 1st District 88 45

Expense 2nd District 143 37

2,315 84

Expense 3rd District 337 40

Expense 4-th District 2,300 41

Expense 5th District 546 35

— 3,184 16

Total 5,500 00

Appropriation for two j'ears 5,500 00

$5,500 00

Bills due and unpaid against appropriation 898 75

The Nurseries of Montana.

After success had crowned the efforts of the early pioneers in
horticnhural work, then came the establishment of nurseries.

The first nursery started in the state was in the Bitter Root
valley, a very natural point, as it was in the Bitter Root valley that
fruit culture had its true beginning- Following the beginning
made there came the locating of nurseries in Mlissoula county,
Lewis and Clarke county, Flathead county and Cascade county,
until today there are ten nurseries in the state growing many hun-
dreds of thousands of trees and millions of shrubs, plants, vines
and flowers.

Montana Grown Trees for Montana Orchards.

Mbnta'na grown trees, plants, shrubs and seeds for Mbntana
orchards and gardens should be the by-word of all Montana fruit
growers and farmers. The successful growing of all nursery stock
is no longer an experiment. Our nurserymen have passed that
stage and are now upon the highway of success. It should require
no argument to prove to^ any thinking fruit grower or gardener
that the home-grown stock is best. We all know that the nearer
we get to the nativity of a plant, the better we find it. This is true
of all life. There are many reasons why a Mbntana-grown nur-
sery tree or plant is more valuable than the imported. One is the
fact that the stock has been grown under the same climatic condi-
tions under which it is to spend its life; another, the freedom of
our home-grown trees and plants from dangerous diseases. These
two reasons should determine the preference of intending pur-
chasers for Montana nursery stock. Then, too, we should con-
sider the fact that by purchasing trees and plants grown at home
that we are giving employment to our own people and saving
money to our state. The amount expended annually in Montana
for nursery stock runs into the hundreds of thousands of dollars.
This could nearly all be kept at home to increase our own rev-
enues.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 37

In Ravalli county there are three nurseries; one at Woodside,
one at Victor and one at Stevensville. The Woodside nursery is
owned by Mr- John Sears, one of the most practical fruit growers
in M'ontana. This place consists of several acres, devoted chiefly
to the propagation of fruit trees. There one will find all of the
varieties of fruit trees best adapted to the state. Mr. Sears is
the possessor of one of the finest orchards in the state and all his
nursery stock is propagated from trees that have amply demon-
strated their value for planting.

At Victor we find Mir. S. P. Kerr, an old and experienced nur-
seryman, growing thousands of the finest trees to be found in the
northwest. The situation of Mir. Kerr's nursery is the best that
could be found. There the intending purchaser will find trees and
plants grown with the greatest care as to their future worth, and
he will be able to note the difiference between imported stock and
those grown at home.

Mr- H. Raymond, at Stevensville, propagates thousands of
trees. He has found from long experience the value of native
trees. Upon his grounds the horticulturist will find varieties of
well known merit. The greatest possible care is used in the se-
lection of scions. They are taken only from trees that have
fruited and proven their ability to do well in this country.

In Missoula county we have three nurseries, one each at Carl-
ton, Plains and Missoula.

At Plains Mr. Isaac Sears has for years grown large numbers
of apple, pear, apricot, cherry and plum trees and he has met with
good success in his work. Long ago he found out that if he
wanted trees true to name and with the vitality necessary to pro-
duce well that they must be grown at home. This led him into
the work of growing nursery stock and today he has a nursery
from which one can select a good orchard.

T. A. Mc'Clain, proprietor of the Home Nursery, located at
Carlton, came to the Bitter Root valley some twenty years ago
and began setting out an orchard. After a few years of ex-
perience he concluded that to get the best trees he must propagate
them in this section and he commenced the work of establishing
a nursery. Finding conditions favorable to the work he branched
out into a general nursery business and then and there laid the
foundation of what has since proven a lucrative trade. Today
there is upon the Home Nursery grounds over 150,000 trees and
about 200,000 young grafts. All of the leading varieties of ap-
ple, pear, plum, cherry and apricot trees will be found, also many

38

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

thousands of vines and plants, strawberries, blackberries and rasp-
berries. All ctock grown will be found true to name and as rep-
resented. Mf. McClain owns a very fine and productive orchard
in which all varieties are tested before being placed in the nur-
sery.

The Missoula nurseries and green houses, owned by Messrs.
Dinsmore and Dallman, located about one mile south of Missoula,
cover about forty-five acres and contain about 300,000 fruit trees,
consisting of the best varieties of apple, pear, plum, apricot and
cherry, with some peach stock, 20,000 shade trees of such well-
adapted varieties as Carolina poplars, Canada poplars and Balni
of Gilead, 5,000 ornamental trees, 20,000 blackberries and rasp-
berries and 500,000 shrubs, plants and vines. The trade of this
concern now extends to the Pacific. Large, modern greenhouses
in which are grown all manner of flowers, palms, bulbs and vines
are located upon the nursery grounds. Flowers and plants are
distributed tO' all pairts of the state from them. A flower sales-
room is kept in Missoula. This plant is among the most modern
and is equipped with every convenience for handling the large and
ever increasing trade which the company enjoy- Five salesmen
are kept on the road throughout the year and from thirty to forty
persons are employed in the nursery. Testing grounds are main-
tained where all plants and trees are tested before being propa-
gated. Mr. Dallman, the manager, is am expert horticulturist and
florist. He has made a life study of the subjects and has had
experience both in Europe as well as in this country.

In the city of Helena, near the famous Broadwater Natatorium,
is located the State Nursery, owned by the State Nursery Co. This
company began business in the year 1890 and its growth has been
phenomenal. Upon the grounds of this concern, which cover
many acres, will be found all of the hardiest of trees and plants;
ornamental trees and shrubs; palms, bulbs aind flowers, and seeds
of every description. Over one acre is devoted to the propagation
of roses. All of the best varieties of fruit trees are grown and
the product is being increased each year. A careful study of soil
and climatic conditions prevailing throughout Mbntana has given
to this company an opportunity to decide the needs of the people
in the nursery line. The greatest care has been exercised to in-
sure none but the highest standards in all propagation of shade,
ornamental and fruit trees. Lately there has been added to the
already very large plant a seed department, and it has proven a
decided success. Every variety of seed needed in the state is

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. ' 39

grown here and before they are ofiferd for sale all are tested as
to their vitality. In this work the managers have profited by their
observations and have been able to discard all worthless seeds
and plants- The greenhouses are among the largest tO' be found
in the northwest. Starting in 1890 with only 600 square feet of
glass they have grown and increased year by year until to-day
over 80,000 square feet is used. Imagine, if you can, what 80,000
square feet oi greenhouses filled with the most beautiful plants
and flowers means. It is a sight worth going miles to see and a
reminder of what the Great Artist has done for us.

In Flathead county there are two^ good nurseries. The one
located at Big Fork is owned by Mr. Amos Estey and is a model
propagating ground. It covers some fifteen acres of land and
there are growing upon the place at this time about 175,000 trees,
consisting of well tested apple, pear, cherry and plum. Here, too,
are propagated all of the shrubs, plants, vines and small bush
fruits. All fruit trees are grown from scions taken from fruiting
trees that have proven their ability to stand our climate and bear
choice fruits. M'r. Estey is numbered among Mbntana's leading
horticulturists. His experience has been long and varied and he
knows the needs of the Flathead section. The fruit growers of
Flathead county appreciate their nursery, as it gives them a wide
selection of fruits and enables them to secure good reliable stock
at their own doors. Flathead county is young in the business of
growing fruits, but it is destined to become one of the greatest
fruit sections in Montana-

The Chapman nursery, the oldest in the county, is located at
Holt. Mr. Chapman, the proprietor, is a very thorough, practical
horticulturist. He began the work of growing nursery stock many
years ago. He has succeeded in building up a large trade and
his grounds show the results of thought and care. He has grow-
ing in the nursery row about 10,000 young trees of reputed value
and many thousands of plants and vines. A practical education
along fruit lines has enabled him to entirely free his nursery of
all worthless varieties of plants and trees. From a splendid or-
chard of his planting he secures such scions as have proven good
and true and with them he can assure the planter stock true to
name and of the highest value for Mbntana.

In the city of Great Falls is located the City Nursery. This
nursery is the property of the city and is devoted to the growing
oi shade trees almost exclusively. Upon its grounds there are
growing 10,000 elm, 9,000 ash and 1,000 maple trees. They are

40

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

as fine a body of shade trees as can be found in any country. The
city owns the nursery for the purpose of growing its own shade
trees. Great Falls has over nine miles of boulevairded streets,
bordered with 5,225 beautiful trees. It is a most commendable
work and should be followed by all cities of Miontana.

The nursery business in Montana is yomng. It might be said
to have only started, yet we are able tO' say, from a long acquaint-
ance with those engaged in the work and from comparison with
other sections that nowhere can better nursery stock be found
than may be had in any Mbntana nursery. One of the great evils
in vogue among eastern nurserymen is the unjust practice of sub-
stituting varieties. Every fruit grower knows what this means.
This injurious method has cost the horticulturists of Miontana
hundreds of thousands of dollars and many years of labor. We
do not believe that any nurserymam in Mbntana is guilty of this
practice and we trust they will never begin it. With this fact es-
tablished, with absolute guarantee oi receiving stock free from
disease, and the knowledge that the stock is better for the reason
that the same is grown under the conditions which it is expected
to live in, we see no reason for Montania going out of the state
for nursery stock.

Interesting Matters Gleaned From Inspectors' Reports.

The following information is gleaned from the reports of or-
chard inspection made in the First district b}^ Mir. Olney Taylor:
The First district is comprised of the counties of Dawson, Custer,
Yellowstone, Sweet Grass, Carbon and Park. Number of apple
trees inspected, 13,146; number of plum and prune trees inspected,
2,121 ; number of pear trees inspected, 155; number of cherry trees
inspected, 535- Total trees inspected, 15,957. Total acres of
strawberries inspected, 23 3-40; total acres of ail small fruits,
5 11-24; estimated number of fruit trees in the district, 60,000;
cases of injurious insects found, 2 — codling moth and wooly aphis;
per cent of orchards in sandy soil, 67; clay loam, 27; gravel soil,
6; varieties of apples ^grown in the district. Summer, Yellow Trans-
parent, Tetofsky, Red Astrachan, Early Hiarvest, Autumn, Dutch-
ess, Pear Apple, Orange Pippin, Early Winter, Wealthy Alex-
ander, Wolf River, Famouse, Bismarck, H'ass, Kinnard and Jef-
foris; winter, Ben Davis, Rome Beauty, Jonathan, Winter M^aiden
Blush, Walbridge, Longfield, N'orthern Spy, Bellefleur, King,
Gano, Salome, N. W. Greening, M'. Blk. Twig, Aikin, Apple of
Commerce, Winesap, Wagner, Missouri Pippin, Pewaukee, Mc-
intosh Red, Peter, Geneton, Gideon, Pattins Greening.

I r n mmmm

i

I

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. . 41

Varieties of crab apples, Martha, Whitney and Transcendent.

For hardiness of tree the following varieties have been report-
ed: Ben Davis, Wealthy, Duchess, Yellow Trasnparent and Ganov

For owners' choice of variety. Wealthy, Transparent and Duch-
ess are named.

For hardiness of fruit bud. Duchess, Longfield, Yellow Trans-
parent and Gano are selected.

From an orchardist who reports having set out 1,250 apple
trees, the following information is gleaned: For hardiness of
tree, Wolf River, 100 per cent; Jonathan, 100; N. W. Greening,
100; Yellow Transparent, 90; Maiden Blush, 90; Alexander, 90;
Famouse, 70; Walbridge, 60; Duchess, 60; Salome, 60; Gano, 50.

Choice of variety. Wealthy is selected.

The orchard is located in Carbon county, is upon sandy soil,
sub-irrigated and the situation is east. The bark on some
trees was found to have been injured, but the roots and tops were
healthy.

The total number of orchards inspected in the district was 37.

The following information is gleaned from the compiled statistics taken from
the reports of Mr. W. B. Harlan, Inspector for the Fourth District. The Territory

inspected lies in the Bitter Root Valley south of Oarlton.

Number -of Orchards inspected IGl

Orchards sloping to the East 54 per cent.

Orchards sloping to- the Northeast 7 per ceht.

Orchards sloping to the West 14 per cent.

Orchards sloping to the South 5 per cent.

Orchards upon level lands 20 per cent.

Soils given are Sandy loam, Granite, Gravel, Loam, Slate and Gravel, and
Sandy and run in per cent in the order named.

Highest elevation above river is given at 300 feet and the lowest 15 feet.

Orchards reported in good cultivation 45 per cent.

Orchards reported in poor cultivation 30 per cent.

Orchards reported in fair cultivation 15 per cent.

Orchards reported with no cultivation 10 per cent.

Orchards reported in good condition 55 per cent.

Orchards reported in poor condition 28 per cent.

Orchards reported in fair condition 17 per cent.

Diseases found. Pear Leaf Blister Mite and Oyster Shell Bark Douse.

Varieties of Apples selected were as follows, each being highest in the order
named: Wealthy, Alexander, Duchess, Shackleford, Mcintosh, Jonathan, Peter, An-
tcnovka, Boiken, Snow, King, Baldwin and Walbridge.

Total number of apple trees inspected 268,550

Total numiber of plum and prune trees inspected 6,530

Total number of pear trees inspected 5,190

Total number of cherry trees inspected 4,920

Total numiber of peach and apricot trees irispected 350

Total of all trees inspected 275,540

Total acres of strawberries inspected 6%

Total number of acres of blackberries inspected 1%

Total acres of raspberries inspected ^

Total acres of all other small fruits inspected ^/z

Total acres of all small fruits inspected 13^^

42

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

From the reports of Inspector J. O. Read, for the Fourth District, embracing
the territory of Missoula County, the following information is taken.
Number of orchards inspected 114

Elevation above river is from river level to 75 feet.

The soils given are Gravel, Black Loam and Sandy, being highest in the order
named.

Cultivation of orchards is generally clean, some being in garden crop.

Total number of apple trees inspected 81,719

Total number of plum and prune trees inspected 2,132

Total number of pear trees inspected 1,984

Total number of cherry trees inspected 2,546

Total number of peach and apricot trees inspected 23

Total of all fruit trees inspected 88,404

Total acres of strawberries inspected 13 61-80

Total acres of blackberries inspected 1 11-16

Total acres of rasptoerries inspected 4 51-80

Total acres of all berries and small fruits inspected 20 7-80

DISEASEiS AND FUNGI PESTS FOUND:
Apple Worm, 2; Pear leaf blister mite, 12; Codling Moth, 19; Strawberry Weevil,
4; Strawberry Beetle, 2; Oyster Shell Bark Louse, 5; also some Caterpillars, Borers

and Currant Worms.

Orchards in good condition 62 per cent. '

Orchards in fair condition 20 per cent.

Orchards in bad condition 18 per cent.

The varieties selected and receiving the highest votes are here given in their
order:

Wealthy, Mcintosh, D. Red, N. Spy, Alexander, Black Twig, Ben Davis, Bald-
win, Wolf River, Yellow Transparent, Duchess, King and Bismarck.

From the report of Inspector O. C. Estey, of the Fifth District, the following

information is compiled: —

Total orchards inspected , 282

Total bearing apples trees 16,098

Total non-bearing apple trees 54,469

Total apple trees 70,567

Total bearing plum trees 1,532

Total non-bearing plum trees 3,295

Total plum trees 1 4,827

Total bearing pear tree® 346

Total non-toearing pear trees 1,451

Total pear trees 1,797

Total bearing cherries 1,925

Total non-bearing cherries 2,495

4,420

Total cherry trees

Total bearing peach and apricot trees 32

Total non-bearing peach and apricot trees 55

Total peach and apricot trees 87

Total of all trees inspected 81,698

Total Strawberries 17 5-6

Total Blackberries 3 3-16

Total Raspberries 12 7-24

Total of all other small fruits 17 13-48

Total Acres of Berries and other Small Fruits 50 7-12

Orchards upon level land 35 per cent.

Orchards sloping to East 25 per cent.

Orchards sloping to West 17 per cent.

Orchards sloping to North 8 per cent.

Orchards sloping to South 7 per cent.

Orchards sloping to Southwest 3 per cent.

Orchards sloping to Northeast 2 per cent.

Orchards sloping to Northwest 2 per cent.

Orchards sloping to Southeast 1 per cent.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. - 43

Highest Elevation above River reported 300 feet

Lfowest Elevation above River reported 20 feet

Orchards reported in Black loam soil 25 per cent.

Orchards reported in Sandy soil 20 per cent.

Orchards reported in Gravel soil 17 per cent.

Orchards reported in Gravely loam 12 per cent.

Orchards reported in Sandy loam ' 8 per cent.

Orchards reported in Clay soil 7 per cent.

Orchards reported in Clay and Gravel soil 6 per cent.

Orchards reported in Rocky land 5 per cent.

Orchards reported in good cultivation ...48 per cent.

Orcha.rds reported in fair cultivation 27 per cent.

Orchards reported in poor cultivation 14 per cent.

Orchards reported in grass % per cent.

Orchards reported in vegetables 3 per cent.

Orchards reported in no cultivation 3 per cent.

Orchards reported in grain 2 per cent.

INJURIOUS INSECTS OR FUNGI PESTS FOUND.

Pear Leaf Blister Mite 9

Saw Fly 8

Apple Anthracnose 7

Apple Twig Blight 3

Apple Scab 2

Apple Tree Fungi 2

Caterpillar— Tent 2

Currant Leaf Curl 1

Peach Leaf Curl 1

Pear Scab 1

FAVORITE SELECTED— OF APPLES.

Wealthy 70

Duchess 20

Y. Transparent 12

Mcintosh 8

Alexander 5

Gano 5

Ben Davis 5

Snow 3

Pewaukee 2

N. Spy 2

D. Red 2

Minnetonka 1

Akin 1

FAVORITE OF PLUMS AND PRUNES.

Yellow Egg 2

Aitkin 1

Bradshaw 1

.Lombard 1

Moore Arctic 1

Italian Prune 1

FAVORITE OF CHERRIEiS SELECTED.^

Early Richmond 12

Montmorency Ord 4

Wr a gg 3

RECAPITULATION OF ORCHARD INSPElCTION IN MONTANA FOR THE

YEAR 1901.

Total number of orchards inspected 594

Total number of apple trees inspected 423,982

Total number of plum and prune trees inspected 15,610

Total numiber of pear trees inspected 9,026

Total number of cherry trees inspected 12,421

Total number of peach and apricot trees inspected 460

Total of all fruit trees inspected 461,499

Total acres of all small fruits inspected 112

Cases of Injurious Insects and Fungi Pests found 86

44

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

They consist. of the following: Pear Leaf Blister Mite, 22; Codling- Moth, 20; Saw
Fly, 8; Apple Anthracnose, 7; Oyster Shell Bark Louse, 6; Strawberry Weevil, 4; Ten
Caterpillars, 3; Apple Worm, 2; Apple Twig- Blight, 3; Apple Scato, 2; Apple Tree
Fungi, 2; Wolly Aphis, 1; Currant Leaf Curl, 1; Peach Leaf Curl, 1; Pear Scah, 1.

Varieties selected as favorites throughout the state are as follows: Wealthy,
Alexander, Duchess, Shackleford, Mcintosh, Jonathan, Peter, Antonovka, Boiken,
Snow, King, Baldwin, Walbridge, Wolf River, N. W, Greening, Yellow Transparent,
Maiden Blush, Salome, Gano, D. Red, N. Spy, Black Twig, Ben Davis, Bismarck,
Pewaukee, Minnetonka and Akin.— Total27.

Favorite varieties of Cherries: Bing, Early Richmond, Montmorency and
Wragg.

Favorite varieties of Plums and Prunes: Yellow Egg, Aitkin, Bradshaw, Lom-
bard, Moor Arctic and Italian prune.

Meeting of the Board in Missoula.

At the meeting held in Mlissoula Feb. 20, 1902, there were pres-
ent Mr. Olney Taylor, Mir. C. H. Campbell, Mr. J. H'. Edwards
and Mr. C. M'. Allen- The matter of duplicating orchard records,
fruit statistics and other matters that a fire loss might render irre-
parable was discussed and it was decided to have the same done.
During the year this has been done- Copies of statistics were re-
quested to be furnished all members of the board. The same was
done.

Mr. E. N. Brandegee, of Helena, was elected inspector-at-large
for the state.

It was agreed that the board should purchase six complete
spraying outfits so as to be prepared to carry on the work of erad-
icating the codling moth. The same were purchased and were
used by the board in their work during the past year.

The secretary was instructed to secure from the railroad com-
panies as complete data as possible as to the amount of agricultural
products imported intO' our state that might be produced at home.
In accordance with the above instructions this work was begun
early in the year 1902 and continued from time to time, as the
duties of this office would permit, and was completed last Novem-
ber. The task was one requiring much labor and time, and while
the figures as herein compiled and presented may not appear very
extensive they will be found to cover the entire importations of
agricultural products, covering a period of twelve months, giving
the article, amount, and the name of the states from which these
importations were rriade- To secure the data the records of thirty-
five freight and express stations were examined. This meant a
scrutiny of over 700,000 way bills. Copies of this table were fur-
nished to the Hon. J. A. Ferguson, Comimissioner of Labor and
Agriculture; Mr. Ray, assistamt examiner; Governor Joseph K.
Toole, Bozeman Agricultural College, each of the five members
of the board and also to the press. The tables provide subject

MONTANA STATE BOARX) OF /HORTICULTURE.

45

matter for every thinking person of the state. No amount of
printed pages can tell the story of what we don't produce with the
effect that these figures recite. Lack of time forbids
me writing at any length on this subject. It is the purpose, how-
ever, of this office to present the matter through the press and in
pamphlet form at a later date, when each product will be taken up
separately, as it should be, and we will for the present allow the
tables to speak for themselves.

AGRICULTURAL, PRODUCTS IMPORTED INTO MONTANA, SHOWING AR-
TICLE, QUANTITY AND STATE IMPORTING, COVER-
ING A PERIOD OF ONE YEAR.

California ..

Oregon

W ashing'ton

Idaiho

Utah

Colorado —
Wyoming . . .
N. Dakota .,
S. Dakota . .
IS ebraska . .

Kansas

Minnesota . .

Iowa

Missouri

Wisconsin ..
Illinois

Total

California ..

Oregon

Washington

Idaho

Utah

Colorado

Wyoming ...
N. Dakota . .
S. Dakota . .
Nebraska ..

Kansas

Minnesota ..
Iowa

Missouri ..
Wisconsin
Illinois . . . ,

Total

Onions

C.ibbag-e Potatoes

316,500) 1,538,232

176,958|

773,847 1 16,235
I 216

2,739,510
106,200
929,472

5,470,293

109,056|
29,0001

240

37,008

33,000:

1,475,609

*Mixed
Vegfetables

1,455,516
9,973
904,150
34,200
465,032
58,512

19,164

2,256

47,560

1,342
96

2,997,801

29,000| 199,320
474,072

456
168
'6b! 732

1,645,039

416,160
' 39,360

Celery

1,200

10,962

11,462
49,638

305

1,004
"300

74,

Asparagus

66
14,944
60

4,<

19,678

Totals

10,374,3871 13,495,035

Totals

3,092,350

* Not classifled on Freight Bills.

46

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Green Beans

Green Peas

Green Corn

Totals

•

40,923

2,736
3,051
2,658
1,777
864

354
9,310
942
857
450

120
4,230
3,390
7,974
60

470

1,200

480

12,036

13,113

15,774

Tomatoes Cucumbers

Lettuce

Totals

14o, voo
1 net

61, (4^
lift

5,066

•

lU,O0O

O AO K

oby
144

3,233

160

60
23,164

106
16,320

509,448

129,153
60

3,180

864

463,660

42,395

3,393

Spinach

Rhubarb

Squash

Totals

52,660

5,799

40,435

2,236

50

1,386

2,490

264

5,849

42,085

1

4,726

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF /HORTICULTURE.

47

Carrots

Beets

Horse
Radish

Totals

1,800

1,800

11,815

4,050
200

2,832
83

870

60

Q n C! Q C3'

120

4,715

2,670

4,430

Turnips

Dried Peas

Dr'd Beans

Totals

12,000

654,464

1,226,954

i,276

14,664

76,548

948

8,544

144,114

IVTissnnri

816

313,580

13,276

24,024

1,189,654

Clover St ed

Flax Seed

Millet

Totals

1

1 . . .

136,184

Utah

39,000

N. Dakota -

S. Dakota

Nebraska

Minnesota

27,336

6,060

25,010

Iowa

14,424

Wisconsin . .'

24,354

Total

1

1 !

48

SECOim BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Alfalfa Seed

Barley

Oats

Totals

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 49,080)
1 82,5601

1 1

TT+Q Vi

54 446

i

1

560,986

i

N. Dcikota

1 153,600
1

1

1 47,100
1

29,000

Tllinnis '

83,446

145,200

332,340

Wheat

Malt

Mixed
Pickles

Totals

.

380,538
288
45,306

20Q38.568

4,471,134
267,432

oi/ 1 f t \yo

TTrah ,

92,760
36,660

N. Dakota

13,332,584

60,000

1,206

TCfl nsa s ^ 1

168,000

46,440

425,196

313,824

_ _ 1

134,100

Total

18,239,150

1,269,540

1.429 878

i

Ham

Bacon

Cured
Meats

Totals

11,391,665

19,188

1,536
2,945

Nebraska

4,384,694

2,198,352

23,186

243,979
258,624
2,318,584

121,350
129,554
1,159,281

123,526

Iowa

143,926
150

16,140

8,640|'

238,010

Total

7,222,021

3,617,177

552,467

1

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

49

Fresh Pork

* Fresh
Meats

Milk

Totals

1

6,636,983

3,900

2,317,212
164,488

37,191
37,778
390
1,700
54,468

16,576
5,944

56,213

1,923,970

1,880
38,160
74,958

35,694

503,311
77,600
503,013

328,458
452,629

1,450

2,597,577

3,139,421

899,985

* Fresh Meats^Other than Pork.

Butter

Oleomar-
j^arine and
Butterine

Cheese

Totals

5,802,387

1,194
3,120
35,038
164,221

168
190
1,974
121,337

660
274,398
2,640
1,444,795
l',215',500
625,123
81,462
172,201
205,804
124,800

3,960

93,563
16,302
17,007
25,159
513,297

35,419

305,221

2,760
132,624
147,713

34,737

4,350,956

700,065

751,366

Poultry

Lard

Totals

11.674,039
75,569.997

30,740
1,500
219,100
275,280

356

1,554
23,638
37,404
14,304
600

4,820

2,750
73,872
9,120
2,741,300
1,735,920
496,200
344,340
774,300
54,360
1,800

816

S. Dakota

1,402,648
792,237
57,364

1,132,836

121,437
60,438
568,651

689,044

768

4,442

6,760,582

3,024,837

1,888,620

* Eggs— In pounds (4,056,360 dozen).

Value of total importations about $6,500,000.00.

50

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

Meeting of the Board in Helena.

At the meeting held in Helena Dec. 29, 1902, the report of the
committee on legislation was presented and the same was adopted
and is as follow^s :

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture:

Gentlemen: Your committee appointed at the last meeting of
the board held in Mlissoula to^ revise and amend the horticultural
law, rules and regulations, beg leave to submit the following re-
port :

On the second day of December, 1902, your committee met in
the city of Missoula- There were present Mr. C. ML Allen, C. H.
Edwards and by request M!r. W. B. Harlan and Mr. E. M. Tucker
were also present.

After a thorough discussion of the present law and of the needs
of the fruit industry of our state, the following amendments were
agreed upon:

Section i of the original law be amended tO' read as follows:
Sec. I. There is hereby created a State Board of Horticulture, to
consist of seven members, six of whom shall be appointed by the
governor, one from each of the horticultural districts that are
hereby created, and the State Executive, who' shall be an ex-ofhcio
member of the board. No person shall, however, be appointed
on said board, or employed by them, who shall be connected in
any way with any nursery, or who shall be engaged in the sale or
handling for profit of any nursery product.

Section 2 of the original law to be amended as follows:
Sec. 2. The state shall be divided into the following horticul-
tural districts: The first district shall comprise the counties of
Dawson, Custer, Yellowstone, Sweet Grass, Carbon, Park andi
Rosebud; the second district shall comprise the counties of Gal-
latin, Madison, Jefiferson, Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Lewis and
Clarke, Meagher and Broadwater; the third district shall comprise
the counties of Cascade, Fergus, Valley, Choteau and Teton; the
fourth district shall comprise the counties of M'issoula, Granite,
Powell and Deer Lodge; the fifth district shall comprise the county
of Ravalli; the sixth district shall comprise the county of Flat-
head.

Section 7 of the amended law to be amended as follows:
Sec- 7. For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious
diseases among fruit and fruit trees, and for the prevention, treat-
ment, cure and extirpation of fruit pests and diseases of fruit and
fruit trees, and for the disinfection of grafts, scions and orchard

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. " 51

debris, empty fruit boxes or packages, and other suspected ma-
terial or transportable articles dangerous to orchards, fruit and
fruit trees, said board may prescribe regulations for the inspection,
disinfection or destruction thereof, which regulations shall be cir-
culated in printed form by the board among the fruit growers and
fruit dealers of the state, and shall be published at least ten days
in two horticultural papers of general circulation in the state, and
shall be posted in three conspicuous places in each county in the
state, one of which shall be at the county court house thereof.

For the further prevention of the spiead of diseases dangerous
to fruit and fruit trees, it shall be unlawful for any person or per-
sons, dealer or dealers, tO' allow^ or cause to be used the second
time any crate, box, barrel, package or wrapping once having con-
tained fruit or nursery stock, and that the destruction of the same
must be made in its entirety and that the finding of such crate,
box, barrel, package or- wrapping in possession of any person or
persons, dealer or dealers, other than the consignee shall be con-
sidered prima facie evidence of a violation of this act.

Any mem'ber of the board or officer thereof is hereby author-
ized to seize and destroy by burning without breaking said crate,
box, barrel, package or wrapping wherever found and to prosecute
said violator or violators.

That section 8 of the amended law be amended to read as fol-
lows :

Sec. 8. The said board' shall elect from their own number or
appoint from without their number, to^ hold office at the pleasure
of the board, one competent person in each district, tO' be known
and act as inspector of fruit pests. Said inspectors shall be se-
lected with reference to their study and practical experience in hor-
ticulture. It shall be the duty of said inspectors to visit the nur-
series, orchards, stores, packing houses, ware houses and other
places where horticultural products and fruits are kept and han-
dled within their respective districts, and to see that the regula-
tions of the State Board of Horticulture to- prevent the spread of
fruit pests and diseases of trees and plants and the disinfection
of fruits, trees, plants, grafts, scions, orchard debris and empty
fruit boxes and other material shall be fully carried out and com-
plied with. Said inspectors shall have free access at all times to
all premises where any trees, plants, fruit-s or horticultural pro-
ducts or supplies are kept or handled, and shall have full power
to enforce the rules and regulations of the State Horticultural
Board, and to order the destruction and disinfection of any or all

52

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

trees, plants, fruits or horticulutral products or supplies found to
be infected with any disease as prescribed or designated by said
board.

The said board may appoint one or more, as necessary, compe-
tent persons to be known as special inspectors, whose general
powers and duties shall be regulated and prescribed by the mem-
ber of the board for that district. Such special inspector shall re-
ceive such sum per day as the said Board of Horticulture may
agree upon, provided, such sum shall in no case exceed the sum of
five dollars per day for the time actually employed.

The said board shall appoint one person to be known as inspec-
tor at large for the state, whose duties shall be prescribed by the
board, and who shall receive the sum oi five dollars per day for
time actually employed.

That section 9 of the amended law be amended so as to read as
follows :

Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of every person or persoms, corpoi-
ation or corporations, who shall sell or deliver to any person or
persons, corporation or corporations, any trees, plants, vines,
scions or grafts, to notify the secretary of the board, whose duty
it shall be to notify the inspector of said district wherein sucli
trees, plants, vines, etc., etc., are to be delivered at least five days
before said goods are to be delivered, giving the date and nur-
sery or railroad station where said trees, plants, scions, etc., etc.,
are to be delivered, together with the name of the party or parties
who are to receive the same. It shall be the duty of the inspector
receiving said notice to inspect the said trees, plants, grafts, scions,
etc., etc., as soon thereafter as practicable, and if the same be
found free from any and all diseases or pests, as designated by
said State Board of Horticulture, he shall so certify and shall at-
tach such certificate to each lot or bill of such trees, grafts, plants,
scions, etc., which said certificate must contain a list of the said
trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants so inspected. But if any of
the trees, grafts, scions, vines or plants sO' inspected shall be found
to be diseased or infested with any of the pests as prescribed by
said board, then the inspector shall order the disinfection or de-
struction of such trees, grafts, scions, vines, etc., etc., so diseased
or infected, together with all boxes, wrapping or packing pertain-
ing thereto, and charge and collect the sum. of ten dollars ($10)
for the disinfection and inspection of each carload of said nursery
stock and a proportionate sum for less than car lots, but in no
instance less than two dollars ($2) for each separate inspection or

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HjORTICULTURE. " 53

disinfection, provided, that the State Board of Horticulture shall
have power to designate certain places as quarantined stations,
where all nursery stock brought into the state shall be inspected
and disinfected. For the inspection of fruits a fee of two cents
per box or package, with a maximum fee of five dollars for each
separate lot or car shall be charged and collected. The inspectors
shall collect such fees and shall not give certificates of inspection
until the fees are paid.

Amend section 15 of the general law so as to read as follows:
Sec. 15. The inspectors of fruit pests appointed or elected by
said board shall receive as compensation for their services such
sum as the board may regulate, provided, not to exceed five dol-
lars per day for the time actually employed. The members of
said board shall receive no compensation for their services except
actual expenses paid out. The secretary of said board shall re-
ceive the sum of $1,000 per annum for his services.

Amend section 19 of the amended law so as to read as follows:
Sec. 19. There is hereby appropriated for the use of the State
Board of Hbrticulture, as set forth in this act, out of the moneys
in the state treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of ten
thousand dollars ($10,000), or as much thereof as may be neces-
sary for the year commencing March i, 1903, five thousand dollars
($5,000) or as much thereof as may be necessary for the year com-
mencing March I, 1904.

The following blank sections to be created :

Sec. — . Every person who for himself, or as agent for any
other person or persons, transportation company or common car-
rier, shall deliver or turn over to any person or persons, corpora-
tion or corporations, any fruits without first having attached the
inspector's certificate, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.

Sec. — No person, firm or corporation shall engage or con-
tinue in the business of selling within the state, or importing fruit
trees, plants or nursery stock into the state without first having
obtained a license to do business in this state, as in this act pro-
vided.

Sec. — . Any person, firm or corporation may obtain a license
to engage in the business of selling fruit trees, plants or nursery
stock into this state upon the payment of the sum of twenty-five
dollars and by filing with the secretary of the State Board of Hor-
ticulture, bond, with sureties, in the sum of one thousand dollars
($1,000), conditioned that the principals will faithfully obey the
laws of the State of Montana, and that the said principals will pay .

54

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

the cost of fumigation of all nursery stock or other materials or
g-oods imported into or sold within the state by the said principal
or his or their agent, and the expense of destruction of any in-
fested nursery stock. License granted under this act shall be for
one year or less, at the discretion of the board.

Sec. — It shall be the duty of every person, firm or corpora-
tion licensed to do business under this act to notify the secretary
of the State Board of Horticulture of his intention to ship an in-
voice of fruit trees, plants or nursery stock from one point to
another in this state, or from any point without this state into
this state. The said notice shall contain the name and the address
of both the consignor and consignee, and the invoice of the goods
to be shipped, the freight or express office at which the goods are
to be delivered and the name or title of the transportation com-
pany from whom the consignee is to receive such goods. Such
notice shall be mailed at least five days before the day of such
shipment.

Sec. — . It shall be the duty of each person or corporation of-
fering to sell, or selling and delivering, any nursery stO'ck, fruit
trees, plants, vines, scions, cuttings, etc., etc-, within the State of
Montana, to place on each and every package so sold and deliv-
ered a label or card containing the name and address of both the
consignor and consignee and the invoice of the stock therein con-
tained.

Sec. — . Any person or persons who shall receive and accept
any nursery stock, fruit trees, plants, vines, scions, cuttings, grafts,
etc., etc., that have not been inspected by a duly appointed inspec-
tor of the State Board of Horticulture and shall use or dispose of
said nursery stock, fruit trees, vines, plants, scions, cuttings,
grafts, etc., etc., without first notifying the inspector and furnish-
ing him opportunity to examine and if necessary fumigate the said
nursery stock, will be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and will be
subject to fine as further provided in this act.

Sec. — . All nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings,
grown or growing within the State of Mbntana, used for filling
orders, shall, after said stock shall have been taken from the nur-
sery rows or grounds, and before the same shall have been packed
for delivery, be inspected by a duly appointed inspector and' shall
be disinfected by fumigating or other method, when in his judg-
ment such is necessary. After such inspection, if it be found that
said nursery stock, trees, plants, vines and cuttings are clean and
free from insects and fungi pests, he shall issue his certificate to

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. ' 55

said nurserymar) and said certificate shall entitle him to tise said
stock, so inspected and disinfetced for filling orders for the next
current delivery-

Nurseries shall give to the secretary of the 'board five days no-
tice of the time when said stock shall be ready for inspection un-
der the provisions of this act.

Sec. — . Any person or persons, corporation or corporations,
transportation companies or common carriers, violating any of the
provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and
fined in the sum of not less than twenty-five dollars ($25), nor more
than three hundred dollars ($300).

It will be noticed that we have recommended that the appropria-
tion be increased to the sum of $5,000, or as much thereof as may
be necessary for each year and $5,000 extra for the purpose of car-
rying on the work of exterminating the moth. This was done
after careful estimates were made of the money necessary to carry
on the work and to give the fruit industry of our state the protec-
tion it must have if we are tO' preserve the present clean condition
of our orchards.

We would recommend that stringent inspection be kept up in
Bu'tte, Anaconda, Helena, Missoula, Great Falls, Kalispell, Bill-
ings, Mliles City, Bozeman, Plains, Thompson, Dillon, Glasgow,.,
Chniook and all points pO'Ssible, and that wherever possible the in-
spectors be placed on salary to be fixed by the board.

We would recommend that the inspector at Butte continue to
look after Anaconda, as has been done by him in the past; that the
ofiice of fruit inspector for the district in which Missoula is sit-
uated be combined with that of orchard inspector and thus enable
the board to pay a sufficient salary to secure the constant attention
of that officer to the boards' work; that the offices of fruit inspector
and orchard inspector at Great Falls be combined for a like pur-
pose; Billings to be also' combined for like reasons; Helena, Miles
City, Bozeman, Plains, Kalispell and Thompson inspectors to be
placed on salary to be fixed by the board. Our reasons for these
changes are that under existing conditions the amount possible
for an inspector to earn at these points under the fee system is
inadequate compensation tO' secure reliable service.

C. M. ALLEN, Miember Fourth Distritc.
C. H. EDWARD'S, Secretary.

56

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

The reports of the secretary, inspectors and members of the
board were read and adopted. The secretary was instructed to
correspond with hke boards with a view to securing the passage of
a law requiring the fumigation of fruit cars having once been
loaded with apples or pears before allowing the same tO' enter
another fruit district.

It was resolved by the board to try during 1903 Mr. C. M. Al-
len's plan for the eradication of the moth, provided the appropria-
tion requested was secured.

The inspector-at-large was authorized to call meetings of in-
spectors as often as deemed necessary, provided -that said meet-
ings be not called more than twice a year and that inspectors be
allowed actual expenses while in attendance.

The chief diseases affecting fruits and coming into our state, or
liable to dissemination among our fruits are the San Jose scale and
the codling moth. During the early part of the shipping season of
1 901 nearly all fruits coming into the state were more or less af-
fected and it required constant watching to keep them in check.
The inspectors, however, with the experience of the past, were well
posted and through a combined effort which has characterized the
employes and the members of the board a system of inspection has
been brought about that has secured to the dealers and the con-
sumers absolutely clean fruit, something unknown in the markets
of the state heretofore, for it has always been a well-known fact
that Mbntana was the dumping grounds for diseased fruits for the
northwest. The dealers to a man are heartily in favor of the law
and they are loud in their praise of the satisfactory manner that
the law has been enforced. There has been distributed from this
office during the two years over four thousand pamphlets, circulars
and books. The greater portion of them have been sent out by
express to the various inspectors and members and by them' dis-
tributed to those who cared to receive them. This method was
taken to save postage.- Information on crops, condition and quan-
tity, on pests and what to do for them, on our state and what it
offers to the intending settler, and upon many other subjects has
been furnished through letter to inquirers.

The board has gathered together a very good hbrary of about
300 bound volumes and unbound and some 2,000 bulletins which
covers the field of horticulture and agriculture. The part treating
on the diseases and remedies and propagation of fruits has been
filed under separate heads, each subject filed and forms a very
complete and useful library.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. ^ 57

It has been the earnest effort of this office to glean all the infor-
mation possible on the question of fruits and their diseases and
to that end everything in the way of circulars and books that con-
tained matters of interest to the inspectors in their work has been
possible to get I have secured and sent tO' them. Two of the most
valuable works that it has been our good fortune to receive in this
office are the Year Book and the report of the Oregon State
Board of Horticulture. These books, with a treatise on the uses
oi hydrocyanic gas in fumigating were sent from this office tO' all
members and inspectors.

. During the summer many diseased fruits were sent to the in-
spectors and members and they have been of great benefit to all
in the work- In this way frequently inspectors have been edu-
cated to know at a glance some of the worst known pests and have
not had to remain in doubt as to the proper course to pursue.

Attention is called to the tables which are submitted and made a
part of this report. They cover the question of fruit insepction,
orchard inspection, receipts and disbursements of the fee fund, and
importations of agricultural products. They show the totals of
all the various fruits received into the state and inspected and from
where they came, and the agricultural products imported into our
state. They are facts and they speak of the work done by the
board better than any number ol pages of manuscript can. Much
time has been necessary to complete them and they are submitted
with the hope that they may be of service to the state and to the
board in their future work.

. CHARLES H. EDWARDS, Secretary.

Inspectors' and Members' Reports.

Mr. C. H. EDWARDS,

Secretary State Board of Horticulture,
Butte, Montana.

Dear Sir: The following is a brief report of my work as in-
spector in First district :

As it became impossible for me to attend to the inspection
of fruit in Billings I was fortunate in securing the services of
Mr. I. D. O'Donnell at that place.

I have not be-en able tO' inspect all the orchards in this district,
as to do so would require in some cases a whole day to reach a
very small number of trees and this expense I did not think it
advisable to incur.

5S

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

I have inspected 37 orchards containing about 17,000 fruit
trees of the different varieties- The orhcards of this dis-
trict are in a generally thriving condition where they have been
properly cared for, but many of the trees are sufifering from
neglect, their owners apparently thinking after planting them
there is nothing more to be done for them to secure a fine crop
of fruit.

It is probable that many varieties have been planted that are
not hardy enough to withstand our coldest winters and will have
to be replaced with other trees. Many people do not know what
varieties they have planted and when the tender ones shall have
died are liable to plant the same kind again.

I feel that it cannot be urged too strongly upon orchardists to
plant only those varieties that are known to be hardy. Another
mistake is being made in planting too great a number of varie-
ties, as in so doing they will not have enough of any one kind to
make a shipment.

The Codling Moth has made its appearance in some of the
older orchards and it is becoming evident that to prevent or at
least to reduce its ravages we must resort to spraying as prac-
ticed in the older states.

The Woolly Aphis has been found in one nursery, the trees
from which will have to be fumigated before they are removed
from the nursery grounds. I should estimate the total number
of fruit trees growing in this district at about 60,000, a large
part of which have not yet come into bearing.

Very respectfully,

OLNEY TAYLOR,
Park City. Inspector First District.

Helena, Mont., December i8th^ 1902.

Fruit shipped to Helena has been clean this year. Shippers
have learned, and some of them by bitter experiences, that no
other class of fruit can come with safety to this market. Im-
porters have been careful in ordering, and localities and ship-
pers that fail to send fruit free from pests, receive no fur-
ther orders from Helena.

Oranges and lemons have often on them four species of scale
insects, the Red Scale, Aspidiotus aurantii, the Yellow Scale,
Aspidiotus citrinus, the Purple scale, Mytilaspis citricola and the

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

59

Oleander scale, Aspidiotns hederae. All these scales are dis-
tinctly citrus fruit pests or sub-tropical, and are not a menace
to local orchards. They do not injure the fruit. The work of the
rust mite is more and more in evidence each year, indicating the
spread of this pest in citrus groves. Navel oranges have a dis-
gusting black fungus in them, also becoming more common, and
it is probably a Macrosporium.

Apples from Santa Cruz Mountains, Cal., have had on them
the Greedy Scale, Aspidiotus rapax. Belleflower apples from
Watsonville, Cal., had in them this year colonies of Aphis
around the seed. The species is not determined. Apple scab
was abundant last year and pear scab less so. Pear blight also
came on quinces and pears from California. There is no proba-
bility of infection of our orchards from these fungi on fruits.

Monilia fructigena, a parasitic rot, was common year before
last on plums and cherries from the coast. The brown spot of
the apple is often seen. Apples from the highlands of Idaho
sometimes rot and turn black with a parasitic fungus, a species
of Stemphyllium. Penicillium sp. is very destructive to even
green lemons in transit from California.

The past season brought San Jose Scale from Walla Walla in
small quantities only, and shipments from that quarter prompt- -
ly ceased.

Codling Moth is the most difficult pest for the inspector to
deal with, as it is the gravest in the apple industry. I have seen
little of it this year, less than any previous year. While one is
pretty sure that a car load of apples from a district infested with
the moth must contain some apples with worms, yet so careful
has been sorting and packing this year, that I could find no
worms in nearly every car that came to Helena.

Peaches, year before last were disgusting from the presence
of Anarsia lineatella, the Peach Twig Borer, a serious enemy of
the peach. It would become a pest here if peach trees were
grown in numbers. Powdery Mildew is extremely common on
peaches from Utah. I have seen it on a few pears from the same
state.

Peaches have frequently on them a fungus which occurs in
round blotches about the size of the San Jose Scale. The fun-
gus is , probably a Helminthosporium. Apricots are red
spotted by a fungus which superficially resembles closely
San Jose Scale. It perforates the leaves of apricot cher-

60

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

ry and plum and is a Shothole Fungus, Phillosticta circum-
scissa.

E. N. BRANDEGEE,
Resident Fruit Inspector, Helena.

Great Falls, Mont., October 31, 1902.
To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture :

Sirs : — I have in the last three months driven over the greater
portion of Cascade County and have seen nearly all of the fruit
trees in the Third District, as there are very few outside of the
County in this District.

I have inspected twenty orchards, which contained 2,368 fruit
trees and 15,319 currant, gooseberry, raspberry and blackberry
bushes and i 3-4 acres of strawberry plants, and am glad to say
have not found a single pest of dangerous character on any fruit
tree or on any of the small fruits. Most of the orchards are
small and rather young, but few trees old enough to bear.

Although we have no pests here I believe as yet, we have
serious things to contend with ; first is to get the people to take
an interest in the raising of fruit, and get them to take care of
the trees after they are set out. In many cases I have found a
small orchard set out and left to take care of itself, and how
can we expect to get good results from such care as this. After
the trees nearly all or all die, this same man says you can not
raise fruit in this country, while if the trees had been taken care
of properly they would have done well.

In many instances they set their trees in an unsheltered place,
where the wind continuously blows, when they might just as well
set them in a well sheltered place in good soil.

I have always tried to induce the people to select a good lo-
cation and take an interest in their trees with the idea of a mon-
ey proposition.

I saw one small apple orchard on Otter Creek about the first
of August, where the apples were only about half
grown, but the trees were loaded so heavy that the
limbs were breaking down, the apples hanging in clusters al-
most like grapes, and this orchard had very little care. Another
orchard on the Missouri near Hardy, Montana, was the same
way, and this is a common occurrence where there may be only
four or five apple trees. This simply shows what can be done
here, and with firstclass care, these trees would produce an enor-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF eORTICULTURE. 61

mous crop. There is one well cultivated and irrigated orchard
on Belt Creek, although the apple and plum trees are too young
to bear; this man had a large crop of currants, gooseberries and
strawberries. These small fruits can be raised with good suc-
cess in most any part of this County.

With careful selection of a well sheltered place in good soil,
which can be irrigated, and with good cultivation we can raise
several varieties of hardy applies, I think as nice as can be raised
in most any part of the State.

We had a good display of apples at the Cascade County Fair,
whfch was held here from September i6th to 20th, and I think
in this way we can advertise to a good advantage the fruit facil-
ities of this country, and would recommend that a special ef-
fort be made to give a good premium for fruit displays at the
different fairs held throughout the State, and in this way induce
the people to take an interest in, and bring in their fruit. It seems
to me that a very small per cent of the citizens here understand
how much fruit culture means to the State ; if properly handled
it certainly is bound to become a large and profitable business.

From May 3rd, 1901, to October 31, 1902, I inspected and fum-
igated two car loads and 51 shipments which contained 80
separate boxes or bales of nursery stock, and collected for in-
spection and turned into the State for this $137.

I also inspected 20 orchards which took me fourteen days. I
have put in 55 days in special inspection duty during this time
which amounts to $275, less the $137 collected as fees, leaves the
total cost at this point, outside of supplies, $138 for the eighteen
months. There will be a few more trees shipped in this fall, but
the inspection fees will nearly pay for time employed in same.

The fruit here has been coming very nice and clean this year
and we have had very few moths here this fall. We had a small
amount of Red Scale here on lemons in the spring, but did not
condemn, as we think there is nothing in this country that could
be affected by this. When I first came here I condemned and
burned 198 boxes of apples and pears that were badly infected
with the Codling Moth; also' 224 boxes of peaches that were badly
eaten by the peach worm. This year I have condemned and burn-
ed 201 boxes of apples infected with the Codling Mbth.

I have had considerable correspondence with the California ship-
pers cautioning them against sending infected fruit and think they
thoroughly understand that it takes good fruit to pass the market

62

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

here; however think that any responsible shipper appreciates the
law, both for his own good and for that of the consnmer.

Last spring we had quite an amount of Schizoneura Americana
on the elm trees here, along the boulevards and in the parks, which
hurt the looks of the trees a good deal. I think if they were
sprayed that we might be able tO' check the spread of this pest.
Some of the elm trees were also infected with a green worm, which
ate the leaves badly.

There was one case here very similar to' the Crown Gall, but as it
was not reported to me until after the three trees were burned, I
do not know Vv^hat it was. I have made a careful examination
since and can find no trace of gall on the surrounding trees.
Very respectfully,

C. E. HUBBARD,
Inspector Third District.

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture:

Gentlemen: As inspector in the Fourth district, I am called
upon to act in the capacity of both fruit and orchard inspector-
As fruit inspector I have inspected 11,288 packages of fruits and
have found the same to be free from insects and fungi pests.

Peaches from Walla Walla, Prosser and North Yakima were
very good. Early pears from Washington and Idaho were badly
infected; later shipments of these fruits were found to be quite
clean. Plums, prunes and apricots were good. Cherries came
mostly from Washington and Idaho and were very good. I would
call the attention of the orchardists that I have found the large
sweet cherry a success wherever properly cared for in this locality.
Taken as a whole the fruits received from other states in Missoula
were found to be comparatively free from all diseases.

Orchard Work. .

Early in the spring all of the old fruit trees in and around Mis-
soula were thoroughly pruned and the old bark scraped from off
them, preparatory to being sprayed for the Codling Mbth. Care
was taken to burn up all the old debris, so that none of the moth
in hiding might escape. After the blossoms had fallen from the
apple and pear trees they were thoroughly sprayed with Paris
green. This spray was applied between the 2d and 9th of June.
Later, between the loth and 25th of August the results from this
work will be found to appear in the report of the inspector at large
and the same trees were again sprayed. The results of both sprays

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. ^ 63

were quite gratifying. The ntimber of trees sprayed was 4,374;
number of homes at which spraying was done, 335- Six large 50
gallon barrel sprayers were used, each requiring two men, one to
pump and one to direct the spray. Considerable difficulty during
the first operation to get the machines through the common gate
so as to reach the trees, but later each machine was provided with
a long hose so that the trees in small gardens could be reached
without moving the machines from the streets. Where trees were
inaccessible to the barrel sprayer, a small bucket sprayer was
pressed into service. All the spraying mahcines were provided
with the "Vermorel" nozzle.

During the progress of the spray two men were engaged in
placing bands on the older and more infested trees. The total
number of trees banded during the season was 492. Some trees
required only two bands, while others required as many as 20.
Bands were placed around the trunk of the trees near the ground
and around each important limb near the main body of the tree.
The material used was burlap from six to eight mches in width,
tied with heavy twine. A total of 1,094 bands were placed anc^
thoroughly examined during the entire season. Thoiisands of
larvae of the Codling Mbth were in this way found and destroyed.

M'issoula is the key to the greatest fruit producing section in
the state. There are no orchards for many miles in any direction
from the city and it may be possible, with extreme care, to en-
tirely eradicate the moth from this now infested section.

The state is much indebted to Mt. C- M. Allen, of the board,
for the deep interest displayed by him in the work.

E. M. TUCKER,
Inspector Fourth District.

Missoula, Mbntana,

To the Montana State Board of Horticulture :

Gentlemen: As deputy inspector of the Fifth district, I have in-
spected 28,098 packages of fruits and out of this number found it
necessary to condemn 144 packages. I have also inspected and
fumigated all the nursery stock which has arrived at this point for
the past two years.

O. A. PARSONS,
Deputy Inspector Fifth District.

Kalispell, Mont.

€4

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

President and Mbmbers of the Board of Horticulture:

I have the honor to hand you my first annual report. I was
appointed as orchard inspector for the Fifth Horticultural district
of Montana in April, 1901, and 'began inspecting orchards in May
following. I traveled over six hundred miles inspecting-

Owing to the large extent of territory and number of orchards,
the inspection must be superficial to an extent in the time allowed.
Had I the benefit of a year's experience, or the notes of my pre-
decessor, could have given a more thorough inspection. Know-
ing now where the orchards are I could in the future work to
better advantage.

I inspected during the season 350 orchards, containing 108,046
trees.

I found no Codling Moth or larvae. In three separate orchards
I found single specimens of windfall apples with a worm hole and
think the holes were made after the apples had fallen to the
ground.

I found pear leaf blister quite prevalent. I successfully treated
two orchards by removing all foliage, by cutting back close, burn-
ing refuse and washing trees thoroughly with whale oil soap and
quassia chips. Trees treated in June. They threw out new foliage
and remained vigorous the balance of the season. I find the pear
leaf blister mite very destructive. Apple aphis not as numerous
as common, the past season, on account of hot and dry summer.
I recommend whale oil soap and quassia chips. I would prefer
kerosene emulsion, but very few persons make a perfect mechan-
ical mixture, so did not recommend it.

Plum aphis very plentiful; cherry aphis scarce. In a few neg-
lected orchards found apple trees killed by aphis, others nearly
dead. In four orchards found apple scab. In one orchard which
had been planted fourteen years, scab had not spread from the
single tree affected. I recommended spraying with bordeaux
mixture.

I found in five orchards a mite on the under side of the rasp-
berry leaves which cause the death of the cane. The insect, which
resembles a yellow spider, is very small, but is visible to the un- ,
aided eye, suspended with the egg (a minute white one) in a fine
web on the underside of the leaf-

I am inclined to think it is the insect known in the west as the
red spider. Professor Cordley, of Oregon Experiment Station,
recommends the lime, sulphur and salt solution after leaves have

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF [HORTICULTURE. . 65

fallen. Canes should be severely thinned to- make the spray more
effective.

The currant saw fly is in evidence and is successfully combatted
with white hellebore, if the first brood is attacked. If neglected
until a second brood the crop of fruit is lost on account of the
presence of the arsenic.

Gooseberry bush leaves are the first choice of the saw fly larvae
for food.

The leaf roller is quite destructive to the Carolina poplars, but
succumbs to paris green very readily.

Anthracnose of the Apple.

I would like to call the attention of the board to a disease which
has appeared in Flathead orchards, a disease which is caused by a
fungus which inhabits the cambium, or inner bark, of the apple
tree, causing dead spots on the limbs and on the body of the small
trees which, as the fungus increases, become so numerous as to
kill the tree. Not until the latter part of the season did I discover
that the spot was caused by a fungus, or perhaps would have found
many more orchards infested^ All the trees which I found infested
were bought from the west. One orchard which had been planted
on land which cost $ioo per acre tO' clear, was so badly infested
as to be worse than worthless. Which makes it worse the nur-
seryman who sold the trees knew they were diseased.

I consider this disease, which Prof. Cordley has named the
apple anthracnose, to be more serious than the codling moth, in-
asmuch as the codling moth destroys the fruit, while the anthrac-
nose destroys the tree, and as the spores of the fungus can be car-
ried from tree to tree by birds, wind or the pruning knife, it can
be spread fast.

I would recommend that all inspectors be furnished a descrip-
tion of the work of the fungus, with special instructions, as I am
satisfied by what I have seen of the results of the disease that it
is an enemy to the apple tree second tO' none.

I am in correspondence with different parties on the subject
and am in hopes of giving a supplemental report of this special
fungus in Flathead. For a report by the best authority would
refer to the report of the Oregon Board of Horticulture for 1901.
See page 405.

I find a disease of the Mbrello cherry, which is very similar to
the anthracnose of the apple, which has killed some cherry trees.
Gumosis is bad on Bigarrean cherry trees in my district. Many

66

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

trees of the jNIorello cherry died, or partially died, the past sum^
mer from the ef¥ects of the winter of 1898-99.

Of the trees reported, probably not fifty per cent are varieties
suitable to the climate in which they are planted and am safe in
saying- that not twenty-five per cent are of the varieties ordered
by the buyer. Such is the benefit (to the nurseryman) of the sub-
stitution clause in the tree contract.

The Flathead Horticultural Society is doing a. grand work in
educating the fruit tree planter as to varieties and care of trees
after planting and d'eserve the encouragem,ent of the state board-
The society has assisted the inspector in every way possible in the
discharge of his duties. The merchants and fruit dealers have
given their hearty co-operation to make the horticultural law ef-
fective. It was some time before they could understand the neces-
sity of destroying empty fruit packages, but think the law is firmly
observed now. The local inspectors are badly handicapped by
not having an inspector at large to refer to. Where at present it
is impossible to get an authoritative opinion in time to be of imme-
diate benefit, the local inspector is supposed, by many, to be
authority on all subjects appertaining to fruit and fruit culture.
I find it very embarrassing at times when asked as to the honesty
of some certain nurseryman, whom I cannot recommend or as to
what varieties to plant, there being such a variety of climates in
this district. Some parts will grow and ripen peaches, apricots,,
grapes and nectarines, while in other localities a Ben Davis tree
will not stand the winter, but surprises are continually being
sprung. The writer did not think it possible to raise fruit in the
vicinity of Columbia Falls, but at the September meeting of the
county society at that place apples of several varieties were shown,
also' several varieties of pears.

The Flathead Horticultural society has established five stations
at as many different points in this district to keep a record of the
variations in the weather, which will be of great benefit to the
fruit grower.

Th'e director of the weather bureau at Kalispell is doing a great
work for the fruit grower.

Counting fruit trees in lots in town and orchards not found, I
am satisfied would bring the total to one hundred and thirty thous-
and trees in this district.

I did not visit Libby or Troy for lack of time.

Topworking is becoming quite generally practiced and should
be much more than it is, as perhaps one-half the trees in this dis-

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 67

making the same mistake through the fault of the dishonest nur-
seryman or tree agent. It seems as though some people never
learn by experience to deal with a man they can get at — with a
shotgun — if no other way. Very few buyers appreciate the fact
that the substitution clause leaves a loophole for many dishonest
transactions.

Had all the fruit trees been true to name which have been plant-
ed in this di'strict, they would have been bearing $100,000 worth
of fruit at the present time. There has been much dissatisfaction
among dealers the past season over small apple boxes shipped
from the west. The M'ontana standard box, 10, 11, 22 mches,
containing 231 cubic inches more than those from Washington.

The market for home-grown fruit has been extraordinarily good.
Strawberries selling for not less than $2 per crate, raspberries $3,
plums 5 to 8 cents per pound, cherries 10 cents per pound, apples
$1.50 per box, fancy $2.00 and $2.50. Consumers have learned
the difference between home-grown and imported fruit. In many
instances the growers' name on the package seems to be a guar-
antee as to the quality of fruit.

I have distributed copies of the report of rules and regulations
of the horticultural board, also booklet on insect pests by Prof.
Cooley, which were in great demand.

The inspector of green fruits at Kalispell, Mr- O. A. Parsons,
deserves great credit for the manner in which he has watched the
incoming fruits and outgoing empty packages. I have received
and answered eighty-five letters of inquiry.

I am forced to the conclusion, after testing many varieties, and
seeing them growing that the pear is not a commercial success in
this district, inasmuch as pears can be shipped in here and sold
for $1 per box and has sold that low in Kalispell.

Owing to the size of this district (8,700 square miles) any report
made on the basis of sixty days work must be incomplete, as it
is impossible to get an accurate inspection in so short a time of all
the orchards, there Deing so many small orchards (from twenty
to one hundred trees). The average of those I visited this summer
is 285.

In the choice of varieties of apples Wealthy leads largely as first
choice. Miclntosh Red comes second. For summer Yellow Trans-
parent and Duchess are both favorites. For winter Gano and
Aiken Red have many friends.

In plums the Peach, Bradshaw, Pond's Seedling ana m more
favored locations the Lombard and Italian Prune do well.

68

SECOND BIENNIAL REIPORT OF THE

trict are valueless as they are, but people must be educated up to
that fact before they will understand the necessity of remodeling
their trees. The bark graft is the most general in use for apple,
akhoug-h budding is practiced to some extent. Miany fruit grow-
ers are digging up worthless varieties and replanting, oftentimes

In cherries the Early Richmond, Montmorency Ord, English
Morello in the order named make a good succession. The Hearts
and Bigarreans have been extensively planted, but do not yield
sufficiently to pay commercially.

I wish to express my thanks to Mr. J- H. Ed'wards, the local
member of the State Horticultural Board, for his assistance he has
shown on the many occasions in which I have infringed on his
valuable time; also the secretary of the state board, who' has been
uniformly courteous and forbearing with my many shortcomings.
I remain yours

O. C. BSTBY,
Inspector Fifth District.

Big Fork, Mont., November, 1901.

Mr. President and Members of the Board of Horticulture:

I have the honor to present my second annual report as orchard
inspector of the Fifth Horticultural district of Mbntana.

Owing to lack of funds I did not make a general inspection the
past season, but confined myself to Kalispell and vicinity, and to
special cases of pests in other parts of the district. I made a
thorough inspection of just 18 orchards containing 18,743 trees,
also five acres of small fruits. I made an especially thorough in-
spection of those from the fact that I discovered the codling moth
in that vicinity in three orchards. I inspected many trees in Kal-
ispell for the same insect, but did not feel justified in making a
more expensive inspection under my instructions. I did not dis-
cover them until the latter part of August, when it was too late to
spray, but I picked off and destroyed all fruit from trees infected
and banded the adjoining trees. I think a good fight next sum-
mer, while there are but a few, would exterminate them.

In justice to the fruit grower I should recommend for next sea-
son a thorough inspection of all orchards in that district, which
would cost $500 or more; also that the board should allow as much
more to exterminate the codling moth while in its infancy here,
as Prof. Cooley thinks the past season was the second season ol
their depredations.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. ^ 69

The native currant saw fly was not as bad as a year ago.
Another season of spraying will probably exterminate them. Am '
pleased to report that the treatment of pear leaf blister, described
in my former report, was entirely effective in every case. The ap-
ple plant louse was worse than ever the past season and a great
expense to the fruit grower trying to conquer them, which cannot
be done only by frequent spraying.

Anthracnose of apple is still in evidence and proves hard to com-
bat, spreading very rapidly in orchards. Owing to the distance
between orchards it does not spread from one orchard to another.
It seems not to be particular as to the variety of tree or shrub.
It has been reported on cherry, pear, currant and even on the
quaken asp. T am convinced that the fungus which works on the
branches is another species, as it is found in an entirely different
locality- I am unable tO' identify the latter. Have sent away
specimens without result. The red spider is still very bad on rasp-
berries and we have been unable to discover any effective remedy
as yet.

Apple scab was sprayed twice with strong bordeaur mixture, 'be-
fore and after bloom, without result. Owing to continuous rains
while the oyster shell bark louse was in insect form, spraying was
ineffective the past season; am going to spray this winter to see if
it will be effective.

In February, where the chinook winds removed snoAv from
around trees, many were winter killed. In one orchard there were
1, 600 found dead and many more injured and will probably die.

I think it would be a good plan to sow a clover crop in orchards
to hold the snow. The market has been strong and prices good
for fruit, but on a system of barter, which is very unsatisfactory
to the grower. Apple packing is receiving some attention; well
packed and graded apples commanding twenty-five to fifty cents
more per box than those not graded.

This market demands boxes stamped with the growers' name
as a guarantee, which is a good business proposition. Trees are
still being planted in large quantities. An estimate of trees
planted last spring would place the number at 75,000. There are
probably 250,000 fruit trees growing now in this district.

Inspection of fruit at way stations is very necessary. It seems
impossible to get competent men to act as inspectors in small
towns for the compensation allowed by law- A central quaran-
tine station would entail a hardship on small dealers. Could it
not be aranged so the inspector in Kalispell could board the train

70

SECOND BIENNIAL REIPORT OF THE

as it enters from the west and inspect the fruit in trainsit; as it is all
shipped from the west it would not be neecssary on the eastern
trains. Yours respectfully,

O. C. ESTEY,
Inspector Fifth District.

Big Fork, Mont., December, 1902.

Few orchards are to be found in my portion of District No. 2.
Of these I have visited only those in the immediate vicinity of
Helena and the trees in the town, The fruit trees in the town are
apple and crab exclusively planted as much for shade as anything
else and of small economic importance.

Codling moth is quite general in distribution in the city of Hel-
ena and it is ?n indisputable fact that where suitable trees are to
be found it likes life in Montana. Its eradication from the town
will be a difficult matter, as apple trees are scattering and more
trouble will be experienced with the many owners than with the
scarcely more numerous trees.

I have found a comparatively rare insect and this is the first
time, I believe, that it has been reported in the west. It is Xylina
antennata, and made itself manifest on some trees by devouring
10 to 20 per cent of the young apples in the early summer- The
insect has never proved serious. Its attacks are usually intermit-
tent and result when worst only in the destruction oi a portion of
the young apples.

I have met with the apple aphis on nearly every apple tree and
it does much harm from its numbers, althoug^h its parasitic
enemies are very efficient in holding it in check.

In several instances the common red spider has proved injurious
to trees during the hot and dry weather of latter summer- I be-
lieve that the mites are destined to prove serious pests in Mon-
tana if they are not already such. This species alone> has done
much damage in orchards and in gardens and we have with us
another that will prove more troublesome. This is the clover
mite, Bryobia pratensis. I have seen this mite on the bee clover,
Melilotus Alba, during the past summer. Its numbers were so
great as tO' make the leaves in patches yards square turn yellow.
The bee clover is more of a weed than anything else where bees
are not raised. But the mite will take as readily to all clovers and
to alfalfa and :n the absence of these to fruit and shade trees and
to grass. Its enormous numbers in a dry year will make it a
serious pest. It often in the fall becomes troublesome when mi-

MO^TTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 71

grating in search of warmer quarters to deposit eggs. On Dec-
3 I was called to a house in Helena where mites in great numbers
were crawling over the outside and making entrance into the
house, much to the chagrin and disgust of the inmates. Around
this house was a well watered lawn, a few flowers and cotton wood
trees. This mite must have flourished on the trees during the
summer.

The remedy for such attacks is spraying the house and around
the bottom with pure kerosene and the lawn with kerosene, one
part to nine of water. I suggest that the board provide me with
one or more spray pumps, as there will be a repetition of such at-
tacks. In the winter where this mite is abundant a spray pump
can do much good by destroying winter eggs. Then, too, insect
enemies are on the increase in the town on shade trees, notably
elm and box elder, and the time will come w^hen spraying will
necessarily be general. I believe that a pump or two furnished me
by the board would find extensive use at the present time without
further cost to the board and would gradually accustom house-
holders to their use on fruit and shade trees.

E. N. B'RANDEGBE,
Inspector Second District.

Mr. C. H. Edwards, Butte, Mont.:

Dear Sir: In reply to your letter of Dec. 20 my observations
have been as follows: The quality of the fruit shipped into Boze-
man this fall has been excellent and free fromi insect and fungus
pests, with the exception of two shipments made by men who
were novices in the fruit business and not regular shippers. Both
wholesale and retail dealers are heartily in favor of the inspection,
realizing fully the protection it affords them. One retail dealer
informed me that since he could secure sound apples free from
the codling moth his sales were doubled. I have also heard a
number of persons who buy a considerable amount of fruit for
home use, remark how noticeable was the improvement in the
quality of fruit in our markets since the inspection law had
been in force. Yours respectfully,

H. C. GARDINER.^

To the Honorable State Board of Horticulture :

Gentlemen: In presenting this, my first report to the board, I
will not confine myself to any one subject, but will endeavor to

72

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

bring to your notice some oi the conditions that need revision and
earnest and immediate attention.

First. The law governing inspectors is radically wrong in many
respects. The present law limtis the time of the inspector to two
•months in the year and then attempts to cover the remainder of
the twelve months by the fee system, which is sO' arranged that
the inspector must pass the fruit in order to secure his fee, thus
offering a premium on careless work. The privilege should be
given the members to employ the inspectors by the year- The
inspector should have an office in the town in which he is to in-
spect; he should receive a salary in proportion to- the size of the
place and the corresponding importance of his services. The fee
system should be so changed so as to conform to the amendments
proposed by the comimittee on legislation.

The farmer who now drives to town and distributes his diseased
fruit to his customers without leave or hindrance should be re-
quired under penalty of fine to call at the office of the inspector
and have his goods passed upon before he is allowed to sell same.
It has been found impossible by the writer to secure the services
of a man competent to inspect orchards and I am firmly convinced
that the state entomologist and inspector at large should for the
present attend to this work. The duties of the local inspector
should be to inspect fruit, attend to the collection and destruction
of old fruit boxes, to look after the destruction of insect pests by
spra3dng and under the direction of the inspector at large and to
conduct the office of inspector and all of the attendant duties as
prescribed by the resident member of the board. The secretary
of the board should be furnished with printed matter covering the
information that the horticulturist needs for his guidance and as-
sistance and should be required to mail a copy of same to each m-
dividual address in the state. Such mailing list can be furnished
by local inspectors, postmasters, etc., or can be taken from the in-
spector's books now in the hands of the secretary.

The greatest work that this board can do^ for the state is, if pos-
sible, to rid it of the codling moth. This I feel confident can be
done and I would advise that our experimental work be confined
to one special locality until the results are demonstrated; then ap-
ply the work to all infected districts in the state. This should in
no way interfere with the present work of the suppression.

The writer has received very valuable assistance from Prof. R.
A- Cooley, state entomologist, and would recommend he be given
every assistance during the next few years to enable him to carry

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. ^ 73

on the investigation that he has been conducting to determine the
habits of the moth as governed by Mbntana conditions, which will
be outlined to you in his report which I have requested him to
make in person.

With the above acknowledged assistance and such information
as I have gathered from other sources, I have formulated a plan
of work which T feel will effectually rid us of this insect, and I de-
sire to outline it to the state entomologist and to the inspector at
large in the presence of the board, and discuss it with them and
receive their opinion of same and thus secure the judgment of the
members of the board as to the advisability of attempting the work
next year.

The board should, in the judgment of the writer, arrange for a
committee to look after the legislation that has been formulated
by your advice and instruct them to remain in Helena until the
work is done and the necessary expense to properly conduct this
work be borne by the state.

The work that has been done in my district will be fully pre-
sented by the combined report of the inspector at large, the local
inspector and the state entomologist.

While the work done has been of a high character and in the
judgment of the writer compares favorably with the best work now
being done in other states, I object to this board being satisfied
with any methods that only secures to us as results in the destruc-
tion as only a certain per cent of the insects we seek to eliminate,
and I earnestly advocate that we seek for methods that have in
them the possibility of utter extinction and of the adoption of
quarantine rules that will absolutely exclude our enemies.

Our industries are young and as such can be handled differently
from those of other states where age has produced chronic con-
diitons that preclude the possibiHty of such action as we can take
in the inception of a great industry. We have it in our power to
produce results that through lack of knowledge not possessed at
that time have been neglected by the older fruit-growing states.
Will we too allow this opportunity tO' fall by the wayside or will we
arise to the occasion and secure for M'ontana the title of the only
state in the union where apples can be raised without a blemish.

Out of the possible 1,650,000 fruit trees in our state over 900,-
000 are apple trees and for this reason I have given most of my
attention to the insects affecting this fruit, feeling that we can en-
large the yield as the industry expands.

Referring to the codling moth and what might be saved to a

74

SECOND BIENNIAL RErpOIRT OF THE

fruit producing state, I quote the following- figures: Prof. M, V.
Slingerland states "that Prof. Forbes estimated the loss to the
state of Illinois from the apple worm in the year 1901 was $2,375,-
000, or one-half of the value of the average crop.''

The American Agriculturist states that the average annual crop
of apples in the state of New York amounts to about 5,000,000
barrels which, figured at $1-50 per barrel, would amount to $7,500,-
000. This paper estimates the loss to this crop from the codling
moth at least one-third or $2,500,000, and adds $500,000 for the
loss of pears from the same cause.

Basing our estimate on the above figures we have in sight the
following results: Nine hundred thousand trees that will in three
or four years produce an average of at least two boxes of apples to
the tree, or a total of 1,800,000 boxes, estimated at 75 cents per
box, or $1,350,000. Taking the last and lowest estimate of loss
we have one-ihird of $1,350,000 or $450,000 that can be saved
on the present apple trees, to say nothing of the thousands of
trees that are being planted each year in our state and making no
allowance for the pear, which ^las been demonstrated to be very
successful throughout the apple districts of Mbntana. By the
time this pest would become generally disseminated, if not care-
fully and thoroughly fought b}^ this board, these figures so far as
product in boxes are concerned will be double, and while the in-
crease in quantity will decrease the price it is a fair estimate tO'
say that the increase in the value of the crop in the next ten years
will be one-third more than the figures for 1905, or $600,000, that
can be saved to the state, to say nothing of the value to our or-
chardists, if they can guarantee that they produce fruit absolutely
free from worms or other insects. Is this not a prize worthy of
our earnest efTorts? Should not our state legislature willingly
grant us $10,000 to work with during 1903 and $5,000 for 1904
to enable us to accomplish these results. I think they should and
I believe they will if we present the matter in the right light and
show that to accomplish this it must be done now. Other states
that acknowledge that it could have been done earlier now simply
are satisfied to settle down to an annual fight of the insects with
the only hope before them that they may save 75 per cent of their
productions from these scourges, while we can wage a war of
total extermination if we are supported in our efforts as we hope,
and I think have a rig'ht to expect we will be by our state officials
and law makers.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

75

As to the other insects that we now have to deal with we can
successfully combat them and feel that the allowance asked for
will enable us to cover the whole g-round in a more thorough man-
ner than we have ever before attempted and in better form than
has ever before been attempted by a young industry of this char-
acter.

I feel it impossible under existing conditions to secure tech-
nical knowledge combined with practice and it must be evident
to any one conversant with the needs of our work that this is ab-
solutely necessary.

You can see at a glance that the inspector at large and the state
entomologist could not even casually view the 1,650,000 fruit trees
of our state at the season when they should be carefully exam-
ined. They need assistance in the form of local inspectors who
have been trained to the work and tO' secure these results it be-
comes necessary for us tO' make the office of inspector one that
will be sought after and when secured held by earnest work and
strong personal effort. At present I find myself in the position of
a beggar seeking some one tO' perform a thankless and at times
disagreeable task, for after the two months time that the present
law allows, the office of inspector is simply a dead letter for the
rest of the year, except of course in such cities as Butte. What
we need is conditions that will induce young men tO' grow up in-
the work and such accurate records of the annual work furnisfhed
the board as will enaible each new member to take up the work
where it was left by his predecessor and thus register an annual
gain that will eventually insure that high degree of success that
we aim to obtain, and in this connection I desire to call your at-
tention tO' the necessity of keeping all of our workers as long as
possible, as each year adds to their value to the state, and I feel
that the work of our inspector at large, the state entomologist and
the secretary would insure them for a continuance in the service, as
to them we owe the credit for such success that has been so fai
attamed, and while it is difficult to distinguish between the rela-
tive importance of these three offices it might be well to note that
practically all of the work must and should come under the direct
supervision of the inspector at large and on his merits we must
stand or fall, and feehng as I do that we now have the right man
in the right place and that each year's work will add to his effi-
ciency, I would recommend that every assistance and the unquali-

76

SECOND BIENNIAL REIPOiRT OF THE

.fied support of this board be given Mr. E. N. Brandegee m this
work. Very respectfully submitted,

C. M. ALLEN,
MIember of the Fourth District.
Lo Lo, Mbnt., December, 1902.

Montana is free at the present time from many of the plant
diseases and injurious insects which inflict older, more thickly set-
tled communities. The greatest pests in the animal and vegetable
kingdoms are travelers from abroad, journeying with their favor-
ite foods, under suitable conditions, and head of the enemies to
which t>hey are subject. Insects and fungi have not increased in
actual numbers, but the food plants of a limited number have been
multiplied by civilized life. Montana is not exempt from all of
these pests by any means, nor has intercourse with other commu-
nities been so intimate that she has as large a proportion as other
states with which she may be justly compared.

Injurious insects and fungi are more abundant and destructive
in warmer than in colder climates, generally also at lower altitudes
than the higher, but it is also true that where a plant flourishes, its
peculiar enemies are apt to be abundant and destructive as else-
where. Climatic conditions undoubtedly exert a great influence
and there are many exceptions to the general rule. The Mon-
tana plum, for instance, will be in all probability forever exempt
from Monilia, and the Montana apple from common parasitic rots,
and per'haps from scab, but the codling moth has demonstrated
that it is well equipped for life in Montana- In the city of Helena
during the past year fully 95 per cent of the apples had worms in
them. Climatic conditions will afiford protection against a few
pests. Isolation will grant immunity for a time. Intelligent care
and eternal vigilance exerted at this time, early and therefore fa-
vorable, will accomplish most for agriculture and horticulture iri
the state in saving destruction by insects and fungi.

A few of the serious pests of the state are native. These are ex-
clusively those that have lived on species native to the state and
species closely related tO' the cultivated plants.

As in all countries the most serious horticultural pests come to
Montana from abroad along with the cultivated plants upon which
they feed. Nursery stock and fruit are vehicles for transportation
most used. Of the two, fruit imports at the present time one pest
alone, but this the most serious, the codling moth. Nurserv
stock from out of the state brings many more kinds, and is liable

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP (HORTICULTURE. . 77

to continue, as it is more important than all other agencies com-
bined in the transfer of horticultural pests from other states to
Montana.

I wish to impress upon the board the imperative necessity of
making its supervision, inspection and fumigation oi nursery stock
that comes from abroad as efficient as they can possibly be made.
Also to impress likewise the necessity of a more rigid inspection of
all nurseries in the state and to insist that each of them build in
connection wifli it a suitable chamber for fumigation of stock and
see that that where stock needs treatment it is duly given.

By these means horticultural interests will be saved much dam-
age that now accompanies the planting of trees and shrubs from
the insect pests that go along and flourish on them like the green
bay tree. Aphis has been distributed throughout the state on
nursery stock and the widespread destruction this year from these
insects can be traced directly to nurseries in and out of the state.

Orchard trees naturally from their pecuniary returns attracted
first attention and efforts of the board and the horticultural law
primarily was designed to help and protect these interests- The
large number of apples, plums and cherries planted since in the
state is due in not a small measure to the operation of the hor-
ticultural law and the returns from bearing orchards indicate the
wisdom of the law and the ultimate large profits to the state. The
commercial raising of fruit is extending too into localities a few
years ago supposed to be not adapted to it, and without doubt it
is a certainty that Montana is destined to become one of the
largest apple raising states of the Union.

With the glowing hope of such a future for fruit raising and
without neglecting any means to stimulate its fulfillment and es-
pecially by indulging the pests that prey dpon the apple, we should
bear in mind that other fruits are raised and will be raised in
greater quantities in Mbntana, and that there are other trees whose
fruit is not useful which, from the shade they give, beautify, adorn
and give value to the cities, great though not to be estimated in
dollars and cents-

The shade trees of the state were chance affairs until a few years
ago. Perhaps Butte set the standard and it was enough for most
cities if they had more trees than that place, whose verdure is be^
neath the ground. Great Falls took the lead in general planting
of trees in her streets, and she deserves commendation, not only
for the larger beauty that is hers, but also for the stimulus that
her action gave to other cities. There is constant co-relation be-

78

SECOND BIENNIAL REiPOiRT OF THE

tween nature and the mind. The parking of Great Falls has a mor-
al, aesthetic and educational value ill a state of sparse timber and
more cities than have already been her imitators should profit by
her example.

Ash and elm are the trees used most extensively at the Falls.
The ash is affected by an aphis which occurs nowhere else in the
state to my knowledge. Elm trees sufifer everywhere in the state
from the ravages of elm aphis. Schizoneura Americana and cot-
tonwoods need to be rapid, vigorous growers to sustain themselves
against the many pests that prey upon them, aphis, saw flies,
and in the Falls by colonies of epidopterous larvae, which live in
colonies in the trunks and throughout the state by maggots of
a fly which deform young trees and mar the older ones. In the
Falls also the fungus Melampsora populina perforates the leaves
of at least two species of poplar.

No hardwood tree has been more extensively planted in the
state than the box elder and this is subject to the attacks of more
species of insects than any other shade tree in the United States.
The box elder plant bug has been reported from Red Lodge and
will probably spread to other portions of the state where its food
grows- The box elder plant louse, chaitophorus negundinis, oc-
curs in many cities of the state at the present time. It is constant
in its depredations and undiminished apparently from year to year
in numbers. So serious has it become in Helena that box elders
prove unsatisfactory and untidy trees in door yards. Honey dew,
excreted by these insects, covers foliage, branches, trunks, fences
and walks and becomes plastered with dust. The leaves turn a
greenis'h yellow and three-fourths of thom fall prematurely in the
season. Many parasites of this aphis may be seen, but they seem
inadequate to keep down the numbers.

The time to spray for aphis of all kinds is early before the buds
open and again just after they open. Later spraying is of little
benefit. Contact poisons, kerosene, w'hale oil soap, tobacco decoc-
tion or quassia chips should be used. Never hope to destroy
aphides with arsenicals like paris green. Energy is wasted and
money thrown away every year in this vain endeavor and in one
instance that came to my attention last summer, on a large scale.

One of the spraying outfits belonging to the board has been
shipped to Helena and plans have 'been perfected for com'batting
the box elder plant louse in that town. Other cities of the state
will eventually be obliged to deal with pests of their shade trees

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 7»

and it would be well for inspectors to stimulate commercial spray-
ing under the supervision of the board.

Clover Mite.

No insect in the state causes more consternation to the good
housewife than the clover mite, bryobia pratensis. It has been
reported once before from this state, from MbCarthy Mountain,
to the Department of Agriculture- It is probably of general dis-
tribution and often causes needless alarm to people from its habit
of invading houses in the spring and fall.

The mite is about twice the size of the ordinary red spider. It
has four pairs of legs and the anterior ones are very long. The
normal color of the insect is red, but in strong sunlight may show
other hues. I have found the insect feeding on a great variety of
plants. Its favorite food is undoubtedly clovers, but it also affects
fruit trees.

At times it may prove destructive to these plants from the enor-
mous numbers in which it congregates. But my attention has
been called more to its annoying characteristics and in half a dozen
instances. In the spring and fall the insects migrate in search
of winter or warmer quarters. In myriads at these times they in-
vade houses, crawling through cracks of window frames until the
good housewives imagine that their houses are filled with them.-
'As a matter of fact the insects remain by the window and do not
get away from the sunlight. Insect powders do but little good
at such times, but kerosene sprayed over them is a good remedy
for those inside and in case of a severe attack the outside of the
house may be sprayed with pure kerosene and the lawn with kero-
sene ten times diluted.

Red Spider.

Lasct year the red spider which, when occurring outdoors in
Montana is always Tetranychus bimaculatus, was destructive in
gardens and to fruit trees in different portions of the state. This
is also a mite and like the clover mite loves dryness and may be
expected at times to flourish in our dry climate and in dryest years-
Kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap diluted twelve times seem to
be effective remedies.

Root Nematodes.

Greenhouses have called me in many instances to stop the rav-
ages of diseases or insects. The most serious trouble encountered
among them and the only one that has yet had no satisfactory so-
lution are those where rose roots are affected with the root nem.a-

80

SECOND BIENNIAL. REIPOORT OP THE

tode worm, heterodera radicicola. I have conducted experiments
designed to kill this parasite, which when well estaiblished reduces
the number of blossoms to one-fifth of normal production. Car-
bon bisulphide and sulphuric acid after due trial proved worthless.
Kerosene in any form seems no better. Formalin, one part com-
mercial to one hundred parts of water, so far as can be determined
at present, kills most of the parasites, but leaves enough to again
infect the bed. The liquid was applied after a thorough watering,
but even with this precaution the plants were severely checked.
Formalin has not proved a remedy, though it is worthy of further
trial. At present I am experimenting with creolin, but it is yet
too early to say with what results.

Heterodera radicicola is a sub-tropical pest and probably will
not endure Montana winters, though it is said' to persist out of
doors in Michigan. It is a most serious pest to florists, render-
ing roses a financial failure. If no remedy is discovered and none
is known at the present time, it is necessary in combatting it to
sterilize with steam all soil used in greenhouses affected- And I
may say here that there is not a greenhouse devoted to roses, car-
nations and to many other plants that could not double its produc-
tion by proper steam sterilization of soil. The fungus, rhizoctonia,
is widely abundant and destructive among them and this and a
host of other parasites could be done away with at small cost and
insure larger returns to the labor and capital invested-

Plum Curculio.

These states have considered that evenings were too cool with
them for the curculio to lay her eggs and that their plum orchards
would never be menaced by this pest. Temperature conditions in
Montana seem more unfavorable for the insect. The finding of it
here indicates that the immunity of states west is due solely to
the fact that the insect has not been introduced.

Commercially this insect is already of importance to us. Plum
raisers will be obliged to combat it as it will probably persist and
spread.

The curculio is a beetle somewhat less than a quarter of an inch
in length and has a long snout. It passes the winter in protected
places, leaving them in the early spring for plum trees. As the
leaves put forth in summer the snout beetles feed for a short time
on the leaves. When the fruit has attained a certain size the cur-
culio lays her eggs. She lays about one hundred and fifty, se-
lecting a plum for each egg, which is deposited in a hole made in
the side of the fruit. As this is hard and is growing at the time

A

Jo-

li
if

A

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. " 81

vig^orously, the egg would be crushed if parental care were not
exercised. The curculio makes an incision through the skin
around the hole in Which the egg is deposited, thus guarding
against this contingency.

The incisions pour out a gummy substance observable usually on
the surface of the plums that have been stung. The eggs hatch
in a few days and the grub eats his way to the stone. Here he
lives for about three weeks. Meanwhile the plum may or may not
have fallen from the tree- In any event, if alive, the grub issues,
goes into the ground, pupates in a month and becomes a beetle,
which passes most of its life in the ground.

Known methods oi treating this insect are far from satisfactory.
Spraying with paris green before the blossoms appear and when
they fall (never when the}^ are blossoms on the tree) is one oi the
preventives used. Spreading cloths under the trees and jarring
them night and morning when the insects are inactive is also ef-
fective, as is also the plan O'f gathering windfalls each day. Many
orchard owners pasture pigs or poultry beneath the trees. All
these methods together will insure a fair crop of plums where the
insects are most prevalent.

Codling Moth.

This most dreaded enemy of apples was brought into the state in -
infested fruit. It now prevails in orchards at Helena, Missoula,
Kalispell and Thompson Falls The insect seems an older resi-
dent of Helena than any other place I have visited and nearly
every apple in the town the past year had a worm housed within it
and some apples had as many as three at the same time. The fact
that the moth flourishes in Helena is a sure indication that no^ cli-
matic conditions of any community in the state will render it im-
mune from the destructive work of this pest.

In Missoula the infestation is very much less, compared with the
greater number of fruit trees and the apples on them. Through-
out the town, however, the moth is everywhere abundant. Many
of the trees are old and their shaggy bark an ideal habitat for the
insect.

Situated at the foot oi the Rattlesnake and Bitter Root valleys,
Missoula is a natural distributing point of all commodities to a
great extent of territory. In these valleys are located some of the
chief orchards of the state and physical conditions are favorable
for a vast extension of the industry of apple raising. The pre-
valence of codling moth in Missoula is therefore an alarming fact
and one ominous tO' fruit growing in the state.

82

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

The board resolved to do what has never before been attempted
— to extirpate the moth from a locality where it is firmly es-
tablished. With this end in view all fruit trees in Missoula were
early in the season scraped and pruned. Just after the petals had
fallen, in the first part of June and again from, the 13th to the 25th
of August all apple and pear trees were sprayed. Paris green was
used and forty pounds of arsenate of lead was also applied. Bands
were put on the older trees and faithfully visited. The results of
the work were gratifying.

The life history oi the codling moth in the western states is
somewhat different from that laid down by eastern experts. The
spray applied immediately after petals fall had always been sup-
posed to be most efficacious until the publication of Prof. Oordley's
bulletin based on observations at Corvallis. This is supplemented
by experiences of practical orchardists. While they do not con-
demn the first spray as useless, they all believe in the greater use-
fulness of later sprays.

At Corvallis egg laying does not begin until June 25th. In
Montana, so fai as I have observed, egg laying begins somewhar.
later and extends to the 20th of July and perhaps later. Blos'
soms were all ofif the past season June ist- The first spray then
had to remain a month on the trees tO' be effective, when the first
larvae appeared. This would be posible with some of the poison
in the calix of the apple, but not with that on the sides washed, as
they were by our heaviest rains.

Observations confined at most to a few years are useless, es-
pecially so in mercurial Montana, and it is with certain reserva-
tions that I make this recommendation to the board, based largely
on the experience of the past year. But I believe it would be best
in future work to disregard altogether the time of the failling of the
blossoms and apply no spray at this time. The later sprays are
most effective. The development of the moth will vary each year
and no time can be definitely fixed in which to spray. The usual
period, however, will be from June 25th to September 15.

Rainfall is Hght during most of these months and loss will be
correspondingly small.

I cannot think that the work thus begun, and well begun, will
cease until the object of it, the extinction of the codling moth at
Missoula, has been accomplished. To carry on the work effect-
ively next year at least four sprays should be applied and if the
rainfall is large, more will be required. Mbre bands should be
used and, as in the past season, visited and the larvae killed.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 83

It will be news to some members of the board that codling moth
has been discovered in orchards at Kalispell. Mr. O. C- Estey
found about one hundred apples infested with the pest in one or-
chard at that place and a few in several other orchards in the same
town. This is a most serious occurrence, more so than the pres-
ence of codling moth at Missoula. Infection will spread easier
from Kalispell than from Missoula. A more unbroken line of or-
chards leads out from the former town and the temperature is
slightly milder. The moth would be more troublesome there if
established and most troublesome if ever introduced to orchards
surrounding Flathead lake.

The excursion of R. A. Cocley and myself through the Bitter
Root valley demonstrated to the satisfaction of both that codling
moth does not exist in that valley. We visited the oldest orchards
and not a sign of the insect was found. Nor has a moth so far
as determined ever been found in this valley. At Lo Lo were
found a few apples with marks upon them that superficially resem-
bled the characteristic holes made by the codling moth- But the
resemblance vvas only on the outside and the small tunnelings in
the apples indicated the work of some other lepidopterous insect,
probably native to that valley and which is unknown. Very few
such apples have ever been seen, but they probably gave the un-
supported foundation to reports sometimes current that apples
with codling in them have been found in the valley.

Crown Gall.

The most destructive pest of Misso'ula and the Bitter Root at
present is crown gall. I have personally pulled up at least a hun-
dred trees that had died from this disease and probably it is the
cause of death of thousands of trees in the state. It may be recog-
nized by a swelling at the crown of the tree and often by similar
but smaller swellings upon the roots. The swelling is of a warty
texture, decays rapidly and frequently becomes the abode of
worms and other animal life. But the crown gall is, according to
Toumey, caused by a slime mould fungus. This fungus also causes
similar swellings on peach, pear, plum, apricot, cherry and rasp-
berrv. The disease is highly contagious, will spread from tree to
tree in an orchard and will persist for years in the soil.

This disease came into the state on nursery stock. It is known
in nearly all states of the Union, but is probably more destructive
in dry countries. It is primarily a disease of the nursery row
where it often exists only in sections.

k Purchasers of trees and inspectors of the board should be fa-

84

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

miliar with crown gall, as it is proving the cause of great losses.
Trees infected with it should never be planted. All authorities on
this somewhat nwsterious disease agree that young trees affected
with it. are worthless-
Apple Bud Moth.

This summer the apple bud moth, tmetocera ocellana, was dis-
covered in Missoula by the inspector, J. O. Read, The extent of
infestation indicated that the insect has been present at this point
for many years. So far it has been found on plums, cherry, apple
an'd pear and is likely to become, if it is not already, a serious in-
jury to these fruits in Mlissoula.

The insect passes the winter in inconspicuous curcoons attached
to the branches and- in this way are conveyed from state to state on
nursery stock. In the spring the larvae emerge and as soon as
leaves have expanded attack the terminal buds, eating both fruit
and leaf. To' secure themselves from the observation of enemies
they tie and roll together several leaves, forming a tubular case
in which they hide during the day. To young trees they are espec-
ially injurious as they deform and the future growth is liable to be-
come missbapen.

This insect is exceedingly difficult to treat, as it is protected by
its case against most poisonous applications. Spraying with paris
green, however, does much to^ lessen their numbers.

Pear Leaf Blister Mite.

This microscopic mite which causes red and black blotches on
the leaves of the pear is of wide distribution in Western Montana.

Ap'his.

The past summer has been a proverbial aphis year. Aphides
of all kinds have been peculiarly abundant and destructive. The
most serious has been the apple aphis, which occurs practically
over the entire state and apple trees are rarely seen entirely free
from the pest. Fumigation with hydro-cyanic acid is a complete
remedy. Kerosene emulsion applied before buds have burst and
again just after is the only effective time of spraying for aphides
and especially those species which curl leaves.

Cherry aphis and plum aphis have been correspondingly as
abundant. Known remedies for these are the same as for apple
ap'his.

Oyster Shell Bark Louse.

Oyster shell bark louse is abundant at Lo, Lo and has been re-
ported from Kalispell. This is a scale insect and a near relative

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

85

of the San Jose scale. It shows a tendency to spread in locaHties
where it is estabHshed, and although a minor pest should be ex-
tirpated.

Tarnished Plant Bug.

Native and abundant over the state on fruit trees and shrubs,
wild and cultivated. Injurious to strawberry blossoms, to culti-
vated asters and in greenhouses to chr\'santhemums.

Wooly Aphis.

I have never met with wooly aphis in ^Montana. Schizoneura
tessellata, a nearly related species, is everwhere common on
alders.

San Jose Scale.

This bark louse, so much dreaded, has never yet been reported
as occurring on trees in Montana. The inspection and fumigation
of nursery stock probably has kept it out, but inspectors should
be ever on the watch for it, to the end that when it is introduced,
as it is liable to be at any time, it may be promptly eradicated. If
San Jose scale is introduced infested nursery stock that escapes
fumigation will probabh' be the means by which it comes. It is
not liable to spread from infested fruit.

Apple canker, pear blight, apple anthracnose and scabs of the
apple and pear have never been foimd to my knowledge on ]\Ion-
tana trees or fruit. It is well to be on the watch for the first two
especially. Hail marks are sometimes frequent on young trees
and inspectors should not be misled by them.

The Codling Moth — (Carpocapsa pomonella Linn.)

The -codling moth is the comimon worm of the apple and is fa-
miliar to us in fruit that comes from other states. In this form
of existence it is well known. But few orchardists have ever seen
the eggs out of which hatch the worms and still fewer the adult
moths which lay the eggs.

The moths immerge about the time the blossoms of apple and
pear begin to fall. They are beautiful insects, expanding about
three quarters of an inch- Their fore wings are colored with gray
and crossed by brown lines. Xear the hind angle of each is a
large dark brown spot, marked with streaks of bronze and gold.
The hind wings are of a lighter grayish-brown color, darker
toward the outer margin.

After lingering around for some time, flying by night and hiding
by day, the female moth proceeds to lay her eggs. These are de-
posited usually during the early evening upon fruit, stems or

86 SECOND BIENNIAL REiPOeT OP THE

leaves of the apple and pear. About one hundred and fifty eggs
are laid by each, and soon after the mother moth dies.

The eggs are about the size of the head of a pin, white or with a
yellowish tinge. They hatch in about ten days. From them im-
merge minute larvae which wander around for some hours over
the surface of the apples seeking a suitable place tO' start a tun-
nel for the center of the fruits. This is usually with the first brood,
the calix end. About sixty per cent enter the apple from this place
and the remainder enter from the sides or where two apples touch.

In all instances the young larvae prefers a protected location
to begin work on his tunnel. This selected he begins eating his
way to the center of the fruit. He feed's upon the substance of
the apple as he goes and pushes his castings out of the mouth of
his tunnel. A week or longer is spent by him in getting to the
center- Here he feeds upon the seeds and fills the chamber with
his castings. He remains here twenty or thirty days and grows
rapidly in size. When nearly full grown he makes another tunnel
to the surface. The mouth of this tunnel is often at the calix but
oftener in the side of the apple. For several days this exit hole is
kept closed by a web spun by the insect and by castings. These
are pushed out by the insect when it leaves the fruit.

The apple at this stage may or may not have fallen from the
tree. In any event the larvae of the first brood on immerging
from the apples looks for a suitable place to undergo' transforma-
tion into a moth- Some crawl back to the limbs and trunks, some
let themselves down by threads to the ground and reascend the
trunk. In all instances a protected location is secured which may
be under outer bark, in crevasses of the tree, under bands, on
rubbish about the tree and possibly in the ground.

A silken cuccoon is spun by the larvae. In about three days he
becomes a pupa. In this state he remains two or three weeks. At
the end of this period he comes out again a moth. The females
again lay their eggs and a similar round of life is completed- The
last brood spend the winter in the larvae state in cuccoons made
much securer and stronger than those constructed by the first
brood.

Much discussion has been aroused over the number of broods
of codling moth in the northwest. Some observers have reported
as many as four and three or four were recognized in this region
until Prof. Cordley published his observations on the insect at
Corvallis, Oregon. Prof. Cordley reports two broods, which is
the usual number at the east. Careful observations on this diffi-

MOOTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. 87

cult pro'blem indicate that the insect is two brooded at Helena and
probably at Missoula, with no indications of a third brood.

Codling moth occurs within this state at Helena, Thompson
Falls, Kalispell and Missoula. At Missoula and Kalispell large
and important commercial orchards are threatened. This insect
is the greatest foe to the apple industry known and one of the
most difficult to combat. It destroys half the annual apple crop in
many of the states and if prevalent over Mbntana is capable of
causing an annual loss of half a million each year.

The position of Montana is unique in the world, as this is the
only place where apple raisers do not pay annual tribute to this
insect. Other states regret now tliat they did not take steps to
keep out the moth when they were in the situation where this state
is now. No means within reason should be spared and all meth-
ods should be tried to keep out this insect and to eradicate it where
it now prevails.

Paris green, one pound to one 'hundred and fifty gallons oi
water, and later one pound to one hundred gallons, was used at
Mlissoula last summer against this insect- Arsenate of lead, one
pound to fifty gallons of water, was also used. The latter is a pre-
ferable spray. Bands were put on the trees as traps for the larvae.
These methods diminished very much the numbers of the moth^
In commercial orchards of infested regions where these methods
are diligently employed, about 95 per cent of the apples are mar-
ketable.

Prof. Slingerland has given a full and complete history of the
codling moth in Bulletin 142, Cornell Experiment Station, 1898,
and Prof. A. B. Cordley in Bulletin 69, Oregon Experiment Sta-
tion, has made valuable contributions to the knowledge of the in-
sect's habits under western conditions of life.

The San Jose Scale — (Aspidiotus Perniciosus, Comst.) - .

The San Jose scale is a native of China. From the Celestial
kingdom it was imported into California and first observed in this
country at San Jose. That city owes not a small part of its fame
to the common name which it has conferred on this insect. From
this center of infestation it has spread over nearly all states of the
Union and occurs in Canada-

The insect has never been found in Mbntana- All inspectors
of the Board of Horticulture are constantly on the watch for it
and in all probability its advent will be promptly announced
if it ever comes. The careful inspection and fumigation of nursery
stock has probably kept us free hitherto and if it ever gains a foot-

88

SECOND BIENNIAL REiPORT OF THE

hold the early knowledge of its presence will render extermination
easy. Infested nursery stock is the vehicle of transportation from
one state to another.

The San Jose scale attacks all parts of the tree. It is a small
insect less than a sixteenth of an inch in length. It owes its great
destriictiveness to enormous powers of propagation, each female
being capable of producing a billion descendants in a season.
Each insect sucks the plant juices and their great numbers sap
the vitality of all trees attacked Peach trees are ordinarily killed
outright in three years from first infestS,tion. Apple, pear and
most shade trees lead a lingering, anaemic life.

Almost all varieties of trees and shrubs, fruit bearing or other-
wise, are attacked by this insect. Shade trees of cities suffer as
well as orchards. In Washington and Idaho w^illows and poplars
that line the streams are thickly infested and furnish ever ready
contagion to orchards. It is along streams that the spread of the
insect is most to be feared in Montana.

The insect is one of the armored scale insects. Many near rela-
tives are known and exact identification is not an easy matter. It
is commonly supposed that this scale insect differs from all others
from the peculiar reddening effect its presence has on surrounding
tissues of bark and fruit. On young shoots this is often the case,
and on many fruits, notably apples and pears, the red circle is
usually in evidence. But on old bark the work of the insect ex-
hibits a scurfy white or yellowish^white color. On dark plums no
reddening is ever observable. There are many fungi too that
make red spots on fruit. This occurs often on Belleflower and
some other varieties of apples, and on peaches and apricots are
marked by a fungus that causes red blotches that superficially re-,
semble closely the San Jose scale.

In all instances where the presence of this insect is suspected
on trees in Montana, specimens of infected bark should be sent to
the Board of Horticulture or the local inspector or the inspector
at large.

The insect spends all its life but a few migratory hours attached
to the bark in one place. Secretions from its body form the scale,
which is always more or less convex. The San Jose scale differs
from most other insects in the fact that its young are produced liv-
ing from the body of the mother. The young larvae are born
during a period of six weeks, at the end of which period the parent
dies. They ar^, orange yellow, microscopic in size, body oval, six-
legged and with two feelers. The long thread-like probosis with

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. . 89

which 'the plant juices are sucked, is doubled underneath, the tip
only projecting.

Dr. L- O. Howard and M'r. C. L. Mlarlitt have given a full ac-
count of the h"fe history of this insect in Bulletin 3, new series,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, and
the follov/ing description of the scale is taken from their excellent
treatise :

Scale of female — The scale of the female is circular, very slightly
raised centrally, and varies in diiameter from one to two milli-
meters, averaging about one and four-tenths milhmeters. The
exuviae is central or nearly so. The large, well developed scales
are gray, excepting ihe central part covering the exuviae, which
varies from pale to reddish yellow, although in some cases dark
colored. The scale is usually smooth exteriorly or sometimes
slightly annulated, and the limits of the larval scale are always
plainly marked. The natural color of the scale is frequently ob-
scured by the presence of the sooty fungus (Fumago salicina).

Scale of male — The mature male scale is oblong oval, nearly
twice as long as wide, and averaging in length about half the
diameter of the female scale. The position of the larval scale is
marked by a nipple-like prominence located' between the center
and the anterior margin of the scale. The scale of the male is
usually darker than of the female, sometimes black, but often gray, '
the larval scale covering the exuviae very frequently light yellow
as with the female. Not uncommonly the circular scale, formed
prior to the first molt, is black, while the later additions, giving it
its oblong shape, are gray.

The San Jose scale travels from state to state on young trees
and shrubs and fruit. Infestation of M'ontana trees is not liable
to occur from any of the scales that occur on fruit. Nursery
stock is the one great source of danger- From tree to tree in
the orchard and from orchard to adjoining orchards the insects
are transported on the feet of birds and bodies of other insects.

Lime, sulphur and salt is found to be a very effective winter
spray for this insect on the Pacific slope and undoubtedly would
be as efificient in case of infestation in Montana. The best remedy,
however, if but a few trees are infested is to destroy them by burn-
ing.

90

SECOND BIENNIAL RECPOIRT OP THE

APPLE TREE ANTHRACNOSE.

By Prof. A. B. Cordley, 1900 Report Oregon Board of Horticul-
ture.

Some Preliminary Notes.

These few notes are issued to call the attention of growers to a
serious disease of apple trees; to indicate the nature of the disease
and how it is propagated, and to suggest methods for its control.

The disease is new only in the sense that its cause has never be-
fore been described. For several years past the apple orchards of
the Pacific Northwest, including Western Oregon, Washington
and British Columbia, have suffered more or less seriously from
the attacks of this disease which has been known locally as "can-
ker," ''dead spot," or "black spot-'" In fact the ravages of the
disease have been so serious the past season that persons promi-
nent in horticultural affairs have expressed the conviction that the
apple growing industry of the above mentioned region is threat-
ened with destruction. While not in any sense agreeing with
this pessimistic view, we realize that the disease is a serious one,
and several months ago undertook the problem of discovering its
cause and, if possible, a satisfactory remedy for it. As a result of
our work up to the present time the first problem has been solved
and, we believe, we can offer a reasonably satisfactory solution of
the second.

An Undescribed Disease.

Although of considerable importance the disease seems to have
been almost entirely overlooked and nothing of importance con-
cerning its nature has been published. Some months ago Mr.
Paddock, of the New York Experiment Station, at Geneva, dis-
covered that a fungus which causes the well kno'wn "black rot''
of apples and quinces is also the cause of a disease of apple bark
which he named "canker." At the time we were in hopes that
Mir. Paddock's discoveries would explain the cause of our some-
what similar western disease, but only a cursory examination was
needed to show that this is not the case; and recently I have had,
with Mr. Paddock, the privilege of comparing the two diseases,
with the result that we were both convinced that they are entirely
distinct. Further study also convinced me that the disease is a
new one and that it is caused by an undescribed species of fungus
for which I have proposed the name Gloesporium malicorticis.
Common Name of the Disease.

As stated above the disease has been known locally as "canker,"

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

91

^'dead spot" and "black spO't." Ordinarily it is best to accept a
ommon name when once established in a locality, but in this par-
'cular instance we believe that confusion in the designation of the
f^lisease in future can best be prevented by adopting for it an en-
tirely new name. The name ''canker'' is most commonly used in
European works on plant diseases tO' designate injuries to the
bark which are caused by various species of Nectria. In the
Eastern United States it has been applied, by Mr. Paddock, to a
disease of apple bark which is caused by a Sphaeropsis. To apply
the same name to a disease which is caused by a fungus entirely
different from either of these would only lead to confusion- "Dead
spot" and "black spot," the two other names which are sometimes
tised, applied not only to the disease under consideration, but*also
to diseased areas which a-re due to various other agencies, such as
sun-scald, the pear blight, bacillus, etc. In view of these facts and
in order to avoid confusion, we shall propose for the disease the
somewhat unwieldly name of "Apple-Tree Anthracnose." Al-
though somewhat cumbersome the name seems appropriate from
the fact that the fungus which causes it, Gloesporium malicorticis,
is closely related to numerous other fungi of economic importance
which have quite generally been designated as anthracnoses.
Nature of the Injury.
Apple tree anthracnose attacks principally the smaller branches
— those under two or three inches in diameter — although it also
occurs upon the larger ones and on the trunks of young trees. It
appears first in fall, soon after the autumn rains begin, as small,
irregular, sometimes slightly depressed, brown areas of the bark.
During the iaU and winter months it spreads slowly, but, with the
advent of warmer weather in spring, growth takes place rapidly
until, under favorable conditior.s, the disease may invade an area
several inches in diameter. Sndh. areas under observation at Cor-
vallis the past season ceased to enlarge late in May, and early in
June the first evidence of spore formation was noted. At that tune
the diseased areas were dark brown in color, markedly depressed,
and in most instances limited by ragged, irregular fissures which
separated the dead from the surrounding living tissues. These dead
spots vary in size from those not more than one-half inch in diam-
eter to extensive areas two or three inches wide by six or eight
inches long. Occasionally a single area completely girdles a branch,
thus killing at once its distal portion ; but more commonly only a
dead spot occurs, from v/hich in the course of a few months the
bark sloughs off, leaving an ugly wound which requires several

92

SECOND BIENNIAL REiPO'RT OF THE

years to heal. \Mien these wounds are at all numerous the
branches are exceedingly rough and disfigured and are moreover
greatly weakened.

Cause of the Disease.

Apple tree anthracnose is caused by a fungus which belongs
to the genus Gloesporium. It is therefore one of the imperfect
fungi — so-called simply because the perfect form, if it has one, is
not known. If a recently anthracnosed spot be examined care-
fully, it will be seen to be covered by minute projections. These
are known as the acervuli and they contain the 'spores of the fun-
gus. At Corvallis the past season they began tO' appear early in
June- At first they were noted as small conical elevations of the
epidermis, which were scattered irregularly over the diseased
area. By the end of June these elevations had increased consider-
ably in size and in a few instances the overlying epidermis had
been ruptured so as to expose to view the cream-colored mass of
spores, which, however, soon became dark colored. During July,
August and September these acervuli became more and more
abundant and by the beginning of October a very large propor-
tion of them had burst open for the purpose of discharging their
spores. Spores which were collected late in June were immature
and could not be induced to germinate. Others which were gath-
ered in July were also mostly immature, but in October I obtained
an abundant supply of mature spores which germinated very read-
ily. The mass of spores in each acervulus can be easily seen with
the unaided eye, but the individual spores are so small that they
can only be seen by the aid of a good microscope. They average
about six by twenty-four microns and are single celled, hyaline or
with a greenish tinge, elliptical, curved or geniculate and coarsely
granular. Sections through a mature acervulus show, imder the
microscope, a sub-epidermal stroma from which arise compara-
tively long, closely compacted basidia, on the ends of which the
spores are born. It is the growth of this underlying mass that
finally ruptures the epidermis over it and thus sets free the spores.
How the Fungus Works.

As stated above, the spores mature, and the acervuli burst open
to set them free in late summer and early fall. Thus exposed the
spores are doubtless distributed by the rains and winds and pos-
sibly to some extent by birds, insects and other agencies. A vast
majority of the spores thus distributed undoubtedly fall in uncon-
genial places and fail to develop; but occasionally one lodges in

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 93

a suitable place on the bark of some limb. We found in our work
that such spores g-erminated readily at a temperature of 22 de-
grees c. (72 degrees F.), but that at a temperature of 29 degrees c.
(84 F-) germination was indefinitely delayed. It therefore seems
certain that the spores do not germinate during, the summer, when
the delicate germ tube would be killed by the extreme heat and
by lack of moisture; but as we have seen that mature spores are
present in immense quantities early in October, and probably
considerably earlier, it is fair to assume that they start to germin-
ate soon after the cool fall rains begin. Whether the mycelium of
the germinating spores penetrates the cuticle of the apple bark
or whether it gains access to the inner tissues through some slight
crevice has not been determined as yet. However, after gainmg
access to the living tissues the mycelium ramifies through them,
absorbing the nourishment upon which it grows and killing the
surrounding cells. During the winter, as previously stated, the
growth of the fungus and consequent spread of the disease is slow,
but in the spring the mycelium takes on renewed activity, which
is shown by the rapid spread of the disease. In M'ay or early
in June the fungus reaches the fruiting stage and from that time
all its energies are devoted to the production of spores and the
diseased areas cease to spread. Whether the mycelium, having
accomplished the object of its existence, the accumulation of nour- "
ishment for the production of spores, then dies, or whether it
merely enters a resting stage to be again stimulated to renewed
activity by the fall rains, has as yet not been determined, although
it has an important bearing upon the means to be employed in
controlling the disease as will be shown later.

The Fungus the Cause of the Disease.
We have stated above that the disease is caused by the fungus
Gloesporium malicorticis. It may be of interest to the orchardist
to know upon what evidence we base the assertion. It is not
necessary to^ give at this time all details of the work which have
led us to the conclusion. In brief, however, spores were induced
to grow in artificial cultures. A's they germinated they were ex-
amined under the microscope, their positions carefully marked,
and when they had developed to such an extent that they could
be seen by the unaided eye, they were separated from all other
growths and transferred to tube cultures. This process was re-
peated many times and in different ways to eliminate all sources
of error. When convinced that no other living organism was
present in the tube cultures, a number of sections of apple limb

94

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP TH^l

were inoculated with this ''pure culture" of the fungus. In about
a week after these inoculations were made, slightly discolored
areas were observed about several of the points of infection, and
in three weeks these areas had developed all the characteristics of
the disease as seen in nature; being brown, distinctly depressed
and separated from the surrounding living portions by the irreg-
ular ragged fissures. Having thus succeeded in producing the
disease by inoculating with the fun^7:us, we are justified in assert-
ing that the fungus is the cause of the disv^.ase.

Remedies.

Before any experiments in controlling the disease could be in-
telligently undertaken, it was necessary to know something of
its nature- Having shown that it is caused by a certain fungus,
the question of most interest is, can it be controlled? And, if so,
how? My absence from the state, while studying the fungus it-
self, necessarily prevented me from conducting any experiments
in controlling it, but from what I now know of the disease, I be-
lieve that I may safely assert that it can be controlled. We have
seen that the spores are developed and probably distributed dur-
ing the late summer and fall months, and that they undoubtedly
germinate after the fall rains begin.. It is also known that bor-
deaux mixture and other copper compounds prevent the germin-
ation of the spores of most fungi. W'e therefore infer that if
the trees be properly sprayed with bordeaux mixture, or with the
ammonical solution of copper carbonate, once soon after the fall
rains begin and again as soon after the leaves fall as possible, the
germination of the spores will be largely prevented and the spread
of t'he disease be thereby checked. It is not expected that such
a process will exterminate the disease, but it is believed that it
will so reduce its ravages that it can no longer be considered a
menace to the apple growing industry. For the latter of the two
applications mentioned above, bordeaux mixture, winter strength,
should be used. For the former, bordeaux mixture, summer
strength, may also be used, but if the fruit is on the trees it would
be better to use the ammonical solution of copper carbonate.
Whichever spray is used should be thoroughly applied and ap-
plied as soon as possible after the fall rains begin. The fungus
cannot be destroyed by sprays after it has once entered the tissues
of its host.

In addition to the sprayings recommended, we should advise
owners of young orchards, or orchards but little diseased, to care-
fully cut out and paint over with strong bordeaux all anthracnosed

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 95

Spots that may be observed. As stated in a preceding paragraph,
it is possible that the myceHumi of the fungus in the dead area
of bark^ after resting through the summer, may be stimulated to
renewed activity by the fall rains, and thus itself be an additional
means of propagating the disease. Should this be the case, which
we are at present inclined to doubt, spraying will not be entirely
efficient in preventing the spread of the disease. For the present,
at least, or until the above supposition can be proved or dis-
proved, it will be advisable tO' supplement the sprayings by using
the knife wherever practicable. Old, badly diseased orchards, can
best be renovated by pruning severely and spraying thoroughly.

THE FLATHEAD APPLE TREE BORER— Chrysobothris

Femorata Fab.)

From Bulletin 32, Second Series Dept. of Agriculture, Division

of Entomology,
General Appearance and Nature of Injury.

A much less dangerous, though more abundant, insect than any
of the preceding, is the flat-headed apple tree borer. It belongs
to a different family of Cbleoptera, the short-horned Vv^ood borers
or metallic beetles of the family Buprestidae, and differs remark-
ably from the preceding in all its stages as well as in its habits
and life history-

The adult insect measures from a little less to a little more than
a half inch in length. It is flattened above, resembling somewhat
a snapping beetle, but it is not provided with jumping organs like
the Elateridae. The antennae are short and serrate, the eyes large
and conspicuous, and the forelegs are armed in front with a con-
spicuous tooth. The upper surface of the body is dark metallic
brown and fresh specimens are coated here and there with a pow-
dery gray substance, which is easily rubbed off. The wings covers
are ornamental and underneath, as may be seen when the insect is
in flight, the body is a bright mjetallic greenish blue. The under
surface is coppery bronze. The males are smaller and may further
be distinguished from the females by their green heads as well
as by other characters.

Unlike the round-headed borer the present species is diurnal in
habit, being most active in the heat of the day and commonly
found on prostrate trees and logs, or o^n injured trunks basking
in the sunlight. The beetles are active creatures, running rapidly
and flying readily.

96

SECOND BIENNIAL. REPOiRT OF THE

This Species attacks by preference diseased or dying trees, in-
habits all parts of a tree from the base of the trunk to the limbs,
and is not restricted in its ravages to fruit trees, but attacks also
a variety of deciduous trees.

In all these respects it differs from the round-hea'ded borer, but
agrees with the latter in that it is injurious chiefly to young trees,
its injuries being practically confined to newly transplanted nur-
sery stock and to trees which have been weakened through any
cause, such as careless pruning, or insufficient nourishment due
to po'or soil or drouth. There is a difference of opinion as to the
nature of damage, some writers taking the stand that healthy
trees are not injured at all. It is a well-known fact that many
forms of 'boring insects prefer injured plants, but when this is
wanting dO' not hesitate to attack perfectly sound growth, and
records show conclusively that the present species is included in
this category. The general opinion is that trees suffering from
''sun scald" are most subject to attack and the opinion has been
expressed that injury known under this name is in reality due to
the work of this species of borer. The beetle is essentially a sun-
loving species and deposits its eggs practically exclusively on the
southern or southwestern sides of standing trees or on recently
felled logs that are exposed to direct sunlight. Observation
shows that it is doubtful if the young larvae would be able to
withstand the strong flowing sap of vigorous trees-
Infestation may be detected by the discoloration of the bark.
A list of its recorded food plants includes, among orchard trees,
apple, pear, peach; and of shade and forest trees, mountain ash,
oak, maple, box elder, hickory, chestnut, sycamore, horse-chest-
nut, linden and willow. To this list should be added plum and
cultivated redbud (Cercis japonica), from which the species has
been reared by the writer, and currant.*

Cherry, beech and white birch are probably food plants, al-
though the beetle has not been reared fromi them, and elm,
tulip and cottonwood have been mentioned as such, but on what
authority is not clear. Oak is without doubt the natural host
tree.

The larvae differs greatly from that of the round-headed borer.
Its name of flat-headed borer is derived from the peculiar flat ex-
pansion of the second thoracic segment, the one just behind the
head. In color it is a light yellow, and in length it measures

* F. H. Hillman, Nevada Experiment Station, Bull. 36, p. 18.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. - 97

nearly twice that of the mature insect. It habitually rests m a
curved position. The pupa shows the form of the future beetle
and is of the same yellow color as the larvae.

This species inhabits practically the entire United States and
the southern portion of Canada, being- like the preceding, a na-
tive of North America and injurious year after year.

Natural History and Habits.
The 'beetles made their appearance about the same time as
the round-headed borer in regions infested by both species, in
the principal apple growing regions of the northern states after
the middle of Mby, and continue through the month of July, and,
it is said, even into September, the female depositing her eggs
upon the trunks or branches of trees destined to be the future
food of the larva, in cracks and gTOoves or under bark scales-
Several egg's are most frequently found together. The eggs are
yellow in color, irregularly ribbed and about one-fiftieth of an inch
in length."^* The larva differs from the round-headed borer in
that it requires only a single year for its development, pupation
occurring in the spring shortly after the appearance of the beetles.
It differs also in its manner of work, living for the most part just
beneath the bark, where it excavates broad, flat and very irregular
channels, but sometimes entering more deeply into the sap-wood^
Like many other borers it often girdles a small tree, a single in-
dividual being capable of killing a small tree in this manner. As
it approaches m.aturity it generally eats deeper into the solid heart-
wood, but in spring-time, just before transformation, it works back
again into the bark and there constructs its pupal chamber- In the
pupa state it is said to remain about three weeks, when the beetle
into the bak and there constructs its pupal chamber. In the pupa
state it is said to remain for about three weeks, when the beetle
cuts its way out, leaving an elliptical exit hole in the bark, which
distinguishes its work from that of the round-headed borers,
which make round holes in their exit, these holes corresponding
o a cross-section of the beetle which makes them. In the north
he winter months are passed as larvae, but further south, in the
District of Columbia, according to recent observations, pupation
'may take place as early as November the first year.

Natural Enemies.
Among natural enemies, woodpeckers are effective destroyers
of this species, as are also ants, which devour larvae and pupae

** C. V. Riley, Proc. Fnt. Soc. Wash., Vol. Ill, p. 92.

SECOND BIENNIAL REPOiRT OF THE

under the bark. A num'ber of parasitic insects also prey upon it
and assist greatly in restricting its too great abundance.

Remedies.

The remedies advised for the round-headed borer are also of
value and are generally employed against the present species. It
is necessary, however, that deterrent coverings and washes should
be applied farther up the trunk and to as many branches as can
be conveniently reached. As this, however, necessitates additional
labor and extra expense, other preventive measures are recom-
mended.

Trap wood for beetles — For this purpose any sort of tree known
to be freely attacked by this borer, e. g., oak, maple or any fruit
tree may be used- If a few limbs or trunks of newly felled trees
be placed at intervals, say thirty or forty feet, on the outskirts,
of orchards, where they would be freely exposed to the sun, the
beetles would be attracted for the deposition of their eggs, and all
that would then be necessary would be to destroy the trap wood
by burning before April or May of the following year. This plan
has not been practically tested, but the writer has no doubt that
it would prove useful in securing immunity from this pest in the
orchard, provided that no diseased fruit trees be left for food.

Cultural carefulness — ^Careful, clean methods of cultivation are
essential as a m.easure of protection and involve the cutting out of
dead, dying and injured deciduous forest and shade trees known
to be chosen as food by this beetle, as well as orchard trees. Care
should be exercised in transplanting, and especially in pruning,
and the use of fertilizers should not be neglected, that the trees
may be thrifty and better able to withstand attack. Proper regard
for these measures should give practical exemption from infurv.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE. ' 99

OYSTER SHELL SCALE— (Mytilaspis Pomorum, Bouche).

By Prof, Alexander Craw, Oreg^on State Board of Horticulture,

1900.

This scale is very damaging to apple trees and also infests other
plants. The scale of the female is mussel shape, more or less
curved, of a purpliish-'brown color, with the exuviae yellowish.
Length, one-sixteenth of an inch. The body of the female is light
yellow. The last segment presents the following characteristics:
The anterior group of spinnerets consists of from eleven to seven-
teen; the anterior laterals and posterior laterals each of sixteen to
twenty-one. The median lobes are large and wide, with the sides
parallel; they are only about three^fourths as long as broad. Each
lobe is narrowed on each side near the distal extremity by one or
two notches, and then rounded. The second lobe of each side is
about as wide as the first and is deeply incised; mesal lobule with
mesal margin as long as lateral margin of the first lobe and round-
ed posteriorly; lateral lobule about half the length and width of
mesal lobule and similar in shape. Third lobule obsolete. The
plates are long, simple and tapering.

Eggs^ — These are white and are arranged irregularly under the
scale-
Scale of male — The scale of the male of this species is usually
straight and of the same color as that of the female. At about
one quarter of the length of the scale from the posterior extrem-
ity the scale is thin, foTming a hinge which allows the posterior
part of it to be lifted by the male as he emierges. Length, six
hundredths of an inch. The male is translucent, corneous gray,
with a dorsal transverse band on each joint, and the portions of
the mesothorax and metathorax darker, or purple gray, with the
members somewhat lighter.

According to climate and locality the young scale hatch from
the middle of M>arch to June. Color, yellow. They begin to form
the cottony excretion after twenty-four hours and in two to four
days the insect is completely covered with a dense excretion, which
increases as the larvae grows.

In several of the oMer apple growing districts of the state this
scale has secured a lodgment, and in neglected orchards that have
been subdivided into city lots they have made considerable pro-
gress.

100

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

THE PEAR LEAF MITE.

By Prof. F. L. Washburn, Report Oreg-on State Board of Horti-
culture, 1900.

The affection of the pear leaf is caused by a minute mite, Phy-
toptus pyri, and is probably more common and has been here
longer than most orchardists reailize; in fact, it is very likely that
much of that whidh has been called "blig-ht" on the pear by casual
observers, is really the work of this pest. The mite is very small
and hardly visible to the naked eye.

It attacks both sides of the leaf, but individuals are more numer-
ous on the under side, where the small "blisters" can be seen with
the naked eye. A lens, however, is required to show the opening
in the center of the blister which serves as a doorway for the mite.
The location of the injury below is made apparent on the upper
surface of the leaf, by an irreg-ular reddish spot (in the early
stages) which changes later to brown and black, while the tissue
of the leaf 'between these two points, in which tissue eggs and
young mites are found, becomes corky and dies.

The injury to the tree is more readily seen in the middle and
late summer, when, in bad cases, almost its entire foliage looks
blighted.

The young mites when hatched spread from leaf to leaf, creat-
ing new blisters and thus bringing about the condition referred
to above. In the autumn, when leaves begin to wither and fall,
the mites migrate to the twigs and hibernate beneath scales of
bark or bud in the minute crevices on twigs, and in the spring they
are fully open- It is hardly necessary to say that this mite saps
the vitality of ihe tree and interferes with the natural functions of
the leaves.

When a tree is observed to be first attacked pick off and burn
the infected leaves. Heavy pruning and burning the cuttings of
such trees as are badly affected, during the winter, will probably
be more efficacious than anything else. One or two sprayings of
kerosene emulsion in the autum-.n when mites are migrating would
destroy many. The same spray, used several times, has been
recommended for winter use. It is highly spoken of in a Cornell
University bulletin and is to be used in this proportion: One part
emulsion to seven or eight parts of water.

P. S. — The best remedy for Oregon is sulphur, lime and salt
before the buds swell, followed by dusting with sulphur when
leaves have formed. — Henry E. Dosch.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 101

THE WOOLY APHIS OF THE APPLE— (Schizoneura Lan-
igera, Hausmann.)

By Prof. C. L. Marlatt.

General Appearance and Method of Work.

Throughout the summer on the lower portion of the trunk and
particularly on the water sprouts of the apple may often be seen
small bluish-white floioculent or cottony patches, which ind'icate
the presence of colonies of one of the worst enemies of the apple,
viz.: the insect variously known in this country as the "apple ro'ot
plant louse,'' "wooly apple louse," "wooly aphis," etc., and abroad
very generally as the "American blight." It exists in two forms,
the one just referred to, above ground on the trunk or water
shoots, and another inhabiting the roots and not open to observa-
tion. Closely paralleling in these particulars the grape phylloxera,
the damage from the wooly aphis is alsO' almost altogether due to
the root form, the aerial colonies causing scarcely any injury. On
the roots its attacks induce enlargements or gahs or swellings very
similar to those produced by the phylloxera, and in the cracks of
these galls or swellings the root form occurs in clustered masses.
The injury tO' the trees is due both to the sucking up and ex-
haustion of the vital plant juices and to the poisoning of the parts
attacked, as indicated by the consequent abnormal growths.

The damage is particularly serious in the case ot nursery stock
and young trees and less often important after the tree has once
become well established and of some size. Where this msect i5>
abundant all the roots of a young tree to the depth of a foot or so
become clubbed and knotted by the growth of hard hbrous en-
largements, with the result in a year or two of the dying of the
rootlets and their ultimate decomposition with attendant disap-
pearance of the galls and also of the lice, so that after this stage
is reached the cause of the injury is often obscure. On the trunks
the presence of the lice sometimes results in the roughening of the
bark or a granulated condition which is particularly noticeable
about the collar and at the forks of branches or on the fresh
growth around the scars caused by pruning, which latter is a fa-
vorite location. On the water shoots they collect particularly in
the axils of the leaves, often eventually causing them to fall, and
on the tender greener sides of the stems. The damage above
ground, though commonly insignificant, is useful as an indication
of the probable existence of the life on the roots. A badly at-
tacked tree assumes a sickly appearance and does not make sat-

102 SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

factory gTOwth and the leaves become dull and yellowish, and even
if not killed outright it is so weakened that it becomes especially
subject to the attacks of borers and other insect enemies- Injuries
from the wooly aphis are almost altogether confined to the apple,
even the wild crab not being so liable to attack or at least injury
by it. There is, however, some difiference exhibited by different
varieties of apple in immunity, and particularly is the Northern
Spy proof against it, and it is possible that, as in the case of
the grape phylloxera, by employing root stock from seedlings of
the more resistant varieties, or from wild crabs, considerable pro-
tection would result. The character of the soil also exerts some
influence, that is, loose dry soils are favorable and wet compact
ones are unfavorable to the aphis.

Origin and Distribution.

Ihere is considerable difference of opinion as to the origin of
the wooly louse of the apple. The belief has fluctuated between a
European and an American origin for this insect, but the weight
of evidence seems to indicate the latter. At any rate, it is an in-
sect which is most readily carried from place to place with nur-
sery stock of the apple, and it has been so transported to practic-
ally all the important countries of the world which have been
reached by colonization or European settlement. The wooly
aphis was first noticed in England in 1787, «on some stock im-
ported that year from America, and was early called the Ameri-
can blight- Hausmann described it in 1801 as infesting apple
trees in Germany, and within the next twenty-five years it was
recognized as a serious enemy of this fruit tree throughout Eng-
land, Belgium, North France and Germany, but seems never to
have been especially notable in the warmer latitudes of Europe.

It was very early introduced into Australia an'd New Zealand,
and is known in India and Chile, and probably is as widespread as
any of the common injurious fruit pests. Notwithstanding the
possibility of its being a native American insect, it did not attract
attention in this country much before 1850. Its spread since has,
however, been rapid, and it now occurs practically wherever the
apple is grown. It has been reported to this division from no less
than thirty-five states and territories and nearly one hundred
localities. It is particularly abundant and injurious in the lati-
tude of the Ohio valley. While seemingly, therefore, somewhat
affected by severe cold, it is able to thrive in the climaie of the
northern tier of states on the one hand and in that of Louisiana,
New M'exico and Southern California on the other.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE.

103

Natural History and Habits.

In com'mon with most plant lice, this species has a complicated
life history, some of the details of which are still lacking. The
common forms both on the roots and above ground are wingiless
lice, not exceeding one-tenth of an inch in length, and of
a reddish-brown color and abundantly covered, especially in the
aerial form, with a flocculent waxy excretion. These are so-
called agamic females and reproduce themselves by giving birth,
as observed by many entomalogists, to living young indefinitely,
perhaps for years, without the intervention of other forms. The
newly born larvae have none of the white excretion, which, how-
ever, soon appears as a minute down when they begin to feed.
These lice are alsO' peculiar in lacking the honey tubes common
to most aphides, but exude the honeydew from the tip of the body.
In October or November, or earlier in the south, among the wing-
less ones, numbers of winged individuals appear, which are also
all females, and are the parents, as shown by the observations,
partly unpublished, of MIessrs. Howard and Pergande, of a true
sexed generation of minute, wingless larviform lice, the females of
wrhich, as in the case of the grape root louse, give birth to a single
"'winter egg-" This egg is attached within a crevice of the bark
and, probably, following the analogy of the phylloxera, hatches
in the spring into a female aphid which originates a new aerial
colony.

The winged females appear somewhat abundantly in autumn,
and are one of the means of the dispersal of the insect. They are
very minute, clear-twinged, gnat-like objects, greenish-'brown, al-
most black in color, with the body covered with more or less of the
cottony excretion.

The aerial colonies are probably killed out every winter in the
colder northern districts, but in the warmer latitudes the partly-
grown individuals, at least, survive protected in crevices or under
bits of bark, and remain more or less active during the winter and
renew the colonies the following spring. This has been shown to
be true in the District of Columbia and also in the interior re-
gions of the same latitude in spite of the much colder winters.
The root form survives the winter usually in an immature condi-
tion, namely, larvae in various stages of development, and both
in latitudes where the aerial forms are killed by the severity of
the winter and elsewhere it seems probable that there is a regular
upward migration in spring and early summer from the roots, the
aerial colonies appearing first near the crown and at a later period

104

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

on the higher parts of the trees. At an}^ time during the summer
and fall there may be migrations to the roots and throughoul the
year the subterranean colonies are maintained.

The spread of the in sect is 'accomplished in part by the viviparous
females, which appear in late summer, but quite as commonly per-
haps by the transporting of young or partly grown individuals
from tree to tree or to distant orchards by means of birds or in-
sects to which they have attached themselves. Its wide distribu-
tion is usually dependent on the traffic in nursery stock.

Remedies and Preventitives.

The foregoing account of the habits and characteristics of the
wooly aphis will enable us to suggest certain measures to control
it. The aerial form^ presents no especial difficulty, and can be very
readily exterminated by the use of any of the washes recommended
for plant lice, such as kerosene emulsion, a strong soap wash,
resin, wash, etc., the only care necessary being to^ see that the wash
is put on with sufficient force and thoroug'hness to penetrate the
covering and protecting cottony excretion. If the wash be ap-
plied warm, its penetration will be considerably increased.

The much more important root form, however, is more difficult
to reach and exterminate. Any of the remedies which are applic-
able to the pliylloxera will apply tO' the apple root plant louse»
such as the use of bisulphide of carbon or submersion. The com-
mon recommendations are of applications of strong soap or tobac-
co washes to the soil about the crown, or soot, as'hes, or tobacco
dust buried about the roots; also similarly employed are lime and
gas lime.

The most generally recommended measure hitherto is the use
of hot water, and this, while being both simple and inexpensive,
is thoroughly effective, as has been demonstrated by practical ex-
perience. Water at nearly the boiling point may be applied about
the base of young trees without the slightest dtanger of injury to
the trees, and should be used in sufficient quantity to thoroughly
wet the soil to a depth of several inches, as the lice may penetrate
nearly a foot below I'he surface. To facilitate the wetting of the
roots and the extermination of the lice, as much of the surface soil
as possible should be first removed.

Some recent very successful experiments conducted by Mr. J.
AI. Stedman have demonstrated the very satisfactory protective
as well as remedial value of finely ground tobacco dust. The de-
sirability of excluding the aphis altogether from nursery stock is at
once apparent, and this Mr. Stedman has shown to be possible by

II
|l
- =

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. ^ 105

placing toibacco dust freely in the trendies in which the seedling's
or grafts are planted and in the ordhard excavations for young
trees. Nursery stock may be continuously protected by laying
each spring a line of the dust in a small furrow on either side of
the row and as close as possible to the tree, covering loosely with
earth. For large trees, both for protection and the destruction of
existing aplhides, from two to five pound's of the dust should be
distributed from the crown outward to a distance of two feet, first
removing the surface soil to a depth of from four to six inches.
The tobacco kills the apbides by leaching through the soil and
acts as a bar for a year or so to reinfestatiou. The dust is a waste
product of tobacco factories and costs about one cent per pound,
and possesses the additional value of being worth fully its cost
as a fertilizer.

The use of bisulphide of carbon for the wooly aphis is the same
as for the grape root louse- It should be applied in two or three
holes about the tree to a depth of six to twelve inches and not
closer than one and one-half feet to the crown. An ounce of the
chemical should be introduced into each hole, which should be
immediately closed. The bisulphide evaporates and penetrates
throughout the soil and readily and promptly kills the aphides.
It does not, however, furnish any protection from future attacks,
and it is attended with danger to the tree unless the precautions
named are carefully observed. That it is hig'hiy inflammable
should also be constantly borne in mind. If it is to be used at
all extensively, an automatic injecting device should be secured,
such as the M'cGowan injector. The chemical costs ten cents per
pound in fifty pound cans of the manufacturer, E. R. Taylor, Cleve-
land, Ohio.

Badly infested nursery stock should be destroyed, since it would
be worth little even with the aphides removed. Slightly infested
stock can easily be freed of the aphides at the time of its removal
from the nursery rows. The soil should be dislodged anc tne
roots pruned, and in batches of a dozen or so the roots and lower
portion of the trunk should be immersed for a few seconds in
water kept at a temperature of 130 to 150 degrees F, A strong
soap solution similarly heated or a fifteen times diluted kero-
sene oil emulsion will give somewhat greater penetration and be
more effective, althouglh the water alone at the temperature named
should destroy the lice. This treatment is so simple and inexpen-
sive that it should always be insisted upon by the purchaser if

106

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

there be any indication of the presence of this insect, and stock
exhibiting much damage should be refused altogether.

After planting, if the trees be kept in vigorous growing condi-
tion by careful cultivation and, if necessary, proper fertilizing,
damage from the lice is much less apt to occur, and the principal
danger period, namely, the first two or three years after planting
in the orchard will pass in safety. The value, as a means of pro-
tection, of thorough cultivation and good care of young orchards
can not be too strongly insisted upon- Vigorous growing trees
have a decided power of resistance or are able to sustain with
comparatively little damage the presence oi the root louse, while
ill-cultivated and neglected orchards are especially liable to in-
jury.

The wooly aphis is subject to the attacks of a number of natural
enemies, including the parasitic chalcis fly (A'phelinus mali, Halde-
mann), and the larvae of a syrphus fly (Pipiza radicum, Walsh and
Riley), and also the larvae and adult of several species of ladybirds,
the larvae of lice-wing flies and spiders, etc. In the east a very
small brown species of ladybird (Slcymnus cervicalis M*uls.) is often
present in some numbers, and the common nine-spotted ladybird
(Coocinella 9-notata), is also an active enemy of the wooly aphis.
The nine-spotted ladybird has been used very successfully in Cali-
fornia, on the authority of Mir. Ellwood Cooper, to rid trees of
r6ot lice, which was effected by colonizing the larvae of the lady-
bird at the base of the infested tree. All the parasites mentioned
do much to keep the root lice in check, and in the case of old well-
established trees are in most instances a sufficient protection, but
in the case of young trees and nursery stock, where the damage
from the louse is much more rapid and serious, the use of the
direct remedies outlined should not be neglected, and particularly
should the nursery treatment be insisted upon.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. . 107

THE CLOVER MITE.— (Bryobia Pratensis Garman.)

By Prof. C. L. Marlatt.
Characteristics and Methods of Work.

The subject of this circular is a reddish^brown mite about twice
the size of the ordinary red mite affecting greenhouse plants. It
is nearly three-tenths of an inch in length, oval and with remark-
ably long anterior legs.

This mite first came into prominence as a disagreeable invader
of dwelling houses about ten years since, but it had been kno-A^n
for a number of years earlier as an enemy of various fruit and
shade trees and foliage plants, its occurrence on clover, partic-
ularly in the middle states, being indicated in its scientific name,
pratensis, and its comtmon name of clover mite. It belongs to the
faimily of vegetable-feeding mites, Tdtranychidae, Which includes
such well known depred'ators as the red spider of greenhouses, al-
ready referred to, and the six-^spotted mite, Which is quite trouble-
some to oranges in Florida. In California, where this plant mite
is especially michievous, it has been very generally confounded
with the red spider, and in probably most of the references to
injury to deciduous trees on the Pacific coast by the ''red spider'^
the real culprit is the insect under discussion.

The presence of this mite on foliage, either of clover or trees^
causes the leaves to yellow or assume a sickly appearance, as if
attacked by fungus. On the tender leaves of clover, notably on
the upper sides, the juices are extracted, often over irregular, wind-
ing areas, imitating in appearance the burrows of certain leaf-
mining larvae. The most notable indication, however, of the pres-
ence of the mite is the occurrence of the eggs, massed often in
such numbers as to completely cover the bark at the crotches and
brandhes and sometimes over the entire surface of the trunk.
These eggs are of rather large size and of a reddish color, and are
conspicuous objects and when numerous the decided color they
impart to the bark leads to their ready discovery.

As out-of-door enemies they are injurious at times to clover
and other grasses, including the true grasses, as bluestem, but it
is to fruit trees that their injuries are especially miarked. Through-
out the Pacific- coast and in the fruit districts of Colorado and
other western mountain states the clover mite is one of the prm-
cipal enemies of such deciduous fruits as peach, prune, plum, ap-
ple, pear, almond, cherry, etc., and the poplar and elm, black
locust, arbor vine, etc., among shade trees. As house pests they

108

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

are troublesome from their presence merely in their efforts in the
fall to find safe hibernating quarters and oiccasionailly in their
spring migrations in search of suitable breeding grounds.
Origin and Distribution.
Attention was first drawn to this mite in 1879, Washington,
D. C, from its occurrence on the trees in the department grounds
and also on clover on lawns. It has since been reported from
numerous localities, from IVrassaichusetts to California. Northward
it occurs in the east in northern New York and Canada. East
of the Mississippi it has not been reported in the southern tier o>i
states, tlie southernmost records occurring in Tennessee and
North Carolina.

On the Pacific coast it is known from San Diego, in California,
to East Sound, in Washington, and at Las Cruces, New Mexico,
it is a serious fruit pest. In the Sierra Nevada mountains in
California and in the Rocky mountains in Montana it has been
found at elevations of from seven thousand to eight thousand
feet.

It is remarkable, therefore, for its ability to exist under marked
differences of temperature and elevation. Its wide distribution and
its O'ccurrence in situations remote from settlement indicate that
it is a native species. It was first characterized scientifically by
H. Garman in 1885, who proposed for it the common and Liatin
name by w^hich it is now known.

Habits and Life History.

The wide range of this insect and the different climatic condi-
tions under which it exists lead, as miighit be expected, to certain
variations in its life history and habits in different localities. In
the more northern regions of its occurrence and in the higher
elevations it winters in the egg state, the last brood, if it may
be so called, maturing in the fall, and depositing eggs on branches
and trunks of trees, sometimes in sufficient numbers to entirely
cover the bark two or three layers deep. In 1889 we received a
mass of these eggs several layers deep on a piece of bark which
the sender states was from an area of at least fifty square feet
of eggs on the south side of trunks of Cottonwood's growmg at an
elevation of from six thousand to eight thousand feet. This was
in the Sierra Nevada mountians, Tuolumne county, California, and
we have had a similar account with specimens from McCarthy
mountain, in Montana, at a)bout the same elevation. In the mid-
dle and eastern states, where the eggs are frequently found on

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 109

fruit trees, they are usually confined to the crotches and branches?
and are not nearly so abundant.

In the colder regions, where the winter is passed in the egg
state, the issuance of the young mites the following spring varies
from M'ay until the middle of June, depending on the character
of the' season. In the w'armer regions — as, for instance, in the
latitude of Washington — the mites begin to be noticeable on
foliage and grass in Mlay or earlier, and enter their hibernating
quarters early in October in crevices of fences or walls or under the
loose bark of various trees. It is seen, therefore, that in the warmer
localities breeding is hardly interrupted during the winter months
and the winter is passed quite as much in the active as in the egg
sta'te. Throug^hout the summer young are produced continuously,
as with most other plant mites, with no particular differentiation
of broods.

The 'habit of this mite of abandoning its feeding situations in
the fall to seek 'hibernating quarters elsewhere leads to its being a
house pest of no mean importance. This is particulaly true
wherever it lias been breeding on clover or other grasses near
dwellings. From such situations, particularly in the Mississippi
Valley States, it often swarms into dwellings through doors or
windows, its sm'all size enabling it to penetrate wire screens with
ease to the very considerable disquietude of the housekeeper-
There are only a few records of their entering houses in the east,
and in the extreme west they seem only to have been found on
trees.

Remedies and Preventives.

The protection of fruit trees from the attacks of this mite is com-
paratively easy where the winter is chiefly passed in the egg state,
as in Colorado or other elevated or cold districts. The experience
of Mr. C. P. Gillette in Colorado has shown that the eggs may be
very easily destroyed during Avinter by applying kerosene emul-
sion of the trees at about twice the ordinary strength, viz: diluted
with five parts of water- Spraying at this time is both economical
and easy, on account of the absence of foliage, and no danger will
result to the plants from the application. Such an application also
in the warmer latitudes will be of almost equal value as a protec-
tion to fruit trees, since it will reach what eggs there may be and
also many of the mites secreted in the cracks of the bark.

It is a much more difficult matter to protect clover and othei
grasses from the mites, except as it may be possible to spray In

110

SECOND BIENNIAL. REPORT OF THE

winter the trees, fences, etc., on or in which the mites may be
hibernating, in the vicinity of lawns.

Their entrance into houses in fall may be prevented by spraying
the lower portion of the building, walls, etc., with pure kerosene
as often as need be and also spraying the lawns immediately about
the building with kerosene emulsion nine times diluted. The
mites may be destroyed after they have gained entrance to the
house by the free use of buhach or pyrethrum powder, burning
brimstone or spraying with benzine, taking due precautions with
the latter substance in the matter of fire.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. Ill

Insecticides and Fungicides.

Insecticides may be divided into three classes according to the
character of pests against which they are designed to be used.
First, poisons that kill sucking insects. Second, poisons that kill
leaf-eating insects. Third, poisons that kill fungii.

Sucking insects insert their beaks into the tissues of leaf or
bark and suck the plant juices. A spray must be applied to the
surface of plants and the poison remains on the surface as the
water dries. The beak of a sucking insect goes through this and
through the outer layers of the plant. No amount of stomach
poisons can therefore injure them- Such insects are scale insects
and plant lice. Never use arsenicals like paris green against these
insects.

For sucking insects of this type a contact poison must be used.
Kerosene oil, whale oil soap and quassia chips are poisons of this
character. They operate by closing the brealthing apparatus or by
penetrating the skin.

Arsenicals are used where the injurious insect is leaf-eating or
leaf-chewing. The potato beetle, codling moth or tent caterpillars
are instances.

Paris Green.

Arsenic uncombined is injurious to foliage and in paris green it
is combined with copper. Even in properly made paris green
there is a small percentage of uncombined arsenic and this often
burns foliage if applied in strong or even in weak solutions. To
obviate this a little freshly slacked lime is added to the paste of
paris green before the full quota of water is added.

'Paris Green Formula — Paris green, one pound; freshly slacked
lime, one pound ; water, one hundred and twenty-five gallons.

Make a paste of the paris green with a little water. Add lime
to the paste, mix thoroughly and pour in required amount of
water. The mixture must be agitated while in use as paris green
is but sligtly soluble in water and the small granules sink readily
to the bottom of the vessel.

Arsenite of Lead.

This substance is formed from the union of arsenate of soda
and acetate of lead. It may be obtained from William H- Swift,
of Boston, Mass., and sells from 15 to 18 cents per pound. Against
the Gypsy moth in Massachusetts paris green was found to be
not effective and experiments to find a better substance resulted
in the discovery of arsenite of lead. Arsenite of lead does not

112

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

burn foliage even when used strong. No lime is required in its
use. It is perfectly soluble in water, more effective than pans
green and altogether an ideal arsenical poison.

''Disparene/' manufactured by the Bowker Chemical Co., of
Boston; Mass., is practically the same as arsenite of lead, but con-
tains glucose and is sHghtly more adhesive.

Arsenite of lead, one pound; water, fifty gallons.

Arsenite of Lime.

This ihas the threefold advantage of being cheap, the amount of
arsenic is under perfect control and it does not burn foliage. It
is made by boiling for one hour.

White arsenic, one pound; fresh stone lime, two pounds; water,
one g^allon.

This may be kept in a tig'ht vessel marked "Poison" and used
as desired. For most insects one quart of the above will be suffi-
cient- It is soluble in water and will not injure foliage at this
strength. The cheapest aresnite and as effective as any.

London Purple.

Is cheaper than paris green and much used, especially for
the potato beetle, as the foliage of the potato is not easily burned.
Contains more soluble arsenic and should have more lime added.
Otherwise used in the same proportions as paris green. In every
way but price it is inferior to paris green and should never be used
on delicate foliage.

Contact Insecticides (for Sucking Insects).

Kerosene Emulsion — ^Hard soap, one half pound; boiling water,
one gallon, kerosene, two gallons.

Dissolve the soap in the water and away from the fire pour in
the kerosene and churn with the spray pump for ten minutes.
The mixture becomes milky in appearance and is jelly-like when
cool. Dilute ten times.

Kerosene Water Mechanical Mixture.

Kerosene is fatal to all insects but is also very injurious to plant
life. Kerosene and water must be apiplied with pumpis specially
constructed for the purpose. Pumps with kerosene attachments
can be procured from the Deming Co., Salem, Ohio; Goulds Co.,
Seneca Palls, N. Y-, and Spray Mbtor Co., London, Ontario.
Kerosene mechanically mixed may be used for all purposes for
which kerosene emulsion is suitable. Any percentage of kerosene
desired may be used in the attachment. Ten to twenty per cent
may be used ordinarily with safety.

Anthracnose of the apple. From 19C0 Oregon Report Board Horticulture.

Crown Gall. Arizona Experiment Station.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTrCULTURE. 113

Sulphur — One ounce of sulphur to one gallon of water is ef-
fective against red spider.

Whale Oil So^ap — Whale oil soap, one pound; water, six gallons.

Whale oil soap costs about five cents per pound. It is val-
uable for use against plant lice in some instances where kerosene
fails.

Formalin — In greenhouses on roses affected with root nema-
todes. A'fter a thorough watering of the plants solak the beds
with a mixture of one part commercia! formialin to one hundred
and twenty-five parts water. Repeat the operation at the end
of three weeks.

Sulphur, Lime and Salt — This is a winter spray and used for
all scale insects, pear leaf blister mite, green aphis, twig borer,
bud moth and clover mite.

How Prepared.

Ingredients — Lime (unslacked), fifty pounds; sulphur, fifty
pounds; stock salt, fifty pounds. This will make one hundred and
fifty gallons of wash.

Directions — Slack fifty pounds of lime, then add the fifty pounds
of sulphur, boil it over a brisk fire for one hour, then place all
the salt with it in the boiler and boil for fifteen minutes more, then
add the necessary water to make one hundred and fifty gallons.
This solution should be used at a temperature of at least lOO de-
grees- Before using, strain it. The utility of this wash depends
a great deal upon the strength of the sulphur. It is therefore
recommiended that those who use this wash have a Beaumes
scale for acid. When it shows 8 degrees when cold, it is
of the proper strength. These scales Can be obtained through
any druggist at a cost not to exceed fifty cents.

This combination is the result of Mr. Bmile Schanno's extensive
experiments in the fourth district. From 1900 report of Oregon
State Board of Horticulture.

Bordeaux Mixture, Fungicides, Formula: — All thi'ngs consid-
ered, it is believed that the best results will be obtained from the
use of what is known as the fifty-gallon formula of this prcpara-
tion, as follows :

Ingre'dients — Water, fifty gallons; copper sulphate, six pounds;
unslacked lime, four pounds.

Must be well made — It has been found that the method of com-
bining the ingredients has an important bearing on both the
chemical composition and physidal structure of the mixture. For
example, if the copper sulphate is dissolved in a small quantity of

114

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

water and the lime milk diluted to a limited extent only, there re-
sults, when these materials are brouglit together, a thick mixture^
having- strikingdy different characters from^ one made by pouring
together we'ak solutions of lim.e and copper sulpihate. It is true,
furthermore, that if the copper sulphates solution and lime milk
are poured together while the latter, or both, are warm, different
effects are obtained than if both solutions are cool at the moment
of mixing. Wliere the mixture has been properly made there is
scarcely any settling after an hour, while the improperly miade
mixture has settled more than h^alf.

How to make it — ^Briefly, the best results have been obtained
from the use of the bordeaux mixture, made in accordiance with
the following directions: In a barrel, or other suitable vessel,
place twenty-five gallons of water; weigh out six pounds of copper
sulphate, then tie the same in a piece oif coarse gunnysack and
suspend it just beneath the surface of the water. By tying the
bag tO' a stick laid across the top of the barrel no further attention
will be required. In another vessel slack four pounds of lime,
using oare in order to obtain a smooth paste, free from grit and
small lumps. To accomplish this it is best to place the lime in an
ordinary water pail and add only a small quantity of water at first,
say a quart or a quart and a half- When the lime begins to crack
and crumble and the water to disappear add another quart or
more, exerdi'sing care that the lime at no time gets too dry.
Toward the last considerable water will be required, but, if added
carefully and slowily, a perfectly smooth paste will be obtained,
pro'vided, of course, the lime is of good quality. Wlien tlie
lime is slacked add sufficient water to the paste tO' bring the whole
up to twenty-five gallons. Wben the copper sulphate is entirely
dissolved and the lime is cool, pour the lime milk and copper sul-
pihate solution slowly together into a barrel holding fifty gallons.
The milk of lime should be thorougbly stirred before pouring.
The method ^described insures good mixing, but to complete this
work the barrel of liquid should receive a final stirring for at
least three minutes with a broad wooden paddle.

Potassium Sulphide — P'otassium sulpbide, one ounce; water,
two and a half gallons.

For use in greenhouses against chrysanthemum rust and rust
of the carnation where bordeaux mixture cannot be used. Will
not discolor the foliage. Dissolve the sulphide in a quart of hot
water and add requisite amount of cold water.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. IIG

Varieties in Montana Apples.

When the pioneers in Mbntana orcharding- first planted apple
trees t'hey had no means of knowing what varieties, if any, would
grow and succeed here. They naturally first planted those old
varieties that they knew in the eastern states, such as Baldwin,
King, Beileflower, Greenery and dozens of others.

M'any of these proved too tender for the hard winters of those
days and hardier kinds were soug"ht and found in such Russians
as Duchess, Red Astrachan and Alexander, and also some of the
new seedlings from the nor^thern belt of fruit-growing states, as
Wealthy, Scott's Winter, Pew^aukee, Walbridge, etc.

Then came a host of the newly imported Russians for trial, most
of Which proved of little value, though a few are g^ood and will
stay with us. Those proven desirable are Antonovka, Boiken,
Yellow Transparent, Gravenstiven and one or two others-
Still trying to find the perfect apple we have of late been trying
some of the M'issouri and Arkansas favorites, such as Gano, M. B.
Twig, Black Ben Davis, Shackleford, Senator, etc.

Thus it is that in nearly every orchard in Ravalli and Missoula
counties there a great many more varieties than there should be,
either for pleasure or profit. It would be far better for the grower
if he had only one or two kinds for each season of ripening, afid
there is no excuse for those now planting- orchards repeating the
blunder of those who set the earlire orchards. While the perfect
apple has not yet been found for each season, it is very easy to
discard a large portion of those we now have as of less value than
others.

It is not necessary to cut down or dig up the inferior kinds,
but by top-grafting they may be changed in three or four years
into bearing the best fruit we have.

As to varieties that have been tried and proven to be best are
the following: Yellow Transparent is the earliest, first-class ap-
ple we have ripe in August, fine in appearance and flavor, tender
in flesh, but a poor shipper. If it could be got in the markets as
fine as it comes from the tree when fully ripe, the demand for it
would be unlimited.

For September we have the Duchess, and we need no other, for
it is about perfect in every way, hardy, productive, large, beautiful
and good both for eating and cooking.

The W^ealth} and Alexander fill the bill for October and No-
vember.

116

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

The Wealthy is bright red, a beautiful apple, juicy and high-
flavored and a universal favorite with the consumer. It has the
fault of over-bearing and thus growing too small and of dropping
from the tree.

The Alexander, while not as pretty or of so good quality, is
very large, and its size will always find it a market.

But now as we approach the winter season we find ourselves
on debatable ground. Some of the very best of our wmter ap-
ples are small in size, but their fine eating qualities find them a
ready sale. In this class are Snow, Jonathan, Grimes' Golden,
etc-

The Antonovka, a large yellow Russian, is popular where
known, and will always be one of our standard winter apples,
while Red M'clntosh is nearly perfect for December and January.
For the spring- months we have as yet no one or two varieties that
are entirely satisfactory, but several do fairly well, such as Gano,
Walbridge, Northern Spy, Boiken, Ben D'avis, etc. We should
select the best oi these and discard the rest for — in apples — ^in
numbers of varieties lies weakness. Better have all of any one or
two than a dozen or more.

It is but a very few years since a few hundred boxes was the
total output of all our Montana orchards. Now we produce hun-
dreds of thousands of boxes and we are just at the thresnoid oi
orcharding in the state.

The Montana apple is beautiful in appearance and high in qual-
ity. It is absolutely clean and free from worms or other disgust-
ing pests, and there is no reason w*hy it should not be produced
in increasing quantities and it should and will find a world-wide-
market.

W. B. HARLAN.

Como, Mont., December, 1902.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 117

Fruit Culture in the Milk River Valley.

There is not. the amount of attention being shown the matter
of fruit culture in this valley as one would expect.

As a rule the farms are too large to permit of much attention
being given to small crops; then the production of beef and m.ut-
ton, with our practically unlimited range, and mild open
winters, seemingly has more attraction to our farmers than
fruit culture at the present time; besides it is only very
recently that irrigation has been put into successful practice, the
first canal having been constructed in 1894, and up to the present
time it has kept our farmers busy getting their land in shape to
produce crops.

Notwithstanding these facts, within the past three or four years
considerable attention has been given to fruit growing, and one
agent representing an eastern firm who operated in this valley last
year informed parties in the valley that he had sold $14,000 worth
O'f nursery stock- Unfortunately the greater part of this died out,
as would have been expected by an experienced person, and it is
a surprise to me that our Montana nurserymen have overlooked
this profitable field so long.

The success attained has been by persons with comparatively
sm.all ^arms, who had the time and inclination to properly care for
their orchard's, but many of our first settlers have now got their
farmis in first-class condition, have built themselves modern homes
and have settled down for the balance of their days. These, as a
rule, i^re now giving considerable attention to the startmg of or-
chards, and results will be manifest in a few years, especially so if
they are furnished with reliable acclimated stock.

At first attention was given to the culture of small fruits and
it was found that the valley was the natural home of the straw-
berry; raspberries, goo'seberries, blackberries have also done well
in the Bear Paw mountains. Much small fruit is now being grown,
the principal varieties being in strawberries the Wilson, Warfield
and Vandeman; in raspberries the Gregg, Cuthbert and Al'arl-
borro.

Grapes have also been grown for several years, the Janesville,
Worden and some report the Concord. The leader in grape cul-
ture is Mr. Rudolph Hermis, of Chinook, who was first to grow
them successfully.

Mr. C. M, Sedge wick, living sixteen miles south of Chinook,
near the Bear Paw mountains, has been producing the berries suc-
cessfully for several years and supplying the Chinook market.

118

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OP THE

Mr. Sedgewick has also been successful with native improved
plums and hardy apples. I have mot been a'ble to learn of the
variety of apples groAvn.

Mr- Peter Denny, near the town of Chinook, has had remark-
able success with plums, the Weaver, Desota, H'awkeye and sev-
eral others, also with apples, the Wealthy and several others of
t'hiat sort. These trees on Mr. Denny's place have only been set
out foMr years, but have had a remarkable showing, a's will be seen
by accompanying photograp'hs.

Mr. William Hulbus'h, living three miles east o^f Chinook, has a
good, sized r)rchard set out this year. Wr. Harry Reyno'lds, Mr.
Ed. Martin, Rudolph Hermis, Henry Kramer, all living near
Chinook, are giving considerable attention to fruit culture.

Last spring the Mbntana Experimental Station, at the sugges-
tioii of Director Eortier, sent the writer a dozen native grown ap-
ple trees for experimental purposes. It was first proposed to plant
these at Hinsdale, but it was finally decided to plant them at the
''Anchorage,'' as the hoine place of W. M. Wooldridge is known,
and which is located three and one^half miles east of Hinsdale.
Some difficulty was experienced incident to rush of work on the
farm in getting t'hem set out promptly. Almong the varieties were
the Gano, Pepin, Wealthy, Duchess, Ben D'avis and two or three
other varieties. These trees have done well the past season and
indications are at the present time will make a good growth-

The Great Northern Railway Company has established a dem-
onstrative oj experimental station at Hinsdale to prove to new
settlers just whiat the land will produce, with the aid of irriga-
ticn. In this they have planted the small berries already
mejitioned, including tame currants, a considerable quantity of
which is now being produced throughout the entire valley. In
this experimental garden there were planted last year several
plants each of the following variety of grapes : Concord, Worden,
Janesville and Magara. During the present season nearly all of
these iDore one or more bunches of well matured grapes, and there
is every indication of the Milk River Valley becoming noted as a
great grape-prodlicing section.-

At Hinsdale also the Great Northern Railway has established
quite an extensive park surrounding the depot. Besides having it
well seeded to lawn grasses the following flowering shrubs have
been p^^.nted and have during the past season produced a profu-
si('ii of bloom: Hardy American Beauty roses, lilacs, snow balls,
hydr^^angeas. There has also been set out a considerable number

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

119

of Cottonwood shade trees, whidh have done well. The flowering
shrubs previously mentioned are mainly set out in beds in the
center of each small park, of which there are three, and bedding
plants of potted geraniums, phlox, petunias, pinks are grouped
around, with beds of pansies along the north side of the station.

We have several native plants worthy of cultivation in the home
grounds. Among others might be mentioned the yellow flower-
ing currant, found in our woods, the wild cherry, whic'h has a
great wealth of very fragrant blossomis during the spring months,
and for this alone should receive a place in every home ground.
Then their fruit affords food for the birds, which s'hould cluster
around every home. We al'so have the wild hop, whidh makes a
beautiful covet-ing for arbors and walls.

I cannot close this article without some reference to attracting
the song birds c^bout the home. Usually on the prairie very few of
our m.any pretty song friends will remain around the home, but as
soo'n as a grove of sihade trees have been planted and have reached
sufflcient size to afford protection from their natural enemies, the
song birds will begin to congregate around, especially if a friendly
disposition is manifested by the occupants of the home. Through-
out the Milk River Valley are to be found many different species
of song birds, not noticeable in many other sections of M'ontana,
and we well remember being impressed by this fact when first
coming here from the mountain regions of the state, where blue-
jays, crows, blackbirds and a few small songsters were the only
noticeable ones. When we arrived here in 1888 our attention was
called to the many hundreds of meadow larks, blue birds, Vv/ood-
peckers, cat birds, wrens, skylarks and other birds which we had
not noticed in our mountain home- On our broad prairies the
meadow lark is the first arrival and is a welcome herald of spring.
Diuring the sumimer months he can be heard at any hour of the
nigtht singing. This is a peculiar feature, the singing of the meadow
lark at night, but as a rule our summer evenings are light and
warm and it is a fact that dozens of larks will be heard at any hour
of the night, so much so that p'erso'us of a nervous temperament
sleeping out on the prairie will be disturbed by their song. The
meadow lark is the very last songster to leave in the fall, and we
noticed one lone lark still lingering with us long after our first
snow last fall.

The observation of the Buffalo berry as being adapted for
hedges around home grounds and for fencing generally has further
convinced your correspondent that in that plant we have a very

120

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

valuable plant for that purpose. The small hedge of these
plants on the place of Mr. John IMatheson, six miles east of
Chinook, is doing all that the most hopeful could desire, and I re-
gret exceedingly that I am unable to send you a photograph of
the same that you might use it in illustrating your report.

In native shade trees, the varieties seemingly best adapted are
the native broad leaf cottonwood. One of. the principal objec-
tions offered -igainst the cottomvood tree for shade or lawn pur-
poses is the objection to the cotton falling from it at certain sea-
sons of the year, but it is a singular fact that the majority of the
cottonwoods found along Alilk River Valley are of the male sex
and are free from this objection. It is rather a rare occurrence
to note a cottonwood with cotton.

The green ash is a native of the eastern end of the valley and
makes a very pretty shade tree. Small groves of ash are to be
found in many small gulches, seemingly where they receive some
protection from prairie fires which in the past have been very de-
structive to all native trees, but which, owing to the rapid settle-
ment of the valley, is not quite so common as heretofore.

Xorth of Hinsdale, some fifteen miles on a branch of Rock
creek, are found considerable quantities of bad land cedars. Many
of our farmers have cut these for fence posts and they have proven
much more durable than the imported cedar posts.

Another tree which is found in man}^ parts of the valley and
some of which have reached enormous size, is the box elder, but
most of these have been ruined by prairie fires previous to set-
tlment by the white people, and I have not yet seen a well-pre-
ser^'ed specimen-

The American elm is found in all its splendor near the eastern
?^Iontana state line along the Missouri river bottoms. Senator
Gibson has experimented a great deal with this tree in the vicinity
of Great Falls and has proven its adaptability for that locality.
We believe that it will thrive and do well wherever irirgation is
practiced.

We have a number of varieties of the willow family, the most
common being what is locally known as the Diamond willowy, irom
the peculiar formation and wounds where old branches have died
out, and which are made into canes and sell at fancy prices. So
common are these willows that they afford excellent shelter for
cattle and horses during heavy storms, growing as they do very
thick along the bottoms and interlacing at the top.

The Carolina poplar has been advocated as a shade tree for
this section and has been tried by many, but the result has not
been gratifying and I doubt their adaptability to the vallev.

W. M. WOOLDRIDGE,
Inspector Third District.

Hinsdale, \"alley County, Mont.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. 121

The Boulevarding and Tree Planting of Great Falls, Mont.

To Hbn. C H. Edwards,

Secretary Montana State Board of Horticulture, Butte, Mbnt-

The city of Great Falls is beautifully laid out with twelve
avenues on each side of Central avenue and thirty-eight streets on
the east side of the Missouri river; besides this we have the west
side, in all 167 miles of platted streets. The blocks contain four-
teen lots, 50x150 feet, carefully surveyed, and the streets are 80
feet in width. On residence streets the roadway is 34 feet between
curbs, the sidewalk is bordered on each side with grass plots' 9
feet in width, with a row of trees in the center of each plot, the
sidewalk being 5 1-3 feet in width, making a total of 23 feet be-
tween the property owner's lawn and the roadiway.

In the spring of 1898 Fourth avenue north had 700 elm and
cottonv^ood trees set. Ahout 25 of the elm a,nd 150 of the Cot-
tonwood died. In the fall of 1900 Third avenue north was set to
600 elm and ash trees; only 13 of these trees died. In the spring
of 1901 Fifth avenue south was set to elm and ash and about 75
of these trees died owing to their being too long on the road in
transportation; they were partially leaved out when received. In
the fall of 1 901 Fifth avenue north was set to 700 elm and ash
trees and in June of 1902 they were all alive, but about 15 of these
have died since owing to lack of proper care. In the spring of 19O2
286 elm and ash trees were set on the extension of Third avenue
north and in the middle of the sumimer only twO' of these were
dead. In the spring of 1902 Eighth avenue south was set to 486
elm and ash trees and about 25 of these died owing to their being
kept several weeks in the warehouse without dirt on the roots and
not set until about the 20th of June. There have been over 400 elm
and ash trees set on the cross streets.

The city has decided to set about 2,000 elm and ash trees on
Sixth and Seventh avenues north this fall and, with these avenues
completed, the city will have about nine miles of boulevarded
streets and about 5,225 shade trees. We have found that the elm
and ash trees give better satisfaction, as a rule, than the box elder
and Cottonwood, and I believe that the trees growing on the boulev
vards in Great Falls are as healthy and thrifty as can be found
growing in any part of the United States.

I'f the present system of tree planting is continued the area
within the 167 miles of platted streets will accommodate 80,000
trees. Besides this there will be several thousand trees in the
parks and in private lawns. The park committee intend to experi-

122

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

ment on other varieties of hardwood trees and I expect they will
find several varieties that will be well adapted to this country.

Anyone who does not think that a hardy variety of trees can
be grown 'here should take the time and trouble to see the city nur-
sery and be cojivjnced. Here we have 10,000 elm, 9,000 ash and
1,000 maple trees, making a total of 20,000 trees, which are as
thrifty as can be found anywhere. These trees were all grown
from seeds-
Five years ago last spring the first elm tree seeds were planted
and from these seeds we now have beautiful trees ten to twelve
feet high and from one to two inches in diameter at the butt.

It seems to me more interest should be taken in the m'apie. Al-
though perhaps not quite sO' hardy ais the elm and ash, it is a very
pretty tree and is not so much infected with tree pests as the elm,
It has been well demonstrated that it can be grown here with good
care.

There has been expienided a large sum^ of money in beautifying
the city, viz: From January i, 1901, to January i, 1902, there was
$21,306 expended in grading, curbing, seeding to grass and set-
ting out trees on the newly boulevarded streets, and from January
I, 1902, to January i, 1903, work of this oharaicter will amount to
nearly $45,000.

From January i, 1901, to January i, 1902, there was $6,000 ex-
pended on unimproved streets in laying sidewalks, etc., and in the
same time in cleaning and general maintenance of streets there
was $10,000 expended.

Very Respectfully,

C. E. HUBBARD,
Inspector Third D'rstrict.

MONTANA STATE BOARD OP HORTICULTURE.

123

Fruits in Montana.

It is not possiible in this repont to attempt a detailed account
of all the various varieties of the many different fruits grow^n
within our stale. Indeed, it would require a large volume to do
this, as the varieties are almost too numerous to mention.

Diuring the early commencement of fruit culture everything was
an experiment. The planter naturally concluded that the wider
and more numerous the varieties tried the quicker could desired
results be attained, and accordingly we find Montana orchards
aibounding with many varieties of fruits entirely unadapted to the
state, unfit for miarket and certainly unprofitable.

This condition is not to be wondered at. It is but a natural
result, when we consider the conditionis which the early planter
had to contend with. Mligrating from all parts of the United
States, from localities \Vhere conditions were well established,
bnrging with him the knowledge and experience of those locali-
ties, it was natural for him^ to attempt to grow first those plants
with which he was most acquainted- He had no opportunity to
compare notes : his neighbor was as ignorant of conditions as him-
self and all he could do Was to plunge into an almost unknown
field and plant at random, trusting to luck and experience to bring
him success. To these early pioneers we owe what success has
been gained in the field of horticulture and to them we should
give praise for the great work done.

But present conditions are widely different. Today the intend-
ing planter can seek for knovv^leidge and find it. He can seek
among- the orchards and gardens; learn for himself the best va-
rieties that we now grow; visit the markets to study the demands;
learn Of the better methods of producing and caring for fruit — in
fact his path is made much more easy and sure. He enters intO'
the work, through careful observations, with the experience of
twenty-five years along horticultural lines.

Yet it is no easy task after all to determine, after all these years
of experimental work, what are the best varieties of each fruit for
planting. Here enters the question of demands of market, condi-
tions of soil and locality, all of which must be studied carefully.
This, of course, can be done by visiting the orchards in the vicini-
ties where plantuig is intended.

In the work of successfully growing the small fruits, such as
strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants and gooseberries,
the planter is not confronted with' so serious a matter as to the
best varieties. Of course we are not to be understood as saying

124

SECOND BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE

that no- experience in selection of varieties is needed in the mat-
ter, but it is generally easier to be able to determine along the
small fruit line than in the matter of tree fruits. The small fruits
may be planted and grown, generally speaking, with success in
every portion of our state. Indeed, we can truthfully say that
no portion of the United States offers more favorable conditions
for the bush and vine fruits than is tO' be found in Mbntana, and
the profits realized here from intelligent efforts are generally
larger than can be made in other states. But it is to select the
best varieties of apple and pear for commercial planting that vve
find our chief trouble. There are so many points to be decided
upon. We can easily find varieties that produce well, that are
good lookers, that have good eating and cooking qualities, but
then we find them lacking in keeping qualities, and when we find
them poissessing the keeping qualities, we also find that thev are
minus the looks and selling qualities, and there we stick- Now as
we have before said loicality, climate and markets must be studied
and for this reason it is deemed uniwise for us to herein attempt
to name varieties best adapted to Mlontana at this time. All that
can be safely done is to show by illustrations some of the late va-
rieties grown, and the planter miust then study his market de-
mands and local conditions and decide for himself. In this con-
nection we might say that from the varieties illustrated in this re-
port a good commiercial orchard may be selected without fear as to
its future value.

It should alvv^ays be borne in mind by the intending planter that
quantity has a good deal to do with the matter of profits in or-
charding. By this we mean that in planting one should have the
courage to confine his choice to a few varieties, not fearing that
unless he has rhis and the other variety he mig'ht have a total fail-
ure, and thus be able to ship straig'ht car loads of one variety, or
at least car loads made up of not more than two or three varieties.
The orohardist who can fill an order for a straig^ht car load of a
poor variety of apples or pears demands a better market than he
who can furnish a mixed car of the better sorts. Then again there
is an advantage in the matter of selection and also in the treat-
ment of the trees. Elsewhere in this report will be found the
selection of varieties made by the growers and reported to this
office by orchard inspectors. This list does not, however, give all
the varieties grown, but merely the choice of the grower, which
we deem is of more value.

While the apple leads all other fruits in the state, forming 80

MONTANA STATE BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. ^ 125

per cent of our co'mmercial fruits, pears, prunes, p'lumfs, apricots
and cherries are grown with equal success. Peaches and grapes
are also grown in many localities, but do not as yet form any part
in the commercial line of our products.

The crab apple has lately jumped forward into prominence as
an export fruit with us. Montana seems peculiarly adapted to
the profitable cultivation of the crab apple. The trees are quite
hardy and seem to thrive upon poorer soil and with more neglect
than with the apple and will be found profitable in all parts of the
state. The demand for the best varieties of crab apples is good
and seems to increase. We supply several car loads each year to
Manitoba, and the cities of the Dakotas are calling for more than
we can supply. For cider-making crab apples are especially val-
uable, the cider made therefrom being better and of more body
than that made from apples, and for jellies and preserving they
have no value-

The varieties most in demand are Transcendent for early and
Hyslop for late- There are other kinds that are good, but not so
popular, such as Florenice for extra early, a beautiful colored crab
apple of fine quality, Martha, some later than the Transcendent,
which is a fine cooker and keeps well. The Whitney is more ap-
ple than crab, a popular fruit for dessert and for children's use,
but of short season and soon too mellow. The tree is extremely
hardy and would be one to set in such localities as are too cold for
most other varieties and would there supply the demand for both
apple and crab. The yellow or orange crab is of no value and not
worth planting. There are a dozen other kinds, but not valuable
for general planting.