1 11 illlHI HHH THE LIBRARY THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Born 1871 in Walts, served in the Himalayas with the British Transport Corps and in the Boxer Rebellion, helped construct the C.PJL, fought with the Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914-17, a resident of Vancouver for forty years, still a reader at 9$, donated his collection of 4,000 books in 1965. — ■ t '* i4t>£&&*€£4£s& *y 'Ca<4z&a£c^ 1 1 J BIOGRAPHICAL CATALOG OF THE Portrait Gallery OF THE Saddle and Sirloin Club BY Edward N. Wentworth 83 UNION STOCK YARDS " CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1920 I ! Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from University of British Columbia Library http://www.archive.org/details/biographicalcatOOsadd PREFACE The compiler of these brief biographies wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness for material and inspiration in a number of the stories told, to the files of The Breeder's Gazette and to books of Mr. Sanders (12) and "The Druid." The American worthies here portrayed have had their tales infinitely better told in such volumes as "At the Sign of the Stock Yard Inn," "Shorthorn Cattle," and the "Story of the Herefords" by Mr. Sanders, and he who would delve farther into their romance, can gain much of interest and inspiration by a study of their pages. To the many friends of those whose portraits hang on these walls, another debt is due, as their acquaintanceship and intimacy have been freely drawn upon, but the list is far too long to enumerate. The richness of association of Mr. Ogilvie (6) and Mr. Leonard (64) with these heroes of a day gone by has also been liberally tapped, and heartiest appreciation of their unfailing good nature and cordial support is hereby expressed. Edward N. Wentworth. Saddle and Sirloin Club, Chicago, 111., August 25, 1920. ALPHABETICAL INDEX No. OF Portrait Adams, Hon. Henry C 25 Alexander, Robert A 82 Allen, Louis F 96 Allerton, Samuel W., Jr 67 Armour, Philip D 70 Armour, Philip D., Jr 123 Armour, J. Ogden 69 Babcock, Dr. S. M 23 Bakewell, Robert 78 Barclay, Capt 80 Bates, Thomas 74 Bellows, George 120 Booth, Thomas 76 Booth, T. C 85 Bracelet 134 Brown, H. F 105 Brown, James 110 Brown, James N 99 Buchanan, W. 1 4 Buel, M. P 38 Bunn, John W 102 Carlyle, W. L 32 Carpenter, Reid 106 Clark, Thomas 61 Clarke, N. P 45 Cobb, Emery 97 Coburn, F. D 13 Colling, Charles and Robert 94 Cooper, Col. John S 48 Cozzens, Samuel 37 Craig, John A 24 Crouch, J 42 Cruickshank, Amos 89 Curtiss, C. F 26 Davenport, Eugene 29 Davidson, James 1 117 Davison, G. Howard 8 Detmers, Dr. H. J 127 Dorset, Dr. Marion 30 Dragon 147 Dryden, John 14 Duggan, Charles E 31 Dunham, Mark W 43 Durham Ox '. 133 Fairfax, Henry 10 Fairholme Footprint 145 Favill, Dr. H. B 17 Francis, John 50 Franklin, Benjamin 93 Funk, Isaac 101 ALPHABETICAL INDEX— Continued No. OF Portrait Funk, Lafayette 103 Fyvie Baron 144 Gentry, N. H Ill m Gibson, Richard 113 Gilbey, Sir Walter 81 Gillett, John D 100 Goodwin, W. R 3 Grant, William J 124 Grant, Ulysses S 77 Groves, John W 118 Haggin, James B 68 Hamilton, Alexander 90 Harding, Frank 108 Harding, George 115 Harris, Col. W. A 109 Harviestoun Baroness 146 Hatch, Hon. Wm. H 27 Henry, Dean W. A 20 Hermes 141 Hord, T. B 58 Hoard, W. D 7 Holloway, Robert 44 Hutchinson, B. E 65 Ingwersen, Charles H 56 Ingwersen, Henry C 57 Jefferson, Thomas 88 Judy, J. W 104 Ketton Ox 129 Keefer, Louis 54 Kohrs, Conrad 53 Law, Dr. James 122 Leonard, A. G 64 Leonard, Charles E 107 Levering, Mortimer 40 Lincoln, Abraham 75 Lockridge, S. F 112 Lord Banff 135 Lovejoy, A. J 55 Marshall, Duncan 9 Marshall, John 91 Martin, George 121 Maxwalton Commander 130 Mackenzie, Murdo 49 Melvin, Dr. A. D 34 Miller, John 114 Miller, William 116 Mohler, Dr. J. R 35 Montgomery, Andrew 46 Morrill, Senator J. S 28 Morris, Edward 72 ALPHABETICAL INDEX— Continued No. OF Portrait Morris, Nelson 71 Morris Sheep 137 Morris Six 139 Morton, Secretary J. Sterling 16 Ogilvie, R. B 6 Pabst, Captain Fred 47 Pickrell, J. Henry 95 Pierce, B. R 59 Pearson, Dr. Leonard 1 Penn. William 125 Pink Brillante 131 Prather, J. Frank ..119 Renick, Felix 92 Rosenbaum, Joseph 51 Roundup on Bear Creek Ranch 52 Ruberta 140 Rusk, Secretary Jeremiah 18 Rutherford, Dr. J. G 2 Ryan, J. E. G 36 Salmon, Dr. D. E 33 Sanders, A. H 12 Sanders, J. H 21 Sherman, John 66-142 Skinner, Dean J. H 11 Skinner, W. E 39 Spencer Ox 132 St. Valentine 136 Swift, Gustavus Franklin 62 Thomson, Robert B 22 Tilden, Edward 63 Tomson. John Ross 126 Torr, Wm 84 Truman, J. H 41 Van Meter, B. F 98 Van Nana. W. S 60 Victory, Winged 143 Vilas. Senator Wm. F 19 Washington, General George 86 Waters, Henry Jackson 5 Webb, Jonas 87 Webster, Daniel 79 Wetherell, William 83 Whitehall Marshal 138 White Heifer that Traveled 128 Wilson, Secretary James 15 Wilson, Thomas E 73 .■;:{ ^ 1 1 ■'■: - '~:~\ f 1 ^R1"^ ^* .ft — 31 £ * 3 5 -■35 -— ft- £ *>•> fTT^.' - *>•» — " ^v -c £r *» "v~ ^^^ *4 3 "*• ^ L: "? — — TT - I • ~ # — £ fe & at ' '«5 ■St _ -7* ts — • — 3 ? * 1 1 ' •^ ~ ^ ^ t : f 1 1 1 1 1 I § 2 I 2 f I ^ rv*. ~ ie ~ - "Tr- !>* > -i -^_ hfc T» . TCV ;Z1 rr ? ' ("in . ~ ■M &■ IIP: J ■ > - :<*. ^. py ■-»■'- -" „"* -' vr s> ,^ V" V ~ ' — ir' • " if? v/2 '": !?> .*— < ----- 5 *" ST3 So-.^i TT " — 2-i ""- »_%- [u, r^ *5 to ^- -— , -"--u 3 -^ R P^ *q F < ' ■ ^ THE MISSION OF THE CLUB The clanking whir of the nineteenth century in industrial America, the reddened glow of her furnaces, the webbed weave of her rails, and the crackling luminescence of her electrical achievements; all by their spectacular novelties have diverted the national attention from the artisanship and artistry of those who, from farm and flock, grassland and granary, market and menu, have builded an unsurpassed husbandry and cradled its distribution. Today the crowding world has sounded its food cry, its pitch shrilled by war, and public attention is gradually focussing on food sources. Against such contingency the live- stock industries have builded, but the squirming consumer looks not behind the price barrier, and dreams not of the masterly achievements of yardman and packer, showman and rancher, breeder and producer, that lie hidden behind the veil. The marvel is not that prices have been unprecedentedly high, it is that there has been so complete a production and distribution that the food gaps in the friendly areas of the world have been successfully stopped. Heroes of production have there been, heroes of husbandry, heroes of industry, each contributing his share toward the ulti- mate fillment of the public maw. Yet where lives the urbanite who can tell of them, or who can recognize the broad service and ideals that have led to the perpetuation of their memories upon the walls of this inner shrine? Here are portrayed in oils and pigments, the loved features of those who have wrought their works to the cohesion, advancement and prestige of the livestock industry. What if the passing crowd forget, in here, revivified, the eyes of those who gave look down, their souls still sing their sagas to the mellowed memories of those who would commune, or fling their challenge to the youth who sets his foot to travel in their paths. The swarded pasture, the stir of market and the tensities of tanbark take on new luster under their beatitudes, in- spiring emulation of their achievements. 8 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Many there be who can ride the flood of an energized idea, stealing from its latencies powers for their own emolumence. Such by the hundred receive popular acknowledgment, urban and rural alike, but all too frequently the man who can originate such an idea is little known and only locally recognized. He who unseals the fount from which the flood springs, too often is washed up on the shore, short yards from where he started, while the public eye ignores the bruised battler to watch the crest of his liberated wave. Or, if his sacrifice be seen, gives approbative glance, and forgets, in seeking new sensations in the whirl of modern progress. Today is only temporarily discriminative, its heroes are short-lived and its memories shorter. He who does and gives sooner finds obscurity than he who dazzles and takes. This reconstructive period finds America taking too much for granted. The stream of meats which has plenished the food table of this country has been so long enjoyed that it is a matter of commonplace, to be admired for its volume, but to be credited to no one. Ill-advised agitators and shortsighted economists through influencing executive and legislative powers have tinkered with meat supplies to the permanent injury of the producers of this generation. The achievements of men who look upon us from these walls are ignored and unknown, and the labor for which they stand, unrecognized. Their perpetuation furnishes the justi- fication of this gallery; the broadening acquaintance with them, its mission. To the petty jealousies and frictions of an agricul- ture developed from so many provincial angles, it brings a court of authority. Saddle and Sirloin emblematic of the field of their jurisdiction, christens the club walls on which the portraits hang, and the organization of active workers in husbandry and industry who uphold them. The permanent housing of the International Livestock Expo- sition at the Union Stock Yards in 1900 made Chicago as firmly the pivot of the improved livestock industry as it had previously OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 9 been the pivot of livestock marketing. By that act the scattered offices of the numerous pedigree associations found a logical loca- tion, and a common center for the vast ramifications of the live- stock industry was established. Chicago became the contact point for those who breed and those who feed, those who sell and those who buy, those who kill and those who cure; all that mighty array of stockmen, shippers, commission men, packers, breeders, vet- erinarians, manufacturers of stock feeds, medicine and serums, harness and saddlery men, fertilizer makers, builders of farm machinery, and the journalists of the growing agriculture. So varied a constituency early created the need for quarters suitable for the fraternal discussion of the important affairs pertaining to the interests they represented. Appreciation of this need called into existence the Saddle and Sirloin Club. The germ of the idea unfolded in the mutual minds of Robert B. Ogilvie (6), Arthur G. Leonard (64), and Alvin H. Sanders (12) in June, 1903, as a corollary to Mr. Leonard's achievement in building the purebred Livestock Record Building, while the name was suggested by Richard Gibson from "The Druid's" tales of that title. Mr. Leonard's acquaintanceship as general manager of the Union Stock Yards, Mr. Sanders' life- time relation with the growth of livestock journalism, pedigree values and breed history, and Mr. Ogilvie's personal intimacy with the gentlemen breeders and sportsmen of Britain and America, the show and breeding veterans of a half century, all furnished viewpoints assuring the broadest foundations in club ideals. In the days of the old Lake Side Stock Show the necessary social and business center was provided in the old Grand Pacific hostelry, but the retirement of Messrs. Drake and Parker in 1894 scattered the clans. Hence from its inception the Saddle and Sirloin Club was foredestined to a broader function than the refreshment of those whose business and financial interests located them at the Stock Yards. Here numberless meetings 10 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY fraught with bovine, equine, porcine or ovine significance have been held. Here college students have first made contact with the broad sweep of breeding's artistry. Here visiting friends from the two hemispheres have found the inspiration and atmos- phere that has led our stockmen to ultimate accomplishment. The functioning of the club as a unit in cohering husbandry and commerce initiated several clearly defined club activities. First and foremost it has made itself the ally of the International Livestock Show, being perpetual host to the latter's guests. Sec- ondly, and with the aid of the International, it attracts each year, and in ever increasing numbers, men of education, wealth and high business ability to the ranks of modern agriculture, especially livestock breeding. Thirdly, through admitting to membership staff workers of the agricultural colleges and through offering gold medals in essay contests to agricultural students, it has stimulated the formation of the Saddle and Sirloin and Block and Bridle Clubs of the colleges, and has led many a noteworthy novice into the ranks of the constructive initiate. Fourthly, it has committed itself to the perpetual com- memoration of those worthies who have bequeathed to mankind the improved animals and the organized industries that have made modern production and distribution possible. Fifthly, it has formed the nucleus of what it some day hopes will become the leading livestock library of the world. To Robert Ogilvie (6) the club owes the idea of the gallery, and it is to him and H. F. Brown (105) that the indebtedness for the first portraits is due. Largely through the individual efforts of Mr. Ogilvie the atmosphere and the spirit of the club has developed. While club officials have changed he has labored unremittingly and unceasingly on the gallery, striving constantly for improved artistic standards and for worthy recipients of the club's honors. It will ever be a memorial to his taste and a tribute to his knowledge of the makers of the livestock industry. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 11 A BATTLER AGAINST THE WHITE PLAGUE 1. One of the foremost forces in the upbuilding of the vet- erinary profession in the eastern United States was Dr. Leonard Pearson, dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Pearson was born in Evans- ville, Ind., August 17, 1868. Much of his early education came from the home instruction of his mother, and in 1888 he received the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture at Cornell University. Two years later he earned his D. V. M. from the University of Pennsylvania, and then went abroad to attend lectures in the veterinary schools of Berlin and Dresden. He studied bacteriology in Koch's Laboratory where he became inter- ested in tuberculosis, and was permitted the facilities of the laboratory of the veterinary division of the German Army. On his return he was made assistant professor of medicine in the veterinary department of the University of Pennsylvania, and three years later he was promoted to full professor. In 1897 he was elected Dean of the school. Dr. Pearson was appointed state veterinarian in 1896 and served continuously in that capacity until his death. It was through his efforts that the Livestock Sanitary Board of Penn- sylvania was organized. He reorganized the veterinary school at the University of Pennsylvania and secured the new buildings and equipment, which are undoubtedly the best in the country. In addition, he procured a farm for experimental work in con- nection with animal diseases. Dr. Pearson was a recognized leader in the control of in- fectious diseases. He was the first in America to use tuberculin for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle. His investigations on bovine tuberculosis were extensive and most valuable, and 12 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY at the time of his death he was endeavoring to find an immuniz- ing agent against this disease. So eminent had he become in state veterinary work that in 1895 Secretary Morton offered him the position of Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. His interest in veterinary education and his loyalty to Pennsyl- vania led him to decline the offer. He was a prominent writer on veterinary subjects. For years he conducted the veterinary magazine through which he gave to his profession much of the best in the languages of other countries, as well as many valuable contributions of his own. In 1908 the University of Pennsyl- vania conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Medi- cine. Dr. Pearson was a member of the Seventh International Congress of Hygiene and Dermography held in London in 1891, and of the Third International Congress for the Study of Tuber- culosis held in Paris in 1898. He was Secretary and President of the American Veterinary Medical Association, for two years was president of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, and for a similar period headed the Keystone Vet- erinary Medical Society. Dr. Pearson was an active member of the Guernsey Cattle Club at Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania Livestock Breeders' Association and of the State Grange. While not a cattle showman, Dr. Pearson did a great deal toward in- teresting men of wealth and discrimination in the cause of the Guernsey, and was an instrumental factor in their dissemination throughout the state. Professionally, Dr. Pearson held mem- berships in the American Public Health Association, the City Board of Health in Philadelphia, the State Board of Health, and was Veterinarian to the State Board of Agriculture. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 13 The reorganization of the veterinary school and the Pennsyl- vania State Livestock Sanitary Board are the results of his efforts that stand out in bold relief above much else of great value that he did. While these will be known to the historian, the sterling qualities of the man will abide with those who knew him. He was a manly man with a sweetness of disposition rarely found among men. His deep interest in the advancement and betterment of his profession caused him "to burn the candle of life at both ends." As a result, he died a premature death while on a vacation at Spruce Brook, Newfoundland, September 20, 1909. 14 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A VETERINARIAN WHO NURSED A YOUNG AGRICULTURE 2. One of the broadest executive careers vouchsafed to a Canadian agriculturist has fallen to the lot of Dr. John Gunion Rutherford, horse breeder, veterinarian, agricultural official, army officer and railroad executive. Dr. Rutherford was born at Mountain Cross, Peebleshire, Scotland, December 25, 1857. He was "a son of the Manse," his father being the Rev. Robt. Rutherford, a Presbyterian minister at Peebles. He was edu- cated at the Glasgow high school, at Edinburgh, and by means of a private tutor. As a young man he came to Canada where he attended the Ontario Agricultural College and the Ontario Veterinary College at Guelph. Following graduation he entered upon veterinary practice, being located at various points in Canada, the United States and Mexico. In 1884 he settled at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, and undertook horse breeding and production as a side operation to his practice. From 1887 to 1892 he was veterinary inspector for the provincial government, being elected in the latter year to the Lakeside (Manitoba) Legis- lature. He remained a legislator for four years, and was then elected to the Canadian House of Commons, as a member from MacDonald. One of his earliest duties in an official way for Canadian agri- culture was to represent the Dominion at the International Insti- tute of Agriculture at Rome. In 1908 he was a delegate to the International Congress on Tuberculosis at Washington, and was elected the same year to a term as president of the American Veterinary Medical Association. In 1909 he became president of the Civil Service Association of Canada, chairman of the International Commission on the Control of Bovine Tuberculosis, and president of the Western Canada Livestock Union. For many years previous he had been president of the Horse Breeders' Association of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. He gained early military experience in the northwest, having served OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 15 under Gen. Middleton as veterinary officer to the northwest field force, during the Riel Rebellion in 1885. Dr. Rutherford has published a number of monographs on veterinary subjects as well as on horse breeding and the care of horses. His chief recreations are riding and driving, and he is a notable fisher- man in the mountain waters of the northwest. He has supported the chase most heartily and is an officer and member of the Rideau Hunt Club, and the Ranchman's Club of Calgary. From 1902 to 1912 he was veterinary director general of Canada, and from 1906 to 1912, livestock commissioner for the Dominion. At the close of the latter year, he resigned his posi- tion to assume the superintendency of agriculture and animal industry with the department of natural resources of the Canadian Pacific Railway. After six years of this duty he was appointed member of the Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners, with headquarters at the Canadian capital at Ottawa. The variety of interests which he has so successfully maintained throughout his life has served to give him an optimism of viewpoint and a for- ward tendency in thinking that have been of real service to Cana- dian citizenship. 16 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A WORD PAINTER OF LIVESTOCK MASTERPIECES 3. The dean of American showyard reporters was William Ransdell Goodwin. Never was the story of a live stock exhi- bition fully told to a North American breeder until he had opportunity to read Mr. Goodwin's virile comment, and never could he visualize clearly the incidents of the big ring battles until his forceful pen had touched up the higher lights. Mr. Goodwin's indomitable energy and his extraordinary facility made a name for him that is almost immortal. He possessed a perennial potentiality to find in each new show an added luster in the animals on review, and from one season to another was able to classify each detail in which the exhibit of that day had surpassed its predecessor. His reports of the World's Columbian Exposition, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the Alaska- Yukon Exposition, the Panama-Pacific Exposition, the Iowa and Illinois State Fairs, the American Royals and the Internationals were classic, no matter what the breed nor how unusual the feature he discussed. He was one of the most forceful personalities known to the field of agricultural journalism. Mr. Goodwin was born at Brookville, Indiana, August 19, 1863. His father, William Ransdell Goodwin, Sr., was a Meth- odist divine, then president of a college at Brookville. His early education was in the public schools of Danville, Quincy and De- catur, 111., and he spent three years at the Illinois Wesleyan Uni- versity. In 1883 he completed his college course at DePauw University, receiving his A. B. degree. Three years later his A. M. was conferred by the same school. He was a member of Beta Theta Pi in college, and for years was joint host with his brother, Judge John B. Goodwin, to the Chicago Alumni Asso- ciation of the fraternity, either at Heatherton, his brother's Naper- ville home, or at Oakhurst, his own estate near the same town. Following his graduation in 1883, he allied himself with his brother in the breeding of Aberdeen-Angus cattle at Beloit, OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 17 Kans., a breed with which his brother secured a lifelong success. "Will" Goodwin was not destined for this long, however, as he was a born writer, and his facility of expression coupled with his love for livestock opened for him a future in agricultural journalism which did not terminate until he had become one of its most forceful figures. In the summer of 1885 he joined The Breeder's Gazette, then in its third year of life. His first duties were in the business department, looking after the interests of the holders of public sales and aiding breeders in the purchase of desirable animals. After a few years, however, he entered the editorial department, first as assistant editor and later as managing editor. Mr. Goodwin succeeded to the last position when the editor of the Gazette, Mr. Alvin Sanders (12), was appointed on the wool commission by President Taft. In 1899 Mr. Goodwin acquired an interest in the stock of the Sanders Publishing Co., and became its vice-president. In 1902 he proceeded to England and Scotland as staff representative of The Breeder's Gazette at the English Royal and Highland and Agricultural Shows. During this trip he made many warm friends and broadened his livestock views perceptibly. From the opening of the International he was entrusted with the hos- pitality extended the foreign judges, and secreted them at Oak- hurst, far from overzealous friends and designing exhibitors, until the show actually opened. On his farm at Oakhurst he bred Berkshire swine, Buff Leg- horn fowls and Indian Runner ducks. He was very fond of pet stock and reared Scotch Collies and Angora cats. For several years he was president of the American Cat Association. He was a member of the Aberdeen-Angus Association, a director and whilom vice-president of the American Saddle Horse Associa- tion, a judge of the breed, and a staunch friend of General John B. Castleman, its chief promoter. His description of the saddle horse gaits in The Breeder's Gazette of two decades ago is a rare 18 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY bit of technical writing. Through the columns of this paper he became a powerful promoter of the dairy interests and a strong supporter of the National Dairy Council. He was a member of the National Dairy Association and first president of the National Society of Record Associations. He was an early backer of the Saddle and Sirloin Club, and a life member of the Interna- tional Livestock Exposition. Mr. Goodwin was an ardent automobile enthusiast and a mem- ber of the Chicago Automobile Club. As a public speaker he was in great demand at breed conventions, association meetings, and livestock banquets. His delivery was forceful, his logic sound; at the 1914 International he was credited with making the speech to the National Swine Growers that launched the National Swine Show. He was a program fixture for both Jersey and Berkshire breeders, often being called across the continent by the Jersey men for his evening talk. Editorially his shillaly swung sturdily, and he never hesitated to wield it when the occasion demanded. He was possessed of strong convictions, always ready to give battle for sound principles, and always willing to back to the limit in an editorial way those whose cause he championed. He stamped his manhood and forceful in- tegrity on every undertaking upon which he entered. His editorials were meaty and pregnant with truths. A writer of an obituary said of him, "He was as rugged and strong as a block of granite and could be swerved from his ideals for right and justice neither by threats nor entreaties, neither for self nor affection. He knew but one code of ethics — do right as it is given you to know what right is. He never harmed a human being nor allowed one to harm him a second time." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 19 His spirit was patriarchal and his conscience guided his thoughts. He was one of the most distinguished Congregational laymen in the country, and was honored by being selected to serve as moderator at an Illinois conference. His prayer on that occasion remains a classic to those who heard it. He was buried Tuesday afternoon, April 8, 1919, in the village cemetery at Naperville, his shaft within sight of Oakhurst's pillars. No stone can ever symbolize the imperishable monument he holds in the hearts and minds of American breeders. 20 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY DIRECTOR OF THE CLASSIC COLUMBIAN 4. It has not been the fortune of many Americans to rise from the ranks of agriculture to highest influence in the diplomatic world, but in recent years this was indeed the achievement of the Hon. W. I. Buchanan. Born on an Iowa farm, he was grounded firmly in the fundamental cycle of the corn belt, "to grow more corn, to feed more hogs, to buy more land," and so on, ad infini- tum. Mr. Buchanan's experience particularly stressed the corn item, and after becoming connected with the banking business in Sioux City, he organized and staged the first purely corn show ever held. This was founded in the early nineties and was held in a "corn palace" especially constructed for the purpose. His success here led to his being appointed chief of agriculture at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. Numerous important acquaintanceships originated here, and stress was brought to bear on President Cleveland to secure the secretaryship of agriculture in the new cabinet. But previous political promises prevented this, and he was appointed Minister to the Argentine. His service here was so eminently satisfactory that in spite of repeated attempts to resign, President McKinley forced him to continue in office under the republican administration. Mr. Buchanan rendered an invaluable service in the establishment of broader trade relations with the South American republic, and developed such a degree of confidence among Latin-Americans that he was selected to establish definitely the Venezuelan border line after The Hague had completed its arbitration of the border claims. On his return from Buenos Aires, he was appointed Director General of the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, and con- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 21 tributed largely to the agricultural success of the show. Mr. Buchanan was first American Minister to the Republic of Pan- ama and was High Commissioner representing the United States during the Venezuelan dispute. His death occurred from apo- plexy in London, October 12, 1909, while returning to his apart- ments from a dinner. He was a man of deepest integrity and sterling judgment, and he rendered a noteworthy service to the livestock industry in years when public recognition was vitally needed. 22 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A PROPONENT OF LIVESTOCK SCIENCE 5. Foremost among the men who have studied the needs of the animal in birth, growth and preparation for market, is Henry Jackson Waters. Dr. Waters has had a career far more varied than becomes the lot of the average college professor and investi- gator. By the force of his personality, by his driving ambition to get at the elemental subjects the livestock man must meet, and by his continually open and inquisitive mind, he has wrought for himself a niche in agricultural progress that no other per- sonality will fill. Dr. Waters was born at Center, Mo., Novem- ber 23, 1865, and received his B. S. A. at the University of Missouri in 1886. In 1904 and 1905 he studied in the animal nutrition laboratories of the Universities of Leipsic and Zurich. In 1913 the New Hampshire State College conferred on him the degree of Doctor of Laws, and three years later the University of Missouri honored him similarly. His public activities began upon college graduation. He was Assistant Secretary of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture from 1886 to 1888; assistant agriculturist of the Missouri Experi- ment Station from 1886 to 1891; professor of agriculture and agriculturist in the experiment station at the Pennsylvania Agri- cultural College from 1892 to 1895. In 1895 he was returned to the University of Missouri as professor of agriculture, Dean of the College of Agriculture and director of the experiment station, a position he retained until 1909. The sessions of the Graduate School of Agriculture at the University of Ohio in 1902 and the University of Illinois in 1906, saw him as lecturer in animal nutrition, while he was appointed director of the Missouri State Agricultural Exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- tion in 1903-1904. During his last year in Missouri, he was president of the State Board of Agriculture, and in 1909 was called to the Kansas State Agricultural College as President. While in this last position he was made commissioner from the OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 23 United States to the Philippine Islands to report on the agri- cultural and educational development, and had opportunity to visit Japan and China at the same time. In 1909 he was made a member of the Kansas State Board of Education and in 1913 a member of the State School Book Commission for Kansas. His interest in the direction of general education led to his elec- tion as president of the Kansas State Teachers' Association in 1911-1912. During the year 1913-1914 he presided over the International Dry Farming Congress. In 1914 and 1915 he was president of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Sci- ence, an 1920 he was appointed a member of the Industrial Commis- sion authorized by President Wilson. His appreciation of the problems of the practical farmer and small stockbreeder have made his work of almost classic importance to the students of animal husbandry and to the cattlemen of the shortgrass country. Dr. Waters' portrait was presented to the Saddle and Sirloin Club by the students of the University of Missouri and friends. 24 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ARCHITECT OF OUR TEMPLE 6. Richest in associations with those noble husbandmen of the half-century agone lives Robert Burns Ogilvie, master of Blair- gowrie, and spiritual progenitor of the gallery whose tales these pages bear. Since first he glimpsed the concept of the stockman's shrine, his pulses have daily quickened to its service and upbuild- ing. He it is, of all the throng with pastoral ideals, whose memo- ries have fruited full; his dearest wish has been to find horizons which the romance of the husbandman has not yet reached, and through the message of these worthy souls give vision of the artistry of herds and flocks. From Scottish forebears he has gained the flavor of the land, the wind-swept slopes of pastured hills have given him command of herder thought. Idyl of pedi- gree and blood, of show yard stress, find lodgment in his heart, and day by day, inspire anew fresh goals for rural youth. The blood of Forfarshire and Fife runs in his veins. Before his birth his parents crossed to Whitby, Canada, and settled near the site of modern Ashburne. From every viewpoint the family was pioneer, and the common school instead of giving him the training for his busy life, opened new fields of thought wherein the world's masters had traveled, the realm of books. He has been a voluminous and careful reader, and though necessity early forced him into the mercantile world, the stored knowledge of nearly six decades finds ready access to his tongue, and faultless memory can trace it to its source. While still in his teens he crossed from Ontario to Wisconsin, and in 1867 settled in Madi- son. Employment was found in a dry goods store, and three years later the foreclosers of a mortgage on the business placed him in charge. One year proved him sufficiently a master to cause the creditors of his first employer to sell the business to him. Five years more saw him the owner of one of the leading dry goods stores in Wisconsin. R. B. OGILVIE OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 25 But the Scottish heritage stirred in his blood, and the love of livestock led him to supplemental fields. In 1867 he made his first shipment of Clydesdales from Canada to Wisconsin and entered the showring for the first time that year. As yet he had no land and his animals were stabled in town. In the early seventies his equine interests had developed to such a degree that he deemed it best to secure a farm, and enter the draft horse game in a more permanent manner. He was very fortunate in obtaining Courtney Hall, lying five miles east from Madison. Courtney Hall had been founded by an English nobleman, and had a most pretentious castle and fine outbuildings. Here he expanded his Clydesdale interests and for a short period engaged in the breeding of Shorthorns, long enough to develop a herd of really top rank, as far as showyard honors were concerned. In 1883 an opportunity came to dispose of Courtney Hall at a profit, and he secured Blairgowrie in the township of Vienna in Dane County. The female stock that ultimately founded his greatest successes was obtained very shortly after Blairgowrie was established. Robert Bruce had selected for James J. Hill the finest bred and highest priced importation of Clydesdale mares ever sent to Amer- ica. Thirteen head were included in the lot and the prices ranged from 500 to 800 guineas in Scotland. The original price quoted did not meet Mr. Ogilvie's purse, and it was not until he had made four trips to North Oaks, that a satisfactory bargain was struck. Mr. Hill had had an ambition to become a second Sir Wm. Ster- ling-Maxwell, breeder of Darnley, and wished North Oaks to be an American Keir. However, he was unfortunate in the groom selected to come to America with them, and after ineffectual attempts to replace him, decided to abandon the project and sold his entire importation to Mr. Ogilvie. The possession of such a fine mare stock necessitated a suitable stallion, and this animal Mr. Ogilvie found in the "Matchless" MacQueen, 26 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY son of MacGregor by Darnley, and imported to Can- ada by Graham Bros. MacQueen reached Blairgowrie in 1887, and for the next few years a new era in Clydesdale breeding was developed in America. MacQueen put tops and middles on Blair- gowrie Clydesdales, at the same time he gave them proper under- pinning. Mr. Ogilvie was enabled to show young stock in a bloom never before attempted in Clydesdale arenas on this side of the water. Previously it was not thought possible to put any flesh at all on a young animal before growth was obtained with- out ruining it both for work and for breeding. Showyard suc- cesses for Blairgowrie were phenomenal. In the late 80's in an interbreed contest, MacQueen and progeny defeated Mr. Dun- ham's (43) great Brilliant, with more mature offspring. At the World's Columbian Exposition, the Lasses o' Gowrie were invinc- ible, MacQueen won the aged stallion class and Mr. Ogilvie unquestionably demonstrated the supremacy of the Darnley blood as compared to that of Prince of Wales. Most notable among the sons of MacQueen was the stallion Young MacQueen, sold to the Graham Bros., as a two-year old. He won the championship at the 1897 Chicago show, and came back to the International of 1903 to win breed supremacy once more, again testifying to the durability of the MacQueen kind. Untoward financial conditions following the panic of 1893, forced him to disperse his stud and to sell Blairgowrie in 1897, MacQueen going back to the Grahams. In 1900 he came to Chicago as Secretary of the American Clydesdale Association, a position he has held ever since. This year was also the first year of the International, and Mr. Ogilvie was elected Superintendent of the Horse Department. Under his constructive efforts the International Horse Department was a success from the beginning. There has seldom been a show with less than 400 horse entries, while on some occasions the number has been nearly doubled. Mr. Ogilvie has laid especial emphasis on the draft gelding show, and the shows of single animals, pairs, OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 27 fours and sixes have become historic. In connection with his relations at the International he has been appointed buyer of the draft horses for the Union Stock Yard Co. and so successful have been his purchases, that the six-horse team that won in 1913 was of his selection, and individual animals from the yards have won high class honors at subsequent shows. As judge he has been very popular. He placed the ribbons on the Continental Draft and Coach breeds at the Columbian Exposition and has officiated at numerous fairs since. He was selected as one of the three judges to represent America in 1916 in the International exchange with the Argentine but circumstances arose at the last moment that prevented his taking the trip. Mr. Ogilvie rendered a great service to the teaching of animal hus- bandry through his conceiving of the students' livestock judging contest. In the early 90's he suggested the idea to Professor Craig, (24) and contributed the prizes for a contest conducted at Madison, the entrants being Wisconsin boys in attendance at the University. When the International opened he worked unceas- ingly for staging a contest between representative teams from the different agricultural colleges, and finally accomplished it through the generosity of Mr. Charles Robinson, of Clay, Robinson & Co., whose firm contributed $1,000 annually to finance the necessary expense and the prizes. Under Mr. Ogilvie's administration of the Clydesdale Asso- ciation there have been attracted to its standard a number of men throughout New England and the Middle States, who have become ardent advocates and aggressive breeders of Clydesdales, men whose tastes, dispositions and wealth are such as to secure for the breed a most prosperous future. These men have purchased the very best blood of the breed in Scotland, at long prices, and are building on these foundations in America to newer and greater breeding triumphs. 28 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY His greatest service to livestock men in general, however, is his founding of the portrait gallery in the Saddle and Sirloin Club. While at Blairgowrie he had made the beginnings of such a gal- lery by securing mezzotints, etchings, engravings and oil paint- ings of the principal contributors to the art of breeding in Britain throughout the early part of the last century, and the oils were loaned to the Club as a nucleus from which the present gallery has grown. The idea has been copied since by the Uni- versity of Illinois in its Hall of Fame, in which portraits of notable contributors to the agriculture of the state are hung, but as yet there is no real rival to the gallery of this Club, both because of the extent of the interests affected and the breadth of appeal in the achievements of the different men honored. Nowhere in America does there exist any rival for inspirational value to rural youth, to the portraits hung here. Mr. Ogilvie is an inspiration himself to every young lover of purebred livestock. He possesses a wealth of memories and asso- ciations with the men of the last generation rivalled only by William Miller (116), and Richard Gibson (113). This kin- ship was felt strongly by the three, and resulted in an intimate relationship whose sentiment and charm has been rarely equalled. Each possessed a love for high thoughts well expressed, and each was a master in his own way of this art. So it came that in the fall of 1905 there was an almost prophetic quality in the words of Mr. Miller, as he sat on the veranda of the old Transit House in the cool of the evening, during his last return to his Iowa home after visiting in Canada: "Robert, I shall never see you again. This is my last trip. I must say goodbye. I feel sorry for you. All of us whom you have loved are passing on and you will be left here alone, the solitary oak in the tilled field, whose leaves drop one by one, and lonely waits the day when he too shall fall beside them." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 29 THE PIONEER IN DAIRY JOURNALISM 7. William Dempster Hoard, patriarch of dairy husbandry, was born in Stockbridge, New York, October 10, 1836, and died at Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, November 22, 1918. His boyhood days were spent on his grandfather's farm, where he gained a wealth of information that served him well in his later years. At sixteen he was hired by Waterman Simons, a York State dairy- man, who taught him the rudiments of making butter and cheese, and the feeding and care of cattle. In 1857 the lure of the west brought him to Lowell, Wisconsin. His life ideals were as yet uncrystallized and for several years he taught singing school, gave instruction on the violin, and at odd moments pursued studies to prepare him as a minister of the gospel. He received a license to exhort, but owing to vital differences of opinion with the pre- siding elder over some of the fundamental church doctrines, he burned his license and went to cutting wood. The Civil War found him in Company D of the Fourth Wis- consin Volunteers, and he was under General Butler at the capture of New Orleans. Ill health forced him to leave the army, and he returned to his parental home in New York, but with recuperation, he again enlisted, this time in Battery A of the New York Artillery, and served until the end of the war. Upon discharge he returned to Wisconsin, where he entered the nursery and hop growing business. He made some money in the former branch, but lost an even greater sum on his hops, leaving him a debt that required twenty years' work to meet. In 1870 he started the Jefferson County Union at Lake Mills, and in 1872 removed to Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, where this paper has since been published. Hoard's Dairyman was launched in 1885. In 1871 he founded the Wisconsin State Dairyman's Association, of which he was made the Secretary. This was among the first organizations of the kind in the United States, and it developed 30 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY so potent an influence that today Wisconsin is without a peer in dairy production. In the early 70's Mr. Hoard glimpsed the vision of what dairy- ing in the west might become. At that time Wisconsin's total production of cheese annually was less than a million pounds, but in the absence of marketing facilities this seemed an enor- mous amount to the people of his time. The Liverpool market laid the price foundations for cheese, and the bulk of American product was shipped there. New York and the Western Reserve in Ohio were the great cheese producing sections, but Mr. Hoard realized that suitable freight rates would increase Wisconsin's cheese production by leaps and bounds. At that time it cost two and one-half cents a pound to ship cheese by ordinary freight to the port of New York. Interviews with representatives of the different freight lines in Chicago proved fruitless, but as a last resort he broached his scheme to W. W. Chandler, agent of the Star Union Line, the first refrigerator line in America. Mr. Chandler's "What do you want, sir?", snapped at him from a wheeled chair, seemed none too promising. Mr. Hoard replied, "I represent a million pounds of Wisconsin cheese, seeking an outlet on the Atlantic seaboard ... I want you to make a rate of one cent a pound from Wisconsin to the Atlantic in refrigerated cars, and I also want you to send a refrigerator car to Watertown, Wisconsin, to a meeting of our Dairy Board next week, and come yourself to explain its advantages and workings." The audacity of the request turned Mr. Chandler breathless, and to his feeble inquiry, "Is there anything else you want?", Mr. Hoard responded, "Not yet." The project was successful, and the rate continued for approximately thirty-five years. In the year 1913, Wisconsin cheese products exceeded one hundred and ninety million pounds, while over one hundred and thirty- three million pounds of butter were produced. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 31 Hoard's Dairyman has grown from a small four page paper to a thirty or forty page weekly edition, and has an international circulation of over seventy-five thousand. In 1888 he was elected Governor of Wisconsin. In this posi- tion he succeeded in establishing a law to create a Dairy and Food Commission. He championed honest food products, and thus came into violent conflict with the then fraudulent traffic in oleo- margarine, compelling it to sell on its own merits, and not under the name of butter. He sponsored the Bennett Law, requiring the teaching of English in all schools in Wisconsin. So violent an opposition was raised by the proponents of the German paro- chial school that he was defeated for re-election on this issue in 1890. Governor Hoard's concept of American Citizenship was perhaps ahead of its time, but it contained the elements for which we have so recently fought. He was a delightful com- panion, and welcome to the friendship of the poorest workman, or the wealthiest capitalist; appreciated by both the ignorant and the most highly educated. He was intensely practical, and yet a voracious student of the rural sciences. He has been compared for his humor, his political honesty, his rugged character, and his many sided personality to Abraham Lincoln (75). His recognition of the specialized dairy cow as the foster mother of the human race made him, if not the originator, at least the world's greatest evangel, of the doctrine of specialized dairying. His favorite expression was "Treat the cow as a mother, and her calf as a baby." In 1915 Governor Hoard was officially honored by the state government as Wisconsin's most distinguished citizen. 32 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY AN AMERICAN WHO INVADED SHROPSHIRE 8. Probably the pioneer Shropshire breeder of the United States from a constructive standpoint was Dr. G. Howard Davison. His foundations for the Altamont flock at Millbrook, N. Y., were laid in the best blood to be secured in Britain during the 90's, his purchases being from the Tanner, Bowen-Jones and Minton flocks. American breeders of those days leaned very strongly toward a big-framed, slower maturing, open fleeced kind, but Dr. Davison from the start advocated a compact, thickly meated, early finishing type that would fit more strongly into the niceties of consumer demand. His first sheep were brought over in 1893 under the care of his first shepherd, Herbert Fox. Ambitious to equal the productions of the Shrewsbury district, he sent to England the second year thereafter a flock of his own breeding for exhibition and competition at the English Royal. So suc- cessful did this mission prove that Dr. Davison was paid high tribute by the British agricultural journals of the day and was elected a member of the Royal Agricultural Society. In the same year, 1895, he secured Dan Taylor as shepherd, thereby bringing to America one of the master Shropshire fitters of the last quarter century. Two years later he secured Fred Fox and in 1898, Tom Bradburne, who remained with him for over twelve years. Tom possessed the genius for developing through his ovine arti- sanship what Dr. Davison sought in his capacity as breeder. The Altamont or Davison type became a distinct stamp in the show- yard, arousing violent arguments on more than one occasion. In season and out, Dr. Davison fought and fought for the short- legged, well-sprung type with thickness of back and plumpness of quarters. In his campaign he sent rams to nearly all of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, to spread the knowledge of, and demand for, his sheep. If the college was unable to pay for them, as frequently happened, he gave them to the institution, thereby starting an acquaintance with his kind OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 33 of sheep that ultimately has won the day in American Shropshire breeding circles. Altamont rams have had a profound effect in unifying Shropshire standards and in coordinating types through- out all sections of the country. Rams tracing to Borough Magis- trate, British Yeoman, or other stock sires in his flock, had a pedigree value in addition to their individual merit, no matter to whom the sale might be. Dr. Davison believed thoroughly that the longer a flock was bred under the same conditions; that is, on the same farm, under the same management, fed by the same feeder, and bred according to the same system, the greater would be the resulting prepotence and uniformity. The lambs of his last show flocks traced back five generations on the sire's side and four on the dam's side to animals of his own breeding, and proved exceptionally strong breeders in other flocks. Alta- mont sheep were dispersed in 1911, and Dr. Davison has since been busied in other fields of agricultural activity. In 1892, he was elected a director of the Dutchess County Fair, New York, and thus opened a broad career in connection with agricultural exhibitions. During the years that the New York State Fair was held under the auspices of the State Agricultural Society, he was both a member of the Board and secretary and general manager of the show. The last position was held in 1893, while the directorship lasted from 1893 to 1903. When the National Association of Exhibitors of Livestock was organized in 1894, he was elected its secretary, and the following year he was made president of the National Livestock Show at Madison Square Garden, New York. From 1898 to 1914 he was an execu- tive of the American National Livestock Association, while in 1899 he became a member of the new association that guaranteed the International Livestock Exposition. He was made a member of the latter's executive committee and was its president for the shows of 1917 and 1918. In 1915 he was made a director of the 34 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY National Horse Show Association of America and the following year a director of the Association of American Horse Shows Inc. Dr. Davison's permanence of agricultural endeavor is indi- cated by the variety of organizations for the promotion of live- stock and allied interests with which he has been identified. He holds life memberships in the New York State Agricultural Society, the American Hackney Horse Society, and the American Guernsey Cattle Club. For twelve years he was a member of the executive committee of the American Shropshire Registry Asso- ciation, and for three consecutive years was its president. When the American Dairy Shorthorn Association was organized in 1912, Dr. Davison was elected president and served in this capacity for a period of two years. He was a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Wool Growers' Association for eight years, and under Governor Levi P. Morton of New York, was a mem- ber of the Board of Control of the New York State Experiment Station at Geneva. This variety of positions furnished him an opportunity to form an acquaintanceship of national extent, which has caused him to drift rather naturally into the journalistic field. He has acted as president of the Advanced Agricultural Publishing Company which publishes The Field Illustrated; president of the American International Publishers Inc., which publishes El Campo Inter- national; and until February 1, 1918, president of the Agricul- tural Press Inc., which published the Agricultural Digest. In 1916 he was made chairman of the Executive Committee of the National Agricultural Society, which backed the last named pub- lication. Dr. Davison was born with instincts that made him a lover of the soil and a connoisseur of its products. He graduated from Yale University in 1888 and received his bachelor's degree from Cornell in agriculture one year later. He thereupon entered a course at the American Veterinary College where he received his OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 35 D. V. S. in 1890. His technical training, however, was designed to fit him for a livestock breeder rather than veterinary practice, as he had showed in his boyhood, even as early as the shows of 1879, a tendency toward breeding mastery. His subjects at this time were guinea pigs, and he succeeded in developing squareness of quarters, and carriage of head and crest that made his pigs invincible at the pet stock shows. The extent and degree of service which Dr. Davison has ren- dered to American agriculture is difficult to estimate. An ardent sportsman, he has lent his influence at all times to the upbuilding and preservation of the sports of rural England, coaching, cours- ing and the chase. As superintendent of the sheep department of the International, he built up a strong organization that pos- sessed a character fully equivalent to the best of the mutton shows abroad. His example in doing permanent American breeding has served to guide a number of the best sheep breeders since, and so constructive have been their efforts that it has been possible for them to maintain the standards of their respective breeds even when sources of new blood have been denied them through foot-and-mouth quarantine or other handicap. 36 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY PROPHET OF THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES 9. Honorable Duncan McLean Marshall, Minister for Agri- culture in the province of Alberta, was born in a one-room log shanty in the township of Elderslie, Bruce Co., Ontario, Sept. 24, 1873. His father, John Marshall, was one of the pioneers of the region. The public school on an adjoining farm provided his first education, but he was later sent to the Walkerton High School, and the Owen Sound Collegiate Institute. On Jan. 1, 1890> he embarked on a career of public school teaching in his native township. The years preceding and following this period were ones of very great depression for Ontario farmers, and he, like a number of other farm boys, found teaching school a quicker way of earning a little cash than any other available- Nevertheless he was continuously engaged in farm work on Sat- urdays and holidays, devoting especial attention to the livestock of his father's farm. John Marshall had early entered into the cattle business, both as feeder and as drover, selling on the Buffalo and Toronto markets, hence it was natural that his son should display something of the same bent. At fourteen years he acquired his first interest in purebred Shorthorns, purchasing several on his own account. Hence when the lean years of farming arrived, Mr. Marshall never lost his determination to be a breeder of highest class livestock. During his term of service as a teacher he did organization work for a farmers' association and political party in eastern Canada known as the Patrons of Industry. He proved to be the most successful agent in spreading the influence of this farmers' movement throughout Ontario, although then but a youth of sixteen years. From this initial adventure in political campaign- ing up to the present, he has proved to be a powerful influence in Dominion affairs, and has received invitations to deliver poli- tical addresses both in Canada and the United States. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 37 After a few years of teaching he moved to Toronto where he engaged in daily newspaper work, later acquiring farm paper interests. At one time he owned several weekly papers in Ontario, and became a sufficiently prominent figure to stand for Parlia- ment in one election, but was unsuccessful. In 1905 circum- stances seemed ripe for him to locate on a farm, an ambition he had cherished throughout the years, hence he removed with his family to Alberta. Unusual conditions prevented his immediate realization of his ideal, however, and for three years he acted as managing editor of the Edmonton Daily Bulletin. During this period he completed the purchase of a farm near Olds that is now his family home, and he built up on the raw prairie a most attractive homestead, with thoroughly modern improvements, an exceptionally strong herd of Shorthorn cattle and a notable stud of Clydesdales. Four years after his arrival in Alberta he was offered the nomi- nation to the Alberta legislature for the constituency of Olds, but was no sooner elected than he was asked by the Prime Minister of the province to become Minister for Agriculture in his gov- ernment. This position he has held ever since, his work being of a most aggressive nature, both as regards the building up of the livestock industry and the spread of agricultural education. In the latter he has founded something entirely different from the conventional scheme of agricultural schools by establishing separate institutions at different points in the province, for the education of farmers' sons and daughters. These schools are capable of handling about 150 students, and the six thus far established have been a signal success. His work has surpassed that of any Minister of Agriculture in the Canadian provinces, John Dryden (14) only excepted. Dur- ing his term of office he has promoted the introduction of pure- bred sires to Alberta, and has formed a large number of coop- erative sire associations which have imported animals both from 38 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY the United States and Great Britain. He has founded an exten- sive system of Farmers' Institutes and has organized district, township and county fairs that give each farm boy a chance to contest his skill as herdsman or shepherd against the other boys of his community. Mr. Marshall has very naturally occupied many positions in connection with livestock associations, among them a directorship in the Dominion Shorthorn Breeders' Association, and the presi- dency of the Western Canada Shorthorn Association. He has been a frequent visitor to the United States, attending and addressing livestock meetings and conventions over regions as dispersed as Portland, Oregon, and Columbus, Ohio. One of his greatest services has been to promote the settlement of western Canada agriculturally, and he has drawn freely on his acquain- tances throughout the eastern provinces and the States for this purpose. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 39 CULTURIST AND AGRICULTURIST 10. Honorable Henry Fairfax was a high type of cultured Virginian gentleman. He bore himself with a dignity of manner that was at all times democratic, and he deservedly became one of the most popular men of his county and state, as well as the leading proponent in America of that breed of horses he so ener- getically fathered. Born in Alexandria, Virginia, May 4, 1850, he had not sufficient age to participate in the internecine conflict which occurred during his teens. His family emigrated from England in 1767, locating first in Maryland, but after fourteen years of struggle removed to Virginia. In 1852, his father, Col. John W. Fairfax, bought the famous estate in Loudoun county known as Oak Hill, long the residence of President James Monroe. Except for a few years when owned by Dr. Quinby, during the reconstructive period of the south, the estate has ever since been in the hands of the Fairfax family. In 1867, Mr. Fairfax entered the Virginia Military Institute where he gradu- ated in 1871. He thereupon entered his first work as chainman with an engineering party in Pennsylvania, and worked in New York, New Jersey, Colorado and Idaho. In 1879 he took railroad contracts in Tennessee and continued in such work until 1887, building a considerable portion of the Norfolk and Western, Shenandoah Valley, Ohio River and East Tennessee & North Carolina railroads. He was engineer in charge of Machinery Hall at the Centennial Exposition in 1876. In the early 80's, Mr. Fairfax maintained his office in Roanoke, Virginia, where he was elected to the town council, his first ven- ture in politics. From 1890 to 1900 he was a member of the state senate from Loudoun and Fauquier counties, and the follow- ing two years was a member of the state constitutional conven- tion, at which he was chairman of the Finance and Taxation Committee. From 1902 to 1905 he was a member of the Cor- poration Commission. His fitness for this latter position had 40 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY been developed through his experience as a director of two national banks. Senator Fairfax had an inborn love of fine horses, and with his acquisition of Oak Hill in 1885 he entered extensively into the breeding and showing of Hackneys. His animals were taken into the prize ring of every large horse exhibition in America, and two of his best were practically undisputed champions of the Hackney breed. Mr. Fairfax was the first man in America deliberately and skillfully to breed for horses genuinely fitted in form and action for show arena and park or boulevard. His foundation stock was secured in the well-bred Kentucky and Virginia mares, while a thorough scouring of Europe for a sire led to his choice of the Hackney stallion, Matchless of Londes- boro. Throughout a series of years, his progeny, bred and fitted at Oak Hill for harness use brought an average at public and private sale of nearly $900. For many years eastern Hackney breeders sent their mares to the cover of Oak Hill stallions, and the care of mature and young stock from other studs formed a substantial part of the work on the 1,700-acre estate. Henry Fairfax was for many years president of the Hackney Breeders' Association of America, and at the time of his death, July 11, 1916, was president of the Virginia State Fair Associa- tion. His spiritual life was deep and wholesome, and for many years he was vestryman in the Protestant Episcopal Church of Aldie. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 41 WHO'S WHO IN HOOSIERDOM 11. Dean of the School of Agriculture and Chief of Animal Husbandry in Purdue University is John Harrison Skinner. A native Indianan, he has been a notable factor in the upbuilding of the purebred livestock interests of the Hoosier state and in disseminating among its smaller breeders and farmers, first class animals for sires and matrons. He has set a notable example to them by his development of small herds of Shorthorns, Herefords and Aberdeen-Angus at the University Farm. From a limited investment in only two or three cows of each breed and a good bull, he has developed three International grand champion steers. The first of these, Fyvie Knight, the Aberdeen- Angus champion of 1908, was only fed at the farm, but Merry Monarch, Short- horn champion of 1917, and Fyvie Knight 2d, Aberdeen- Angus champion of 1918, were both bred and fed at Lafayette. Dean Skinner was born at Romney, Ind., March 10, 1874, and was reared on a farm. He attended the local district schools and in 1893 entered Purdue University, receiving his B. S. in 1897, and being an honor student and member of Sigma Xi. He served his full rural apprenticeship in the fields and among the herds and flocks of his father's farm, and for a period of two and one- half years after graduation busied himself as farm manager at home, sifting the chaff from the wheat of his college learning. In 1899 he was assigned to duties as assistant agriculturist at the Purdue Station, but in 1901 was called to the University of Illinois as instructor in animal husbandry. The following year he returned to Purdue as associate professor of his subject and chief of his department. His professorship came in 1906 and one year later he was made dean of the School of Agriculture, which position he still holds. He was elected secretary of the Indiana Livestock Breeders' Association in 1905 and at later periods served in the same capacity for the Indiana Cattle Feeders' Association and the 42 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Indiana Draft Horse Breeders' Association, both of which he aided in organizing. He was a judge of sheep at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in 1904 and of Rambouillets at the 1906 and 1907 Internationals. At the latter show he also officiated in the Aberdeen-Angus rings. Under his deanship, the School of Agriculture has more than quadrupled in size, now having an attendance of well over 800. He has organized a poultry department, and has added numerous buildings to the school. As head of his department he has directed a great burden of research into the question of silage for fattening cattle and sheep, and has done much to introduce silos to Indiana farms. Dean Skinner's efforts at agricultural improvement have been confined largely to his native state. His methods are unas- suming and his successes quiet, but he has builded a foundation in his herds and set a record in the showyard most difficult for other colleges to equal. His portrait is hung on the walls of the Saddle and Sirloin Club at the instance of hundreds of Purdue students, and was paid for by subscriptions among them. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 43 THE PSALMIST OF HUSBANDRY 12. The dean of American livestock journalists is Alvin Howard Sanders, editor of The Breeder's Gazette. To Mr. San- ders more than to any other man is due the literary standards which have been set up in agricultural publications, and the dig- nified development in a magazine of quality of the interests and ideals of the progressive livestock farmer. Bred in the atmos- phere of journalistic service, Mr. Sanders has carried forward the great achievement of his father's life to realms of higher and more varied usefulness. He has taken upon his shoulders the burden of bridging the gap between the present generation of American husbandry and the preceding one. In the growing volumes of breed histories and biographical sketches of the live- stock masters, he has conferred a service rivalled only by the peerless Druid of last century England. Alvin H. Sanders was born Sept. 8, 1860, in Keokuk Co., Iowa. He was reared on the farm, but received his education in law at Northwestern University, graduating in 1881. Through- out his college years a desk was set aside for him in the office of the National Livestock Journal, where he began his apprentice- ship at a weekly wage of ten dollars. Here he checked the proofs of the many herd and sale catalogs printed by the Journal for the leading western Shorthorn breeders. Most painstaking efforts were necessary in order to prevent error in names or herd book numbers. By careful attention to the duties here bestowed upon him, Mr. Sanders acquired a voluminous information of the fash- ionableness or unfashionableness of pedigrees. The grind of such details naturally drove his preferences to the practice of law, and during the years before graduation his career as lawyer or newspaper man trembled in the balance. The straw that turned his footsteps forever to journalism came unexpectedly in 1881 with a failure on the part of the editor of the Journal to review the recently compiled catalog of the herd of Hon. William 44 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY N. Smith, Lexington, 111. Mr. Sanders came to the rescue in the pinch, and was so successful that his permanence as a live- stock writer was assured. With the launching of The Breeder s Gazette in December, 1881, Mr. Sanders took most active steps toward the upbuilding of the new undertaking. He personally made a trip to Colorado to secure for $1,500 the invaluable collection of old sale catalogs and herd documents belonging to George Rusk that gave almost the week to week story of Short- horn beginnings in America. In 1883 he was first charged with the entire responsibility of editing and publishing the paper, a position he has held unremittingly ever since. The national prestige of The Breeder's Gazette has led Mr. Sanders into many public undertakings. He was one of the guarantors of the International Livestock Exposition and one of the founders of the Saddle and Sirloin Club. In 1900 he was a member of the United States Commission to the Paris Exposition, and under President Taft's administration was Vice Chairman of the U. S. Tariff Board, with personal attention to the wool tariff and the wool growing situation. For a number of years he was president and vice-president of the International Livestock Exposition and for his broad agricultural service was made a Chevalier of the Order of Leopold by the King of Belgium. Mr. Sanders' personal acquaintance and intimacy with the rapidly vanishing pioneers of the Booth and Bates tribes, and his hearty co-operation with the builders of the Scottish power, brought him in the closing years of the last century to prepare a "History of Shorthorn Cattle" which came off the press in 1900. For the next dozen years he was so occupied that he did not pursue his success there won. Following his release from the Tariff Board, however, he again took up his pen, and in 1914 "The Story of the Herefords" was put forth by the Sanders Publishing Company. In 1915 "At the Sign of the Stock Yard OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 45 Inn" told the tales in a broad sympathetic way of the beginning of this Club and the lives of many whose faces now adorn its walls. The following year his first book of sketches, "The Road to Dumbiedykes" appeared, and in 1917, in collaboration with Secretary Dinsmore of the Percheron Horse Society of America and John Ashton, a European staff correspondent to the Gazette, he produced a "History of the Percheron Horse." In 1918 his second volume of sketches, "The Black Swans" appeared while the following year his "Idle Hour Trilogy" was completed with "In Winter Quarters." In 1906 the University of Illinois conferred on him the Doc- torate of Agriculture, while Kenyon College, Ohio, in 1910 gave him an LL. D. The wealth of Mr. Sanders' service to agricul- ture is impossible to guage, one never can discover the multitude of breeders who have been inspired to better things by learning of the romances of the cattle and horses of a bygone day, and the ideals of the breeders who have builded so strongly for the future of husbandry. His knowledge of Shorthorn pedigree, his famili- arity with the early facts of breed history, and his fearlessness in denouncing various abuses in livestock breeding practice and pedigree fashions, have made him a commanding figure in the ranks of the lovers of the red, white and roan throughout the last quarter century. 46 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A JOHN THE BAPTIST OF ALFALFA 13. The introduction and widespread growth of alfalfa in the middle west and southwest gave new life to the gradually waning industry of the cattle range in the early nineties. The man behind this movement who is almost wholly responsible for the great success following the introduction of this plant is Foster Dwight Coburn, for twenty-one years secretary of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture at Topeka. Mr. Coburn was born in Jefferson Co., Wisconsin, May 7, 1846, and grew to manhood on a Badger farm. Although only a boy in his teens he volunteered for service in the Union Army and served the last two years of the War. He was a corporal in Co. F, 135th Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and upon reenlistment was made sergeant-major of the 62d Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1867 he settled in Franklin Co., Kansas where he secured employment as a farm laborer. In 1869 he married and began farming and improved stock raising for himself. In July, 1880, he was appointed assistant to Secretary J. K. Hudson in the office of the State Board of Agriculture at Topeka, and on September 13, 1881, he was unanimously elected to succeed Mr. Hudson, who had resigned. On January 11, 1882, he was dis- placed on a technicality, and became president of the Indicator Publishing Co., and editor in chief of the Livestock Indicator of Kansas City. This position was retained until 1887, when he returned to his farming operations and acted as regent of the State Agricultural College, following appointment by Governor G. W. Glick. In this capacity he was twice elected president of the State Board of Regents. Mr. Coburn's early interests were with swine, and in 1877 he published a volume on swine husbandry which was particularly widely disseminated. In 1884 he was appointed sole judge of swine at the Cotton States Universal Exposition at New Orleans, OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 47 while at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, he was sole judge of three breeds and a member of the judging committee of the other breeds. This experience was gathered together in 1915 and published in a very comprehensive volume entitled "Swine in America." On January 12, 1894 he was again elected secretary of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, to succeed Martin Mohler, and was reelected by acclamation each biennium thereafter until his resignation June 30, 1914. Under his direction the quarterly and biennial publications assumed a unique and forceful char- acter, since they dealt largely with the agricultural resources and possibilities of Kansas. Among his best known quarterly publi- cations were: "The Beef Steer and His Sister," "The Helpful Hen," "The Horse Useful," "Pork Production," "Cow Culture," "Modern Dairying," "The Modern Sheep," "Feeding Wheat to Farm Animals," "Shorthorn Cattle," "Hereford Cattle," "Polled Cattle," "Corn and the Sorghums," "Silos and Silage," and "Forage and Fodders." He actively promoted the introduction and extension of alfalfa and the cane and sorghum crops. While serving as secretary he became an editorial correspondent of the Kansas Farmer, the Mississippi Valley Farmer, and The Farmer's Mail and Breeze. In 1903 he published a book on alfalfa, and in 1910 another volume on the same subject entitled "The Book of Alfalfa." He was unanimously elected president of the first American Corn Congress held in Chicago in 1898 and was made chief of the department of livestock at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 at St. Louis. This was the largest livestock show ever organized up to that time, but he unfortunately lacked the phy- sical strength to carry it through. He was obliged to resign before the show was in actual progress. In June 1909 he was given the honorary degree of Master of Arts by Baker University and on November 11th of the same year was accorded the degree 48 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY of LL. D. by the Kansas Agricultural College. He was chairman of the Kansas State Dairy Commission in 1907-08 and was also chairman of the State Entomological Commission 1909-14. He was elected an honorary life member of the Kansas State Horti- cultural Society, the Kansas State Historical Society and the Kansas State Editorial Association. Mr. Coburn was tentatively offered the presidency of the Kansas, Illinois and Oklahoma Agricultural Colleges. Political honors were not uncommon. He refused the nomi- nation as candidate for governor from the Republican Party in 1898 at the Kansas City meeting of the State Editorial Associa- tion, but polled some eighty-odd votes at the state convention despite his refusal. He was appointed by Governor E. W. Hoch to fill the senatorial vacancy caused by the resignation of J. R. Burton in 1906, but declined to leave his agricultural post. He was considered by two different presidents for the national secre- taryship of agriculture, but blocked local booms tending to aid, him in such an undertaking. In 1908-09-10 he was a member of the joint Kansas-Oklahoma committee to investigate the Kansas penitentiary, being appointed by Governor Hoch and reap- pointed by Governor Stubbs. On Nov. 8, 1916, he was appointed by Gov. Capper a trustee of the "Industrial and Edu- cational Institute of Topeka" (colored), and one week later was made its president. Four times he was unanimously elected presi- dent of the Kansas State Temperance Union, and on declining reelection was made its treasurer. He was chairman of its execu- tive committee for ten years. In 1917 he was appointed by President Wilson a member of one of the two Exemption Appeal Boards for Kansas, and served as chairman until his resignation. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 49 Following his resignation from the secretaryship of the State Board of Agriculture, Mr. Coburn entered into a number of financial undertakings. He was made vice-president of the Pru- dential Trust Co., of Topeka, a director of the Prudential State Bank, a director of the Bank of Topeka, and a director and vice- president of the Capitol Building and Loan Association of Topeka. He has been permanent treasurer of the funds raised by the state of Kansas for the relief of Indian famine sufferers, and prominent in a number of other charitable movements. 50 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY MASTER MINISTER OF DOMINION AGRICULTURE 14. One of the most aggressive and successful farmers known to the Dominion of Canada was the Hon. John Dryden, Minister of Agriculture for the Province of Ontario from 1890 to 1906. Mr. Dryden was Canadian-bred, but of English blood, his father, James Dryden, having come out from Sunderland, England, in 1820. The taste for the soil that so permeates the inherent instincts of the Britisher led him to rural pursuits, and John Dryden was born, twenty years later, on the broad acres of Maple Shade in the well tilled region to the east of Toronto. Shorthorn cattle and Shropshire sheep were Mr. Dryden's first and permanent love. Even when the Duchess way was acknowl- edgedly the only way of fashionable breeding, the foundations of a Scotch herd were gathered at his farm, and the first importation of Shaw & Dryden included the famous Mimulus, dam of the Cruickshank (89) pride, Royal Duke of Gloster. Her calf in Mr. Dryden's hands was Barmpton Hero, for many years in the herd of the Messrs. Watt; a notable show bull and a creative breeder. More importations of the Cruickshank kinds were made in 1873, 1880, 1882 and 1883. Many animals that played stellar roles in the Dominion or in the herds of Harris, Potts, or Kissinger across the border, came in these lots (Royal Barmpton, Violet Bud, Baron Surmise and Lord Glamis), but the climax came in 1887 when Mr. Dryden purchased and brought across the entire herd of Edward Cruickshank, which contained some outcrosses sup- posed to reinvigorate the Sittyton blood. John Dryden was a particularly stablizing influence in the troubled days of the Bates decadence and the Scotch ascendancy. He sought ever to restrain speculation and to keep open the trade doors of Britain, Canada and the States to pedigreed stock. During his later years his duties as Minister of Agriculture restricted his operations with his own herd, but he found time to be president of the American Shropshire Registry Association HON. .I'M IX DIIYDKX OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 51 for many years, and director of the American Clydesdale Asso- ciation. For one term he also acted as head of the Dominion Shorthorn Breeders' Association. In 1906 he was selected by the British Government to act upon a Royal Commission appointed to investigate conditions of agriculture in Ireland. This was the first appointment ever made by the British Govern- ment of any one outside the British Isles to act as a Royal Com- missioner. In each capacity he was revered and trusted, his courtesy being unfailing, his intelligence keen and his mind open and progressive. His contribution to international cordiality was immeasurable and his death in 1909 untimely. His pet cause was the promotion and support of the Ontario Agricultural Col- lege at Guelph, his own farm being a model for its emulation. The wide influence of the Guelph men in the early teaching of animal husbandry in the United States was perhaps his best testi- monial south of the border line. 52 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A VETERAN OF THREE CABINETS 15. The awakening-of agricultural interests and the establish- ment of a firm market for farm products, have been matters of accomplishment of the last quarter century. The definition of the phases of agriculture as an industry and the attacking of its problems in a thorough and scientific way have been functions of the United States Department of Agriculture. Although the Department's beginnings were merely a sop, thrown out by poli- ticians to their rural interests, the strong hand of the Honorable James Wilson, grasping the foundations laid by Secretary Rusk (18), shaped their development so as to yield firm federal support to the industries of the land. Secretary of Agriculture in the successive cabinets of Presi- dents McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft, Mr. Wilson not only holds the record for length of service in a cabinet position, but also saw develop from a department of a few hundred employees, an institution whose workers run up into five figures. Secretary Wilson was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, August 16, 1835, and came to America at the age of sixteen. His parents first settled in Connecticut but afterward emigrated to Tama Co., Iowa, where he entered the public schools in 1855. His collegiate education was obtained at Iowa College, Grinnell. In 1851, he engaged in farming for himself, but being a man of broadest sympathies and inspired with the ideals of public duty, he was elected a member of the twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth Iowa Assem- blies. He was Speaker of the last Assembly, and as such took so prominent an interest in educational matters that he was made Regent of the State University of Iowa during the years 1870 to 1874. In 1873 he was elected to the forty-third Congress, a position he retained during the subsequent session. In 1877 he was made a member of the Iowa State Railway Commission, where he remained for six years until returned to Congress. Unfortunately his right was contested, but with the delays of SK< 'KKTAKV .l.\.\l [<3S WILSi >N OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 53 law his contestant was not seated until the last hour of Congress. In 1890 he was appointed Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station and Professor of Agriculture at the Iowa Agricultural College at Ames, a position he retained until called upon March 5, 1897, by President McKinley to take his place as spokesman for agriculture in the newly formed cabinet. "Tama Jim" as he was fondly called by his loyal Iowa sup- porters, recognized the need for a strong organization to unify and catalyze rural interests. Improved market conditions result- ing from the financial prosperity of the country furnished the farmer a degree of independence he had hitherto not known; hence, Secretary Wilson found willing material to support him in his efforts in placing agriculture on the permanent construc- tive basis it now enjoys. It was during this period of service that the multitudinous activities of the Bureau of Animal Industry developed. He sponsored particularly legislation and propa- ganda that would build up the agricultural export trade, and at the same time encouraged the search for new plants and animals suitable to the arid conditions that had to be met in the unorgan- ized land areas of the continent. President Roosevelt's con- servation policies received able support under his constructive genius and the national forest policy of America was firmly established. Rich in years, he retired from public duty with the change of administration in 1913. His headquarters were established at his early home at Traer, Iowa, where he participated in a number of notable movements aiming towards the dissemination of agri- cultural knowledge. So prominent were his services that numerous institutions conferred honorary degrees upon him. Both the University of Wisconsin and Cornell College, Iowa, gave him an LL. D. in 1904, while McGill University at Montreal, Canada, honored him with a similar title in 1909. His death occurred August 26, 1920. 54 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE FOUNDER OF ARBOR DAY 16. The second Secretary of Agriculture was J. Sterling Mor- ton, Nebraska City, Nebr. A practical farmer throughout the major portion of his life, he was a man of deep idealism and powerful instincts. His conception of "Arbor Day," which ulti- mately became a national institution, resulted in the beautifica- tion of thousands of rural and urban homes, and tens of thou- sands of flourishing groves where once only the woodless prairies spread. Secretary Morton was born April 22, 1832, in Adams, N. Y., from a line of paternal ancestors whose Americanization dated back to the "Little Ann," first ship to land after the Mayflower. When two years old, his parents emigrated to Monroe, Mich., at which place he received his common school education. In 1846 he was sent to a Methodist seminary at Albion, Mich., to prepare for the state university, but while he spent most of his time at Ann Arbor, he ultimately received his degree at Union College in 1854. The following fall he married Caroline Joy French of Detroit and removed with her to Bellevue in the then territory of Nebraska. The situation did not prove successful, however, and after a few months he located near the site of what is now Nebraska City. He became a member of the town company, and took up a claim of a quarter section bordering on the townsite. Arbor Lodge, as the estate was called, was his home continuously thereafter. Mr. Morton was an original member of the Nebraska Terri- torial Board of Agriculture, and of the Territorial Horticultural Society. He was a charter member of the Nebraska State His- torical Society and at one time its president. In 1889 he was one of the American Commissioners to the Paris Exposition, and was always prominent in Nebraska political life. He was appointed secretary of the Nebraska Territory in 1858 and under the law became its acting governor on the resignation of OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 55 Governor Richardson. Without solicitation on his part, he was four times made candidate for Governor of Nebraska on the Democratic ticket, missing the election as first governor of the state by only 145 votes. He was twice nominated for congress in a similar manner, and had sufficient supporters to make him an almost perpetual candidate for Senator. He was a member of the state legislature for many years and was extremely active in his opposition to the "wildcat" banks that contributed to so many Nebraska failures in early Cornhusker days. During the turbulent times of Populism, forty-five Republican state legis- lators, in caucus, declared their support for him in preference to any populistic candidate. But the nation had more immediate use for him, and he was appointed Secretary of Agriculture in the cabinet of President Cleveland in 1893. His service here met with some hostile criticism on the part of the agricultural interests, but anyone serving during those days of financial upheaval was bound to find much of his efforts negated and many of his accomplishments unpopular. He died from a stroke of apoplexy, April 27, 1902. Secretary Morton's love and devotion for his wife were con- spicuous. At the time of her death in 1881, he erected a granite shaft to her in the private burying ground on the home acres. Calling his sons together on its completion, he announced, "A spot for each of you is situated within the compass of the shadow of that shaft, but if one of you at any time dishonors the mother that lies here, his body must find other resting place." Fortu- nately his sons arose to almost equal position in the world, and Paul was not only Secretary of the Navy under President Roosevelt in 1904-05, but resigned to become president of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of New York City. Secretary Morton's statue by Randolph Evans stands in the public square of Nebraska City, a gift of the citizens of the state. 56 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY HONORED CHIEFTAIN OF THE DAIRYMEN'S POW-WOWS 17. The story of mid-west civilization, of agricultural and industrial progress, would indeed be colorless if the contri- butions of the Wisconsin pioneers were forgotten. The primal position of the Badger state was established with the coming of the French fur traders, the natural waterway of the Great Lakes giving accessibility to the front rank fighters of a spreading American civilization. In Wisconsin the fusion of the ideals and principles of the French trader, the Indian aborigine, and the English settler, formed that virile impulse that has builded so eminent a position for this state. Exponent of the robust Badger virtues was Dr. Henry Baird Favill. Dr. Favill was born in Madison, August 14, 1860, descended on his father's side from John Favill, who came to America from Britain a few years prior to the Revolution, and who fought strenuously for the new republic during its period of struggle for independence. Following the peace settlement, John Favill established in Herkimer Co., New York, and his descend- ents became part and parcel of that notable band who proceeded across the lakes to build up the rising civilization of Wisconsin. Through his mother, Louise Sophia Baird, he inherited the up- right, robust physique of an Indian ancestor, the great-great- grandmother of his mother. This maternal forebear was a daugh- ter of the Ottawa chieftain Kewinoquot (Returning Cloud), and was educated in white civilization through the good offices of the early French missionairies. Dr. Favill's father was a physician, a graduate of Harvard University, a member of the first State Board of Health, and President of the Wisconsin State Medical Society. Dr. Favill's educational life was thorough. After graduating from the Madison Public Schools, he entered the University of Wisconsin where he received his A. B. degree in 1880. He then proceeded to Rush Medical College where he received his M. D. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 57 in 1883. While a student he served his interneship in the Cook County Hospital and upon graduation returned to Madison to enter practice in association with his father. In 1894 he accepted simultaneous calls to the Chair of Medicine at the Chicago Poly- clinic, and the adjunct professorship of Medicine at Rush. His private practice grew to be the largest in the city. In 1898 he was appointed Ingalls Professor of Preventive Medicine and Thera- peutics at Rush and eight years later was made professor of Clinical Medicine. He became consultant and attending physician at several hospitals and at the time of his death was President of the Medical Board of St. Luke's. For several years he was president of the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute and because of his keen technical ability, ranked among the foremost physicians of the country. Dr. Favill was a big thinker and an astute reasoner, and he found time to devote himself enthusiastically to problems of civic and political purity. From 1907 to 1910 he was president of the Municipal Voters' League, an organization strongly and fearlessly opposing corrupt politics. He was presi- dent of the City Club of Chicago from 1910 to 1912, having been a director since 1905. For many years he was trustee of the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency, and a director of the United Charities. His membership in the professional societies of medi- cine embraced all the leading organizations and he was the only man without commercial connections ever elected to the Chicago Commercial Club. In 1908 he dignified the new Medical Reserve Corps movement in the U. S. Army by accepting a commission as First Lieutenant. In 1915 the University of Wisconsin con- ferred on him the degree of LL.D. In 1908 Dr. Favill extended his interests to agriculture, and gave freely of his tireless energy to the upbuilding of Holstein- Friesian cattle and the dairy industry. Until his death, most of his spare time was devoted to the improvement of his dairy farm, Milford Meadows, at Lake Mills, Wis. His professional train- 58 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ing enabled him to apply new ideas to his agricultural and breeding problems, and led to the preparation of numerous articles and lectures on subjects of economic importance. He was elected vice-president of the Holstein-Friesian Association of America and was first president of the National Dairy Council. During the meeting of this Council at Springfield, Mass., in 1916 he contracted pneumonia, and passed away February 20. At his funeral Dr. F. W. Gunsaulus, his warm personal friend, said, "The personality of Dr. Favill exalted the work and achievements of the physician as well as the practical reformer in the city of Chicago. No man more sanely or nobly incarnated the ideals which are higher than any calling and as great as any enthusiasm." The Chicago Evening Post said, "Dr. Favill was a man who held in a city of over two million inhabitants the posi- tion of love, dignity and influence held by many a lesser known 'country doctor' in the villages of America." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 59 FIRST IN THE PORTFOLIO OF AGRICULTURE 18. In the village cemetery of Viroqua, Wisconsin, sleeps General Jeremiah McLain Rusk, first Secretary of Agriculture and former Governor of Wisconsin. Secretary Rusk's death was as widely lamented and drew as notable a circle of promi- nent citizens to pay homage as has been the lot of any public servant of recent years. Chief among the mourners was Ex-Presi- dent Benjamin Harrison, under whose administration Secre- tary Rusk had been given charge of agriculture. To other friends, President Harrison is quoted as having said, "Secre- tary Rusk was perhaps the least educated of the members of my cabinet, but he possessed the shrewdest native judgment. He could not prepare a state paper, but he was the keenest and best informed critic of such a paper, once prepared, that I could secure." Jeremiah M. Rusk was of Scotch-Irish descent. His grandfather James Rusk, was born near Londonderry in the north of Ireland, and fled to America after knocking down the insulting agent of his absent landlord. His father was born and brought up near Pittsburgh but moved to Deerfield, Morgan Co., Ohio, shortly after the war of 1812. It was here on June 17, 1830 that Jere- miah was born, the youngest of eleven children. His schooling was most limited and at sixteen years of age, due to his father's death, he became the sole reliance of his mother. Already he was a practical and skilled farmer, marketing his produce con- sisting of a variety of wheat, grains, vegetables, apples, cider, peaches, feathers, eggs, butter and hops at Zanesville, some twenty miles away. The young man was a giant in strength, a powerful wrestler and a fine horseman. It is related that he was the champion cradler of his entire countryside. As a very young man he was employed to drive the four horse stage coach between Zanesville and Newark on the national turnpike, a distance of thirty miles. At this time he became acquainted with James A. 60 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Garfield, then driving a canal mule. After his stage-coaching days he was employed for a short period as a foreman of graders on the Zanesville and Wilmington railroad, later the Muskingum Valley. About 1852 he became a cooper, making large numbers of barrels in the old log house on his mother's farm, these barrels being sold to the salt industry then conducted along the Muskin- gum. In 1853 with his wife and two children, he migrated to Viroqua, Wis., where there were numerous settlers from Morgan and Perry counties, Ohio. Here he became a tavern keeper, a thresherman, and stage driver, owning the line between Prairie du Chien and Black River Falls. In 1855 he was elected sheriff, in 1857 coroner, and in 1861 a member of the state assembly. In 1862 he recruited the 25th Wisconsin infantry and was com- missioned as its Major, later becoming Lieutenant Colonel. He participated in the siege of Vicksburg, June 7th to July 4th, 1863, and in fourteen major actions thereafter, the 25th Regiment being a part of General Sherman's army. After dismissal from the service he was brevetted a Brigadier General for conspicuous gallantry in crossing the Salkehatchie River, South Carolina, in February, 1865. His regiment participated in the review of Sherman's army, May 24, 1865, at Washington, was mustered out June 7th, and disbanded at Madison, June 11th. The mortality record of the 25th was the largest of any Wisconsin regiment, and much of its conspicuous gallantry was due to the dash and zealous activity of Col. Rusk. . In 1865 he was elected State Bank Comptroller, an office to which he was re-elected in 1867. In 1870 he was elected to Congress and served for a period of seven years. He then returned to his farm, organizing a bank and pro- curing the extension of a railway from Sparta to Viroqua. While in Congress, Senator Rusk was a member of the committee on agriculture and at the Republican national convention of 1880 he was largely instrumental in causing the break that nominated Garfield for president. Later he was offered several missions by SECRETARY JEREMIAH RUSK OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 61 President Garfield, but he declined in order to be elected Gov- ernor of Wisconsin in 1880. He was twice re-elected, serving seven years in all. In 1886 he took the firm stand that quelled the Milwaukee riot by ordering the militia to "fire on the mob." A single volley "blew the backbone out of anarchy" teaching a permanent lesson to the Wisconsin "reds." In other states the situation was not handled so successfully, and that very night, May 4, 1886, dozens of Chicago police lay stiffening, or writhing in gore, victims of the bomb throwers of Haymarket. On the strength of this record he was at once renominated for Governor, and re-elected without competition. He declined a fourth term. In 1888 Governor Rusk was Wisconsin's candidate for repub- lican presidential nomination, and early the next year was ap- pointed by President Harrison to the newly created Secretary- ship of Agriculture. Secretary Rusk at once recognized the myriad services that could be performed in marketing America's surplus crops, and immediately set about extending the disposal channels for the great staple crops and the vast animal products. He made strenuous efforts to secure the substitution of home grown for imported products and to bring the department into close rela- tionship with the farmers. The beginnings of the control of con- tagious disease among cattle were laid under his oversight, thus permitting the markets of the world to be opened to our meat products. He established propaganda for the introduction of Indian corn to Europe as a cheap and economical food substitute for the other cereals. He succeeded in placing sugar production upon a stronger foundation, promoted irrigation in the arid west, and sponsored laws to check the ravages of insect enemies to plant and animal life. During his administration the well-known special reports on "Diseases of Cattle" and "Diseases of the Horse" were first published. On March 8, 1893, he returned to his beautiful four hundred acre farm at Viroqua, after a public life of more than thirty 62 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY years. The following fall, however, he contracted malaria while inspecting land in the Kankakee Valley of Illinois; complications ensued and on November 21st, while apparently improving from an operation, he suddenly passed away. General Rusk was one of the strongest and most characteristic figures in the political and agricultural life of America, during the reconstruction period following the Civil War. He was an unswerving servant of the public weal, and having set his hand to the plow, never deviated until the end of the furrow was reached. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 63 FATHER OF THE FARMERS' SHORT COURSE 19. Few of the earliest statesmen of American history have recognized the constructive possibilities of agricultural education and the dissemination of agricultural information. Fewer still have there been whose keenness of vision and clarity of foresight have made it possible to crystallize the need of the industry into constructive and beneficent laws. Of this pioneer coterie was Senator William Freeman Vilas. Born in Chelsea, Vermont, July, 1840, he gained the instinct of public service from his father, the Hon. Levi B. Vilas. In June, 1851, the family settled at Madison, Wis., and at eighteen years of age, the future statesman was graduated from the University of Wisconsin. Two years later he finished at the Albany (New York) Law School, and established himself in practice at Madi- son. The Civil War interrupted his efforts as a barrister and in July, 1862, he recruited Company A of the 23rd Wisconsin Volun- teers, proceeding into the season's campaign as its Captain. Pro- moted to Lieutenant Colonel, he commanded his regiment during the siege of Vicksburg, after which he resigned from the army and returned to his practice. He was a Regent and Law Professor of the University of Wisconsin, and in this position instituted the first winter course in agriculture for farmer's sons held in the United States, contributing his idea to Dean Henry (20), and was later a member of a commission to revise the Wisconsin Statutes, during which time he gained his first insight into the need of constructive agricultural legislation for the state. In 1878, his political career proper began. For eight years he was a member of the Democratic National Committee, being made permanent chairman at the National Democratic Convention in 1884. In 1885 he was elected to the Wisconsin Legislature, and after President Cleveland's inauguration was made successively Postmaster General and Secretary of the Interior. In the latter capacity he introduced some reforms in the occupancy of Govern- 64 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY merit lands and in improved conditions for the Indians that again betokened his agricultural vision. From 1891 to 1897 he was United States Senator and head of the committee that built the present Congressional Library. He was at the same time member of the commission which built the Wisconsin State Historical Library, and was responsible for the efforts which brought to this institution the interesting first documents of Wisconsin's agricul- tural history. Of sound conservative ideas, he was chairman of the committee on resolutions at the National Democratic (Gold Standard) Convention at Indianapolis in 1896. He was a mem- ber in 1906 of the Commission empowered to build the new Wis- consin capital, the artistic triumph of American state houses. This duty was foremost in his interests until his death at Madison, August 27, 1908. Senator Vilas was possessed of a keen patriotic sense and for years was a member of the Society of the Army of Tennessee. Numerous of his addresses bearing on the issues, outcome and rewards of the Civil War, were delivered by him during the cru- cial political period of the two decades following the war. To his advanced ideas and energetic efforts much of the prominent agricultural position of Wisconsin is at present due. Everything that Senator Vilas did he did well. His words were as carefully chosen in ordinary conversation as they were when he spoke to tens of thousands. He was one of the earliest advocates of special education for rural citizenship, and by his legislative foresight, laid the foundation of the rural coherence found in his state todav. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 65 DEAN OF THE DEANS 20. The Nineteenth Century developed a new type of service in agriculture. Hitherto the steps in progress could be catalogued as a breeder presented to a voracious world his triumphs of arti- sanship, or as a horticulturist or crop grower put forth the pro- ducts of his soil. The latter half of the century just closed made the need for organization and dissemination of agricultural infor- mation more and more apparent, and the arrival of agricultural colleges almost simultaneously with the financial independence of the American farmer, raised up the profession of agricultural evangel in the land. Dean of the patriarchs of rural progress is William Arnon Henry of the University of Wisconsin. Dean Henry was born at Norwalk, Huron Co., Ohio, June 16, 1850. His early life was spent in the country and he received his first collegiate training in the Ohio Wesleyan University. The next five years he acted as principal of the high schools of New Haven, Indiana, and Boulder, Colorado. At twenty-six years of age he entered Cornell University, graduating in 1880 with the degree of Bachelor of Agriculture. During his last two years in college he became particularly interested in botany, and held a slightly compensative position as student instructor in that de- partment. Upon graduation he was elected professor of Botanv and Agriculture at the University of Wisconsin. His first class- room and office consisted of one room in a dwelling house on University Farm. For the next few years he conducted extensive research on the ensiling of corn and amber cane. In 1883-85 he secured the services of John Gould of Ohio to do institute work on silage, and to this one influence can be traced Wisconsin's leadership in the use of ensilage today. So pertinent was his work that in 1883 Governor Rusk recommended that an Agri- cultural Experiment Station be created under W. A. Henry's direction. With the adoption of this plan Dean Henry became professor of Agriculture, and in 1885 at the suggestion of Sena- 66 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY tor Vilas (19) he conducted the first short course with an attendance of nineteen students. In 1887 he was officially chris- tened director of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, and three years later he opened Wisconsin's first dairy course for two students. In 1891 he was appointed Dean of the College of Agri- culture, and during the same year made his first contribution to the subject on which he later became America's foremost author- ity, "The Feeding of Cattle." This brochure appeared as Part II of Secretary Rusk's treatise on "Diseases of Cattle and Cattle Feeding." In February, 1898, the first edition of his masterpiece, "Feeds and Feeding," was published. It consisted of 670 pages and has thus far passed through nine editions with a total of thirty thousand copies. Dean Henry gathered under his leadership the greatest agri- cultural faculty assembled by the early institutions. Practically everyone of them became a national leader in his subject, Bab- COCK (23) in dairy chemistry and physics, Russell in bacteriol- ogy, King in soils, Craig (24) in animal husbandry, Waugh in horticulture, Farrington in dairy manufactures, Hart and Mc- Collom in nutrition, Moore in agronomy, Jones in plant dis- eases and Taylor in agricultural economics. His greatest pride lay in this faculty and to it he attributed the success he enjoyed. In 1902 he was chosen special lecturer on agriculture and animal nutrition at the Summer School of the University of Cali- fornia. So appreciative were his Pacific coast students that this University conferred on him the honorary Degree of Doctor of Agriculture in 1904. In July of the same year the University of Vermont honored him with the doctorate of science. The modern farmer's course was established under his direction at the Wiscon- sin College of Agriculture that winter with an initial attendance of 175. In May, 1907, the Michigan Agricultural College granted him the degree of Doctor of Science and at the close of the fiscal year he resigned his college position, being made emeritus profcs- Di:.\X \Y. A. HENRY OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 67 sor of agriculture. In September, 1909, he was given a Carnegie pension. His later years have been spent on his son's farm in Connecti- cut, or at Sarasota, Florida. His devotion to the tiller of the soil, his progressive viewpoint, his broad appreciation of all agricul- ture, and his boundless enthusiasm make him a permanent figure in the upbuilding of rural Wisconsin and the standardizing of feeding methods in this country. Dean Henry played a most prominent part in securing the parcel post law, and as a staff correspondent of The Breeder s Gazette and Hoard's Dairyman, contributed largely to the solution of the farm problems of the middle west. On account of his achievements and success among college men he has popularly been styled the "Dean of the Deans." 68 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE PROPHET OF A NATION'S HUSBANDRY 21. The pioneer in the general field of livestock journalism was James Harvey Sanders, a banker and railway contractor of southeastern Iowa. Mr. Sanders was born in Ohio in the Scioto Valley, his parents being native Virginians. In 1868 he had attained sufficient financial independence to indulge an inherent fondness for improved livestock, and he secured at a good price a seven-eighths Percheron horse named Victor Hugo, in Central Ohio. This horse was shipped to Iowa and was the second animal of heavy type to be brought into the state. Mr. Sanders followed him with the imported horse Dieppe, and the American-bred Dili- gence, both of Dillon ownership, the former stallion bringing $3,000 and the latter $2,500. At the same time he introduced a high type of Clydesdale, the $5,000 stallion, Donald Dinnie. The extension of good breeding stock throughout the Missis- sippi Valley states suggested to Mr. Sanders the publication of a periodical to be devoted to the interests of blooded stock. Chris- tened the "Western Stock Journal," and printed on a hand power press with its pages stitched together by the members of the editor's family, it received instant approval in Iowa and the neigh- boring states, and was the first purely livestock periodical ever issued in the world. About this time Mr. Sanders purchased the first purebred Shorthorn to be introduced into this country. One more step in the building of a local agriculture remained for him to take, and in the late 60's he brought out from Ohio one of the early Poland-Chinas of Magie breeding. Following this he bought a pair of Essex which were unsuccessful, and then some heavy boned Cheshires. The panic of 1873 spread ruin in J. H. Sanders' path. The railroad in which he was interested was wrecked, and the accumu- lations of some twenty years entirely absorbed. Hence when George W. Rust and John P. Reynolds of Chicago called Mr. Sanders to the monthly "National Livestock Journal," a con- J. H. SANDERS OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 69 solidation with his own paper was effected, and he became asso- ciate editor. During all these years, Mr. Sanders cherished a partially gratified taste for the American trotter, and after some excellent reports on grand circuit races, was offered the editor- ship of Mr. George Wilkes' "Spirit of the Times" The Iowa home was given up and the livestock sold, the family removing to New York. A straight salary proposition failed to interest Mr. Sanders, however, and after twelve months he acquired a financial interest in the National Livestock Journal and became managing editor. In the years just prior to 1880 there was a rapid distribution of improved blood throughout the central states, and nearly all of the breeds formed associations for their own promotion and the registration of their animals. Mr. Sanders was par- ticularly active in advice and cooperation in such organizations and himself prepared the initial volume of records of the French draft horse, then called the Norman. He was one of the first to point out the absurdity of this name and succeeded ultimately in getting the name of Percheron adopted. In 1881 Mr. Sanders' influence and circle of friends had broadened to a sufficient extent to make it possible for him to embark in a weekly livestock journal of his own. He had been president of the Chicago Fair Association which held great live-' stock shows in Garfield Park in 1880 and 1881, was also presi- dent of the Chicago Jockey and Trotting Club, and was secretary of the American Trotting and Pacing Horse Breeders' Associa- tion. Building on these relationships, he established in the fall of 1881, The Breeder s Gazette, financed largely by the pioneer farm implement maker, Jerome I. Case, of Racine, Wisconsin. After some severe financial struggles, the future of the paper was assured and it has grown in scope and influence until at the present day it numbers a permanent circulation of approximately 95,000. The succeeding year, Mr. Sanders, in company with 70 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Dr. James Law (122) and the Secretary of the Treasury, was made a member of the commission authorized by Congress to locate lands adjacent to certain Atlantic seaports, suitable for quarantine stations for the detention of imported cattle. In 1883 he went abroad to examine horse breeding in France, and there assisted in the organization and foundation of the stud book for the breed in its native district. He also was specially commis- sioned on this trip by the Secretary of Agriculture to report on certain European conditions surrounding the American export trade of live cattle and meats. In addition to his journalistic duties, Mr. Sanders found time in 1885 to write a book on "Horse Breeding" that had widespread usage as a college text in the latter part of the last century, as well as having a big sale among breeders. In 1888 he published a companion book on "Breeds of Livestock." His death Dec. 22, 1899, was peculiarly untimely, as his reward from American agriculture was by no means complete. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 71 A WIZARD OF WOOL 22. Possibly as wide an acquaintance as was ever enjoyed among the sheepmen of America was held by Robert B. Thomson. Mr. Thomson was a man untrained in husbandry and previous to 1905 was unheard of in the wool trade. Never- theless, in the last years of his life he became one of the most widely quoted authorities on wool market conditions and his amiable spirit won him hundreds of friends, both in the east and west. Mr. Thomson was charged with the organization of the National Wool Warehouse and Storage Co., and in spite of intrigue, conspiracy and other troubles carried it to a successful realization. When the undertaking was first launched, many severe and unjust criticisms were made by the short-sighted and partisan men who had been attempting to back the wool industrv previously, but nothing of criticism was .directed toward the per- sonality that effected the organization. Robert Boyd Thomson was born in Chicago, April 21, 1869, of Scottish descent. At the close of his school training he entered the employ of the Union Stock Yard & Transit Co., remaining with them until his death. In 1889 he took up his residence in Morgan Park, and was actively identified with its development. He was one of the founders of the Morgan Park Presbyterian Church and became an elder in it at the age of 21. For many years he was a trustee of the Village Board and acted as trustee of the Morgan Park Academy during the troublous period of its financing. Mr. Thomson was a stockyards man to the core, and was intimately concerned in its growth and development. During his later years he acted as treasurer of the Union Stock Yard & Transit Co., and of the Chicago Junction Railway Co. He was one of the organizers and first president of the Calumet Trust & Savings Bank in 1904, but resigned later when the burdens of the Wool Warehouse began to absorb his time. 72 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY When the Stock Yard Company first took up the cooperative en- terprise with the wool growers of the west, Mr. Thomson was selected by Messrs. Spoor and Leonard to represent their inter- ests. The obstacles at first appeared insurmountable, and at times the lack of support and cooperation would have troubled the soul of many with more sturdy frames, but Mr. Thomson never faltered, and continually pushed forward, the plans for the wool growers' cooperative movement. The opening cam- paign of the winter of 1908-1909 was directed toward marketing the western wool clip to better advantage for the producer. At that time no other agricultural product had been sent to the manufacturer under more adverse conditions. The gap between the producer of wool and the mill men was so wide that the average shepherd had no idea many of his practices such as tying his fleeces with binder twine and overproducing fleeces of the blanket and carpet type, were matters objectionable to the mill owner. Largely through the efforts of Mr. Thomson in his position as secretary of the new organization this gap was bridged. He conceived and carried out the educational schemes of the movement, personally preparing a series of unique pamphlets and circulars which told the sheep men of the per- manent injury done by breeding from animals with black fleece, or using insoluble paints, sisal twine and indiscriminate pack- ing. Wool samples were sent by him to flock owners, giving information on market grades and illustrating the effect of qual- ity and length of fiber on fleece values. Market letters were issued at intervals indicating the trend of prices and a wool exhibit full of helpful points for the shipper was prepared for exhibition at the International, at Wool Growers' Conventions and other meetings. When the preliminary educational work was over and the market and trade terms well understood, he began the fight for cooperative warehouses. These were strongly opposed by the wool trade, but his spirit never quailed, and his OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 73 calmly temperate, yet firm, attitude won the respect and admira- tion of both friends and opponents. His organization and inspiration finally made the warehouse an established fact. From this vantage point it was easy to initiate the grading of fleeces at the cooperative warehouses and the big shearing plants. When the organization was firmly established he resigned as secretary and became vice president and treasurer of the association. For many years Mr. Thomson was a sufferer from heart trouble and the strenuous years of the wool organizing sapped his vitality tremendously. The night of July 13, 1916, he peace- fully passed away as he slept, occasioning an almost irreparable loss to the industry he had so well served. No one with the fine- ness of nature and clearly conceived duties that so dominated Mr. Thomson's life, could fail to accomplish his earthly mis- sion, and his business associates and personal circle of friends felt keenly their deprivation of the sustaining power of his rare and warm friendship. 74 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY DOCTOR OF DAIRYING 23. Stephen Moulton Babcock was born at Bridgewater, New York, in 1842. His education was of a type to prepare him for permanent research in scientific subjects. In 1866 he received his A. B. from Tufts College. From 1872 to 1875 he attended Cornell University, following which he became an instructor in chemistry at this institution. In 1877 he was granted a leave of absence to study chemistry abroad and in 1879 the .degree of Doctor of Philosophy was conferred on him by the University of Goettingen. He returned to Cornell but In 1882 became chemist at the New York Experiment Station at Geneva, there initiating the series of scientific discoveries which have done so much toward the upbuilding of the dairy industry. Here he invented an apparatus for determining the viscosity of liquids, and in 1883 worked out a gravimetric method of ana- lyzing milk which is still in use. In 1885 he perfected a simple method for determining the size and number of fat globules in milk, and as a result of his achievements, in 1888 received a call to the chemistry department of the Experiment Station at the University of Wisconsin. Immediately upon his arrival in Madison he began to work on a method for the determination of the percentage of butter fat in milk, and in July, 1890, in collaboration with Dean Henry (20) he published the first bulletin announcing the discovery of the centrifugal test for butter fat. So unusual were the demands for this bulletin, that 60,000 copies were distributed through the Wisconsin Experi- ment Station alone. The news of the discovery travelled to all parts of the world, and since Dr. Babcock refused to patent it for his own personal gain, its benefits have spread everywhere. While the Babcock Test was undoubtedly his greatest contri- bution to the dairy industry, his research work on dairy products was by no means terminated. In 1895 he established a method by which casein can be mechanically separated from the other OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 75 constituents of milk, thereby originating a mathematical form- ula permitting the computation of the yield of cheese from a given lot of milk. In 1896 as an associate of Dr. H. L. Russell, he established the cause of the lessened consistency of pasteur- ized milk, and in 1897 discovered the ferment galactase which causes newly made cheese to break down to a digestible condi- tion. Hitherto this had been believed to be due to bacteria. Soon after this the Wisconsin Curd Test, an ingenious method to detect tainted milk at creameries and cheese factories, was annnounced by Babcock, Russell and Decker. In June, 1900,^ he was appointed professor of agricultural chemistry, assistant director, and chief chemist at the Experiment Station. During the same year he received the honorary Degree of LL. D. at Tufts College. Australian and New Zealand dairymen presented him during this year with an oil painting and a beautifully illus- trated album of their countries, in recognition of his most impor- tant discoveries. Although he was no exhibitor, he was awarded the grand prize of honor at the Paris Exposition. On March 27th, 1901, the legislature of Wisconsin before an assembly of state officials, presented him with a large golden bronze medal in recognition of his contribution to dairy progress. In 1913 he was made professor emeritus and retired from his most active work. In spite of the fundamental nature of Dr. Babcock's contribu- tion he is a man of broadest humanities. Each young investi- gator at Madison has only to call to get the benefit of his seasoned advice and his original viewpoints. For the solving of physical difficulties in investigation Dr. Babcock is undoubt- edly the most ingenious and self reliant man Wisconsin has ever 76 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY had. He is an ardent lover of sport and a constant attendant at baseball, basketball and football games. At one time he was the guest of the Union Stock Yards in Chicago. The forenoon was spent in an inspection of the plant, and on the parting at noon, Mr. Leonard (64) told Dr. Babcock that he had arranged for an extensive automobile trip through the park and boulevard system of Chicago for the afternoon. His surprise was unfeigned when Dr. Babcock replied, "If you don't mind, I believe I shall go out to see the White Sox." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 77 THE STOCKMAN'S SCHOOLMASTER 24. "A gentle soul full of modest stillness and humility, with a vision and taste of the wonder, beauty and meaning of life, may not pass this way without leaving indelible tracks, even in the shifting sands And so the life of PROFESSOR Craig may move to its appreciation the pens and lips and hearts of many folk who did not know the man When he was returned to Mother Earth it was too late for him to see the monu- ments that hundreds of unknown friends had erected in their own hearts to his patient, suffering, simple life." Thus DeWitt C. Wing paid tribute to a man who was as sincerely mourned in his death as any who had ever donated his life to agriculture. The passing of John A. Craig marked the close of an eventful career in livestock husbandry. Professor Craig was born December 25, 1868, at Russell, Ontario, and was reared among Canadian stockmen. He possessed an innate love for animal life and a patient gentleness of spirit that is won only by those who live in perfect communion with nature. He sprang from Scotch stock, his home being in that section of Ontario that has given so largely of its sons to quicken our agricultural progress, Carlyle (32), Marshall, Ferguson, Kennedy, Rutherford, McLean and Christie. His elemental subjects were learned in the rural schools, but he gained his science at the Ontario Agri- cultural College and the University of Toronto. His first influence on agriculture was exerted in 1889 through his connection with the "Canadian Livestock Journal," but in 1890 he was called by Dean Henry (20) to Madison to become the first head of a purely livestock department in an educational institu- tion. His work was that of a pioneer, but he builded broadly in establishing methods of research and outlining systems of teaching. He based his theory on the principle that accurate and scientific knowledge of animals can be acquired only from 78 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY a study of the animals themselves. In 1896 he went to Iowa where he organized the material for and published a 200-page book on "Judging Livestock," still the classic on this subject. It has gone through seventeen editions and many thousands of volumes, but its story is not yet fully told. In 1899 he arranged the first interstate student's livestock judging contest at the Trans- Mississippi Exposition at Omaha. Professor Craig felt seriously the handicap of failing hear- ing and a permanent lameness in one leg, and in 1901 he deemed it best to retire from college life. As soon as this decision became known he was offered the managing editorship of the Iowa Homestead, in Des Moines. Here the quaint sim- plicity of the pastoral genius that introduced his utterances in his text book, received a fuller rein, but his editorial life was too short. Failing health could not stand the confinement and the following year he practiced farming in Barron Co., Wiscon- sin. The season was too severe, however, and he found relief at San Antonio, Texas, where he established Oakmore Farm. Here he did some of his best work as a writer, and spent the happiest and most hopeful period of his life. As his health was improving, he accepted in 1903 the position of dean and director of the Texas Agricultural College and Experiment Station, but the play of politics was too much for a man who never sold his manhood nor sacrificed a principle. He returned to Oakmore in 1906 only to be called two years later to Oklahoma. A factional political fight dealt illy with him here and he resigned at the end of the 1909-10 school year. At a tremendous sacrifice of energy, he had given these institutions new direction and new life, and he had blazed a way that has made it easy for his successors to follow. He returned from Stillwater to Oakmore and after a brief illness passed beyond on August 9, 1910. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 79 At the time of his resignation from Oklahoma, Dean Henry wrote a friend: "The thing that pleased me more than words can express, was the showing in Prof. Craig's letters that he was a matured, advanced thinker along agricultural lines, both educationally and experimentally ... In him I saw a leader, one who was making good and leaving his mark. I felt that under his guidance Oklahoma would soon have an agricultural development that would serve as a model for the whole south- western United States, if not for a much larger region . . . Does Oklahoma realize that she is losing in the passing of Professor Craig one of the all too few really intellectually mature, unselfish leaders in agricultural education and research. Does she realize that to replace such a man she cannot find half a dozen in the whole United States, and they are fixtures and not seeking positions. Men in agricultural teaching and research who have the right makeup in intellect, spirit and training are oh! so rare." Not long before his death, Professor Craig sent to some of his friends the following beautiful sentiment, a sentiment he had lived more significantly than he knew: "Lord, make me respect my material so much that I dare not slight my work. Help me to deal very honestly with words and with people, because they are both alive. Show me that as in a river, so in a writing, clearness is the best quality, and a little that is pure is worth more than much that is mired. Teach me to see the local color without being blind to the inner light. Give me an ideal that will stand the strain of weaving into human stuff on the loom of the real. Keep me from caring more for books than for folks, for art more than for life. Steady me to do my full stint of work as well as I can, and when that is done, stop me, pay what wages Thou wilt, and help me to say from a quiet heart, a grateful Amen." 80 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A SPONSOR FOR AGRICULTURAL INVESTIGATION 25. Legislation for the founding of the agricultural college and experiment station system in America may be credited to three men, Senator Morrill (28), Congressman Hatch (27), and Congressman Adams. Frailest physically, but most zealous intellectually, was the last named of the three, a man who burned the candle of life freely when he fought for his beloved agricul- tural interests. He claimed no laurels as an originator of rural legislation, but he found universal recognition in his framing of the meat inspection and pure food bills, his championship of the oleomargarine legislation and his supplementing of the appropriation for the agricultural experiment stations. Hon. Henry Cullen Adams was born September 28, 1850, at Verona, N. Y. His father was a professor of Greek and Latin at Hamilton College, but while he was still in his mother's arms the family proceeded to Wisconsin. His early years were spent at Beaver Dam and Liberty Prairie, and he ultimately moved to a farm in the vicinity of Madison. His education was obtained in the rural and city schools and in the Albion Aca-demy, while he spent three years at the University of Wisconsin. His career here was terminated due to ill health, and after an unsuccessful attempt to study law, he engaged in dairy and fruit farming. This was his chief occupation until the last five years of his life, when he devoted much of his time to real estate. As a farmer he entered into a variety of activities tending toward rural bet- terment. He was an institute worker in connection with the state university, secretary of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, member of the State Board of Agriculture, and President of the State Dairymen's Association. In politics he was equally prominent. For two terms he was a member of the state legislature, Superintendent of Public Property for six years, and Dairy and Food Commissioner for eight years. He was elected representative from the 2d Wiscon- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 81 sin Congressional District to the 58th and 59th Congresses, where he was a member of the committee on agriculture. Here he performed the services previously enumerated and on his way home from the last Congress passed away at the Auditorium Hotel, Chicago, July 9, 1906. Mr. Adams was a man of extreme honesty and faithfulness. His judgment was of the highest order and his cordial friendli- ness won him a host of supporters. No public servant was ever more worthy of his trust, and the rural interests of America can well laud him as one of their heroes. 82 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A PROFESSOR WHO PRACTISED HIS OWN PREACHMENTS 26. Towering head and shoulders above his colleagues in the collegiate profession as a moulder of the destinies of the Ameri- can livestock industry, is Charles F. Curtiss, dean and director of the Division of Agriculture of the Iowa State College, Ames, la. Dean Curtiss possesses the happy combination of a mind and instincts firmly grounded in livestock fundamentals, and is able to impress the student of agriculture, the farmer, the young breeder and the most seasoned man of business with the dignity and the desirability of rural callings. Dean Curtiss gained a vision of the relations between agriculture and public service through his years as an understudy of "Tama Jim" Wilson (15) when the latter was professor of agriculture and director of the experiment station at the Iowa State College. He was born at Boral, 111., December 12, 1863, the son of Franklin Curtiss, a sturdy and progressive pioneer farmer. His early years were spent on the farm and at twenty years of age he entered Iowa State College. He received his Bachelor's Degree in 1887 and seven years later was awarded his M. S. In recognition of his broad services to American husbandry he was given the doctorate of science in 1907 by the Michigan Agricultural College. It is in Dean Curtiss' public life, however, that his greatest contributions to agriculture have been made. With his first sav- ings he secured the tract of land south of Iowa State College that is today known as Rookwood Farm, and with an eye to the achievements of the constructive leaders of the preceding gen- eration, selected high class Shorthorn cattle, Shropshire sheep and Berkshire swine with which to stock it. Recognizing the profitableness of using purebred draft animals to provide farm power, a few years after establishing his farm, he purchased a few Percheron mares and at present has a capital bunch of breeding animals and young stock. Dean Curtiss is a con- structive farmer of the broadest gauged type. He not only has OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 83 brought his farm to a higher stage of fertility than it possessed at his purchase, but he has achieved most successful results in show and sale ring with his Shorthorns and Berkshires. As a young calf in the herd of Carpenter & Ross (106), he selected Count Avon, a son of Avondale, and at the International of 1912 as a two-year-old, this bull achieved the grand champion- ship. His Berkshires have won prizes at the three greatest swine shows in America, the Iowa State Fair, the National Swine Show, and the International Exposition. At the college his efforts have been equally successful. Four times the grand championship at the International on steers has gone to Ames, and draft horses, swine and sheep have been prominent winners, the college having had grand champion barrow three times. The college bred the champion gelding of the 1917 and 1918 Inter- nationals shown by Wilson & Co. Dean Curtiss has been a prominent factor in Iowa agricul- ture as a director of the State Board of Agriculture and super- intendent of the horse department at the Iowa State Fair. He is a life member of the International Livestock Association and from the beginning has been connected as a director, official and judge, now being its president. He has been President of the American Berkshire Association, and of the American Shrop- shire Association, director of the Percheron Society of America and a director and member of the executive committee of the National Society of Livestock Record Associations. He was a member of the horse breeding and meat investigation committee of the United States Department of Agriculture and special inves- tigator for Great Britain and Mexico. He has been con- sulting editor of the Agricultural Digest and staff correspondent of practically all the leading farm journals, notably The Breeder's Gazette and Wallace's Farmer. Dean Curtiss is one of the foremost judges of livestock of all breeds and classes in America. He has performed satisfactorily 84 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY in draft horse, beef cattle, harness horse, swine and sheep rings, at state fairs, the American Royal, Madison Square Garden and the International. He was one of a group of three judges chosen to represent America in the first international exchange of judges with the Argentine. He there tied the ribbons on the Short- horns, and the bull he selected for champion established the price record for an animal of Argentinian breeding at that date. Dean Curtiss more than anyone else has demonstrated to the breeder and practical farmer, the ultimate worth of an agricul- tural college education. His portrait was given to the Saddle and Sirloin Club by the students of Iowa State College. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 85 FOUNDER OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS 27. The man who first appreciated in a concrete and con- structive way the effect of local conditions in the application of agricultural knowledge, was William Henry Hatch, origina- tor and proponent of the act that founded the agricultural experi- ment stations. He was a man of varied interests and many-sided personality, but through it all ran a warm sympathy that turned him to rural interests always, in spite of an eventful public life. Mr. Hatch was born in Georgetown, Ky., Sept. 11, 1833, of New England parentage. During his early years he displayed a pastoral disposition, and was vitally concerned with all things connected with farm and animal life. For forty years his inter- ests were grounded in his own acres, and his public career was characterized by a constructive insight into the rural, social, and economic structure. His school life at Georgetown and Lexington, Ky., was very brief, and he early went to Richmond, Ky., where he secured employment in a drug store and studied law in the office of Judge Turner. At the age of twenty-one, he was admitted to the bar, but soon removed to Missouri, where four years later he was made attorney in the circuit court of the sixteenth judicial district for two terms. His second term was interrupted by his commission as captain in the Confederate army in 1862. The following year he was appointed commissioner in charge of the exchange of prisoners. He was stationed at Richmond, Virginia, and was so considerate in the discharge of his duty that he was endeared by friend and foe alike. About this time he was promoted to a lieutenant- colonelcy. In 1878, Col. Hatch was elected to Congress, where he served for sixteen years. He was here the author of numerous bills of agricultural importance. In addition to the experiment sta- tion bill already mentioned, he fathered the oleomargarine law 86 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY and the anti-option bills. He died December 23, 1896, near Hannibal, Mo., two years after leaving Congress. The Massachusetts experiment station was first established as the Hatch experiment station, being named in his honor. His life was characterized by integrity, firm conviction and a gen- erous lovable disposition, and his contribution to agricultural progress under the Hatch act is immeasurable in its worth. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 87 CREATOR OF THE LAND-GRANT COLLEGES 28. The founder of American agricultural education was the Hon. Justin S. Morrill of Vermont. Born at Stratford in that state on April 14, 1810, his early opportunities were somewhat limited. His education was obtained in the common schools and academies of the immediate vicinity and at the age of fifteen he was forced to begin work as a clerk in a store. In 1828 he entered the employ of a West India merchant at Portland, Me., and three years later launched a partnership in merchandise with Jedediah Harris of that city. This business was main- tained until the death of Mr. Harris in 1855. As a young man, Senator Morrill evinced a studious dispo- sition, reading continuously to supplement the deficiencies of his education. His topics were varied, and he mastered even "Blackstone's Commentaries" while a clerk in the Stratford store. His memory was singularly retentive and his intellect powerful; in 1850, he had become one of the best equipped men in Vermont to hold a position requiring sagacity and training. He held no political aspirations as a young man, and although elected a justice of peace, refused to serve. Hence it was a distinct surprise and tribute to him when he was unanimously nominated to succeed Congressman Andrew Tracy in 1851.. Mr. Morrill was seated in the 34th congress in 1855, on the Whig ticket. He participated actively in the foundation of the new Republican party. In Congress his influence increased rapidly and he was a member of many important committees during his six terms of service. His tastes soon led him to questions of agriculture and financial importance, and as a result he was an early advocate of a strong protective tariff. In 1858 Congressman Morrill added lustre to the fame he had already gained in opposing the tariff bill in 1857, by intro- ducing and pushing to a successful issue the first anti-polygamy bill to affect the Utah Mormons. During the same year he intro- 88 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY duced the Land-Grant college bill, providing for the setting aside of public lands to found agricultural, industrial and scientific institutions in the newly settled districts. Although this passed both branches of Congress it was vetoed by President Buchanan, and it did not become a law until re-passed in 1862 and signed by President Lincoln. Under the provisions of this law more than fifty institutions were established over the country with facilities for 500 or more students and instructors in each. A later act fathered by Mr. Morrill supplemented the college support. In the troublous times just before the War of Secession Mr. Morrill was a most prominent figure on the floor of the house. He delivered the speech credited with defeating the admission of Kansas as a state under a pro-slavery constitution. He was placed in charge of all tariff, tax and revenue bills throughout the war and in 1861 devised the Morrill Tariff Act that remained in force until replaced by the McKinley bill of the 51st Congress. His bill was the first to change the ad valorem basis to that of specific duties. His election to the Senate occurred in 1867, as a successor to Luke P. Poland of Vermont. Here he was five times elected to succeed himself and served a total of over forty years in both houses. As chairman of the committees on finance and public buildings and grounds, he was a highly important figure, while his counsel as a member of the committees on education and labor, census, revolutionary claims and additional accommoda- tions to the Congressional Library was eagerly sought. He was an author of no mean repute, contributing copiously to the magazines and journals of the day. In 1886 a book by OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 89 him, entitled "The Self-Consciousness of Noted Persons," appeared from a Boston press. This was a collection of self appreciative expressions made by a number of distinguished figures. Dartmouth College conferred an M. A. on him in 1857, the University of Vermont an LL. D. in 1874, and the University of Pennsylvania a similar degree in 1884. His honorable career in Congress constitutes one of its brightest bits of service and established a record whose length is yet unequalled. 90 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A CONSTRUCTIVE AGRICULTURAL THINKER 29. Among the sturdy apostles of a new American agriculture that flocked so abundantly from the halls of the little Michigan Agricultural College in the 80's was Dean Eugene Davenport. Born at Woodland, Michigan, June 20, 1856, he grew to young manhood on a Michigan farm. Of sternest stuff, he earned his own way through the agricultural college, receiving the degrees of Bachelor of Science in 1878, Master of Science in 1884, and Master of Agriculture in 1885. During these years he had taught both public and private schools, and interspersed his teaching seasons with vigorous wrestling with soil and crop on the home farm. The exigencies of his early career grounded his viewpoint firmly upon the soil, and he has never failed in after years to hold to that as fundamental. The social and economic problems of the rural community have always been the ones next to his heart. From 1889 to 1891, he was professor of agriculture at the Michigan college, but in the summer of that year was called to found and organize a government school at Sao Paulo, Brazil. The record he had established at his own Alma Mater of successfully measuring himself against odds and difficulties was continued in Brazil, but the effort proved premature on the part of this South American government. He consequently returned to America, but proceeding by way of England, made a thorough study of the English methods of agricultural education and the English practices of husbandry. He was particularly impressed by the fertility maintenance experiments of Lawes and Gilbert at Rothamstead, just out of London, and he returned to college work with a broadened out- look and a new enthusiasm. In January, 1895, he became dean and director of agriculture at the University of Illinois, a position he has held ever since. Under his supervision the Illinois college has grown to be one of the largest in the matter of equipment, faculty and attend- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 91 ance, that has been produced in America. Dean Davenport has particularly emphasized the need for research, at the same time seeking a balanced development on the practical side of agriculture. He has gathered around him a most notable faculty, and has secured the greatest appropriations any agricultural school in America has enjoyed. Dean Davenport has written abundantly for the agricultural press, and has himself prepared numerous reports and bulletins. In 1907 he published through Ginn & Co., his volume on the "Principles of Breeding," a book on which he had labored for well over ten years. In 1909 his treatise on "Education for Efficiency" left the press and in 1910 his high school text on "Domesticated Animals and Plants" appeared. He has been a popular speaker on agricultural topics, a most thoughtful writer, and an original thinker. Dean Davenport's greatest genius has laid in his ability to organize and direct others, and in this capacity he has achieved the largest results from an educational standpoint. Honors for him have been frequent and distin- guished. He is widely recognized on public programs, has been chairman of the agricultural section of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, and has held numerous other offices of distinction. In 1907 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL. D., and in 1913 the honor was repeated by the University of Kentucky. While in England. Dean Davenport was elected a member of the Author's Club in London, and his writings have been watched quite carefully by British readers. 92 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A SERUM SAVIOR OF SWINE 30. During the last forty years the loss due to hog cholera in the United States has averaged about fifty million dollars annually, four percent interest on an investment of a billion and a quarter dollars. During this period the total loss ha.i been nearly two billion dollars, or approximately twice as much as the theoretical investment. In 1913, a year when the scourge flourished, a toll of seventy-five million dollars was exacted, while in 1918, it had been reduced sixty percent, or a total of thirty-two million dollars. In Iowa in 1913, nearly three million hogs died with the cholera, while in 1917 the loss was less than a hundred and eighty-nine thousand. The man to whom this phenomenal saving may be credited is Dr. Marion Dorset, dis- coverer of the anti-hog cholera serum. Dr. Dorset was born in Columbia, Tennessee, December 14, 1872, and was graduated from the University of Tennessee with a B. S. degree in 1893. He immediately proceeded to Columbian (now George Washington) University at Georgetown, where he received his M. D., and later took up veterinary studies at the University of Pennsylvania. He specialized in bacteriology and pathology, and from the first engaged in research work on the bacterial toxins. In 1905 in collaboration with Dr. Niles of Iowa he published his first bulletin on the method of pre- paring anti-hog cholera serum. Of recent years he has par- ticularly studied tuberculosis, but has given some attention to the etiology and prevention of other animal diseases. He is chief of the biochemic division, Bureau of Animal Industry, and is a member of the American Public Health Association, Ameri- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 93 can Chemical Society, Society of American Bacteriologists, and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Dorset's work has been almost entirely of a research nature, and he has taken only a minor part in the development of the great organization that has succeeded in so cutting down the toll of this terrible disease. His purely scientific interest prevented him from taking any personal advantage of his dis- covery with regard to patents and today numerous serum com- panies conduct enormous businesses based on his methods. 94 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY AN ARGENTINE AMBASSADOR 31. Charles E. Duggan is the first breeder from the Argen- tine to visit the International as a judge, and one of the leading figures in the effort to promote an entente cordiale between the Shorthorn promoters of the northern and southern continents. Of British parentage, his father Irish and his mother English, he was born native of Argentina in the late 60's. His start in the Shorthorn industry was most auspicious, as his father had acquired the Cruickshank Argentine importation, bought by Thomas Nelson, Charles Duggan's maternal grandfather. As head of the firm of Duggan Bros., he operates estancias totaling one million acres, one of the largest holdings in the Argentine. The Duggans have persistently held to the female descendants of the original Cruickshank importation, and although the ani- mals are kept in rough outdoor condition, some noteworthy sires and show animals in other hands have been sold from the herd. Duggan bulls have the singular habit of breeding better than they appear and so firmly entrenched has his position become to Argentine breeders that he has for many years been treasurer of the Shorthorn Association in Argentina. In 1916 Mr. Duggan came to the International to judge the bullocks and at the same time he assisted on the Shorthorn breeding cattle. In the name of the family he has presented to the American Shorthorn Asso- ciation a cup for the best bull and female bred by exhibitor, permanent possession being obtained when one exhibitor has won it three times, or at two Internationals in succession. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 95 FROM PROFESSOR'S CHAIR TO PRINCE'S PADDOCK 32. Foremost among the contingent of students of animal husbandry to leave the gates of the Ontario Agricultural College, and carry the message of modern livestock practice to America, is William Levi Carlyle. Professor Carlyle was instructor in the Ontario Agricultural College for the school year 1892-93, and was so successful that he was called to the University of Minnesota for the next three years as an extension lecturer in Animal Husbandry. Here his acquaintance among American livestock men was rapidly broadened, and in 1896 he was elected to the University of Wisconsin as Professor of Animal Hus- bandry, to succeed the lamented Craig (24). For seven years he pursued a series of practical investigations in the feeding and management of livestock, cooperating with Dean Henry (20) in his studies on the food requirements of cattle and sheep under midwest systems of handling. While at Madison he inspired numerous young men with the vision of improved live- stock, and numbers of his students went back to the farm to succeed as breeders, or went to other institutions to carry on the message of a better husbandry. Prominent among the latter are True of California, Trowbridge of Missouri. Richards of North Dakota, Morton of Colorado, Dodge of Hood Farm and Schroeder of the Wisconsin Agriculturist. In 1903 he was made professor of agriculture at the Colorado Agricultural College, and two years later was elected dean. In 1909 due to an unusual political situation he resigned his post, and the fol- lowing year was made director of the experiment station and dean of agriculture at the University of Idaho. Here his suc- cess was instantaneous, and he made strenuous efforts to upbuild the herds of cattle and sheep at the college and to introduce purebred sires of both races into the state. In 1915 Dean Car- lyle was made dean and director of agriculture at the Okla- homa A. & M. College at Stillwater. Here he made strong 96 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY efforts to advertise the work of the institution and to increase its prestige. During his years at Stillwater he turned out several champion and prize winning steers at the southwest fat stock shows, induced numerous feeders and cattle men of the state to embark in the production of purebred cattle, and was respon- sible for the enactment of an effective stallion law. In 1919 he resigned his position to enter commercial pursuits, and was appointed manager of the large Percheron holdings of George Lane, Calgary, Alberta, being in direct charge of one 14,000 acre farm. During the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada in 1919, the Prince was the guest of Mr. Lane at the Bar U ranches, and became extremely interested in farm lands. While on a chicken shooting party in which both the Prince and Mr. Carlyle were included, the Prince determined on purchasing a farm adjoining Bar U ranch and, appointed Mr. Carlyle agent and manager with Mr. Lane as advisor for the property. On the return of the Prince to Britain, Mr. Carlyle selected Shorthorn cattle, Shropshire sheep and Thoroughbred horses from the English estate of His Royal Highness with which to stock the Alberta acreage. The new farm is christened the E. P. ranch, based on the custom of the owner to sign himself Edward Prince. Dean Carlyle was born in Ontario, September 22, 1870, and became a citizen of the United States in 1904. He received his Bachelor's degree at the Ontario Agricultural College in 1892, and his M. S. at the Colorado Agricultural College in 1905. His chief influence has been exerted for the introduction and dissemination of purebred animals, and he has made a careful study of feeding and development under range conditions. So OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 97 enthusiastic has been his work that one daughter, Helen, grad- uated in animal husbandry from the Kansas State Agricultural College. Dean Carlyle's portrait was presented to the club while he was executive at the Colorado Agricultural College. It was subscribed to by several hundred students in the college and friends throughout the state. 98 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE FIRST CHIEF OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY 33. An act of congress in 1884 established the Bureau of Animal Industry with Dr. Daniel Elmer Salmon as chief. Dr. Salmon's attention was first directed to the protection of the American livestock industry from the plagues which occasionally enter from outside the borders of the country, as well as to the extermination of those diseases that had already gained a foot- hold. He established a system of policing to prevent the entrance of the two most destructive diseases found in foreign countries, the foot and mouth -disease and rinderpest. So suc- cessful has been this precaution, that rinderpest has never gained an entrance and foot and mouth disease appeared only thrice. Dr. Salmon was born at Mount Olive, Morris Co., New Jer- sey, July 23, 1850. His early life was passed partly on a farm and partly as a clerk in a country store. His pre-collegiate training was received at the Mount Olive district school at Chester Institute, and at the East Business College. He entered Cornell University as a member of its first freshman class, and almost immediately came under the stimulating influence of Prof. James Law (122). Circumstances developed which per- mitted him to attend the Alfort Veterinary School near Paris during the last six months of his course, when he came under the influence of the great Pasteur. He was given credit for this work at Cornell, and in 1876 received the degree of Veterinary Surgeon. He immediately entered upon practice in Newark, New Jersey, and was so successful and original in his methods, that in 1876 his Alma Mater granted him the advanced degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. In 1877 he was invited to deliver a course of lectures on Veterinary Science in the Uni- versity of Georgia, but continued his practice until his appoint- ment as first Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. In 1879 he was appointed inspector of the state of New York to serve on the staff of Dr. Law in an effort to stamp out con- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 99 tagious pleuropneumonia of cattle. Later he accepted a posi- tion under Commissioner LeDuc, of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, to investigate animal diseases in the South- ern States. In 1883, he was recalled to Washington to establish a veterinary division in the Department. About this time, con- tagious pleuro-pneumonia became a serious menace, and he recognized the necessity of central authority and organization to protect our cattle. He conceived the plan of a Federal Bureau of Animal Industry and through his efforts it was established in 1884. As Chief of that Bureau his work was two-fold; research and the enforcement of regulatory laws. It was with feelings of deep regret that he was gradually forced from researches on animal diseases into the turmoils of administra- tive life. However, it was for him to recognize the greater prob- lems in the sanitary control of food-producing animals and to initiate the means for their solution. During the twenty-one years he occupied this position, Dr. Salmon accomplished notable results in ridding the country of livestock plagues. Under his administration the Bureau grew from an original staff of a chief, one clerk, and a force of twentv persons, to a department having approximately five thousand employees. Its activities were developed in all phases of live- stock production and the related industries, and nineteen divi- sions and offices were established, the ramifications of whose work extend into nearly every state of the Union and into foreign countries. Among the benefits to the livestock interests which the Bureau of Animal Industry gave to our people during his administra- tion should be mentioned the eradication from America of con- tagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle; the federal inspection of exported animals and the ships to carry them; improvement in the quarantine regulations against imported animals; the dis- covery of the cause of Texas fever and methods for the control 100 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY of that disease; the establishment of the federal meat inspection service; and many important investigations into the nature of several serious infectious maladies of animals. As Chief of the Bureau, Dr. Salmon stood firm against polit- ical interference with research and other scientific work. He was equally careful to protect the breeders and those engaged in animal traffic. To him, more than to any other, we are indebted for an efficient organization to combat animal plagues and a meat inspection service which has protected our commerce in animal products and safeguarded the people against the dis- eases communicable to them through dumb creation. In these protections our country is not excelled. In 1906 Dr. Salmon was placed in charge of the veterinary department of the University of Montevideo in Uraguay at a salary far in excess of that offered by our own Government. For five years he remained in this country, but due to climatic diffi- culties he returned to the United States, giving his attention during the closing months of his life to the preparation of hog cholera virus. He failed rapidly, however, and died at Butte, Mont., August 30, 1914. Dr. Salmon was an Honorary Associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons of Great Britain; a Fellow of the Ameri- can Association for the Advancement of Science; chairman of the committee on animal diseases and animal food of the Ameri- can Public Health Association, president and member of the executive committee of the American Veterinary Association, and an active worker in the Washington Academy of Science. Dr. Salmon was a prominent writer on veterinary subjects, especially those pertaining to the infectious diseases. Many of OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 101 his publications have appeared in other languages. He was a clear and convincing speaker, and was a member of many scien- tific societies. With all his greatness he was a modest and kindlv man, retiring in nature, of studious habits, just in his delibera- tions but firm when his decision was reached. His constructive vision and untiring zeal make him one of the most prominent figures in the professions allied to livestock production. 102 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A PREVENTER OF PESTILENCE 34. Upon the resignation of Dr. Salmon (33), as Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry in 1905, Dr. Alonzo D. Melvin was appointed chief, a position he retained until his death, Decem- ber 7, 1917. Dr. Melvin was born at Sterling, 111., October 28, 1862, and was educated in the grammar school and business college of that city. He then spent four years in practical experience on a good livestock farm, and in 1883 entered the Chicago Veterinary College. After three years of study he received his degree of Doctor of Veterinary Surgery, and imme- diately entered the service of the newly organized Bureau of Animal Industry. In 1887 he was transferred to Baltimore and three years later was sent to Liverpool to inspect animals and vessels from the United States. In 1892 he was recalled, and placed in charge of meat inspection in Packingtown, Chicago. Here he remained for four years, building up and extending the system of safeguarding human food products. In 1899 he was made Assistant Chief of Animal Industry, and succeeded to the head of it on Dr. Salmon's resignation in 1905. He was a member of the Advisory Board to the Hygienic Laboratory of the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, was president of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1909 to 1910, and was honorary associate of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. Under Dr. Melvin some of the most important campaigns of the Bureau of Animal Industry were executed. In 1906 the first appropriations for the quarantine eradication of the Texas fever tick were granted, and at the time of his death, six of the fifteen states, originally quarantined, were pronounced free of the tick, while several of the others had only a few counties remaining to clean up. Originally the territory attacked included 730,000 square miles, and considerably over half of it had been made tick free in 1917. Under his guidance, the nation wide OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 103 attacks on hog cholera and tuberculosis were begun, and it was due to his support that the system of herds accredited free of tuberculosis was adopted. He was active in promoting the dip- ping system all over the range country for the reduction of scabies and manges in cattle and sheep, and while he was in charge of the Bureau, measures for the restriction of dourine and contagious abortion were instituted. In 1914 he demanded and secured the enforcement of the rigid quarantine that ulti- mately permitted the reduction of foot and mouth disease. To him fell the laborious task and the responsibility of devel- oping the enterprises that had already been initiated. In the twenty-one years during which the Bureau had operated it had undertaken a multiplicity of services for the benefit of the breeders, packers and consumers. To carry such beginnings to a successful conclusion is often more trying than to inaugurate them. With a keen sense of justice and a long suffering patience, Dr. Melvin advanced the work in hand and met the ever-chang- ing conditions due to new knowledge. Broad and comprehen- sive as were the purposes of the Bureau, they had to be modified and extended, as well as to be correlated with the work of indi- vidual states and institutions. Like his predecessor, Dr. Salmon, he stood firm against the intrusion of political interference with scientific work, and bravely met the misguided efforts of live- stock owners who from time to time came to believe that science and natural laws could be disregarded in the control of animal plagues. His ability as an administrator, his sterling qualities as a man, his nobility of character, his gentle and sympathetic nature and his loyalty to the purposes of the Bureau endeared him to all. He died suddenly in Washington, D. C, December 7, 1917. His twelve years in the Bureau of Animal Industry were indeed years of big undertakings, and his constructive recognition of the nation's problems contributed largely to the present rela- tively healthy status of American livestock. 104 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A GUARDIAN OF ANIMAL HEALTH 35. The present Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is Dr. John Robbins Mohler. Dr. Mohler was born in Phila- delphia, May 9, 1875, graduating from the Central High school in 1892. The following year he attended Temple University and in 1896 received his V. M. D. from the University of Penn- sylvania. For one year following his graduation he was in veterinary practice, but from 1897 to 1899 he found a larger service in the medical department of the Marquette University and as an assistant inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry. His progress in the Bureau was rapid, and in 1899 he was made assistant pathologist; in 1901 zoologist; and in 1902, chief of the Pathological Division. After twelve years in this depart- ment, he was made assistant chief of the Bureau, and on the death of Dr. Melvin, he succeeded him as chief. Dr. Mohler has held numerous positions of national and international importance. In 1908 he was secretary of the Veterinary section of the International Tuberculosis Congress; in 1909 and 1910 he was vice president of the United States Livestock Sanitary Association, and in 1912 and 1913 president of the Veterinary Medical Association. The following year he was vice president of the International Veterinary Congress, and from 1914 to 1917 was president of the Veterinary Examining Board in the District of Columbia. Dr. Mohler has been an active contributor to the programs of the Society of American Bacteriologists and the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine. He is a voluminous pub- lisher in the fields of pathology, bacteriology and meat inspec- tion, and has contributed largely to Government publications, medical journals, and encyclopedias. Dr. Mohler has been an active translator, bringing out Ostertag's Hand Book of Meat Inspection in 1904, Edelmann's Meat Hygiene in 1908, Hutyra OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 105 and Marck's Special Pathology and Therapeutics of Domestic Animals in 1911, and Ernst's Milk Hygiene in 1914. Dr. Mohler is prosecuting successfully most of the economic undertakings instituted by Dr. Melvin. He is doing much toward building up a scientific and research spirit among his' personnel, and is at present fighting for stronger individual sup- port and larger salaries for the men who are responsible for the health and sanitation of the nation's ten billion dollar livestock industry. Like his predecessors, he is spending his life in the promotion and protection of the livestock interests of America. 106 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY WIELDER OF THE GOLDEN PEN 36. The pioneer publicity man of the early Internationals was Joseph Edward Guinane Ryan, native born Irishman and genial interpreter of those spirits who labored so strenuously on the foundations of the Exposition. He was born in County Clare in July, 1869, was educated in Dublin and graduated from Trin- ity College. As a student he was a renowned athlete, and won a long string of medals for excellence in track, tennis and golf events. In 1889 he came to America, being first employed at the Stock- yards, but after a few months he became associated with the Schufeldt Distillery Co. His entrance into journalism occurred in 1898 when he began writing as a free lance on golf subjects. He was the author of the Golfer's Green Book. Two years later he was appointed to the staff of the Chicago Inter-Ocean, as auto- mobile editor, and manager of automobile advertising. While holding the latter position he became interested in the publicity promotion of numerous enterprises, among them the International Livestock Exposition, and became its press rep- resentative. This position he held until the time of his death. The interest in livestock he developed here and the acquaintance- ships he formed made it possible for him to handle the contract for the publicity for the New York Horse Show and the Chicago Automobile Show. His death occurred January 1, 1912. Among visitors to the early Internationals, Mr. Ryan was a familiar figure, never tiring in displaying the points of interest and delivering himself of good natured Irish comments. Although an unremittingly busy man he always found time to pass a word of good cheer or a bit of real Hibernian wit to friend or stranger alike. To him more than to anyone is due the interest developed by the natives of Chicago and other city dwellers in the livestock show. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 107 THE DAVID HARUM OF DEXTER PARK 37. The veritable dean in length of service among the habitues of the stockyard district and the Chicago horse market, is Samuel Cozzens. Born in Providence, R. I., in 1818, he came to Chicago at the age of eighteen. His first work was at the Yards where he was placed in charge of the Dexter Park horse market for the Stockyard Company. As the volume of business increased, he was appointed superintendent of this branch of the market and was placed in charge of the stables. From the very beginning Mr. Cozzens was recognized by Mr. Sherman (66), as a man of latent possibilities, and he turned a number of business and investment opportunities in his direction that served Mr. Coz- zens well from a financial standpoint. This so broadened his acquaintance among the men of the livestock industry of Chi- cago, that when he went into the coach and saddle horse business for himself in 1898, he was successful from the start. Mr. Cozzens has been a director of the Livestock Exchange Bank for thirty-five years, having been identified with it when it was opened as the Union Stockyard Bank. Upon its reorgani- zation as the Livestock Bank he retained his position, and for a period of ten years he has been a director of the Stock Yards Sav- ings Bank. Mr. Cozzens has done an enormous business in the lighter types of horses, but with the changing market demands he has extended his operations to animals of the draft type. His business has been phenomenally successful, and at one time he handled more horses than any other man in the Yards. In return for the interest and kindliness which Mr. Sherman showed him as a young man, Mr. Cozzens has been one of the 108 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY most liberal and sympathetic men in the aiding of other young men to get a start. He has taken longer chances with men in more serious straits than almost any other benefactor of youth. Among the well known firms that received their impetus from Mr. Cozzens is that of Ellsworth & McNair. These men came to the horse market without capital but their character and upright methods were early recognized by Mr. Cozzens and he backed them without limit. Today this firm counts its capital in millions and has the largest equine sale business in America. Mr. Cozzens' gratefulness to Mr. Sherman has made him feel in duty bound to pass on kindness to everyone he can find, and his generosity has been a big factor in many business lives. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 109 A PATRIARCH OF THE CATTLE MART 38. One of the real veterans of the livestock commission busi- ness is Monson Parker Buel of the Evans-Snider-Buel Co., of Chicago. Mr. Buel was born at Croton, Licking Co., Ohio, October 14, 1845. He was educated in public schools and attended Granville College, Granville, Ohio, for one term. Mr. Buel was reared on his father's farm and for four years was a clerk in a general merchandise store at Croton. In 1865 he went west to California and Nevada where he was cashier in the National Bank at Austin, Nevada, for two and a half years. The confinement proved too much for him and his health was seriously affected. He therefore severed his connection with the bank and removed to Chillicothe, Missouri, where he engaged in the buying and handling of livestock. On May 1, 1876, he became a member of the livestock com- mission firm of Hunter, Evans & Co. at St. Louis, Mo., and nine years later removed to Chicago to continue the commis- sion game under the same firm name. Two years later the business was incorporated as the Evans-Snider-Buel Co., and he was elected vice president of the corporation. In 1894 he was made president, and has retained that position ever since, a period of over a quarter century. Under his experi- enced direction, the firm has grown rapidly and now has offices in Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, Fort Worth and Oklahoma City. During his years in Chicago he has become identified with a number of firms throughout the southwest, engaging in buying and feeding cattle. Most of the stock handled has been secured in Texas, being fed in transit in feed lots throughout 110 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Oklahoma and Missouri. In 1886 he became a member of the Chicago Livestock Exchange and for a number of years was director and vice president. In 1905 and 1906 he served two terms as president of this organization. Mr. Buel is a former president of the Saddle and Sirloin Club and has been an important figure in the development of its resident membership. His years of experience in the handling of livestock have given him an almost unmatched acquaintance among the buyers and feeders of midwestern and western United States. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 111 FULFILLER OF SHOWYARD DREAMS 39. The court of ultimate resort in the affairs of animal indus- try has, since the first of the present century, been located in the International Livestock Exposition held at Chicago each year. The burden of developing this institution was laid on the shoulders of Mr. William E. Skinner, in the spring of 1898. In company with Messrs. Robert B. Ogilvie (6), Mortimer Levering (40), and G. Howard Davison (8), at one of the Toronto Livestock Expositions, the idea of the International was generated, and on Mr. Skinner was conferred the title of General Manager of the exposition, a title that became obsolete with his departure as a compliment to the wealth of his service. Mr. Skinner is a native Canadian, his birthplace being Water- town, Ontario, on June 24, 1864. His father was a physician, but various circumstances prevented his receiving the customary public school education, and at twenty years of age, he crossed the border to become a citizen of the United States, a fact accom- plished in 1886. His first work was with the Erie & Western Railway, afterward a part of the Erie System. In 1881- he came to the Union Stock Yards in Chicago, and entered into duty with the Stock Yard Company, the beginning of an experience with the livestock market that has occupied the major years of his life. After three months in Chicago he transferred his alle- giance to the Street Stable Car Line, and personally conducted the first stable car across the Missouri river to Cheyenne. During his three years with this company his headquarters were at Cheyenne, and he lived an integral part of the boom days of the cattle country. In 1887 he entered the service of the Omaha Stock Yards Co. and so intimate did he grow into the market interests of the early cattle barons, that today he is known by his first name and wholesomely loved wherever cattle graze between Omaha and Cheyenne. The year prior to the Colum- bian Exposition he was sent to Fort Worth to help organize the 112 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY old Fort Worth Stock Yards Co. and to build the livestock market. This duty accomplished, he was called to Chicago in the spring of 1898 by those who had seen the vision of the Inter- national Livestock Exposition. It was planned originally to hold the first show in 1899, but due to the extensive nature of the preparations it was deemed impossible, and the opening year was set for 1900. At the Toronto Show of 1899, Mr. Skinner personally pledged not only to equal, but actually to distance the old Lake Front Show in establishing the new International Exposition. His enthusiasm and acumen won the support of the Hon. John Dryden (14) and the Canadian breeders and exhibitors. From that date forward the international character of the show was assured. After the 1906 show, Mr. Skinner resigned as General Man- ager of the Exposition to go to Denver as assistant to Edward Tilden (63), president of the Denver Stock Yards Co. During this period he was president of the Chamber of Commerce for Colorado, but in 1911, on the request of his old International associates, he returned to Chicago to become General Manager of the National Dairy Show. Following the first successful Dairy Show of 1912 Mr. Skinner organized the National Dairy Council with Dr. H. B. Favill (17) as President and himself as Secretary. The National Dairy Council has become the guid- ing spirit in the promotion of the dairy industry, and all of the allied dairy interests have become members except the con- densed milk manufacturers and the refrigerator transportation lines. Under the guidance of the national council most of the dairy states have organized or are at present organizing state dairy councils. Manufacturers and breeders whose businesses OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 113 are sufficiently large to be interstate in scope, are members of the National Council, while those whose operations are more limited geographically, are members of the state bodies. As a result a strong and constructive force has been introduced into an industry whose need was more than apparent, and Mr. Skin- ner is credited with the accomplishment of the first of what may become a series of special industry organizations in American agriculture. 114 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A PROMOTER OF BREED ORGANIZATION 40. Mortimer Levering brought to agricultural industry as broad a range of tastes, as great a degree of varied skill, and as high a perfection of subject mastery as modern America has known. Born of a sturdy stock of Quaker origin he com- bined with its simplicity of style the chivalrous viewpoint of cavaliers, and the artistic and literary perceptions of the Latin. Although his native home was Philadelphia, he early moved to Lafayette, Ind., and there became established as private banker and manager of farm property. At one time he had over twenty farms under his direction, but found time so to devote himself to his banking affairs, that it was his boast that he had never been forced to foreclose on a security. At his country home, Richmond Hill, with its sloping pastures bordering the Wabash, he for years maintained Jerseys, Shropshires, Shetlands and standard-bred poultry. He was one of the organizers of the American Shropshire Registry Association, early in 1881, and was its secretary until the day of his death. Under his regime it developed a larger membership than any sheep society in the world. He was also the secretary of the National Wool Grow- ers' Association for many years, and its eastern vice president thereafter. He took charge of the American Shetland Pony Club records in its feeble childhood, and as its secretary, builded it a perpetuating structure. The American Saddle Horse Breeders' Association made him a director and listened long to his seasoned counsel. He was a founder of the International and the Saddle and Sirloin Club, being secretary of the latter in its days of organization and early equipment. Mr. Levering was an enthusiastic sportsman and a seasoned judge of livestock. He was secretary of the Chicago Horse Show Association which not only revived the brilliancies of the old Lake Front Show, but actually outdazzled them at the Coliseum. At Kansas City when challenged by William R. Nelson as to OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 115 his qualifications to adjudge an obstacle-driving class for coach- man, he displaced one driver from his box and performed so much more brilliantly than any contestant that his critic was subdued. He was a lover and appreciative critic of art, music anUCH OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 121 OVERLORD OF OAKLAWN 43. The breaking of the boundless acres of the virgin prairies of the midwest, the hauling to market of its fertile rewards and the crowding traffic of the youthful cities of nineteenth century America developed a need for draft forces that eastern agricul- turists and eastern industries had failed to realize. The hardy light-boned horse that hitherto had served for labor, road and track, lacked the latent qualities to meet the situation, and in the early 50's progressive American agriculturists brought from the older hemisphere the fundaments of a type more definitely adapted to the immediate necessity. Clearest visioned among the caterers to the new need was Mark Wentworth Dunham of Oaklawn Farm some five miles south of Elgin, Illinois. Born June 22, 1842, he early saw the success of old Louis Napoleon and others of the pioneer French blood to reach this country, so in 1870 he acquired the mas- sively spread gray stallion with whitish mane, whose name Suc- cess was fortunate omen of his service to Oaklawn, and the sur- rounding country side. From this simple beginning, a rapidly growing business developed. The old brick house that had been pioneer home was transformed into an office and clerks busily clicked away at typewriters the year round in maintaining the records of the horses that passed through Oaklawn. Mr. Dunham was a keen judge of equine needs and a student of equine type. A personal investigation extended over a num- ber of years convinced him that of all the horses of Frankish origin that came to his stables, those that came from the district of the old Perche were by all odds the best. The blood seemed to mix particularly well when crossed upon the light limbed mares spread over the corn country, and so successful were the half bloods that wherever a stallion once went another was demanded in its place. Mr. Dunham's keenness of judgment permitted him to recognize, while the horses were still in France 122 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY and" in the prime of their breeding age, the animals that were to contribute to the ultimate perfection of the Percheron ideal, and by fearless investment he secured for America the very best of the Percheron blood. Of the record of his successes with Brilliant 1271, Brilliant 3d, Seducteur and Marathon, all of most potent heritage, of Villers, Theudis, and a host of others, one can tell much, and under his shrewd judgment and careful selection, Oaklawn not only rivalled but for many years excelled the best of the French breeders in contributing to the advance of the Percheron type. Mr. Dunham was a man of real .democracy and possessed a persuasive ability to awaken interest in others. He was at home in palace or hovel and had the unconscious knack of putting every one at ease. In the late 90's when importation was diffi- cult Mr. Dunham visited Richard Wolf at Streator to seek young horses bred from an Oaklawn foundation. Until after midnight he visited, talking endlessly of horse and draft. Tem- porary emergencies forced him to sleep in the hired man's bed, and he drove through the bottomless Illinois mud to town leav- ing Mr. Wolf with the impression that kings could not have done better. It was this happy adaptability and cheerful facing of disagreeable situations that laid the foundation of his suc- cess, He was the greatest salesman ever in the stallion business, selling four or five horses to separate buyers at once, and divin- ing with uncanny accuracy just the price his buyer wanted to pay and just the type of horse he wanted to be shown. Mr. Dunham's untimely death in 1899 came at the prime of his career. It occurred as a result of blood poisoning brought on by the examination of an infected hoof. His achievements in founding and upbuilding the Percheron industry have been passed to the future in the able hands of his son Wirth, the present master of Oaklawn. MARK W. DUNHAM OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 123 A FASHIONER OF CLYDESDALES 44. Col. Robert Holloway wrought a work in agriculture and livestock breeding such as has fallen to the lot of few men. For years he was a commanding figure in both the Shorthorn and Clydesdale trade, a man whose natural endowments placed him considerably above the average of his fellows. He pos- sessed a most steadfast yet varied personality. The obituary published at the time of his death characterized him as a humani- tarian, sociologist and Christian gentleman, but that only told of his qualities in part. Col. Holloway was born in Bourbon Co., Kentucky, of Vir- ginian descent. He was educated at the Kentucky Military Insti- tute and following his graduation was given the chair of Mathe- matics at that institution. In 1851 he graduated with honors in law from the Transylvania University, beginning his practice the same year at Monmouth, 111. His inherent love of the land soon led him to the acquisition and development of the rich prairies of Warren county. At one time he owned more than 7,000 acres which completely monopolized his time. He founded the town of Alexis near one of his farms, and in early years was largely interested in city property. Once his land was acquired, he became obsessed with his livestock. The Shorthorn first claimed his attention and in honor of the breed he christ- ened his estate Durham Lawn. In 1876 he held one of the really historic sales of the breed in Chicago, securing an average of $1,087 on over sixty head. His imperishable contribution to husbandry, however, was through his Clydesdales. The foundations of his stud were obtained in 1873. He proceeded to Scotland where he made a thorough personal study of Clydesdale types and acquired as keen an understanding of the excellencies of the Scotch draft horse as has been the opportunity of any American. His col- lection of mares grew to large proportions, and at one time he 124 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY maintained the largest Clydesdale stud on either continent. His Scotch studies led him to pin his faith first of all to the foot, ankle and limb, and in Cedric, son of the famous Prince of Wales, he obtained his ideal type of sustaining figure, prepo- tence, and longevity. He placed wearing qualities before all other things in a draft horse. His successful attainment of his ideals attracted the attention of both continents, and stallions and mares bred at Durham Lawn were exported to Scotland to exert a marked influence on the course of breeding and showyard history in the native haunts of the breed. Few breeders have been able more fully to realize their ideal in the production of animal types. Mr. Holloway held pronounced opinions on the development of his animals. His young stuff habitually appeared in the show ring in the lightest of flesh, his maxim being to grow his horses before he fattened them. Such procedure doubtless added years to the length of service of the animals he produced, but he ultimately carried it to an extreme that permitted his rivals in breed promotion, R. B. Ogilvie (6), and N. P. Clarke (45), to gain advantage of him during his later years in the show yard. His death April 17, 1906, marked the close of a long career, characterized by a loyal and strict adherence to the draft standard. Col. Holloway was personally a most lovable man. He pos- sessed an ardent intensity of nature, and a courageous, yet tender, chivalry that marked him a knight of the latter day. He was an intellectual giant among the figures connected with live- stock breeding. Few could equal him in elegant diction, whether used in speech or manuscript. Unfortunately during his later years, he developed a distaste for writing that prevented his con- veying to paper the vast stores of draft lore he had acquired throughout his long experience. Through the columns of The Breeder's Gazette, Col. Holloway presented a series of articles OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 125 on the Clydesdale horse in reply to a vigorous attack made by an English correspondent, that have become classics of livestock literature. He lived a deep religious life and was an ardent student of modern sociological thought. Col. Holloway was one of the most remarkable men in his depth of nature and his completeness of idealism that has existed in American agricul- ture. 126 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY MASTER OF MEADOWLAWN 45. The founder of the purebred livestock industry in Minne- sota was Nehemiah Parker Clarke. His birthplace was Hub- bardstown, Mass., April 8, 1836, and a part of his boyhood was spent in Kentucky, but in 1853 he set his face to the west, and for three years lived in Fond-du-lac, Wis., learning the methods of western business and acquiring a small cash surplus to per- mit him to make the beginnings for himself. At twenty years of age he established at St. Cloud, Minn., the retail hardware business, which grew into a general store and then a general business predominantly devoted to lumbering. He was fortunate in securing a number of very profitable contracts from the government, and based on these he developed a string of stores and outfitting plants, a series of real estate centers and a wealth of minor enterprises. Mr. Clarke was one of the "star routers," that coterie of men who secured the contract to carry the government mails by stage. He himself was the first man to drive a coach out of St. Cloud, with an ultimate .destination west of the Missouri River. For a term of years he operated large ox trains to handle freight from St. Paul to the Black Hills district of the Dakotas. Furthermore he was one of the first men ever to drive beef on the hoof from the southwest ranges to the government lands of the northwest. Through these various activities and by unerring selection in the choice of lieutenants, Mr. Clarke developed a very large business. In the late 80's his annual lumber sales ran above $150,000,000 a year, greater than that of any rival. Meanwhile his agricultural interests were developing. In the vicinity of St. Cloud he took advantage of every opportunity to secure parcels of land, and he equipped his principal hold- ing, Meadow Lawn Farm, with a splendid stud of Clydesdales, a champion herd of Shorthorns, and, later an unexcelled herd of Galloways. He became the greatest breeder of his period X. P. CLARKE OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 127 in all three breeds, while for America he is perhaps the greatest Galloway breeder of all time. For many years he was presi- dent of the Clydesdale Association and devoted largely of his energies to its promotion. He was president of the Minnesota Board of Agriculture, and under his administration secured the presentation of the Minnesota State Fair Grounds by Ramsey county and a state appropriation of $150,000 to equip it. When the development of the program resulted in a $110,000 shortage he used his own personal check to carry the indebtedness until the legislature reimbursed him. Mr. Clarke was chairman of the committee of eighteen on the livestock interests at the Columbian Exposition, and was the first man to make its wants known in Washington. His Clydes- dales were high in the monies, rivalling the entries of Mr. Ogil- VIE (6) and Col. Holloway (44). He imported large numbers of this breed to furnish the breeders of the state with purebred stallions. Many of his horses were sold on ten years' time, and the ruinous years of the mid-nineties left him with much unne- gotiable paper. Like Mr. Ogilvie, Mr. Clarke believed in the ultimate supremacy of the Darnley stock, and while he lived to see its ascendancy, he failed to know of its almost complete dominance of the Scots' draft world. His Shorthorns were superb. For a period of twenty years scarcely a herd of promi- nence was found in the north and central west that did not boast one or two animals of Meadow Lawn blood, while the names of Justice, Ringmaster, Dorothea 2d and Snowbird (dam of Fair Acres Sultan) are writ large on the Shorthorn showyard scroll. His Galloways completely •dominated the gatherings of the late years of the last and the opening years of this century, and the Welcomes and Claras of Meadow Lawn provided a blood foun- dation for more than one Galloway pioneer. Much credit for his success in the field of breeding must be given to his herds- man and livestock manager, Leslie Smith, who contributed 128 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY much of the foresight in purchase and genius in matings that brought Meadow Lawn to the fore. The panic of 1893 robbed Mr. Clarke of most of the fruits of his labor, only a few cutover lands and his herds being saved. Out of these, however, he once more builded himself a property. Mr. Clarke was a man of great reticence and few knew his inner- most soul and secrets. He shrank from publicity and the thou- sand-and-one acts of charity he performed were seldom credited to him. His death on June 29, 1912, robbed his state of a public benefactor and an indefatigable citizen. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 129 THE LAIRD OF NETHERHALL 46. The shrewdest practitioner in animal types and bloodlines since the earliest masters, perhaps the shrewdest of all because his material already had passed the refiner's fire, was the Laird of Netherhall, Andrew Montgomery. Born in the late forties of the last century, he was attaining manhood when the superlative Prince of Wales (673) was foaled, and grew into his indepen- dence in husbandry as this founder of bloodlines developed his prestige in showyard and breeding paddock. But even as he shaped his career as a breeder of Clydesdales, the star of Darnley shone on his firmament, and he was called to make the decision the master must always make — what materials, what blood he should use. In spite of the enormous prices and popularity of the Prince of Wales' sons, he allied himself with the Darnley blood. Rightly had he interpreted the brood successes of Darnley's daughters to the cover of Prince of Wales, rightly did he reason that some son of Darnley must transmit the same merits that the daughters had bequeathed. As a yearling he acquired Macgregor, bluntly declaring at the outset that he had found what he sought. And he builded well. A new type of draught economy arose in the Macgregor progeny, and a new supreme justice of the Clydes- dale court arose in the land. The genius of Netherhall's laird overshadowed the pronouncements of those noble veterans, David Riddell and Lawrence Drew. Montgomery's ultimate triumph was founded in the acquiring of Baron's Pride. This latter horse, foaled May 8, 1890, sprang from the loins of Darnley's rugged grandson, Sir Everard, leading showyard sire of his generation. Darnley fathered three notable sons, Macgregor, already mentioned, Flashwood and Topgallant. Although of powerful make, the last named was the least known of these in his dav, but through his son Sir Everard and Andrew Montgomery's skillful booking of Baron's Pride, he was the choice of the three to carry forward the torch of improvement. 130 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Almost immediately Baron's Pride became the sire par excel- lence, his progeny sweeping show after show. Only twice was his supremacy threatened, once by his son and once by that peerless grandson of the Prince of Wales, Hiawatha. In his twenty-three years of life his blood made contacts that six years after his death link him to ninety percent of the living registered animals of his breed. During his career he earned upwards of $150,000 in ser- vice fees and showyard monies, and through the leasing of his sons, Andrew Montgomery not only nearly monopolized the stal- lion industry of Scotland, but by his genius so concentrated, so focussed the excellencies of the Darnley-Prince of Wales heritage, that it breeds on and on to the permanent and increasing improve- ment of the breed as a whole. Through his countless leases of Baron's Pride's sons, through his personal extension and visitation of America, Canada and the European continent, he has -done more to further the breed's development than any single figure since its establishment. He has visited the International and been breed arbiter at Toronto and St. Paul. His will was indomitable, his wit and judgment keen. To Andrew Montgomery more than to any individual living or dead is due the great constructive progress in Clydesdale type since the middle 70's, and the crystallizing of the bloodlines that make Clydesdale breeding a work of almost scientific preci- sion. His death in 1912, separated only a few months from the demise of Baron's Pride, abruptly sundered personal bonds that linked Clydesdale lovers of every land to Netherhall. ANDREW M< tNTGi IMERY OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 131 BREWER AND BREEDER 47. A real contributor to the science of livestock husbandry was Capt. Frederick Pabst of Milwaukee, Wis., prominent brewer and head of the Pabst Brewing Co. Capt. Pabst was one of the first men in the west to utilize brewers' grains as the major portion of the ration fed to the several hundred steers annually fattened on his farm, and thus became a pioneer in an industry which has reached rather large proportions in brewing centers. Having effectively demonstrated the value of these byproduct grains for beef production, he built up a herd of purebred Jerseys, and demonstrated its value to produce milk. Capt. Pabst was born March 28, 1836, at Nicolausreith in the Thueringen Forest of Germany. When but twelve years of age his family emigrated to America, coming first to Milwaukee, but settling shortly afterwards in Chicago. Here financial reverses to his father and the death of his mother (1849) forced him to earn his own living. His first position was that of bellboy in a hotel, on a salary of S5.00 per month and board. Here he worked for three years, and then became a cabin boy on the Goodrich line on the Great Lakes. His services were so faithful and his progress so energetic that at the age of twenty-one years he became captain of the steamer Sunbeam. In 1862 Capt. Pabst married Miss Marie Best, daughter of Philip Best of Milwaukee, and shortly thereafter renounced his sailor's life to invest all his savings in the brewery of his father- in-law, in which place he took up active work. Three years later the firm was christened Philip Best & Co., and Capt. Pabst became both lea-der and manager. In 1873, when incor- poration occurred, the yearly production totalled 100,000 barrels of beer. Capt. Pabst was an incessant laborer. In 1888 his partner, Emil Schandein, died, leaving the entire management of the gigantic institution upon Capt. Pabst's shoulders. So broad 132 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY were they, however, that one year later, the annual capacity of the brewery passed the 500,000 barrel mark, and the stockhold- ers of the company by unanimous vote changed the name from the Philip Best Brewery to the Pabst Brewing Co., electing Capt. Pabst president. From this position Capt. Pabst branched out in several lines, being made president of the Wis- consin National Bank, and a director of the Milwaukee Mechan- ic's Insurance Co. About 1870 he purchased a farm of 200 acres near the village of Wauwatosa, three miles west of Milwaukee. Here he indulged himself to the limit in his love for livestock, agriculture and outdoor life. Many of the horses used at the Brewery were bred and raised on the farm, and he made several large impor- tations of Percheron breeding stock from France. His first importation was made in 1884 and he entered the showring immediately to become a most successful breeder and competi- tor. He was immeasurably fond of his trotting and saddle horses, and he drove and rode considerably, both at his farm and in Milwaukee. Capt. Pabst was a man of spontaneous generosity, filled with civic pride and a helpful interest in public affairs. In 1889 the G. A. R. held its annual reunion at Milwaukee, and rather than permit the veterans to pay any admission to the Lake Front grandstand, in order to view the mock naval battle there staged, he subscribed an enormous sum of money, above $10,000, rather than see even one old soldier pay a penny admission. His death occurred in 1907. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 133 A HERCULES OF THE HORSE BLOCK 48. Perhaps the most commanding figure in the Chicago horse market during its most prosperous years was that of Col. John Sidney Cooper. Col. Cooper was born in Chicago in March, 1842, of combined English and Irish parentage. He was edu- cated in the Wilder School in Chicago and began his business career at fifteen years of age with the railroads, working first as a brakeman for the Illinois Central and afterward as a pas- senger conductor on the Chicago & Alton, the latter relation continuing fourteen years. In 1871 he took a contract for street cleaning in Chicago and established stables in the square enclosed by Michigan and Indiana avenues, and Adams and Monroe streets. Here he conducted a general teaming business, working in the vicinity of 150 horses. He also became inter- ested in the boarding and sale of horses, the latter feature grow- ing to such a degree that in 1885 he came to the Union Stock- yards and engaged in a strictly commission business for the sale of horses and mules. Col. Cooper was the first to inaugurate the vending of horses by auctioneering methods on the Chicago market, a device which vastly increased the volume of business possible for him to handle. In 1894, when the horse exchange was organized, he was elected president, and retained that position until his death in 1917. His business prospered in Chicago to such a degree that he found it possible to open a branch sales stable in the Union Stockyards in South Omaha where he did a large busi- ness in the sale of range horses. One of his most interesting undertakings consisted in securing suitable mounts for the Chi- cago mounted police force. Col. Cooper not only chose a beautiful yet serviceable type, but he also devoted the latter years of his life to the constant improvement and replacement of the animals thus selected. 134 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Col. Cooper was a director of the International from the date of its inception until his death, and was appointed by Mr. Ogilvie as assistant superintendent of the horse department, an appointment later confirmed by election of the directors. He was especially interested in the light horse show, and contributed largely of his energy to the development and staging of the night horse exhibition. His death was in the harness, as he suffered from an apoplectic stroke at the close of the 1917 Inter- national. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 135 A CATTLE CRUSADER FROM CALEDON 49. One of the pioneer managers of the great cattle holdings of the boom days of cowboy and grassland was Murdo Macken- zie. Born in Tain, Scotland, in 1850, he gained his first experi- ence as plowboy and farm laborer. In his late teens he entered into an apprenticeship in the North of Scotland Bank, studying at the same time in a lawyer's office. From this position he turned quite naturally to the assistant factorship of the 500,000 acre estate of Sir Charles Ross at Balnagowan, County of Ross. Here he was placed in charge of the agricultural interests in particular, although he retained an agency for the North of Scotland Bank. It was part of his duties to attend to the rents and leases of some 500 towns on Sir Charles' estate, in addi- tion to handling the cropping and grazing lands. In 1885 he crossed the waters to America and became man- ager of one of the ranches of the Prairie Cattle Co., in Colorado. Four years later he succeeded Mr. W. J. Tod to the manager- ship of the entire holdings of the company in southeast Colorado, what is now Oklahoma, and in the Panhandle district. On Jan- uary 1, 1891, he was called to the Matador Land & Cattle Co., and assumed the position of manager of its extensive grazing lands and herds in Colorado and Texas. Mr. Mackenzie brought to beaj on the big range problems all of those instincts that have made the Scot truly constructive from an agricultural standpoint wherever he has gone. At the time that he took charge the herd consisted of about 65,000 head, and the total holdings were reputed to be worth about $6,000,000. About 750,000 acres were operated by the company on its southwest range, 500,000 acres being in one parcel and 250,000 acres being in the other. In addition to this the company leased 450,000 acres in Dakota and 150,000 acres in Canada. The original cattle were of the distinct Texas type, southern stock graded up to some extent by the use of Shorthorn blood. 136 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY The bulls used in the herd were entirely grade, some purchased in Kansas, but the majority produced in the herd itself. Mr. Mackenzie's first move was -to cull out all inferior cows and to replace the bulls with purebreds. For a number of years he used Hereford, Shorthorn and Aberdeen-Angus bulls, all three, but he gradually increased the proportion of the former until all of the steers marketed were whitefaced. In the later nineties he established a purebred herd from 300 to 350 cows, from which he proposed to breed the extra Hereford bulls he needed. He particularly fancied the Anxiety blood of GuDGELL & Simpson and drew strongly on them as well as on other Mis- souri-Kansas breeders. He adopted a policy of paying about $100 to $250 for bulls for general range service, while he paid as high as $1,000 for sires for the purebred herd. On the average he secured about 150 bulls annually from the pure- bred herd for use on his range cows. The bulls were first put to service when two years old and were turned to the herd in the ratio of one bull to twenty-five cows. When Mr. Mackenzie took charge of the herd, the bulk of the steers were of such an inferior nature that they were sold as two-year-olds to the cattlemen of Dakota, Montana and Wyoming to be run as stockers and in part fattened. The returns on such animals were insufficient to pay the costs of production, and it was to meet the demands of the Kansas and Missouri feeders that the grade bulls were replaced by pure- breds. Mr. Mackenzie was really a pioneer in this work and effectively demonstrated not only that purebred cattle were suc- cessful under the conditions of the range, but also that high breeding was by no means necessarily accompanied by unpro- ductiveness. On Jan. 1, 1912, he proceeded to Brazil as general manager of the Brazil Land, Cattle & Packing Co. He gathered together one of the greatest herds of range animals under one manage- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 137 ment in Brazil, some 250,000 head all told. These were dis- tributed over about 9,000,000 acres, 1,250,000 acres being in Meneas-Gereas and the remainder in the province of Matto- grosso. Backed by Wilson & Co. capital, he founded one of Brazil's first packing-houses, and was appointed vice-president of the Brazil organization. He returned to America in 1919 and took up an advisory position with Thomas E. Wilson particularly to handle pro- ducer relations for Wilson & Co. Mr. Mackenzie has arisen from the position of plowboy to that of controlling more cattle than any other man in the world, and his example can furnish only encouragement and inspiration to young men who will study his career. 138 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A PREACHER OF PORK 50. The pre-eminent producer of barrows at the International Livestock Exposition has been the firm of John Francis & Son, New Lenox, 111. Their record in the showyard has never been equalled by other breeder, and as a measure of their ability, both in the selection of breeding animals and in the fitting and finish- ing of showyard types, the International grand championship on single barrows has fallen to their herd four times. The honors came at as widely separated intervals as 1909, 1912, 1913 and 1916, while many ribbons within the Poland-China breed show were won in intervening years. Four purples were also secured on groups of three barrows, the 1910, 1912, 1913 and 1916 Internationals furnishing the occasions. Champion- ship on carcasses was captured at the 1906, 1908, 1909 and 1912 Internationals. Mr. John R. Francis, the founder of the firm, was born Jan- uary 8, 1843, near New Lenox, 111. His education was received in the rural schools of Illinois, and he began the breeding of Poland-China swine in 1872. In 1894 he was elected sheriff of Will Co., and succeeded during this period in obtaining title to much land, due to the foreclosure of mortgages resultant from the business reverses of those years. He managed to reap a very tidy profit, and to become quite a financial influence in his county. In 1898 he retired from political office and spent his remaining years in improving his Poland-China stocks. Mr. Francis was equally successful with the small, middle and large types of Poland-China, and won honors in the showring with each kind. Most of his winnings were obtained upon the so- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 139 called middle type, however, and he became interested in the big boned kind only during his very last years. Mr. Francis' greatest service to husbandry lay in the adver- tising he gave the Poland-China breed as a result of his show- ring record. Until he entered the lists, no breed of swine had been able successfully to compete with the Berkshire, and he did much to put the Poland-China on its feet, from the stand- point of the showyard and block. The work he began so suc- cessfully is now being carried forward by his son, Howard Francis, as his death occurred March 28, 1913. 140 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY FINANCIAL BACKER OF THE OLD CATTLE KINGS 51. One of the most active commission men .during the boom days of the cattle range, and one of the broadest financiers of the Wyoming and Montana operators was Joseph Rosenbaum of the firm of Rosenbaum Bros. & Co. Mr. Rosenbaum was born at Schwabach, Bavaria, April 1, 1838, and came to America with his brother, Morris, in 1850. His father had preceded them and had established a business at Dubuque, Iowa. When twenty years of age, in partnership with his brother, he estab- lished a general store at Cedar Falls, Iowa, but in June, 1862, enlisted in Company B of the 31st Iowa infantry. He served until the close of the war, and on his discharge engaged in the handling of livestock and grain at Waverly, Iowa, shipping to the Chicago market. In connection with this work the brothers established in 1867 the State Bank of Waverly and the State Bank of Nashua, some thirty miles to the north of Waverly. Morris Rosenbaum was cashier of the Nashua branch and Joseph Rosenbaum was cashier of the Waverly institution. In 1874 their interests were disposed of to other parties, and the two brothers established in Chicago the livestock commission firm of Rosenbaum Bros., later incorporated as Rosenbaum Bros. & Co. Joseph Rosenbaum was president of both organi- zations and was later president of two branch subsidiary com- panies which he organized, the Livestock Commission Company and the J. Rosenbaum Grain Co. In his later years Mr. Rosen- baum became an extensive operator on the Board of Trade. In the brightest years of the range cattle industry, Mr. Rosen- baum loaned enormous sums to a number of the Montana cattle men. In the spring and summer of 1886 he had in the vicinity of one million dollars tied up in the herds of a number of Montana operators, the best known being Conrad Kohrs (53). The severe winter wreaked havoc with these men, Mr. Kohrs losing approximately 32,000 out of 35,000 animals. As spring J( »SEPH R< iSENBAUM OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 141 opened up Mr. Rosenbaum proceeded to Helena where he called the group of debtors together. Most of the men were certain that he had come out only to seize the remainder of their broken property, and were utterly unable to understand him when he asked them how much money they would want. Yet when their difficulties finally were crystallized into an appreciable form, Mr. Rosenbaum loaned them an additional million, and ultimately received full payment for the entire debt. Some years ago when he faced ruin on the Exchange, a friend made a special trip to Helena, called together the men who had so thoroughly benefited from Mr. Rosenbaum's faith a quarter century previ- ous, and secured from them a loan of well above a million dollars, that not only staved off ruin for Mr. Rosenbaum, but made it possible for him to reap a large profit. His death occurred May 22, 1919, at Pasadena, California. 142 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE ROUNDUP ON BEAR CREEK 52. This landscape showing the "Roundup" on the ranch of the Pioneer Cattle Co. in the Bear Creek Valley, Dawson Co., Mont., was presented by Mr. Kohrs (53) upon the occasion of completing fifty years of ranching in Montana, in 1913. A PATRIARCH OF THE NORTHWEST RANGE 53. The grand old man of northwestern cattle progress and prosperity was Conrad Kohrs, president of the Pioneer Cattle Co. of Montana. Mr. Kohrs was one of the leaders in the introduction of the Hereford to the northwest range and wielded an enormous influence in placing beef production on a firm financial foundation. He was born in 1835 in Schleswig-Hol- stein, and came to America about 1850. He first settled in Iowa but in 1863 went west to rise to prominence during the early days of the cattle boom. His original cattle were improved by the use of Shorthorn bulls but with the coming of the Here- fords, he became a firm believer in the use of the Hereford top cross. His original selection of Herefords comprised seven head, secured from the Swan Land & Cattle Co., in 1884. His herd at this time was one of the best groups of non-pedigree Shorthorns to be found in the west. These were accumulated on his Sun River Range and descended from good cattle he had picked up along the old California and Oregon trails. They were first maintained in Deer Lodge Valley but due to the shortness of the pasture, he was obliged to move them in 1878 into the Sun River country. In 1879 he branded 4,900 cattle on this ranch. When the Herefords were introduced, Mr. Kohrs retained the best cross-bred bull calves for breeding purposes, while the first cross steers gave him great satisfaction. The cattle were earlier maturing than any he had previously had, and he found c< >NRAD K< »HRS OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 143 less difficulty in shrinkage and waste during the long ship to Chicago. When he first started marketing, he was forced to drive from Montana down to Laramie City or Cheyenne on the Union Pacific, a distance too great to permit their delivery in good condition and at a satisfactory price in Chicago. The construction of the Northern Pacific across Montana induced Mr. Kohrs to move his cattle to Tongue River, some 150 miles south of Miles City. He made his first Chicago shipment in 1882, consisting of 400 four-year-old Shorthorn steers. The cattle were a long time on the road and suffered from a heavy shrink but they weighed 1,585 pounds at Chicago and brought the top price for range cattle, $5.85. Later in the year he shipped 700 three-year-olds, of mixed breeding, that averaged 1,365 pounds, but received $5.85 for these as well. The severe season of 1886-1887 practically ruined Mr. Kohrs. His herd was reduced over 90 percent by death from the cold and starvation. Financial help at this time from Joseph Rosen- baum (51) of Chicago enabled him to pull through, however, and in the 90's Mr. Kohrs was able to purchase the entire pure- bred herd of the Childs' estate, a good lot of cattle descended from the stock of Adams Earl. About this time, Mr. Kohrs' son-in-law, Hon. John M. Boardman, became associated in the management of the Pioneer Cattle Co. and took charge of the breeding of these Herefords. Due to a dispute between the herdsman and the administrator of the Childs' estate, the pedi- grees for the cattle were not secured, and the animals were therefore bred as a non-pedigree herd, with registered bulls con- stantly in service. This herd usually numbered about 300 head, while a purebred Shorthorn herd numbering 700 head was also 144 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY maintained. During the later years of feeding, only cross-bred Hereford-Shorthorn steers were produced, Mr. Kohrs believing firmly in the first cross for feeding purposes. These cross- breds were obtained by using Hereford bulls on cows of the Shorthorn foundation. About 1910 Mr. Boardman became gen- eral manager of the C-K ranch, and Mr. Kohrs curtailed slightly his operations. His death occurred in June, 1920, but he still lives rich in memories and inspiration to the veteran cattleman and stock owner. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 145 A BELOVED TEUTON 54. One of the rare souls found among the commission men during the early days of the development of the commission business at the Yards was Louis Keefer. He was born July 1, 1844, in Mannheim, Hesse-Darmstadt, Germany, and came to America as a boy of fourteen. His only education was received in the German schools as almost upon his arrival in Pennsyl- vania, he began trading, first from a pack on his back and later in livestock. His original location was in Allegheny, but in 1863 he proceeded to Pittsburg, and began buying stock throughout eastern Ohio to ship to the Pittsburg market. In 1873 he came west to Chicago, and entered into partnership with Levi B. Doud in the commission firm of Doud & Keefer. Shipment of live cattle and sheep to England was coming into, its own at that time, and the young firm became one of the largest exporters. Their various interests grew so that in the early nineties they were buying more cattle than any single packer operating on the Chicago market. Mr. Keefer became a large farm owner in his later years, having one holding at Oregon, 111., and another in Mason Co., 111., along the Sanga- mon river. He fed cattle extensively at various distilleries, particularly at Pekin and Peoria, handling as many as 10,000 to 12,000 head a year. He married in 1869 and was the father of nine children, seven of whom are living. He was succeeded in his business by his sons, Edward T. Keefer and Arthur Keefer. Mr. Louis Keefer died Aug. 19, 1916. He was a kindly man of the quiet affectionate disposition that loved everyone and instinctively forced everyone to love him. 146 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Charitable to a high degree, every worthy cause presented to him enlisted his support. More perfectly than any modern, he represented the type of German that our prewar literature ideal- ized, the kind that was absolutely incompatible with the deeds of the early war. His optimism, his good nature, and his cheery example made his death particularly touching to his friends and business associates. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 147 A BERKSHIRE BARON 55. The development of swine interests at the International Livestock Show laid almost exclusively during the first seventeen exhibitions in the hands of Mr. Andrew J. Lovejoy, charter member of the International Association and one time president. He was born December 5, 1844, and reared on River- side Farm, flanking the little Rock River, near Roscoe, 111. Of robust frame, he spent his early years on the farm and assisted his father in the agricultural operations then customary in Winnebago. When twenty-one years of age, he went to Chicago where he obtained employment as a driver of a notion wagon. This outfit soon developed into a huge four horse truck from which he did a prosperous business across northern Illinois. While on the road he found plenty of opportunity to think about farming and rural problems, so when he became connected with a wholesale drygoods concern in Chicago, he laid away from his savings the money with which to buy the family home. As he was possessed of a keen eye for those characteristics that denote strong breeding, he chose the Berkshire for his chief breed on the farm, and purchased a boar and sow as foundations, for $50. He advertised extensively and succeeded in developing breeding animals that justified the claims of his advertisements. In the early years of the International he made consistently strong shows, winning the grand championship in 1901 on his boar Combination. This winning gave him a reputation that attracted a numerous clientele of buyers to his farm. He was selected by showyard managers to judge swine, and breeders' and farmers' organizations chose him to address their meetings. He became a contributor to the farm journals and a valued lecturer before agricultural college students. In 1902 his annual auction developed an average of $107.75 per head, at that time the highest average ever attained by the breed. 148 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY In this same year, Mr. Lovejoy secured the boar Masterpiece, bred by Mr. Berry of Kansas, and made a strong show with him at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. He was sold for $2,500, a record price for a representative of the breed. In 1907 he sold one of his sons, Star Masterpiece, to Mr. W. S. Corsa at public auction for $5,500. Following the Lees and Longfellows of Mr. Gentry's breeding, the Masterpiece blood was the first great new contribution. Mr. Lovejoy was a member of the 48th General Assembly of Illinois, and under Governor Yates' administration, was State Game Warden for four years. He was appointed to the Illinois State Board of Agriculture at about the same period, a position which he retained until his death, November 19, 1919. From a local reputation, Mr. Lovejoy grew until he was known throughout the entire country. He was recognized and esteemed as a leader in his profession and his personal ability and breadth of acquaintance made him a notable figure among the swine growers of America. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 149 HEADS OF A CATTLE HOUSE 56-57. The firm of Ingwersen Bros., founded their business on a widespread acquaintance among the German settlers of eastern and central Iowa, gained in the pre-Civil War days. The two brothers were born at Hattstadt, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany; Henry C. (57) on May 2, 1829, and Charles H. (56) on July 19, 1836. The entire family came to America in 1852, settling in Clinton Co., Iowa, just west of the town of Clinton. As they grew into manhood they started in the farm- ing business together, feeding cattle and hogs, and buying live- stock on the side. In 1870 and 1871, Mr. C. H. Ingwersen was sheriff of Clinton Co., having previous to that time been a county supervisor. In 1872, some bad buys of livestock made it expedient for them to close out their Clinton interests, and they proceeded to Chicago where they started a straight commission business. In 1873 a permanent partnership was formed, which business was maintained until their retirement in 1901. During this time they had built up a clientele of consignors that gave them a most loyal annual support. In 1919 there still remained about a dozen of the original customers who shipped to them in 1872. An Iowa feeder by the name of Harrington not only has shipped to them or their successors every year, but in addition, has never shipped a carload of livestock elsewhere. About 7,000 carloads of livestock were handled annually by this firm at the height of its career. In 1895 they became financially interested in the Iowa Pack- ing Co., of Sabula, and later Clinton, Iowa. The earnings of the commission business were completely absorbed in order to maintain the packing interest and in 1900 they sold their stock in this venture. The following year the two brothers decided to retire, and their sons bought out their business and the busi- 150 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ness of Rosenbaum Bros. & Co., and have since conducted the two as one organization. Following retirement, Henry C. Ingwersen returned to his old home at Clinton, where he remained until his death in 1907. Charles Ingwersen, on the other hand, remained in Chicago, but on his death, which occurred in 1910, his body was taken to Lyons, a suburb of Clinton, for interment. The political affiliations of the two Ingwersens were always a matter of considerable interest to the commission men of Packingtown. When they first came to America they were staunch Republicans, but in the early 70's turned Democrats. However, they were again Republicans in 1896 and voted for McKinley, but in the following years turned to the Democratic ticket A fruitful cause for small wagers among the old timers was to bet on the party affiliations of the Ingwersens as each new election came up, and one friend good naturedly remarked that "it was unfortunate that they died before they could per- manently decide whether they were Democrats or Republicans." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 151 A MONARCH OF THE FEEDLOT 58. The most extensive maker of beef and mutton America has ever produced, was T. B. Hord of Central City, Nebr. His grasslands covered some 20,000 acres in the richest section of the Cornhusker state, and he annually marketed between 10,000 and 15,000 cattle, a similar number of sheep and over 10,000 hogs. Whole trainloads of Central City cattle were picked up on his switches, which lined the Union Pacific for many miles. Each of his eleven separate feeding stations turned out more livestock in a year than were finished by the average of the big Nebraska feeders. Mr. Hord was a daring operator, frequently being a heavy loser. More than once he faced financial disaster, but he never faltered. His maxim for pertinacity was, "A man is never whipped until he's whipped inside." This combined with his second maxim, never to "make the same mistake twice," made him almost invincible. T. B. Hord was born at Marion, Ohio, June 15, 1850, and after a life of gigantic achievements, suddenly nipped by paraly- sis, he was there interred following his demise in Minneapolis, December 15, 1910. The day before his death he had left Central City to seek a noted Northwest specialist on nervous disturbances and paralytic strokes. Mr. Hord afforded the greatest single market for grain and hay in the central west. Annually such enormous quantities as 10,000 tons of hay and 1,000,000 bushels of corn were fed in his yards. Of this amount only 5,000 tons of hay and 75,000 bushels of corn were produced by him and the remainder had to be purchased. His demands made a lucrative business for several grain dealers and elevator operators, but having become established, they made the mistake of trying to crowd prices on him too conceitedly, and he secured the capital, not only to buy them out, but to obtain a string of elevators all across Nebraska and Iowa on the main trunk lines. 152 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY The outdoor method of feeding was adopted by Mr. Hord as a permanent policy. His feed lots held from 200 to 300 cattle, being ten to fifteen acres in area. In the center of each lot was a house to shelter the swine that followed each group of steers, but the cattle themselves had only a wind break on the north and west, usually a board fence or a line of straw- stacks. Overflow water from the cattle tanks was piped to the hog troughs and great racks capable of handling a two days' supply of roughage were placed on the west side of the lots for additional shelter. Practically no summer feeding was done, and each spring, as a sanitary precaution, the lots were plowed, planted to corn and thoroughly tilled, to make them clean for the following feeding period. Only mature cattle were handled, Mr. Hord's ideal being the three-year-old. In order to make as certain of this as possible, no cattle were put in his lots that weighed under 1,000 pounds. On December 31, 1904, he had 18,000 such steers in his lots, with a few hundred additional that were under that weight which ran as stockers. Large numbers of plain steers were pur- chased at around three cents a pound, and he obtained a spread of three to three and a half cents in marketing. He began cut- ting his cattle when they had been on feed ninety days, market- ing those with sufficient flesh on them, and he cut again in 120 to 150 days, closing all out at six months. Yet his cattle always came to the market finished, he never believed in the warming- up process. So uniform was his product that whole trainloads run through to Chicago, were often sold on their reputation before they reached the market. Mr. Hord based his success in feeding operations on doing exactly the opposite of what the run of feeders did. If they bought and fed lightly, he would plunge heavily; when they indulged he abstained. He was a notable judge of men, picking highly trustworthy associates and employees. He believed in OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 153 the profit sharing plan for those who worked with him, and he frequently indulged his generous inclinations to an extent that embarrassed him considerably. He was extraordinarily abhor- rent of business controversies and made most liberal settlements. He donated large sums of money to the development of Central City, sharing the expense of all its improvements. At the Chi- cago market his affable approachability made him exceedingly popular. Mr. Hord left Nebraska immeasurably the richer for his residence there, his memory will long be green in the minds of those privileged to know and work with him. 154 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE SCOTCH DODDIE AND NO SURRENDER 59. Few breeders of today can realize the personal courage and integrity of purpose necessary among the promoters of the newer breeds of cattle, to stem the tide of popular opposition from the aggressive Shorthorn supporters of the earlier days. Even more difficult is it to understand the anathema attached to any man who at that time would depart from the Shorthorn fold to worship new idols. A man of such courage and clarity of purpose was Blanford R. Pierce of Creston, Illinois. Mr. Pierce was bred and reared on an Oneida county farm, his birth being March 11, 1832, at Groton, New York. In early life he and his brother learned to break and to show oxen at the county fairs. With the characteristic adaptability of the men of his day, when he came to Illinois in 1857 he taught school near his farm in the winter and did carpenter work in the summer. From this humble beginning he became a buyer and shipper of grain and livestock to Chicago, and at the time of the big Chicago fire suffered severe monetary loss from the burning of many carloads of corn and wheat. In keeping with the practice of many another Illinois pioneer, he early adopted a policy of land extension, and little by little acquired the acreage that now makes up Woodlawn Farm. Mr. Pierce was a typical livestock farmer; he left the land richer than he found it, and he turned to all classes of livestock to obtain his results. He was very successful with the horses and hogs, but was not a proponent of dairying. He never kept but one milk cow, and family tradition records that one to be so excellent that its full span of years were spent on Woodlawn farm. Until 1881 Mr. Pierce was a breeder of Shorthorns, but in this year he switched his allegiance to the then little known breed of Aberdeen-Angus. He sought many of the recent impor- tations, and purchased about two carloads in Canada from the Cochrane and Mossom Boyd herds. His great ambition was B. R. PIERCE OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 155 to get the best bulls of the breed, regardless of price, and these he obtained as fast as the opportunities arose. Prominent in his pedigrees appear the names of Wellington, Moon Eclipser, and Prince Ito, the latter purchased at $9,100. From these great sires and their descendants his success was easy, and in 1898 he formed a partnership with his son which lasted a period of eight years. In 1893 Mr. Pierce had moved to Chicago and Woodlawn had participated actively in the Columbian show. When the new International Livestock Show was conceived, Mr. Pierce was one of the first and most ambitious of its supporters. In every way possible he backed the undertaking, by taking out his life membership in the International association, by pre- paring a show herd himself, and by encouraging his friends in the most optimistic terms to support it. While the show plans were still embryonic he was asked by Mrs. Goodall, then editor of the Drovers Journal, to what cause she should devote the beautiful loving cup her paper was offering. With his eye to the ultimate market demand, he quickly told her to offer it for the champion steer. Little did he suspect at the time that his own steer Advance would be the winner of this trophy, and he was hectored good naturedly about it for several years there- after. In 1906 the dispersion sale of Woodlawn herd was held to permit the settlement of the partnership. The success was phe- nomenal and when the checks were drawn, Mr. Pierce pro- nounced his breeding venture by all odds both the pleasantest and most profitable eight years of his life. As a judge of beef cattle, particularly Aberdeen-Angus, Mr. Pierce was without peer. He excelled in the selection of "diamonds in the rough" and more than once surprised his son by telling of the prices paid for a particular load of cattle. His judgment in the case of Blackbird 13th was particularly striking, and when her first 156 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY three sons, Black King of Woodlawn, Woodlawn, and Black Woodlawn, won breed championships, one could appreciate his uncanny sagacity in female selection. Similarly he bought the unfinished Blackbird Lassie, dam of the 1899 Trans-Mississippi champion, Lord Woodlawn, while the grand-dam of his cham- pion steer, Advance, was obtained in the roughest of condition. Woodlawn cattle exerted a powerful influence on Mississippi Valley herds, and Mr. Pierce's contribution and foresight in emphasizing the block test did much to carry the Aberdeen- Angus to its present stage of popularity. His death occurred in Chicago, March 29, 1909. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 157 A FOUNDER OF HEREFORD FORTUNES 60. High upon the roll of those superlative men who assumed the task of upbuilding American agriculture following the Civil War is written the name of William S. Van Natta. The prac- tical genius, the creative power, and the zest for good blood which characterized this Hereford pioneer made him stand in the foremost rank of that coterie of devoted men who fought the burdensome battles for breed recognition in the 80's and early 90's. Mr. Van Natta loved good cattle, the producer's kind. The low legs, broad breasts and wealth of flesh of the earliest white faces so caught his fancy that following the Phila- delphia Centennial he abandoned his old friends, the Dukes and Duchesses, and carried the Hereford standard till his own step faltered. During his thirty odd years of allegiance he con- tributed of his energy and finances to the fullest, with a tena- cious pluck and a rugged honesty that brooked no adversity. William S. Van Natta was prairie-bred, first seeing the greens of Indiana blue grass from a log cabin window, Sep- tember 27, 1830. His childhood earned him a perfect self- reliance, and he grew up in the atmosphere of the stocker range and feeder pen. In his earlier manhood he made a number of trips into the Panhandle and the old "Texas long-horn" country, and there gained an appreciation of western problems that made him an invaluable contributor to the animals destined to domi- nate the short grass areas. In the fall of 1876 he entered partnership with a banker, Moses W. Fowler, La Fayette, Ind., and secured in New Mexico a shipment of 1,500 steers for Mr. Fowler's 25,000 acre farm in Benton Co. From handling them he became impressed with the necessity for early maturity and quick finish in the face of rising feed stuff prices. In 1878 he purchased a Hereford bull from Robert Sample and the following year about thirty young cows and heifers from T. L. Miller. One of these was Viola, 158 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY his first winning show cow, and the dam of his champion Viola 4th, while another was Princess, dam of his immortal Fowler. During 1879 he also imported a few cows and a bull in con- nection with Earl & Stewart. The bull proved unsatisfactory so he journeyed to Maine to secure Burleigh & Bodwell's Tregrehan, the foundation of Mr. Van Natta's success. In 1886 he participated in the famous "white-face invasion" of Kentucky with Tregrehan's son Fowler, out of his original Prin- cess, as head of the herd. Fowler was an extremely well bal- anced animal and had an exceptional show career. His blood proved a powerful factor in the upbuilding of Mr. Van Natta's herds and was doubled back and forth in numerous pedigrees. The Van Natta triumph came at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition where his aged bull, Prime Lad, and his aged cow, Lorna Doone, both won championships. His closing years saw a similar pair of champions, from Prime Lad's loins, sweep the circuits of 1908 and 1909, Prime Lad 9th and Margaret. His death occurred May 26, 1911. Mr. Sanders (12) pays tribute to the dogged persistency of Mr. Van Natta during the days of the inter-breed conflicts bv a fitting comparison to General Grant. "Wm. S. Van Natta became convinced in the early 70's that the 'white faces' were the best beef cattle of the day, and in their cause he enlisted, not for 'ninety days,' but 'for the war'; and upon that line he fought it out to a finish that not only brought fame to himself, but honor to the Hereford name." \Y. S. VAX N'ATTA OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 159 A HEREFORD SHOWYARD GENERAL 61. Almost the sole survivor of that earnest hard working band that carried the standard of the Hereford to recognition and victory in the bitter breed battles of the 80's and early 90's, is Thomas Clark. Mr. Clark was born at Didley, Hereford- shire, August 28, 1842, and from the time he could take his first steps, was intimately connected with the creation and prog- ress of the whitefaced breed. His father had also been identi-< fied with Herefords, and his grandfather, Walter Clark, was one of the pioneer improvers of over a century ago, breeding his cow stock himself, and securing his sires from the elder Tompkins, Galliers and Hewer. Thomas Clark came to America in 1866, possessed only of the parcel that he carried. He landed in New York, and pro- ceeded to a farm in Ohio where he worked for about ten weeks. He then obtained a position with a Cleveland butcher by the name of Probert, with whom he worked for three years. Fol- lowing this, he began butchering for himself at Elyria, Ohio, conducting farming operations at the same time. After two years, however, he found it difficult to make the interests of the two businesses coincide, hence he abandoned his dressed beef trade. He secured his first Herefords in 1869, three imported cows, well advanced in calf that were brought over by Humphrey & Aston. A few months later he went to Guelph, Canada, where he secured a bull called Sir Arthur from F. W. Stone. In 1877 he came to Illinois where he located at Beecher, in the neighborhood of Mr. T. L. Miller, already a Hereford pioneer. Mr. Clark drove across the country with him his little band of purebreds which at that time numbered about twenty-five. Three years later in partnership with Mr. Miller, he shipped two carloads of Herefords west to Cheyenne in order to introduce them to the range. The work was of a distinct pioneer nature, and the cattlemen were either doubtful or skep- 160 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY tical. It required two years to sell them, the bulk of them going to the Swan Land & Cattle Co. This shipment, however, broke the ice and in later years Mr. Clark shipped large numbers of purebred bulls into the Cheyenne and Montana districts. Later he went after the southwestern trade and sold many animals into Kansas, the Panhandle and New Mexico. His showyard record began in 1869 in Ohio and Pennsyl- vania. In 1876 he showed his herd at the Michigan State Fair, meeting all the good Canadian Shorthorns. Under the adjudi- cation of John Miller (114) he received first prize on his herd over all competition. His first show in Illinois was the county fair at Freeport in 1877. At this time his herd only numbered about twenty-five head, but he husbanded its resources care- fully, until at the heighth of his operations, he possessed about 150 purebred animals. His last year in the showring with any considerable number of animals was 1902, although at intervals since then he has shown one or two individuals. Mr. Clark was the first man to sell a Hereford bull at public auction, to realize as large a sum as $9,000. This was secured for the bull Perfection, shortly after he won at the 1901 International. In August, 1877, the American Hereford Herd Book was established under the direction of Mr. T. L. Miller, at Beecher, 111. Thomas Clark contributed liberally of his time and infor- mation to the production of Volume I, and on its publication in 1880 succeeded personally in attracting new breeders to the Hereford standard. About this time breeders of Herefords declared war to the knife on the Shorthorns, and made exten- sive and organized plans to clean up the championships at the Lake Front Show. Numbers of breeders made enthusiastic prom- ises to steer a large number of their best bull calves, following Mr. Clark's admonition that the "gentlemen would do well to bear in mind that if they wanted good steers they must alter good calves." In 1881 Mr. Clark imported for Earl & Stuart OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 161 the extraordinary two-year-old steer called Wabash. In 1882 this steer won the two-year-old championship, but was unable to go to the top of the show. As a breeder and promoter, few men have had a more vital influence on their chosen breed, or have lived to see as secure a success as Mr. Clark has achieved with and for the Hereford. From the start of the International, he has been prominent in cattle circles, both as an exhibitor and a director. Of recent years he has been one of the two super- intendents of the cattle department, paying particular attention to steers and his own breed, and he has succeeded in making the steer contest without parallel in the world. 162 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY FROM BARNSTABLE BUTCHER TO WORLD MEAT MERCHANT 62. One of the pioneers of Packingtown was Gustavus Franklin Swift. Of English descent from the earliest Colonial times, Mr. Swift's birthplace was at West Sandwich, Mass., out on Cape Cod. He was born June 24, 1839, the grandson of Captain William Swift, a figure in both the Revolutionary war and the war of 1812. Through his mother he traced to Elder William Brewster of the original Plymouth colony, and to Thomas Prince, second Governor of Massachusetts. Mr. Swift came of a large family, eight boys and four girls, and early decided to relieve the home pressure by taking up an occupa- tion other than the parental one. He took the step which con- trolled the trend of his later years by obtaining employment with the town butcher of Sandwich. After mastering the details of the business, he opened a retail butcher shop at Barnstable, Mass., in 1862, and within a few months established a small slaughter house. His success was such that in 1869 he went to Brighton, a suburb of Boston, at that time the principal live- stock market in New England, and in 1872 formed a partner- ship with James A. Hathaway. The new firm prospered and the headquarters were moved to Albany, New York, Mr. Swift making regular visits to the Chicago and Buffalo cattle markets, where he was a large but conservative buyer. In 1875, Hatha- way and Swift transferred their operations to Chicago and embarked in the business of buying and shipping cattle. Two years later, Mr. Swift began to slaughter cattle at the Union Stockyards, and with the advent of cold weather, shipped his first dressed beef in ordinary box cars from Chicago to the eastern markets. The economy of this method so impressed him that he began to experiment with a refrigerator on wheels, recognizing its possibilities in the opening of new and expan- sive markets. After considerable pioneer work that drew heav- ily on his limited capital, he sent the first car of perfectly GUSTAVUS FRANKLIN SWIFT OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 163 refrigerated dressed beef to New England, to arrive Thanks- giving morning, 1878. At this time the partnership with Mr. Hathaway was dissolved and his brother, Edwin C. Swift, came in with him to organize the firm of Swift Bros. & Co. The business of the new firm grew rapidly, its market extended throughout the entire United States and even to Europe. In 1885, the firm was incorporated under the name of SwiFT & Company, with a capital stock of $300,000 and Mr. Swift was made president. At the time of the incorporation the company employed some 1,600 men, but under his management it grew until approximately 40,000 were employed at the time of his death in 1903. Today the principal plants of Swift & Company, in eleven large cities occupy nearly 318 acres, and the total num- bers of employees exceeds 60,000. The capital stock has increased to $150,000,000 and the distributed sales for 1918 were above one and one-fifth billions. Mr. Swift made several trips to England to overcome the prejudice against western dressed beef, a prejudice that was partially mitigated by the disease dangers in the influx of live cattle. The new master of the packing trade kept in close touch with the branch houses of his business, and was familiar with prac- tically every detail. He was a firm believer in quality and con- stantly endeavored to produce the best in all his various prod- ucts. He was quick to take advantage of any new idea that could be applied to his business and continually studied scien- tific methods of utilizing wastes and developing byproducts. Economy in operation and the development of mechanical refrigeration were the two principal factors contributing to Swift & Company's success. Mr. Swift became heavily inter- terested in many other firms and corporations in all parts of the United States, and took an active part in numerous public and benevolent activities within Chicago. He was the father of eleven children and was succeeded by his sons, Louis F. Swift as President, and Edward F. Swift as Vice President of the company. 164 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A GENIUS OF MARKET ORGANIZATION 63. Edward Tilden, packer and banker, was born at Utica, N. Y., June 17, 1855. While still a babe his family moved to Wisconsin and his public school education was received at Del- avan. His introduction to business occurred in the same town, where he became a clerk and bookkeeper in a general store. He then spent two years in Toronto, Canada, but when he had acquired facility in bookkeeping he was offered a position with Brintnall, Lamb & Co., wholesale hardware dealers of Chicago. As his acquaintanceship widened, his opportunities multiplied, and in 1883 he became general bookkeeper and five years later assistant cashier of the Drovers National Bank at the Stock- yards. From here he proceeded in 1897 to Libby, McNeil & Libby, to become treasurer of their packing industry. In 1903 he was made president and director of this company, a position he retained until his death, February 5, 1915. He was appointed as executor of the Gustavus F. Swift estate in 1903, and was also made treasurer of the newly organized National Packing Co. Two years later he was made its president, which office he retained until its dissolution. About 1900 he acquired an interest in the St. Louis Stock Yards Co., and was made a director. About the same time he was elected treasurer and director of the Sioux City Stock Yards Co., and in 1907 he was made president of the Denver Stock Yards Co., a position he held until 1915. Mr. Tilden main- tained a large farm at his boyhood home and frequently enter- tained the employees of the packing plant there. On one occa- sion he furnished entertainment for 7,000. For several years he was very active in politics and was a member of the Chicago School Board from 1900 to 1906, being its president the last year. He was school treasurer for Hyde Park and Lake for several years prior to its annexation to OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 165 Chicago. He was a commissioner of the South Park Board from 1910 until the date of his death. In 1883 he first organized the firm of Edward Tilden & Co., as investment bankers, and from that time on was more or less interested in the banking business of Chicago and other cities. He was a large stockholder in the Fort Dearborn National Bank and the Drovers National Bank of Chicago, and was extensively interested in many other industries of that city. He was a director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. Mr. Tilden exercised a very broad financial and political influence throughout the Central West, but his greatest achieve- ment was the upbuilding and development of the Libby, McNeil & Libby plant. He was largely responsible for the variety of its products, and on several occasions saved the company from overthrow and disintegration by bits of bold business judgment and strong financiering. His death in 1915 was a great loss to the packing and business interests of Chicago. 166 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE PIONEER OF PACKINGTOWN 65. The first packing business in Chicago was operated by the firm of Burt, Hutchinson & Snow, located on Rhodes St., near Archer Avenue. Its facilities were relatively primitive in the light of those used at the present day, but on its foundations was builded a firm, the Chicago Packing & Provision Co., that at one time was the largest in America. The genius behind the organization of Burt, Hutchinson & Snow, was Benjamin Peters Hutchinson. Mr. Hutchinson was born at Reading, Mass., February 24, 1829. His early education was received in the New England Public Schools and upon completion of his course he engaged for a time in the shoe business at Lynn, Mass. In 1853 he came to Chicago, but not finding the exact opportunities he desired, he proceeded to Milwaukee. In 1858 he returned to Chicago, entering the grain business, and within a few months partici- pated with Messrs. Burt & Snow in organizing the packing business previously mentioned. Upon the establishment of the Union Stockyards the firm took its business there, and estab- lished the first packing house at the Yards. In 1872 the partner- ship was dissolved, and the Chicago Packing & Provision Co. formed from it. This continued in business until 1885. In 1870 Mr. Hutchinson founded the Corn Exchange National Bank, which early developed into a thriving institu- tion. Aside from his banking and packing interests he con- ducted a large business on the Board of Trade, where he had a notable career both as a speculator and as a shipper of grain. His death occurred in Chicago, March 16, 1899. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 167 THE FOUNDER OF THE YARDS 66. The real originator of the Union Stock Yards as far as practical achievement is concerned was John Sherman. From its inception he was identified with this industry and was elected its president in 1866, a position he occupied until succeeded by Mr. John A. Spoor in 1897. During these years the vast interests of the Union Stock Yard & Transit Co. were almost entirely in his hands, and so competent were his efforts and so popular his personality, that on his retirement a bust (142) was presented the Club by the commission men and others more or less intimately associated with him during his tenure of office. He was born on a farm near Beeckman, Dutchess Co., New York, in January, 1835. His early education was almost meagre, as he alternated his hours in public school with a posi- tion as clerk in a country store. When the California gold rush of 1849 occurred, he joine-d one of the New York parties and was among the fortunate ones to fill his pockets with gold. As he had married previous to going west, his stay there was not long, and he returned at the earliest opportunity to New York. His trip across the country had convinced him of the great agri- cultural opportunities of the middle west, and shortly after his return he removed with his family to Illinois. He bought a farm a short distance out of Chicago, growing corn and feeding livestock for several years. About 1856 he came to Chicago, and was appointed to the management of the stockyard operated by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and also the Merrick Yards on Michigan Avenue. At this time each railroad maintained its own market and the advantages of a centralized institution had not yet been realized. In the early 60's Mr. S. W. Allerton (67) and other Chicago financiers had pointed out the necessity for a constant Chicago market, and Mr. Sherman in company with Mr. Led yard, then president of the Michigan Central Railroad at Detroit, pur- 168 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY chased the 320 acres that were the original site of the Union Stockyard, and induced the other railroads to combine for its utilization. After organizing its activities to the widest degree, Mr. Sherman returned to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., with his family, where he remained for a period of about two years. The devel- opment of the stockyards, however, required his return, and he came back as general superintendent, and later president of the Yards. In 1897 he resigned, but maintained his interest as a director until his death, February 25, 1902. The growth of the Yards was phenomenal and by the early 80's from 8,000 to 10,000 cattle a day were handled. This made it the largest market in the world at the time, a prestige that has been main- tained until the present day. A large debt is owed by the public to Mr. Sherman for the thoroughness and foresight of his organ- ization. J< Hl\ SHERMAN OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 169 A GIANT OF ILLINOIS' AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES 67. Samuel Waters Allerton Jr., was one of the pioneers in the livestock industry of Chicago. He was a strong buyer of livestock in the days previous to the general market in Chi- cago, and shipped large numbers of animals to the east, to New York and Boston. Mr. Allerton published in the Chicago Tribune the first letter in favor of organizing the Union Stock Yards and by his efforts in founding the First National Bank and in developing the world's greatest livestock market, did much toward making Chicago the financial center of the west. Samuel W. Allerton Jr., was born May 26, 1828, at Amenia, Dutchess Co., New York, the youngest of nine children. At seven years of age due to the destructive tariff measures of the 30's, his father was forced into bankruptcy, and at twelve he was required to commence work for himself. In 1842 the entire family removed to Yates Co., New York, where a farm was rented. Young Samuel worked with his father until they saved sufficient money to buy a farm in Wayne Co. He then with his brother Henry, rented a farm from which they made a profit of SI, 500. They forthwith bought a small acreage jointly near Newark, for $4,500, paying the $1,500 profit down. His brother went to work on this farm while he rented another, and at the end of three years he had saved $3,200. He then returned to Newark where he worked with his brothers and traded in live- stock in a small way. Upon taking his purchases to New York and Albany he discovered that he knew as much as the dealers he met, he therefore told his brother Henry, "I think my serv- ices are worth more than $9 a month, and as we now have the farm paid for, and $3,000 in money, you take the farm and I will take the money." His brother attempted to dissuade him, but seeing that he was intent on trying the livestock trade, he agreed to this settlement. Henry's parting advice to him was 170 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY to make a name and character for himself, thereby being sure to win. The first hundred cattle Mr. Allerton ever bought were sold in New York City where the Fifth Avenue Bank now stands. It was the worst market New York had known in ten years, and he lost $700. This almost discouraged him, but an elderly uncle who had been very successful, said to him, "Don't lose your courage, I never found but one dead sure thing, and that was hoeing corn at 50 cents a day. If you make money you must sometimes lose it, try again." Young Allerton then went to Erie. Rebellious women had burned the railroad bridges because the trains would not stop for dinner, making a break in the line. He bought 100 cattle, shipped them over the Erie to New York, encountered a great flood, and found the market consequently short. This netted him a profit of $3,000 and gave him new courage. He drifted to the west and for one year fed and raised cattle in Illinois. The panic incident on the failure of the Sturgis interests in Cincinnati, wiped out every- thing Mr. Allerton had. He became ill and concluded that there was something wrong with the western climate, so took an interest in his brother's store in Newark. This form of busi- ness seemed too petty to him after dealing on so much larger a scale, and the confinement made the western climate seem very desirable to him. He borrowed $5,000 and started for the west, proceeding directly to Fulton Co., where he traded a little, and renewed his acquaintance with Miss Pamilla W. Thompson, daughter of A. C. Thompson, a big cattleman located in that county. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, and four months later they were married. Believing that Chicago was the only place "where the world turned around every twenty-four hours," he commenced in a conservative way to buy and sell stock. At this period the only general market in Chicago was held in the winter, the remainder OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 171 of the year all livestock being shipped to the East. A severe break occurred in the Chicago cattle demand about this time, and Mr. Allerton saw a favorable opportunity to buy. Through the good influences of a Mr. Toby, he succeeded in arranging for a sight draft with George Smith's bank. Mr. Allerton thereupon went to the stockyards and bought all the hogs on the market, preparing a draft for $80,000. This was too much for the bank, which refused to handle it, having expected something in the vicinity of $5,000 instead. After various ventures he succeeded in getting it discounted at a 1% rate by Aikens & Norton. The venture proved successful, and gave Mr. Allerton the financial security necessary to establish a permanent business. At the outbreak of the Civil War the financial situation in the north was rather strained. Congress had just passed the National Bank Act and had issued bonds to secure the circulation. Hither- to, the only paper currency had been the so-called red-dog and bob-tailed notes. Mr. Allerton broached the subject of a na- tional bank to Mr. Aikens, but the latter demurred because he feared he could not get stock taken. Nothing daunted, Mr. Allerton secured five other men that would take $10,000 each and thus the First National Bank of Chicago was founded. Ever since his permanent location in the west, Mr. Allerton had been accumulating farm lands, and by the opening of the new century, had acquired a total of about 19,000 acres in Illi- nois, in addition to some 21,000 acres in Iowa, Wisconsin and Kansas. As his financial independence grew he secured large holdings in gold mines, and aided in the financiering of the street railways in pioneer Chicago. Throughout all his activities, how- ever, he maintained his chief interest in the livestock trade, con- tinuing to ship to New York, New England and Britain. Mr. Allerton was a staunch republican in politics, and a firm supporter of a strong tariff. He lent active support to all 172 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY constructive financial legislation, believing the American finan- cial system should be as sound as the Bank of England. Mr. Allerton provided large benefactions for public schools, colleges and hospitals, and interested himself in the promotion of num- erous industries of a public nature. He ran for mayor of Chicago against Carter H. Harrison, and carried the north division of the city and the better residential wards, but was beaten by politi- cal manipulations in the organized districts. He died February 22, 1914, at his winter home in South Pasadena, Cal. Mr. Allerton's advice to young men seeking a start in agri- culture was: "Hire out to some farmer by the year for $250 and board; save $200 of it and deposit it in a good bank until you can invest it safely. Keep on until you have saved $1,500 and then rent a farm. You will have a character and a credit and will have no trouble renting a farm. Then with good health nothing can prevent you from becoming a farm owner. Get married when you have enough to start in life." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 173 THE FOUNDER OF ELMENDORF 68. Kentucky from earliest times has been the home of magni- ficent breeding establishments. The story of Woodburn Farm (82) has been told for years, but its rival in variety of livestock and quality of breeds did not exist until Elmendorf estate, lo- cated near Lexington, Kentucky, was founded. Elmendorf was the property of the venerable James B. Haggin, a man who lived almost to his 94th birthday, and who participated actively in some of the most notable events of the last century. Mr. Hacgin was a "forty-niner," having begun the practice of law in Califor- nia, but he soon turned to mining interests and in company with Senator Hearst and Marcus Daly he achieved international fame and vast fortune. As a breeder of Thoroughbreds and trot- ters, Mr. Haggin's name has been foremost for years, but he touched agriculture most intimately during his later life, when he collected his famous herds of Shropshires, Shorthorns, Jerseys and Berkshires. With fine spirit he placed the entire estate at the disposal of the Kentucky Agricultural College for demonstra- tion and instructional purposes, making thereby an unprecedented contribution to agricultural education. Mr. Haggin carried his activities into his most advanced years and maintained keenest personal interest in Elmendorf to the end, constantly expanding its operations. He ranks among the strong- est and most rugged characters in our national life. He was born in Harrodsburg, Ky., December 9, 1820 and died at his home at Newport, R. I., September 12, 1914. He was a grandson of pioneers who came to Virginia in 1775, but who proceeded immediately to the little settlement in the vicinity of the fort at Harrodsburg, Mercer Co., Ky. This pioneer Haggin was a staunch friend and boon companion of the redoubtable Simon Kenton, and both became famous for their prowess as hunters and Indian fighters. Mr. Haggin's education was for the legal profession, his common school work being received at 174 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Frankfort and Louisville, Ky. In connection with his practice as an attorney he did an extensive real estate business, taking up valuable lands and mining claims. With Lloyd Tevis and others, he was joint owner of the Home Stake Mine in the Black Hills, one of the richest and most widely known properties in the world. For many years Mr. Haggin was a figure in the agricultural and financial affairs of California. He purchased the Rancho del Paso of about forty thousand acres, and here collected the very best blood obtainable in Thoroughbred horses. Each year he sent valuable shipments east for public sale in Kentucky and at Madison Square Garden. In 1897 Mr. Haggin married Miss Pearl Voorhies, of Versailles, Ky., and shortly thereafter made the purchase of the land on which he founded his Elmendorf estate. This finally included some 9,000 acres in the fertile coun- ties of Fayette, Scott and Bourbon. Mr. Haggin made extensive improvements on the farm and then transferred his California Thoroughbreds to the blue grass section. In the fall of 1906, he founded his Shorthorn herd, securing in 1907 the redoubtable Whitehall Marshall (138) for its head. About this time he made several importations of Welsh ponies, Shire and Suffolk horses, and Shropshire sheep. His Berkshires were also acquired then, and he developed one of the very strong- est herds of swine in the country. In 1908 as a result of his advocacy for clean milk, he estab- lished a certified dairy plant at Elmendorf, and laid the founda- tions for a great dairy herd, buying and importing Jerseys at a great cost, and also securing Guernseys, Kerries, Dexter Kerries, and Milking Shorthorns. His milking herd ultimately included some 1,400 animals, of which more than half were Jerseys. His famous bull, Noble of Oaklands, has been the source of more showyard winners and high test cows than any bull of the breed in recent years. The dairy barn was built of native limestone, a southwestern type of architecture being used, and the roofs were OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 175 made of red Spanish tile. Rigid sanitary measures were enforced throughout. Mr. Hacgin was often referred to as eccentric and a man of mystery, but those who were near enough to him to know his great worth, his generosity and kindness of heart, his gentle courtliness of manner, believed differently. He was the benefactor of Ken- tucky and the South, and gave much to his generation. 176 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY HEAD OF THE HOUSE OF ARMOUR 69. On the death of P. D. Armour in 1901, the responsibility for the great business of Armour and Company fell upon his eldest son, J. Ogden Armour. Mr. Armour possesses in high de- gree the masterly characteristics of his father, and with quieter methods he has secured as firm a grasp on the business as was held by his paternal predecessor. Mr. Armour was born in Milwaukee, Wis., November 11, 1863, but came to Chicago in 1875 with his family. He was educated at Harvard school, Chicago, and entered Yale college in 1880. Owing to his father's desire to give him early training and experi- ence in the business of the firm, he sacrificed his final college year, and returned to Chicago for duty in 1883. His apprentice- ship began at once, and after serving a year in subordinate posi- tions, he became a partner. He early showed the necessary energv and close attention required by his father and advanced steadily in leadership. Since his accession to the business in 1901, the annual gross income has grown from $182,000,000 a year to $1,065,000,000 in 1919. The company activities were greatly developed and ex- tended by original and modern means. Economy and business efficiency were applied both to manufacture and distribution, enabling lower prices to the public and higher values to the pro- ducers. His work has been essentially that of development and he has built numerous plants in the near vicinity of the livestock producing regions in order to eliminate the necessity of long live- stock shipments. Today he operates at logical points some fifteen plants in the United States and in addition has several in Canada and South America. Under his guidance the number of branch houses distributing Armour products has reached over four hundred, while the refrigerator and tank service in 1918 totalled 5,435 cars. He has succeeded in increasing the utilization of byproducts; has paid great attention to educational and informa- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 177 tive work among both producers and consumers, and has devel- oped and improved the working conditions and community inter- ests in all his plants. Hs was early interested in agricultural edu- cation, and founded a series of scholarships, known as the Armour Scholarships, which were competed for annually at the Interna- tional by the different colleges. Their award to each institution was based on the excellence of showing of each, in the student's judging contest and the show of college livestock. Mr. Armour has always followed a sane financial policy as head of the Company and each year has put back into the business about 90 percent of the profits. He played an important part in engineering the changes necessary to produce a steady livestock market every day in the week, thereby giving the packing house employes constant and steady work, and overcoming the earlier tendency to spasmodic and unsystematic periods of employment. He has contributed generously to his father's philanthropies, espe- cially the Armour Institute, giving the latter sums far in excess of the liberal amounts originally provided by his father. 178 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A MASTER OF MEN AND MEASURES 70. Foremost among the philanthropists and men of big busi- ness in the closing years of the last century in Chicago, occurs the name of Philip Danforth Armour, founder of Armour and Company, and the Armour Institute. He was born May 16, 1832, at Stockbridge, New York, a farmer descended from a race of Scottish farmers. When the rush for gold in California reached its highest mark, he had reached the age of nineteen. Stories of fabulous wealth obtained by this or that adventurer were recounted in each magazine and journal, and like many others, the ambi- tious youth turned anxious glances toward the west. He finally secured parental consent, and with a few companions left the family homestead to seek the land of the sunset. Although the start was made on foot he had received several hundred dollars from his parents, and in a large measure became the financier of the party. The undertaking was of an almost stupendous nature, one member of the party died, and two lost heart, turning back. At Independence, Kansas, they secured a yoke of oxen and a prairie schooner, and at the end of six months arrived in Cali- fornia. A brief study of conditions convinced the young man that a more certain road to fortune would be found in building sluices than in prospecting for gold. At first he worked as a laborer by himself getting $5.00 a day, or $10.00 when he worked at night. This led to his developing a contract business for sluice construction and he employed numbers of miners who had lost their all in vain searches and who wished to earn money to return home. The business prospered and in five years young Armour had accumulated a few thousand dollars. He thereupon returned to Oneida Co., New York, to invest in a farm, but as he found the young lady in whom he believed himself interested had married another while he was in the west, he started for other parts in which he determined to build a fortune. P. D. ARMOUR OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 179 On his return from California, he had stopped for two days in Milwaukee, then the prosperous gateway of the west. It was in fact one of the principal stopping points for that grim variety of Argonauts who were seeking the Pacific slopes or returning to their homes with California gold in their pockets. Milwaukee seemed the logical place to locate and he joined in a partnership with Fred P. Miles on March 1, 1859, in the produce and com- mission business. The enterprise prospered from the beginning and soon handled a large volume of the smoked and pickled meats demanded by travelers going to and from the coast. After three years of this existence, Mr. Armour had become well known in the business circles, and in 1863 he joined the packing firm of John Plankinton, then the largest livestock industry in Mil- waukee. The firm name became Plankinton & Armour, and pork packing its chief business. The days were long, extending from four in the morning until late at night, but the business boomed. Following the Civil War, Chicago began to develop, and Philip Armour watched carefully for expanding interests. He prevailed upon his brother, H. 0. Armour, to open in New York the com- mission house of Armour, Plankinton & Co., while Joseph F. Armour took charge of the Chicago office. On Christmas day, 1865, the Union Stock Yards opened for business, and two years later the Chicago house of the firm began packing hogs under the name of Armour & Co. For eight years hogs only were handled, but in 1875 Mr. Armour removed to Chicago and expanded the business so that in 1878 they began killing cattle and in 1880 slaughtering sheep. In 1878 the refrigerator car was perfected, and upon the refusal of the railroads to build refrigerator cars, Mr. Armour built a fleet of his own. Business grew rapidly since it had been previously impossible to eat fresh meat in the "off season," and Armour & Co. developed as new fields of en- deavor opened. 180 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Mr. Armour understood thoroughly the science of eliminating waste. From his earliest days he had learned to turn everything to account, and instead of paying somebody to remove the refuse of the industry as had previously been the custom, he began the manufacture of glue, fertilizer and soap. Many other lines of byproducts were added from time to time, until today they form the most profitable part of the firm's business. In fact, they are the principal factor in keeping down the prices of retail meat, since they absorb such an important percentage of the killing costs. Mr. Armour is quoted as saying, "Give me the waste from the animals slaughtered and I will make more money than the fellow selling the meat." In 1893, he had developed as a side line to his meat packing activities, a moderate grain business. Because of the panic, cash grain in the northwestern grain centers was selling at such great discounts that Chicago May futures could be sold and country grain bought to replace them. Mr. Armour bought several mil- lion bushels in the northwestern market, but at the same time a combination of rival grain operators bought all the cash grain in Chicago, and refused to move it out. Since the law required all grain to be stored in registered elevators, Mr. Armour had no place to unload his northwestern wheat. Sixteen hundred cars of wheat accumulated on the tracks, and three hundred boatloads on Lake Michigan. In this crisis he declared, "I'll build an elevator of my own" — when told it would require six months to accomplish this, he snatched a telephone, called a contractor, installed electric lights to permit night work, and in forty-two days had the ele- vator completed and was receiving grain. The combine was de- feated, and Mr. Armour reaped a reasonable reward. One Sunday he attended the old Plymouth Church, and listened to a sermon by Dr. F. W. Gunsaulus who preached on the sub- ject, "What I would do with a Million Dollars." Mr. Armour became intensely interested, as a vision of affording technical OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 181 education to boys too poor to attend regular colleges was unfolded by the clergyman. After the sermon, Mr. Armour approached Dr. Gunsaulus and said, "If you will give your time to such an institution as you have outlined, I will give you the money." From this the Armour Institute was founded, on a benefaction running up into millions of dollars. When Mr. Armour died, January 6, 1901, he had developed a business that employed more people than any other single con- cern in the world, and whose annual income was approximately $180,000,000. His death resulted from heart trouble, but even to his last days he remained the same energetic and enthusiastic worker as of old, refusing to remain idle, despite the advice of his physician. When his portrait was hung in the Hall of Fame at the University of Illinois, many of the big men of the business and agricultural world gathered, to pay tribute to his achieve- ments. Today he stands as one of the most prominent figures of all history in the nation's commercial development. 182 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A MASTER MARKET MAKER 71. Another German born citizen of America who rose from as humble beginnings as Captain Pabst (47) and who became fully as influential a financial figure in the business world previ- ous to his death, was Nelson Morris, Chicago packer and opera- tor on the Board of Trade. Mr. Morris was born in a small settle- ment in the Black Forest, Germany, January 21, 1839. He was practically self-educated, since he came to the United States at the age of twelve, and to Chicago at the age of fifteen. Here he secured employment in the stockyards and two years later laid the foundations of the packing business of Morris and Company by entering business for himself. The growth of his big organiza- tion was gradual, and throughout the 80's and 90's he was able to add quite materially to its scope through some profitable opera- tions on the Board of Trade. In 1863 he married Sarah Vogel, and reared four children: Edward Morris, who succeeded him at the head of the industry; Ira Nelson Morris, who has been closely connected in various official capacities with the corporation, and who since 1913 has occupied various diplomatic positions, among them being U. S. Minister to Sweden; Gusta Morris, who became the wife of Maurice L. Rothschild, head of the Chicago clothing store, and Maud, the wife of M. Martineau, now living in London. Upon the incorporation of the partnership of Morris & Co., Nelson Morris became president, and for a number of years was also president of the Fairbank Canning Co., in which he held a large financial interest. He was a director of the first Na- tional Bank, of the Stock Yards Savings Bank, and the People's Trust and Savings Bank. He died August 27, 1907, at the age of 68 years, leaving a business of large proportions as a monument to his shrewd business judgment and his unswerving constructive purpose. -\"i:i.s. iX MORRIS OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 183 Nelson Morris was one of the best judges of cattle that ever rode a horse in the yards, and it is within the memory of many of the stockyard veterans when he set forth each morning for a personal inspection of the cattle market and a personal direction of the buying for his firm. His figure in the yards was familiar long after he ceased these more strenuous operations, and many drovers and stockmen remember his sturdy manner and his always democratic bearing. To know him in these days was to admire and love him. His charities, always quiet and unostentatious, were myriad, and his death was a real calamity to many. 184 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A SCION OF BIG BUSINESS 72. The foundations of the great packing business of Morris & Co. were bequeathed by Nelson Morris to his son Edward Morris. In the later years of his father's life the younger Morris had manifested a genius for business that compelled a hearty recognition when he succeeded as its head. Frequently the sons of rich men have scattered the fortune handed them by their fathers, but Edward Morris conserved and enlarged the estate. He had been at the head of the packing business for only a few years when he bought from the other heirs their entire holdings in the packing company, at a cost of fifteen million dollars. This was one of the most gigantic transactions recorded in the commercial world at this time. Mr. Morris had a genius not only for the packing business, but for other lines. He was counted as one of the largest bank stock holders in the city of Chicago, and his name appeared on the directorate of numerous stock com- panies. Few men of such large affairs have continued in such close personal touch with their undertakings, but the habits of industry inherited from his father clung closely to him and he knew intimately each detail of his large plants. Edward Morris was born Oct. 1, 1865. His early life was very closely allied to the business of Nelson Morris & Co., and his collegiate training was limited. Mr. Morris, however, was widely read, and discussed interestingly any subject in business, music, art or literature. On Oct. 1, 1889 he married Helen Swift, and to this union were born four children; Edward Mor- ris, the present head of the business, Nelson, Ruth and Helen Muriel. His happiest moments were spent in his own home, but he was very much interested in the financial development not only of Chicago, but of the country at large. Mr. Morris was a familiar figure at the Saddle and Sirloin Club, where he was ready to recognize each acquaintance and to accord him a genial companionship. Of a generous nature, no one in distress could OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 185 come to him without meeting with a ready response, and he was one of the most generous contributors to charity in the city. A very large portion of his charity was distributed without the knowledge of the outside world. He purchased the Shakespeare house, and presented it to Harvard University a few years before his death, thus giving a hint of the inward mind of the engrossed man of business. His death Nov. 3, 1913, came as a distinct shock to the commercial world, although it was not unexpected by those in the inner circle of his acquaintance. A nervous breakdown, resulting from kidney disorder, terminated one of the most suc- cessful business careers offered a man of the younger generation, and his untimely demise was sincerely mourned. 186 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A PRODIGY OF PACKINGTOWN 73. Possibly the most meteoric career enjoyed by one of the younger business men of America is that of Thomas Edward Wil- son, president of the packing industry of Wilson & Co. Mr. Wilson was born in London, Ontario, July 22, 1868, of Scottish descent. When nine years old his parents moved to Chicago, and he received his education in the Chicago public schools. Upon graduation he secured a position with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. While handling the special equipment rec- ords in 1890 for the railway company, he overheard another clerk strongly condemning a similar position with Morris & Co., left after a brief experience. Mr. Wilson sought and was given the position, and then began his career in the meat packing industry. He served the Morris company in various capacities, and in prac- tically all departments, and by 1906 had achieved sufficient mas- tery of the details of the organization to be elected vice president of the company. On the death of Edward Morris, he succeeded to the presidency in 1913. His success here was manifold, and he rapidly acquired a reputation second to none among the deans of the packing industry. In the spring of 1916 the New York interests which had been financing the packing firm of Sulzberger & Sons Co. found the latter had become so involved that they took charge of the busi- ness themselves. Mr. Wilson was approached with a high sal- aried proposition, but on a pure salary basis he refused to con- sider a change. His years of experience with Morris & Co. made him feel a loyalty to the original concern which a matter of salary could not divert. Recognizing this, Mr. Wilson was again ap- proached by the New York financiers and offered both a record compensation and an option on a large number of shares of the Sulzberger & Sons Co. stock at less than one-fifth of the face value. This apparently low rate was named in order to reward him thoroughly for upbuilding and stabilizing the business. Mr. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 187 Wilson entered his new duties with a will, and was so successful in organizing and whipping together the disintegrated interests that at the time his option expired, the shares he held were worth nearly four times as much as when he received his option. This gave Mr. Wilson a high financial rating and has enabled him to proceed even further with the extension and organization of the business. On July 21, 1916, the firm name was changed to Wilson & Co. Wilson & Co. is among the largest of meat packing concerns in the world having packing plants at Chicago, Oklahoma City, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Calif.; Sioux Falls, S. D.; Nebraska City, Nebr.; Albert Lea, Minn.; Natchez, Miss.; Wheeling, W. Va.; Chatham, Ontario, Canada; Buenos Aires, A. R. South America and Sao Paulo, Brazil. Wilson & Co. have branches in all principal European countries and do a large export business. In 1918, the company showed total assets of $129,891,945.30. Mr. Wilson was elected first president of the Institute of American Meat Packers, which organization he was instrumental in forming. The Institute comprises in its membership nearly every large and small meat packer in the United States. Mr. Wilson is a director of the International Livestock Exposition, a director of the Wabash Railroad and president of the Oklahoma City Stock Yards Co. In 1918 he also was elected president of the Chicago Shorthorn Cattle Club. Edellyn Farm is near Lake Forest, 111., where Mr. Wilson indulges his passion for breeding and raising pure blooded horses, Shorthorn cattle, Duroc Jersey hogs, poultry and game. He has specialized in Shorthorn cattle and Clydesdale draft horses. Mr. Wilson is one of the most popular of the greater officials in Chicago, and has a wide club membership and an even wider friendship. As an example of the success that can come to the youth of humble origin who possesses brains and industry, Mr. Wilson stands almost supreme and his career is a direct challenge to every young man of ability. 188 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A MASTER OF THE ART OF ARTS 74. On the 21st of June, 1775, there was born at Aydon Castle, Northumberland, the genius who was to dominate Shorthorn breeding for the century to follow. Thomas Bates made the most distinct contribution to the art of animal breeding that oc- curred during the nineteenth century, since he demonstrated with unfaltering step the value and method of pedigree matings. In 1800 he leased the extensive acreage of Halton Castle for a period of twenty-one years, and there founded the family that swept on- ward to the first climax in Shorthorn breeding, the New "York Mills Sale of 1873. His early acquaintance with the breed was gained at Darlington Fair on market Mondays. Here he dwelt with keen hand and shrewd eye on the products of the "divinities of old Durham," and seasoned that keenness of judgment and irrevocableness of decision that blazoned his way through the difficulties of the coming five decades. On May 1, 1800 he entered into control of the Halton Castle acreage but although he had acquired his first Shorthorns two months previously the foundation stock on which he had set his heart was as yet unpurchased. A step in the desired -direction came through his acquirement of Charles Colling's Daisy Bull in the following autumn, but he was used only for steer breeding operations. A legacy in 1804 from a deceased aunt enabled him to embark in his coveted occupation. From it he purchased for 100 guineas, the four-year-old Duchess by Daisy Bull. She de- scended purely from Colling's two famous bulls, Favorite and Hubback, and had ancestry only of the animals that Bates ad- mired. He had numerous vicissitudes, however, and was unable to found the family he desired until at the Ketton dispersion in 1810 he secured her granddaughter by the 1000 guinea bull Comet. The cow herself was pronounced "shabby" by the ring- side, and loud were the taunts that Mr. Bates received, but he had achieved his desire and with characteristic courage announced THOMAS BATES OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 189 that he was going to build the "best breed" of Shorthorns from her. That he accomplished his purpose is a matter of history. He inbred and interbred her descendants until a natural tendency to shy breeding forced him to seek elsewhere for sires. This contingency was due more to the physical absence of bulls rather than lack of courage on Bates' part to continue his methods, and the justification of his judgment is found in the fact that only one of several bulls introduced had any permanent effect of improve- ment. In fact most of the outside bulls were actually detrimental to his operations. The one bull from external sources that made him fame and fortune was selected on his pedigree alone, the bull Belvedere, full of the blood of Charles Colling's old Princess. This cow too carried only the heritage of Favorite and Hubback, and hence brought to Mr. Bates again the blood he so earnestly was con- centrating in his Duchesses. Selected on his pedigree alone, Mr. Bates found his judgment confirmed by a glimpse of the bull's head, and completed his transaction for the animal before he examined the remainder of its conformation. From Belvedere he obtained his magnificent Duke of Northumberland and the show herd that placed him undisputably as Britain's premier breeder. From that day forward his family increased in value until in 1873 the best Duchess brought $40,600 and the average of fourteen Duchesses in the sale was practically $18,750. In 1821 Mr. Bates removed from Halton to Ridley Hall and in May 1830 he transferred to his permanent estate at Kirkleving- ton, purchased in 1811, driving his herd with him. His fifty cows and heifers by 2d Hubback excited an interest of unrivalled in- tensity. One further service Mr. Bates performed for the breed- 190 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ing art Milk and butter records were kept on all cows, his best cows when tested having each quart of milk churned separately. From his humble beginnings have arisen the principle of dairy test associations and the great advanced registry systems. Firmness and keenness of judgment were his biggest assets, his certainty of himself and oft-time irritation. At the Doncaster meeting of 1820 Earl Spencer said of him, "Wonderful man! Wonderful man! He might become anything, even Prime Min- ister, if he would not talk so much." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 191 SAVIOUR OF THE UNION 75. Abraham Lincoln was the most typical American. His individualism was personally characteristic; "he was copied from no model and founded on no example." "He blended and accen- tuated the American traits and stands out before the world pre- eminently the American of Americans. He was equally skilled in leading the leaders and getting into the hearts of the plain people. No other American ever so thoroughly understood or came so close to the great throbbing masses. He sprang from their ranks and he continued to be their soul. Concentrate the genius of the common people in one grand incarnation, refining and sublimating their essence to be then idealized in their adora- tion, and you call it Abraham Lincoln." He was born in Hardin Co., Ky., February 12, 1809, of Vir- ginian ancestry. He grew to manhood in a wild region "with many bears and other wild animals still in the woods." No qualification was required of his school teachers except "readin', writin' and the rule of three." There was absolutely nothing to excite ambition for education. But in spite of this he made the best of what the half educated teachers could impart, and by the time he was nineteen he had acquired sufficient business pro- ficiency to take a carload of farm products to New Orleans for sale. In 1830 his father emigrated to Macon Co., 111., and young Lincoln, then an angular giant of six feet four, went with him to build the cabin, clear the fields and split the fence rails from the walnut forests. Once the farm was cleared he left his father, and engaging himself to a merchant, employed his leisure hours in reading and study. Both surveying and the principles of law interested him, but the outbreak of the Black Hawk war retarded his legal am- bitions, as he volunteered to become a soldier. In 1833 he was appointed postmaster of New Salem, 111., at the same time acting as deputy surveyor. In 1834 he headed his ticket for the legisla- 192 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ture of Illinois, and was thrice re-elected, resigning when he had served eight years. By this time he had attained some proficiency in law, and he formed a partnership with J. T. Stuart of Spring- field, to which place the state capitol had been removed due to his efforts while in the legislature. In 1846 he was elected to congress. His first bill provided for the emancipation of the slaves in the District of Columbia, but was beaten. He was not a candidate for re-election and returned to Illinois to his practice and to take up the leadership of the Whig party in his state. He regarded the repeal of the Missouri compromise as most treacherous, and began a series of discussions against slave rights in territories, that made him one of the lead- ing figures of the anti-slavery party. The conservative element of the Whigs was led by Senator Douglass, while the new or Republican party was led by Lincoln. In 1858 when Mr. Doug- lass sought re-election, the Republicans selected Lincoln as his antagonist. Lincoln challenged the senator to a series of joint discussions, which challenge the senator accepted. From this arose that remarkable series of arguments that have lived in American history. Senator Douglass defended popular sover- eignty (derisively called "squatter sovereignty") with great adroit- ness, but Mr. Lincoln's higher ethical and moral standards ulti-, mately won the popular favor. It was in the course of these de- bates that he uttered the prophetic and pregnant words: "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided." This debate established Mr. Lincoln's reputation as an orator and statesman, and he was nominated on the third ballot in the Republican convention of 1860, over Wm. H. Seward. As soon as the extreme partisans of the south learned of this, they began preparations for an insurrection, and a provisional government OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 193 was formed for South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mis- sissippi, Louisiana and Texas, known as the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis of Mississippi as president. Mr. Lincoln kept his own counsel and in his inaugural address treated the secession as a nullity. He declared the Union perpetu- ate and inviolate, and announced the government's intention to maintain its authority. He closed with the following strain of peace and dignity: "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-coun- trymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war. The Government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without yourselves being the aggressors. You have no oath regis- tered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have a most solemn one to preserve it." The attack on Sumter was the southern answer, and hostilities too detailed for discussion here were entered upon. Of Mr. Lin- coln's measures, history records the wisdom. To the constant pressure of the abolitionists to make slavery the chief issue, he responded that "My paramount duty is to save the Union, and not either to save or destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; if I could save it by freeing all slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that." Eventually the emancipation measure became a practical source for weaken- ing the enemy resistance, and he gladly published the necessary proclamation, January 1, 1863. The following fall he urged the necessity of a constitutional amendment to back his decree, and on January 31, 1865, the 13th amendment was finally adopted. His careful diplomacy in the questions involving European na- tions, (ably seconded by his Secretary of State and former politi- cal rival, Mr. Seward), his strength on the draft question for mili- tary service, and his second inaugural address, stood as bright lights in the path of those devoted lovers of the Union who could not see that the sands of time were then drifting in their direction. 194 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY The triumph of final victory and re-election were rudely snatched from his personal enjoyment, when a traitorous hand shot and then stabbed him to death on April 14, 1865. For one day the body lay in state, then the funeral train took him to Springfield to his final rest. Abraham Lincoln "had at once the flavor of the soil and the flight of the stars. When he rose to large endeavor he had what seemed to be almost Divine inspiration. Some of his papers in their simplicity, directness and strength are more like the epistles of Paul than anything else in literature. His speech was as lu cent as crystal, because his thoughts were as clear as the sunbeam He was filled with sublime thoughts which transformed them selves into sublime words and sublime acts. His imperishable speech at Gettysburg, which will ever remain the noblest monu ment of that immortal field, sprang from the greatness of his soul, and reflected his inmost being. His second inaugural rose to a moral elevation not reached outside of sacred deliverance, and the grand and lofty portraiture of the Supreme law of justice and retribution in God's universe, almost suggests the awful and mystic communion of Sinai. His example and his inspiration live for all time. The appreciation of his great personality and his true historic grandeur increases as we gain the juster per- spective of distance, and the sanctity of his memory will deepen in the hearts of his countrymen, as the sublimity of his service and the mystery of his martyrdom become more and more the loftiest legend of our national story." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 195 THE YORKSHIRE SQUIRE AT HIS BEST 76. Situated in the fertile valley of the Swale in late eighteenth century Yorkshire, Thomas Booth's Killerby estate cradled the birth of that second dominant strain of Shorthorns to carry the standard of the red-white-and-roan to all corners of the earth. His foundation animals were acquired even prior to 1790, but he first tapped the Colling source about this year, when he secured from Robert Colling (94) the roan bull Twin Brother to Ben and one of his sons, both of his Hubback heritage. Unlike the famous founder of the Duchess tribes, his younger compatriot Thomas Bates (74), Booth felt no necessity to utilize the Col- ling females, and thereby stamped himself both more original and more independent than his worthy colleague. Robust consti- tution and a wealth of flesh-making capacity were his ideals. His cattle must be excellent grazers, but, from the first, breadth of back and thickness of loin outweighed all considerations of lacta- tive persistency. Mr. Booth's early bulls of Colling blood were followed by others from the same source, Suworrow, Pilot, Marshall Beresford and Albion. The latter bull in particular was successful in establishing that low down blockiness and round-ribbed cover that so distinguished the later Booth tribes. In the light of Thomas Bates, Mr. Booth was not a pedigree mater, but based his selec- tions almost wholly on the types of animals themselves. Excep- tional pains were taken in the introduction of the Colling stock to overcome defects and to fix the desirable beefing characteristics, and the resulting improvement led Mr. Booth gradually to be- come independent of the Colling support. With the opening of the new century, the Bakewell (78) formula was applied to his Fairholme tribes with eminent success, and a little later to the descendants of the yellowish red and white cow found on the Darlington market in 1797, Halnaby by Lame Bull (359). 196 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY To the service of Albion, Halnaby produced Young Albion, the first of the Killerby bulls to be leased to another breeder. So successful was the first venture that it was ultimately adopted as the permanent herd policy. As a result, the Booth bulls of un- known ability were given ample opportunity in the herds of other men, and those that proved worthy could be recalled to Killerby or Warlaby for further use. The demands for agricultural products during the Napoleonic Wars brought sufficient prosperity to the Booth family to enable the elder son, Richard, to undertake a herd of his own at Stud- ley farm, some fifteen miles south of Killerby. Here were taken a few of the choicest animals from the paternal herd, which with the well chosen purchases of Richard on Darlington market soon brought about new standards of achievement in the Booth ranks. In 1819, upon the marriage of the second son, John, Thomas Booth turned over old Killerby to filial management, and re- moved to his other estate of Warlaby located in the valley of the Wiske, where he remained until his retirement from Shorthorn activity about 1835. Like his cattle, Thomas Booth bred on. While his achieve- ments are classic, his sons, Richard and John, carried forward his work to even higher levels. So that when, after fifty years of intimate fellowship with the breed he loved, he passed the torch of progress into younger hands, he knew that his lifelong service was not terminating. His final sleep in 1836 found his face turned to the future, expectantly forecasting the triumphs of his Fairholmes, Annas, Bracelets and Strawberries, loved intimates of the half century gone by. ~ ■^ THOMAS BOOTH OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 197 AN AMERICAN ULYSSES 77. Doggedness and persistence characterized the career and life of Ulysses S. Grant. The son of a tanner, he was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822. As a youth he preferred the out-of-doors and instead of following his father in the tanning business, conducted the family farm, did teaming, and at intervals maintained a livery business between neighboring towns. He attended the village school and was given one year in the academy at Maysville, Ky. Ambitious to receive a higher training, he secured an appointment to the U. S. Military Academy. He proved to be a good mathematician and an excellent horseman, but only an average student. Following graduation he was bre- vetted and later commissioned a second lieutenant, which rank he held at the opening of the Mexican War. He volunteered to perform a hazardous messenger mission through the Mexican lines to bring up ammunition, which act, coupled with bravery in action, resulted in his promotion to first lieutenant. Following the war he was stationed at various places, but found the army life on the Pacific coast so uncongenial, that in spite of a promotion to captaincy, he resigned in 1854 and re- turned to civil life. In order to reach home he was forced to borrow $50 from his classmate, S. B. Buckner, and it is related that after the fall of Fort Donelson and the surrender of General Buckner, General Grant returned the courtesy of carfare home. Civil endeavors proved successful, and the opening of the War of Secession found him, after various misadventures, Colonel of the 21st Illinois infantry. In August, 1861, he was made a brigadier general of volun- teers, his commission being dated back three months. He was assigned to the command of the district of Southeastern Missouri with headquarters at Cairo, 111. In a series of actions, (Paducah, (Ky.), Belmont, (Mo.), Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Corinth, Pittsburg Landing, Shiloh, Vicksburg and some minor contests), 198 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY he succeeded in opening up the Mississippi river for the Federal forces. This gave a new front of attack on the south, which ad- vantage he pursued after a vicarious period in which his com- mands were rapidly shifted and re-shifted. His successes at Chattanooga, Knoxville and Nashville, drove the Confederates out of Tennessee and made him a Lieutenant-General. On March 12, 1864, he was given supreme command, and immediately initiated a pressure from all sides that resulted in final victory. The early successes were costly and subjected him to severe censure, to which came his famous reply, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer." Sherman's march to the sea and thence northward cut off the Confederates from the south, Banks shut in Mobile and the central south, Sigel countered Brecken- ridge, Butler attacked Richmond and Meade covered Washing- ton. Sherman was particularly successful, as was Hunter who succeeded Sigel, and the Confederate armies were shut into Vir- ginia and the Carolinas. Constant attack, with varying immediate successes ultimately wore down first the Lee and then the Johns- ton resistance, and General Grant was acclaimed the victor. The reconstruction days developed sharp friction between President Johnson and General Grant, now a full general by act of Congress. Petty politics played some very ignoble roles in the War Department, but the Congressional backing was such that General Grant pulled through unscathed. In 1868 he was elected president by a wide margin over Seymour, while some disappointed politicians forced Horace Greeley against him for the second term, only to receive a greater defeat. President Grant resumed specie payment on the federal debts, secured the funding of the war debt at lower interest rates through new bond issues, modified the Indian policy so that humanity and justice replaced brute force, secured the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, put competi* tive examinations into the Civil Service, and by armed force OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 199 exterminated the unlawful bands that terrorized the communi- ties where colored and white conflicts were rife. His greatest diplomatic achievement was the referring of the Alabama claims against England to a court of arbitration in Geneva, Switzer- land, which act founded the permanent friendship of the two English-speaking nations. Following his presidency, he made a famous tour of the world during which he visited the rulers of each country through which he traveled. His later years were seriously impoverished by the business treachery of the junior partner of the New York firm of Grant & Ward, and only the publication of his autobiography brought sufficient funds to secure his wife against real want. In 1884 cancer at the base of the tongue set in, and he passed away July 23, 1885. General Grant was as characteristic an American type as Wash- ington, Webster or Lincoln. His justice and steadfastness were traits that healed great breaches between the North and South during the reconstruction, and his death was mourned in both sections of the country. 200 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE FOUNDER OF LIVESTOCK BREEDING 78. Robert Bakewell was the pioneer artisan of modern live- stock breeding. Born in Leicestershire about 1725, he found early advantage over his contemporaries by a thorough educa- tion in anatomy, at that time in its very rudiments as a science. About 1750 he acceded to the management of his father's farm and immediately put into application the knowledge of animal form he had acquired in his earlier training. The livestock of his period were most heterogeneous, a condition brought about as a result of crossing Flemish stocks to both cattle and horses, and Spanish wools to sheep. His early breeding is veiled in darkest secrecy. He is reputed jealously to have excluded from his breeding pens those who would study his methods and results, and to have many times kept animals that would be barred from breeding use on other estates. Be that as it may, it is most likely probable that his apparent secrecy simply lay in his inability to explain in his earlier successes the reasons for the homogeneity which was attained by his inbreeding and the per- fection of type which accrued from his recognition of the rela- tion of external form to internal values. Robert Bakewell achieved success in each of the four prin- cipal races of livestock; Leicester sheep, Longhorn cattle, the Cart Horse (Shire), and the Small White pig. Due to the greater rapidity of generation, his greatest success was found in his sheep. In 1785 he had as many as eighty rams leased to Sheep Breeders' Associations in his own and adjacent counties and received as high as 300 guineas for the use of these rams for a season. His most celebrated ram, Two Pounder, is reputed to have earned 800 pounds in one year. His wide flung develop- ment of the sire leasing system provided one of the chief forces of advancement for the later British breeds. His successes in his Longhorns were scarcely so pronounced although in an Oxfordshire sale in 1791, several bulls of his i:< >BERT BAKEWELL OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 201 breeding brought about $1,000 each, while two years later the sum of $2,000 was paid for one animal. His achievements so excited the surrounding breeders that they came to the ear of the King, and George Third honored this pioneer with a royal inquiry concerning his "new discovery in stock breeding." Robert Bakewell was clearly of a scientific mood and a research temperament. At Dishley Hall he maintained a museum wherein he preserved both skeletons and pickled joints illustrat- ing the results he had attained. Most of the exhibits were from the Leicesters, but one joint at least was a relic of the notable Old Comely that died at twenty-six years of age with a full four inch fat covering above his sirloin. As far as is known, Bakewell never enunciated his principles of breeding, but as crystallized from his experience one finds the following five axioms which have guided breeders of livestock for over a century: Like begets like. Variation exists in all stocks. Select an ideal type. Breed the best to the best. Inbreeding produces fixity of type, refinement and early maturity. 202 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ORATOR, PATRIOT, STATESMAN 79. The first American statesman really to become prominent as a director of opposition, during the successes of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Jackson, was Daniel Webster. He was born in Salisbury (Now Franklin), N. H., January 18, 1782. As a child he was very sickly and was allowed much leisure time which he spent in fishing, hunting, roaming the woods and reading. His thirst for knowledge was insatiable, and he read every book that came within his reach, conning his favorite authors until their most salient thoughts were permanently stored in his memory. In 1796 he was sent to Exeter Academy where he overcame a natural timidity and developed a real gift as an orator. Although very poor, his father felt that there was great promise in young Daniel, and decided to send him to college. After six months preparation under a private tutor he entered Dartmouth where he graduated in 1801. While in college he was not considered a thorough scholar but his mem- ory was prodigious, and power of convincing statement unrivalled. He became recognized as a remarkable speaker, and, although at the time an undergraduate, he was selected by the Hanover townspeople to deliver the Fourth of July oration in 1800. After leaving college he read law with Senator Thomas W. Thompson in Salisbury, and taught school at Fryeburg, Me., for a few months in order to send his brother Ezekiel to college. In 1804 he removed to Boston where he entered the office of Christopher Gore, as student and clerk. One year later he was admitted to the bar and practiced his profession at Bos- cawen, N. H. In 1807 he turned his business over to his brother Ezekiel and located in Portsmouth, where his reputation as a barrister grew rapidly. He was soon considered a worthy antag- onist to Jeremiah Mason, one of the ablest lawyers produced in America. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 203 His first important political pamphlet was a criticism on the embargo laws, published in 1808. In 1812 he made a speech in Portsmouth which summarized the objections of the New Englanders to the war just declared against Great Britain. This speech brought him wide recognition as an orator and in 1813 he took his seat in Congress, being made a member of the Com- mittee on Foreign Relations. In 1816 he moved to Boston, and at the expiration of his second term of Congress in 1817, he retired to private life. He built up his law practice and soon found himself at the head of the American Bar. The tariff of 1828 furnished an occasion for the display of Mr. Webster's strong Federalist spirit, and he earned undying fame as an orator and statesman. His reply to Hayne, January 25, 1830, has been characterized as the most genuinely powerful oration delivered since that of Demosthenes on the crown. In 1839 he visited England, gaining a cordial reception and sincere admiration. He was appointed Secretary of State in 1840 under William Henry Harrison, and showed a remarkable ability and diplo- macy. Owing to a quarrel between the Northern and Southern Whigs following the death of President Harrison, all of the members of the cabinet, except Mr. Webster, resigned in an effort to force President Tyler to resign. Webster was involved in a series of negotiations with Great Britain, on the treaty concerning the Canadian border, and felt that he should finish this problem before abandoning his portfolio. The Whigs attributed this failure to back them up to unworthy motives and as soon as the treaty was signed, opened severe newspaper attack requiring his resignation. Once the treaty was firmly established he responded to their challenge and resumed his law practice in Boston. Two years later he was elected to the Senate and took an active part in opposing the incipient movements of that day to disrupt the Union. On 204 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY President Taylor's death in 1850 he became once more Secre- tary of State, under President Fillmore. He was candidate for presidential nomination in 1852 but was defeated by both President Fillmore and General Scott. His health began to fail rapidly and on September 8, he left Washington for his home in Marshfield. His death occurred October 24, 1852. For sheer power of intellect and personality, Daniel Webster stands without equal in American history. His independence of thought and his tremendous personal courage have been a source of inspiration to hundreds of young lawyers since his day, and his example has furnished consolation to more than one statesman who has braved popular opposition. His demeanor and carriage exhibited a loftiness of ideals that won respect and confidence in any company, and he died admired both by British and American statesmen and literary men. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 205 A MAN OF A THOUSAND TALENTS 80. "A long green coat with velvet collar and big yellow but- tons, a colored handkerchief, long yellow cashmere vest, knee- breeches, very wide top boots, and plain black hat," thus cata- logs Wm. McCombie the "plain" dress of the gentleman of Ury, Capt. Barclay. He was acknowledgedly the greatest all around sportsman of his day, active in fox hunt, prize ring, and local regiment, performer with courser and coach, claimant to the earldom of Airth and Monteith, apologist for Quaker and finan- cier for tenant farmer, the very cornerstone of the Shorthorn foundation in Aberdeenshire. Of manly scope himself, all of his operations breathed of bigness. "His cattle must be up to their knees in grass and his wheat-wagons with four or six horses and the drag on seemed like an earthquake to the Aberdonians when they rumbled down Marischal street to the harbor. Well might the surveyor tremble by reason of them for the safety of the Old Bridge." McCombie asserts that "his horses were the strongest and his fields the largest in the country. He once said that he did not like a field in which the cattle could see one another every day." Ury embraced some 4,000 acres, of which four hundred were in highest tilth, reclaimed from the stony littoral of the Grampians' Pleistocene. His Shorthorn operations opened in 1822, but his success was grounded in the purchase of Lady Sarah in the dispersion of Mason of Chilton's herd in 1829. Her son Monarch, dropped soon after her arrival at Ury, was rebred to her and from this union came the foundation bulls of Ury's success, the notable Mahommed and Sovereign. Sold out of the herd, the former bull was repurchased on the basis of his breeding successes elsewhere, and remained in the herd until 1841. In 1838 the first herd, with the exception of Mahommed, was dispersed to tide the Captain over financial difficulties, some eighty head real- izing a total of 3,000 guineas. The Lady Sarah blood was par- 206 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ticularly valuable, three heifers sired by Monarch bringing over $500 apiece. Two years was as long as the Captain could abstain from Shorthorn operations, however, and in 1840 he once more established his herd with Mahommed as its head. But the new herd was shortlived and its excellence hardly up to the standard of the original Lady Sarah collection. On Sep- tember 22, 1847, the final dispersion took place under the gavel of William Wetherell (83). His athletic achievements were his pride. At a coursing meet- ing where he first met Hugh Watson, he discovered a man after his own heart, and according to Dixon "asked him as if it was a highly intellectual treat, 'Would you like to see me strip tonight and feel my muscle?' " He once walked 1,000 miles in 1,000 hours on a wager. He drove the "Defiance," a coach in which he had both sporting and financial interest, all the miles from London to Aberdeen, some 500, without leaving the box. He won thereby a bet of £1,000, and was so flushed with victory that upon a friend's remark that he must be tired he rejoined, "I have £1,000 that says I can drive back to London again, starting in the morn." He bred a famous race of game fowls, and always backed his birds to the limit for pit victories. A close friend epitomizes him as "a great eater, a man of fine simple faith and always in condition," and "The Druid" closes his career as follows: "On New Year's Day he had always his friends to dinner, and he sat obscured to the chin behind the round of beef which two men brought in on a trencher. Mr. Kinnear was the per- petual Vice and everybody made a speech. The Captain's was OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 207 quite an oration or rather resume of the year, and concluded with a special eulogium of those who 'have died since our last anniversary.' Not infrequently he killed one or two before their time, perhaps more from a little dry humor than by mis- take; and then he begged their pardon and said, 'it did'nt matter much.' For some time before his death he had suffered slightly from paralysis; but a kick from a pony produced a crisis, and two days after when they went to awake him on the May morn- ing of '54, he was found dead in bed. He lies in the cemetery of Ury, about a mile from his old home — the trainer of pugilists with the gentle apologist for Quakers — and his claim to the earldom of Airth and Monteith seemed to die out with him." 208 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A KNIGHT OF BRITISH AGRICULTURE 81. In Britain during the last century, there were many men whose showyard and farming successes elicited the commenda- tion and reward of loyalty. From only one man, however, came such breadth and definiteness of achievement as to result in knighthood. This notable contributor to rural welfare was the late Sir Walter Gilbey of Elsenham Hall. On the recommen- dation of Edward the VII, then Prince of Wales, Queen Vic- toria put her pen to the necessary papers to make him a Bar- onet, in recognition of his distinguished achievements in horse breeding, the literature of livestock and general agriculture. The copy of his portrait by Sir W. Pugh Orchardson that hangs on the Club walls was prepared by Artist Nyholm. The original portrait was paid for by the subscriptions of over twelve hundred different people; Americans, Canadians, Aus- tralians, Scots and Irish, joining with native Britishers in this testimonial. Sir Walter received the portrait publicly in 1891, at the Royal Agricultural Hall in London. The ceremonies were under the direction of Duke of Portland, Master of Horse to the Crown, and the presentation was at the hand of the Prince of Wales. Sir Walter Gilbey's origins were humble; his father was a stagecoach driver on the run between Essex and Whitechapel, and every childhood influence directed him toward the equine world. His first business undertakings were in the sale and buying of horses, a business that soon developed into a great agricultural and mercantile trade. From early poverty he attained enormous wealth and his money was freely spent to procure rural advancement. From the beginning his interest lay in the production of Shires, Hackneys, Hunters and Ponies. It is related that his first horse was purchased from his small winnings at cribbage while on a non-military mission in the Crimea. In order to secure the time to play, he traded his rum SIR WALTER GIRREY OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 209 ration to thirsty soldiers for their candle issues. Among his earliest ventures was the opening of a wine shop from which he stepped into the position of wholesale wine merchant. This latter business developed to such an extent that in his latest years his taxes amounted to five million dollars annually. An earnest student of breeding practice, his interest in the origin and source of British types was insatiable, and the results of his researches are recorded in the pamphlets and books he has published. Most of these were published from the press of Vinton & Co., agricultural publishers, a corporation in which he held much capital stock, and to whose London Livestock Journal he devoted some attention in his later years. The English Cart Horse, the Hackney and the Hunter were rescued from deterioration and perhaps oblivion through his good offices. He gathered a group of interested men and re- established the Shire Horse Stud Book of England. As earnest of his interest, he paid $4,300 for the stallion Spark at a crucial period in Shire market values. He was elected president of the Shire Horse Society and through his widespread interest suc- ceeded in having the Royal Commission on Horse Breeding established. In 1894 he paid $25,000 for the Hackney stallion Danegelt in order to prevent his exportation, and placed him in service at Elsenham stud. Although this horse lived but three seasons thereafter, his investment proved most profitable, since the Danegelt blood has dominated showyard pedigrees ever since. His equipment for harness horses was one of the most complete and original in the entire world, his arrangement of paddocks and his equipment of riding and driving schools being recognizedly superlative in Britain. Sir Walter was president of the Hackney Horse Society, the Hunter Improvement Society, the Polo Pony Society, the Shet- land Pony Society, the Essex Agricultural Society, and the Smithfield Club. He was the originator of the annual London 210 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Cart Horse Parade, probably the most imposing draft display in existence. An earnest student of the problems of land owner and tenant in Britain, his contributions to rural uplift were of the practical sort. It is related that in erecting cottages for his tenants he insisted that the wash house and the coal hole be built apart from the cottage. "No man wants to come home to his dinner or his supper, and find the place full of steam and soapsuds." His portrait rightly hangs beside those of other masters of an early agriculture, since his public recognition was more wide- spread and his achievements more immediately rewarded. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 211 A PATRON SAINT OF AMERICAN STOCK BREEDING 82. Woodburn Farm is a name to conjure with among those devoted students of the art of breeding who builded the hus- bandry of the last half of the nineteenth century. Robert A. Alexander and his brother, A. J. Alexander, were natives of Scotland, but early in life purchased a princely estate at Wood- burn, Woodford Co., Kentucky, a few miles west of Lexington. Housing and stabling of stone brought something of the Scot- tish permanence to the high tilthed acres of the farm, and noth- ing was omitted to give grace and worth to this notable estate. Two breeds of livestock, trotting horses and Shorthorn cattle vie with each other in proclaiming the fulness of debt they owe to the Alexanders. In the history of the American trotters who can surpass the romance of Alexander's Abdallah, ridden to death by the Morgan raiders, or who can rival the breeding annals of Miss Russell, dam of sixteen foals. By Harold, half- brother both of the ill starred Abdallah and the ever illustrious George Wilkes, she produced eight foals, among them the cham- pion Maud S., while from Belmont, Abdallah's supreme son, came eight more foals with the magnificent Nutwood as pre- mier. Who can vie with the endurance of the great four-mile Thoroughbred runner, Lexington? The sources of broodmare excellence were cradled in this farm. Sally, Lady Russell, and Water Witch, how these names stir the memory of the harness lover, whether he be breeder or track follower, and yet how these mares contributed not only to the harness bloodlines, but also to the Thoroughbreds and runners of Kentucky's palmiest days. Modern agriculture was reached through Shorthorn, Jersey, Cotswold and Southdown. Today the venerated bluegrass swards of Kentucky and Tennessee are dotted white with the rich meated products of the master hands of Ellman and Webb, bequeathed through the genius of the master of Woodburn. But 212 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY it was in the Shorthorn that Mr. Alexander displayed his clear- est genius as a constructive shaper of bovine destiny. In the winter of 1852-53, the two Alexanders visited Great Britain with the determination to lay foundations for a great Shorthorn herd. Sixty-eight cows and heifers and fifteen bulls, evidenced the thoroughness and the permanence of their intentions. From two of these animals Mr. Alexander produced Duchess of Air- drie, the first of the great line that played such a noteworthy role in American Shorthorn industry. Further importations only strengthened the foundation stock, and Woodburn became the nursery for much that was historic in the adolescent days of American breeding. Few pedigree matings were planned to concentrate the bloods of the individual strains, but the spec- ulations which became rife in Airdrie bloodlines found their sources in other herds. Throughout the Civil War the herd prospered in the custody of J. M. Woodruff in Indiana, and the period of expansion of post-bellum days found Woodburn in a position to .dominate the bloodlines of the new herds of Illinois, Iowa and the Central West. In the 60's, Mr. Alex- ander's herd had become so firmly established that more than one return importation was made to England, particularly of the Dukes of Airdrie. R. A. Alexander died December 1, 1867, but his brother continued the operations at Woodburn until well toward the close of the century. While no such constructive achievements were attained in all breeds as in the Shorthorn, it is noteworthy that the Woodburn contributions to Jersey breeding were large factors in the extension of this breed throughout the South, and that their importation and distribu- tion of Cotswolds did much to further long wool interests at a time when strong moral and financial backing was needed. As a nursery of improved livestock, Woodburn stands supreme in American agricultural history, and its peer has not yet been developed. ROBERT A. ALEXANDER OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 213 A RARE OLD WORTHY OF THE BRITISH AUCTION BLOCK 83. "The Nestor" of the notable fraternity which centered in the Tees valley of the 18th and early 19th centuries was the redoubtable William Wetherell. No one knew more of the original bovine divinities, no one entered more fully into the confidence of the early directors of Durham destinies, and no one had more abiding faith or courage in the future of the red, white and roan. Three times did natural or economic exigen- cies deprive Mr. Wetherell of the rewards of his labor, and four times with undiminished courage did he build up a Short- horn herd. His stimulus was first received in 1810 at the Ketton dispersal, while Barmpton's first public vendue, eight years later, offered him the opportunity for his initial purchases. At Aldro, Mr. Wetherell developed a wellspring of com- mercial interests and optimism accessible to all the members of that early bovine brotherhood. His herdsman, John Ward, was a master of showyard wizardry, despite the severe competi- tion. Wetherell himself was an auctioneer of nation wide repute and served at many a notable offering. In 1847 he closed out Barclay's (80) second Ury herd and was extremely popular with many another of the Shorthorn worthies. He was a constant and liberal buyer, never hesitating to push prices to the top. Bad luck never discouraged him and he met with truest bravery the almost instantaneous loss of twenty-four cows from pleuro-pneumonia. At another time he was forced to sacri- fice the best bull he ever possessed as a result of developing a dangerous temper. At his dispersion he spoke trenchantly of "auld acquaentance," and the old blue bullock-van that had transported the "Cumber- 214 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY land Ox" over the countryside was catalog and counting house for the settlement of the sale responsibilities. Wetherell was aggressive and persistent, and both among his colleagues and the younger generation of breeders, he was a never failing source of facts on Shorthorn beginnings. His ideas of type were inflex- ible; he fought the craze for mere elephantism and preached powerfully of rugged constitutions. He was one of the best judges of his day and a notable proponent of the red, white and roan in public debate and private argument. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 215 "FIRST FARMER OF ENGLAND" 84. Success has always come to him who has both brains and property. This is the tale of a farmer who rose by brains and without property, a tenant farmer who ultimately earned the title of the "first farmer of England." William Torr was of Lincolnshire. He gained the qualifications that ultimately earned him his enviable sobriquet by mastering completely, one stage at a time, each of the practices necessary for perfec- tion in farm management. First of all, he wrought with the soil, and worked on the best methods of tillage until to equal his crops became the despair of his brother tenants of the east of England. He then took up sheep, selecting the breed of Bakewell (78) and show and market alike gave unstinted appro- bation to his carcasses and fleeces. These successes made it possible for him to take up the breed- ing of Shorthorns, and in 1844 he opened his real career as cattle breeder by leasing the famous Leonard of Booth breed- ing. Mr. Torr had an ultimate ideal in mind and selected con- tinuously toward it. Smooth laid shoulder, wide flung fore- ribs, powerful loins and wealth of flesh represented his ideal in form, while mellow touch and furry coat were as distinctly his concept of cover. At the Kirklevington dispersion of 1849, Mr. Torr found much of merit in the Waterloos, and developed the strain in his own herd by crossing on Booth bulls. Mr. Torr once said "it takes thirty years for any man to make a herd and bring it to one's notion of perfection." He devoted just that length of time to Shorthorn cattle, when his death occurred in 1875. From all over the kingdom came purchasers to Aylesby, and even though accommodations had been prepared 216 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY for fifteen hundred guests, and a sale canvas set up to accom- modate two thousand buyers, the crowds so overwhelmed the vicinity that the scene has never been paralleled in agricultural history. Mr. Torr's eighty-five head of Aylesby production brought a total of over $243,000, the cattle going to Scotland, Ireland and New Zealand. Many of the best were taken to Warlaby to rejuvenate and refresh the Booth stocks, overdone by years of showyard fitting. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 217 THE WONDER WORKER OF KILLERBY 85. The fashioning of the stocks that carried on the rich improvements of the Shorthorn breed wrought by the Colling's fell largely into the hands of Thomas Bates (74) and the Booth family (76). While both believed in the fundamental excel- lence of the Favorite-Hubback blood, there were vital differ- ences in the way the pedigrees were handled, and the Booths had recourse to the Colling foundation only through the males, depending on the stock of the surrounding country for the females. Beginning with the elder Booth in 1790, the family was intimately interested in the development of better Short- horns for a period of nearly ninety years, each generation stamping its individuality on the herd. The work of Thomas Booth Sr. was carried on separately by his two sons, Richard at Studley and later at the paternal estate of Warlaby, and John at Killerby. John Booth's showyard successes were tremen- dous and his sale of stock throughout the thirties and forties so prodigious that he almost never could meet his demands. When John Booth laid aside his mantle of achievement, he left to his son, Thomas C. Booth, perhaps one of the most difficult tasks a young breeder has ever faced. The Bates blood was in its ascendancy, and while showyard and tenant farmer in Britain had accorded the highest recognition to the practical qualities of the Booth cattle, the "fashionableness" of the Duchesses and their corresponding sale values were undeniable. Furthermore the great days of his uncle Richard had arrived and he had scant hope for recognition in the face of the really notable achievements of the Warlaby herds. With spirit of the true soldier, however, he buckled to his task, and as he received some assistance in the way of show animals from his Uncle Richard following his father's dispersion sale of 1852, he early gained a nucleus on which to build. On his father's death in 1857, he became the dominant figure in the Killerby herd. 218 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY When, too, his uncle passed on in 1864, he succeeded to most of the Warlaby animals and reunited such of the Booth strains as had become separated during the previous years. During the succeeding five years the Booth herds reached the height of their show career. At the Royal of 1868 the two breed cham- pions came from Killerby, Commander-in-Chief and Lady Fragrant, and in 1869 at the last appearance of the Booths at the Royal, Lady Fragrant was again supreme. Long periods of showing and high fitting had adversely affected the Booth stock, however, and there was a marked decrease in the fertility of the herd. Whether this was due to the effect of the conditioning of the animals or whether in the search for the meatiest, animals that were pathologically fat had been retained, is unknown, but there is little doubt that the herd stood in need of regeneration. The only certain source of Booth quality outside of Killerby itself was found in the herd of William Torr (84) and hence at the Aylesby Manor dis- persion of 1875, following Mr. Torr's death, T. C. Booth was both a liberal and constructive bidder. During the two or three years immediately preceding this purchase the Killerby herd had been ravaged by foot and mouth disease, hence Mr. Booth's problem was more than a pedigree one. From thenceforward until his death in 1878, Mr. Booth's progress was phenomenal, exports to America being numerous and the Irish demand insatiable. The last of a family of masters, Thomas C. Booth bridged the period of incubation in England's north country and carried successfully into modern time the standards and ideals so ably formulated by his notable ancestors. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 219 FATHER OF OUR COUNTRY 86. General George Washington, first president of the United States, was born at Pope's Creek, Westmoreland Co., Va., February 22, 1732. His great grandfather, John Washing- ton, was a Yorkshireman, and crossed to Virginia in 1657. The family was prominent in the history of the province, each gen- eration contributing materially to its social, political and eco- nomic life. Tradition records that the future statesman's boy- hood was guided by an unusually devoted mother of scrupulous fidelity and firmness. To her is due his retention as an Ameri- can, for his older half-brother secured for him a warrant in the British navy as midshipman, and he only forewent its acceptance on her earnest remonstrance. His school work prepared him for a surveyor and from the age of sixteen until nineteen he employed himself at this pro- fession. His surveys of the Allegheny valleys and hills con- stituted a remarkable contribution to the provincial organiza- tion and some of his benchmarks serve as bases for the modern division of land in Virginia. In 1851 he was commissioned an adjutant of the Virginia militia with the rank of major, and although he journeyed shortly thereafter to the West Indies with his half-brother Lawrence, he was ultimately given charge of one of the grand military divisions of the province. The death of Lawrence per- mitted him to succeed to Mt. Vernon and he began a series of agricultural operations whose details will be recounted later. The French and Indian Wars established his military repu- tation. His trip to the Ohio Valley to interview the commander of the French forces as an emissary of Governor Dinwiddie permitted him to learn much of the country and tactics of savage warfare, and "from that moment," says Washington Irving, "he was the rising hope of Virginia." His defense of Fort Necessity and his service as aide-de-camp to General 220 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Braddock enhanced his prestige, while the reduction of Ft. Duquesne made him America's military leader. In 1759 the wars had ceased sufficiently so that he was enabled to marry Martha Custis, one of the wealthiest widows of Virginia, and, to indulge his agricultural tastes. He became a member of the Virginia house of burgesses, and took an earnest interest in politics, but "it is not known that he ever made a set speech or entered into a stormy debate." He was one of Virginia's delegates to the first and second Continental Congresses. On the return from the first congress a friend inquired of Patrick Henry whom he considered the greatest man in the congress. Henry's reply has gone into history: "If you speak of elo- quence, Mr. Rutledge of South Carolina, is by far the greatest orator; but if you speak of solid information and sound judg- ment, Col. Washington is undoubtedly the greatest man on that floor." He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental forces by the second congress, a position he accepted with sin- cerity and humility. His service from the successful siege of Boston to the surrender of Yorktown continually demonstrated his military prowess. After his masterly defense of the Dela- ware, Frederick the Great declared his campaign "the most brilliant achievement recorded in military annals," while some years later he sent General Washington a portrait of himself inscribed in his own handwriting as follows: "From the oldest general in Europe to the greatest general in the world." His indignant refusal of a crown and his patriotic adjust- ment of the difficulties of the army over lack of pay, made him a statesman at a time when partisanship ran rampant. In 1794 he announced as his principles of a sound government, to make the United States an independent power, "First, an indissoluble union of the states under one federal head; second, a sacred regard for public justice; third, the adoption of a proper peace OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 221 establishment; and fourth, the prevalence of that pacific and friendly disposition among the people of the United States which will induce them to forget their local prejudices and policies, to make those mutual concessions which are requisite to the general prosperity, and in some instances to sacrifice their indi- vidual advantages to the interest of the community. These are the pillars on which the glorious fabric of our independence and national character must rest." For a period of five years he was able again to pursue his beloved agriculture and enter- tained widely with hunts and explorations. He headed the Vir- ginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention and was unani- mously chosen the first president and as unanimously re-elected. His service in uniting the warring Federalists and Republicans for constructive upbuilding, his two inaugural and his farewell addresses, his neutrality policy in the Franco-British war of the closing century, his recognition of all sections of the country in his appointments to office, and his triumphal visits to the north and south, served to build him an irreplacable affection in the hearts of his countrymen. His last public service came when French war threatened, and he was made commander of the American army in 1798 with the rank of Lieutenant-General. Fortunately the war was averted. He died December 14, 1799, following a severe expo- sure in a rainstorm while overseeing his estate. George Washington may truly be called America's first scientific agriculturist. He maintained an intimate correspond- ence with that noted early English writer on rural affairs, Arthur Young, and in his correspondence evidenced a knowl- edge not only far above the average of the day, but equivalent in its sum total to that of the last mid-century. Before the Revolution he conducted some very interesting experiments on manuring, trying out each spring the rate of growth for his seed of that year in small boxes differently treated. Soil conserva- 222 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY tion and soil erosion were problems he was continually fight- ing, and he made extraordinary efforts to preserve the texture of the soils along the river banks. His Mt. Vernon estate amounted to over eight thousand acres, and was subdivided into five farms, the home farm being called Mansion House Farm. In 1760 his principal crops were clover, rye, grass, hops, tre- foil, timothy, and speltz. His operations as a livestock man were particularly comprehensive. He raised cattle, sheep, swine, horses, deer, turkeys, and geese, with his greatest interest in sheep, horses and mules. At this day it is rather curious to find negroes listed among the livestock products of his farm. General Washington kept stallions for public service, prin- cipally of the Arab breed, but he also in his later days had a few Narragansett pacers. General Washington imported a number of sheep from England, mostly rams, these animals being of the Dishley-Leicester breed, originated by Robert Bakewell (72). He was the first breeder of mules in America, having imported several Spanish jacks, and was presented with a pair of Bedford pigs by a British Admiral, which had an important influence in the foundation of the Chester White breed of swine. Modest, disinterested, generous and just, he sought nothing for himself in the way of public favor, and declined all public reimbursement beyond his original outlays, scrupulously accounted for. What better eulogy has ever been written than Richard Henry Lee's "First in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 223 DREAMS OF "THE DOWNS" THAT CAME TRUE 87. Wherever the revivifying influence of carcass making sheep have gone, there can be traced the blood of one or the other of the two founts of mutton improvement, the Dishley Leicester or the Southdown of Sussex. The changing .demands of earlier maturity and small retail cuts with the highest pos- sible thickness of rich red flesh has gradually given a prepon- derant influence to the sheep of the chalk hills of Sussex. Two men builded largely in the founding of this strain; John Ell- man of Glynde in its formative years, and Jonas Webb of Babra- ham in the days of its ascendancy. The Southdown is perhaps the purest type that has come down to modern sheep husbandry. Not a step in its improvement can be traced to the influx of alien blood, while it has been a con- tributory force to Shropshire, Oxford, Hampshire and almost every other Down breed that has marked individuality today. By careful selection and breeding systems based on the Bake- well formula, the Southdown achieved its wondrous carcass worth. It is to modern sheep husbandry what the Berkshire is to swinedom, the Thoroughbred to the turf, and the old Flem- ish stock to modern beeves. For years Babraham was the source of improvement of hun- dreds of flocks in old England, and royalty and tenant alike patronized Jonas Webb to benefit from his monumental achieve- ments. Extension and distribution of the breed were fostered through the exhibition of choice specimens at district and national shows, and wherever they went the Babraham pens received the bulk of attention. Successes at the earlier Paris Universal expo- sitions were inevitable and one particularly fine group attracted the attention of Emperor Napoleon Third. Mr. Webb chanced to be on hand and to the enthusiastic request of the French ruler, as to their ownership, he diplomatically replied, "Yours, your Majesty, if you will accept them." The gift was graciously 224 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY received and shortly after a magnificent chest of silver arrived at Babrahara with the compliments of the Emperor. In 1838 Mr. Webb cast his lot with Shorthorn cattle and bred them with an individuality all his own until his death in 1862. At this time some hundred and fifty animals were present in the herd and the dispersal brought prices ranging up to the $2,000 for the bull Lord Chancellor. Numbers were exported to Prussia, Austria and Australia, while some of his earlier breeding successes found future opportunity in America. Jonas Webb was a man of impressive originality, and among a galaxy of long-sighted, broad visioned geniuses in Britain during the last century, he stands on his own merit, a most successful breeder and a most permanently constructive artisan. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 225 AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 88. The third president of the United States was Thomas Jefferson. His family had been in Virginia for a century and a quarter at the time of his birth, April 2, 1743, their pursuits being purely agricultural. On the death bed, his father, George Jefferson, when Thomas was fourteen, left an injunction that he should be educated at William and Mary College. In after life he often stated that if he were forced to choose between the education and the estate his father left him, he would let the latter go. He was a prodigious scholar, excelling in math- ematics and the sciences, a skilled violinist, and a robust athlete. His professor, Dr. Small, friend of Erasmus Darwin, "prob- ably fixed the destinies" of his life. On graduation he entered upon the study of law under the guidance of the Virginia jurist, George Wythe. In April, 1764, he acceded to the management of his father's estate and gave most of his attention to the culti- tivation and improvement of his lands. In 1767 he was admitted to the bar, but throughout his political life he always main- tained himself to be professionally a farmer, and steered clear of all alliances and interests that would bias his judgment. In 1769 he was elected to the Virginia house of burgesses, but since on the third day of the session resolutions against the stamp act were adopted, the royal governor forthwith dissolved it. In 1774 he prepared the "Draught of Instructions" for the delegates to the Continental congress, which denied the right of the electors of Britain to rule over the colonies, since the colonial legislators could not pass laws affecting Britain. Thomas Jefferson was a member of the committee that drew up Virginia's military defense plan and in 1775 was sent to Congress where he was appointed chairman of the committee of five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Mr. Jef- ferson himself did the writing, but many emendations and improvements were made by the Congress. He always insisted 226 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY that its final adoption was hastened by the heat and the swarms of flies from a nearby stable that literally drove the delegates from the room. He was on the committee that suggested the "E pluribus unum" motto for the newly founded federation. After the declaration he returned to Virginia where he actively set about the reforms necessary to make that colony conform to the spirit of the July 4th document. He refused a commis- sionership to Paris in company with Franklin and Deane, in order to prosecute this work. As a legislator he secured the laws holding Virginia lands in fee simple and permitting their sale for debt and he divorced the church and state, declaring the "government has nothing to do with opinion," and "it is error alone which needs the support of government; truth can stand by itself." He devised the system of courts of law and prescribed their powers and methods; he caused the removal of the capitol to Richmond; he extirpated the law of primogeni- ture; he abolished the cruel punishments of the ancient code; and he made the beginnings of a system of public education. In 1779 he was elected Governor and managed the colony during the difficult days of the Gates and Cornwallis campaigns. In 1783 he was elected to Congress where he assisted in the adoption of the .decimal system for currency. The following year he was sent to Paris and in 1785 succeeded Franklin as chief plenipotentiary. The wrongs of the French peasants bore bitterly into his heart and made him ever thereafter an unswerv- ing democrat. He successfully endeavored to break the French protective tariff and open up her markets to American agricul- tural products, and he sent to America seeds, roots, nuts, and information of agricultural importance. He became acquainted with the naturalist Buffon, and supplied him with American zoological specimens, at the same time developing a facility in osteology and palaeontology that made him a real contributor to the science of fossils on his return to America. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 227 The Bastile had fallen when he was given six months leave. He arrived at Montieello to learn that he had been appointed Secretary of State under Washington at the princely salary of $3,500. But he was ill at ease, since he found Hamilton and the Federalist party looking on the new government as only a temporary expedient, lacking strength for permanency. Since his lesson in France had taught him the overwhelming need for equal justice, he could do naught but oppose this movement. In 1794 he retired to Montieello. The Presidential election of 1800 resulted in a tie between himself and Aaron Burr and through the good offices of his erstwhile opponent, Alexander Hamilton, he received the elec- tion in Congress. He abolished the alien and sedition law, dis- patched Decatur to overawe the Barbary pirates, and purchased from Bonaparte the great Louisiana territory. His first term was extremely peaceful, but the difficulties with England and Spain several times came nearly to a head in his second presi- dential period, and his embargo method of meeting it not only ruined himself financially, but also stirred up bitter critics of the administration. His last days were spent at Montieello under a cloud of debt, and he died on the Fourth of July, 1826, fifty years after signing the Declaration of Independence and only a few hours before John Adams, the second president, passed away. His greatest public work following the presidency was the securing of an appropriation for a state university and the personal superin- tendence of its construction. He was buried beneath an inscrip- tion written by his own hand: "Here was buried Thomas Jef- ferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, of the Stat- ute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and Father of the Uni- versity of Virginia." 228 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE SAGE OF SITTYTON 89. The saga of the silent sage of Sittyton has been so stir- ringly sung, the secrets of his rent-paying Shorthorns so stren- uously studied, and the shrewdness of his Scotch soul so cele- brated in its sturdy simplicity, that modern tribute can add little to his laurels. Amos Cruickshank vivified the problems of the Northern Scot, sought incessantly to energize his native granites, and through his single minded idealism resuscitated the red, white and roan when its standard was wavering under the combined assaults of doddie and whiteface. A half cen- tury since, the disciples of Bates and Booth were shirking the obvious in the quest of that which was not obvious. The royal pedigree and the showyard glamor that bequeathed the latent values of each, blinded the masters' followers to the lesson of feedpail and paddock, and the whim of landed fanciers too often obscured the need of the humble beef artisan. To the north of the hills of Lammermoor, where straw supplement replaced the luxuriance of the shire pastures, the descendants of Kirk- levington, Killerby and Warlaby fared often ill, though prime beef was the need. So with the tenant's necessity ever in his eye, the loved "herdsman of Aberdeenshire" fashioned a breed's destiny in the plastic heritage of the thick-cutting beeves he moulded in the Northland. Two brothers husbanded the Aberdonian treasure. Amos Cruickshank's face alone reposes on the Club walls, but the Shorthorn debt is equal to both. Amos lived with the cattle, Anthony builded the business, christened the calves and man- aged the sales. The heritage of Amos, a bachelor, died with him, Anthony passed on the family virtues to the sequent gen- eration. Popular verdict accords Amos the greatest honor, though, because his hand selected root and cake and his feet tread quest for Moods and beasts to build on, in the herd. Amos Cruickshank was born in 1809 and laid the Shorthorn AMOS <'i:i'ICKSI!.\.\K OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 229 foundations in 1837 with bulls from Barclay of Ury (80). For twenty years he scoured all Britain for suitable foundation stock, the bulls and bloods of all prominent breeders being given their trial. Not until 1860 was the method of Bakewell and Bates thought of favorably, and that only when Champion of England, of their own breeding, completely outsired rival bulls brought in from other herds. The really constructive period at Sittyton was thereupon entered, to terminate only with Amos Cruickshank's death in 1889, after fifty-two years of active industry with his favored tribes. The tale of his change of policy is a romance of chance. Be- fore 1860 the Cruickshanks wrought with the blood that had builded fame for others, the Torr-bred Fairfax Royal, Lincoln- shire's great bull Matadore, Towneley's Plantagenet, Booth's Buckingham, Tanqueray's The Baron, and Lord Bathurst, Master Butterfly 2d and Lord Raglan. Many there were who insist that the latter bull might have been the cornerstone of an even greater success than that which arose from his Champion of England, had Amos Cruickshank been prepared to prosecute the Bake- wellian scheme when Lord Raglan was in the herd, but his Cale- donian caution had not yet reached the decisive point for such a step. In 1858 the end of a herd bull's breeding cycle forced him to seek a good red yearling. An appeal to his friend Wilkinson of Lavendar fame, brought only a suggestion that he use the eight-year-old roan Lancaster Comet, a bull of great service in his Lenton herd. This did not meet Mr. Cruickshank's require- ment but since further search was unsuccessful, he ordered the bull shipped. The first impression of the bull's "great head and horns lowering upon him over the side of the truck" so disap- pointed him that Lancaster Comet was relegated to his other farm at Clyne and turned into the pasture with a lot of cows that had been shy breeders. Late that fall the bull contracted rheumatism so seriously that he could profitably only be sent to the butcher. 230 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Among the dozen calves that he sired was one from a two-year- old heifer of moderate merit only, in which Mr. Cruickshank discerned the divine spark. So enthusiastic was he in a cautious Scot way that his brother Anthony bestowed on the young bull the ambitious title of Champion of England. Unfortunately the showyard did not agree with this judgment when he was pre- sented in yearling form and only a detailed reexamination, point by point, determined Mr. Cruickshank to keep him. With the advent of his calves, the home appellation was justified, and for the remaining days at Sittyton the problem in mating dealt entirely with the concentrating of his blood. From the noble array of show cows and matrons that were his daughters, Mimulus, Morning Star, Violante, Victorine, Village Rose, Village Belle, Princess Royal, British Queen, Carmine Rose, Silvery, Surmise, and others, and the immortal Grand Monarque, Scotland's Pride, Pride of the Isles, Royal Duke of Gloster, Roan Gaunt- let, Caesar Augustus, Barmpton and Cumberland, all bulls of the Champion of England stock, came the short-legged, broad turned, quick maturing, matchlessly meated race that met his "rent-paying" ideal. Sittyton became the deep flowing spring of Shorthorn blood in the north, and from generation to generation its overflow spread from one country to the other in its task of regeneration and revivification of the earlier English strains. The limits of Sittyton service have not yet been realized. Thirty years after the closing of that stern yet kindly eye, the blood it so zealously watched over goes on to new achievements, and the livelihood and fortune of new generations of breeders are builded on the Cruickshank pedestal. The mind that recognized only profitable attainment as the fundament of breeding ideals, has set up a permanent standard in the land, the soul goes march- ing on. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 231 FOUNDER OF FEDERAL UNITY 90. Possibly the most brilliant intellect involved in the founda- tion and organization of the American government was that of Alexander Hamilton. Of historically uncertain parentage, he was born on the island of Nevis in the West Indies, January 11, 1757. His education seems to have been desultory, as at the age of thirteen he was forced to enter the office of a West India trades- man and merchant. Owing to an early isolation he possessed a most precocious independence, and at fourteen years of age wrote business letters that were models of tradesmanship. His employer soon became in the habit of going away for days at a time and leaving this mere child in charge of the counting house. A severe hurricane wreaked unprecedented devastation on the islands, and young Hamilton prepared so vivid a description of it for the press, that numerous friends and relatives combined to send him to Boston for an education. Friends here, however, advised him to proceed to Elizabethtown, N. J., where he studied energetically in preparation for college, and wrote much prose and verse that received wide publication. On the completion of his course here he went to King's College, New York (now Columbia) where he made remarkable progress. About this time the difficulties with the mother country were coming to a head, and although temperamentally a loyalist, he was soon won to the colonies' cause. His articles, although writ- ten when only seventeen, possessed such remarkable ability that they were popularly attributed to John Jay, or other patriots. The discovery of their authorship made him a leader in New York politics, and at the outset of the war he was appointed a captain of New York artillery. At Long Island and White Plains his battery so distinguished themselves by their smartness and -disci- pline (almost rare qualities in the Continental army) that he was appointed staff officer with General Washington. Always pas- sionate, he resigned this honor in 1781 as a result of mild 232 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY reproof given him by the General, and entered the line again. At Yorktown he led the storming party on the British redoubts. During the winter cessations of hostilities, he studied finance and government most vigorously, and offered such a remarkable plan of a national bank system that he was made collector of rev- enue at New York and later a delegate to the Continental Con- gress. He took an important role in the ratification of the peace treaty, and in the formation of the Federalist party. So disin- tegrated were the finances and policies of the colonies, that at the constitutional convention of 1787, he proposed a scheme of government, involving office for life and appointees of the presi- dent as state governors, so aristocratic in type that it aroused the powerful opposition of Benjamin Franklin and others, and the modern constitution was adopted to defeat it. Personal friends have always insisted that this scheme was a clever ruse to bring order to the dissenting parties. Following the agreement as to a constitution, Mr. Hamilton wrote a series of essays in "The Federalist" that contained such brilliant logic as to convert the necessary doubters to the constitutional adoption. At the time of Washington's inauguration, he was appointed secretary of the treasury and established the economic and tariff policies that have defined the issues for the two great political parties ever since. His report of January 14, 1790, on public credit was the first great state paper in American history, and in it he reduced the confused finances to order and formulated a plan for the assumption of the state debts. During the same period he prepared a system of revenue, a scheme for revenue cutters, estimates on income and expenditure, temporary regulation of the currency, navigation and coast-wise trade laws, plans for the postal service, plans for West Point, plans for the management of public lands, and settlements for the vast public and private claims. Later he reported on the establishment of the mint, the system of coinage, the national banks, the protective policy for OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 233 manufactures, the excise tax system, and finally on the public credit and extinction of the national debt. Politically he was very active, incurring the enmity of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe. In 1795 he withdrew from the cabinet in order to recuperate his personal finances and became New York's leading attorney. On the elec- tion of John Adams he clashed repeatedly with the new president, but on being created inspector-general of the new army and war department, he found so much of organization necessary, that his politics for a time were laid aside. However, due to Jefferson and Aaron Burr, the Federal party was defeated in New York and he was forced to come to the front once more to defend his party. A widening breach developed between Burr and Jeffer- son, but the former's intrigues against the latter for president were too much for Hamilton's tastes and he was led to support Jefferson. The quarrel was made personal by Burr, and in July, 1804, he was challenged by the latter to a duel. Hamilton's common sense prompted him to refuse it, but, as he feared that the country was approaching the chaotic condition of France under the Revolution, and as he felt his services for order might be hampered if he appeared a coward, he accepted. Burr was acquitted of treachery in prematurely firing, although Hamilton's friends have never accepted the verdict. The wound was mortal, and his tragic fate evoked a universal burst of grief. He became the country's first political martyr, and his fame has grown with the years. 234 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY OUR GREATEST CHIEF JUSTICE 91. The foremost jurist of the evolving young America was John Marshall. His early manhood caught him in the throes of the Revolution and he performed ably as an officer of Virginia militia. At Monmouth, Brandywine and Germantown he showed his military ability, but at Stony Point and in covering Major Lee's retreat at Paulus Hook, he showed his real genius and per- severance. His military career was terminated by recruiting duty in Virginia in 1780, and while he participated in Baron Steuben's operations in Virginia, he never really indulged so actively again. His legal career began at the time of his recruiting duty in 1780. During his leisure hours he attended the course of lec- tures given by Chancellor Wythe of William and Mary, and late in the season he was admitted to the bar at Williamsburg. In 1781 he resigned his commission and entered upon law prac- tice in Fauquier county. He attained immediate prominence and was elected a member of the house of burgesses. He forthwith located in Richmond, and barring the time he was on national duty, remained there the rest of his days. John Marshall was one of the four lawyers engaged by the defendant in the celebrated case of Ware vs. Hilton, tried before Justice John Jay, involving the question of indebtedness to Britain. His colleagues were Patrick Henry, Alexander Camp- bell and James Irvine. He declined attorney-generalship under Washinton's first administration, also a foreign mission. On the occasion of the French hostility due to the replacement of James Monroe as ambassador by Charles C. Pinckney, he was appointed a member of the special mission to France to settle the difficulty. This proving impossible, he returned to America, after backing up Pinckney's immortal "millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute." He resumed his law practice, declining an appointment as supreme justice, but in 1800 he was appointed Secretary of State OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 235 and in such capacity he settled all of the French difficulties. In 1801 he was appointed to the supreme court to succeed Chief Justice Ellsworth, but at the special request of the president administered both duties until the end of the presidential term. It was while chief justice that he acquitted Aaron Burr of the charge of murder of Alexander Hamilton. He compiled the "Life of Washington" in five volumes on the request of the family, and afterward published the first volume separately as the "History of the American Colonies." (1824). The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by New Jersey in 1802, Harvard in 1806, and Pennsylvania in 1815. He was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans at New York University with a total of ninety-one votes, the highest anyone received, except Washington, Franklin, Lincoln, Webster and Grant. He died in Philadelphia, July 6, 1835, aged 79 years, 8 months and 13 days. 236 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY PLANTING SHARON ROSES IN THE BLUEGRASS 92. Foremost in the first rush of emigration, seeking the grain and pasture land of Kentucky and Ohio, in the early years of the last century were two brothers, Felix and George Renick, of Hardy Co., Virginia. By aid of the compass, they beat their track across the mountains, and settled on large tracts of land near the present site of Chillicothe, Ohio. They were representative of the most influential type of these agricultural pioneers, accustomed to breeding cattle for grazing and feeding purposes, and familiar with the fattening of steers on "shock" corn in the open fields of winter. Their first contribution to the agriculture of the region, lay in driving to the seaboard the cattle grown out and fattened in this rich prairie region. In 1805, George Renick drove sixty eight animals through to Baltimore and on arriving in good con- dition very profitably disposed of them. Since this solved the marketing problem, the cattle industry advanced with amazing strides. In 1817, Felix Renick marketed 100 richly furnished Shorthorn steers at Philadelphia, at an average price of $134 per head. This experience so elated him that he rapidly became the leading feeder of market toppers in Ohio, and with one exception was the most extensive breeder and feeder of bullocks of improved blood in the United States. In length of time, George Renick probably rendered greater service as a feeder, but he at no time equalled the extensiveness of Felix's operations. The leading breed in the Ohio valley at this time was the Long- horn, and considerable rivalry existed between the followers of this stock, and the supporters of the Shorthorn. The Ken- tuckians largely flocked to the first standard, and the Ohioans to the second. Since in the shows the Longhorns usually landed on top, the only step consonant with the pride of the Ohio men was to secure animals of sufficient merit to defeat them. Felix Renick became the initiator of a proposition to form a joint stock company from among the cattle growers of this district to FELIX RENICK OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 237 purchase English cattle. The details of the organization were drawn up November 2, 1833, the backing of two Governors being secured. About fifty shareholders were included, all Ohioans except the two Cunninghams from Kentucky and Virginia respec- tively. Mr. Renick was appointed as agent of this company to proceed to England and select the cattle. His outstanding service as a bullock producer undoubtedly earned him this right, although he was not committed to the purchase of any particular breed of animals. As companion members of the buying committee, E. J. Harness, and Josiah Renick were designated to act, and Henry Clay in sending advice to Gov. Trimble suggested the purchase of typical specimens of the "Durham," Devon and Hereford breeds. On arrival in England they made a thorough study of cattle conditions, visiting the herds of Booth (76), Richard Booth, Maynard, Clark, Woodhouse an4 Bates (74). Their familiarity with Shorthorn types and pedigrees so impressed the latter breeder that he personally conducted them to many of the British herds and to the amazement of his fellow breeders, offered six females of his own breeding to the Americans for purchase. Investigation of the Hereford and Devon failed to impress them, and they ultimately shipped to America seven bulls and twelve cows of the Shorthorn breed. In this importation were a total of four of the get of Belvedere, and the two roan heifers Rose of Sharon, by the latter sire, and Young Mary by Jupiter, foun- dresses of the two families that became so important in later Shorthorn records. During this visit, Mr. Renick came to lean quite strongly on the judgment of Mr. Jonas Whittaker and the next two importations totalling forty-two animals were selected by this noted Briton. The Ohio Importing Co. continued operation until 1837. In 1836 they conducted a public sale at which twenty-four females brought $814 and nineteen bulls $789. At their dispersal sale on October 24, 1837, six bulls brought $1,180 each and nine cows 238 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY exactly $1,000 apiece. The stockholders were enabled to reap considerable profit on their investments, unless they took into account the cost to themselves as individual purchasers of the animals. Following the breaking up of the Importing Company, Mr. Renick approached Bates concerning the purchase of the Duke of Northumberland; he attempted one or two general importations thereafter but practically speaking they came to naught. It is difficult to estimate the great value to the Shorthorn breed rendered by Mr. Renick and his company. Four of the most im- portant families of the mid-century originated in the animals he brought across: the Josephines, the Young Marys, the Young Phyllis and the Roses of Sharon. These supplied the stimulus of fresh blood to the descendants of the older importations, and spurred on the breed to new achievements in the showyard and market. For more than one hundred years, the Renick family was identified with Shorthorn development and improvement, and Mr. Felix Renick is to be fully credited with the impulse for good he thus initiated. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 239 OUR MASTER PHILOSOPHER 93. The preeminent diplomat of 18th Century America and possibly her greatest diplomat of all time if his paucity of mate- rials be considered, was Benjamin Franklin. Reared under con- ditions of adversity, "the youngest son of a youngest son" for five generations, the triumphs of intellect, diplomacy and states- manship he acquired were titanic. As a physicist his name comes down to posterity almost equivalent to Sir Isaac Newton; as a journalist he combined the talents of a Johnson with the energies of a Greeley; as a state builder he found no rival in the forma- tive republic; and as a diplomat no Hay nor Root could vie with his prowess. The polyhedric personality of this Pennsylvania printer finds not a rival on the scroll of fame of our nation. Benjamin Franklin was born January 17, 1706, of pure Eng- lish descent. His father was a soap maker and tallow chandler of Boston, and Benjamin was fourteenth of a double brood that totalled seventeen. The tenth son of his father, he was early destined for the clergy, but financial troubles removed him from the Boston grammar school after one year's attendance. Vicissi- tude stalked the young boy, but he found employment to his lik- ing in the print shop of his brother James. Here he read much from the library of Mathew Arnold and from books he pur- chased with his frugal savings due to living on a vegetable diet. Even during his adolescence he was earnestly striving to perfect his style, and when the colonial assembly forbade James to pub- lish "The Neiv England Courier," Benjamin succeeded to the post, although still a boy in his teens. Fraternal friction drove him out within a few months and he landed in Philadelphia after some minor adventures. Here at eighteen he made the friendship of the Royal Governor, Sir Wm. Keith, and secured his backing to send him to England for a printing press. On arrival in London the necessary credits were lacking, however, and he secured employment for a twelvemonth 240 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY with A. Palmer, a famous London printer, followed by six months with Watt. Here he made the acquaintance of many of the celebrated authors and broadened markedly his knowledge of the world. In 1726 he returned to America, where he ulti- mately succeeded in establishing himself as editor of the Phila- delphia Gazette. His original style soon built this into a most valuable property. Here he organized with a select coterie of friends the Junta Club that proved the forerunner of the American Philosophical Society, founded in 1743. He was the originator of the first subscription library in America, which grew into the Philadelphia Public Library and in 1749 established an "academy for youth," the mother of the University of Pennsylvania. He organized the first fire company in Philadelphia remaining a member for fifty years, and he instituted the night watch and street lighting. He invented the open Franklin stove, but refused the patents tendered, in order that all might benefit in its manu- facture. In 1749 he published a paper which established the identity of lightning and electricity, and the power of points to draw off an electric charge. In 1752 his famous kite experiment was performed. For this he received the Copley medal of the Royal Society of London in 1753. In this same year Harvard and Yale each conferred the A. M. Degree on him, while William and Mary did the same in 1755. In 1759 the University of St. Andrews gave him a J. V. D. and in 1762 Oxford made him a D. C. L. He was elected a member of the Royal Societies of Lon- don and Edinburgh, of the Royal Academy of Science in Paris, of the Imperial Academy of Science, of St. Petersburg, of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, and of the Real Academy of History in Madrid. But this represented his success in one line only. His "Poor Richard's Almanack" published first in 1732, rose rapidly to a circulation of 10,000 copies. In 1733 he took up the mastering of French, Spanish and Italian, and ultimately acquired real OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 241 literary facility in the first two tongues. His pamphlet "Plain Truths" published in 1743, was a timely warning against the French and Indian War that gave him an immense popularity. In 1752 he began a series of contributions to European journals that only ceased with his death. His career as a statesman began somewhat humbly. In 1736 he was made clerk of the Pennsylvania assembly, and in 1737 postmaster of Philadelphia. The next decade and a half were occupied with his scientific labors. In 1753 he was made post- master general of the American colonies with William Hunter, and in 1754 he was deputy from Pennsylvania to the congress at Albany of commissioners from the several colonies to devise mutual protection against the Indians of the Six Nations. Here he projected and formulated "a plan for the union of all the colonies under one government, so far as might be necessary for defense and for other important general purposes." It was adopted by all colonies but Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. Between 1757 and 1762 he was agent for the colony against the Penn family, "proprietor of the province of Pennsylvania," to require the latter family to pay taxes and contribute to the gen- eral defense. This cause he won in the English courts. In 1775- 77 he was made a delegate to Continental Congress, and as such devised a plan for the union of the colonies, also a postal system, afterward adopted by the United States. He was one of the committee of five that framed the Declaration of Independence. In 1785 he was made "President" of Pennsylvania and was unani- mously elected in 1786 and 1787. He was delegate to the con- vention that framed the constitution and was one of the chief forces in building up the idea of the federation of states, rather than a strongly centralized government. His crowning triumphs were diplomatic. In 1764 he was sent abroad to secure the repeal of the Stamp Act, and although the colonists became indignant when it was put in force and accused 242 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY him of disloyalty, his success with the British Parliament in nulli- fying it in 1766, restored him to popularity. He became repre- sentative in London of practically all the colonies and remained fighting obnoxious legislation and taxes until 1775, when a signi- ficant closing sentence in a letter from his friend Thomas Wal- POLE, "I hereby wish you a prosperous voyage and long health," sent him hurrying home before British bailiffs could incarcerate him. In 1776 he was deputed by Congress head of the committee that talked peace terms with Admiral Howe, at the Britisher's request. About the close of 1776 he arrived in Paris, at seventy years of age, and was acclaimed a popular hero. He secured a loan and military assistance from the French government, estab- lished a system of commissioned privateers, adjucated prize money disputes, quieted mutineers, secured the recognition of the United States as an independent nationality, secured the first accredited French Minister to America in 1778, and became the first American minister plenipotentiary the following year. His most delicate bit of work following this was the securing of $6,- 000,000 loan to finance four more years of war. He repeatedly tried to return to America after 1781 but congress refused his resignation. With John Adams and John Jay he drew up the pro- visional treaty of peace with Great Britain that established Amer- ican independence, and then arranged commercial treaties with Denmark, Portugal and Morocco. Just before leaving Europe he secured the signature of Prussia to a treaty that abolished pri- vateering and secured private property from destruction by land or sea in time of war. General Washington declared this to "mark a new era in international morality." His last efforts in diplomacy were directed toward the abolition of the slave trade. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 243 As a philanthropist, he had no mean record. He left $5,000 to Boston and Philadelphia respectively for the encouragement of young married mechanics, that had accumulated a total of $348,- 000 in Boston in one hundred years. Another gift of £100 was made to provide silver medals to be given annually for meritori- ous scholarship in the public schools. To such a crowded life no worthy benediction can be written. His last words were "A dying man can do nothing easy." The thought of service and usefulness occupied his mind to the last breath and he died as he had lived, the most versatile American. 244 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE SEERS OF KETTON AND BARMPTON 94. The first parents of modern Shorthorn breeding, if first parents there be, were Charles and Robert Colling, farmers of Ketton and Barmpton. Their primal venture in cattle improve- ment dates to the visit of Charles Colling to Robert Bakewell (78) in 1783. Here considerable time was spent in the study both of the methods and the results of this master artisan. Mr. Col- ling's efforts convinced him beyond all doubt as to the funda- mental soundness of the Dishley principles, but with equal soundness he postponed his attempts at application until he be- came possessed of the cattle to suit his purposes. His founda- tion animal was discovered in 1789, when he obtained from Mr. Maynard of Eryholme, that mother of the modern Shorthorn, the "beautiful Lady Maynard." Both the farms of Ketton and Barmpton were located in the Tees valley, approximately three miles from the city of Darling- ton and the historic Darlington Market. This was the center of the old Shorthorn country, the home of the Holderness and Teeswater stocks. It was on these foundations that the Colling brothers labored and their most popular subject of discussion was the methods and means of eliminating some of the most obvious faults of both strains. One of Lady Maynard's daughters was mated to her grandson through another daughter, and pro- duced the bull calf called Favorite, the cornerstone of the blood concentrations that builded so firmly Ketton's success. Favorite was mated back to his own dam Phoenix producing Young Phoenix. He was then bred to Young Phoenix and produced the bull Comet 155, the bovine hero of his time and the first cattle beast to sell for $5,000. The incestuous methods that produced Comet, the notable price received for him, and the fame of such wondrous exhibition cattle as the Durham Ox (133) and the White Heifer that Traveled (128) gave Charles Colling a notoriety that no breeder in the north of England jhjk ■'" By^- B i ^^ l D U ; tfaxry ' ^■C ^^»' - * \ 1 ■ ML ■ ■ % ■ OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 245 had hitherto obtained. Another of Charles Colling's famous foundation cows, in addition to Lady Maynard, was the original Duchess cow, secured on Darlington Market in 1784. This cow was the ancestress of the famous Duchess strain that builded so well for Bates (74) and his followers. The Colling blood origins were not yet complete, however, and one more animal that loomed targe in later Shorthorn pedi- grees must yet be mentioned, the famous bull Hubback. In 1783 Charles Colling first noticed on Darlington Market some super- lative veals and found on inquiry that the calves were sired by a bull belonging to Mr. Fawcett of Haughton Hill. Mr. Colling went to see him but was not sufficiently impressed to buy. A little later his brother Robert displayed his keenness of judgment by purchasing him at the price of ten guineas. The bull was scarcely large enough to match the mates of such animals as the Durham Ox and the White Heifer, and so after one season's use he was transferred to Charles Colling. This time Mr. Colling decided that the bull must have some value in his mellow furriness and he consequently used him for two years. Late in 1787 he was sold to Mr. Hubback of North Seton, Northumberland. At ten years of age he had as yet been unnamed but usage gradually gave him the name of his owner, and when he died at fourteen years, Hubback had furnished the blood which Mr. Bates (74) used to mate with his Duchess cows. Charles Colling's breeding career closed in 1810, at which time his inbreeding methods had made approximately three fourths of the herd come from the loins either of Favorite or his son Comet. The forty-seven head in the sale brought $35,000, with the $5,000 Comet at the top. For company's sake, Mr. Col- ling had reserved the deep milking, wide spread Magdalena by Comet, but so ardent was the demand and so importunate the pleadings of his old friend Jonas Whitaker that even Magdalena ultimately left the estate. After the sale, a simple ceremony was 246 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ordered, to present Mr. Colling with a piece of silver plate bear- ing the signatures of over fifty breeders, "as a token of gratitude due from the benefit they have derived from his judgment, and also as a testimony of their esteem for him as a man." Robert Colling's individual accomplishments were perhaps lesser than those of Charles, but it is difficult to say just where his counsels ended and Charles' began, so intimate was their association. Early in his career, he bought Leicester sheep from Bakewell (78) and, developed a system of ram leases that be- came a certain source of profit. Three tribes of Shorthorns were created at Barmpton, the Wildairs, the Red Roses and the Prin- cesses, while the bulk of the foundation bulls of Thomas Booth were here produced. The Princess blood was indeed epochal as through the Princess-bred Belvedere, Mr. Bates (74) ultimate success occurred. Robert Colling's partial dispersion was in 1818 and completed in 1820. At the first sale sixty head sold for $40,000, while two years later forty-six head brought only $10,- 000, due to the deep agricultural depression of the time. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 247 ORGANIZER OF THE AMERICAN SHORTHORN ASSOCIATION 95. The leading Shorthorn spirit in Illinois during the years just following the Civil War was the Hon. J. Henry Pickrell, first president of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association and later its secretary. Mr. Pickrell descended from Kentucky and Virginia ancestors, his father settling in Sangamon Co., Illi- nois, in 1828. He was born March 20, 1834, and was early identified with Shorthorn breeding. In 1859 he was made presi- dent of the Macon County Fair in Illinois, and as its representative attended the Bourbon County (Ky.) Fair and the Kentucky State Fair. His prominence in the Shorthorn trade dates from 1865, when he brought to his farm at Harristown the yearling bull Sweep- stakes 6320, of Rose of Sharon blood purchased from George M. Bradford of Kentucky. Sweepstakes was sired by Mr. Ren- ICK's famous Airdrie, and therefore carried a double line of Woodburn blood (82). Sweepstakes won first prize as a two- year-old at the Illinois State Fair of 1866, and was made champion over Mr. Duncan's hitherto invincible Minister. In 1868 Mr. Pickrell imported from Kentucky the Phyllis cow Kate Lewis, of B. F. Van Meter's (98) breeding and won championship with her at the Illinois State Fair of 1868. Sweepstakes was again champion at this fair, and won the $200 prize offered for a bull with five of his get. He was ultimately sold to Ohio, and Mr. Pickrell was forced to submit to bulls, other than his own, win- ning in the showring. He had such an insatiable thirst for show- yard successes, however, that after considerable search he secured the Cochrane-bred Baron Booth of Lancaster, one of the most noted bulls ever on the great show circuits of America. In the hands of Mr. Pickrell's herdsman, David Grant, Baron Booth developed to a full maturity of 2,600 pounds. From his service 248 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY was secured the bull Baron Lewis, that defeated his sire for cham- pionship at the Indiana State Fair and brought a price of $3,000 in the sale ring. Mr. Pickrell in 1877 entered partnership with the famous Missouri breeder, J. H. Kissinger, half the herd being maintained at Clarksville, Mo., and the other at Harristown, 111. The suc- cess of the combination was instantaneous, and the two were so important in the early show rings that in the twelve years from 1867 to 1879, their prizes aggregated above $40,000. Their rela- tions were broken in 1879. In the early 80's Mr. Pickrell formed a partnership with Thomas & Smith of Kentucky, and in 1883, the firm sold seventy- two head at an average of $420. Throughout Mr. Pickrell's entire career, he was exceptionally successful with his sale offer- ings, and the bulk of his averages ran between $400 and $600. Perhaps his greatest service to the breed lay in his active partici- pation in the organization of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association and the acquisition of the Allen, Kentucky and Ohio registration records to form the "American Shorthorn Breeders' Herd Book." Mr. Pickrell was the first president and was later chosen secretary to succeed Colonel Muir, a position he held until his death in 1901. Outside of his livestock affiliations, Mr. Pickrell developed numerous agricultural interests that gave him a wealth of ma- terial for journalistic purposes. The columns of all agricultural papers were open to his contributions, but for the last thirty years of his life he was a salaried member of the staff of the Country Gentleman, acting specifically as its Illinois Livestock Reporter. Mr. Pickrell's style was unadorned, but his ideas were most highly practical, hence his influence was far-reaching. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 249 A RECORDER OF SHORTHORN RELATIONSHIPS 96. One of the most difficult tasks in connection with the found- ing of pure breeds has been the collection of the material neces- sary to establish the herd and record books. In the more widely distributed breeds the situation has been particularly appalling, never more so than in 1848 when Louis F. Allen of New York brought out his first volume of Shorthorn records. Rail trans- portation was still in its infancy, and the seed stock that had crossed from Britain in the preceding quarter century was so widely dispersed that there was no hope of emulating the worthy Coates and making pilgrimage by sturdy nag from manor to farm and village to hamlet. Hence the first volume was incom- plete, being based almost solely on the animals of New England, New York and Pennsylvania with which Mr. Allen was person- ally familiar. As an additional discouragement to early pro- motion, it left the printer at almost the low mark of the business depression of the 40's. With the change of tide in the early 50's, breeders began to take more interest in the records of their animals and Mr. Allen was more hopeful when he undertook the produc- tion of the second volume. Of the Shorthorn lovers of the period, Mr. Allen was perhaps best fitted for this task. He had visited several of the important breeders of the red, white and roan in rural England, and was personally intimate with many of the New England and Middle State importers. Near Black Rock, New York, he had maintained a small herd of the breed and was instinctively a student of pedi- grees and pedigree methods. Hence when he resumed his efforts in 1851, he found more encouragement, particularly from the coterie of promoters and breeders in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. In Kentucky a committee of breeders had been appointed to collect the data on the Shorthorns of their state, and when the report was ready to be published, the records were turned over to Mr. Allen for his 250 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY second volume. In the autumn of 1855 the book appeared with approximately 3,000 pedigrees. In many cases the information was fragmentary and more than once errors and even forgeries were discovered. But the proper foundation had been laid and Mr. Allen was recognized throughout the Shorthorn fraternity as the authorized custodian of the records. The growth of the breed interests was most pronounced in the Mississippi valley in the 70's, and gradually the geographic limits led to dissensions among the breeders. The western and southern men soon felt that the location of pedigree autocracy in New York gave numerous possibilities of minority control, and in the early 70's two new registers appeared, the American Shorthorn Record in Kentucky and the Ohio Shorthorn Record in that state. The only solution guaranteeing a strong and permanent future was the unification of the three interests, so in the autumn of 1882 the first step was taken through the acquirement of Mr. Allen's records for $25,000, by the newly organized American Shorthorn Breeders' Association. Immediately thereafter the other two registers were purchased and since 1883 there has been but one book. Headquarters of the records were removed to Chicago, and have remained either there or at Springfield ever since. One very great service which Mr. Allen rendered was in the publication of his volume on "American Cattle." This first appeared in 1868, and summarized the knowledge at that time available on the improved cattle in America, as well as giving considerable of the early lore on feeding and breeding. His death, less than a decade after relinquishing his position of author- ity in the breed, removed one of the most notable servants of improved stock of the early days. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 251 ONE OF GOD'S GENTLEMEN 97. Among the busy men of industry who grounded their suc- cesses in the soil was Emery Cobb, one of the formative spirits of the Western Union Telegraph Co. Mr. Cobb was born in Dryden, N. Y., August 20, 1831. At eleven years of age his father died, but under his maternal grandfather, Lemi Bradley, he secured the best of common school educations and was financed for a course in telegraphy at Ithaca, N. Y. After a few assignments, in which he was exceptionally successful, he was made manager of his company, the old Erie & Western. In 1852 he proceeded by water from Cleveland to Chicago and was one of the few survivors to float ashore when the boat burned. This laid the foundation for a delicacy under indoor life that ultimately forced his retirement. In 1853 under Mr. Cobb's control five separate telegraph companies were merged under his management, and in 1856 these were absorbed by the Western Union, Mr. Cobb being made western superintendent at Chicago. He established the transmittal of money by telegraph and during the Civil War was in charge of the transmission of the War Department orders and reports that were sent by wire. He was entrusted with the service code, and was a valued friend and aide to President Lincoln. Failing health forced him to seek release from his arduous duties after the Civil War, but so desirous was the company of retaining his services that they sent him abroad for a year in the hope of restoring him. The attempt was unsuccessful, however, and he retired to his farm in Kankakee, purchased in 1861. Here his improvement was gradual. He was made president of the First National Bank, and in 1867, Governor Oglesby ap- pointed him a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. In 1873, the board was reduced from a membership of twenty-eight to nine, and Mr. Cobb was made chairman of the finance committee, a position held twenty-six years. 252 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Shorthorns were first recorded by him in 1870. He took a prominent part in the establishment of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association, and was its second president, serving from 1884 to 1900. He survived the floods of Booth, Bates and Scotch popularity by making his tenet the best animal regard- less of the fashionableness of its bloodlines. Mr. Cobb was very successful financially, a part of his wealth arising from the gradual incorporation of his farm into the limits of Kankakee. He died at the age of seventy-nine, on April 14, 1910. Perhaps his most outstanding trait was his courtliness of manner and his gentlemanly character. Mr. Cobb was a man of high spiritual nature respected and beloved by all who knew him, and he rightly earned the title accorded him by a Kankakee friend, in a published appreciation, "one of God's Gentlemen." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 253 A SHORTHORN SOLON 98. The romance of the early Kentuckians and Ohioans who courageously risked their lives and fortunes to build up the blooded cattle industry of America can never be adequately told. The names of Renick (92) and Van Meter, Warfield and Alexander (82), Cunningham and Combs, are now memories; the strains they fought so earnestly to perpetuate are now over- shadowed by the soggy rent-payers from the Northland, and the manors that cradled their triumphs are now given over to the most diversified of agricultural production. Almost alone of those mighty intellects survives Mr. Benjamin F. Van Meter, now of Lexington, who during his active years lived on the parental estate in Clark Co., about four miles from the town of Winchester. Mr. Van Meter was born January 30, 1834, the fifth son in a family of fifteen. It was in this year that Felix Renick (92) crossed the waters to import the first pedi- greed cattle to come west of the Allegheny mountains. Both Isaac Van Meter and Capt. Isaac Cunningham, father and grandfather of Ben Van Meter, were heavy stockholders in this venture. Born thus into an atmosphere of pedigreed stock, it was not surprising that in 1853 he chose to go to England with his brother Solomon and Charles T. Garrard rather than complete his college course. On this trip he first made the acquaintance of Robert A. Alexander (82) and was fortunate to have the opportunity of returning aboard ship as sole Kentuckian in the company of this early master. The friendship here commenced, ripened into a permanent asset for Mr. Van Meter. Due to the sharp practice of a neigh- bor, Squire Duncan, he was cheated out of the service of the bull Lord John, of Woodburn breeding, for which he had bartered. So firm was Mr. Alexander's interest, however, that he permitted the young Van Meter to use for four months, the undefeated Second Duke of Airdrie, then billed for shipment to Scotland. 254 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY In 1854 his father Isaac Van Meter died, and Ben Van Meter became sole executor of the estate, the herd at that time totaling about one hundred head of cattle. His share, consisting of eight choice animals, constituted the foundation from which he bred, with only slight additions from the outside, for a period of fifty years. Among the females added were the heifers, Gem the Second, out of Imported Gem by Broker, and Red Rose the Sec- ond, foundress of Mr. Van Meter's Red Roses. The best cow bred in the Van Meter herd was Red Rose the Eighth, winner at the best Kentucky fairs and finally first in Winchester over Abram Renick's two best Roses of Sharon, William Warfield's two best Loudon Duchesses, Edwin Bedford's two best Loudon Duchesses, and a half dozen recently imported cows shown by the Clark County Importing Co. She was never defeated but once, and then by her full sister, Red Rose Eleventh bred by Mr. Van Meter. When finally sold to B. B. Groom, she won first prize at the Philadelphia Centennial Cattle Show. A public sale about this time of thirty-nine animals brought a total of $55,000 to Mr. Van Meter, a Rose of Sharon of his own breeding bring- ing $3,000, and a yearling Rose of Sharon by Fourth Duke of Geneva bringing $5,550. His most famous family in the light of the years was the Young Mary line, and it is with the Young Marys that Shorthorn breeders associate the Van Meter name. Mr. Van Meter was an intimate friend and close associate of Abram Renick, Sr., in spite of the latter's ten years' advan- tage in experience. The Van Meters were descended from one of the early Dutch settlers in New Amsterdam, his ancestor, Jans Jyspertsen van Meterene, crossing from Bommell, South Holland, in 1663. The family lived in New York and later in what is now West Virginia, and from earliest times was devoted to agricultural pursuits. Mr. Van Meter was the first vice president of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association and played an influen- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 255 tial role in its foundation. Since his retirement from active breeding, he has taken a great interest in the problems of improvement of Kentucky stock, and with true Bates loyalty has fought hard for the dual purpose kind. He has published several articles on the methods of producing suitable farm ani- mals from the grade Jersey and Holstein foundations, of his native state, crossed later with pure Shorthorn bulls. His mem- ories of the golden days of Bates' prosperity constitute an exceptional storehouse for the pedigree student of today. 256 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A BUILDER OF CORNBELT AGRICULTURE 99. The beginnings of Illinois cattle breeding were laid in the days when early Kentuckians crossed over the Ohio to con- quer the fertile prairies of Illinois. Typical of this pioneer type both as to influence for the future on the state's farm practice and as to the heritage in worthy descendants who carried for- ward the pioneer ideal was Captain James Nicholas Brown of Grove Park in Sangamon County. Captain Brown was born October 3, 1806, in Fayette Co., Kentucky, amid the pastoral greens of fields early famous for their contribution to American livestock. He was Captain of militia in his native state but early acquired the taste for Short- horn cattle under the inspiration of his maternal uncles, of the famous Kentucky Warfield family. In 1834 with his father he drove his herd from Kentucky to Illinois. So successful was he on his better animals, even prior to this date, that he had received numerous prizes, treasured heirlooms in the family to the present time. Captain Brown was the first apostle of the truth that the most profit in a permanent agriculture comes from marketing good grass and good corn in the form of good cattle. He was essentially a farmer and gradually extended his interests to Berkshire swine and Southdown sheep. He was a member of the State Legislatures of 1840, 1842, 1846 and 1853, a colleague and friend of Abraham Lincoln. From this position he lent notable assistance in organizing the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and was elected its first president. So interested was he in the welfare of agriculture, that in present- ing the case for state appropriations for this purpose before the legislature, he said: "So you will know I stand for this heart and soul, I will duplicate dollar for dollar any appropriation you may make." His earnestness carried the day, and the initial appropriation of $3,000 was matched by Capt. Brown. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 257 In the early 50's he made trips both to Ohio and Kentucky, bringing back a number of valuable Shorthorns. He partici- pated in organizing the Illinois Importing Association and together with Dr. John of Decatur, and Henry Jacoby of Springfield went abroad in 1857. A valuable consignment of cattle, horses, swine and sheep was obtained, the first direct importation into Illinois. At the sale of this stock held at Springfield, he purchased imp. Rachel 2nd at the then long price of $3,025. The venture was a great success, twenty-seven head bringing an average price of $1,165. Previous to this time Captain Brown had initiated his Illinois career as a showman. At the first exhibition of the State Board of Agriculture in 1853 he took six prizes. Thenceforward his success in the showring was cumulative, and the ensuing battles at the Illinois State Fair brought him victory during the eleven successive years for the grand herd prize. Capt. Brown was more than a breeder. In 1856 Grove Park received the prize of the Illinois Board of Agriculture for the best arranged and most economically conducted grazing farm in the state. He was a student of rural beauty, and his plantations of black locusts, and his field and drive lines of black walnut, elicited the admiration of all visitors. He was a close personal friend of Abraham Lincoln and at the funeral of the lamented statesman in Springfield, he had the honor of being one of the pallbearers. Capt. Brown's por- trait hangs on the walls of the State Capitol at Springfield and also in the Hall of Fame at the University of Illinois. During the later years of his life Capt. Brown's three sons, William, Charles and Benjamin, participated in the management of the farm, enabling the continuation of the breeding and feeding operations till the present. Capt. Brown's death occurred in 1869, and his body lies at rest under the bluegrass he so thor- oughly builded on. 258 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY FOUNDER OF THE EXPORT CATTLE TRADE 100. John D. Gillett was the dean of the fat stock men of the 60's, 70's and 80's and was the originator of and sponsor for the export bullock trade to Great Britain. He was born at New Haven, Conn., April 28, 1819, of French Huguenot descent. His ancestor, Jonathan Gillett, emigrated in 1630 to Dorchester, Mass., in one of Winthrop's companies. On being made a free man he proved his mettle by volunteering to fight the Pequot Indians at New London, and was one of sixteen to return from that bloody encounter. For this service he received a grant of land, the Wetang Meadows. The Gilletts were minute men and volunteers in the Colonial Army, fighting at Lexington and many other of the northern engagements. The Connecticut book of the Revolutionary War from the Adjutant General's office records 49 Gilletts in the commands of Colonel Huntington and General Wooster, among them John Gillett's grandfather, Benoni. His father Eliphaz was captain and sole owner of the brig "John" engaged in the West Indies and coastwise trade. When he was three years old his father died, but his mother was able to send him to the Lancastrian school in New Haven. In his seventeenth year he sailed in the ship "Thomas" to Georgia, where he clerked in his uncle's store, but in 1838 returned to New Haven where he attended the Pearl Academy for three months. He then decided to cast his fortune in the west, and in 42 days made the journey from New Haven to Illinois, going via the Ohio and Mississippi from Pittsburg to St. Louis and thence by stage to Springfield, 111. The last twenty miles to Bald Knob, the home of another uncle, were made on foot, and he made a humble start at $8 a month as a farm hand for his uncle. With the first $50 saved he entered 40 acres of land, as at that time most of the land in Logan county was for sale at government prices, prairie land not being OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 259 considered as desirable as timber land. Many believed that it would be a century before the prairie would be settled, due to the exposure to cold bleak winds and the difficulty of obtaining fuel. By 1842 as a result of saving all the money he could and investing it in land he was owner of 240 acres. During this year he married and began running cattle on the open grass of Sangamon and Logan counties. This stock was secured from other settlers and was descended from the best blood of the Ohio and Kentucky Shorthorns. Mr. Gillett determined to cultivate to corn all of the land he could secure. Although corn sold at only 6 to 8 cents a bushel, it was quite profitable when put through cattle. He fenced his pastures, selected his best heifers, and in 1850 bought his first purebred bull, a Short- horn, secured to effect his feeder ideal, from the herd of Mr. Thomas Skinner. From time to time he bought more good bulls of Shorthorn blood, but always paid more attention to individual merit than pedigree. He was not a breeder as he always purchased his own sires, but he stayed neither hand nor pocketbook when he found animals that met his concept. He omitted no opportunity to purchase all the cattle his neighbors had to sell and his wonderful ability to judge the quality and weights of cattle on the hoof often netted him $500 profit on a single day's work. By 1852 Mr. Gillett had the largest farm and the greatest number of cattle, horses and hogs, of any farmer in Logan Co. He employed a number of men to attend to the manual labor of feeding and herding the cattle, and several tenants to farm the land and raise his corn at 10 to 15 cents a bushel, thereby conducting his farming and stock feeding operations on the largest possible scale. He conceived the purpose of supplying the Chicago market with a line of grade steers that would excel anything received there, and there is little question but what he accomplished his purpose. At the end of his first 260 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY quarter century of farming he possessed 12,000 acres of land and a herd of 3,000 high grade Shorthorn cattle from which he annually marketed 300 steers of his own raising, weighing 1800 to 2400 pounds. At his death in 1888 he possessed 18,000 acres, with his innate spirit of expansion still unsatisfied. On his death bed one of his friends who had called to express his farewell grief was astonished to have Mr. Gillett state in regretful tones that he had made a big mistake in his life. The friend responded that he could not see how a man whose years had been packed with constructive endeavor, such as Mr. Gil- lett's, could have had time to make a mistake. But the old gentleman insisted, and thinking to learn something, perhaps of a gossipy nature, his friend pressed him for an explanation. The old gentleman hesitated, then in a sudden burst of confi- dence said, "I should have bought more land." In 1872 he sent 86 head of three-year-olds to Albany, averag- ing there 1891 pounds per head, and the next year 90 head that averaged 1780 pounds. In December, 1873, he had 75 three- year-olds on the Buffalo market that averaged above a ton, their home weight being 2250 pounds. During that year he marketed at Chicago, Buffalo, Albany and New York, 800 three-year-olds averaging 1531 pounds. The early American Fat Stock Shows saw his keenest triumphs. At the very first show in 1878, his Shorthorn steer, John Sher- man, weighing approximately 2200 pounds at three years seven months, won the championship. Again in 1880, he was promi- nent as an exhibitor, but since his cattle came direct from the pastures, the necessary finish for ultimate triumph was lacking. This so stirred his pride that in 1881 he came back with the celebrated red bullock McMullen at 2100 pounds and defeated Miller's grade Hereford steer, Conqueror, for the championship. In 1882 McMullen again won for him, after making a total gain for the year of 470 pounds. He was probably the finest type OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 261 of the old-fashioned steer ever exhibited, with table back and massive frame. Perhaps the greatest service to modern Ameri- can steer showing was the strong stand he took favoring the elimination of three and four-year-old steers from the shows. In fact by 1885, Mr. Gillett was marketing all of his cattle by the time they had reached thirty months of age. His example elicited a number of noteworthy pupils and Mr. D. M. Moninger of Iowa, J. G. Imboden of Illinois, and a host of others carried forward the standard and precedents he had set. The relief of a bullock's head standing out from the keystone of the arch at the main entrance to the stock yards at Chicago, is a carving from a clay model of John Sherman, his first champion, named for the founder of the yards. In September, 1876, he made his first shipment of live cattle to England, one hundred head averaging 2100 pounds. Between 1876 and 1880 he shipped 1,300 steers to the Liverpool and London markets. In 1879 one of his shipments destined for Britain was diverted at New York by William Ottman & Co. of the Fulton Market, at a then sensational cost of $6 per cwt. These were exhibited at the Messrs. Ottman's stalls in the great Durham Premium Christmas Cattle and Sheep Exhibit at the Madison Square Gardens and won extreme praise. In 1881 he shipped to Liverpool by the steamer "Thanemore" 122 bullocks averaging 1963 pounds, that brought him a $200 average price or a total of $24,400, about $5,000 more profit than Mr. Gillett figured he could have made if he had disposed of them in Amer- ica. The mammoth McMullen and thirty other show steers featured his 1882 shipment, which consisted of 167 animals. His methods of outdoor feeding of steers, and of keeping his cows and calves on bluegrass pasture without shelter, being fed only in the severest weather, produced a very hardy strain of cattle. He believed that perfect freedom and exercise in the open air were necessary to produce a full and healthy develop- 262 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY ment and that cattle are better off without shelter and less liable to disease. He demonstrated that Shorthorn cattle were not too tender for successful raising and feeding anywhere in the country, as the unrestricted sweep of the winter winds of the Illinois prairie severely test the endurance of animals exposed to the weather; also that cattle might be raised to the highest degree of excellence without an expensive outlay for buildings, and that corn and bluegrass would produce the finest quality of meat. The reputation of his cattle gained at the Fat Stock Shows in Chicago for their surpassing physical development and hardiness created a demand from the western ranchmen, who bought thereafter for breeding purposes the greater part of his annual crop of calves. In June, 1879, Robert Foote of Wyoming took out 41 heifers and a bull of Mr. Gillett's breed- ing, while Col. Crouch of Texas took 75 bulls at $100 a head. In 1882 a trainload of Shorthorns delivered at Cheyenne featured 23 bulls of Mr. Gillett's breeding which readily out- sold all other consignments in the train. In later years Mr. Gillett's agricultural interests were accompanied by political and banking interests. As early as 1850 he became interested in founding and laying out towns, Nauvoo in that year, and Lincoln, 111., ten years later. He founded the first National Bank of Logan Co., and was its presi- dent until his death. All business and commerce interested him and he loved to assist the county merchants with loans. Many a Logan Co. grocer, butcher or drygoods vendor received invalu- able financial help from the old gentleman, and when his sturdy pioneer life finally closed, August 25, 1888, he gravely told his surviving family, a widow, seven daughters and one son, that his prairie days held no regrets, "every minute I have enjoyed." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 263 A PRAIRIE PIONEER 101. The founder of the Funk family, pioneer agriculturists of Illinois, was Isaac Funk. He was born in Clark Co., Ken- tucky, November 17, 1797, and received most meager educa- tional advantages. In 1823 he migrated to McLean Co., Illinois, where he settled on the acreage that ultimately became Funk's Grove. Here, without capital, but by dint of much industry and perseverance, he laid the foundation of the biggest fortune based solely on agriculture, that has been developed in Ameri- can history. After forty-two years of labor, his assets were admittedly above $2,000,000, although he dealt only in live- stock and farm products. Mr. Funk was elected to the state legislature in 1810, where he served one term, and was sent to the 23rd and 24th sessions as a member of the senate. He was originally a Whig, but previous to the Civil War became a Republican, and gave loyal and efficient service during the difficult period that followed. He played a very important role in the retention of Illinois to the cause of the Union, resisting every effort of the slave holders of the southern section to secure its secession. In February, 1863, he delivered, in the language of the prairie pioneer, what has been termed the "most illiterate and most intelligent" address the state senate has ever heard, against the activities of the anti-war factionists, for which he received both state and national commendation. His death occurred January 29, 1865. 264 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A FINANCIAL FRIEND OF THE SHOWYARD 102. The destinies of improved Illinois agriculture were directed from the late 50's until almost the beginning of this century, by as strong a triumvirate of farmers as has been known in any state in America. These men were Colonel James W. Judy (104), Hon. Lafayette Funk (103) and Mr. John W. Bunn. Of the three men, Mr. Funk contributed some- thing of a general farming experience, Col. Judy something of the interests of purebred livestock, and John W. Bunn some- thing of the business and clerical instincts, necessary for the strong organization and functioning of a living pregnant insti- tution. Mr. Bunn was born in Hunterton Co., New Jersey, June 30, 1831. At nine years of age he was brought to Springfield, Illinois, by his parents, who emigrated across the waters and plains of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. His education was received in the public schools of Illinois, but he early mani- fested an interest in business affairs and business methods, and like many other young men of the growing country, partici- pated in local politics. In 1859 he was appointed treasurer of the State Board of Agriculture, a position he held unremit- tingly for thirty-nine years. He had acquired previous to this time, title to some excellent farming land in the vicinity of Springfield, but in March, 1867, he was appointed treasurer of the University of Illinois at Champaign. This effectively overruled such desires as he may have had to have pursued farm operations personally, and during the next three decades, he devoted all of his energy to public affairs. In 1878 the initial American Fat Stock Show was held under the auspices of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture in the old Exposition building on the Lake Front, where the Art Insti- tute now stands, and Mr. Bunn acted as treasurer for a number of years. Mr. Bunn won a home in the hearts of the exhibitors OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 265 since he always paid the premiums regardless of the financial outcome of the show. At the close of the fiscal year 1892-1893, he found himself in slightly failing health, and resigned his position with the University. Five years later it became neces- sary for him to relinquish his activities with the Board of Agri- culture, and on June 7, 1920 the last of the trinity who had wielded such an enormous power in agricultural organizations passed beyond. Mr. Bunn was a prominent man in Illinois business circles. He was president of the Illinois Watch Co., at Springfield, and for many years head of a wholesale grocery concern in that place. For nearly a decade he was treasurer of the Selz-Schwab Shoe Co. of Chicago. The effective functioning of the State Board of Agriculture, the early promotion of the rural interests at the University of Illinois, the upbuilding of the State Fair, the organization of the Farmer's Institute System, the support and development of the Stallion Registry office, the seed, feed and grain inspection functions, and the development of needed agricultural legisla- tion can all be credited to the activities of these three men. In the light of history, it is hardly possible to say which of the three did the most. Mr. Bunn's duties brought him into contact with the public rather less frequently than the other two men, and his genius was directed ordinarily to things that are unseen, the silent and efficient functioning of the machine. The debt of the State of Illinois cannot be measured in monetary terms to men such as these, the new generation is reared accustomed to the innovations and blessings they have accomplished. In the hearts of the men who have struggled beside them, however, there will live forever a monument and testimonial to their spirits and the things they have achieved. 266 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A STAUNCH SUPPORTER OF THE OLD-TIME CATTLE SHOWS 103. The second generation of the Funk family so important in the agricultural and livestock development of Illinois, were the two brothers, Lafayette and Jacob Funk. By curious inci- dent, they died within an hour of each other, as did their father and mother, at their home, Funk's Grove, in McLain Co., Illinois. Lafayette Funk was born in 1834, in the log cabin which his father, Issac Funk (101) had timbered ten years previous, by the side of a huge glacially-deposited granite boulder. The public activities of Lafayette Funk were extremely conspicu- ous for many years. He was active in the Illinois legislature, and was made a member of the upper house when Joseph W. Fifer was elected governor. Mr. Funk rendered valuable serv- ice to the agricultural interests of Illinois as president of the State Board of Agriculture, but it was in his capacity as man- ager of cattle at the old Fat Stock Show held in the Lake Front pavilion in Chicago during the 80's that he achieved his highest success. He was chairman of the Illinois exhibit at the Colum- bian Exposition, and a director of the Union Stock Yard Co., operating the Chicago livestock market. Lafayette Funk was a veritable apostle of agriculture. In the early days he drove his cattle from the pastures of central Illinois to Chicago, and when the Chicago markets failed him, he drove on through to Buffalo, or to Milwaukee. Where the old Montgomery Ward building now stands, once stood a grove of trees, under which he frequently paused to rest his cattle, and to water them from the Chicago river. Mr. Funk was as much a pioneer in breeding and production as he was in cattle feeding. In the later years of the last century he paid close attention to the improvement of Learning and Reid Yellow Dent corn, participating actively in the movement that developed seed corn shows, and that resulted in the state wide test of seed before II. I\ BR< i\V\ OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 267 planting. Mr. Funk was progressive even after attaining his allotted three score years and ten, and actively participated in the management of his farm, flocks and herds. On his broad acres he established a twentieth century standard of agricul- ture that was widely recognized and popularly emulated. He was an early promoter of alfalfa growing, and Funk's Grove was the mecca of those who sought a leaf from Mr. Funk's extensive experience. He early extended his operations to the grassy regions west of the Missouri and there bred and nurtured cattle under more favorable and economical conditions, to be finished in his Illinois feed lots. Mr. Funk gave freely to the public of his personal energy and experience, uninspired by the instincts that animated the ordinary politician. His every act was constructive. As presi- dent of the State Fair, he sought the most favorable opportunity for each exhibitor and insisted on the highest possible degree of efficiency in the management of that institution. He reposes in the timberland where his boyhood days were spent, adjacent to the scene of nearly a century of useful activity. His death occurred September 6, 1919. 268 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE GREATEST LIVESTOCK AUCTIONEER OF THE CLOSING CENTURY 104. On the anniversary of the 65th State Fair at Springfield, Illinois, there occurred the death of a man whose pioneer work laid its foundations. Col. James W. Judy was America's oldest livestock auctioneer, a commanding figure in the pedigree stock circles for many years. During the golden days of the Short- horn trade he was a popular personality, performing at most of the great auctions. He was born in a red, white and roan environment amid the bluegrass pastures of Kentucky, May 8, 1822. He settled in Illinois as a young man, but had conducted numerous auctions of miscellaneous farm property before leaving Kentucky. He acquired a large farm near Tallula, 111., not far from the home of the well known Shorthorn breeder, J. H. Spears. Col. Judy was a home loving man and a gentleman of the old school, his heart was in his acres, and his highest ideal to make them as pro- ductive and fruitful as they were charming in topography and surroundings. Col. Judy reached the zenith of his career in the 70's, when he made dozens of historical sales both in the Mississippi valley and farther east. His first Shorthorn sale was cried at Jack- sonville, 111., in August, 1856, for Judge Steven Dunlap, and his career continued until he was nearly eighty years of age. Among the heroes of the Lake Front show, Col. Judy was an influential figure, contributing largely to the foundation, organ- ization and operation of the institution. Possessed of the quali- ties of the sage he early foresaw the movement tending to shorten the feeding life of the steer and was a leading pro- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 269 ponent of the moves that ultimately removed the bulky four and three-year-olds from the competitions. Col. Judy knew all of the leading breeders and his informa- tion on bloodlines and pedigrees was encyclopedic in range and accuracy. His simplicity, honesty, modesty and great hearted- ness won him a host of loyal friends, while his resourceful sense of humor, native sagacity and spontaneous generosity made him conspicuously successful. He was an early presi- dent of the Illinois State Board of Agriculture and gave of his best years to the establishment of the State Fair at Springfield. His death occurred at his home, "The Walnuts," September 16, 1916, at the ripe age of ninety-four. 270 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A LUMBERMAN WHO LOVED LIVESTOCK 105. A debt of gratitude is owed by the members of the Saddle and Sirloin Club to Henry F. Brown of Minneapolis, Minn. When the nucleus of this gallery was presented to the Club by Mr. Ogilvie, it was neccessary to find some means of financing the preparation of oil portraits of the other worthies who deserved the recognition of the Sanctum Sanctorum with them. Living men could well be honored by their friends, but those who had passed on, required a generous philanthropy from some appreciative disciple of the present day. This dis- ciple was found in H. F. Brown, and to his interest and finan- cial backing are due the portraits of Bakewell, Bates, Webb, Barclay, Torr, Cruickshank, Thomas Booth, Renick, Alex- ander and others. The amount of his contribution was very large financially, but even larger in its influence on the coming generation of American livestock men, for here is gathered a galaxy of livestock divinities that breathe an inspiration to all who behold. Henry F. Brown was born at East Baldwin, Me., October 10, 1837. He was one of a family of ten children but his father was a man of sufficient affairs to permit his education in the Baldwin and Fryeburg Academies. At the age of seventeen he sought his fortune in the west, entering upon the lumber busi- ness of Minnesota. So well did he prosper that on his retire- ment in 1896 he possessed large ore holdings in the Mesabe iron range, (under lease to the United States Steel Co.) a large lumber acreage, both virgin and cutover lands, and a magnifi- cent Shorthorn estate to which he devoted his remaining years. He was at one time president of the Union National Bank of Minneapolis and an organizer and director of the North Ameri- can Telegraph Co. His death occurred December 17, 1912, after a delaying battle of two years with disease. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 271 He bought the first acres of Browndale Farm in 1870, and two years later secured from the famous herd of Col. W. S. King, the foundations on which his own Shorthorn operations were grounded. He paid little attention to the strife in blood- lines, and merit in form and function was the lodestar toward which he was attracted. The names of Young Nominee, Queen of Louans and Missie of Browndale 12th were familiar to breeders of three distinct epochs in Shorthorn history. In fact no man in America was able more truly to be christened veteran than he. For exactly forty years his herd was a figure in the Short- horn annals and for a period of thirty-four years he never failed to have an annual sale. From his herd 1,210 Shorthorns were sold for an average of $250, while thirty-three head left Brown- dale at prices between $1,000 and $2,025. In 1891 Mr. Brown became a director of the Shorthorn Asso- ciation, and later became its president. He provided an infinite force for good, detesting sham and pretense and always making public his own stand on essential issues. Throughout the dark days of business depression in the mid-nineties, he was a source of inspiration to his fellow breeders and delved deep into his pocket to tide over many a struggling youngster who had staked his all on the Shorthorn standard. 272 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY HOST OF MAXWALTON 106. Reid Carpenter, senior member of the firm of Car- penter & Ross, proprietors of Maxwalton Farm, was born at Mansfield, Ohio, June 6th, 1853. Mr. Carpenter was educated as a lawyer, and his early years were spent as a practicing attor- ney. From the vantage point gained in this position, he became interested in the manufacturing of sanitary appliances, and was ultimately made president, when the business was incorporated under the name of the Humphreys Mfg. Co. He first became interested in Shorthorns in 1902, placing a few purebreds on his farms just outside his native city. In 1903 he secured the services of Peter G. Ross, then herdsman for E. S. Kelly of Whitehall Farm, Yellow Springs, Ohio. In order to encourage Mr. Ross and to make him a permanent supporter of the busi- ness, he formed a partnership with him in 1905 under the firm name of Carpenter & Ross. The foundation of his success lay in the purchase of the imported Avalanche in the winter of 1903, the cow then being in calf to Whitehall Sultan. The following spring she dropped Avondale 245144, a bull without peer, and asserted by some to be without equal, as a sire. Avondale won first prize as two- year-old at the International, was breed champion of the Amer- ican Royal, and at other ages won prizes ranging from first to fourth in class. It was not as a show bull, however, that Avon- dale's success was marked, but rather through the showyard winnings and the sale values of his progeny. He was the sire of five International champions and over a score of first prize winners. Attempts to replace Avondale with bulls of other breeding proved unsuccessful, the most notable purchase being the imported Shenstone Albino, senior champion of the 1909 International, sire of the 1913 champion Pride of Albion, and grandsire of the 1919 circuit champion Pride of Oakdale. On Avondale's death he was replaced by two of his sons, and only OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 273 bulls of his blood have been extensively used in the herd ever since. Carpenter and Ross have imported large numbers of British and Scotch-bred animals, and have had exceptional averages almost from the start in their public sales. Mr. Carpenter was elected president of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Associa- tion in 1916 and in 1919, in company with his partner, he made an extensive tour of Great Britain, visiting all of the leading herds and historic points of Shorthorn interest. Following this trip, he and his partner laid the foundations of an Aberdeen- Angus herd as well, and were highly successful on the fall show circuit of 1920. 274 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A MIGHTY MISSOURIAN 107. For over eighty years the name of Ravenswood Farm has dominated the Shorthorn interests of the state of Missouri. The acreage itself was acquired in 1825 by Nathaniel Leonard, father of Captain Charles E. Leonard, the director of the farm for over a half century. The original purchase of Short- horns was made from George Renick of Kentucky, the year Captain Leonard was born, and included the six hundred dollar white bull Comet Star, and the five hundred dollar red heifer Queen. Capt. Leonard was born on Ravenswood itself, within a few miles of the present town of Bunceton. After a course in the Kemper School at Boonville he pursued studies at the Univer- sity of Missouri. Following his graduation he returned to the home farm, evincing an active interest in agricultural affairs. Following his marriage October 22, 1872, to Miss Nadine N. Nelson of a prominent family of bankers, he settled to Short- horn promotion with a will. Under his direction, the entire twenty-two hundred acres were utilized for the support of Shorthorns, and many notable additions were made to the herd. At the historic New York Mills sale in 1873, three imported heifers were purchased, Charming Rose, Rosamond 8th, and Rosette, an average of $4,000 being paid for them. The success of the Scottish tribes in the hands of Col. Harris, made Capt. Leonard an ardent supporter of the northern sort. He secured Barbarosa from Senator Harris, at $1,000, and in the early part of the twentieth century acquired the Lockridge-bred (112) show bull, Lavender Viscount. His greatest breeding achieve- ment lay in the production of the dam of Americus, that sold in the Argentine in 1908 for $38,000 gold. Capt. Leonard was a notable judge of men and placed com- plete confidence in those he charged with responsibility. He afforded freest opportunity for his herd manager, Mr. Ed Pat- OF TF E SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 275 TERSON, to use his judgment and talents in the development of the herd. Capt. Leonard's work in behalf of the Shorthorn breed was much more extensive than the mere showing and sale of high class stock. He exerted a powerful influence in the formation of the American Herd Book and loaned the sum of $10,000 cash to complete the necessary $25,000 for the purchase of the old herd records of Mr. Louis F. Allen (96) . From 1898 to 1902 he was president of the Shorthorn Asso- ciation, and served continuously as director from its organiza- tion in 1883 until his resignation in 1906. Captain Leonard had an extremely open mind with reference to cattle and pedi- gree value, and always recognized merit wherever found. He was a keen eyed judge whose services were sought in many a hotly contested ring, and his experience and viewpoints were treasured as strongly in the financial world, in which he exer- cised no mean authority in his later life. His death, March 8, 1916, removed one more of that ever dwindling circle of con- genial pioneers that builded so well at the early Royal and International shows. 276 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A DIRECTOR OF SHORTHORN DESTINIES 108. In 1903 the herd of George Harding (115) & Son, which for years had been a vitalizing factor in the Shorthorn circles of Wisconsin and the Middle West was put up at public auction at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, in order to permit Mr. George Harding to retire. For the first time the Saddle and Sirloin Club was used as a medium for the entertainment of the buyers at that sale, and it thereby was dedicated to a service in good fellowship among the breeders of America that it shall never forego. Mr. Frank Harding, junior partner of the firm, thereupon took over the entire Anoka establishment, and so developed and extended its operations that thenceforward it quite dominated showyard, salering and breeding herd. The foundation of Mr. Harding's phenomenal success was the noted show bull and sire, Whitehall Sultan 163573. This famous animal was imported in dam, being bred by J. Deane Willis, Bapton Manor. His sire was an exceptionally good white bull sold to the Argentine, Bapton Sultan, and his dam was the Royal winner, Bapton Pearl. Of predominantly Scotch bloodlines, he carried through his dam the blood of Moon Daisy, of an English tribe bred by Deane Willis' father. Many con- sider the dash of English blood the foundation of his success as a sire. Whitehall Sultan was born to a show world, being dropped the property of E. S. Kelly, Whitehall Farm, Yellow Springs, Ohio, on the state fair ground at Springfield, 111., October 11, 1900. He was first shown as a two-year-old at the 1903 International, where he won third place to Mr. Harding's Ceremonious Archer, sold for $5,000 to Col. Lowden. White- hall Sultan was forthwith purchased for Anoka Farms. In 1904 he was defeated by Choice Goods at the World's Fair at St. Louis, but turned the tables on the latter bull at the Illinois State Fair. Whitehall Sultan lived to be eleven years old, and approximately 125 calves were dropped to his cover, mostly OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 277 bulls. They were sufficient not only to give Mr. Harding a foremost rank among American breeders but also to dominate Shorthorn showrings to such a degree that in one period of six years more than 50 percent of the Shorthorn prize winners at the International claimed him for ancestor in first, second or third generation. His sons, Whitehall Marshal (138), White- hall King, Anoka Sultan, Sultan Stamp, and others were veterans of Anoka, while Avon-dale, Glenbrook Sultan and Royal Sultan established enviable records in other herds. In addition to his contribution of the Whitehall Sultan blood, Mr. Harding has done much in a commercial way for the Short- horn breed. He was the first man in America to try out con- sistently the calf sale idea, and has made it the regular means of distributing Anoka offerings. Furthermore in 1914 he was elected secretary of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Associa- tion, having previously been its president. In this capacity he has expanded the society's activities greatly, developing a staff of field workers for the breed to assist in sales, registration, purchases, fitting, and any other aid the small breeder may require; a service that has unified the breeders to a degree never hitherto known. In appreciation of this he was made executive of the association in June, 1920, and the secretarial duties were delegated to Roy Groves. Of recent years he has developed a farm at Wheaton, 111., where he will handle animals of too great age for his calf sales, and animals from other herds which he may distribute. Mr. Harding is still relatively a young man, being born in 1871, and his story is not yet finished. 278 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A LEADER OF MODERN SHORTHORN PROGRESS 109. There is an old breeder's adage to the effect that having found a successful sire, one should start immediately to look for a new one, on the theory that when the good animal is gone it will be too late to find his successor. Few students of bloodlines have realized how pertinently this applies to tribes and families, as well as to individuals. The man in American agriculture whose foresight permitted him to divine this truth was Colonel Wil- liam A. Harris, the founder of Linwood, and the custodian of the lamp that lighted the Shorthorn supporters to new achieve- ments following the days of the Duchess reaction. There is no question but what America's greatest nursery for all classes of purebred livestock was Woodburn Farm (82) and there is scarcely less certainty that its most worthy and specialized rival was found by the banks of the Kaw river, on the southern slopes of Linwood in eastern Kansas. Col. Harris' life was almost an epic. Born at Luray, Va., the son of a former congressman and Minister to Brazil, Col. Harris received his first training at the historic Virginia Military Institute. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was peacefully pursuing his studies under the guidance of the professor whose name comes down to us as "Stonewall" Jackson. Col. Harris' father was of that coterie of thinking men who opposed the policy of secession, but when the will of the majority cast the lot of the cavaliers' .domain with the South, the younger Harris responded to the call. His progress in the military service was rapid and at Gettysburg he was Chief Ordnance Officer of one of the divi- sions in Longstreet's corps. Later campaigns against the Con- federacy completely wrecked the Harris fortune, and the recon- structive period saw him engaged in locating the Kansas Pacific railroad from Kansas City to Denver. Although engineer by training, his insight and instincts were agricultural, and he made mental note of the excellent grazing location some twenty-five OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 279 miles west of Kansas City that afterward became Linwood. Col. Harris was placed in charge of the disposal of Government lands, granted to the railroad as a subsidy for its building operations, and later was given control of the campaign for settling the short grass lands of Western Kansas. A season or two of crop failures convinced him of the almost criminal nature of the procedure and he abandoned the position. So successful was his work of this nature, that he was authorized to close out the Delaware Indian Reservation. His heart, however, was centered in cattle, and his energy, in preparing Linwood for his permanent home. In the early 80's he divorced completely his other operations and settled comfortably into the production of Shorthorns. Of a constructive yet inquisitive mind Col. Harris felt that Shorthorn futures lay elsewhere than in the old Bates founda- tion, and, from a chance perusal of a Sittyton (89) catalog, he gleaned the idea that ultimately placed him foremost in the ranks of Shorthorn achievement. Through the intermediary operations of J. H. Kissinger of Missouri and James I. Davidson (117), Col. Harris obtained a young bull of the Cruickshank blood, Baron Victor, at $1,100. In company with him came three thick Scotch heifers, Violet's Bud, Victoria 63rd and Victoria 09th. Baron Victor developed into a bull of magnificent conformation burly and curly before the horn, massive in neck and chine, and prodigious in spread of rib and depth of heart. His loin, quartcr and flanks were heavy and his short leg set him squarely to the ground. Mated to the Marys, Josephines, Roses of Sharon a other Kentucky sorts, he realized instantaneously the ideal of quick maturing beef. His early progeny at Kansas City sales could scarcely be led fast enough into the ring to meet the breeders' demands. So successful was the Aberdeenshire blood that several importations were made by him direct from the Sittyton herd, and only the peerless Duthie held precedence over Col. Harris in Mr. Cruickshank's esteem. 280 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY The showyard was never a factor in Linwood's success. Col. Harris' prowess was recognized almost before he had opportunity to advertise, and the competition for his products was keen from the outset. So important was his service and so well known his attainments, that in 1892 while selecting an importation in Britain, a political convention at Wichita unanimously nominated him for congressman-at-large for the state of Kansas. Against his better judgment he responded to the call, serving two terms in the House of Representatives. Following this, his Kansas supporters showed their appreciation by sending him to the Senate, but ihr financial and political struggle proved too great for his later years. Linwood was dispersed and the acreage sold at a time of acute business depression, and at last he returned to his old relationship with the stockmen of the nation. During his declining years he wielded the gavel at many a sale, judged in the hottest contests of the ring, and assisted in the management of shows, and state and national agricultural conclaves. His last public service was that of Managing Director of the International Livestock Exposition, and his last public address to the Shorthorn Breeders of America at their meeting of 1909. Within the walls of the Saddle and Sirloin Club, his was the patriarchal voice that all heeded, and his were the lips that counselled beginner and veteran alike in the steps of Shorthorn progress. His death in 1910 left a vacancy in the evening gatherings after show or sale that has never been filled. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 281 AN EXPERT IN CATTLE VALUES 110. James Brown, superintendent of the cattle buying for Armour and Company, was born on a farm near Springfield, 111. His chief interest lay always in livestock and the soil, and from his earliest days he has held more or less extensive farming inter- ests. Educational opportunities in his family were meagre, due to the death of his father when he was ten years of age. How- ever, he attended the rural school annually from December 1 to March 1, until he was sixteen years old, when it became necessary for him to participate continuously with his brothers in the operation of the farm. Upon reaching his majority he decided to extend his interests, and while retaining his partner- ship in the farm, he entered upon the management of an elevator near Springfield and also established a tile factory. This was the first tile factory to be operated in Illinois outside of the Whitehall district, but in spite of the necessity of shipping some clays he managed to make it a success. After three or four years he went west and in the spring of 1880 located at Buffalo, Wyo., near old Fort McKinney. He obtained some ranching property and sold his interest in the Illinois farm to extend his ranch holdings. During this period he lived in Springfield during the winter and went west for his cattle business in the summer. In 1889 he came to Chicago, where he first entered into part- nership in the commission firm of Ward & Brown as a cattle salesman. During the five years he was a member of this firm his work proved of such a nature that Mr. J. Ogden Armour (69) secured him for the cattle buying department of Armour and Company, which position he has now held for over a quarter of a century. He is head of this department for all the markets on which Armour and Company operate, being in charge of their cattle buying throughout the United States. 282 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY In 1908 he made the initial purchase of Shorthorns for his farms near Dundee and Elgin, 111. His herd in recent years has averaged about seventy-five head of cattle and was headed by the bull King's Secret, by King Cumberland, bred by the Elmendorf farm (68). This bull was followed by Bandmaster, Jr., of Canadian breeding, an animal that has proved peculiarly satisfactory. In June, 1919, he sold his herd down to very lim- ited numbers and is now rebuilding it with animals possessing the very best pedigrees he can secure. In addition to his Shorthorns he has bred some Shropshires, and has raised, and fed large numbers of lambs for market. His chief purpose in operating Thaxton Farms has been to bring the soil up to a very high state of cultivation, and he has been very successful in this regard. Mr. Brown has been a director of the International from the earliest years, and has particularly devoted his attention to the carload lots and the upbuilding of the cattle show. His acquaintance among the cattlemen of America is rivalled by few, and his career furnishes a challenge to every young man who must overcome apparently insurmountable obstacles. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 283 AMERICA'S MOST CONSTRUCTIVE SWINE BREEDER 111. The tale of Berkshire improvement in America is only complete when one considers Berkshire types in seasons before the advent of Wood Dale Farm in breeding and showrings, and the stamp that prevailed thereafter. "The Master Breeder, who has led the Berkshire breed up from the depths into a position of commanding eminence," is Nicholas H. Gentry. In early years the Berkshire was a short, compact fine-boned pig, whose prick ears and short face were deemed non-concomi- tant with the deep side, long body and finished scale that market bacon and lard ideals demanded. So thoroughly had this notion been inculcated into the American swine producers, that the grass nurtured hog of the Miami valley and the mas- sive framed descendant of the Jersey Red gradually over- whelmed the qualitied progeny of English pork triumphs. To "Nick" Gentry more than to any other man, is due the credit for the re-establishment of the breed's prestige and the promo- tion of its distribution. N. H. Gentry was born on Wood Dale Farm, March 16th, 1850. His grandfather, Reuben Gentry, had entered the land from the Government direct, and had settled on it in 1819, just one century ago. Not an acre of it has ever been transferred from the family and the title reads only in the Gentry name. The pioneer Gentry emigrated from Madison Co., Kentucky, to Missouri in 1809, fast on the heels of Daniel Boone. Both Reuben Gentry and son lived the fullness of their years on Wood Dale Farm, but it was not until 1875 when N. H. Gentry paid the Snells of Edmonton, Ontario, $1,800 for three imported Berkshires that the standard of purebred livestock was placed at the head of the farm policy. From the blood of these three individuals came the entire herds of later years. Mr. Gentry's system of linebreeding and inbreeding his Longfellows, Lees and Duchesses so patently 284 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY demonstrated the value of pedigree matings, that a record of his showyard successes at America's two greatest livestock con- claves, the Columbian and Louisiana Purchase Expositions, is here presented. At Chicago Wood Dale Herd won seven firsts, seven seconds, two thirds, five fourths, two fifths, two sevenths, one eighth, one tenth, one eleventh and three championships, while animals of this breeding won an additional four firsts, six seconds, seven thirds, four fourths, three fifths, one sixth, one seventh, two eighths, one tenth, one eleventh and one twelfth. Mr. Gentry's King Lee was champion boar bred by exhibitor and his Baron Duke, reserve. Duchess 123d, daughter of his famous Longfellow, won a similar prize in the sows, with Duchess 118th reserve. At the St. Louis Fair sixteen firsts, seven seconds, four thirds, one fourth, two sevenths, two eighths and 14 champions (including barrows) fell to his lot. Such a triumph had never befallen any other swine exhibitor on this continent. Mr. Gentry has bred Shorthorn cattle simultaneously with his Berkshires, maintaining an average herd of 100 head. His success with early sires lay in the great "Linwood" breeding bull, Victorious, followed by the Choice Goods bull, The Choice of All, first at the American Royal of 1904. Mr. Gentry's public services and offices have been numerous. He was one of a committee of eighteen to represent the live- stock industry of America at the Chicago World's Fair of 1893. For years previous to the Association of State Fair Managers, there existed an organization of livestock exhibitors which met annually at the Illinois State Fair, then the close of the state fair circuit. Mr. Gentry was president of this Association for some years, with G. Howard Davison, (8) secretary, and the organization went out of existence, only when the State Fair Managers' Association was born. Mr. Gentry has been a member of the State Board of Agriculture of Missouri for over X. II GENTRY OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 285 twenty years and a member of the State Fair Board from its incipiency. He has been a director of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association and the American Berkshire Association, and was president of the latter organization from 1896 to 1902. He was a member of the commission responsible for the Mis- souri display at the Columbian Exposition, and secured an appropriation of $20,000 for special premiums for Missouri livestock at this show. A similar position at the St. Louis Fair enabled him to obtain a $100,000 appropriation for Missouri exhibits. During the recent war he was on the committee of seven chosen by Food Administrator Hoover to determine the equitable ratio between corn and hogs for the period of the war, the much-talked-of 13 to 1 ratio. He was also a member of the National Agricultural Advisory Committee during the same period. Mr. Gentry's portrait was donated to the Saddle and Sir- loin Club by the members of the American Berkshire Associa- tion, and the letters from the hundred and forty-seven contrib- utors who expressed their appreciation of Mr. Gentry's serv- ices were bound in a single volume and presented to him by the Club. There have been many masters of swine husbandry in America during the century and a half since constructive atten- tion has been given to the forming of improved breeds, but Mr. Gentry, by the national nature of his service and the individual independence of his methods, towers the dominant figure among them. 286 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A BATTLER FOR BETTER CATTLE 112. S. F. Lockridge shares with B. F. Van Meter (98) the honor of linking the generations of the Booth and Bates days of Shorthorn breeding with the present. "Sim" Lockridge was born in Putnam Co., Indiana, January 23, 1816, not far from the town of Greencastle where he at present resides. His education was received in the village school, but his earliest surroundings associated him with Shorthorns. In 1853 Dr. A. C. Stevenson made an importation of the breed from Eng- land, bringing them to Greencastle. Young Lockridge became vitally interested in these animals, but his parents overruled any desires he had for a close association with them by requir- ing a strict attendance at the public school. The outbreak of the Civil War called him to army service, and he served in the 78th and 133rd regiments of Indiana vol- unteer infantry. In 1868 he graduated from Indiana Asbury University (now DePauw), and traveled and read law for three years. In 1872 he began breeding Shorthorn cattle, and for the following two years was president of the Putnam County Agricultural Society. He laid his Shorthorn foundations slowly, visiting many of the fairs of the early 70's to study both the Kentucky and Central West types before reaching his decision. His first Shorthorns were bought at the Hughes & Richardson sale of June, 1872, just across the road from head- quarters of the later-developed Elmendorf (68) estate. He picked a half dozen females of excellent individuality, but of rather plain breeding, for which he paid an average price of well above $600. The sale of Breastplate to Mr. Pickrell in 1863 for $6,250 caused Mr. Lockridge to lean rather strongly toward the Booth cattle. He was unable to perceive why the Booths with wonderful backs, broad crops, thick flesh and straight lines, were to be condemned for their supposed failure in lineage. In 1874 he proceeded to Canada to attend several OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 287 sales in the vicinity of Toronto. There he saw some of the very best of the early Scotch importations, and after a careful study of a number of sires secured from Mr. John Miller, (114) the great bull Lord Strathallan, for $2,050 gold, then the equiva- lent of $2,500 currency. This was his introduction to the Scotch sorts, and while he was not arbitrary in his promotion of them, he ever after combined Scotch bloods with his Booth founda- tions. His most noted bull following Lord Strathallan was Baron Lavender 3d, which he purchased in the spring of 1899. This bull proved an excellent sire for him and he never obtained from his service a bad or indifferent calf. Most nota- ble of these was Lavender Viscount, champion of the American Royal, Goldfinch, Royal Avalanche, Golden Crest and Sun- flower 4th. In 1874 Mr. Lockridge was elected secretary of the Ameri- can Association of Breeders of Shorthorns, which position he held until 1882. From 1881 to 1883 he was a member of the state senate of Indiana, and later became so strongly identified with Grand Army affairs as to be elected Commander of the Greencastle Post, and aide-de-camp on the staff of General Eli Torrence, when the latter was Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic. In 1882 he was prominent among the founders of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Asso- ciation, being elected a director, a position he retained for twenty-seven years. In 1899 he was a delegate to the Farmers' National Congress in Boston, and in 1900-01 was president of the Central Shorthorn Breeders' Association. The following year he was elected president of the American Shorthorn Breed- ers' Association, to which he was subsequently twice re-elected. 288 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Mr. Lockridge has been an ardent champion of the red, white and roan and has served its interests well since he has always paid highest attention to individuality, and has made pedigree fashion more or less subsidiary to his other demands. He has exerted a great stabilizing influence among his fellow breeders and has called forth numerous expressions of their esteem. In length of service he stands second only to Mr. Van Meter, and his years add richly to his personality and mem- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 289 KNIGHT OF THE GOLDEN DAYS 113. Most delightfully reminiscent of all the makers of bovine history who were wont to gather at the old Drake-Parker hostelry in the days of the Lake Front Show, was Richard Gib- son, whom Mr. Sanders has fitly termed a "Knight of the Golden Days." Mr. Gibson possessed the essence of all those qualities that have made the Anglo-Saxon foremost as breed builders and inherent animal fanciers. He had an exceptional appreciation of the products of the breeder's art, and he loved with every fibre of his being, any choice representative of blooded race. "Like 'Jorrocks' of old he was a devout believer in the efficacy of 'a bit o' blood' whether it be in a 'orse, a 'ound, or a woman.' " He was an ardent admirer of rural English sport, the course, the chase, the coach and the cock-pit. He teemed with the sentiment that exalts rural beauty, and treasured its shades and odors. Shortly after coming to America he requested and received acorns from one of the royal domains of Britain, and having successfully grown them into seedlings, he presented some to the city of London, Ontario, for plant- ing in Victoria Park in commemoration of the coronation of King George. Richard Gibson was born February 20, 1840, almost within the shadows of Belvoir castle walls. He was the eldest of eight sons in a family of fourteen. In early life his father removed from Leicestershire to Derbyshire. He was educated in the grammar schools of Derby and Lincoln, and received his first business training in the office of a Lincoln grain merchant. Fol- lowing this, he returned to his father's farm, Swarkeston, and for four years worked patiently to learn the details of the farm- ing and livestock operations upon an estate of approximately 600 acres. Here he managed to win several prizes for excep- tional work in plowing and cultivation. When twenty-one he and his brother John, (of Lincoln sheep fame in Canada), 290 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY crossed over to Quebec, and went into service at George Rob- son's Spring Grove farm north of London. Here he rooted out the fundamentals of Canadian agriculture, and forthwith took charge of a fifteen hundred acre estate on Long Island, belonging to a New York ship builder. Finding that his tastes and activities had insufficient rein, he undertook the handling of the fourteen hundred acre farm near Utica, New York, owned by Walcock and Campbell of the New York Sheeting Mills, cotton manufacturers. Mr. Gibson induced the proprietors to enter into purebred livestock, and after a short experience with Ayrshires on the suggestion of Mr. Campbell, he succeeded in getting Shorthorns introduced. While America had early given allegiance to the Bates fam- ilies, England retained predominantly the Booth tribes. In the hope of popularizing the Warlaby stock, Mr. Gibson made a visit to Thomas C. Booth, (85) then at the pinnacle of his showyard career with the Royal champions Commander-in-Chief and Lady Fragrant. It had been a set policy of Warlaby never to sell females, and it was only when Mr. Gibson promised to take the animals out of Britain that a price was quoted. Among the ten head selected was the $5,000 show heifer Bride of the Vale. Two years later a like number of BooTH-bred animals were again imported by him. Fearing the inroads of the War- laby animals, Mr. Sheldon, owner of all the Thorndale Duchesses, offered to sell a half of his herd. After some dis- cussion between Mr. Gibson and Mr. Campbell, the division was made, the Duchesses costing $5,500 apiece, and the Oxfords $2,800. A year later the remainder of the herd was taken over. About this time it was discovered that the only Duchesses of pure Bates descent were those owned at New York Mills, and in 1873, Britain and America matched pounds against dollars to secure possession of this noted collection. The astounding total of $381,999 was reached for 109 head, the top price being OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 291 840,600 for the 8th Duchess of Geneva. Following this, Mr. Gibson engaged in numerous enterprises on his own account, and in 1883 purchased Belvoir near the village of Delaware, Ontario. Mr. Gibson was an ardent lover of the English sort of Shorthorn, and could not approve of the less stylish, though heavier-bodied Scottish stamp. For years he gamely fought a losing fight for Bates and Booth, but with the waning of their popularity he entered into broader fields. He was president of the Dominion Shorthorn Association, and the Canadian Kennel Club. He was a member of the agricultural commission appointed by the Ontario Government in 1880, and held numer- ous offices in connection with a number of stock breeders' organ- izations both in the State and in Canada. Richard Gibson was a fluent conversationalist, and possessed an inexhaustible fund of cattle lore. His sense of humor assured him of an admiring audience, while his ability to weave romance won him a permanent place in the hearts of those who listened. 292 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A PIONEER FOR THE SCOTTISH BLOODS 114. One of the veteran stockbreeders of Ontario who worked so diligently to upbuild the Scottish Shorthorn interests in the early days of Canadian cattle breeding was Mr. John Miller of "Thistle Ha'" farm. Mr. Miller was born May 12, 1817, near Annan, Dumfrieshire, in Scotland. On April 12, 1835, he left Scotland in a sailing vessel and arrived, at Markham, Ont., June 1, with a consignment of Leicester sheep and Berk- shire swine for his uncle, George Miller, another of Ontario's agricultural pioneers. For five years he worked steadfastly for this uncle, but on the arrival of his father and mother from Scotland he participated with them in clearing what is now known as the Atha farm. For eight years he worked for his parents, but in 1848 he bought Thistle Ha' so called from the bad state of its cultivation at its purchase. This ground orig- inally contained 165 acres, but from time to time more land was added until it included over a square mile. Except for 100 acres of cedar land, this entire farm was kept in a high state of cultivation. The year following his arrival in Ontario, he showed a young Shorthorn bull against all ages and breeds in a class of eight at the Toronto spring show, and took first prize. At the first provincial show in London, 1854, he won first and second on two imported yearling Shorthorn heifers. In 1857 he showed four two-year-old heifers and the bull Redkirk. He was very successful in all Dominion showrings, including the provincial fair and also won in several of the northern state fairs in the United States. In 1867 he purchased from J. H. Spear the cow Nellie Bly 2d for $1,000, after she had won first at St. Louis and several other places. She was the first bovine to be intro- duced to Canada at such a price and became the foundation of that branch of the Nelly Bly family that was for so many years popular in the provinces. About this same time he purchased OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 293 the Prince of Bourbon, 6060, from R. A. Alexander, (82) and followed him with Oxford Mazurka, 8750, which he showed continuously for five years, only failing twice to take first money. In later shows Oxford Mazurka defeated the bulls that beat him on these two occasions, but owing to an injury he had ultimately to be killed. He dressed a carcass of 1870 pounds. In 1869 he and his brother William, (116) imported the renowned show cow Kuberta which was sold to Hon. M. H. Cochrane for SI, 000, and later transferred to Col. W. S. King of Minneapolis for $2,000, where she enjoyed an exceptionally successful show career. In 1870 he imported a number of very good Scotch cows including the Highland champion, Rose of Strathallan. She reared ten calves for Mr. Miller and was the dam or grand-dam of an enormous number of prize winners. Her son, Lord Strathallan, was shown all over Canada and was very successful, winning first eleven times at leading American shows. In 1878 three bulls descended from this dam, won first, second and third places at Toronto, and the following year one of them gained the sweepstakes at the same place. In 1881 her son, Crown Prince of Strathallan, defeated Messrs. Watts' celebrated Barmpton Hero, the only time he was ever beaten in the showring. Another cow of the same importation was Isabella, foundress of the favorably known Canadian family. She was never defeated in the showring except by her stable companion, Nelly Bly 2d. Mr. Miller's show herds of the late 80's and early 90's were headed by the great show bull Vice Consul, a bull that was never defeated in class. In 1854 Mr. Miller imported his first Clydesdale, Rob Roy, and six years later brought over the famous Black Douglas. His best known mare at this time was the Canadian-bred Maggie, that had won twenty -two first prizes. She girthed eight feet and one inch. To the service of Black Douglas she produced the sweepstakes winner at the provincial show of 1863, winning 294 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY over a number of imported horses. In 1865 he imported the far famed Comet 174, a horse that had traveled in Scotland one season, but that remained in service in Ontario for upwards of twenty years. Many of his colts were prize winners, and with the exception of Netherby 126, there was never a horse in Ontario that sired so many good colts. In 1875 he showed four imported mares at five different shows, and won first prize on each occasion. In 1882 he imported a horse and three mares, winning with them both at the Provincial and at Toronto. In 1883 he imported thirteen animals and in 1884 nine, several prize winners being included in each lot. For the next four years he made extensive Scotch purchases but in 1887 and '88 his sales were so large he was unable to show. In 1885 he won first with a Canadian-bred yearling by Boydston Boy, that defeated the first prize winners at the English Royal, the Royal Northern, and the Glasgow Summer show that year. He sold this horse for $2,500, the highest price ever received for a Canadian-bred drafter up to that time. During his first ten years he imported and bred Leicester sheep and for the next fifteen, maintained a flock of Cotswolds as well, but from 1860 to 1880 he bred Cotswolds only, with the exception of a few Shropshires handled between 1863 and 1867. From 1880 onward, however, extensive importations of Shropshires were made and the foundations of many successful flocks both in showyards and breeding pens were laid in Thistle Ha' purchases. In 1887 his Shropshires won the silver medal at Toronto for the best middle or fine wool flock, and in 1888 they won the flock prizes both at the Provincial and at Toronto. In 1889 he sold from the farm eighty-five Cotswolds and 425 Shropshires, his stud rams being the imported ram Director and the undefeated English and Canadian champion lamb, Spearman. For a number of years Mr. Miller paid consid- OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 295 erable attention to Berkshires, but after 1880 made no attempt to keep up the pedigrees. He died August 29, 1904. John Miller's integrity and good judgment made him a servant of highest value to the stock raising public. His influence on both Canadian and American flocks and herds was second to none and the number of breeders who traced their success to his foundations became greater with each year of his operations. 296 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY FOUNDER OF ANOKA HERDS AND FLOCKS 115. The word Anoka in the language of the Wisconsin Indians means "wind-favored spot." It was chosen by George Harding as the name of his Wisconsin farm more than a quarter of a century ago, at a time when his success in the Shorthorn world demanded a dignified title for the produce he was annually vending to an eager and constructive trade. Mr. Harding was born in Pittsfield, New York, in 1840, a few months after the arrival of his parents from Winchester, England. His boyhood days were spent in Ohio, in the vicinity of Painesville, where his father and General Casement, finan- cier and pioneer railway promoter of Kansas and Colorado, grew in business together. In 1880, Mr. Harding migrated to Wisconsin, where he engaged in a hardware mercantile business in both Waukesha and Chippewa Falls. After nine years of pursuit of this industry, Mr. Harding purchased 160 acres near Waukesha, which ultimately became known as Home Farm among the Anoka Farm holdings. In 1870 he decided to embark in the breeding of Cotswold sheep and Shorthorn cattle. The Cotswolds were secured from the flock of Abner Strawn, Ottawa, 111., and became a chief source of supply of sheep of this breed in later years. In 1885 Mr. Harding advanced the money necessary to put the American Cotswold Association on its feet, taking pay in the stock of the Association. His son was elected secretary and a turning point in the society's finances occurred. The registration became self- supporting and funds became available for use as prizes at the leading fairs and expositions. Shropshires were added to Anoka about 1900, and Hampshires have been handled at intervals since. The first Shorthorns were secured from C. C. Park, Glen Flora Farm, Waukegan; a bull named Baron Bertram and two heifers, whose total cost was $1,200. From the bluegrass breeders he GEORGE HARDING OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 297 secured the majority of his early Anoka stock, but he obtained some in the Genesee Valley in New York, and a particularly good lot of Young Marys and Roses of Sharon from W. A. Sat- terwhite of Illinois. His first Scotch Shorthorn was the bull Strathearn, secured from John Miller, (114) Brougham, Ont. He entered the showring about 1875, and remained in it annually for a period of twenty-eight years when he turned his responsibilities over to his son, Frank W. Harding (108). In the contests of the early 80's he occupied a conspicuous position in the leading western shows, Strathearn being a good forerunner of Cupbearer and Young Abbotsburn. Scotch females were secured by direct purchase abroad or from the stocks of Col. Harris, (109) John Miller (114) and Luther Adams. His greatest years in the showring were his later ones, his achievements of one year being the foundation on which he builded better for the succeeding years. The grand champion at the first American Royal in 1900 was Viscount of Anoka, cham- pion at most American shows for a period of two years, while Best of Archers not only did yeoman service in the ring, but begot the 1903 International champion, Ceremonious Archer, out of his veteran Lady-in-Waiting. Toward the close of his career, Mr. Harding served as a dis- tributor of numerous lots of cattle of other than his own breed- ing, and in 1901, despite the desperate drouth that enthralled the entire Mississippi Valley, he held an exceptionally successful sale at the Dexter Park Pavilion in Chicago, making $657 average on 43 head. Throughout the 1900 and 1901 show season the Anoka herd won first more times than any herd with which it competed, except that of J. G. Robbins & Sons. At the 1901 Royal, Anoka's Golden Victor won the Armour trophy for the best bull of the breed. In 1903, Mr. Harding planned the dis- persion of his Anoka herd in order to effect a settlement of his interests with his son and to permit his retirement. Eleven bulls 298 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY averaged $489.05 and seventy-seven cows, $467.75. The herd bull Best of Archers reached the top at $1,605. Two large manufacturing plants were maintained by Mr. Harding in Waukesha, the Modern Structural Steel Co., and the Waukesha Malleable Iron Co. At one time he was mayor of the city and gave much time to the upbuilding and beautification of the community. His death in 1909 closed a lifetime of pro- gressive service. George Harding was a man of few words but many thoughts. Like most men of real power, he was self con- tained and unassuming. For a period of thirty years he actively supported every constructive movement tending toward the bet- tering of Wisconsin livestock, and Anoka has been identified with almost every operation that has builded toward higher values and broader recognition of the Badger state's fundamental industry. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 299 A HUSBANDMAN FROM OXFORD 116. Another representative of the Aberdeenshire Miller family that played so important a role in the Shorthorn and Clydesdale history during the formative days of Canadian agriculture was Mr. William Miller, nephew of George Miller of Markham, Ontario, and brother of Mr. John Miller (114). Mr. Miller's father was also named William Miller, and he was partner with George Miller in some of the early enterprises which intro- duced Scotch Shorthorns from the north of Caledon. William Miller, Jr., was born in 1834 near Ecclefechan, Dumfrieshire, Scotland. He was educated in the common schools of Canada and at Oxford University, gaining a training that gave him a most facile expression in later life. The rudiments of livestock were learned on his father's farm, near Pickering, Ontario, to which place he came in 1839. During the period extending from 1854 to 1861, numerous importations were made into Canada from the herd of Robert Syme of Redkirk, Dumfrieshire, by George and William Miller. With the first lot Mr. Miller brought over that showyard veteran, Simon Beattie. The original selections in large part were made by William Miller, Jr., then a young man making his first tour of the old country herds and flocks. Mr. Miller selected the bull Redkirk 15138, a fine roan of medium size that was shown by Mr. John Miller, and later sold into New York. In the spring of 1869, Mr. William Miller imported the grand roan show heifer Ruberta, bred by the Messrs. Garne of Broadmoor, Gloucestershire. This heifer was fed out for show by John and William Miller and successfully exhibited previous to being sold to M. H. Cochrane at Hillhurst. In 1881 he undertook the management of a farm owned by a Mr. Simpson, collector of customs in Montreal, but in 1884 went to Hillhurst. In the fall of 1886, Mr. Luther Adams, Boston, Mass., secured a large farm at Storm Lake, Iowa, and commis- sioned William Miller to stock it, and to secure a shipment of 300 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY the best young cattle obtainable in Scotland. By this time Mr. Miller was known on both sides of the water as a shrewd, keen witted "all around judge," and his seasoned maturity and broad acquaintance stamped him as one of the makers of American Shorthorn history. Canadian quarantine regulations had at this time rendered it impossible to forward more of the Sittyton surplus to Mr. Davidson, (117) and Mr. Miller's fortunate arrival at this time to secure the 1886 shipment permitted Mr. Luther Adams' herd to become the final American outlet for Mr. Cruickshank. Only one bull was secured in this importa- tion, the red calf Harvester by Baron Violet, but a number of choice heifers were included, Simplicity, Gwendoline, Athene, Golden Feather, Sorrel, Golden Crest and Violet Mist. Mr. Miller made a strong attempt to secure the bull Commodore, a noble roan by Baron Violet out of the famous Custard, dam of Cumberland, then Mr. Cruickshank's herd bull. Mr. Cruick- shank would not price him, however, so Mr. Miller visited the Collynie and Uppermill herds, securing a number of young stock by Field Marshal and William of Orange. The most notable bull secured in this importation was the yearling Cupbearer which had just been sold by Mr. Duthie to an Ontario breeder, and sent to Liverpool for shipment. On account of the Canadian quarantine, he had to be returned, to Collynie, whereupon Mr. Miller secured him for Mr. Adams. During the previous sum- mer he had won first prize in his class at the Royal Northern, and had stood reserve champion to Field Marshal. This bull really proved to be the making of the Adams herd, winning everywhere in the seasons of 1888 and 1889, and being American Champion until defeated by the magnificent Young Abbotsburn. In 1887 Mr. Miller brought out a magnificent herd for Lake- side headed by the thick fleshed compactly built red Strathearn, bred by John Miller. The cow and the two-year-old in this herd were the remarkable Miss Ramsden's 9th and 10th. In the fall OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 301 of this year Mr. Miller again visited Scotland and secured 31 heifers and 39 bulls, all from the herds of Cruickshank, Duthie, Marr and Campbell. This was the largest importation ever made directly from Aberdeenshire to the United States, and included the great roan Princess Alice and the famous Craven Knight, both ultimately in the herds of Col. Harris (109), also the well known Gay Monarch purchased by J. G. Robbins & Sons. In 1889, Mr. Miller made the last importation for Mr. Adams, consisting of 12 young bulls and 18 heifers. Soon after the animals had gone through quarantine, Mr. Adams dispersed his entire stock, Strathearn going to George Harding (115) and Cupbearer to John Hope, of Bow Park. Sixteen yearling heifers and Craven Knight were secured by Col. Harris. Lakeside farm itself was sold to Mr. T. H. Sherley of Louisville, Ky. In 1891 William Miller succeeded John T. Gibson in charge of the North Oaks herd of James J. Hill, but remained only a year. On its dispersal in 1893, half of the herd went to Mr. Sherley of Lakeside farm and Mr. Miller resumed management. In 1898 he purchased the farm from Mr. Sherley, stocked it with Aberdeen-Angus and feeding cattle and spent his declining years on that valuable Iowa property. He died December 21, 1905, one of the most widely known and most fundamental contributors to the Aberdeenshire success in America. He made nearly one hundred trips across the Atlantic, exporting steers as well as importing breeding stock. He handled several loads of the famous Gillett cattle for British butcher buyers. Mr. Miller was a writer of great skill. His father was an intimate and valued friend of Thomas Carlyle and he inherited much of the 302 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY senior Miller's pronounced literary genius. On one occasion Mr. D. T. Mitchel (Ik Marvel) contributed to a Christmas Breeder's Gazette, and referred to an article of Mr. Miller's in a previous issue with this comment, "When you can secure such matter as Mr. Miller's article of last year, from within the ranks of your own constituency, I do not see why you need call pro- fessional literary men to your aid." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 303 AN IDEAL SCOT 117. The death of James Ironside Davidson on February 15, 1902, at his beautiful home near Balsam, Ontario, removed from the roll of Canadian purebred stockbreeders one of its most prom- inent, successful and interesting figures. Mr. Davidson was a man of sterling character and unsullied honor, of splendid phy- sique and kindly disposition; his genial manner numbering on his list of friends a host of lovers of good livestock in Canada, the United States and Scotland. Mr. Davidson's specialties in stockbreeding were Clydesdale horses and Shorthorn cattle, he was a safe and sound judge of both classes, a successful importer and breeder, and a liberal and judicious feeder. He enjoyed the personal friendship and confidence of Amos Cruickshank (89) and for some years was the principal importer and distributor of the Sittyton cattle on this side of the Atlantic. Mr. Davidson was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1818 and emigrated to Canada in 1842. His first agricultural invest- ment was in his farm where he built himself a good log house, and prepared a stable for a $165 team of horses, six cattle and four sheep. The six cattle cost him $80. Mr. Davidson remarked that these were "no very high prices, but when I had the progeny to sell, it reminded me of a friend of mine who often told me he was a good buyer; few could buy as quick as he, but he never was a good hand at selling." Mr. Davidson experienced the same difficulty in this new country. He had paid cash for his purchases, but in order to sell had to give credit or take articles he did not want. He lost no opportunity to improve his stock by the use of the best animals he could find, and electrified his neighbors by selling a three-year-old steer just off the grass, to the Toronto butcher, Mr. John Clark, for the cash sum of $50. So pleased was Mr. Clark, by his purchase that he recom- mended Mr. Davidson to feed some animals for Christmas and 304 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Easter, advice which Mr. Davidson followed, securing $100 for a steer, and $125 for a three-year-old heifer. He began feeding Shorthorns about 1860, but it was not until 1871, when the Shorthorn world was topsy-turvy on linebred cattle and paying fabulous prices for paper pedigrees, that he made his first importation of the composite blooded cattle from Sittyton. This was the third importation from this herd to enter Canada, but the first to make any permanent impress on the stocks of the day. In 1872 he made another small importation from Sittyton and found such ready sale for them that, in 1874, he brought one bull and nineteen females across. The following year he sold his first Cruickshank cattle into the United States, Dr. Noel of Tennessee securing two heifers at $1,800, and Mr. J. H. Kissinger of Missouri purchasing a carload which he exhibited in the show- rings in Missouri, Iowa and Illinois. This created a demand for Cruickshank cattle far beyond Mr. Davidson's supply, and although he imported 185 head he could scarcely keep any females for his own use. Many calves of his own breeding realized $500 apiece, and in 1880 when there was but little demand for Shorthorns he disposed of six calves to the Messrs. Snider for $1,500, which were resold on the next day to Mr. Palmer of Missouri for $2,000. At Mr. Palmer's dispersion these animals brought $4,560. Mr. Davidson continued import- ing for Mr. Cruickshank until 1886 when the outbreak of pleuro- pneumonia during quarantine at Quebec made him unwilling to run any further risks. About this time Mr. Cruickshank decided to dispose of his herd, and gave Mr. Davidson the first offer for it. So high was the esteem in which each held the other, that the following quota- tion from a letter written by Mr. Cruickshank at the close of their mutual transactions stated: "I am quite satisfied with the statement, and taking a retrospective view of our transactions for JAMES I. DA VI] »S( IN OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 305 so many years, and they have been very extensive, it seems to me almost marvelous that they have gone on so smoothly, not a jar on either side; it is cause for great thankfulness, and I don't want our correspondence to drop." Mr. Davidson began breeding Clydesdales in 1886. In that year he imported Darling 1st, a prize winner at the Highland Show. She produced three foals for Mr. Davidson, the first one being his famous Darling 2d, that produced progeny which he sold for a sum above $10,000. Darling 2d had nine foals, and the lowest price for any single one was for the yearling filly, Darling 3d which sold for $1,000. In the stud of Mr. Moffatt, Darling 3d gave rise to some thirty-five descendants, ten of which sold for over $10,000, and the other twenty-five served as Mr. Moffatts producing stud. Mr. Davidson was a modest man of retiring disposition but there came a time when his political friends insisted that he was the only man who could carry the riding to their interest. In 1891 he was elected by a majority to the Canadian House of Commons, a position he held until his death. His vigorous con- stitution and mentality was maintained until the last, and with the exception of failing eyesight, he enjoyed almost perfect health until within a week of the end. An attack of pneumonia, however, could not be controlled, and he passed away peacefully in his 8 1th year, honored and esteemed by all who knew him. Mr. John Dryden (14) published an enconium on Mr. Davidson in which he stated as a highest form of compliment, that "Mr. Davidson was a typical Scotchman." Mr. William Miller (116) wrote Mr. Ogilvie (6) this quaint and expressive com- ment, ':Mr. Davidson was not a typical Scotchman, as John Dryden says; he was an ideal Scot!" 306 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY KEEPER OF THE SHORTHORN SEALS 118. Since the beginning of Illinois' agricultural history, Sangamon county has stood for the best in improved livestock, and some of the earliest Shorthorn herds were cradled within its environs. Nurtured in this progressive atmosphere, numerous of her sons have stepped out from her borders to render the highest of services to purebred livestock breeding. Such a man was John W. Groves, secretary of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association from 1901 to 1912. Born in 1849 and possessed of a good common school education, Mr. Groves early took a prominent part in the rather extensive business affairs in which his father and brothers were engaged near Williamsville, 111. Nurtured on the farm his interests naturally ran to farm products, and he bred and fed market cattle for a term of years during the latter 70's and early 80's. An opportunity for personal advance- ment brought him to Chicago in the livestock commission busi- ness about 1885, but he soon tired of the atmosphere and did not realize his expectations, due to the business depression of the period. Hence about 1890 he returned to Williamsville and once more participated with his family in their business there. He took charge of one of the several farms operated by George Groves & Sons, and in addition conducted a flourishing business as buyer and shipper of market stock. In 1894 he was elected treasurer of his county, retaining that position until 1898. The following year Mr. Groves entered into his first relations with the Shorthorns, when upon the recommendation of J. Frank Prather, (119) his associate in a Williamsville bank, he was elected assistant secretary of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association. At that time Mr. Pickrell (95) was beginning to lose some of that sturdy vigor which had characterized the earlier years of his life, and due to insufficient help the work of the office had piled up to about a twelve-month arrearage. On Mr. Pickrell's demise in 1901, Mr. Groves was made his successor OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 307 and immediately set about bringing the work up to date. An office force of five clerks was increased to about twenty who worked in day and night shifts, and when in 1903 the location of the office was changed from Springfield to Chicago in the new Pedigree Record building, the work of registration was well in hand. He continued as breed secretary until his death, April 2, 1912. Mr. Groves inaugurated two changes in the record system of Shorthorns which in addition to economizing space had an excel- lent influence on the habit of pedigree thinking among Shorthorn breeders. The clumsy system of the earlier volumes wherein a cow was given a page and volume number was replaced by registration numbers similar to those used in the bulls. Further- more, instead of printing the extended pedigree with its undue weight on imported or foundation cows, a single line system was adopted which gave sire and dam only, omitting the previ- ously stressed female descent. 308 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A STEADFAST DEFENDER OF THE FAITH 119. J. Frank Prather, Illinois Shorthorn veteran, was born January 24, 1859, in Pike Co., Ohio. In his early years his father John Prather, an extensive feeder of market cattle, re- moved to Williamsville, 111., where he pursued his livestock activi- ties. Mr. Prather was educated in the rural schools, receiving a partial high school education in Williamsville. At the age of sixteen, he assumed care of the show herd of his brother, Samuel E. Prather. The head of the herd was Brurer's Booth, and the two principal females were Queen of Riverdale and Silly Dale, the latter two tracing to imported White Rose by Publicola. In 1877 his father purchased for him the farm he at present occu- pies, and the following year he embarked on the breeding of Shorthorns. His most noted years with the Shorthorns date from his asso- ciation with C. B. Dustin in 1891. He was at that time anxious to secure a bull with which to head his herd, and learning that Mr. Dustin was going to Scotland, made arrangements with him to secure a herd bull from Duthie of Collynie. Mr. Dustin's herdsman selected for him two bulls and eight heifers, but one of the heifers failed to suit, so Mr. Dustin traded him for a promising bull calf he discovered in the pasture. Of the two bulls first purchased by Mr. Dustin, Mr. Prather secured Duke of Hamilton 2d, and he also retained a half interest in the calf. This calf developed rapidly, and attained a showyard record equalled by few bulls of the breed. He was named Baron Cruickshank, and was used turn about by Mr. Prather and Mr. Dustin, year by year, until he was five years old. Baron Cruickshank weighed 2,610 pounds in mature shape, but was not coarse in frame, and possessed a smoothness and mellowness of flesh seldom equalled. When Baron Cruickshank reached his fifth year, the partners deemed it inadvisable to ship him about so much, hence Mr. Dustin gave Mr. Prather the bull Proud OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 309 Archer, sent to Mr. Dustin by Duthie, for his interest in the older bull. In late years he has used another bull of excellent character and some renown as a sire, the white Silver Knight, by Good Knight, by Choice Knight, by Choice Goods. For many years Williamsville was without a bank, and in the early 90's, Mr. Prather, Mr. Groves (118), the elder Jones and W. L. Perce formed the corporation of J. F. Prather & Co., to establish a banking business. From the outset Mr. Prather was president of the organization, and he has developed a large banking institution. For a number of years Mr. Prather was a member of the State Board of Agriculture, and acted as treasurer both before and after its re-organization. For many years he was active in the American Shorthorn Association, being a director for twenty-two seasons, and president from December, 1908, to December, 1910. Here he proved a great steadying influence, and his word carried great weight in all of the breed councils. Mr. Prather has been fortunate in securing title to large acreage of farm lands in Illinois, Missouri and Kansas, and has established one of the most satisfactory tenant systems in the corn belt. He is generous and wise and has done much that is philanthropic in his relations to his fellowmen. With modest humor Mr. Prather says, "Fortune has smiled upon me from the start. I escaped the political germ, always so prolific in the dear old Buckeye state, and never held a poli- tical office in my life. What positions of trust or honor I have occupied were due to the kindness of my friends and not on account of any marked ability on my part for the work. If the sun shines upon me as bright and my friends remain as true for the balance of the time alloted me, I will feel well repaid for any suffering or disappointments I have experienced. Yester- day is gone, the books are balanced, and all I ask of tomorrow is health, and the respect and good will of my neighbors and friends." 310 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A MISSOURI MENTOR OF THE CATTLE RING 120. Seldom does it become the lot of man to gain so close a personal relationship to his fellows, to stimulate and sustain by sound counsels so large a coterie of livestock students, and to influence so many men to adopt higher ideals of husbandry, as befell George Purdy Bellows, Shorthorn breeder, auction sales- man and representative of the agricultural press. Few men indeed have had so broad and accurate a knowledge of the vari- ous breeds of livestock, and fewer still his judicious understand- ing of pedigrees and his keen sense of values in cattle form and quality. The untimeliness of his death, February 17, 1913, shocked not only his Shorthorn colleagues, but the entire fra- ternity of agricultural workers in America. Col. Bellows was born in the Prairie State, July 19, 1862, under the shadow of the present University of Illinois. At three years of age his parents removed to Guilford, Mo., in whose public schools he received his early education. Following gradu- ation he put in two years at the University of Missouri. In 1881 he entered partnership in Shorthorn breeding with his father, Frank Bellows, and his brothers, under the firm name of Bellows & Sons. Two years later the family moved to Mary- ville, Mo., where Valley Home Farm was founded. At this time Col. Bellows embarked on a separate career. He taught in public school and was made deputy county clerk for Nodaway county. In 1888 he repurchased an interest in Valley Home Farm, but five years later he decided to assume additional responsibilities by becoming livestock advertising solicitor for the Pierce publications, notably the Iowa Home- stead and the Livestock Indicator. In 1904 he dropped this work to become an auctioneer of a pedigreed stock, a profession fol- lowed until his death. On the death of his father, the firm name became Bellows Bros., and Col. Bellows became interested in building up the OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 311 herd on Westlawn Farm, an addition to the firm property. He was fond of the Choice Goods blood and introduced much of it into his herd at the Tebo Lawn dispersion. His efforts proved extraordinarily successful, and several International and Royal champions and first prize winners were produced. Col. Bellows was a man of much public spirit and great kindliness toward his fellowmen; thoughtful, lovable, conserva- tive, his justice and honor made him one of the most trusted men in the salesring and he conducted vendues in almost every state and in Canada. He was a popular judge in the biggest shows and a trusted agent and buyer for old and young breeders. His death through the overturning of his automobile, following the International of 1912, brought tragedy into many loyal hearts. A friend wrote, "If the breeding of Shorthorns had brought me no other recompense than the intimate friendship of such men as George P. Bellows, I should feel that much had been accom- plished toward the things that make life worth while." 312 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY EVERYONE'S ADVISER ON LIVESTOCK ADVERTISING 121. Perhaps the most successful field representative of the livestock journals is George Edgar Martin of The Breeder's Gazette, Chicago. Mr. Martin was born in New Richmond, Wis., January 19, 1870. With his parents he moved to Sac Co., Iowa, in 1875, and spent his boyhood on Lakeside farm near Storm Lake, Iowa. His father was a pioneer breeder of Aberdeen- Angus, founding his herd with purchases from B. R. Pierce, (59) Evans & Son, T. W. Harvey and Wallace Estill. He devel- oped early a love for highclass livestock, and left the farm for college with a feeling of regret that he was to part company with some of the veterans of his father's herd to which he had become warmly attached. At eighteen years of age he entered Drake University at Des Moines, completing a two year course, and two years later became a student of the State University of Iowa, at Iowa City, where he finished in law in 1894. He opened an office at Carroll, Iowa, not far from his boyhood home, and practiced his profes- sion for three years, during which time he was elected to the office of city attorney. Law, however, failed to appeal to him, and when in 1899 he was offered a position on the field force of Wallace's Farmer, he quickly took advantage of it. One year later he was secured by The Breeder's Gazette to become its eastern business representative, a position he held until he was placed in charge of all their livestock advertising, early in 1920. George Martin has created more permanent associations with leading livestock breeders of America than any man in his chosen field. From the start, he has insisted on absolute honesty in the execution of contracts, and has proved to be one of the best OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 313 business getters for breeders offering their surplus at public sales, that American livestock history has known. He enjoys to the fullest the confidence of both young and veteran breeders, has executed numerous commissions for the purchase of herd bulls, boars anol stallions, and has created high values for the vender of purebred livestock without resorting to a fictitious system of paper credits. George Martin's integrity is unassail- able, his popularity nationwide, and his personality a potent factor in the stabilizing of purebred livestock values. 314 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY PIONEER OF THE VETERINARY PROFESSION 122. One of the youngest professions auxiliary to the livestock industry is that of veterinary medicine. For centuries, the horse doctor and the quack who gained their living either by practical experience or through the credulity of the earlier husbandmen, have existed but the organization of knowledge on this subject and its •dignification as a profession have been matters of the last third of a century. Foremost among the apostles of this movement is Dr. James Law of Cornell University. Dr. Law was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, February 12, 1838. He was educated in the Edinburgh public schools, and later graduated from the veterinary medical schools located there, taking his final degree from the University College of Surgeons. Not content with the information he was able to gain here, he proceeded to France, and took further work in the Ecole Veteri- naire at Alfort near Paris, and at the Ecole Veterinaire at Lyons. In 1857 he received his degree of V.S. from the Highland and Agricultural Society, and was made a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in 1863, receiving his Fellowship in 1870. From 1860 to 1865 he was professor of Anatomy and Materia Medica at the Edinburgh New Veterinary College. The following two years he was professor at the Albert Veterinary College in London, but in 1868 was called by the late Hon. Andrew D. White to Cornell University at Ithaca, New York, as Professor of Veterinary Science. In 1896 he was made Direc- tor and Dean, and in 1908 received the title of Professor Emeri- tus. During the years of his professorship at Cornell he was Veterinarian to the New York State Agricultural Society. From 1882 to 1883 he was chairman of the United States Treasury Cattle Commission and selected the sites for the quarantine deten- tion station. In 1887-8 he was in charge of the field work of the Bureau of Animal Industry for the extinction of the cattle lung plague in the states of Illinois and New York. He was OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 315 National President of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion in 1906 and 1907. Dr. Law was an author of wide repute. He published a Gen- eral and Descriptive Anatomy of Domestic Animals in two vol- umes, a text book of Veterinary Medicine in five volumes, and a Farmer's Veterinary Advisor. He was the producer of num- erous scientific monographs, and came into closest contact with the farmers of America through his preparation of various arti- cles in the Bureau of Animal Industry publications on Diseases of Cattle and Diseases of the Horse. Dr. Law's greatest service to his profession lay in the idealism which he injected into its development and his uncompromising stand for thoroughness and honesty in the necessary cleanups of livestock disease that have occurred during the last forty years. He came from a country where a large human population had made animal husbandry more difficult than here, but he recog- nized that the experience of the old world would all too soon be ours. Guided by a prophetic vision of that which was sure to come, he undertook immediately to develop the veterinary profession in this country along the lines indicated by scientific discoveries. He was anxious to prepare men to safeguard our animal population. Dr. Law was an inspiring teacher. He was a man of high ideals and a thorough scholar, and he still retains a deep interest in all veterinary subjects. He is the "grand old man" of the veterinary profession in America and beloved by all who knew him. His portrait will serve both as an inspira- tion and a benediction to all the generations of veterinarians that are to come and to go. 316 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY WHOM THE GODS CALLED YOUNG 123. The youngest son of P. D. Armour, founder of the pack- ing business of Armour & Co., was Philip D. Armour, Jr., born January 11, 1869, at Milwaukee, Wis. In 1875 he came to Chi- cago with his family, and received his early education at Phillips Andover Academy. From that institution he entered Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University, being a member of the class of 1890. Circumstances prevented his completion of the course, and in 1891 he joined Armour and Company to learn the packing business from its very foundations. He displayed an unusual aptitude backed up by the right sort of energy and aggressiveness. The years he spent with the Company were seasons of great expansion and development, and formed an important period in the history of the house. In some respects the enterprises of these days were of a pioneer nature and fitted the younger Armour for the big responsibilities and active participation in the affairs of the Company, which would necessarily fall to his lot. In 1899 the original negotiations were opened to merge the Armour Packing Co. of Kansas City with the Chicago plant, and the partnership previously effected between P. D. Armour, Sr., and J. Ogden Armour was dissolved to form the new corpora- tion of Armour and Company. Phillip D. Armour, Jr., was scheduled for an important posi- tion in the new corporation, but its realization was prevented by his untimely death at Montecito, California, January 26, 1900. One of the elder employees of Armour and Company, who knew him well, characterized him as follows: "He was what we would refer to today as a regular fellow; he was a most lovable man and easy to get along with; he was as bright as a man could be — quick as lightning — and he never knew the meaning of procras- tination." OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 317 A DODDIE DEVOTEE FROM THE PAMPAS 124. The second judge to come to the International Livestock Show from the Argentine was William J. Grant, to officiate in the breeding and fat classes of Aberdeen-Angus in 1919. So appreciative of his work were the Aberdeen-Angus breeders that they requested him immediately upon the completion of his duties to make the long journey again, two years later. Mr. Grant was a native-born Scot, first opening his eyes to the light in February, 1869, in Elgin, a few miles to the south of the Moray Firth in Elginshire. His early education was obtained in the Elgin Academy, and he was articled while still a youth to Mr. H. M. S. Mackay, a civil engineer of his native town. For five years he studied rigorously as a land surveyor and civil engineer, and in 1890 proceeded to the Argentine as assistant engineer on the construction of the Buenos Aires-Great Southern Railway. In 1893 he received appointment as chief district engi- neer of the Buenos Aires and Pacific, and eight years later was promoted to chief construction engineer. In 1903 he purchased 3,750 acres of land and began opera- tions as farmer and stock breeder. His interests grew rapidly until he was master of 11,000 odd acres, and found his time so occupied that in 1908 he resigned his railroad position and devoted his entire energies to agriculture. He has developed two very excellent herds of cattle, one of Aberdeen-Angus and the other of Shorthorn breeding. His Aberdeen-Angus herd con- tains 85 pedigreed cows and about 300 purebreds that are unreg- istered. The principal families represented are the Mulben May- flowers, the Prides of Aberdeen, the Lady Idas, the Beauty's of Methlick, the Advie Roses, the Ericas and the Blackbirds. The Shorthorn herd is about the same size and comprises about 80 registered and 400 unregistered animals. Mr. Grant breeds very largely on a merit basis and to secure this handles repre- sentatives of both Scotch and English strains. The following 318 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Shorthorn families are represented: The Secrets, the Princess Royals, the Venus's, the Butterfly's, the Waterloos, the Roses of Sharon, the Rubinas, the Blanches, the Miss Beverleys and the Old Daisy's. In addition he handles a Shorthorn grade herd, of some 2,000 cows. Mr. Grant is one of the pioneer promoters of draft horse breeding in this new country, and is developing a small but very select stud of Clydesdales. His most famous stallion has been the Glamis Castle horse, Monte Carlo, a half brother of the noted Cawdor Cup winner, Scotland Yet. General agricultural activities of a progressive sort have recently claimed much of Mr. Grant's time. During the five years, 1909-1914, he was president of the Laboulaye Rural Society, and from the beginning of his citizenship in the province of Cordoba he has acted as advisor to the local manager of the Argentina National Bank on farm loans. Laboulaye is a thriv- ing town of 7,000 inhabitants, and Mr. Grant has twice been its mayor, four times president of its town council, three years presi- dent of its school board, and three years president of its social club. Since 1914 he has been president of the board of •directors of the Rio Negro Land Company, and part owner and managing director of the Nueva Escocia Colonization Company. In 1901 Mr. Grant married Miss Ellen Gertrude Maguire, daughter of an Irish Farmer in the Argentine, Mr. John Maguire, and has a family of two boys and two girls. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 319 A PROPAGANDIST OF PEACE 125. Possibly the first man to recognize in a practical way the utter absence of a divine right to homage was William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, constructive proponent of the Quakers, and just administrator of the rights of the American Indian. Of aristocratic descent, his sire successively being lieutenant, captain, rear-admiral, vice-admiral and admiral of the British navy, he found in his collegiate days at Oxford ample oppor- tunity to display a rugged plebeianism by opposing what he considered to be popish usages, the wearing of student gowns and the display of honorary vestments. Thereafter, despite a punishment that involved his flight to France, he fought a con- tinuous battle within himself, pitting his sturdy spirit as dis- played in his numerous published defenses of the Quakers, against the more insidious acceptance of the honors and pastimes that were his by heritage and by his wide acquaintance among blooded families. A personal friend and ardent supporter of Robert Spencer, John Locke, George Fox and Algernon Sid- ney, he lived in the favor of Charles II and James II of Eng- land, and Louis XIV of France, while his personal courage earned him respect in the court of the austere William of Orange. William Penn was born October 14, 1644, in London, Eng- land. Owing to the sea-faring pursuits of his father, he spent his young life under his mother's tutelage, and from her received his strong religious faith. Part of his childhood was spent in Shenagarry, County Cork, his father's Irish estate. His education was thorough, the Oxford foundations being supplemented by discipleship under Moses Amyrault, one of France's ablest scho- lars, and a member of the Reformed Church. His literary talents led to an early recognition of his religious convictions. The turning point in his life was reached in Cork, Sept. 3, 1667, when in company with the entire congregation he was arrested for listening to the Quaker teachings of his old 320 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY Oxford friend, Thomas Loe. After an open rupture with his father he entered upon an itinerant preaching journey, publish- ing numerous treatises, of which his "Truth Exalted" and "The Sandy Foundation Shaken" gave him a nation-wide notoriety. This latter caused an eight months' imprisonment in the Tower of London which stimulated his "No Cross, No Crown" and "Innocency with Her Open Face," that made him immortal. Early in 1668 he enlisted the aid of the Duke of Buckingham to introduce a bill into Parliament that would award justice to the Quakers, but the stern commoners refused even to listen to the measure. In 1670 he was again arrested for preaching in the streets, and when the jury found him "Not Guilty" despite the court's instructions, both the jury and prisoner were fined and jailed for contempt. Appeal to higher authority established the precedent for all time in English law that it is the right of the jury independently to judge evidence regardless of the dictation or direction of the court. On liberation Penn visited Holland and Germany where he made many converts, but it was not until 1681 when Charles II issued the charter that confirmed his title to American lands, that he found a home for the persecuted of his faith. Penn's original title for the territory was New Wales, but, on objection by the King, he adopted Sylvania, which the King overruled to christen Pennsylvania. Organizations for emigration were estab- lished, and with the aid of Algernon Sidney, a liberal scheme of laws and government approved. In September, 1682, he sailed for Newcastle on the Delaware, on board the tiny "Wel- come," and selected the site of his capital at the juncture of the Schuylkill and Delaware, a place called by the Indians, "Coaquannoc," and by him Philadelphia. Under the spreading elm at Schackamaxton (now part of Philadelphia), he concluded his famous treaty with the Indians, which recog- . nized them as previously the rightful owners of the land. Penn's OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 321 far-sighted generosity contributed to peace with all the adjacent tribes and alone of all the colonies, Pennsylvania suffered no massacres and indulged in no warfare. In 168-1, disputes with Lord Baltimore over the boundry line with Maryland, discus- sions that ultimately caused the survey of the Mason-Dixon line, sent both Penn and Baltimore to England, and Penn became involved in the turmoil of the deposition of James II. In 1690 he was publicly proclaimed a traitor, and deprived of his Ameri- can property, but after three years hiding, it was restored. In 1699 he returned to America, cementing the split in his colony between the warlike and Quaker parties. Two years later he sailed for England, disturbed by the report that proprietary colonies were to be abolished, but the move was thwarted. Affairs in Ireland claimed his attention, and he was defrauded by unscrupulous bookkeeping of much of his property. In 1712 a paralytic stroke impaired his mind, and after six years of faithful care by his second wife, he passed away at Ruscombe, Berkshire, July 30, 1718. As a founder of American civilization and democracy, Wil- liam Penn contributed much. While his doctrines of non-resist- ance have been used for selfish purposes many times in the intervening years, his recognition of the rights of the savage, his careful preparation of a liberal government, and his refuge for numerous of the harassed religious thinkers of Europe estab- lished precedents from which the American nation has never departed in principle. The liberality of his viewpoints has been reflected through the centuries that have succeeded him, and to his example may be traced the development of freedom of thought and action in the national commonwealth. 322 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A CONTRIBUTION OF CATTLE WEALTH TO THE SUNFLOWER STATE 126. John Ross Tomson, breeder of Shorthorn cattle and president of the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association 1918- 19, was born near Dover, Kansas, October 3, 1867. Of cattle forebears, he was early initiated into the business, riding as drover and buyer with his father at the early age of eight and nine years over a radius of thirty miles from his home. His aptness coupled with his extreme youth attracted much atten- tion among the hardened veterans of the cattle range, and gained him a reputation that made him the natural head of the business when his father and brothers entered, into purebred Shorthorn production in 1886. At this time he had finished his common school education and a course in a business college in Topeka, so that the $80 cow then purchased provided his real start in breeding. The firm thus launched to the breeding world was known as T. K. Tomson & Sons, the father, John, "Jim," and Frank composing the partnership. For ten successive years a show herd, was on the western and southwestern circuit, and it is believed the record shows not a year passed without a champion- ship ribbon being awarded some member of the herd at one of the fairs. While the circuit is no longer followed throughout, the Tomson cattle are still frequent winners. Ever since the late nineties the females of the herd have been particularly rcognized as true to a type, the best ones being retained regularly for breeding purposes. A party of Uraguay breeders visiting Amer- ican herds in 1919 pronounced the Tomson females to be the best selected and most uniform they saw. Operations have been conducted almost entirely on a private sale basis, very few pub- lic auctions having been held. Hence no widely advertised fig- ures have been announced although the financial results have been eminently satisfactory, and the products of the herd sought both by the east and west for purposes of foundation and improvement. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 323 In 1909 the death of T. K. Tomson caused a change in the method of breeding. For several years prior to this the father had left the active direction of the business to the two sons, John and James, and on his demise John succeeded as head of the firm with headquarters on the old farmstead adjoining Dover. James and Frank purchased a new acreage along the line of the Santa Fe Railroad between Wakarusa and Carbondale, Kansas. Here marketing facilities were better as Dover was nine miles from the nearest railroad, the Rock Island, and twenty miles from a marketing town, Topeka. The partnership was still main- tained, but each brother's interest was held separately. Under John Tomson's skillful management some of the grassiest pas- tures of eastern Kansas have been -developed at the Dover farm, while excellent modern improvements have been installed throughout. John Tomson enjoys a wide reputation as a judge both of steers and breeding cattle. His ability in this particular was instinctively inherent, but was sharpened by the years of cattle buying as a youth, stirrup to stirrup with his father. Among Kansas breeders he enjoys a position of highest authority, while his counsels have been sought by Shorthorn breeders the country over. He is of a naturally retiring and diffident disposition, but his whole inclination is to care in an unassuming way for the interests of others long before looking to his own. He never volunteers advice, but his aid is freely given for the asking. Straightforward and sincere, his whole life has been free of sham and pretense, and more than one of his friends has affec- tionately admitted that the mould was thrown away after John Tomson was fashioned. For six successive terms Mr. Tomson was unanimously elected a director of the Shorthorn association, while his presidency in 1918 and 1919 recognized temporarily an appreciation of his judgment and counsel, not terminated with his close of office, but continued by his retention on the board of directors. 324 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY A VETERAN EDUCATOR IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 127. Paralleling Dr. James Law (122) in the pioneer nature of his service in the field of veterinary education was Dr. H. J. Detmers, founder of the College of Veterinary Medicine of the Ohio State University. Dr. Detmers was of German nativity, having been born in the province of Oldenburg, in April, 1835. His education was received in the leading universities of Europe, both at Hanover and Berlin, where he pursued agricultural and veterinary courses. In the late sixties he came to America and at once became a naturalized citizen. His first duties of an official nature in America were in con- nection with the Commissioner of Agriculture of the United States (the forerunner of the present federal Department of Agri- culture), with whom he studied the causes of the then recently introduced cattle plague, contagious pleuro-pneumonia. In coop- eration with Dr. Law, Dr. Billings and Dr. Salmon (33) means for its eradication were proposed and successfully executed. When the new Bureau of Animal Industry was formed under the control of Dr. Salmon, Dr. Detmers was retained as an investigator of hog cholera and other infectious animal diseases. At that time the science of bacteriology was in its infancy, and Dr. Detmers attracted wide attention through his use of this science to attack the cause of hog cholera. His work in this particular direction still stands as classic. Dr. Detmers suc- ceeded in isolating and cultivating an organism in beef broth which he believed to be the cause of hog cholera, or as he called it, swine plague. At the time that he was doing this Dr. Salmon (33) isolated another organism which he believed to be the cause of cholera and for many years there existed a strong rivalry between the two scientists for the honor of prior discovery of the organism. As a result two distinct swine diseases were popu- larly recognized for a long time under the respective names of swine plague and hog cholera, but Dr. Detmers was never willing OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 325 to accept this dual view. When Dr. Dorset (30) discovered the filterable virus that is now recognized as the cause of the disease, Dr. Detmers was vindicated in regard to the identity of the two diseases, even though his belief as to the cause had to be dis- carded. The tenacity, with which Dr. Detmers clung to his explana- tion of his discovery, was a fair measure of his character. He knew that he was right, as far as his experience went, and he defended his position to the best of his ability against both friend and foe, and he encountered both. As a matter of fact Dr. Det- mers knew only two kinds of people, friends or foes, and with each class he went to the limit. For his friends he knew no sac- rifice too great, for his foes no resistance too strong. On completing his work with the Federal Government he was successively professor of veterinary science at the Iowa Agri- cultural College, The University of Missouri, The Kansas State Agricultural College, and the University of Illinois. In 1884 he was called to the Ohio State University where he founded the college of veterinary medicine. At the same time he acted as veterinarian of the Ohio Experiment Station at Wooster, and there labored without relief on a system of protective innocula- tion against the swine plague. In all of his activities during his long public life as a teacher, and his retired life as an investi- gator, he worked unceasingly for the development of his chosen profession. His former students were all his personal friends in whom he took a fraternal interest and a personal pride. In November, 1906, at the age of seventy-one years, he passed away at Columbus, Ohio. Very few of the veterinarians and agricul- turists of today were acquainted with Dr. Detmers, but those who possess this privilege need no further appreciation of his worth and quality. 326 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY "THE WHITE HEIFER THAT TRAVELED" 128. In the first years of the 19th century, Robert Colling (94) did much to promote the newly founded race of Short- horns by sending out his finest beeves for exhibition through- out the principal agricultural districts. The most noteworthy of these was the free martin heifer by Favorite (252) from a dam called Favorite Cow. The exact date of her birth is not recorded in the Coates Herd Book but it is presumed that she was dropped about 1806. Because of her handicap for breed- ing she was fed out to her utmost capacity and for several years was publicly exhibited. It is not known at what age she was slaughtered, but her dead weight was estimated at 1,820 pounds, which certainly required a live weight during her best years of above 2,300 pounds. It was through the exhibition of such animals as the "White Heifer that Traveled" that the Colling Brothers established the firm trade demand for the foundation animals of the then new Shorthorn breed. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 327 THE KETTON OX 129. The Ketton Ox was later known as the Durham Ox (133) and is so described in this catalog. The painting of which this is a copy was ma-de of him at five years of age, whereas the painting entitled the "Durham Ox" was made later in life aftei he had achieved an exhibition record under the management ol Mr. Day. MAXW ALTON COMMANDER 130. Maxwalton Commander 406947, was grand champion bull at the 1917 International. Among the last of the illus- trious calves sired by the far-famed Avondale 245144, he com- manded a value and a breed respect almost from calfhood. He was dropped September 28, 1913, at Maxwalton Farms from the imported cow Roan Lady 36th, by Nonpareil Crown. Immediately following his championship he was purchased at the phenomenal price of 87,500 by F. A. Gillespie & Sons, Tulsa, Okla., and at the dispersion of this herd in December, 1918, was acquired by H. C. Lookabauch, Pleasant Valley Farm, Watonga, Okla. Here he is successor to the famous Fair Acres Sultan and the entire story of his service to the Shorthorn breed can be written only when the next decade has gone by. 328 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY PINK BRILLANTE 131. Pink Brillante 57897, was champion Percheron mare at the 1916 International. Although foaled in 1908, she never had but one year in the showring, her entry being somewhat fortuitous due to the accidental death of her 1916 foal at about two months of age. She was sent to the Iowa State Fair, where A. S. Robinson placed her first in spite of her thinness, facing severe ringside dissent. His judgment was confirmed by her International winning and she is now considered the best bal- anced big mare that ever won a Percheron championship. She was bred by Dunham's, Wayne, 111., and has proved a most fer- tile and regular breeder. Although only a three-year-old, she dropped her first colt in 1911 and one each year thereafter through 1919. She failed to rear her 1916 and 1917 colts, both of them dying young. Pink Brillante has a longer pre-show record as a breeder than any other premier mare at the Inter- national. Her sire, Pink, was International champion stallion in 1903 and 1904, and was second in the aged stallion classes of 1905 and 1906 in spite of heavy stud use. He was a grandson of Besigue, by Brilliant 3rd, and traced into the unsurpassed Per- cheron strain of Brilliants. His dam Odelisque was by Bien- ville, one of the best grandsons of Brilliant, he by Voltaire, the best son of Brilliant 1271. Pink Brillante's dam Briennette also traced to Brilliant 1271, her grandsire through her dam Brienne. Pink Brillante stood 17:3 hands and weighed 2,300 pounds as champion. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 329 EARL SPENCER'S OX 132. The champion at the Smithfield Fat Stock Show in 1835 was a white ox of Shorthorn blood shown by Lord Althorpe, Earl Spencer. He was got by the bull Firby, owned by the Earl and was fed at the farm at Wiseton, near Doncaster. Earl Spencer was prominent in politics at one time, being Chan- cellor of the Exchequer. He was unable, therefore, to devote full attention to his breeding operations, but nevertheless accumulated the largest herd of the day in England. He was early tutored from the lips of Thomas Bates (74) but after a large degree of assistance in selecting early breeding stock and through leasing some of the early Duchess bulls, he fell into disfavor with his worthy mentor through attempting to hire Bates' herdsman, the historic Robert Bell. Earl Spencer fol- lowed the inbreeding systems called into vogue by Bakewell and the Colling brothers, but is reputed to have ruined the con- stitution of his stock. The authenticity of this is questionable, since at the dispersion of his herd in the early 40's, high prices were attained; one bull brought $2,000, another one $1,850, and several of the cows realized over $1,000. Although in the serv- ice of his country, Earl Spencer's heart was always in his Shorthorns. When John Grey of Dilston called on the Earl at the Government offices in London, the attendants slyly whis- pered, "Ye've come about cows, Sir, so ye'll no' have long to wait." He was the greatest promoter and distributor of the breed in his day, and is credited with having established the Shorthorn with the nobility of Britain. 330 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE DURHAM OX 133. The ultimate test of excellence in beef breeding is the block and so it was that the Durham Ox, (the second calf sired by Mr. Charles Colling's (94) first triumph in pedigrees, the bull Favorite), was steered and grown out for exhibition as a bullock. He was dropped in 1796 out of a native black and white cow, purchased at Durham Fair. Plied with feed bucket and choicest pasture until five years of age, he attained the nota- ble weight of 3,024 pounds. At this point he left Mr. Colling's hands, being purchased in February, 1801, for $700 by a Mr. Bulmer of Harnby. Bulmer had a special carriage built to transport him and after five weeks' exhibition sold both ox and carriage to Mr. John Day of Rotherham for $1,250. Within seven weeks Mr. Day refused $2,625 for him, a month later he refused $5,000, and two months later $10,000. For nearly six years this notable animal was carried through the principal sections of England and Scotland, until in February, 1807, he dislocated his hip bone. Due to his extreme flesh and his advanced age of eleven years, it was impossible to reset it and after eight weeks of further travel during which he shrunk con- siderably in weight, he was slaughtered. His dressed weight totaled 2,620 pounds, 2,322 pounds of which was found in the four carcass quarters. This placed his liveweight at over 3,000 pounds while Mr. Day announced his weight at ten years as 3,400 pounds. Prior to this time such exhibitions of beef mass with thick joints and deeply bedded ribs were unknown, and a great debt is due the Colling brothers by the Shorthorn fra- ternity for such an early demonstration of beef making ability. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 331 BRACELET AND NECKLACE 134. In 1810 John Booth of Killerby won first prize at the Yorkshire Show at Northallerton with the roan three-year-old heifer Bracelet, one of the first heifers of twin birth in the Shorthorn breed to establish a noteworthy show record. Brace- let sought stronger competitions the following year and in 1841 won first as an aged cow, both at the Royal at Liverpool and at the Highland and Agricultural Society Show at Berwick. The following year she and her twin sister swept the boards at York, but Bracelet was defeated by Necklace at the Bristol Royal. In 1843 Necklace was again the premier cow of the pair, winning first prize at Doncaster. These twins won over thirty-five class and championship honors. Necklace closed her showyard life by winning the gold medal against thirty-seven contestants at the Smithfield Show in 1846, this time being exhibited as a butcher's animal. It was as a breeder that Bracelet particularly surpassed her noted twin. Her most noteworthy offspring was the bull Buckingham (3239) that proved an exceptional sire in the herd of Richard Booth at Warlaby. A show bull of importance produced by Bracelet was the good Hamlet by Leonard, while her calf of 1842, the red bull Morning Star, was sold as a two-year-old to Louis Phillipe of France. Brace- let's most noted daughter was the white show cow Birthday by Lord Stanley (4269). Birthday herself was a famous breeder and through her son, Lord George (10439), and his son, Second Duke of Athol (11376), became incorporated into the pedigrees of the famous Woodburn Duchesses of Airdrie (82). 332 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY LORD BANFF 135. The dark roan bull Lord Banff 150178 (77031), was calved in Scotland January 10, 1899, having been bred by Alex Watson, of Aberdeenshire. As a yearling he was imported to the Trout Creek herd of W. D. Flatt, Hamilton, Ontario. His sire was the good Scotch bull Cap-a-Pie 106717, and his dam was Roan Bessie by Sittyton Sort. After a very mild showyard career he was sold in Mr. Flatt's November sale in 1901, at the Union Stock Yards, for $5,100 to Mr. George E. Ward, Hawarden, Iowa, to replace St. Valentine. At that time this established the record price for Scotch bulls. Here he had but little opportunity as a sire, but was shown in some of the Mis- souri Valley exhibitions. His later years were spent in the herd of M. E. Jones & Son, Williamsville, 111., where he left a type imprint noticeable even to this day. Lord Banff was a bull of magnificent symmetry and his high valuation did much to elicit confidence in Scotch bloodlines -during the increasing agricultural values at the first of the 20th century. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 333 ST. VALENTINE 136. Reputed to be the smoothest bull ever shown in Ameri- can livestock exhibitions, the roan St. Valentine 121014, was a prominent figure in the closing Shorthorn contests of the last century. His breeder was the firm of James Gardhouse & Sons, Highfield, Ontario, but he was calved the property of J. G. Rob- bins & Sons, Horace, Indiana, February 14, 1894. His sire was Guardsman 108200, and his dam was of the Verbena family, the imported Verbena's Lady, volume 39, page 682E. St. Valen- tine's showyard career started early under the efficient herdsman- ship of the Robbins. His opportunities as a sire were excellent and he sired two of the most famous show animals of the early century, the grand champion bull of the 1900 International, The Lad for Me, and the noteworthy female Ruberta (140). At the same International the first prize young herd was entirely the product of his loins. In 1898 at the Trans-Mississippi Exhibi- tion at Omaha, he headed the first prize herd and shortly after was transferred to the ownership of George E. Ward, Hawarden, Iowa. His untimely death in the spring of 1901 cut short a most promising breeding opportunity. At Mr. Ward's sale in Chicago that year, cow prices reached averages hitherto uncom- mon, forty-four head making $725, ten cows selling at between $1,000 and $2,500. Since most of the cows were in calf to St. Valentine there is no doubt that the chief cause of the high values was the last opportunity to buy calves by this noted sire. 334 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY AN OVINE PASTORAL 137. This study of French sheep, probably grade fine-wools, was purchased by Nelson Morris (71) on the occasion of a trip abroad, and presented to the Saddle and Sirloin Club. It is a faithful representation of the class of sheep common to French farms, the fidelity of detail as related to conformation and char- acter being most unusual. WHITEHALL MARSHAL 138. Whitehall Marshal 209776, was the leading showyard representative of the great collection of Shorthorn prize winners, sired by the bull Whitehall Sultan 163573. He was a roan bull calved October 5th, 1902, bred by E. S. Kelly, Yellow Springs, Ohio. His dam was the imported Missie 167th by Lord of Fame 157722. Whitehall Marshal's career in the showring extended over a period of five years, during all of which time he was per- forming extensive herd service. As a senior yearling in the 1904 International he was second prize, but in 1905 he was first prize two-year-old and in 1906 and 1907 headed the aged bull classes. In 1908 after his transfer to the Elmendorf Farm, Lexington, Kentucky, he was placed third, but the same year won fourth on his get. His greatest service was in the herd of F. W. Hard- ing, (108) Waukesha, Wis., at Anoka Farm. Here he sired many notable showyard winners, mostly bulls. The best known was Leader of Fashion, for several years in service in the Anoka herd. After transfer to the Elmendorf pastures he begot the excellent Fayette Marshal, that made notable show records in 1911-12-13. OF. THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 335 DRAFT CHAMPIONS OF THE TANBARK 139. The six horse team contests at the International Livestock Expositions have proved to be the most popular feature of the draft horse display. In general the best teams have come from Packington, only four winners having originated elsewhere. The two breeds that have produced the winning hitches are the Clydes- dale and Percheron, the former having won the honors twelve times at the close of 1919, the latter six times. The winners by years follow: 1900 Moore— Clydesdale 1910 Morris— Clydesdale 1901 Morris— Clydesdale 1911 Morris— Clydesdale 1902 Morris— Clydesdale 1912 Crouch— Percheron 1903 Morris— Clydesdale 1913 U. S. Yards— Clydesdale 1904 Pabst— Percheron 1914 No Show 1905 Armour — Percheron 1915 No Show 1906 Armour — Percheron 1916 Crouch — Percheron 1907 Armour — Percheron 1917 Wilson — Clydesdale 1908 Morris— Clydesdale 1918 Wilson— Clydesdale 1909 Morris— Clydesdale 1919 Wilson— Clydesdale The team portrayed here is the Morris 1909 winner. Morris & Co., for a number of years, were vitally interested in this exhibit, their champions of 1901-03 being, with a single modifi- cation, the original imported geldings shown by Moore, for which they paid the then great sum of $3,000. Their second notable team, the one depicted in this painting, was collected by Mr. A. B. McLaren, who for twenty years supervised Morris & Co.'s draft horse transportation. 336 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE WORLD CHAMPION RUBERTA 140. At the Illinois State Fair of 1901, one of the strongest and most noteworthy competitions yet developed in Scotch bloodlines was staged. Something of an international character was attached to this contest, as the American-bred Ruberta, win- ner of the two-year-old class, met the imported Cicely, winner of the aged class, for championship. Cicely had been bred by Her Majesty the Queen in her Windsor herd and was a champion of the English Royal. As Cicely was Canadian owned thereby making the contest international, it was deemed advisable to bring in the veteran Hereford breeder, Thomas Clark, as adjudi- cator. His decision was awaited with most profound interest by the attending ringside and when the purple ribbon was finally given to Ruberta, the clearest title to American championship ever held by a showyard queen was conferred. This title was successfully defended over a series of years. Ruberta was a roan heifer, calved October 14, 1898. Bred by J. G. Robbins & Sons, Horace, Indiana, she early acquired showyard fame, being junior champion as a yearling at the first American Royal Show and at the first International. Her 1901 victory made her almost invincible in American Showyards, a position she held through the notable Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904. Ruberta was sired by the famous St. Valentine, (136) head of the first prize Shorthorn herd at the Omaha Exposition of 1898. Her dam was Russella, volume 44, page 854, by Czar 107007, tracing to the twelfth Duchess of Gloster. Ruberta's career in the breed- ing herd was almost as noteworthy as her showyard record. She is the only cow in the Shorthorn breed that has been an Inter- national champion and the dam of a champion. Her son, Ruberta's Goods, won the junior ribbon at the American Royal. In spite of the high flesh in which she was necessarily maintained she produced six calves, and was a regular and certain breeder throughout her life. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 337 THE HERDSMAN'S GOD 141. In Greek and Roman mythology, Hermes was the God of the Wind, and hence of the dwellers of open places. He was born, full fledged, the son of Zeus and Maia, in a cave on Mount Cyllene in Arcadia. Immediately after birth he stole forth from the cave and siezed the cattle of Apollo, the sun-god, dragging them back to his cave. He stoutly denied the theft, even to the mighty Zeus (Jove or Jupiter of the Romans), and when con- victed, pacified his brother with a lyre he had fortunately devised from a tortoise shell on which only the dried sinews remained. He was the herdsman's god, especially invoked to secure increase in fold and paddock, and the ram and calf were asso- ciated in the worship of him. He was the deity of good luck, sharp trade, and "windfalls," and later became the patron of the cattle thieves. Hermes was sublimely swift, wearer of winged sandals, bearer of a magic wand (later the Caduceus), and guide of the souls that seek Charon to cross the River Styx. He was the spirit of the open road and the flowing sail. Along the highways square pillars (Hermae) guided the traveller, with the head of the god and the phallus as decorative features. The sailor invoked his aid to bring the precious trade winds or to still the obstreperous blast. To the Romans he was Mercury; to the Egyptians, Thoth, to the Phoenicians Taaut; and to the Babylo- nians, Nabu. From his fabled fleetness both the twinkling red of the planet Mercury and the fluid activity of quicksilver at ordinary temperatures drew their names. 142. Bust of John Sherman. 338 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY THE WINGED VICTORY 143. The statue of "The Victory of Samothrace" or "Winged Victory" as it is popularly called, was executed by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after the naval battle of Salamis in Cyprus, 306 B. C, to commemorate the Greek victory over the fleet of Ptolemy of Egypt. It was set up in 305 B. C, and rediscovered in the Island by French archaeologists working there in 1863. It is now on exhibit in the Louvre. The suggestion of pride and action in the pose of the body, particularly the limbs, has never been equalled by subsequent sculptors. The artistry of that part of the statue remaining has excited endless apprecia- tion from critics and sculptors in general, since all attempts at restoration of the lost portions have proved to be entirely incon- gruous. FYVIE BARON 144. Fyvie Baron 17608 was international grand champion Clydesdale stallion in 1913. He was a first prize winner in the aged stallions at the Highland and Agricultural Show the same year, having been imported by Graham Bros., Claremount, Onta- rio. He shared premier honors with Golden Knight as head of the large stud of Conyngham Bros., Wilkesbarre, Pa. Fyvie Baron was foaled March 8, 1907. His sire was the world renowned Baron's Pride (9122) and his dam was Lady Ida (15438). Fyvie Baron draws strongly on the Darnley founda- tion, tracing three times to him and once to Prince of Wales through Lady Ida, in addition to tracing through Baron's Pride. Fyvie Baron also traces twice to Sir Everard, the latter being his grandsire, through Baron's Pride, and his great grandsire in the female line through Lady Ida and her dam Lady Maud. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 339 FAIRHOLME FOOTPRINT 145. Fairholme Footprint 17584, was foaled June 23, 1913, the property of Mr. Robert A. Fairbairn, Fairholme Farm, New Market, N. J. He is the American culmination of the famous line of Clydesdale sires, descending from Darnley (see Andrew Montgomery, 46) the most skillful bit of pedigree blending the breeding art has yet known. Conceived to the service of the 1910 Cawdor Cup winner, Dunure Footprint, he was imported in dam, Harviestoun Baroness (146) in the late summer of 1912. In April, 1914, he was sold to F. Lothrop Ames, Langwater Farms, Northeaston, Mass., for $5,000, thereby setting a world's price record at the time for a colt of his age. He was first shown at the International of 1916, where he was first prize three-year- old Clydesdale stallion and grand champion of his breed, but on his reappearance in 1918, he not only headed the aged Clydesdale stallion class and was again grand champion, but he showed four yearling daughters that stood first, second, third and fourth in the futurity class. These four won the get of sire class for him and three of them with himself at the head won first for breeder's group of stallion and three mares. Only once in American his- tory has such a performance been approached, at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, when McQueen and daughters performed similarly, but won over all breeds. In 1919 he again won supreme breed honors at the International Livestock Expo- sition while his two-year-old daughter, Langwater Jessica was junior and reserve grand champion female. His sire, Dunure Footprint, is the most famous breeding horse in Scotland and the leading sire of showyard winners. An offer of $130,000 was refused for him, marking the record valuation of a draft stallion. At the 1919 Glasgow Stallion Show he sired six of the twenty-three yearling stallions displayed, they winning second, third, fifth, sixth, seventh and ninth respectively. Of these three were sold at auction, the second prize at $20,000, 340 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY the third prize at $15,000, and the fourth prize at $10,000. Dunure Footprint's 1919 service fee was $500 with upwards of 300 bookings. This earning capacity more than justifies the valuation. Dunure Footprint was sired by Baron o' Buchlyvie (11263). This horse was the most famous son of Baron's Pride and the only horse consistently to beat Baron's Pride as a sire of show- yard winners and breeding animals. Baron o' Buchlyvie held this proud distinction in Scotland until beaten by his own son, Dunure Footprint. He was sold at public auction in 1911 to settle a partnership, bringing $47,500, a price for a draft horse never excelled. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 341 HARVIESTOUN BARONESS 146. Harviestoun Baroness 16886, is the best known imported Clydesdale mare of recent years. Foaled May 21, 1906, the property of J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, Scot- land, she developed slowly but soundly until in 1912, at six years of age, she won the Cawdor Cup at the Highland and Agricultural Show. She was sired by the never-to-be-forgotten Baron's Pride and out of one of Mr. Kerr's most notable brood mares, Ambrosine (17817) dam of a long list of Scottish win- ners. Following the Highland Show, she was sent to the service of Wm. Dunlop's 1910 Cawdor Cup winner, Dunure Footprint, and in late summer was exported to the United States to Mr. R. A. Fairbairn, Fairholme Farms, New Market, N. J. That fall she won an easy championship at the International and the following June dropped the notable Fairholme Footprint (125). Again in 1913 and 1916 she returned to the International to capture the grand championship each time. In 1917 she gave birth to a capital youngster by Golden Knight. The dam of five colts, her breeding career was cut short when she met with an accidental death in the spring of 1918. As a brood and show mare she is entirely unparalleled in recent years. 342 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY DRAGON 147. Dragon 52155, was the younger of the famous pair of stallions from the mare Resida that achieved International grand championship in 1906 and 1907. Foaled in 1904 and imported in 1906 by McLaughlin Brothers of Columbus, Ohio, he early became a prominent figure in American equine circles. As a two-year-old he headed his class at the 1906 International and was reserve champion to his famous brother Etradegant. The following year he returned as a three-year-old, attaining breed championship. Following his 1906 winning, he was sold to Mr. John A. Spoor, being sent to his Blythwood farm at Pitts- field, Mass. However, in September, 1907, he was re-transferred to McLaughlin Brothers, who again showed him at the Interna- tional. In December, 1909, he came into the possession of Governor H. C. Stuart, of Elk Garden, Virginia. Here he remained for two years but during the entire period from the time of his importation until 1911, he had no opportunity to mate with purebred mares and for five years not a colt was registered from him. In April, 1911, Senator E. B. White, Leesburg, Virginia, purchased him to replace the champion Etu- diant. that had headed Selma Farm stud since 1908. Selma Farm furnished Dragon opportunity to display his real merit as a sire, and, at the 1913 International, he was second to the invincible Carnot on get of sire and at the 1916 International was third. Many of his sons and daughters were first prize or cham- pions at the eastern fairs and one of his daughters headed the yearling futurity class at the International. Dragon was not a large horse, standing about 16:3 and weigh- ing 1,900 pounds. His type was rare and his stamp on his pro- geny uniform. His death in May, 1917, cut all too short a life, whose first five years were lost from the standpoint of con- structive breeding. OF THE SADDLE AND SIRLOIN CLUB 343 Dragon was sired by Kronstadt (44910), he by Lycene 21630, and he by Cocardos 16919. This latter horse was first prize three-year-old at the World's Columbian Exposition, but was sold from pillar to post following that period, being acquired by W. S. CoRSA in 1901. He begot extraordinarily good colts, but was used only on grade mares. Kronstadt's dam was by the notable Villers, imported by Mr. Dunham, and bought back by him after seven years of use on grade mares in Wisconsin. Villers was surpassed as a sire previous to 1900 only by Bril- liant 3rd and Besigue. Dragon's darn Kesida was generally considered to be the best brood mare of her time in France and perhaps of the breed of all time. She not only produced two International grand champions already referred to, but also another stallion of tremendous importance to American breed- ing, the horse Hisse Haut, head of the Robison Stud, Pekin, 111. NUMERICAL INDEX 1 Dr. Leonard G. Pearson 2 Dr. John Gunion Rutherford 3 William Ransdell Goodwin 4 Hon. W. I. Buchanan 5 Henry Jackson Waters 6 Robert Burns Ogilvie 7 William Dempster Hoard 8 Dr. G. Howard Davison 9 Hon. Duncan McLean Marshall 10 Hon. Henry Fairfax 11 John Harrison Skinner 12 Alvin Howard Sanders 13 Foster Dwight Coburn 14 Hon. John Dryden 15 Hon. James Wilson 16 J. Sterling Morton 17 Dr. Henry Baird Favill 18 Gen. Jeremiah McLain Rusk 19 Senator William Freeman Vilas 20 William Arnon Henry 21 James Harvey Sanders 22 Robert B. Thomson 23 Stephen Moulton Babcock 24 John A. Graig 25 Hon. Henry Cullen Adams 26 Charles F. Curtiss 27 William Henry Hatch 28 Hon. Justin S. Morrill 29 Dean Eugene Davenport 30 Dr. Marion Dorset 31 Charles E. Duggan 32 William Levi Carlyle 33 Dr. Daniel Elmer Salmon 34 Dr. Alonzo D. Melvin 35 Dr. John Robbins Mohler 36 Joseph Edward Guinane Ryan 37 Samuel Cozzens 38 Monson Parker Buel 39 William E. Skinner 40 Mortimer Levering 41 Jonathan Hall Truman 42 James Crouch 43 Mark Wentworth Dunham 44 Col. Robert Holloway 45 Nehemiah Parker Clarke 46 Andrew Montgomery 47 Capt. Frederick Pabst 48 Col. John Sidney Cooper 49 Murdo Mackenzie 50 John R. Francis 51 Joseph Rosenbaum 52 The "Roundup" 53 Conrad Kohrs 54 Louis Keefer 55 Andrew Lovejoy 56 Chas. H. Ingwersen 57 Henry C. Ingwersen 58 T. B. Hord 59 Blanford R. Pierce 60 William S. Van Natta 61 Thomas Clark 62 Gustavus Franklin Swift 63 Edward Tilden 64 Arthur G. Leonard 65 Benjamin Peters Hutchinson 66 John Sherman 67 Samuel Waters Allerton, Jr. 68 James B. Haggin 69 J. Ogden Armour 70 Philip Danforth Armour 71 Nelson Morris 72 Edward Morris 73 Thomas Edward Wilson 74 Thomas Bates 75 Abraham Lincoln 76 Thomas Booth 77 Ulysses S. Grant 78 Robert Bakewell 79 Daniel Webster 80 Capt. Barclay 81 Sir Walter Gilbey 82 Robert A. Alexander 83 William Wetherell 84 William Torr 85 T. C. Booth 86 General George Washington NUMERICAL INDEX— Continued 87 Jonas Webb 88 Thomas Jefferson 89 Amos Cruickshank 90 Alexander Hamilton 91 John Marshall 92 Felix Renick 93 Benjamin Franklin 94 Charles and Robert Colling 95 J. Henry Pickrell 96 Louis F. Allen 97 Emery Cobb 98 Benjamin F. Van Meter 99 James N. Brown 100 John D. Gillett 101 Isaac Funk 102 John Bunn 103 Lafayette Funk 104 James W. Judy 105 Henry F. Brown 106 Reid Carpenter 107 Charles E. Leonard 108 Frank W. Harding 109 Col. William A. Harris 110 James Brown 111 N. H. Gentry 112 S. F. Lockridge 113 Richard Gibson 114 John Miller 115 George Harding 116 William Miller 117 James Ironside Davidson 118 John W. Groves 119 J. Frank Prather 120 George Purdy Bellows 121 George Edgar Martin 122 Dr. James Law 123 Philip D. Armour, Jr. 124 William J. Grant 125 William Penn 126 John Ross Tomson 127 Detmers, Dr. H. J. 128 White Heifer that Traveled 129 Ketton Ox 130 Maxwalton Commander 131 Pink Brillante 132 Spencer Ox 133 Durham Ox 134 Bracelet 135 Lord Banff 136 St. Valentine 137 Morris Sheep 138 Whitehall Marshal 139 Morris Six 140 Ruberta 141 Hermes 142 Bust of Sherman (see 66) 143 Winged Victory 144 Fyvie Baron 145 Fairholme Footprint 146 Harviestoun Baroness 147 Dragon joU«»bi AT] a Library :co 3 REi FORM 3tO ££**£ Y OF B.C. LIBRARY 02587 2604