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BIOGRAPHICAL AND PORTRAIT
CYCLOPEDIA
OF THE
Nineteenth Congressional District
PENNSYLVANIA
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHLS OF PROMINENT AND REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS OF THE DISTRICT
TOGETHER WITH AN
NTRODUCTORY HISTORICAL SKETCH
SAMUEL T, WILEY, Esq,
Author of Histories oS Niagara and Washitigton Counties^ New York; Preston and Monongalia Counties^ West Virginia; Somerset, Middlesex and Mon- mouth Counties, New Jersey; Pensacola City, Florida; and Fay- ette^ Westmoreland, Blair, Indiana, Armstrong, Schuyl- kill, Chester, Delaware and Montgomery Counties, Pennsylvania.
^5^ 5" y Storage
FIRST EDITION.
PHILADELPHIA:
C. A. RUOFF COMPANY,
1897.
PRESS OF YORK DAII,Y, YORK, PA.
lA
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PREFACE.
HISTORY and biography — the life of the nation and the story of the indi- vidual— are inseparably connected, for history is the synthesis of biog- raphy and biography is the analysis of history. That department of his- tory to which is accredited most value for the intelligent study of national life is biography, because it affords the most potent means of historical generalization.
Biographical history is now popular because important. It secured national recognition in the Centennial year of the American Republic, when Congress recom- mended to every city, town and county of the United States the necessity and duty of securing for preservation and future use their local history and the biographies of their prominent and worthy citizens. Biography teaches the highest good by pre- senting worthy examples, has become an indispensable element of all branches of history and largely aids in the study of social philosophy. In its earlier stages of growth, biography was only the story of the lives of heroes and great men often but partly and partially told, but in its later development it is the more impartial and satisfactory record of the influential, the deserving and the useful men and women in every walk of life. It also preserves the names of thousands remarkable foj- wisdom, virtue, intelligence and ability, who only lacked opportunity to have won something of fame and distinction.
History and biography have ceased to be ponderous and pompous; have ceased to be the story of monarchy and the record of kings, and are now the life of the nation through the chronicle of individual effort. The old idea that the history of a country is contained in the records of its kings and conquests is being supplanted ; the real history of a country or a State or a community is a history of its people, their fortunes, enterprises, conditions and customs. To the last quarter of a century we are indebted for the introduction of the admirable system of local biography, through the medium of which the present generation is enabled to leave a record that will be perpetuated while books last and men read. Surely and rapidly our common progenitors are passing to their graves. The number remaining who can relate the incidents of the first days of settlement is becoming small indeed, so that an actual necessity exists for the collection and preservation of personal records
4 Preface.
without delay. It is imperative that we perpetuate the names of these pioneers — their struggles, their obstacles, their fortunes and the story of their progress. No less important is a chronicle of the lives of those persons who have impressed them- selves upon their respective communities, whether through philanthropic, profes- sional, industrial, political or civic relations. The civilization of our day, the enlightenment of the age, and the duty that men of the present time owe to their ancestors, to themselves and to their posterity, demand that such a record be made.
The foregoing principles and sentiments form the principal justification for the following pages. Whatever of merit they contain is due to the plan and purpose of the work satisfactorily consummated ; whatever of failure to meet our fullest ex- pectations, is due to the lack of intelligent cooperation which must in every instance be accorded in order to produce the highest results.
The Nineteenth Congressional District occupies an important and honorable position in the Keystone State and demands the best work upon the part of historian, biographer and publisher. Neither time, labor nor expense have been spared in the preparation of this volume, and it is placed before the public with the belief that it will be found equal to any work of similar character published in the State. No originality is claimed either in plan, method or material, but a judicious re-arrange- ment of much valuable historical and biographical data it is hoped will meet with a fair, if not hearty, commendation.
The geology and mineralogy given is taken largely from the volumes of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania ; for the historical chapters as well as for a number of historical biographies the excellent histories of York county, edited re- spectively by Hon. John Gibson and Hon. Adam J. Glossbrenner have been freely consulted ; the recent histories of Cumberland and Adams Counties have likewise contributed their share. For special contributions the publishers are indebted to Prof Charles F. Himes, Ph. D., John A. Hoober, Esq., Prof. E. S. Breidenbaugh^ Sc. D., Bennett Bellman, Esq., and Dr. J. C. Davis.
Produced by a vast amount of careful and diligent labor, the Cyclopedia sup- plies a general and permanent want, and contains no information that will become obsolete through the advance of knowledge. It seeks to preserve all of value in the past and yet includes the contemporary actors who are performing the work and moulding the present thought of their respective communities in the various lines of progress and development.
THE PUBUSHERS.
HISTORICAL SKETCH
OF THE
Nineteenth Congressional District,
F»E; N N S Y I^ V J^rsl I .A. .
CHAPTER I.
Geography Topography — Geology — Mineralogy — Botany — Zoology — Political
Divisions — Natural Resources.
Geography. The present Nineteenth Congressional district of Pennsylvania, consisting of the counties of Cumberland, Adams, and York, is situated in the south- ern part of the State, and lies betvv'een the thirty-ninth and forty-first parallels of north latitude, and the seventy-sixth and seventy-eighth meridians of west longitude from Greenwich, England, or the first mer- idians of east and west longitude from Washington city As the nineteenth of the twenty-eight Congressional divisions of Pennsylvania, this district is bounded on the north by Perry and Dauphin coun- ties of the Fourteenth district; on the east by Lancaster county constituting the Tenth district; on the south by Harford, Baltimore, Carroll and Frederick counties, Maryland; and on the west by Franklin county of the Eighteenth Congressional district. The Nineteenth Congressional contains two thousand six (2006) square miles of area, while its geographical center
is south of York Springs in Adams and its center of population near York in York county. It comprises the Twenty-eighth and Thirty-second senatorial, and the Ninth, Nineteenth and Forty-second judi- cial districts, and is entitled to eight repre- sentatives; two from Cumberland, two from Adams and four from York county. It is a part of the Second and Seventh State normal school districts, York county being in the former and Cumberland and Adams in the latter district.
Topography. The Ninteenth district lies in the western part of the great Atlantic plain and stretching fifty miles westward from the Susquehanna to the Blue or Kittatinny mountains, is divided by the South Mountain of the Blue Ridge chain into a northern part embraced in the far-famed Cumberland valley and a larger southern part consisting of alternate hills and valleys. The northern part consti- tutes the county of Cumberland, while the
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
southern part is divided into the counties of York and Adams.
Cumberland county Hes between the North and South mountains and in the Cumberland valley which is a part of the great limestone valley extending from Canada through New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and Ten- nessee to Alabama. The north or Kitta- tinny mountain, whose Indian name of Kautatinchunk signifies "endless moun- tains," like a vast wall of regular height makes the northern boundary of the county and extends from northeast to southwest with a few gaps through which highways have been constructed to northward coun- ties. The South Mountain, the northern terminus of the Blue Ridge of Virginia, bounds the county on the southeast. Between these mountain boundaries lies the valley which comprises the larger part of the county and whose surface is gener- ally undulating except along some of the streams where it is more or less broken.
York county the eastern and larger divi- sion of the southern part, has a hilly but not mountainous surface. From the South Mountain range, a spur is thrown ofif across the northern part of the county and southeast along the Susquehanna, where it is known as Priest's Hills or Haldeman's Mountains, and having the Hellam River Hills south of it. Further southward are several outlying or isolated ridges, the principal of which are the Conewago Hills extending toward York Haven, and the Pidgeon Hills terminating within eight miles of York. In the southeastern part are several slate ridges, one of which, the Martic Ridge, crosses the Susquehanna river from Lancaster county, and extends westward to Jefifersonville. Numerous beautiful and fertile valleys lie between these ridges and along most of the creeks and runs.
Adams county, the western and smaller division of the southern part of the Nine- teenth Congressional district, is moun- tainous in the extreme western and north- ern parts, but rolling and level in the re- mainder of the county. Southward from the South Mountains are the Conewago Hills in the extreme east, and the Pidgeon Hills in the southeastern part.
The drainage of the district with the ex- ception of the southern part of Adams county, is to the east and into the Susque- hanna by means of five arteries: Conedo- guinet, Yellow Breeches, Conewago, Co- dorus and Muddy creeks. The southern part of Adams is drained by Marsh Creek, and Cumberland county has its drainage to the northeast by Conedoguinet in the northern part and Yellow Breeches in the southern part, vv'hile York county is drained in the northern part by Yellow Breeches creek, and contains three entire drainage or water basins within its boundaries — Con- ewago and Codorus creek basins depressed to the northeast and Muddy creek basin to the southeast.
The soil of the district consists princi- pally of limestone, red sandstone and slate varieties. The limestone lands extend through the central parts of Cumberland and York coimties and the eastern part of Adams county; the red lands comprise the northern part of York and the northern and central parts of Adams counties, and the slate lands constitute the northern part of Cumberland, and the southern parts of York and Adams counties.
From dififerent parts of the North and South Mountains beautiful and extensive views can be obtained. From the crest of the historic Cemetery Hill at Gettysburg a grand natural panoram.a spreads out be- fore the spectator over the Marsh Creek valley horizon bound to the west by the South Mountain wall. Another beautiful
NiN'ETEENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
view is obtained in Adams county from a mountain near Caledonia Springs. In York county, Round Top, rises one thous- and one hundred and ten feet above sea level and from its summit the visitor can gaze into several counties of the State of Pennsylvania and Maryland. Limestone regions contain many caves, some of which are noted for size, depth or beauty. The most extensive caves so far discovered in the Nineteenth district are two on the banks of the Conedoguinet creek in Cum- berland county, the one, a mile north of Carlisle, has been explored for some five hundred feet, and the other, two miles north of Greason, consists of several rooms over fifteen feet in height and abounds in stalactites.
The average elevation of the Nine- teenth district above ocean level is placed approximately at 500 feet. In the northern- district, or Cumberland county, we have the elevations of the following places along the Cumberland Valley railroad furnished by J. B. Dougherty, of Chambersburg: Mechanicsburg, 436 feet; Dillsburg Junc- tion, 427; South Mountain Junction, 533; Carlisle, 477; Newville, 533; and Shippens- burg, 654. In the southern part of the district some of the Adams county levels are: Conewago bridge, 546; Littlestown, 619; Bridge, 623; State Line, 540; above mean tide at Baltimore and Gettysburg, 535 feet; Cashtown, 800; Rock Top, 1012; Newman's, 1355; Hilltown, 780; GraefTen- burg, 1020; Caledonia Springs, 1450; and highest point on South Mountain, near Caledonia Springs, 21 10; while of the num- erous elevations of York county above mean tide at Philadlephia, the following are given: York, 385 feet; Hanover, 601, Emig's Mills, 550; Dillsburg, 540; Lewis- berry, 601 ; Logansville, 734; Jefferson, 600; Franklintown, 580: Wellsville, 489; Longs- town, 637; Innersville, 680; Rossville, 501;
Mount Royal, 547; Dover, 431; Wrights- ville, 257; Hellam, 348; Spring F"orge, 455; Glennville, 701; Delta, 435; Muddy Creek Forks, 366; Red Lion, 900; Dallastown, 657; Spring Garden, 431; Brogueville, 478; York Haven, 291; Goldsboro, 304; Mount Wolf, 376; New Freedom, 827; Hanover Junction, 422; Conewago Hills, highest point, 800; and Round Top, mo.
Geology. Not alone of interest to the student is the physical history and growth of the earth, for it is a subject of great importance alike to the farmer, the miner and the manufacturer. ,Although the geolo- gist in his line of work has need of aid from the botanist, the zoologist, the chemist the mineralogist and the mathematician, yet he requires no special preparation and has no use for expensive apparatus Although the subject of geology looks difficult to the general reader, yet it needs but common sense, observation and the common names of its Greek and Latin nomenclature, to render the greater part of the science plain and useful. A practical everyday knowl- edge of geology would save many a farmer expensive experiments for enriching the soil; would prevent the manufacturer from erecting a costly plant near mineral beds in formations that never carried them to any extent; and would save the miner from sinking a mineral shaft in a class of rocks which never yield paying minerals.
Geology like all other sciences has been progressive, and the early classification of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary groups ot rocks, was found to be defective. Succes- sive attempted classifications of the age of the rocks by their order of superposition and their mineral characters failed, and then came the present division of the rocks according to the fossils or the types of life they exhibit as compared with our present orders of life. The classification most gen- erally accepted now is as follows :
Biographical akd Portrait Cyclopedia.
GROUPS OF ROCKS. SYSTEMS OF STRATA.
ERAS OF TIME. GEOLOGICAL AGES. ZOOLOGICAL AGES.
TTf iMa„,„;.. / Quarternary, Age of Man.
IV. Neozoic, jfertiary, Afe of Mammals.
r Cretaceous, '\
III. Mesozoic, -; Jurassic, V Age of Reptiles.
(Triassic. j
Age of Trilobites.
T Art^h^an JHurOniaU.
1. Archajan, | i,aurentian.
Professor Frazer calls the first group, Eozoic, and fourth, Cainozoic, while Professor Rogers, gave the ages of the Mesozoic as Primal, Auroral, Matinal, Sur- gent, Cadent, Umbral, and Vesper, and the New York geologists, some years ago, gave to each formation a geographical name or a lithological definition.
The great floor rocks of Pennsylvania were originally sandstone and limestone, but have been changed by heat pressure and chemical action into granite, gneiss, mica, slate and marble, and are the founda- tions upon which rest from one to twenty thousand feet of later formations.
The northern part of the Nineteenth Congressional district comprising Cumber- land county, is geologically of great age. Commencing on the southern border we find a bed of Primary or Achean rocks in the South Mountains, overlaid by a silicious white sandstone. From the base of the South Mountain a great belt of limestone occupies the lower half of the valley and extends clear across the county, while the upper part of the valley lies in a slate belt, and the North Mountain region rocks -.are grey and reddish sandstone. A small de- tached area of limestone is in Penn town- ship, and a dyke of trap rock or greenstone extends north and south through the east- ern part of the county.
In the southern part of the district we notice first, York county whose geology is given fully by Prof. Persifor Frazer in the "Historv of York Countv." The "Bar-
rens" or slate lands commence in the southeast with a small area of chlorite schists crossed by the narrow belt of Peach Bottom roofing slates, and extending northward embraces a large area of Azoic slate, a long belt of chlorite schist, and a somewhat wider belt of hydro-mica schists. The Siluro-Cambrian limestone extends across the central part of the coun- ty in the valley of Codorus creek, enclosing a considerable area of quartzite or Pots- dam sandstone, between York and the Sus- quehanna river. The northern part of the county or the "Red Lands" is in the new red sandstone formation, which in that sec- tion encloses numerous narrow belts and several considerable areas of trap rock. In the extreme northern part is a small area of marl and two larger areas of Siluro-Cam- brian limestone, while a trap dyke crosses the limestone belt, another passes across the Azoic slate belt and a short one is in the southeastern part of the county. A considerable calcareous area is enclosed in the southwestern part of the limestone belt. Professor Frazer says that York county is a partial imitation of the United States geo- logically, having Archean rocks on the north and the south, and its intermediate portions made up of fossiliferous and newer formations, while portions of its valleys have successively formed the ocean bottom of four or five dift'erent geological epochs. He states that the Ezoic (Azoic) slates be- long to the Huronian age and the York county area of those rocks form an arch or anticlinal and is a part of a broad belt reaching in all probability from New Eng- land to Alabama. He calls the chlorite schists as Upper Ezoic, speaks at length of difficulties of placing properly Hellam quartzite (Potsdam sandstone) and the hydro-mica schists, which are the real iron- bearing formation of the county, and gives 4,400 feet as the thickness of the Siluro-
Nineteenth Congressional District.
Cambrian limestone including the schists down to the quartzite, from measurements made on Kreutz creek. Professor Frazer discusses some of the puzzling questions arising from the study of the new red sandstone formation of the Mesozoic rocks, and states that its coal, copper and other valuable metals are not in paying quanti- ties. He says the trap rock is not as old as the Triassic, but appeared at no great length of time after the formation of the latter. Of the Cainozoic, (Neozoic) he gives as the sole representatives, the marl bed north of Dillsburg and the gravels, fluviatile deposits on the banks and islands of the Susquehanna river. Professor Frazer does not agree with some of the opinions of the chief geologist of the second survey.
Adams county, the western part of the southern half of the district, consists largely of Mesozoic soft sandstone, of sedimentary formation, and belongs to the Reptilian age of Zoology. The chlorite schist of York county passes through the southeastern extremity of the county and borders the hydro-mica schist belt which extends west to the south Mountain foot hills, and forms the southern boundary line of the Siluro- Cambrian limestone that spreads over Con- ewago township and parts of Oxford and Union townships. An area of Potsdam sandstone is in Berwick township and the mountain ridges north of the Chambers- burg turnpike in Franklin and Menallen townships are largely of that formation. The South Mountain is in the Laurentian age of the Archaean or Azoic group, and con- sists chiefly of a gneiss sandstone forma- tion.
It is said that each system has its lime- stone, its sandstone or arenaceous rocks, and its clay bed or argillaceous rocks, and limestone, sandstone and clay are all found in different parts of the district.
The paleontology of the district seems to
have been a subject in the past that awak- ened but little interest, and received but lit- tle attention. The fossils of the district in- cluding petrifactions, casts, and impressions are abundant, yet the names of but few of them are to be met with in print. Pro- fessor Haldeman first recognized the Sco- lithus linearis, one of the few widely dis- tributed fossils of the Potsdam sandstone, but beyond this sea boring worm we find no record of any other important fossil.
The geologic record of the district is one that goes back into the very dawn of the creation of the world, and its rock-written chapters when properly interpreted will constiute a history of startling and won- derful past changes.
Mineralogy .The science of mineralogy is of practical value to civilized man teaching him how and where to find in the different classes of rock those mineral products nec- essary to his welfare and the development of his agricultural and manufacturing in- dustries. Without classifying the minerals of the Nineteenth Congressional district as to native elements or compounds, or record- ing their relative hardness by Mohl's scale, we shall state the main mineral products found in the rock groups in the district and present the names of the minerals given by the different historians and scientists who have written of its territory or mineral wealth. Commencing with the Azoic rocks we have slates and traces of marble; in the Palaeozoic systems are found sand- stones, limestones, slates, copper, iron ore and traces of gold and silver; while the Neozoic rocks furnish gravels, clay, sand and traces of bituminous coal. Cumber- land county is credited with magnetic and brown hematite iron ores, sulphuret of cop- per, red and yellow ochre, alum, copperas, Epsom salts, manganese, marl, marble, limestone, fireclay sand, marl and porcelain and stoneware clay. To York county is
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
given limestone, copper, magnetic, limonite and micaceous iron ores, sandstone, clay, roofing slate, pyrite, chalcopyrite, damour- ite, ripidolite, quartzite, magnetite, calcite, chert, hornblende, prasilite, and dolerite. Adams county is assigned the same iron ores and sandstones as York county; also is given copper, roofing slate and brick clays, besides sand, orthofeldsite, calcite, asbestos, dolerite, malachite, mica, gravel and trap.
Botany. No classification of the plants of the district or any of its counties, has been made by any author or botanist. In the geographical distribution of plants the Nineteenth Congressional district lies in the warm temperate or the fourth of the eight plant zones of the world whose boun- daries are not parallels of latitude, but is- othermal lines. The flora of the district is one of importance, as well as of extent. It is characterized by forests of deciduous trees, including some evergreens, while the peach and other fruit trees are abund- ant, and the cereals, the potato, and various grasses, as well as dye and medicinal plants are found in each of the counties.
In the Cumberland Valley, when the first white man came "the grass was rich and luxuriant, wild fruits were abundant, and there was a great variety of trees in places, including numerous species of oak, walnut, butternut, hickory, maple, cherry, locust, sassafras, chestnut, ash, elm, linden, beech and white pine. There was also a shrub growth of laurel, plum, juniper, persim- mon, hazel, wild currant, gooseberry, blackberry, raspberry, spice bush and sumach, while in the open country the strawberry, dewberry and winter green made a luscious carpeting and furnished to the Indians in their season a tempting and welcome partial supply of food."
In Adams county most of these trees and shrubs grow, and in addition may be
mentioned the gum, poplar, sycamore, birch, tulip, dogwood, and hemlock among trees, while of shrubs is the rhododendron.
York county in early days contained nearly all the trees and shrubs common to Cumberland and Adams counties, although Prowell says that "A large forest of primi- tive trees is now (1886) almost a curiosity to the prosperous York county farmer." And while speaking of the useful plants, another class — the weeds — must not be overlooked, especially such pests as the daisy and the thistle.
Zoology. The fauna of the Nineteenth district has been but partly secured by past writers. In the geographical distribution of animals the district falls in the North Temperate or second of the eight faunal realms into which the world is divided. This realm lies between the isotherms of 32 degrees and 68 degrees, and is partly the home of the fur bearing animals.
No classification of animals of Cumber- land county has ever been made, and Adams county only has its ornithology given by Professor Sheeley, who gives 3 varieties of eagle, six of hawks, six of owls, two of rail, two of sapsuckers, wild turkey, turkey buzzard, turkey crow, pheasant, par- tridge, woodcock, English snipe, 3 varieties of plover, reed bird, wild pigeon, turtle dove, large blue crane, heron, willet, yellow shanks, American bittern, sand piper, king- fisher, wild goose, red head duck. Mallard duck, blue wing teal, spoonbill, sprigtail, wood duck, summer duck, loon, wren, chip- pen, tomtit, English sparrow, indigo, pee- weet, martin, bee martin, blue bird, 3 varie- ties of swallows, cow black bird, crow black bird, bell bird, rain bird, mocking bird, cat bird, thrush, robin, meadow lark, gold- finch, Baltimore oriole, bull finch, cardinal beak, yellow bird, whippoorwill, bull bat, common bat, woodpecker and yellow ham- mer.
Nineteenth Congressional District.
In York county history a few names of its wild mammals have been preserved — the bear, wolf and deer.
An ideal fauna and flora of the Mesozoic era would show the territory of the Nine- teenth district to have been covered with cone bearing and fern like plants, among which reptiles, roamed in large numbers as the representative animals. They were of great size, some walking, some swimming and some flying. It is likely the plant- eating Atlanto-saurus, a hundred feet long and thirty feet high was there with the Ichthyosaurus (fish lizard) and Pterodactyl (winged finger) and a hundred other mons- ter animal forms.
Political Divisions. The Nineteenth Congressional district was formed in 1874 of the counties of Cumberland, Adams and York.
Cumberland county was formed from Lancaster, on January 27, 1750, being the sixth in order of age of the present sixty- seven counties of Pennsylvania, and has an area of 5,540 square miles. Its townships are Pennsborough and Hopewell formed in 1735; East and West Pennsborough, 1745; Middleton, about 1750; Allen, 1766; New- ton, 1767; Southampton, 1783; Shippens- burg, 1784; Dickinson, 1785; Silvers' Spring, 1787; Franklin, 1795; Mifflin, 1797: North and South Middleton, 1810; Monroe 1825; Newville, 1828; Hampden, 1845; Upper and Lower Allen, 1849; Middlesex, 1859; Penn, 1859; Cook, 1872. The bor- ough organizations have been as follows: CarHsle, 1782; Newville, 1817; :Dmppens- burg, 1819; Mechanicsburg, 1828; New Cumberland, 1831 ; Newburg, 1861 ; Mt. Holly Springs, 1873; Shiremanstown, 1874; Camp Hill, 1885.
Adams county was formed from York in 1800, and has an area of 531 square miles, with Gettysburg as its seat of justice. Its townships are Berwick, formed in 1800;
Conewago, i8oi; Hamilton, 1810; Free- dom, 1838; Union, 1841 ; Oxford, 1847; Butler, 1849; and Cumberland, Franklin, Germany, Hamiltonban, Highland, Hunt- ingdon, Latimore, Liberty, Menallen, Mount Joy, Mount Pleasant, Reading, Straban and Tyrone. Its boroughs are: Gettysburg, incorporated in 1806; Abbots- ford, 1835; Littlestown, 1864; York Springs, 1868; New Oxford, 1874; East
Berlin, 1879; Fairfield, ; and McSher-
rytown, 1882.
York county was formed from Lancas- ter county, August 19, 1749, being the fifth county created in the province of Pennsylvania, and now has an area of 921 square miles. Its 31 townships are Hallam or Hellam, formed in 1739; Chanceford, Fawn, Shrewsbury, Newberry, Dover, Codorus, Manchester, Warrington, Mona- ghan, Paradise and Manheim between 1740 and 1744: Heidelberg, 1750; York, 1753; Windsor, 1758; Hopewell, 1767; West Manchester, 1799; Fairview, 1802; Wash- ington, 1803; Lower Chanceford, 1805 Franklin, 1809; Peach Bottom, 181 5 Spring Garden, 1822; Carroll, 1831 Springfield, 1834; Lower Windsor, 1838 North Codorus, 1840; Jackson, 1857; and West Manheim, 1858. Its 21 incorporated boroughs are: York incorporated 1787; Hanover, 1815; Lewisburg, 1832; Dills- burg, 1833; Wrightsville, and Shrewsbury, 1834; Stewartstown and Fawn Grove, 1851 ; Logansville, 1852; Glen Rock, i860; Dover 1864; Jefiferson, 1866; Dallastown, 1867;
Manchester, 1869; Winterstown, ;
Railroad, 1871: East Prospect, 1874; New Freedom, 1879; Red Lion and Delta, 1880; Spring Grove, ; and Goldsboro, Hel- lam, New Salem, Peach Bottom and Menges Station since 1885.
Natural Resources. The Nineteenth Congressional district owes its military im- portance in time of war to its geographical
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
position, but its commercial supremacy and true greatness depend upon the form of its government, the spirit of its people, and the richness of its natural resources, whose complete development will be attained in the decades of the twentieth century. The natural resources of the district embraces its useful and precious metals; its lime, slate and building rock; and its incompara- ble wealth of pure water, copious rainfall and a health-giving climate, which, com- bined with fertility of soil and nearness to market, gives an assurance of good grain, tobacco and fruit crops and their ready sale at remunerative prices in prosperous times. In the great South Mountain are im- mense beds of magnetic and hematite iron ores sufficient to supply the larger part of the iron needed in all the manufactures of the United States, and deep beneath these beds are others of vast dimensions, which will likely not be utilized for a century to come. Copper ore exists in different parts of the district, but has never yet been found in paying quantities, while traces of silver and gold are reported. The siluro-Cam- brian limestone is found in almost inex- haustible beds in every county of the dis- trict, and the great belt of the celebrated
Peach Bottom roofing slate passes through the southeastern part of York county, while massive ledges and large beds of granite are in Adams county, besides sand- stone and other building rock found also in York and Cumberland. Small areas of brick, fire, porcelain and pipe clays are to be found while building sand is plenty. Pure water is everywhere abundant and for domestics purposes Adams county is one of the best watered spots on the globe. Clear, pure, sweet, cold granite water in great abundance and at Gettysburg the drill has been sunk through 70 feet of a granite roof into a great subterranean lake of pure water. The rainfall of the district averages from twenty-seven to thirty-eight inches yearly and this in connection with a fertile soil has always given large cereal crops, fine fruit and an abundant yield of tobacco, in which latter product York county is one of the three leading counties of the Middle Atlantic States. The natural resources of the Nineteenth Congressional district — its iron ore, limestone, granite and fertile soil — make it one of the rich mining and agri- cultural regions of the "Keystone State," whose present wealth and growth give promise of a brilliant and successful future.
CHAPTER II.
Aborigines — Aboriginal Titles — Early Settlesients — Border Difficulties- Boundary Line — Manors of Springetsbury, Louther and Maske — Pioneer Races — Development Periods — Cities and Villages.
THE Indian empire of the New World was magnificent in extent, and while scant in population and low in civilization, yet possessed won- derful natural resources and north of the equatorial line commanded unrivaled facili- ties for commercial supremacy by means of geographical conformation.
In accurate ethnographical classification the American or so called Red race is a branch of the Yellow Type of mankind formerly called the Mongolian. The In- dian in complexion varies from a ruddy to a pale olive and Naidaillac in his Pre-his- toric America states the term Red arose from Columbus mistaking the color of the Antillian Caribs, who kept themselves well painted with red ochre. Indian life in its lowest type was found in the more or less nomadic tribes of Patagonia and the Rocky Mountains, while its highest civilization was reached in the lands of the Montezu- mas and the Incas of Peru, where cloth was woven, cities built, roads constructed, picture-writing introduced and a calendar used which was more accurate than that of the Greeks and Romans. The Indians although divided into numerous families, all came from one parent stock, and there was no tribe so degraded, but believed in a future state and had an idea of a Mas- ter of Life and an Evil Spirit, which held divided empire over nature. The numer- ous Indian languages are all pervaded by
a remarkable analogy of structure and Humbolt says, "From the county of the Esquimaux to the straits of Magellan mother tongues entirely different in their roots, have, if we may use the expression, the same physiognomy." The Indian lan- guages have a wonderful capacity for ex- pressing several ideas and modifications of ideas in one word; and their idioms while regular and complicated in structure are rich in words. This language capacity of expressing several ideas in one word is illustrated in some of S. G. Boyd's Indian Local Names quoted elsewhere, in this volume.
The aboriginal history of the territory of Pennsylvania would be interesting if it could be presented. But Indian traditions are too dim, as well as to fanciful to give their own origin or the fate of their predecessor, the Mound Builder, whose seat of empire was in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys, where his temple, altar, effigy and tomb mounds, and forts and fort- ifications vi'ere numerous. The Indians were in all probability the aboriginal inhab- itants of the Nineteenth Congressional dis- trict as no ruins of mound or temple has ever been found within its territorial limits to speak of permanent occupation by the Mound-builder or great lost race of the American continent.
The great Algonquin Indian family in 1492 occupied the eastern part of the Uni-
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ted States from the sea-board to the Appa- lachian mountains and encircled the Huron Iriquois family in New York and western Canada. Of the Huron-Iriquois the fierc- est and bravest tribes were the Mohawks, Oneidas, Cayugas, Onondagas and Senecas which constituted the Five Nations until 1713, when they admitted the Tuscaroras from South Carolina and became the cele- brated Six Nations of Colonial and Revolu- tionary history.
The Five Nations were the "Indians of Indians" and the "Romans of the West," and their wonderful confederacy was the re- sult of the "Tribal League of the Hodenos- aunee or People of the Long House." In each of the Five Nations were eight tribes arranged in two divisions and named as fol- lows: Wolf, Bear, Beaver, Turtle, Deer, Snipe, Heron, Hawk.
Each tribe was then divided into five parts, and a part placed in each of the Five Nations. Thus the Cayuga of the Wolf tribe recognized the Mohawk of the Wolf tribe as his brother. This league, the highest effort of Indian legislation, forms a splendid and enduring monument to the haughty and powerful confederacy that was reared under it, and that spread the terror of its name among every Indian tribe from the Great Lakes to the everglades of Florida. The Five Nations utterly de- stroyed the Eries and swept away the Hurons of their own family, and sweeping down over the Catawba Warpath into the Carolinas spread death and ruin among the southern tribes.
From a hundred successful fields of bat- tle, the Five Nations turned to contest with the Delaware nation of the Algonquin family for the ownership of the present ter- ritory of Pennsylvania. The Delawares were divided into three branches — the Turkey, Turtle and Monsey or Wolf tribes. This great contest between the Five Na-
tions and the Delawares, resulted in the defeat of the latter, who then became ten- ants at will in Pennsylvania of the former. The Five Nations reduced the Delawares to the menial state of their women, and the Delawares afterwards by an ingeniously constructed story attempted to explain to the Whites their disarmament by strategem and their acceptance of the position of women from choice and not by force.
The Delawares called themselves the Lenn, Lenape or Original People and claimed to have come from beyond the Mis- sissippi river to Pennsylvania, through the Ohio valley where they stopped long enough to destroy the Mound-builders. The Monsey or Wolf branch of the Dela- wares occupied the territory of the Nine- teenth Congressional district, but neither in record or through tradition do we get the names of the tribes that roamed from the Susquehanna to the North Mountain, spending the fishing season in river camps, and the hunting season in the mountain and valley villages where the women raised their small stock of maize The Delaware tribes in the district were joined by the Tuteloes and Nanticokes, from Maryland and in 1698, by the war-like Shawanes from the Carolina, while they all seemed partly under the dominion of the Conestogoe In- dians of Lancaster county, in whose vil- lages all the grand councils were held. There were also in the district the Manti- cokes, Mingoes and Susquehannas.
Of their villages or towns there is but little record. The Conestogoe Indians had a town on the Susquehanna, in York coun- ty, called Conedoughela, and the Showanes had a village at the mouth of Yellow Breeches creek and another on the Cono- doquinet, while the Mingoes had a town on Letort run and near the site of Carlisle, and tradition credits an Indian village as near the site of Gettysburg.
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Of the Indian trails of the district but Httle has been preserved A main north and south trail seems to have passed along the west bank of the Susquehanna, and was joined and also intersected by paths or trails running westward into the mountains and southwestward into Maryland and Vir- ginia. Some of these trails became traders' and missionary routes, and one was event- ually laid out into the old-time Monocacy road which ran from the site of Wrights- ville, past the sites of York and Hanover through York county and southwest in Adams county to the Provincial line. Many minor trails led to favorite hunting grounds and fishing points and were in use by the Indians until they commenced to remove to Ohio, upon the settlement of the white man. The Shawanees removed in 1725 and by 1765 the remainder of the Indians in the district had taken up their westward journey toward the lands of the setting- sun.
Aboriginal Titles. The European title of the EngHsh to the territory of Pennsyl- vania was by right of Cabot's discovery of North America in 1497 and his voyage along the Atlantic coast in the ensuing year. After Penn acknowledged Indian ownership of the land of his province we find that the first deed in the chain of In- dian title for the soil of the Nineteenth Dis- trict, is dated January 3, 1692, and made by Ex-Gov. Dongan, of New York, to Penn for the land -on both sides of the Susque- hanna river which the former had boughv from the Five Nations. The Susquehanna and other Delaware Indians did not ac- knowledge the right of the Five Nations to sell these lands upon which they resided, treaties were made with these Delav.are tribes on September 30, 1700, and April 23, 1701, by which they ratified the sale. The language of all the deeds and treaties was so vague as to how much territory was in-
cluded in the transfer that Penn concluded to effect another purchase with more defi- nite limits before permitting settlements to be made west of the Susquehanna. In or- der to complete his title his heirs held a treaty with the Six Nations on October 1 1 , 1736, and received a deed signed by the Sachems of five of Six Nations. Fourteen days later the Penns received a release signed by the sachems of all of the Si x Na- tions and the Indian title to the territory of the Nineteenth District was completed.
Early Settlements. The first white men to come into the district were but tem- porary residents. There were French traders as early as 1707 in the Cumberland Valley where James Letort built his first cabin in 1720 and was the first white mm to have a temporary residence in Cumber- land county. At some time between 1720 and 1725 Michael Tanner, Edward Parnell, Paul Williams, Jeflerey Sumerford and a few others became temporary residents on Kreutz Creek, near the site of Wrights- ville, in York county. They came under Maryland titles, were regarded as squatters and were driven away in 1728 by the Penn- sylvania authorities. A third class of tem- porary residents came into the western p.iri of the district with the Jesuit fathers from Maryland who were led by Josiah Gravton, S. J., frequently called Father Creighton. He came about 1720 and conducted reli- gious services in the wigwams of the Caughnawaga Indians, an Algonquin tribe from Canada, that were residents for some length of time in what is now Conewago township, Adams county. Father Gravton was followed by different priests and a cabin was built for church services.
As temporary residents, about 1720, were in each of the three counties of the ]Hesent Nineteenth Congressional District, so per- manent settlers came about the same time in each of the counties and also settled at
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the same places selected by the trader, squatters and missionaries. These early permanent settlements were made from 1726 or 28 up to 1740, and were planted some years earlier than the Penns intended on account of the Marylanders commenc- ing to settle in the southern part of York and Adams county. The Penns purposed granting no lands in the district until the Indian title was extinguished, but alarmed by the Maryland attempt to settle they con- ferred with the Indians and gave Samuel Blunston authority to issue licenses to Penns3'lvania settlers for lands to be af- terwards granted to the holders when the Indian title was extinguished.
In Cumberland county Letort most pro- bably took out one of these licenses. An- drew Ralston settled in 1728, west of the site of Carlisle, on a Blunston license. In 1730, James Chambers settled near New- ville, and Robert Chambers, close to Ship- pensburg, where in the same year came Alex. Steen, John McCall, Richard and Gavin Morrow, John Culbertson, Hugh and John Rippey, John Strain, Alex. Askey, John McAlister, David Magaw and John Johnston. Among other early settlers were the celebrated Butler and Brady fam- ilies of Revolutionary and frontier fame, Robert Mickey, William Thompson and Andrew McElwain, of Newton, and Mif- flin township, and brothers-in-law ; Michael Edge, and the Houcks and Weakleys, of Dickinson township; Richard Parker, of North Middleton, who is said to have set- tled in 1725; and the Acheson family of West Pennsborough township; these set- tlers were principally Scotch-Irish, though often called Irish by the provincial authori- ties, and by 1736 a line of settlements had been made from the Susquehanna along the Yellow Breeches and Conedoguinet creeks through the Cumberland valley to the head waters of the Conochocheaque and the
southwestern boundary line of the county.
In York county John and James Hend- ricks settled on Kreutz Creek, in 1729, and while O'Day says they were English, Fisher thinks they were German. They were the first authorized settlers by the Penns, yet a township writer claims that John Grist, John Powell and other English settlers came about 1721. The English set- tled about the Pigeon Hills, while the Ger- mans spread along Kreutz Creek where only one English family, that of William Morgan remained in 1734. The next two settlement waves were between 1734 and 1736, one being Scotch-Irish, settling in the southeast in the "York Barrens," while the other was English-Quaker and made their homes in the north and northwest in the "Red Lands." These English Quakers were from Chester county, and their loca- tion was selected by Thomas Hull, John McFesson, Joseph Bennet, John Rankin, and Ellis Lewis, who were prominent Friends in the new settlement and also in the county. We also have account of Martin Fry settling near the site of York in 1734, and in the same year John Wright, Jr., was at Wrightsville, while German set- tlers are said to have been at or near Han- over as early as 1731. The first shoemaker was Samuel Landys; the first tailor, Valen- tine Heyer; and the first blacksmith, Peter Gardner, while the first schoolmaster was called "Der Dicke Schulmeister." John and Martin Schultz built the first stone dwelling houses, about 1735, and John Day built the first grist mill before 1740.
In Adams county the first permanent settlers were the founders of the Little Con- ewago and Marsh Creek settlements. An- drew Shriver is credited with being the first permanent settler, and having settled in 1734 about 3 miles north of the site of Litt'estown, but the historian of Conewago township states that Samuel Lilly and
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Robert Owings settled in that locality in 1730, and later came the McSherrys, Mc- Crearys, Marshalls, Sanderses and Reillys from Ireland, and the Sneeringers, Shrivers and others from Holland. These Cone- wago settlers were mainly Catholics, and the latter founded Conewago chapel. Fie- tween 1735 and 1741 the Scotch-Irish came to the head waters of Marsh creek, and north of the site of Gettysburg and among the leading families in this emigration were the Hamiltons, Sweenys, Eddies, Blocks, McClains, McClures, Wilsons, Agnews and Darbys. Bradsby in speaking of Shriver as the first permanent settler says "Here then was the first little fringe of civilization planted deep in the dark old forests of Adams county; sheltered under the wagon cover of Shriver's and Young's wagon, the "avant couriers" of the increasing sweep of that grand race of men who created the grandest empire in the tide of time; ferti- lizing its seed with the spirit of liberty and independence that was to leven the human race all over the world and yield the rich blessings of mental and physical freedom that we now enjoy. Shriver was a typical representative of the American pioneer, the most admirable, the greatest race of men and women that have appeared upon the earth in nineteen hundred years."
Border Difficulties. The southern part of York and Adams county was a border land over whose possession Pennsylvania and Maryland were rival disputants for many years. These border difficulties arose from the dispute of Penn and Lord Balti- more over the boundary line between their provinces, as each claimed this territory to be within his chartered limits. Lord Balti- more as early as 1721 contemplated e.xtend- ing his northern boundary line west side of the Susquehanna up to the meridian of 40 degrees north latitude, and in 1730 Col. Thomas Cresap and some others under
Maryland authority settled at Blue Rock ferry 3^ miles south of Wrightsville. Bal- timore never recognized any Indian title and Cresap drove the Indians away which soon led to an angry controversy between the Pennsylvania and Maryland governors The Lancaster authorities soon warned Cresap, Carroll, and other Marylanders off the disputed territory, and John Wright, Jr., called the Marylanders "homing gen- cry," a term at which the followers of Bal- timore took ofifense. In 1734 an unsuc- cessful attempt was made to capture Cresap in which he mortally wounded Knowles Daunt, one of the Pennsylvania posse. The Marylanders made prisoners of John Hendricks and Joshua Minshall and put them in jail at Annapolis, where An- drew Hamilton and John Georges, Penn- sylvania commissioners, appeared in vain to secure their release or obtain a hearing of Penn's claims to the disputed territory. In 1736 a number of Germans, who had settled under Maryland authority, revolted and transferred their allegiance to Penn- sylvania, and later in that year, Colonel Hall, of Baltimore county, came into the disputed territory with an armed force of nearly three hundred men, but left in a short time. During their stay the sherifiE of Lancaster county assembled one hund- red and fifty men at John Wright, Jr.'s, but no hostilities occurred. Cresap cursed the Maryland militia for cowards, and was soon joined by Charles Higginbotham, who had plotted in Chester county with forty- nine others to obtain the revolted Ger- mans' land from the Governor of Maryland and upon the discovery of his plot fled to avoid arrest. Cresap was arrested on Sep- tember 25, 1736, and held as a prisoner for some time, and three years later in 1739, a temporary line was run by order of the Royal Council in England and ended the border difficulties by giving Pennsylvania
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control of the disputed territory.
Boundary Line. The great controversy over the boundary Hne between Maryland and Pennsylvania arose from ambiguity in royal grants and the ignorance of the geo- graphy of the section under consideration by the royal secretaries. While terms of Penn's charter were distinct as to his south- ern boundary line as being the beginning of the fortieth degree, yet the geography of the secretaries must have been at fault as the King did not certainly contemplate giv- ing Penn two-thirds of Maryland, includ- ing Baltimore. On the other hand Lord Baltimore's charter was the oldest yet its language was ambiguous as to his northern boundary as it did not state whether it was the beginning or the ending of the fortieth degree and the King surely did npt intend to give Baltimore the Chester county settle- ments and the site of Philadelphia. Penn naturally wanted his three charter degrees of width, and Baltimore likewise fought to save nearly all of his settlements and two- thirds of his province and but justly asked Markham "if this line, 'Penn's,' be allowed where is my province." Penn offered to buy the disputed territory of Baltimore but the latter refused to sell and appealed to the royal council which found that it could not rightfully allow either claim and re- sorted to compromise. The compromise line 39 degrees, fifteen miles south of Phil- adelphia, is by some supposed to be about where the royal secretaries supposed the one hundred and thirty-ninth parallel of lat- itude to be. This plan of settlement was agreed to, on May lo, 1732, by Thomas and Richard Penn and Charles, Lord Balti- more, the latter of whom prevented the actual marking of the provisional line by a suit in equity until a decree in royal coimcil in 1738, made it peremptory and ended the border difficulties referred to on a previous page. A temporary line
was run in 1739 to the top of the Kitta- tinny mountains, and an effort in 1751 to continue it was frustrated by Mary- land. Finally the proprietors, Thomas and Richard Penn and Frederick, Lord Baltimore, in 1 760, agreed to execute the survey of 1732 which had been held back by proceedings in chancery until May 17, 1760, when the Lord Chancellor ordered the agreement of 1732 to be carried into specific execution. John Lukens and Archibald McLean on the part of the Penns and Thomas Garnett on the part of Lord Baltimore were chosen as surveyors, and commenced their work in November by agreeing on a center in Newcastle from whence the 12 mile radii were to proceed in determining the northern boundary of the present state of Delaware. The Baltimore surveyors wanted superficial miles while the other surveyors insisted on geometrical and astronomical mensuration. For three years the commissioners labored to trace out the twelve mile radius and the tangent line from the middle point of the west line across the peninsula, and were closely ap- proximating the true tangent, when they were notified that Charles Mason and Jere- miah Dixon, two eminent surveyors and mathematicians of London had been em- ployed by the proprietors to complete the work. Mason and Dixon arrived in No- vember, 1763, and from the tangent point of the Newcastle semi-circular line reached at 15 miles south of Philadelphia, on latitude 39 degrees, started the great west line which ran between Maryland and Pennsyl- vania and continued westward as the south- ern Pennsylvania line until 1767, when the Indians stopped them on the second cross- ing of Little Dunkard creek.
Manors of Springetsbury, Louther and Maske. The grant to William Penn in 1 68 1 contained special powers to erect manors which were confined to 10,000 acres
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in every 100,000 acres and were to lie in one place. In a half a century these manors were construed in law not to mean such in a legal sense with its train of feudal ap- pendages, but a portion of country or pro- prietary tenths for private and individual uses or to be sold by special contract and not by stated prices.
Springetsbury manor was the first of these manors to be laid out in the Nine- teenth District. It was named after Spiinget Penn, the grandson and one time the supposed heir of William Penn to the province of Pennsylvania. Springetsbury manor was first surveyed in 1722 by Gover- nor Keith, and resurveyed in 1768 when the plot was returned to the land office. The manor was eight miles wide and ex- tended back 15 miles from the Susque- hanna river in York county, including the town of York and 64,250 acres out of a proposed tract of 70,000 acres. The legal history of this manor in which Henry Clay, Daniel Webster and William Wirt figured is interesting but want of space prevents it's presentation
Louther manor in Cumberland county contained 7,551 acres, was situated between the Yellow Breeches and Conedoguinet creeks extending back some distance from the Susquehanna river, and received its name in honor of a nobleman by the name oi Louther, who had married a sister of William Penn. This manor was first sur- veyed in 1732 as Paxtang or Paxton manor being set aside for the Shawanee Indians who afterwards refused to return on it. As Louther manor it was surveyed in 1765 and resurveyed in 1767.
The third and last manor laid out in the district was the manor of Maske in what is now Adams county. This manor received its name from the title of an old English estate belonging to some of Thomas Penn's distant relations. The order of survey was
issued in 1741 but the surveyors were driven off in that year by Scotch-Irish set- tlers on its soil, who had previously taken their lands by warrant and license. The survey was made in 1766, after a compro- mise with the Scotch-Irish, and its bound- aries included 43.500 acres instead of 30,- 000 acres as originally ordered. The manor of Maske was nearly six miles wide and 12 miles long and included the sites of Gettysburg, Mumasburg, Seven Stars and McKnightstown. Its southern boundary was one half mile north of Mason and Dixon's line, and Gettysburg was in the eastern edge of the manor, 7^ miles north of the south boundary line. On the soil of this manor was fought the great battle of Gettysburg near the place where the Scotch-Irish drove away the surveyor and it is significant that while the Scotch-Irish won the right to their own labor, Gettys- burg gave the ownership of their own labor to 4,000,000 of negro slaves.
West of the manor of Maske was Car- roll's Delight and east of it, Digges' Choice, two large tracts of land surveyed and set- tled under Maryland warrants. Carroll's Delight was a short distance west and con- tained 5,000 acres of land which was pat- ented by Lord Baltimore in 1735 to Charles, Mary and Eleanor Carroll, as be- ing in Frederick county, Maryland. The Carrolls had it surveyed in 1732 and sold numerous tracts to early settlers. Digges' Choice comprised the present township of Conewago, Union and Germany in Adams county and Heidelberg in York. The ori- ginal warrant granted to John Digges, a petty nobleman, of Prince George's county, Maryland, 1727, called for a tract of 10,000 acres, of which 6,822 was surveyed in 1732 under the name of Digges' Choice and com- prised the townships heretofore mentioned. Digges not only sold land within his patent bounds but also outside to some Germans
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and soon conflicting claims between Penn- sylvania and Maryland settlers led to the commencement of the border troubles. A pait Oi the Germans outside of Digges' tract lines resisted his clai'.ns made on tlien!, and one of their nimiber, Jacob Kitzmiller, shot his son, Dudley Digges, and routed the Maryland sheriff when attempting to eject these German settlers. Kitzmiller was demanded by Maryland but held by Penn- sylvania and acquitted upon being tried, and M. A. Leeson writing of this event says: "This act and acquittal of the pea- sant shed new light on the land question and possibly was the second paving stone in the street which is leading to ownership of land by the cultivator of the land."
Pioneer Races. To escape religious persecution three races speaking two dif- ferent languages and following the stand- ards of different churches, came almost contemporaneously as the pioneers of the Nineteenth Congressional District, where to differences of blood, language and re- ligion, they added difference of choice in lo- cating homes and settlements in different sections, distinguished from each other by possessing different kinds of soil. These pioneei races in order of age were:
1. English Quakers on the Red Lands of York and Adams.
2. German Protestants in the limestone valleys of York and Adams.
3. Scotch-Irish Presb3'terians on the Slate Lands of York and Adams and the limestone and slate lands of Cumberland.
One of the later and most powerful of the races of the human family is the Eng- lish ; and the making of the Englishman can be traced from the cradle and the nur- sery of the human race in Central Asia, away into five great climatic zones, around Vvhose settlement centers grew race masses. Three were in Asia, one along the Nile, and the other on the shores of the i'lediterran-
ean, where civilization had its birth and the two great groups of modern nations, the Latin and the Greek, had their rise. Of the fierce northland German peoples, that swept from the Mediterranean to the Baltic, one was Teutonic, whose unconquerable t.nbes settled largely along the northward waterways from the heart of the great Ger- man forest to the North sea. Three of these tribes, the Angles, Jutes and Saxons, stretched westward along the North sea coast from the mouth of the Elbe river to that of the Weser. Their life was fierce and the land was wild, but both were needed, the one to fashion the earliest char- acter elements of the parent stock of the ■\vondrous Englishman, and the other to render a birthland so uninviting as to drive its children forth to their destiny of an is- land home and a world-wide dominion. The Britons' appeal for aid against the Pictish invader of Scotland was answered by the grating of Anglican, Saxon and Jutish boats upon the British shore; but the in- vited defenders, when the Pict was driven back, became the self-appointed conquerors and the German nursery was exchanged for the island school grounds of the oncoming Englishman. The Angles gave their name to the country, the Saxons theirs to the language, while the Jutes were so few in numbers as to stamp their name in no prominent way and were even denied men- tion in the name of the new race, which at the time of their conquest by the Nor- mans was called Anglo-Saxon. The Anglo- Saxon had driven the Briton from the land, but when in turn they were conquered by the Dane and the Norman they remained, and in one hundred and fifty years had so largely absorbed their conquerers that they were an Anglo-Saxon and Norman-Dane people that became known as English when they aided the Barons, June 16, 1512, to compel King John to sign the Magna
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Charta, which secured some liberties for all the people of England, which had form- erly been called Angleland. From the granting of the Great Charter the English- man rapidly developed those magnificent and powerful traits of character for which he is noted all over the world. He warred with Wales and Scotland and France from 1282 to 1450, and in the next hundred years had planted great colonies in the new world. In the meantime the strength of the English people was increasing in the growth of the House of Commons, whose power was instrumental in the destruction of the Feudal nobility in the War of the Roses, but was not powerful enough to restrain the Crown until the days of the Stuarts. Then the great struggle was fought out and Absolute monarchy went down in the great Revolution of 1688, when Constitutional government and a limited monarchy were established. One year later the Bill of Rights was passed, the Commons was in the ascendancy, and the making of the Englishman was com- pleted. His character was then fully formed. He was as tmbending as oak, possessed of great fortitude, and had a high sense of honor, and a strong love of home and country. Intelligence, genius and deci- sion are his in bountiful measure and though sometimes wrong, yet the English have swept forward in a career of great- ness among the nations of the earth that has only been equaled by the German empire in the old world, and only can be surpassed in the new world by the United States, the mightiest of England's m.any planted colo- nies in the different parts of the globe. The Society of Friends or Quakers arose in religious belief which was in opposition to England about 1650, and its members wer-- fined and imprisoned on account of their religious belief which was in opposition to all wars, oaths and a paid ministry. When
Penn founded his colony as a home for re- ligious liberty his Quaker brethren came over in large numbers from England and controled the political policy of the province of Pennsylvania from 1682 until 1752, in which year several Friends withdrew from the legislature that their places might be filled by those in favor of prosecuting an Indian war provoked by unjust treatment of the savages. The pioneer English were all Friends or Quaker except a few who were members of the Established Church of England. Day credits John and James Hendricks as being the first English set- tlers in York county, in 1729, while Fisher seems to think that they were of German lineage. The Hendricks settled near the site of Wrightsville, and three years later Ellis Lewis and other Quakers from Ches- ter county came into what is now New- berry township, and were rapidly followed by their brethren from Chester county, Philadelphia and New Castle, Delaware, who settled the county between the Cone- wago and the Yellow Breeches creeks, or the northern part of York county, com- prising the present townships of Newberry, Warrington, Washington, Fair View, Monaghan, Carroll and Franklin. The Friends also spread westward along the Conewago into Latimore, Reading, Huntingdon and other townships of Adams county. Ellis Lewis and other Quakers who came to what is now New- berry township in 1732 gave the name of "Red Lands" to the county on account of the redness of the soil and rock.
The second pioneer race was the Ger- man Protestants from the Palatinate of Germany who settled in the limestone val- leys of the Codorus and Conewago creeks of York and Adams counties. They were Lutherans, German Reformed, Moravians, German Baptists or Dunkards and Menno- nites in religious belief, and they spoke the
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Allemannisch, Pfalzisch Schwabisch dia- lects with an admixture of South German. In due time a considerable number of Eng- lish words were incorporated and the re- sulting dialect is now known as Pennsyl- vania German, which name is also applied to the descendants of these Palatinate Ger- mans, with whom a few Swiss came and settled. These German Protestants were principally natives of the beautiful Rhine- land province of the Palatinate in Germany and the neighboring Rhenish Bavarian cities of Mannheim and Heidelberg, whose names they gave to two townships in which they settled in York county. Their trans- Atlantic homes were in a land of beauty, where sunny skies bent over vineclad hills, rich valleys and mountains covered with noble old ruins of Feudal times. It was also a land of song and story, being near "Bingen on Rhine," the wicked Bishop Hatto's rat haunted palace and the spot of the mythical sunken treasures of King Nibelung, after whom is named the Nibe- lungen Lied, that collection of famous epic poems which is often called the German Iliad. Byron in his tribute to this Rhine- land country of the Palatinates says, "The river nobly foams and flows, —
The charm of this enchanted ground; And all its thousand turns disclose Some fresher beauty varying round." Religious and political wars and perse- cutions during the first half of the eight- eenth century marked the Palatinate and Bavarian territory with a wide swath of flame and a dark trail of blood, and sent thousands from those provinces to the new world in quest of peace and religious lib- erty. An able and interesting account ot the Pennsylvania Germans has been writ- ten by H. L. Fisher, who shows himself to be well acquainted with their ancestry. character, manners, customs and dialect. He speaks at length of their industry, thrift.
patriotism and intelligence, and gives long lists of Pennsylvania Germans who have served with credit and distinction in na- tional, state and county affairs as senators, congressmen, governors, assemblymen and judges, and who have been prominent as artists,' soldiers, agriculturists, educators and divines. He makes an able defense of the Pennsylvania German dialect as not being a mongrel dialect as charged by many High German scholars whose lan- guage might be compared to Pennsylvania German as the regular army to the militia. Mr. Fisher says of the Pennsylvania Ger- mans "that as a body they are among the best, trustworthy class of people in this or any other country. Their ambition is, ever has been, and may it ever continue to be good rather than great, solid rather than brilliant, honest rather than rich. As practical farmers, they are unsurpassed; as mechanics, they are skillful, reliable and respectable; as merchants and financiers, they have shown equally with others that truth, candor, honesty and fair dealing are the very handmaids of success in business. As soldiers and civilians, as clergymen and laymen, and indeed in all the various rela- tions of life, we have seen them, on the average, equal to emergencies as they chanced to arise, and fully abreast of the times with their fellow-citizens of other na- tionalities. As colonists and pioneers in the great work of civilization they were behind none of them." Scharf says, "It is almost agreed by historians and philoso- phers that the capacity of a race of people to adjust itself to new environments is the proper test of the race's vitality. * * * Judged by this test, the Germans have a greater vitality than any other race, for they have been the emigrating race par ex- cellence, ever since the authentic history of man began." Hegel in commenting on the German spirit as the spirit of the
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new world, says: "The Greeks and Romans had reached maturity within, ere they di- rected their energies outward. The Ger- mans on the contrary, began with self-dif- fusion, dehiging the world and over pow- ering in their course the inwardly rotten, hollow fabrics of the civilized nations Only then did their development begin by a foreign culture, a foreign religion, polity and legislation. This receptivity of the German races made them the best immi- grants in the world. Wherever they went they conquered the people, but adopted and assimilated their institutions. They became Gauls in Gaul, Britons in Britain, and they learned how to become Americans in the United States." The Palatinate and Bavarian Germans between 1729 or 1730 and 1734 spread as the second settlement wave from fhe Susquehanna southwestward through the limestone valleys of York and Adams county and Kreutz Creek and Lit- tle Conewago were among the earliest set- tlements west of the Susquehanna. A por- tion of the Germans in the Conewago set- tlement were Catholics, and a few Swiss and French were among the German immi- grants.
The third and last great pioneer race was the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who came from the province of Ulster, in the north of Ireland and settled in the York Barrens, on the waters of Marsh creek and throughout the Cumberland Valley. The wonderful Scotch-Irish race, in its career among the nations of the earth, has been compared to the Gulf Stream in its course through the waters of the ocean. To trace the making of the Scotch-Irishman we must go back to the centuries before the Christian era, during one of which a branch of the Gallic or Celtic race from the wild interior of Asia settled in Asia Minor, which it named Galatia. This restless Gallic people soon left Asia, and passed
through Italy, Spain and Southern France, to which latter it gave the name of Gaul, and settled in Great Britain, where it be- came the Celtic race of the British Isles. The branches that settled in Ireland and Scotland soon came to be known as Scots. In 430 the famous St. Patrick, a Scotch- man of patrician birth, made Ireland the field of his wonderful religious labors, and one hundred and twenty years later St. Co- lumba, an Irishman of Scot blood, and of the royal lineage of the house of Ulster, founded in the Scottish island of lona, on the ruins of an old Druid institution, the collej^e of Icolmkill, which shed its rays of light all over Europe during the darkness of the Middle Ages. Three centuries after the founding of this great college came the occupation of the seed bed of the Scotch; Irish race, which lies in the watergirt re- gion embracing the southern part of the lowlands of Scotland, then known as Stathclyde; and the river-encircled plain of northern England, which at that time bore the name of Northumbria. Into this pe- culiar region came the Dalriadaian Scot from" the north of Ireland in large numbers to absorb its few' Celtic inhabitants who were descendants of the ancient Britons of King Arthur's days. The boldest of the Vikings and Sea Kings sailed up the rivers of this land and left many of their bravest followers to become a part of a new form- ing race by infusing into it the best blood of the Norseman, the Dane and the Saxon. This people was known as the Lowland Scot, and from 1047 to 1605 passed slowly through a fixing period in which they as- sumed a new character under the preach- ing of John Knox, and made their name famous throughout Europe as the fighting grandsons of the "old raiders of the North." In 1605 the Lowland Scot was ready for transplanting by the Divine Husbandman, and in April 16, 1605, the English court
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signed the charter to colonize Ulster or the North of Ireland with the Bible-reading Lowland Scot and the choicest blood of England in Northumbria. The Lowland Scot stock in Ulster was modified through immigration by the choicest elements of the Puritan, the Huguenot and the Hol- lander, and thus became the Ulsterman, noted for thrift, prudence and prosperity. He made a war-worn desert a fertile land, and then finding himself persecuted by the English government, he changed from the contented colonist to the exasperated Scotch-Irish emigrant. By persecution the LUsterman was made ready for his mis- sion in the new world, where settling on the western frontier of the Thirteen Colonies, he became the Scotch-Irishman of history, so named from the dominating strain of his blood and the land from which he had come. The Scotch-Irishman protected the settlements from the Indians, was prominent in the Revolution and mainly instrumental in winning the Northwest Teniiory. The characteristics of this race are: independence, education and Script- ural faith; and being "first to start and last to quit," can claim that his past is his pledge to the future. A clear and elo- quent description of the Scotch-Irish by R. C. Bair, says, "injected as they were by force among the sects and races, their short career of distinct provincialism was full of momentous possibilities. The Scotch-Irish are no longer an individual people; they are a lost and scattered clan. The world has absorbed them; they are part of the leaven of its mighty develop- ment." Craig analyzes finely the character of James I, of England, tells truthfully and eloquently the history of the Scotch-Irish, and thinks that Barrens of York county, where a number of them settled, were not rendered treeless by the Indians burning the timber for hunting purposes. Between
1734 and 1736 the Scotch-Irish settled in the Barrens or southeastern part of York county; on Marsh creek around the site of Gettysburg in Adams county and in a long line of settlements through the Cumber- land valley from the Susquehanna to the Conococheague.
A century later than the early settlements of the Scotch-Irish, came a fourth race — the Welsh — emigrant by choice and not pioneer by religious persecution. The Welsh came from about 1836 to 1850 and settled in Peach Bottom township, York county, where they founded the village of West Bangor and number over 700 of a population. They came from the slate region of the North of Wales, are an in- telligent, industrious and remarkably relig- ious people and have become very pros- perous in operating the Peach Bottom slate quarries and mines.
In speaking of the place each of these pioneer races occupied and the influence it exercised in building up the state and the nation we find a brilliant summary made by Bair who says: "If you were to ask what in it (the past) were the mightiest forces employed in laying the foundations of our republic, of vitalizing its genius, of sur- mounting its imposing structure with the glory of American ideas, I would answer there were four. These were the four: The Puritan, which was pure; the Hugue- not, and Waldensee, which was sturdy; the Quaker, which was passive, devout; the Scotch-Irish, which was belligerent and God-fearing. '•' * while the German lived in fertile valleys, growing rich, the Scotch- Irishman dwelt upon the poorest hills, pro- ducing brains. While the Quaker loved freedom he hated strife. * * These four are the bed rock of American society. They all came with their Bibles and here is the genius of our strength. The one be- lieved in prudence and preaching; anotl;er
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in perserverance and plowing; another in peace and persuasion; tlie Scotch-Irisli in pluck and power. They all believed in prayer and Providence."
Development Periods. From the time when this territory was yet a wilderness down to the present day the counties of the Nineteenth Congressional district have made their history one of progress and de- velopment. The history of the district may be divided into the following twelve periods, of which nine are development and three are war periods ;
1. Pioneer Period 1720-1736
2. Early Settlement Period. ... 1736-1754
3. French and Indian War Period
1 754- 1 763
4. Backwood's Period 1763-1775
5. Revolutionary War Period. . 1775- 1783
6. Iron Manufacturing Period. 1783- 1809
7. Pike Period 1809-1831
8. Canal Period 1831-1840
9. Early Railroad Period 1840-1861
10. Civil War Period 1861-1865
11. Improvment Period 1865- 1876
12. Progressive Period 1876
The pioneer Period, although but six- teen years in duration, was one of priva- tion, danger and suffering. There were no roads or mills and but few wagons or bridges west of the Susquehanna. In- dians and wild beasts were numerous and coimnunication with Lancaster was main- tained chiefly b}' pack horse travel over paths blazed through the woods. There were no physicians but two or three preachers, and neither meeting nor school houses. The single story log cabin, and the small clearing were the prominent land marks of the period. The Indians ob- jected to settlements being made and the Maryland authorities threatened to drive the settlers away. Toward the close of the period stone houses were built, pedlars came out with their packs and John Day
built his grist mill twelve miles north of the site of York. These pioneers, Eng- lish, German and Scotch-Irish, were the advance guard of civilization west of the Susquehanna, and their clearings consti- tuted the most of the settlement centers between the river and the North and South mountains.
Following the pioneer came the early settler, and the Early Settlement Period extended from 1736 to 1754 when all pro- gress was checked by war with the French and Indians. The period commenced most auspiciously as the Indians sold their claim to the land and Maryland agreed to refrain from further invasion. Hundreds of immigrants came with each year; farms were increasing in number and size; better houses, and a few churches and school houses were built, and the different com- munities became connected by dirt roads, the first of which was surveyed and laid out in 1735 from Harris' Ferry to Ship- pensburg, while the first road in York county was the Monocacy road laid out in 1739 over a trader's route from Wrights- ville past the sites of York and Hanover to the Maryland line and the earliest road in Adams county was laid out in 1742 from the site of Gettysburg to York. The main events of this period were the opening of dirt roads; the erection of York (1749). and Cumberland (1750) counties; and the founding of York (1741), Shippensburg (1749) and Carlisle (1751); and the stop- ping of Penn's survey in the Marsh Creek settlement by the Scotch-Irish settlers there. The settlement centres of the Pioneer Period — often marked by a mill, church or fort, were beginning to be suc- ceeded by the town germs of the Early Settlement Period. In the great Kittoch- tinny. North or Cumberland valley and the Conococheague, Letort, Conedoguinet, Big Spring, Yellow Breeches and Ship-
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pensbiirg settlements had grown so fast as to found the towns of Carlisle and Ship- pensburg; while the Kreutz Creek, Cone- wago, Newberry, Codorus, Lewis, Wright's Ferry and York Barrens settlements, only had one town germ — York; and the Marsh Creek and Little Conewago settle- ments were represented by Woodstock now Hunterstown.
The French and Indian war came in 1754 and interrupted all settlement and progress during the nine years of its continuance, except the founding of Abbottstown in 1755. This period was principally dis- tinguished for frontier fort building, the origin of the Associator companies and the erection of Dick's bloomary (1756) in York county, while it is marked by numerous Indian incursions whose sorrowful memo- ries of inhuman murders will be handed down unto the latest generation.
Succeeding the French and Indian war came a Backwood's Period of twelve years, stretching from the last colonial war to the great Revolutionary struggle. The Back- wood's Period was noted for town growth. York, Carlisle and Shippensburg increased rapidly in size and population, and became such important places on the great high- ways of travel from Philadelphia to Balti- more and the west that York contained eighteen licensed taverns in 1765, while Carlisle and Shippensburg each had sev- eral taverns. New towns were also founded. Hanover and Dover were laid out respectively in 1763 and 1764; McSher- rytown in 1763, and Lisburn in 1766, while a few other towns would likely date back about 1765 if their history had been written a few years ago. The peddler of the Pio- neer Period with his packhorse, and the small cross roads store room were largely superseded by the town store of respectable dimensions for that day. Settlements were widening out, frame, stone and brick
houses were being built and saw and grist mills were going up at dififerent points, while churches and school houses were in- creasing rapidly, and permanent phvsicians came into the district. The "Conestoga" wagon was introduced about 1770, and the horse travel for the west from Carlisle and Shippensburg called for horses by the hundred. The fires of the first forges and furnaces in the district were lighted up be- tween 1763 and 1770, and immigration poured into every county, adding to old and forming new settlements; but growth and prosperity were a second time arrested by the ruthless hand of war, when the news of Lexington swept like a flame of fire over hill and dale, and awoke a spirit of independence in every breast.
The Revolutionary war lasted eight years and while it checked settlement, stopped immigration and stayed pursuit and industry, yet it gave political indepen- dence and the soldier life of the hundreds who went from the district into the Conti- nental armies broke down the clannish spirit of the Scotch-Irishman and the Ger- man alike, leading to more homogeneous relations between those antagonistic races.
The Revolution was succeeded by the Iron Manufacturing Period of thirty-six years, during which forge, furnace and rolling mills were actively operated in Cumberland and York counties, and con- stituted the predominant interest of the district. Distilling, wool carding, fishing and lumbering were active industries, while agricultural interests were greatly advanced by the introduction of clover in 1800 in the northern part of York county. Between 1790 and 1800 Gettysburg and several other towns were founded, and in 1800 Adams county was formed from York, while in the next nine years town-founding and town-building were still prominent features. Between 1800 and 1809 there
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was a considerable stream of emigration from the district to Kentucky and Ohio. In 1785 the first college — Dickinson — and the first newspaper — the Carlisle Gazette — were established. In 1789 Wright's Ferry came very near being selected as the site of the national capital. Postoffices were established at York, Carlisle and Shippensburg about 1790, the Conewago canal, the first canal in the United States, was built around the Conewago Falls, be- tween 1792 and 1796, and the old Columbia bridge was erected in 1809.
As manufactures and farm products in- creased there was a demand for good roads for transportation and travel, and the Pike Period came in the history of the district where it held place for twenty-two years. In 1809 the Susquehanna and York Bor- ough, the Hanover and Maryland Line, turnpikes were commenced. The next year the State Road from Harrisburg to Gettysburg was surveyed. The Hanover and Carlisle road was commenced ini8i2; the York and Maryland Line, in 1814; the Harrisburg and Chambersburg, in 1816; the Berlin and Hanover in 1818; and the York and Gettysburg in 1819. Over these roads passed great numbers of carriages and stages and long lines of wagons. Dur- ing the Pike Period, Free Masonry was introduced by the institution of St. John's Lodge at York in 1810, and Gettysburg Theological Seminary was established in 1826, but the great event of the period was the war of 1812 which did not however airest public enterprise or private effort although the district was threatened by in- vasion when the British attacked Balti- more. Some paper towns were laid out on expected results of the Susquehanna lum- bering and fishing industries.
The Canal Period opened in 1831 when the public demanded a trial of canals as cheaper routes to city markets than were
afforded by turnpikes. The Conewago canal allowed lumber and boats to pass the Conewago falls on the Susquehanna river, which was the great water-front of the dis- trict, and the Codorus canal of three miles with eight miles of slack water connected York with the river, but no canal route to the cities was offered until 1831 when the great Pennsylvania canal was constructed past the eastern part of the district offering a water route from Philadelphia to Pitts- burg. The packet boat supplanted the stage coach but this route was too long, and a demand was made in 1836 for the building of a canal from Columbia down the Susquehanna and tide water canal. This canal was built at a cost of $4,000,000 and opened to the public in 1840. The opening of the Pike Period was marked by the founding of Pennsylvania College and its closing year witnessed the introduction of the reaper.
Boundary lines are hard to draw be- tween the Pike and Canal Periods and the terminal limit of the latter is closely blended with the initial line of its successor. The Early Railroad Period which seems to stretch from 1840 to 1861 is a distinctive part of the history of the district. Although the Northern Central, the York and Mary- land Line and Cumberland Valley railroads were built by 1838 yet they did not gener- ally effect the canal trade until two years later. The York and Wrightsville road was completed in 1840. the York and Cum- berland, in 1850, and the Hanover and Littlestown in 1858. During this period Odd Fellowship was introduced into the
district in 1843 when Lodge was
instituted at Shippensburg, the Cumber- land Agricultural Society was formed in 1854, and the Shippensburg State Normal school organized in 1857. All progress was arrested by the late Civil War in thf gloomy spring days of 1861.
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Following the late Civil War came an Improved Period reaching form 1865 to the Centennial Exhibition, during which every industry was quickened into new life and increased production, the old and some new railways were important factors of de- velopment in this period which was distin- guished by improvements in every field of human industry where comfort, conven- ience or usefulness were matters of consid- eration. Improved conditions of life seem- ed to be among the predominant ideas of this period of 1 1 years, which recorded the recovery of this nation from the depressing effects of the greatest war of modern times.
The Centennial year was alike a century and a period mark, ushering into existence an era unequaled in the world's advance- ment and opening the twelfth historical or the ninth development period of the Nine- teenth Congressional District. The visit of hundreds from the district to the Cen- tennial at Philadelphia had much to do with calling into existence the present Pro- gressive Period. Viewing the exhibits of every land in ever}' department of industry and education they came back with broad views and new ideas of mental and material progress whose consummation became
their life-work. Thus the wonderful re- sults of industry and invention were brought prominently before the people whose taste was farther educated by the Columbian Exposition, the latest and greatest of internation exhibits. The im- proved service of railway and telegraph, the introduction of the telephone, phono- graph and electric light and motor power, and of labor-saving machinery in mine, shop and factory and on field and highway has rendered splendid the record of mater- ial progress in the celebrated old counties of the Nineteenth District.
Cities and Villages The only city so far in the district is York, an important railroad, manufacturing and educational center in York county. The most popu- lous and important boroughs are men- tioned in the preceding chapter, while the numerous pleasant and prosperous villages will be described in Chapter X. These boroughs and villages nestle beneath the mountains, sleep in the green valleys or stand upon the highways of travel and commerce in the Nineteenth Congressional District which holds high and worthy place in the great Commonwealth.
CHAPTER III.
French and Indian War — The Revolution — Continental Congress — Frontier
Defense — National Capital Site — Whiskey Insurrection — War of 1812
Mexican War — War of the Rebellion — Subsequent Military History.
THE MILITARY history of the Nineteenth District is one of in- terest and event, and attained to national importance in the Revolutionary struggle and the war for the preservation of the Union. Soldiers of the district have served in six wars of the Republic against foreign foes, savage Indians and domestic enemies.
French and Indian War. Unjust treatment of the Indians by the Whites roused the savages to resistance and led to invasions and cruel murders along the western frontier from the Hudson to the Delaware. The just and peaceful policy of the Quakers preserved peace on the western frontiers of Pennsylvania for nearly seventy years, and then their power was not sufficient to control their own or influence the legislation of adjoining pro- vinces.
There was an Indian alarm on the west- ern border of Cumberland and Adams county in 1745 and another in 1748, when an associated regiment of ten companies was raised in the Cumberland valley, but no Indian depredations were committed. The first measure of protection taken for the benefit of the expose"d settlements was the building of frontier forts, which were mostly stockades. This fort building con- tinued pretty actively from 1753 to 1764, and of these forts in Cumberland county we have account of the following: Letort
and Louther forts built in 1753; Fort Crog- han, in 1755; Forts Franklin and Morris, at Shippensburg, in 1755; and Forts Fer- guson and McAllister, in 1764. After Braddock's defeat in 1755 the Cumberland valley and part of Adams county was al- most deserted by the settlers, and the In- dians threatening from the north four forts of some size were built above the North Mountain in the Susquehanna valley. In the ensuing spring Shingis and Captain Jacobs led large bands of Delawares into the Cumberland valley and in one in- stance at the Great Cove killed and cap- tured 50 whites. Settlers were killed and captured almost in sight of Carlisle and Shippensburg, the two main fortified posts along the North Mountain. Captain Cul- bertson followed the Great Cove raiders and was killed with 11 of his men in a fight west of Sideling Hill, and Captain Hance Hamilton who followed an other war party lost seven men in a fight with them. Col. John Armstrong led an expe- dition in 1757 against the Indian town and headquarters at Kittanning, on the Alle- gheny river which he destroyed, and thus gave rest to the Cumberland Valley from Indian raids for a couple of years. Then in 1759 followed a few raids, one of which penetrated York county and killed two men, while several were killed in Adams and a number killed and captured in Cum- beiland, but the next four years passed
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with but few Indian depredations. The French who had urged on the Indians to these raids were dispossessed of Canada and 1763 when Indian troubles were sup- posed to be nearly over the mighty war- chief Pontiac commenced his daring war of extermination against the English forts and settlements and the Delawares and Shawnees from Ohio burst like a whirlwind on the Cumberland valley. The settlers again fled by hundreds to the forts and to points east of the Susquehanna river and the Cumberland valley and the western part of Adams were in a manner deserted until Boquet's victory at Bushy Run broke the power of the Indians east of the Ohio river and restored some confidence, but as- sociate companies were kept under arms as late as 1765. Col. John Armstrong, Capt. Hance Hamilton, the Bradys and Butlers and the mysterious hunter scout and In- dian slayer Captain Jack were the leaders of the settlers, and while numbers of the savages were killed yet many whites were murdered and taken prisoner and different settlements almost ruined.
The Revolution. The French and In- dian war was the special training school in which the thirteen colonies prepared them- selves for their oncoming and successful struggle for independence from England. From weight of numbers and aggressiveness of character, three elements of American population — the Puritan, the Cavalier and the Scotch-Irish, were predominant factors in opposing parliamentary usurpations and carrying on the Revolutionary struggle to a successful termination. The Dutch of New York, the Germans of Pennsylvania, the Catholics of Maryland and the French Huguenots of Georgia and the Carolinas, in proportion to their numbers, bore well their parts in the great struggle. The Puri- tan of New England received the first shock of the contest that was carried south-
ward to its termination in the land of the Cavalier. The Cavalier like the Puritan fought mainly in his own territory, but the Scotch-Irish from their center in western North Carolina spread both northward and southward along the Allegheny mountains and fought from Bennington to King's Mountain, at which places they turned the tides of war that led to the surrender of Burgoyne and Cornwallis.
Resistance to Parliamentary oppressions was roused west of the Susquehanna, nearly a year before Lexington and Con- cord called the colonies to arms. On June 12, 1774, the citizens of York county were called to meet at Yorktown, where on that day resolutions in favor of Boston's resist- ance to commercial restrictions were passed and a committee of thirteen members ap- pointed as a committee of correspondence. A call was also issued in the Cumberland valley, and on July 12th, a meeting was held at Carlisle and a committee of corres- pondence appointed of thirteen members in- cluding Cols. John Armstrong and Eph- raim Blaine, the latter being popular on ac- count of his brave defense of Fort Ligonier during Pontiac's war. In 1775 aid was raised for Boston in Cumberland and York counties, the latter of which contributed, £246 8s. lod.
When the news of Lexington came and Congress called for troops the committee of Cumberland county acted so promptly and so efficiently that by May 6th 3000 men were formed into associator companies, having but 1,500 arms and 500 men were ordered to march when needed. The county was assessed 27,000 pounds for mil- itary purposes, and the First Rifle regi- ment of Pennsylvania was raised within its boundaries. This regiment was formed within ten days after the battle of Bunker Hill and its officers were: William Thomp- son, colonel; Edward Hand, lieutenant-col-
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onel; Robert Magaw, major; and James Chambers, Robert Cluggage, Michael Doudel, WilHam Hendricks, John Loudon, James Ross, Matthew Smith, and George Nagle, captains; Dr. WiUiam Magaw was surgeon, and Rev. Samuel Blair served as chaplain. The regiment numbered 798 men all told, was raised for one year and then re-enlisted for the war. The First Rifle regiment was composed of men of splendid physique and unerring marksmen- ship, who were dressed in white rifle shirts and round hats, and its record was one of hardship and bravery from Boston to Yorktown. Smith and Hendricks com- panies were under Arnold at Quebec, and part of the regiment was captured in Cana- da. The regiment afterwards fought in every battle under Washington from Long Island to Yorktown, and then went with Wayne to the south where it was in the last battle of the Revolution at Sharon, Georgia. Of its commanders Thompson and Hand became brigadier generals, and Captain Chambers was promoted to col- onel, while Captain Wilson became major. Some men from Cumberland county were in the Second, Third and Fourth battalions. The Fifth battalion was raised chiefly in the county and left in March, 1776, under command of Col. Robert Magaw, formerly major in the First Rifles. The Fifth was in the retreat from Long Island and then vvitii other troops were placed to garrison Ft. Washington which was so gallantly de- fended by Colonel Magaw, who was finally compelled to surrender, when the soldiers of the Fifth were made prisoners and held until the close of the Revolution. The Third regiment organized in Cumberland county was the Sixth Pennsylvania, whose officers were: William Irvine, colonel; Thomas Hartley, lieutenant-colonel ; James Dunlap, major; and Samuel Hay, Robert Adams, Abraham Smith, William
Rippey, James A. Wilson, David Grier, Moses McLean, and Jeremiah Talbott, captains. A portion of the Sixth was cap- tured in Canada June 6, 1776, and in 1777 the broken Sixth and Seventh were con- solidated in one command which servea until the close of the war. Of the officers of the Sixth, Colonel Irvine was promoted brigadier-general, and Captain Grier to colonel. Colonels Frederick Watts and John Montgomery commanded regiments taken at Ft. Washington, which were sup- posed to have been largely recruited in the Cumberland valley, and Capt. Jonathan Robinson commanded a company which fought at Princeton. In 1777 under a new militia organization the battalions were numbered in each county. The First bat- talion of Cumberland was successively com- manded by Col. Ephraim Blaine and Col. James Dunlap. The Second battalion was commanded successively by Cols. John Allison, James Murray and John Davis. The Fourth battalion was under Col. Sam- uel, and the Fifth was commanded by Col. Joseph Armstrong, while the Sixth had for its commander, Col. Culbertson. The Seventh battalion of Cumberland couniv county was under Col. William Irvine, and the Eighth was commanded by Col. Abra- ham Smith. Many of the enlistments were for six months and often a soldier served in several commands during the war. The county furnished 334 men to the Flying Camp in 1776, and in that year Capt. Wil- liam Peebles commanded a company of 81 riflemen which fought on Long Island and at Princeton. Some of the companies raised were from what is now Franklin county and it is impossible to give a full list of the officers and men who served from Cumberland county. Col. James Smith, Capt. Samuel Brady, Col. Patrick Jack, often called Captain Jack, the wild hunter of the Juniata, and the five fighting But-
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lers were among the officers of the county who distinguished themselves in the Revo- Uition and afterwards on the frontier. Col. James Smith offered to raise a battalion of riflemen accustomed to the Indian method of fighting but Washington declined to in- troduce such an irregular element into the army. In 1777 a Tory plot was discovered to destroy public stores at Carlisle, York and other places, and the estates of several persons implicated were sold by the com- mittee on forfeited estates and the money used for the purchase of arms and provis- ions. From 1777 to 1780 wagon masters were appointed for the county which fur- nished at one time as high as 800 four- horse wagons to transport stores and sup- plies. The owners of the wagons were paid for them and the number of horses furnished. Armories were kept up at Car- lisle and Shippensburg and William Den- ning succeeded in making two cannon of wrought iron, one of which was taken by the British at Brandywine and is said now to be in the tower of London. Col. Ephraim Blaine served as assistant quartermaster- general of Washington's army, and his extensive fortune was ever at the disposal of his county. Others were equally pa- triotic with Col. Blaine, and pastors Hke Craighead, Steel, King, and Cooper not onlv preached in favor of war but enlisted and served under Washington; and the pa- triotism of the people was such that on May 23, 1 776, they sent a memorial to the assem- bly in which they boldly advocated separa- tion from Great Britain if necessary for the freedom and happiness of the colonies. The assembly acted favorably on the petition and when Congress took final action on the motion for Independence, Pennsylvania was carried in its favor by the casting vote of James Wilson, of Cumberland county. York county was as active in the cause of independence as Cumberland, and her com-
mittee of correspondence was appointed at a meeting held in York, June 24, 1774, when aid was promised to Boston in resist- ing parliamentary measures of injustice. On the 28th and 29th of July, 1775, the county was divided into five battalion districts. The companies of Yorktown, Manchester, Windsor, Codorus, York and Hellam town- ships comprised the First battalion com- manded by Col. James Smith. The com- panies of Cumberland, Hamiltonban, Straban, Menallen, Mt. Joy and Tyrone townships formed the Second battalion commanded by Col. Robert McPherson. The companies of Heidelberg, Berwick, Paradise, Mt. Pleasant, Germany and Man- heim townships constituted the Third bat- talion under command of Col. Richard McAllister. The companies of Chanceford, Shrewsbury, Fawn and Hopewell town- ships formed the Fourth battalion, under command of Col. William Smith. The companies of Dover, Newberry, Monaghan, Warrington, Huntingdon and Reading townships constituted the Fifth battalion commanded by Col. William Rankin. From each of these battalions a company of minute men was to be organized to form a battalion whose officers were Richard McAllister, colonel; Thomas Hartley, lieu- tenant-colonel; and David Grier, major. In September, 1775, there were reported the names of 3,349 officers and men in militia or associator companies. In 1776, David Grier, Moses McLean, Archibald M'Allis- ter and other captains raised companies which served in the celebrated First Rifle or nth regiment of the Pennsylvania Line which has been described in a preceding paragraph. In May, 1776, Capt. William McPherson recruited a rifle company which was attached to Colonel Miles command at Philadelphia, and in July, five battalions of militia marched from York county to New Jersey, where two battalions were formed
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from them to become a part of the Flying Cainp and the remainder sent home. The Flying Camp numbered 10,000 men organ- ized in three brigades, the first of which was commanded by Gen. James Ewing, of York county. The First battalion of York coun- ty comprised eight companies in numerical order commanded by Capts. Michael Smei- ser, Gerhart Graefif, Jacob Dritt, Christian Stake, John McDonald, John Ewing, Wil- liam Nelson and Williams. The
Second battalion had six York and Bucks county companies. The York companies ■were: Bittenger's, McCarter's, McCon- key's. Laird's, Wilson's and Paxton's. These battalions suffered terribly on Long L<lan(l ,ind at Fort Washington where nearly all of the First battalion were taken prisoners. In 1777 two calls were made on the York county militia and in April, 1778, the county had 4,621 militia divided into eight battalions of eight companies each numbered from first to eighth. The First battaHon was under Col. James Thompson and the companies in numeri- cal order were commanded by Capts. William Dodd, Daniel Williams, John Shover, Daniel May, James Parkinson, Benjamin Heable, Francis Boner, and John O'Blainess, with 873 men. The Second battalion, Col. William Ranlcin, with Capts. William Ashton, John Ran- kin, Simon Copenhaver, Jacob Hiar, Emanuel Harman, John Mansberger, Wil- liam Walls and Yost Harbaugh, and 514 men. The Third battalion. Col. David Jameson, with Capt. David Beaver, Got- fried Fry, Peter Frote, Christ Lauman, Alex. Ligget, George Long, and Michael Halm, and 521 men. The Fourth battal- ion, Col. John Andrew with Capts. ,
John King, William Gilliland, Samuel Mor- rison, John AIcElvain, John Stockton, Sam- uel Erwin, and Thomas Stockton, and 529
men. The Fifth battalion. Col. Joseph Jef- fries, with Capts. John Maye, Adam Black, William McCleary, David Wilson, Joseph Morrison, WiUiam Miller, Thomas Orbison and John Paxton, and nearly 500 men. The Sixth battahon. Col. William Ross,
with Capts. Laird, Casper Reineka,
, Frederick Hurtz, Peter Ickes,
Leonard Zenew and Abraham Sell, and 630 men. The Seventh battalion, Col. David Kennedy, with Capts. Thomas Latta, Thomas White, John Miller, Peter Aldin- ger, John Arman, George Geiselman, Jacob Ament and John Sherer and 489 men. The Eighth battalion, Col. Henry Slagle, with Capts. Nicholas Gelwix, John Reed, Wil- liam Gray, , John Reppey, Jos- eph Reed, and Thomas McNery, and 487 men. Cols. David Jameson, and Thomas Hartley, Gens. Henry Miller, and Jacob Dritt, Col. Martin Dill.Maj. Joseph Prowell and Ensign Jacob Barnitz were among the prominent militar}' men of York county in the Revolution, but of the many brave sol- diers and officers from the county who fought for independence, only a scant rec- ord can be found.
The territory of Adams county then a part of York, sent many of Scotch— Irish and German sons to fight on the battlefield of the Revolution. Quite a number of York county companies were raised on Adams county territory, and bore well their part on march and in battle. The promi- nent military leaders were Cols. Robert Mc- Pherson, Fiance Hamilton and Richard McAllister. Men from Adams as a part of York were in many of the York companies which served in the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh and Thirteenth Pennsylvania regiments of the Continental Line, Pennsylvania State regi- ment of artillery and Armand's and Pulas- ki's legion.
From the scant evidence obtainable it
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would appear that over 8,000 men from the present territory of the Nineteenth Con- gressional district served in the Revolution- ary army, while at least 10,000 were en- rolled in regular militia organizations.
No invasions of the district were ever made by British forces, but in 1776 the British prisoners at Lancaster were re- moved to Carlisle and York, and Lieuten- ant, afterwards Major, Andre was of the number sent to the former place. The Hessians captured at Trenton were sent to York and Carlisle and at the latter place built the barracks used for years as a cav- alry training school and which stood on the site of the present Indian school. From time to time during the war British prison- ers, principally Hessians, were sent to York where they were given many liberties and a number were induced to leave the English service. In 1781 the convention prisoners, (Burgoyne's men) were sent from Virginia and Maryland to York in order to prevent their rescue by Cornwallis. These prison- ers were placed 4^ miles east of York and in Windsor township, where they cleared 20 acres of woodland and surrounded it by picket fence 15 feet high. Within they built their huts and remained there guarded by American troops until the war closed.
The story of the Revolution as often told in the past needs not repetition on these pages, yet it might be well to correct two once prevalent errors in connection with that great struggle. The German troops in America were not all Hessians, and the latter were neither ferocious nor blood- thirsty ; and that the ablest statesmen and the intelligent mass of the people of Great Britain did not sanction the measures of the Parliamentary party in power that car- ried on the Revolutionary war.
In history the Revolution is recorded as a gigantic struggle for the rights of man, when a nation was born in a day, and the
dial hand on the clock of human progress moved forward in a greater advance than it hitherto had marked in five centuries.
Continental Congress. Upon the near approach of Howe's army to Philadelphia, Congress took steps to remove from the city and on September 14, 1777, resolved to meet on the 27th at Lancaster. Recon- vening at Lancaster on the 27th, it did not deem itself safe east of the Susquehanna river, and adjourned the same day to meet at York, where it continued in session from September 30, 1777, till June 27, 1778. Congress held its sessions during this per- iod in the court house in Centre Square, where it sat daily with closed doors and considered some of the momentous issues of the Revolution one of which was the re- moval of Washington from the chief com- mand of the American armies. During the nine months that Congress was in ses- sion at York that place was really the capi- tal of the nation. At York, Gates was wel- comed, Steuben came and Lafayette repor- ted. There the Conway cabal was formed and Congress remained during the darkest hours of the Revolutionary war that ex- tended from Valley Forge to Monmouth.
Frontier Defense. After Pontiac's de- feat in 1763 the frontier line of defense was west of the Alleghenies, but as late as 1794 Indian depredations along the Mononga- hela and Allegheny rivers and in Ohio were so bad that the President called upon Penn- sylvania for nearly 11,000 militia, of which Cumberland and York counties raised their respective quotas, the latter furnishing 822 men. Wayne's victory at the Fallen Tim- bers broke forever the Indian power on the western frontier of Pennsylvania.
National Capital Site. In 1789 and 1790 Congress took up the consideration of a site for the national capital. New York, Philadelphia, Germantown, Harrisburg and Wright's Ferry were named. The house se-
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lected Wright's Ferry, but the Senate sent back the bill with Germantown inserted in place of Wright's Ferry, which change the house refused to accept, and Congress ad- journed without making any selection. At the next session the south urged the Po- tomac river but was ovitvoted and finally the northern and southern leaders compro- mised on Philadelphia as the seat of gov- ernment for ten years and then the build- ing of a capital city, near Georgetown on the Potomac.
Whiskey Insurrection. The much dis- cussed but little understood whiskey insur- rection, was the first rebellion against the United States government and required a large army under the command of Wash- ington and some of his ablest generals to crush it. The Whiskey Insurrection ex- tended over southwestern Pennsylvania and northwestern part of Virginia now the northern part of West Virginia. The cause of the insurrection was a law of Congress passed in 1791, which laid an excise of four pence per gallon on all distilled spirits. The insurgents were largely farmers, who lived so far from market that it was impossible to transport their grain for sale, but manufac- tured into whiskey it could be carried to the cities and sold at a profit. Grain was their only production and in form of whis- key was their only source of revenue and means of paying taxes and buying land. The officers sent out to collect the excise west of the Alleghenies were tarred and feathered and driven out of the country by "Tom. the Tinker's men" who then erected "Liberty Poles" and organized in armed resistance which compelled the government to resort to force for its suppression. The insurgents numbered nearly twenty-thous- and, many of whom were Revolutionary soldiers and splendid marksmen, and hav- ing the Alleghenies for a natural fortifica- tion would have made stubborn resistance,
but they were without leaders of military ability and experience. Washington fully tmderstood the nature and extent of the in- surrection and its danger to the new formed government whose powers were but barely recognized and not yet fully understood and in 1794 ordered out 15,000 men, the largest army which he ever commanded. The in- surgents realizing their want of military leaders and learning of the large army marching upon them disbanded; and when the United States troops arrived west of the Alleghenies order was restored and national authority recognized. Washington's army was raised in the Middle Atlantic States, and the quota of Pennsylvania was 5,200 men of which York county furnished 572, and Cumberland 363. The insurgents in Cumberland county on September 8, 1794, erected a liberty pole in Carlisle which they held by force of arms for a few hours. They however disbanded and scattered upon the approach of troops, ordered out by the State authorities. Washington on his way out with the army stopped at Car- lisle and Shippensburg and on his return to Philadelphia passed through York county, crossing the Susquehanna at a ferry below New Cumberland.
War of 1812. When President Madi- son declared war against Great Britain in 1812 he was nobly sustained by Governor Snyder, of Pennsylvania, and the 14,000 men called for from the Keystone State could have been trebled so great was the enthusiasm of the people.
Cumberland county raised four full com- panies of six months' men, ready to march whenever ordered. Two small rifle com- panies—one from Carlisle and the other from Mechanicsburg — were united under command of Capt. George Kendall and won imperishable honor for themselves at Chippewa. Men from the county fought bravely on the Niagara border under Lt.
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Col. George McFeely and W. D. Foiilke. Several companies including the Patriotic Blues commanded by Capt. Jacob Squier, took an important part in the defense of Baltimore, while the Carlisle Guards, under Capt. Joseph Halbert, went to Philadelphia to aid in its protection in September, 1814.
In Adams county was a strong peace party who denounced the War of 181 2, but militia companies were organized subject to marching orders, and in 1814 Adams and York constituted the Fifth of the fif- teen military districts of the State, and were required to form two brigades, the first from York and the second from Adams. Antagonistic to the peace party was a war following, and Adams county men fought at Baltimore and also served under Scott, who complimented them as being good soldiers.
York county responded promptly to the call of Governor Snyder for troops and placed her militia on marching orders, but they were only called for in 1814 to help in the defense of Baltimore. Capts. Freder- ick Metzgar and John Bair, with two com- panies of York county men, were attached to a Mar3dand regiment at the battle of North Point, where the "York Volunteers" a company commanded by Capt. (after- wards Colonel) Michael Spangler fought with the steadiness and bravery of veterans.
Mexican War. During the war with Mexico, Pennsylvania furnished two regi- ments and ofifered additional regiments which were refused.
Cumberland county furnished many re- cruits to the Fourth United States artillery which was stationed at the Carlisle bar- racks in 1846. This artillery did valiant service at Buena Vista. Capt. John F. Hunter raised at Carlisle Co. G, nth in- fantry, which lost nearly half of its members in Mexico. Besides these two companies
there were other companies in which Cum- berland county men enlisted.
Although no company was called from Adams county, yet natives and residents of the count)' enlisted and served through the war.
With her usual zeal in military matters York county responded to the call for troops for Mexico, but no company could be accepted from the county and her sons enlisted in other companies that had been accepted. Nine men from York borough enlisted in Co. C, First Pennsylvania A^ol- unteers and others were in the Fourth Ohio, and Eleventh Pennsylvania, while in the regular army were Maj. Granville O. Flaller, Lieut (afterwards Maj.-Gen.) W. B. Franklin, and Lieut. H. B. Gibson, na- tives of the county. Of the naval officers in service in Mexican waters were: George P. Welsh, Samuel R. Franklin and William Gibson, who were from York county.
War of the Rebellion. In the dark April days of 1861 the country was rudely wakened from a peace dream of half a cen- tury to meet the shock of civil war. When Beauregard's circling batteries opened fire on Fort Sumter the country realized the fact that a terrible war was at hand, and when Lincoln called for troops to main- tain national authority and protect the na- tional capital, no counties in the union were more loyal or enthusiastic in responding with men than those which now constitute the Nineteenth Congressional district.
In commencing the record of this dis- trict's honorable and distinguished part in the greatest war of modern times, attention is directly called to the Cumberland Val- ley, the natural route for southern armies of invasion. Cumberland county was roused by the fall of Ft. Sumter, as it had been by the news of Lexington, and three companies profifered their services in a week after Lincoln's first call for troops.
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One of these companies left on April 13, 1861, and was mustered into the service at Harrisburg, April 23rd. The first com- pany, the Sumner Rifles, Capt. Christian Kuhns, became Co. C of the Ninth Penn- sylvania, and the second company, Capt. Jacob Dorsheimer, was raised at Mechan- icsburg, and became Co. C of the Sixteenth Pennsylvania. Both of these companies served in Virginia and the second one was the first company to reenlist from this State. The Carlisle Light infantry, which had been in existence since 1784, was mus- tered mto the First reserves or 30th Penn- sylvania Volunteers, as Company H, under command of Capt. Robert McCartney, and the Carlisle Guards, under Capt. Lemuel Todd, became Co. I of the same regiment, whose record is one of magnificent fight- ing in the Army of the Potomac from Fredericksburg to Bethesda Church and especially at Gettysburg, where it made two brilliant and successful charges. Com- panies A and H, of. the Thirty-sixth rfgi- ment of Seventh Reserve, were raised re- spectively by Capt. R. M. Henderson and Capt. Joseph Totten. Co. A was the Carlisle Fencibles, receiving a beautiful flag from Mrs. Samuel Alexander, the granddaughter of Col. Ephraim Biaine, and Company H was recruited at Mechan- icsburg. The Seventh fought bravely through the Peninsula campaign, at An- tietam and Fredericksburg and was drawn into an ambuscade at Chancellorsville and 272 of its men and officers captured and sent to Rebel prisons, where many of them starved to death before Sherman's ''march to the sea" gave them release. The es- caping remnant of the regiment took part in the desperate fighting of Grant's Rich- mond campaign until its time expired. Edward B. Rheem, Jacob Maloy and Henry Hyte, of Company A, each captured a Rebel captain's sword at Fredericksburg,
where Corporal Jacob Cart, of the same company captured the battle flag of the Nineteenth Georgia, the only Union trophy of the battle of Fredericksburg. Cumber- land county furnished two companies of cavalry at a time when that branch of the service was of great value, besides furnish- ing a number of men to the Anderson troop and Independent company of cav- alry recruited at the Carlisle barracks in the latter part of 1861. The first com- pany commanded by Capt. S. Woodburn, had been known as the Big Spring Adam- antine Guards for over 50 years. It be- came a part of the Third cavalry which served with the Army of the Potomac un- til its time expired and then from it was formed the veteran battalion which ren- dered such splendid service at Gettysburg. The second company commanded by Capt D. T. May, joined the Seventh Cavalry which fought at Chicamauga and in other western battles. The third and fourtli companies were recruited respectively by Capts. D. H. Kimmel and H. W. McCul- lough and became H and I of the Ninth Cavalry which was known as the "Lochiel Cavalry" and served two years in the west and under Sherman in his "march to the sea." The One hundred and thirtieth regi- ment of nine months' men raised in 1862 contained 5 companies and a part of an other company from Cumberland county. These companies their places of recruit- ment and their first captains were as fol- lows: A, Carlisle, William R. Porter. D, Shippensburg, James Kelso. E, Newville, William Laughlin. F, Mechanicsburg, H.
I. Zinn. G, Carlisle, John Lee. H, ,
J. C. Hofifaker. This regiment fought its first battle at Antietam, where it lost 40 killed and 256 wounded which attests its bravery. It afterwards fought at Freder- icksburg and Chancellorsville in each of which battles it lost heavily, and was mus-
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tered out of the service on May 21, 1863. Captain Kuhn's company of three months' men reenUsted and became Company A, of the Eleventh regiment which served in the Army of the Potomac until the close of the war. Captain Dorsheimer's three months' company reenlisted and was Com- pany A, of the One hundred and seventh regiment, serving till Lee surrendered. A number of men were in Co. A, One hun- dred and first regiment that served in North Carolina, and a part of Co. G, of the 84th was raised in the county. When Lee in- vaded Maryland, in 1862, Pennsylvania called out 50,000 militia of which 25,000 reached Hagerstown before the Confeder- ates were defeated. One of the militia regi- ments was raised in Cumberland county by Col. Henry McCormick and marched so rapidly to the scene of action as to receive praise from General McClellan and the Governor of Maryland. In 1863 Capt. M. G. Hall raised Co. F, One hundred and fif- ty-eighth for the nine months' service and Capt. Charles Lee recruited Co. F, One hundred and sixty-second regiment for three years, while Company B.One hundred and sixty-fifth regiment drafted militia was formed with A. J. Rupp as captain. When Lee invaded Pennsylvania in 1863, Ewell's corps reached Shippensburg on June 25th, and Capts. Kuhn, Lowe, Sharpe, Black and Smiley organized companies of civilians and with 200 men of the First New York cavalry did picket duty at Carlisle until Saturday, 27th, when they fell back before Jenkin's advance. General Ewell arrived the same day at Carlisle where his head- quarters were in the barracks which he did not burn but left intact on account of old acquaintanceship, having been stationed there in former years. Early demanded 1,500 barrels of flour and other supplies of which only a part could be supplied by the town, and on Tuesday withdrew his forces.
On Wednesday Gen. W. F. (Baldy) Smith with a small Union force occupied Carlisle and in the evening was surrounded by Gen. Fitzhugh Lee with 3,000 cavalry. Lee asked Smith to surrender or Carlisle would be shelled, and the latter replied "shell away." The town was shelled, and during the night a second demand for surrender received a very discourteous reply. Before daylight Lee received orders to march for Gettysburg and left for that great battle- field. The farthest northern point that Lee's army reached was Oyster's Point in Cumberland county and three miles west of Harrisburg when Jenkin's force was held at bay on Sunday, June 28th. Companies G, H and part of D, of the One hundred and second regiment commanded respect- ively by Capts. David Gochenauer, J. P. Wagner and S. C. Powell were raised in 1864 and guarded the Manassas Gap rail- road to keep it open for carrying army sup- plies. A part of the 200th regiment, and Co. K, Capt. A. C. Landis, were also raised in the county. Company A being recruited at Shippensburg. Companies A and F of the 209th regiment was raised by Capts. J. B. Landis and Henry Lee in the autumn of 1864 and served in the Army of the Po- tomac.
Cumberland county was represented in the regular army as well as in volunteer forces; Brigadier Generals, Samuel Sturgis and Washington L. Elliott served in the Mexican war and won distinction and pro- motion in the War of the Rebellion. Capt. John R. Smead, who commanded a bat- tery in the Fifth United States Artillery, was a brave and efficient officer and was killed at the second battle of Bull Run. Another efficient West Point graduate was Capt. Alex. Piper who served with Capt. Smead until the death of the latter.
Cumberland county after the war erected a $5,000 monument in the public spuare of
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Carlisle in honor of her sons who fell in defense of the Union. On the beautiful marble shaft are inscribed on several tablets the names of these fallen heroes: 7 officers and 324 soldiers, and the names of the 49 regiments in which they served.
Adams county was as patriotic as Cum- berland in 1861. "Adams county stands proudly in the front rank of counties in the number of and quality of heroes that she sent to war. Upon every battlefield they contributed their full share of stalwart he- roes, ready to do and die for their country. With a population of not much over 23,000, she sent over 3,000 soldiers to the different services and commands during the war." Company E commanded by Capt. Charles H. Buehler and numbering 78 men was the first company to leave the county being mustered in as part of the Second Pennsyl- vania three months' men. Company K, First Pennsylvania Reserves, under Capt. Edward McPherson and numbering 112 men was the second company to leave from that county. Then a company of 68 men under Captain John Horner, joined Cole's Independent Mary- land cavalry battalion and succeeding was 20 men in the Forty-ninth, 40 men in Co. G, Seventy-fourth and 12 men in Co. O, Seventy-sixth regiment. In the Eighty- seventh regiment were Company F, Capt. C. H. Buehler, 112 men, and Company I, Capt. T. S. Pfeififer, 99 men. In the Nine- ty-first were 32 men from Adams county; and in One hundred and first were 55 men under Capt. H. K. Critzman and Company G, Capt. T. C. Morris, 99 men. 85 men were in Company A, 103d regiment, and in the One hundred and twenty-seventh was Company I, Capt. I. R. Shipley, 84 men. The One hundred and thirty-eighth regi- ment had two Adams county companies; Company B, Capt. J. F. McCreary, 116 men and Company G, Capt. J. H. Walter
86 men. Capt. J. B. King and 30 men were in the One hundred and fifty-second; and in the One hundred and sixtieth regi- ment Capt. James Lashell and 40 men from Adams county. The 165th regiment of drafted nine months' men was partly from Adams county. It was commanded by Col. Charles H. Buehler and numbered 800 men. Its companies and captains from Adams were: C, Ebenezer McGin- ley; D, J. H. Plank; E, George W. Shull; G, Jacob E. Miller; H, W. H. Brogunnier; I, Nash G. Camp; and K, W. H. Webb. In the One hundred and eighty-second regiment were 40 men in different compan- ies and Company B, Capt. Robert Bell which went out 80 strong and reenlisted numbering 131 by new recruits. Company I, of the One hundred and eighty-fourth commanded by Capt. W. H. Adams, was from Adams and numbered 82 men; and in the Two hundred and second was Com- pany C, Capt. J. O. Pfeififer, 102 men. The Two hundred and fifth regiment had in Company I, Capt. I. R. Shipley and 50 men from Adams county; while in Two hundred and ninth, as Company G, Capt. G. W. Frederick, 100 men; and in the Two hundred and tenth, Capt. P. J. Tate and 40 men of Company I, came from Adams. There were 25 Adams county men in In- dependent Battery B; 15, in the signal ser- vice and 50 colored men were attached to different regiments.
Adams county furnished four companies of emergency men to repel invasion; Capt. E. M. Warren's Cavalry Company, 100 men; Company A, Twenty-sixth regiment of militia, Capt. Frederick Kleinfelter, 90 men; Company I, Twenty-sixth militia, Capt. John S. Forest, 50 men; and Capt. A. H. Creary Company, 60 men.
Battle of Gettysburg. The most im- portant event in the history of Adams county, and one that will give it place for-
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ever in the story of the nation, is tlie field of Gettysbury where the fate of the Union trembled in the balance of battle.
Lee's legions ragged, tired and hungry entered Adams county during the last week of June, 1863, and on the 26th Early with 5,000 infantry marched into Gettysburg, which was unable to comply with his re- quisition for provisions and clothing but re- ceived no damage at his hands. The next day Early moved eastward but was recall- ed, and five days later Lee and Meade com- menced at Gettysburg, the great battle which broke forever the ofifensive power of the Northern army of Virginia. In the early days of June, 1863, Lee swept northward into the Cumberland Valley with the most magnificent army that the Southern Con- federacy ever raised, and having Harris- burg as an objective point from which to threaten Philadelphia, New York, Balti- more or Washington as circumstances might dictate. Stuart's cavalry had been left in Virginia to prevent or delay Hooker in crossing the Potomac into Maryland until Lee's army could reach Harrisburg but failed and sought by a detour through Maryland to rejoin Lee in his march to Harrisburg. Hooker crossed the Poto- mac, and his cavalry first baffled Stuart at Westminster and then drove him out of Hanover, causing him to march all night to reach Carlisle which he found Lee had abandoned summarily and was massing his troops for battle near Gettysburg. Lee had sent Early over the South Mountain and through the west Susquehanna valley to- wards Harrisburg, and Hill and Long- street's corps were concentrated at Hagers- town to march through the Cumberland Valley, when Lee received word that Hooker had crossed the Potomac and had his army well in hand between Harper's Ferry and Frederick. Hooker had crossed the Potomac and reached Frederick one
day too soon for Lee's plan to reach Har- risburg free of attack, and he was compelled to concentrate his scattered army or be at- tacked and destroyed. Leaving the Cum- berland Valley — narrow enough for a trap and not broad enough for a successful Con- federate battlefield — Lee commenced the concentration of his army in the vicinity of Gettysburg, and on the evening of June 30th the Confederates stretched from eight miles west of Gettysburg to Chambersburg twenty-five miles distant.
In the meantime, on June 27th, General Plooker resigned because Halleck would not allow him the use of 10,000 troops and Harper's Ferry, and General Meade assvmi- ing command of the Union army the next morning moved his headquarters from Frederick to Taneytown near the Pipe Creek Heights which his engineers repor- ted as a proper place for a general battle. On the night of June 30th Meade's line of troops, comprising the ist, 3d, nth, 5th and 1 2th corps and Kilpatrick's cavalry, stretched from Hanover to Emmitsburg and thence 10 miles north to Gettysburg, while in the rear of this line was the 2d corps at Uniontown, 20 miles south of Get- tysburg, the 6th at Manchester 34 miles southeast, Gregg's cavalry at Westminster 24 miles southeast and Merritt's brigade (regulars) at Mechanicstown, 18 miles south forming a second line it might be said with the Pipe Creek Heights between both lines.
Thus lay the two mighty armies on the eve of a great battle. The moment for fu- ture supremacy had arrived, and "the un- born generations of a hundred centuries would turn with breathless interest to the history their success or failure would here make." Two hundred thousand men were spread over an area of twenty-five square miles eager for the opening struggle of the coming day. Lee lacked his cavalry, and Meade had his corps too far apart, in order
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to protect Washington, while an accidental battlefield was forced on both by the force of circumstances. The last June sun of 1863 sank behind the South Mountain, the gates of light were barred and the stars looked down on the valley beneath where orchard and meadow, and ripening fields of grain stretched around the college town of Gettysburg with its near b}' seminary and its not far distant city of the dead, but the succeeding day was to usher in a storm of war beneath which the very earth was to tremble and whose result would largely shape the future destinies of the mightiest republic of modern times.
With the first rays of the morning sun Buford's dismounted cavalrj' were in line along Willoughby's run, and made so deter- mined a resistance against the advancing Confederate column that they halted to bring up their batteries. Reynolds then arrived, and after sending an aid to Meade to state that the heights of Cemetery Ridge was the place for the coming battlefield, so placed arriving reinforcements as to con- tinue a stubborn resistance to the increas- ing Confederate forces until he fell by a rifle ball. Doubleday assumed command and held Seminary Ridge against great odds until Howard arrived, who was finally driven back with heavy loss by overwhelm- ing numbers to Cemetery Ridge where Hancock had arrived to take command. He approved Reynold's selection and Howard's fortification of Cemetery Ridge for the coming battle and so reported to Meade who accepted it and ordered his Avhole army to concentrate as rapidly as possible at Gettysburg. The Confederates were rap- idly concentrating along and fortifying Seminary Ridge, and m.ade an unsuccess- ful attack on Hancock's line which he was extending southward along Cemetery Ridge. The first day's fight ended with the Confederates successful, but left the un-
ion forces holding a stronger line of de- fense than the one from which they were driven, and this struggle of the vanguards made Gettysburg and not Pipe Creek the battlefield.
At half-past twelve o'clock on the second day Meade, who had arrived in the night, had his line of battle formed in shape sim- ilar to a fish hook ; Cemetery Ridge, the shank. Cemetery Hill, the curve — and Gulp's Hill the end of the hook. The Un- ion line was about 4J miles in length and the Confederate line in similar shape over- lapping each wing extended about six miles while between these lines, lay a valley from a mile to a mile and a half in width, enclos- ing the afterwards famous Wheat Field, Peach Orchard and Devil's Den. During the afternoon of the second day Sickles moved forward of his connecting position and was driven back with heavy loss, to his original position which was held by aid of reinforcements while Little Round Top was overlooked and nearly captured by the Confederates. On the center the Louisi- ana Tigers 1,700 strong, charged and gained Cemetery Hill, but being unsup- ported only 300 returned to the Confed- erate lines. On the right the Confederates won a part of the intrenchments whose oc- cupants had been sent to reinforce Sickles' line, but failed to advance on the unpro- tected rear and capture the reserve artil- lery and hold the only road by which Meade could have retreated in case of de- feat. The second day closed in favor of Lee who had driven back the extreme of both the Union wings although defeated in advantage on the Union right.
Elated with his advantages and having been joined by Pickett's veterans and Stu- art's cavalry, Lee against the view of Long- street determined to make one great effort to break the Union left center and annihi- late the Army of the Potomac. On the
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morning of the 3d of July Geary returned with his troops to the right and by II o'clock had driven the Confederates out of his entrenchments. In the meantime Lee was perfecting his plan of battle. A terri- ble cannonade of the Union left center was to be followed by heavy storming columns of infantry, and Stuart's cavalry after sweeping round the Union right flank was to attack in the rear. At i o'clock 150 cannon opened on the Union left center and was replied to by 71 Union guns. The earth shook for two hours beneath the ter- rific storm of shot and shell and then the Union fire slackened so heated cannon could cool, disabled batteries be replaced and ammunition husbanded to meet an ex- pected attack. Lee was deceived by this and thinking he had silenced his enemy's guns ordered the charge of Picketts' divis- ion, the flower of his army. Sweeping in- to view in splendid array and under perfect discipline the storming column of 18,000 men won the admiration of the Union army. The fire of 71 cannon ploughed through but they closed up each gap and swept across the valley with unbroken front until a rain of lead from the infantry greeted them and blinded the two support- ing columns, yet through it all the charging column made its way and broke the Union line only to be broken to pieces in a hand to hand fight within the Union lines, at the Bloody Angle or the high water mark of the rebellion. On the left the Union cavalry attacked Longstreet and preven- ted two brigades from assisting Pickett, while Stuart in trying to pass the Union right was stopped by Gregg's cavalry, and the greatest cavalry battle of the war took place with the result that Stuart was de- feated and Lee's cavalry attack in the Un- ion rear was foiled. Defeated at every point on the third day, Lee sullenly with- drew his shattered forces to their entrench-
ments and commenced his preparations for retreat.
Gettysburg was the decisive battle of the war and crushed all further Southern hopes of Northern invasion, while it placed Euro- pean recognition of the Confederacy be- yond all possibility, yet if Lee had made his grand charge on the first or second day before the 2nd, 5th and 6th corps had ar- rived or if Stuart's cavalry had gained the Union rear on the third day Meade would have in all probability lost the battle and likely a large part of his army.
Over 30,000 killed and wounded covered the gory field of Gettysburg where slavery and secession received their death-blow, and Lee's broken, crushed and bleeding columns reeled back to their entrench- ments; but they were not disorganized and there lay fully 20 or 25 thousand men who had taken no part in the third days battle. Meade showed wisdom in not attacking Lee on Seminary Ridge on the 4th, for the Confederates would have fought with des- peration and behind entrenchments, and the Union army badly battered and needing rest might have met a second Fredericksburg.
The immortal Union Hue that stood against Pickett's charge was "a human breakwater against which the great tidal wave of rebellion was to dash in vain, and be thrown back in bloody spray and broken billows."
Gettysburg was the Saratoga of the late Civil war. Burgoyne failed to reach New York and so did Lee. Arnold and Morgan were the rocks in the former's way and Reynold's and Hancock were the walls that stayed the latter.
York county responded promptly to the President and Governor's call for troops in 1861. The Worth Infantry, Capt. Thomas A.Ziegle,and the York Rifles, Capt. George Hay, reported for marching orders by April
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i8th. The citizens of York at a public meet- ing subscribed $2,000 in aid of the fam- ines of those who volunteered. To this fund the borough added $1,000 and the commis- sioners of the county at the request of the grand jury appropriated $10,000 which lat- ter amount the legislature afterwards reim- bursed. Judge Fisher had recommended to the grand jury the propriety and neces- sity of calling on the commissioners for aid, and Hanover and Wrightsville gave $2,000 to the fund which was expended judicious!)'. In April, Camp Scott was established at York, where some six thousand men were gathered, and the Sixteenth regiment con- taining 4 York county companies and the Second with one York company, were or- ganized. The camp was broken up in June, and the Second and Sixteenth served for three months with credit under Patter- son. At Williamsport Albertus Welsh, one of the nine York soldiers in the Mexican war died, being the first man, the county lost in the rebellion. Battery E, of the First Artillery, was raised in York county and served with distinction in the Army of the Potomac, being the first battery to en- ter Richmond where it drove out the guard left to fire the city. One company entered the Thirtieth and another the Forty-first regiments, and their record is the record of the Reserves whose many battles would largely make up the history of the Army of the Potomac, two companies went into the Seventy-sixth and were in the assault on Ft. Wagner, the battles of Grant before Richmond and Petersburg and the capture of Ft. Fisher. Eight companies from York with two from Adams county formed the Eighty-seventh which served as a railroad guard, did duty in West Virginia and fought gallantly under Sheridan and Grant. Two companies were raised in the county for the One hundred and third, one com- pany each for the One hundred and seventh
and One hundred and eighth and four companies for One hundred and thirtieth regiment. The One hundred and seventh and One hundred and thirtieth regiments fought bravely in the Army of the Po- tomac. The One hundred and sixty-sixth regiment consisting of 10 companies and eight hundred men was formed of men drafted in York county, and did good ser- vice in North Carolina, where nine were killed and 25 died of wounds and disease. One company of the One hundred and eighth and one company of the One hun- dred and eighty-second, both cavalry regi- ments were recruited principally in York county as well as one company of the One hundred and eighty-seventh, and all served in the Army of the Potomac. Four com- panies of the Two hundredth, one of the Two hundred and seventh and two of the two hundred and ninth regiment came from York county and served in the armies of the James and Potomac with the usual bravery that distinguished all the compan- ies from the county. Among the distin- guished West Point graduates from the county that fought in defense of the Union were: Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin; and Brevet Brig. Gens., H. G. Gibson, Edmund Shriver and M. P. Small. The county also furnished commanders C. H. Wells, S. R. Franklin and William Gibson, who were naval academy graduates and served with distinction on the iron clads in blockade ser- vices and in bombardments and battles in Charleston harbor and on the Mississippi and James rivers.
The following list gives the names of the companies raised in York county, togecher with their captains and the number of the regiments of which they were a part: No. of Reg. Company. Captain.
2d K George Hay.
i6th A John Hays.
F Horatio G. Myers.
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No. of Reg. Company. Captain.
i6th, G Cyrus Diller.
H T. D. Cochran.
30th D George W. Hess.
41st G C. W. Diven.
76th D Cyrus Diller.
I H. C. Mclntyre.
87th A J. A. Stable.
B Jacob Detwiler.
C A. C. Fulton.
D N. G. Ruhl.
E Solomon Myers.
G V. G. S. Eckert.
H Ross L. Harman.
K J. W. Schall.
103d C George Shipp.
D Emanuel Herman.
107th A Jacob Dorsheimer.
io8th I Daniel Herr.
130th B H. A. Glessner.
C J. S. Jenkins.
I Lewis Small.
K Levi Maish.
i66th A A. L. Ettinger.
B R. J. Winterode.
C P. Z. Kessler.
D G. W. Branyan.
E S. E. Miller.
F J. A. Renaut.
G G. W. Reisinger.
H T. G. Gauss.
I Michael M'Fatridge.
K D. L. Stoud.
i82d A John A. Bell.
187th B D. Z. Seipe.
200th A Adam Reisinger.
D W. H. Duhling.
H Jacob Wiest.
K H. A. Glessner.
207th E Lewis Small.
209th B H. W. Spangler.
I John Klugh. Some York county men served in Com- pany B, Second regiment, and Company E, Ninth Cavalry, and Battery E, Eirst Artil-
lery was raised in the county. When Lee invaded Maryland in 1862, independent companies were raised in York county by Capts. Jacob Wiest, Jacob Hay, D. Wagner Barnitz, W. H. Albright, John Hays and Charles M. Nes. A year later when Lee came into Pennsylvania, one emergency company was raised by Capt. John S. Fos- ter.
Not only did York county furnish hund- reds of men for the Union army, but she felt all the horrors of war in 1863 when Lee's army invaded Pennsylvania. On June 28th, General Early occupied York and vicinity with four Confederate brigades, and de- manded $100,000 and a large amount of provisions only a part of which could be furnished. Early sent a brigade in pursuit of Major Haller, who had retired with 350 soldier and militia from York. Haller es- caped across the Susquehanna at Wrights- ville and burned the bridge before the reb- els came in sight of his force. Early spared the public buildings when appealed to and suddenly withdrew on June 30th to join Lee at Gettysburg.
In the meantime Stuart had entered Pennsylvania, and his advance had passed through Hanover on the 27th. Gen. Kil- patrick on the 30th passed through Han- over where his rear guard was attacked by the main portion of Stuart's command. This brought Kilpatrick back and the two great cavalry chieftain's contested the pos- session of the place from 10 a. m. till noon when Stuart withdrew and commen- ced his detour through York county, tak- ing Jefiferson, Salem, Dover, and Dillsburg in his way to Carlisle, which was the open- ing really of the battle of Gettysburg. Kil- patrick lost 1 1 killed and 42 wounded while Stuart's loss was about the same. Early and Ewell respected private property, and their hungry brigades were well trained and orderly, but some of their subordinate
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commanders and a part of Stuart's force were not so mindful of the propert)' of non- combatants and pillaged the settlements through which they passed.
In 1 86 1 the ladies of York opened a tem- porary hospital in a building on the fair ground to accommodate the sick of Camp Scott. Next the Duke street school build- ing was used for hospital purposes, and in June, 1862, the barracks on the public commons was fitted up and the York gen- eral hospital established in them. From 1862 until 1865 hundreds of wounded were cared for in this hospital which often had as high as 1500 patients at a time.
Subsequent Military History. Since
Lee surrendered to the "Silent Man of Ga- lena" there has been but little of military event or importance in the Nineteenth Congressional district to record. The or- ganization of Grand Army Posts and com- panies of the National Guard are worthy of record and the formation of the latter are evidences of the continued patriotism of a generation whose fathers upheld the flag on a hundred battlefields of the Great Re- bellion, and whose forefathers were with Washington from Valley Forge to York- town.
CHAPTER IV.
Agriculture — Turnpikes and Highways — Milling and Merchandizing- Manufactures — Banks — Railroads — Minor Industries.
IT IS a matter of gratification that the enterprising farmers of the Nine- teenth Congressional district have been fully in sympathy with the progressive agricultural spirit of the age for over three quarters of a century and that their efforts have won for them a most successful and very flattering record as agriculturalists. It is also worthy of record and comment that the increase of the principal agricult- ural products of the district has been in the same ratio as the increase of its population, while every indication warrants a large supply for all future contingencies. The promptness of the peo- ple of the district to employ labor-saving machinery and their tendency to increase instead of diminishing their grain produc- ing areas, have developed agriculture to such an extent that it is not only a leading element of present prosperity, but rises into prominence as a potent factor in the future wealth and progress of the district.
In comparing the past with the present of agriculture in Cumberland county an eloquent writer says "The advancement of science as been seen in the improvements which characterize the cultivation of the soil, and the progress that has marked the introduction of agricultural implements" and that the intelligent modern farmer "rises above the narrow selfishness that too often characterizes his fellow-laborers, and becomes a philanthropic scientist whom the future will rise up and call blessed."
Cumberland county farmers during the Co- lonial period of farming tilled their fields by the hardest of manual labor and with the clumsiest of tools, and in the next or awakening period had introduced clover and learned something of the use of lime, The introduction of the iron plow about 1825 was the commencement of a third peiiod terminating in 1840, when the grain reaper was brought into the county by Judge Frederick Watts, of Carlisle. Judge Watts the preceding year procured from Lt. William Inman some Mediterranean wheat which was thus not only introduced into Cumberland county, but into the Uni- ted States. When Judge Watts, in 1840, set up in his harvest field the first McCor- mick reaper ever used in Pennsylvania, nearly a thousand persons were present to see "Watt's folly," and when the man who was raking was unable to keep the grain raked as fast as it was cut, a well-dressed stranger, took the rake and showed that it could be raked by one man without calling for any stoppage of the team. This stranger prove'd to be Cyrus H. McCor- mick and agriculture went forward rapidly from that day. In 1854 Judge Watts suc- ceeded in founding the Cumberland County Agricultural Society, of which he served two terms as president. The society, in 1855, purchased a six acre tract and im- proved it so that it became a first class fair ground in a short time. In 1873, R. H. Thomas was instrumental in an agita-
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tion that resulted in the founding of the Grangers Inter-State picnic institution in WilHams' Grove on an island, in Yellow Breeches creek, thirteen miles southwest from Harrisburg. This picnic now is of national reputation and there the farmers and manufacturer bring together their pro- ducts for inspection by as high as 150,000 people for which ample accommodations are provided on a forty acre tract of land and who are charged no admittance fee The developing period commencing in 1840 closed in 1876, when the Centennial exhibition ushered in a period of agricul- tural progression marked by a practical labor-saving machinery, improved elevator storage, perfected systems of grain trans- portation and speciaHzation of productions.
The history of agricultural growth in Adams has been similar to that of Cumber- land county, and its representative farmers are fully abreast of the times in all that per- tains to their useful and honorable occupa- tion. The Adams County Agricultural Society has been in operation for many years.
But little different in soil and climate from her surrounding counties, York like them grew slowly in agriculture during the pioneer and early settlement days. The sickle and the ilail prepared the wheat and rye and barley for the "pioneer mill," a hollowed stump and pestle, where corn was also ground. Hemp and flax were also raised. Long-wooled sheep and long- horned cattle were first brought into the county. Merino sheep were introduced about 1800; short-horned cattle about 1830 with Devons much later and Jerseys be- tween 1861 and 1865. Artificial seeding to grass came in use about 1800 when red clover and timothy grasses were introduced into the county. Spelt-wheat and barley were prevalent until 1828 when red wheat and blue-stem wheat took their places. The
German heavy scythe and the sickle gave way to the English scythe and the grain cradle and they in turn were supplanted by mower, and the Hussey and McCormick reapers in 1853. The flail was succeeded by the horse power threshing machine and it has been largely displaced by the steam thresher. The hand rake gave way in 1838 to the turning rake, which was succeeded by the modern sulky rake in i860. Hand- sowing of wheat, oats and rye continued up to 1838, when the grain drill was intro- duced. Lime as a fertilizer was experi- mented with in 1817, and generally intro- duced in 1830, when the rotation of crops began. Sorghum was introduced about 1862, and the soil of the county is well adapted to the production of the sugar beet. The most important event in the agri- cultural history of York county is the in- troduction of an improved tobacco culture into its townships, in 1837 by Benjamin Thomas. In place of the old "shoe-string" Kentucky seed Mr. Thomas brought in Havana seed and thus really commenced the better seed-leaf tobacco raising in Penn- sylvania. His small Havana leaf changed into the larger Pennsylvania leaf and until 1853 he handled all the tobacco raised in the county. In the year last named P. A. and S. Small joined Mr. Thomas and his son in handling tobacco and introduced the Connecticut seed leaf, which is now exten- sively planted. As early as 1840, York county produced 162,748 pounds of to- bacco, and in 1880 from 4,667 acres raised 5,753,766 pounds. In speaking of the present products of tobacco in York county George W. Heiges, Esq., says "The Ninth Internal Revenue district of Pennsylvania of which York county forms a part, re- turned a greater income to the Government the last fiscal year, from the sale of revenue stamps for cigars, than any other in the United States, and the sub-ofHce at York
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ranks high among the few of the first class in the whole couiitr)', in the annual sale of stamps, the revenue to the Government last year, from this source realized at the York sub-office exceeding three quarters of a million dollars. In the 925 square miles of territory in York county including the city of York, there are more than 1,500 cigar factories in which are manufactured all grades of cigars from the cheapest to those sold at $90 per thousand. In some of the York city factories there are employed 300 to 400 hands, in many from 50 to 100. There were sold last year at the York office stamps for exceeding 250,000,000 cigars. Now, flourishing hamlets of no inconsider- able size have, within recent years, sprung up in all parts of the county, the result of generous incomes from tobacco culture and the consequent extensive cigar industry."
York county has not been behind the ad- joining counties in organized efTort for the improvement of her agricultural classes. The York County Agricultural Society was founded in 1852, and the Hanover Agri- cultural Society in 1885. Each society owns a valuable tract of land, holds a fair, and the York society was formed "to foster and improve agriculture, horticulture and the domestic and household arts." John Evans was the first president of the York society, and served as such for twenty-five years during which he was a large and suc- cessful exhibitor, but never accepted any of the numerous premiums awarded him. The first president of the Hanover Society was Stephen Keefer, and a specialty of its early fairs were the purchase and sale of large numbers of fine horses.
In summing up the results of agricultural growth in York we can express them best by quoting George R. Prowell, who says: "the typical York county farmer of to-day, is conservative, industrious and in general, prosperous. He labors hard from sun-up
to sun-down, during the summer months; strives to constantly improve his land and make his farm and farm buildings more attractive every year."
Each of the three county agricultural so- cieties of the district elects a member of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agricul- ture, and in 1880, the district contained 13,- 924 farms aggregating nearly 900,000 acres of improved land on which were nearly 6,000,000 dollars worth of Hve stock. These farming lands were then valued at over 65,000,000 dollars, and on them had been expended in 1879 nearly $700,000 in ferti- lizers.
Farm life in the Nineteenth District will compare favorably with farm life in any section of the Union, and in speaking of the present character of such life Dr. W. S. Roland, of York, most truthfully says:
"Poets have sung^ orators declaimed, editors written in eulogy of agricultural life; its usefulness, its independence, its no- bility, its happiness, and the prosperous suc- cess which usually attends its people in their various enterprises, pursuits and occu- pations— as to convince the most skeptical that there is a charm surrounding home life on the farm, pleasant and beautiful to con- template; and yet in these latter years, both observation and experience show a grow- ing reluctance among our young men and maidens — born and brought up on the farm — to engage in agricultural pursuits. Time was when the farmer's son found his high- est ambition gratified in the possession and management of a farm equal to his father's ; when the daughter sought no better and happier lot than her mother's to preside over a neat dairy, or well- appointed and managed farm house, amid the charms of country life. All that has strangely changed. The country boy will not endure the idea of farm life, but flies off to town at the moment of emancipation from parental
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control, and engages often in harder labor, and at less remuneration, than would have been his lot on the farm. The daughter engages in school teaching or sewing, or some other more exacting labor in prefer- ence to the household avocations of a farm- er's wife and daughter; and yet it is a strange paradox that the town tradesman, whose life has been spent amid the cares and worries and turmoil of city life, earnest- ly longs for, and strives for a country home and rural surroundings for his old days re- tirement and his children's education. Now why do the country boy and girl turn with aversion amounting to disgust from the paternal home and employment? It is un- doubtedly due partly to the prevailing idea that other avocations and employments merely afford a surer and speedier road to the acquisition of wealth and distinction. This is surel}' a great mistake. The spirit of improvement in agriculture has advanced so rapidly that education has become a pressing necessity. That to keep up with the times brains are just as essential as muscle, and agricultural societies, State boards of agriculture, farmers" institutes and home agricultural publications, are all busy sowing the seeds of social culture and intellectual training. These associations, opportunities and advantages are well cal- culated to stimulate and nerve the farmer to care for his family, his home and his farm; and it is but fair to say, that the time is now here, when the ambitious, desiring to succeed in social attainments, and take honorable position in society, are not com- pelled to leave the farm for other profes- sions and occupations, already more than full, for the quality and standing of any hon- orable calling can only be measured by the character of the men and women engaged in it; and no sy.stem can so well bring boys and girls up to the required standard, as for them to stay at home and improve their
minds in moral, social and intellectual cul- ture, for under such training they can only become the equals in intelligence with any other known class of respectable scientists in the country. "The noblest mind, the best contentment has." The place called home should be adorned and attractive in al! its surroundings — for he only, who has a home to love and a home to defend — can best do his duty to himself, his family and his country."
Turnpikes and Highways. Indian trails were the first highways of the pioneer set- tlers, and some of them were partly used in the routes laid out for subsequent roads.
The first public road in Cumberland county was laid out in 1735, by order of the court of Lancaster county, and ran from Harris' ferry on the Susquehanna to Wil- liams" ferry on the Potomac. It was fin- ished as far as Shippensburg by 1755, but in the meantime packsaddle roads had been made from settlement to settlement, and by 1790 numerous public roads had been laid out and built in different parts of the county. The first turnpike was the Han- over and Carlisle which was put under con- struction in 1812, and in a short time the Harrisburg and York turnpike was built along the west side of the Susquehanna, while in 1816, the Harrisburg and Cham- bersburg was put under contract and passed through Hogestown, Kingston, jMiddlesex, Carlisle and Shippensburg.
In Adams county the first public road was opened, in 1742, from the Marsh Creek settlement to York and other roads were surveyed and made as the settlements in- creased. Turnpikes were agitated in 1807, and the next year the Gettysburg and Pet- ersburg turnpike was put under construc- tion. The turnpike from Galluchas' saw mill to Chambersburg was chartered in 1809, and two years later the Gettysburg and Black Tavern and the Gettysburg and
so
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York turnpikes were put under contract, while today the county is well supplied with public roads and pikes.
The traders' and missionary routes in York county followed the Indian trails and were changed into packhorse roads, which were the only thoroughfares of that day until 1739 when the Lancaster county court ordered the location and construction of the Monocacy road from Wrights Ferry past the sites of York and Hanover to the Maryland line, although three years earlier the Hanover and Baltimore road had been laid out and worked. Succeeding these roads came the Smith and York road, 1742; Walnut Bottom and Hussey Ferry, 1742. Hussey and Wilkins, York and Lancaster, Newbury and York, 1745; Rutledge Mill and York, 1747; Anderson and Wright, 1749; Nelson and York, 1749; Lancaster, Lowe's Ferry and Shippensburg, 1750; Peach Bottom and York, 1752; York and Maryland, 1754; McGrew Mill and New- bury, 1769; Canal, 1769; and York-Hellam Ironworks road opened in 1770. Since then other roads have been laid out and built wherever needed in the different sec- tions of the count}'.
The first turnpike in York county was the Susquehanna and York Borough built in 1808. Succeeding it we find the Han- over and Maryland Line, 1808; York and Gettysburg, 1818; York and Maryland Line; York and Conewago, Berlin and Hanover; and York and Chanceford, 1877. Over these roads is quite a volume of travel notwithstanding an increase of railways.
Milling and Merchandizing. Surpass- ing all branches of manufacture that have an intimate relation to agriculture is the manufacture of meal and flour. In 1880 Adams county had 52 flouring and grist mills; Cumberland, 55; and York, 156, whose combined product was worth over 2I million dollars.
The "pioneer mill" was a hollowed stump and a pestle, which was succeeded about 1740 by the small log grist mill. In that year or a little later John Day erected such a mill 12 miles north of York, and William Leeper built another south of Shippens- burg, while tradition accredits one or two log mills to the southern part of Adams county but the local and county historians of the district give but little account of the early mills. After the Revolution the log mill was succeeded by frame and stone mills operated by water power, until about 1850, when steam was introduced for mill- ing power, and to-day the burr mill is being largely supplanted bj' the roller process mill of extensive proportions and immense output made possible by railway transpor- tation which gives foreign market in addi- tion to home demand.
The pedlar with his pack was the first merchant and as the settler's clearings in- creased he came with a pack horse and then a wagon, and in many cases served as a postoffice for the transmission of news be- tween the pioneers and their friends and relatives in Lancaster county and Philadel- phia. As the ambition of the "Cross Roads" owner aspired to the foundership of a town, he opened a small store which was the wonder of the country around. These stores grew in size with the building of the towns and yet were principally general mer- cantile stores until after the late war since which a large number of them have been conducted in individual lines of merchan- dise. Wholesale houses as well as retail establishments are now to be found in the one city and the several larger towns which for size, stock and trade compare favorably with many of the mercantile houses of the larger cities. There is some record of the prominent merchants of to-day, but of the pedlar, the county store-keeper and even the town merchant of fifty years ago, in
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the district we have found no account, al- though the names of some of the latter class might be found as advertisers in early news- papers that have been preserved.
Manufactures. This great branch of national industry has grown into immense proportions from small beginnings. "The dry and repulsive skeleton of mere facts and figures, presented in the official tables, gradually take on form, substance and habiliments, and becomes animated with something of the life, activity and beauty of a living economy. The statistics of looms, spindles and factories, of furnaces and forges, of steam engines and sewing machines, and of a thousand other instru- ments of creative industry, become the rep- resentatives of almost every form of na- tional and individual happiness, exertion, aspiration and power."
The earliest manufacturing industry of the Nineteenth district was milling, which has been noticed. Cotemporaneous with milling, was the home manufacturing of clothing, leather and crude agricultural implements; also distilling and lumbering, and then came the manufacture of iron, which constituted a period of the history of the district.
A forge was built at Lisburn, on Yellow Breeches Creek in Cumberland county, in 1783, and was succeeded in 1790 by Lib- erty forge two years later. Stephen Foulk and William Cox, Jr., built Holly furnace, which was torn down in 1855, to give place to a paper mill. Michael Ege, in 1794, built Cumberland furnace which was ten miles southwest of Carlisle and ran until 1854; and in 1806, Jacob M. Haldeman purchased at New Cumberland, a forge built previously and added a rolling and slitting mill, which went down in 1826. Near Shippensburg three furnaces were built — Augusta in 1824; Mary Ann, 1826; and Big Pond in 1836, of which the latter
was burned in 1880, and the former two were abandoned prior to 1885. Fairview rolling mill near the mouth of Conedogui- net creek, was built, in 1833, by Gabriel Heister and Norman Callender, and ran un- til 1836, when Jared Pratt, of Massachus- etts, leased it and added a nail factory. The pre-Revolutionary iron works of Cumber- land county were a forge built about 1760, at Boiling Springs, where a blast furnace, a rolling and slitting mill and a steel fur- nace were afterward added and constituted the Carlisle iron-works. A forge was built at Mt. Holly in 1765 and Robert Thornburg & Co. built a forge in 1767 at some point in the county, while Thornburg and Arthur, about 1770, erected Pine Grove furnace and Laurel forge. Of all the iron- masters mentioned Michael Ege was the most prominent. He was in the iron busi- ness for fifty years, came from Holland, and shortly before his death, August 31, 1815, owned the Carlisle iron works and Pine Grove furnaces. In 1840 there were six furnaces and five forges and rolling mills in Cumberland county, and forty years later but six iron and steel manufac- turing establishment were in operation, yet they employed nearly 700 hands in 1880.
Iron manufacturing was developed in Adams county at a late date, but its leading iron master was the "Great Commoner," Thaddeus Stevens, who with a Mr. Paxton, built Maria furnace in Hamiltonban town- ship in 1830. Chestnut Grove furnace was built at Whitestown also in 1830, and both are now abandoned, the former going down in 1837 and the latter blown out since 1880.
The earliest iron made west of the Sus- quehanna was in York county where Peter Dicks erected a bloomary in 1756, obtain- ing his ore from the Pigeon Hills. On the site of the bloomary, in 1770, Spring Grove forge was built, which was afterwards pur-
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chased by Robert Coleman and ran until 1850. Mary Ann furnace was built by George Ross and Mark Bird in 1762 and continued in operation up to 1800, and in 1765, William Bennett erected the Hellam iron works or Codorus forge which went down after 1850. Palmyra or Castle Fin forge was started in 18 10. In 1820, Davis and Gardner built the York foundry, furnace and forge, and the Slaymakers erected Margaretta furnace in 1823 and Woodstock forge in 1828, but both furnace and forge were abandoned about 1850. Sarah Ann or Manor furnace was built in 1830 by William G. Cornwell but went down, while York furnace started in the same year by James Hopkins, was quite active in 1880, when York county had three iron and steel establishments employ- ing thirty-five hands. Prominent among the iron masters of York county are Rob- ert Coleman, James Smith, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Phineas Da- vis, Henry Y. Slaymaker and James Hop- kins, with whom James Buchanan read law, yet so far Mr. Coleman has been the most noted iron manufacturer of the county. Robert Coleman was born near Castle Fin, Ireland, November 4, 1748, married Ann Old, in 1773, and died in Lancaster in 1825. He owned a number of forges, forges and iron works in Lan- caster county and Spring Grove furnace in York, where Castle Fin forge was built by his sons and named in honor of his birth- place in Ireland.
Shortly after the first forges and furnaces were started, the lumber industry received an impetus along the Susquehanna and for a time promised to take a front rank in the industries of the district, and place a line of prosperous towns on the river, but the in- troduction of steam saw mills and the open- ing of the Central railroad was death to the visionary schemes of wealth and town
growth. Changing from water to steam saw mills affected the river towns but did not lessen the volume of lumber sawed and for nearly half a century lumbering has held its place as an important industry in Cumberland, Adams and York counties. In 1880, these counties had 96 saw and planing mills which gave employment to 297 hands.
The manufacture of cotton and woolen goods has been carried on in York coun- ty for a number of years and nearly 20 years ago there were 7 factories which then employed over 100 hands.
To York county is also confined the manufacture of liquors, once prevalent throughout the district, when there was a distillery on every farm. In 1880 there were 14 distilleries and breweries which employed many hands.
Likewise York county manufactures lime for sale in several establishments, although lime is heavily used in the other countries, where the farmers burn their own lime- stone.
The manufacture of agricultural imple- ments dates back in Cumberland and York counties to about the year 1850, and 30 years later there were 14 factories in which over 400 hands were employed, while fer- tilizers were not made in York county un- til some years later and in 1880 came from two factories.
Paper has been manufactured for nearly three quarters of a century in Cumberland and York counties. The Spring Forge paper mills in York county were started in 1850, and in 1880 arrangements were made to enlarge them into a half a million dollar plant with a capacity of 30,000 pounds per day. The York Flaven paper mills were started in 1885, and four paper mills in Cumberland county in 1880, afforded em- ployment for over two hundred hands.
The manufacture of boots and shoes,
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men's clothing, and wagons and carriages is carried on to a considerable extent in Cumberland and York counties, while cigar boxes, marble and stone work and whips are turned out in large quantities in York county, whose Peach Bottom roofing slate is used in many of the leading cities of the United States.
In Adams and York counties the manu- facture of tobacco, cigars and cigarettes has grown to immense proportions, and nearly twenty years ago required ii factories in Adams and 153 in York county with a total of over 700 hands.
Among the later industries of the dis- trict are the manufactures of confectionery, ice machinery, wall paper, bank safes and locks and steam engines and boilers, and the cit)' of York alone employs two himd- red and fifty salesmen to canvass the mar- ket in the interests of her manufactories. At York is situated the Pennsylvania Agri- cultural Works, the largest of the kind in the world; the Weaver Organ and Piano Company, whose instruments are in de- mand all over the United States; and sev- eral confectionery factories, whose goods are sold in several States; and a branch factory of the Singer Sewing Machine Company which supplies eight counties of this State with the Singer machine.
The growth of manufactures for 20 3'ears after the late war in the Nineteenth Con- gressional district was as follows: In 1870 there were 502 establishments in Adams; 449, in Cumberland; and 1,1 11 in York, with a total product of several millions of dollars; while in 1880, Adams had 276 es- tablishments; Cumberland 308; and York. 859, with a product of over 9 millions of dollars.
Banks. The establishment and the mul- tiplication of sound banks are significant evidences of prosperity and material prog- ress, and business expansion always call
for an extension of banking facilities. There is not sufficient data obtainable 7rom which to venture any calculation as to the amount of money in the district or to the location of its financial center.
In tracing the banking institutions of Cumberland county we find in Carlisle the following named banks and data relative thereto:
Carlisle Deposit Bank. — Chartered 1 846; Renewed, 1866; Renewed, 1886; Capi- tal Stock, $100,000; Surplus, $50,000.
President, Hon. R. M. Henderson; Adam Keller, Cashier; Vice President, Wm. R. Line; Directors, Hon. R. M. Henderson, Wm. R. Line, J. Herman Bosler, Lewis F. Lyne, Joseph Bosler, John Sellumo, R. P. Henderson, James A. Davidson, George D. Craighead.
Farmers' Bank. — Chartered, 1871; Re- newed, 1891; Capital, $50,000; Surplus, $50,000.
President, WilUam Barnitz; Cashier, Walter Stuart; Directors, William Barnitz, S. R. Brenneman, Walter Beall, J. W. Craighead, W. A. Coffey, Albert A. Line, David Strohm.
Merchants' National Bank. — Char- tered, Oct. 14, 1890; Opened, Nov. 5, 1890; Capital, $100,000; Surplus and Profits, $32,- 000.
President, Jno. W. Wetzel; Vice Presi- dent, J. H. Wolf; Cashier, J. T. Parmley; Directors, J. W. Wetzel, J. H. Wolf, Jno. W. Plank, Jas. W. Eckles, J. W. Hand- shew, J. H. Gardner, Dr. J. G. Fickel, W. F. Glatfeher, W. Scott Coyle.
The First National Bank, of Carlisle, ceased to exist a number of years ago.
The Newville Saving Fund Society did a banking business from 1850 to 1858, and Rhea, Gracey and Co. were private bankers from 1853 to 1863, when their institution was reorganized as the First National Bank of Newville with a capital of $100,-
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000. In 1859 Merkle, Muma & Co. com- menced banking at Mechanicsburg and two years later had their institution chartered as the Mechanicsburg bank which was changed in 1864 into the First National Bank of Mechanicsburg with a capital of $100,000. The Second National Bank, of Mechanicsburg, was organized in 1863, with a capital of $50,000, and the First Na- tional Bank of Shippensburg came into ex- istence in 1866.
Adams count)' as early as 181 3 moved in the direction of securing banking facilities within her own territory, and in that year a bank was opened at Gettysburg which is still in operation. A second bank was es- tablished, in 1864, when the First National Bank of Gettysburg was organized with a capital of $100,000.
The York National Bank. — The first meeting of the Directors of the oldest fi- nancial institution in the City of York was held at the public house of Samuel Spang- ler, on January 31, 1810. The minutes of that meeting record the election of David Cassat, President, and William Barber, Cashier, pro tempore. The Directors were Henry Irwin, John Spangler, Godfrey Len- hart, William Nes, John Myers, Jacob Hay, Jacob Barnitz, Philip King, John Jessop, Jacob Brillinger. The Directors were all men of prominence in the community and some among them were veterans of the war of 1776. A call was made for subscription to the capital stock and Tuesday of each week was established as discount days, when the Board of Directors sat at the tavern of Samuel Spangler. The minutes are silent in regard to the operation of the bank until Sept. 13, 1813. Probably during the War of 1812 the business was suspended. At this meeting it was decided to "be expedi- ent to resume the operations of the York Bank." In the autumn of 1813 the lot of ground upon which the present banking
house now stands was purchased, and on March i, 1814, the bank was in readiness to transact business, notes to the amount of one hundred thousand dollars being is- sued. The statement of March 9, 1814, shows capital stock $45,000, deposits $790. That York was a prosperous town is evi- denced by the growth of the deposits of the bank, which had increased in six months to $80,000. The first cashier was Thomas Woodyear, of Baltimore. Upon his resig- nation in 1817 John Schmidt began his long term as cashier of the bank. No history of the bank would be complete that did not recognize the high intellectual attainment and sound business sagacity of Mr. Schmidt, who for nearly twenty years was active in the management of the bank. No tribute to his memory could be more lasting than the resolution of the Board of Directors, "That a suitable tombstone be erected over our late Cashier, John Schmidt, at the ex- pense of the bank."
Following is a list of Presidents and Cashiers with their terms of service:
Presidents — David Cassat, 1810-1824; Jacob Hay, 1824- 1826; Chas. A. Barnitz, 1826-1842; James Lewis, 1842-1845; Mich- ael Doudle, 1845-1858; Henry Welsh, 1858- 1867; Dr. Jacob Hay, 1867- 1874; Henry Welsh, 1874-1879; G. Edw. Hersh, 1879 1895; Grier Hersh, 1895-.
Cashiers — William Barber, pro. tem., 1810-1813; Thomas Woodyear, 1813-1817; John Schmidt, 1817-1835; Samuel Wagner, 1835-1862; Geo. H. Sprigg, 1862-1889; W. H. Griffith, 1889-1896; John J. Frick 1896-.
On Nov. 26, 1864, the York Bank accep- ted the provisions of the National Bank Act and became the York National Bank. The capital stock of the bank beginning in 1810 with $45,000 has been increased from time to time both by stock dividends from its earnings and from new subscripfions until it has reached $500,000 with surplus
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of $100,000. The total net earnings of the bank from its organization until the pres- ent year amount to $2,654,140.24.
Few communities can point to a financial institution which has continued for eighty- seven years. An institution that has weath- ered the storms of two wars, and the num- erous panics of the past century must stand as a monument to the business capability and sagacity of its originators and mana- gers. The people of York may be proud to remember that their ancestors were active in its management.
The York County National Bank was organized at York prior to 1846 as the York County Savings Institution: the First National Bank, of York, came into exist- ence in 1863; the Western National Bank, of York, was organized in 1875; the Far- mers National Bank, at York was chartered in 1875; and the Drovers and Mechanics National Bank, of York, was organized in 1883. Besides these national banks the city of York has had the banking house of Weiser, Son &. Carl, which was established in 1856. York today is one of the leading and strong banking centers of the State, and this exerts a beneficial influence on the business inferests of Southern Penn- sylvania. The city has ten banking insti- tutions whose standing by their annual statement in 1895 was as follows:
Capital. Surplus. York National Bank. . . .$500,000 $100,000 First National Bank.... 300,000 100,000 York Co. Na'n'al Bank . . 300,000 100,000 The Farmers' National
Bank 200,000 100,000
Drovers' & Mechanics'
National Bank 100,000 30,000
Western National Bank. 150,000 30,000
City Bank 100,000 50,000
Security Title and Trust
Company 1 50,000
The York Trust Real
Estate & Deposit Co . . 1 50,000
J. H. Baer's Sons Bank.
The first banking institution of Hanover was the Hanover Saving Fund Society, which was chartered in 1835, and the next, the First National Bank of Hanover was organized in 1863 with a capital stock of $50,000 which by increases amounted to $300,000 in 1877.
When the first bank at York was estab- lished, in 1814, over forty banks were or- ganized in the State, some of which proved unsound and so depressed business that many projected towns never passed the paper stage. Some of these paper towns were in York county.
Railroads. The early railroads of the Nineteenth Congressional district bore no important relation to the internal commerce of the countr}^ but its later roads were built as links in the great systems which now cover the United States like a vast web and furnish means of locomotion and a market to every one almost at his own door.
The Cumberland Valley railroad was chartered in 1 831 to run from Harrisburg to Carlisle and opened between those places in 1837, and was extended by 1856 to Chambersburg, Franklin county, from which a railroad was in operation to Hagerstown, Maryland. These two roads were consolidated in 1864, and an extension built to Martinsburg, West Virginia, which made the Cumberland one of the most im- portant railroads of Pennsylvania. In 1872 a branch was built from Dillsburg to Me- chanicsburg and named after those towns. The Harrisburg and Potomac railroad was chartered in 1870 by the Merriman Iron and Railroad Company and built by Daniel V. and Peter A. Ahl, of Newville. The company becoming involved the Pennsyl- vania Railroad Company secured and has operated it since. This road enters Cum- berland county at Shippensburg and ex-
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Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
tends through the southern townships to Harrisburg, having a branch from Wil- liams' mill to Dillsburg, on the Cumberland Valley. Besides these two great railroads running east and west, the Northern Cen- tral crosses the narrow eastern end of the county, running along the Susquehanna. Another northward running road was built in 1869 from Pine Grove furnace to Car- lisle and in 1884 was tapped at Hunter's Run by a road from Gettysburg. The Pine Grove and Carlisle road is known as the South Mountain, and the road striking it is the Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad.
And passing from Cumberland to Adams county we find there a railroad history of interest. The first road projected in the county was the old "Tape Worm" line to run from Gett)'sburg through Franklin county past Thaddeus Steven's furnace to some point on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. Work was commenced on it in 1835, but the State afterwards stopped pub- lic appropriation for it and it lay partly constructed until 1884 when the Hanover Railroad completed it eight miles west of Gettysburg to Ortanna Station and after- wards to a point on the Western Maryland railroad of which it is now a part. The Hanover and Littlestown railroad was con- structed in 1859, ^'''cl now forms a part of the important railroads of Pennsylvania. Next was built the Hanover and Gettys- burg railroad, now called the Han- over Junction and Gettysburg, and one of the important railroads of Pennsylvania. Succeeding this last road came the Gettys- burg and Harrisburg railroad, built in 1884 and passing through Carlisle after its junc- tion with the South Mountain road.
Railroad building commenced in York as early as in her sister counties. The North- ern Central railway, the only road passing across the entire breadth of the State and running from Baltimore to Canandaigua,
New York, was built through York county by different companies. The first company the Baltimore and Susquehanna built to the York county line in 1832, the York and Maryland Line Company completed the road to York in 1838, the Wrightsville, York and Gettysburg Company carried it to Wrightsville in 1840, the York and Cum-, berland Company extended it to Bridge- port in 1850, and the Susquehanna Com- pany then completed it to the New York State line. The Maryland and Pennsyl- vania Legislatures in 1854 consolidated all these companies under the name of the Northern Central Railroad Company. The Hanover and York railroad was com- menced in 1873 and now forms a part of the Frederick division of the Northern Central, which also includes the Littlestown road and the Hanover Branch which was completed in 1852 from Hanover to Han- over Junction. The Bachman railroad from Valley Junction on the Hanover Branch across Manheim township to Ebb- vale, Maryland, was completed in 1872, and the Berlin Branch from Hanover to East Berlin was opened in 1877. The Balti- more and Hanover road built in 1877 was from Emory Grove to Black Rock Station, connecting the Western Maryland with the Bachman A^alley road; and the Stewarts- town railroad from Stewartstown to New Freedom on the Northern Central was con- structed in 1885.
The last road of the county, the York Southern, has had an interesting history. It was chartered in 1874 under the name of the Peach Bottom railroad and was to run from East Berlin through York and Peach Bottom to Oxford in Lancaster county, but the middle division from York to Peach Bottom is all of the road that has been built in York county. The road was built from York to Muddy Creek Forks in 1874 and the next year carried to Delta.
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The road was sold in 1882, became the York and Peach Bottom and was extended to Peach Bottom. Another sale in 1888 made it a part of the Maryland Central, and in 1894 by still one more sale it was made the York Southern.
Minor Industries. Among the earliest of the present minor industries of the dis- trict is shad fishing on the Susquehanna, which in early days was a large business, from 181 5 to 1840 profitable fisheries were conducted along the whole river front of Manchester and Lower Chanceford town- ships in York county and near the small islands in the Susquehanna. The canal dam at Columbia now prevents the shad from going higher up the river and they are scarce below that place on account of in- judicious management.
One of the most prominent of these minor industries is the manufacture of Peach Bottom roofing slate from the slate quarries of Peach Bottom township, some of which were opened during the latter part of the last century. This slate is un- excelled for durability, and has been exten- sively used by the United States and sev- eral State Governments, two great railroad companies, many large manufacturing- firms, and on the roof of the palatial Van- derbilt mansion, at Ashville, North Caro- lina, which is the most elegant and expen- sive private residence in the world. The Peach Bottom slate vein commences at the Susquehanna two miles above the Mary- land State line and runs southwest for five miles through Peach Bottom township and then for three miles into Harford county, Maryland, where it is broken by Broad creek. It is 250 feet wide at the eastern end and one mile at the western extremity, and pits have been sunk in it for 200 feet. The Peach Bottom slate belongs to the Cambrian age and has better qualities for
strength and weathering than the Silurian slates. Prof. Louis Reber gives the strength of this slate per square inch as 5,360 pounds when the pressure is apphed to the cleavage and 10,530 pounds when applied perpendicularly to the cleavage. His analysis of Peach Bottom slate is:
Silica 58,370
Protoxide of Iron ' . . . . 10,661
Alumina 21,085
Lime 0,300
Water 4.030
Alkali 1,933
Carbon 0,930
Magnesia i ,203
Sulphur 1 .203
Titanic Acid Traces
Oxide of Magnesia Traces
Carbonic Acid 0,390
The valuable constituents in this slate are the silicates of iron and alumina, and the injurious ones are sulphur and the Carbon- ates of lime and magnesia. The Peach Bot- tom C(uarries were worked principally by Welsh companies from 1850 to 1885, and now they are operated chiefly by six strong and reliable companies which have their ofifices at Delta.
The minor industries of sheep and cattle raising, fruit growing, dairying, and water wheel manufacturing are well represented and flourishing in the district, while market gardening, fruit and vegetable canning, brick-making, lime burning, cigar box mak- ing and car building are carried on success- fully on a small scale in dififerent sections.
The Nineteenth District is a rich agricul- tural, mining and manufacturing region with excellent financial accommodations and great transportations facilities which gives promise of future wealth and pros- perity as among the elements of a progres- sive civilization wrought out by educational, moral and religious forces.
CHAPTER V.
Early Schools — Act of 1834 — The Public Schools — County Institutes — Aca- demic Schools — Colleges — Professional Schools — Parochial Schools — Carlisle Indian Industrial School.
IT IS gratifying to know that tlie public and private schools and the higher institutions of learning in the Nine- teenth Congressional district in number and building equipment and in the profes- sional knowledge and practical efficiency of their teachers have kept pace with the growth of their respective counties in pop- ulation and wealth; and that they compare favorably with the educational institutions of any unurban district in the Keystone State.
Early Schools. Penn when he founded his city and colony provided that schools should be opened for the education of the young in which pupils were to pay a small tuition. Enoch Flower was the first school master in the province of Pennsylvania. The Quakers soon established schools in which the rich paid tuition and the poor were to be taught gratis. The Germans objected to these schools, on the grounds that the work would not be done well. All religious denominations that came to Pennsylvania brought their school teachers as well as their preachers and side by side were built the log church and the log school house, as they feared State supervision in education and sought to have free schools under church patronage. So the early schools west of the Susquehanna were either church schools or private schools, the latter being known as subscription schools, yet classical schools and a college
had been established by the close of the Revolutionary war. The minister was often the teacher, and while scant record of the early churches and their pastors has been preserved yet the names of the early schools and teachers have passed away. The early schools were of two classes, the church school and the subscription school often both existing at the same time in the com- munity and in some cases the latter sup- planting the former. The pioneers were so crowded with work that their children could be spared but about two months in the win- ter to attend school in log cabins and log houses built by common efifort, and often at a distance of from three to five miles. The teachers in the subscription schools were often intemperate and profane men of lim- ited education whose profanity was their certificate in securing a school.
''Der Dicke Schulmeister" was on Kreutz creek between 1725 and 1730, and three years later a Lutheran church or parochial school was established there. In 1747 Rev. Michael Schlatter, a German Re- formed minister, established several paroch- ial schools in York and Adams counties, while about the same time the Quakers in the northern part of York county and the Scotch-Irish in the southern part estab- lished schools. In Cumberland county schools were taught as early as 1745, and about 1773 Rev. John Andrews taught Greek and Latin at York, and Rev. Alex-
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ander Dobbins was engaged in the same line of work in Gettysburg.
Act of 1834. After the Revolutionary war the private or subscription school gained on the church or parochial school till half a century later the common school took the place of both for put lie education. In 1776 the legislature passed the first school law giving aid to the subscription schools, but little was accomphshed, and in many in- stances, as in Carlisle in 1788, personal aid was given to sustain schools for the poor and ignorant. The constitution of 1790 provided that the poor might be taught gratis, and the school law of 1809 directed the assessor to list the children between five and twelve years of age of those to pay for their schooling and they were to be taught by the teachers who were to draw pay for them from the county commissioners. This system of distinction between rich and poor was called the "pauper system" by the op- ponents of the law, and in 1833 there was only an attendance of 17,467 such children whose tuition cost the state for that year but little over $48,000.
The pride of the poor prevented their general acceptance of "gratis" education by common schools. Complex and cumber- some in many ways, yet its defense at the next session made Thaddeus Stevens im- mortal as the "Great Commoner." In 1836, Dr. George Smith, prepared a new bill, remedying the defects of the Act of 1834, and its passage secured the great boon of public education to the people of the State irrespective of wealth or povertv. The common schools led to the county sup- erintendency and the latter was the first successful step toward the teachers' insti- tute and the State normal school. In due course of time the common school became the present public school with its free text books and compulsory attendance. The common or free school system for a time
met with opposition from ignorance, prej- udice and selfishness but eventually tri- umphed over every foe and marks an era in the history of Pennsylvania.
This act of 1834, was anticipated in Cum- berland county in 183 1 in which year un- der ex-county superintendent, D. E. Kast, a public meeting was held at Carlisle and passed two resolutions one of which de- manded that a well digested system of free schools be established and supported at State expense, and the other condemned any primary system of education which did not provide the same instruction free to every child without distinction as to wealth or poverty. That meeting also circulated a petition asking the legislature to pass a free school law.
The Public Schools. Under the Act of 1834 sixteen districts of Cumberland county accepted the common school system in 1834, and all of them were accepting in 1836, when the convention voted $10,000 in support of the system in the county. The first district superintendent was Dan- iel Shelley (1854-1860) succeeded by D. K. Noel, who resigned on account of his health, and was followed by Joseph Mifflin (1860-1863). Then George Swartz served until 1869, succeeded by W. A. Lindsey, who was followed by D. E. Kast, whose successor S. B. Shearer came into office in 1878.
The common schools met with greater opposition in Adams than in Cumberland county. Prof. Aaron Sheely says that in 1834, seven of the seventeen districts of Adams county accepted the free school sys- tem, that the next year another district came over and the third year eleven districts were in line, leaving five all whom became accepting by 1843. The early county sup- erintendents of Adams county were; David Wills (1854), Rev. Reuben Hill (1856), W. L. Campbell (1858), John C. Ellis (1859),
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Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
Aaron Sheely (1863), J. H. West (1869), P. D. W. Hankey (1871), and Aaron Sheely (1872).
The most formidable opposition to the free school system in the 19th district, was in York county, where but 7 of the 29 dis- tricts accepted the system. The next year nine districts were for free schools and in 1836, seventeen accepted. The remaining districts did not accept until after 1848, and of them Heidelberg came in 1857, West Alanheim in 1858, and Manheim in 1870. The opposition came principally from die Pennsylvania Germans whom ex-Supt. W. H. Kain says were not opposed to educa- tion but feared danger to their church from these free schools which would supplant their parochial schools. Of the earlier school superintendents of York county were: Jacob Kirk (1854), G. C. Stair (1855), Dr. A. R. Blair (1856), D. M. Et- tinger (1862), S. B. Heiges (1863), S. G. Boyd (1869), W. H. Kain (1872), D. G. Williams (1878).
After some years the name of connnon schools was changed to the present one of public schools. These schools are now in active and successful operation in every community in the Nineteenth district.
County Institutes. The earliest men- tion we find of a teachers meeting in the line of institute work is in 1834, when the Teachers' Association of Adams county met at Gettysburg, November 20th of that year. This association was probably formed in 1833, and missed holding ses- sions in 1857, 1858, i860 and 1861. Since 1865 the Adams county Teachers' Institute has met yearly at Gettysburg where the Pennsylvania State Teachers' Association held a three days' session in 1866.
A year later than the Gettysburg edu- cational meeting there was a convention of teachers and other friends of education at Carlisle on December 19, 1835, to organ-
ize an association but it is probable that it went down. The Cumberland county Teachers' Institute was permanently organ- ized December 21, 1854, and has held its annual sessions ever since.
Of any educational association in York county earlier than 1854 we have no ac- count. On December 23, 1854, the York county Teachers' Institute was organized and like the similar institutes of Adams and Cumberland counties has met regularly ever since.
Academic Schools. The first classical or academic school in the district of which we have definite information was Rev. Alexander Dobbins' classical and boarding school at Gettysburg, which was in exist- ence from 1773 to 1801. A number of so- called academies were started in Adams county but were remarkably short-lived, and the true succession of Dobbins' aca- demic school was the Gettysburg academy founded about 1810 or 1811, and existing with var)'ing fortunes until 1829, when not- withstanding the State aid that it had re- ceived, its building was sold for debt, and successively used as the home of the Get- tysburg gymnasiimi and the Gettysburg Female institute. The Gettysburg Female academy was in operation from 1830 to 1875; Haupts' classical school ran from 1840 to about 1850, and the Huntertown English and Classical academy was founded in 1852.
Classical schools were established in the Cumberland Valley at an early day and such a school was at Carlisle in 1776, when its principal and most of its students entered the Continental army. Mention in 1 78 1 is made of a classical school at Carlisle and in 1786 of one at Shippensburg. Hopewell academy was in existence from 1810 to 1832; the Newville classical school started in 1835 continued for several years, and the Carlisle institute founded in 1831 existed
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for a number of years while Kingston school ran from 1848 to 1850. Hall acad- emy organized in 1851 became a Soldiers' Orphan school in 1867; Mechanicsburg se- lect school started about 1851, became in 1853, the present Cumberland Valley insti- tute; and Sunnyside Female seminary of Newburg existed from 1858 to 1868; while Mary institute of Carlisle founded in i860 went down about 1870. Shippensburg academy was opened in 1861 and closed some years later, while Mezger female in- stitute was organized about 1880. Other academies have been established in Cum- berland county of which no definite ac- count can be secured.
York county reaches back in her aca- demical history to Revolutionary days. Rev. John Andrews not earlier than 177c and not later than 1773 opened a classical school at York which he conducted for sev- eral years. The old York county academy was opened in 1787, and is still in existence. The Stewartstown English and Classical institute was founded in 185 1, and Cottage Hill seminary at York about the same time, but the latter institution in a few years was succeeded by the Young Ladies' seminary of York. The York Collegiate institute was opened in 1873 and is one of the leading academical schools in the State.
Before passing from the field of second- ary instruction it is necessary to speak of State Normal and public high schools and notice the modern business colleges. The State normal schools having besides their normal courses, elementary, scientific and classical, are prominent and useful factors in the educational fabric of the State and nation commencing with the public school and culminating in the university. Of these normal schools, the Cumberland Valley or Shippensburg State Normal school of the seventh State normal district, is entitled to honorable mention. The
movement that led to its establishment commenced in 1850 and first took definite form in a county normal school at New- ville, but finally resulted, in 1870, in the State normal school for the seventh dis- trict. The charter was obtained in 1870, the necessary buildings erected during 187 1 and 1872, and the property accepted as a State institution in 1873. The institution is well equipped for its work, has furnished many excellent teachers, and from 1873 to 1894 enrolled 5,269 students. The York high school was opened in 1870 and is highly commended, while the Hanover and Wrightsville high schools have been estab- lished since 1885. The only business col- lege in the district of which we have ac- count is Patrick's Business College of York.
And also deserving mention is the White Hall Soldiers' Orphan school of Cumber- land county, which was established in 1869; the Childrens' Home of York, founded in 1865 for soldiers' orphans; Eichelberg Aca- demy, at Hanover, and Irving Female Col- lege, at Mechanicsburg, all well managed and meritorious institutions.
Colleges. Dickinson is the tenth oldest college in the United States, being founded on September 8, 1783. The colonies had just finished a long and arduous struggle for liberty; they were impoverished and with- out any assurance that permanent govern- ment could be established. The town of Carlisle was very far "West" in those days, and could be reached only by stage coach from Philadelphia and Baltimore. Chief Justice Taney devotes some space of his Memoir to the recital of his very exciting journey from Baltimore to the town. And yet many leading men urged the Legisla- ture of Pennsylvania to grant a charter for "the erection of a college in the Borough of Carlisle * * * for the education of youth in the learned and foreign languages.
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the useful arts, science and literature."
The establishment of a college west of the Susquehanna was not a new idea. Many prominent men had agitated the mat- ter before the Revolutionary War, plans had been made and some steps taken. These were necessarily interrupted during the period of struggle, when all energies were bent toward obtaining freedom and many educational institutions closed their doors. Naturally, at the close of the war the matter was again taken up and the col- lege founded. The college owes its origin in large part to Dr. Benjamin Rush, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independ- ence; and to Hon. John Dickinson, one of the most distinguished and respected Americans of his time, from whom it de- rived its name. The gifts of the latter made possible the starting of the college, and it was thought his name would "give character to the young institution." Dr. Rush, however, was more intimately con- nected with the college during its first years. He was continually active in its in- terest, at one time urging care that a suffi- ciently healthful location be selected, sug- gesting the kind of apparatus that should be secured for the various departments; at another time recommending men for the different professorships whom he thought would take a lively interest in the college, and who would do good service.
While these two men, Dickinson and Rush, were most directly interested in the establishment of the college all the public men and educators of the time had a deep concern for the success of the project. Among those who contributed funds were Hamilton and Jefiferson, the French Am- bassador to this government, Comte de la Luzere,, and seventeen members of Con- gress. Even from England contributions were received. Being founded at the same time as the establishment of the national
government, it was thought to make it in a peculiar manner the guardian of our liber- ties. In the seals of Brown and Harvard is seen that education was regarded as the supporter of religion; in the seal of Dick- inson is first seen what we now regard as the fundamental principle of our existence as a nation, that the safety of liberty depends upon the intelligence and education of the people. The seal of the college is an open Bible, a Telescope, and a Liberty Cap, thus typifying the connection between religion, culture, and liberty. We have the same sentiment expressed in the motto, "Pietate et Doctrina Tuta Libertas."
The first president of the cohege was Rev. Charles Nesbit, D. D., of Montrose, Scotland. He had been an earnest sympa- thizer with the colonies in their struggle, and when approached with the offer of the principalship of an institution of learning in the new country, he was willing to accept, thinking that his work, in a country where the "minds of its citizens free from the shackles of authority yield more easily to reason," might do much for them. It was a great sacrifice to accept the position, — it meant that he must separate himself from his friends, by whom he was highly es- teemed and take up his home in a foreign country and among strangers. In Europe he was regarded as a very able Greek scholar, and indeed, his attainments in all intellectual lines were very distinguished.
On July 4, 1785, Dr. Nesbit arrived in Carlisle. Five miles from town he was met by a company of citizens and con- ducted to the barracks, which were for some time used for the purposes of the col- lege. He at once entered upon his work and continued as president until his death in 1804.
For the first nineteen years of Dickin- son's life this man was associated with her as president. He taught Moral Science
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and Systematic Theology, and was in close personal contact with the students. With him in the faculty were James Ross, pro- fessor of Greek and Latin, Robert David- son, professor of History and Geography, and Mr. Tate, instructor in English. Soon after his arrival. Dr. Nesbit was taken sick with a fever. During this illness he was very much discouraged and regretted that he had ever left Scotland for such a "fever- stricken country." He resigned his posi- tion and thought of returning to the "old country." However, he regained his health and was persuaded to again take up his work as the head of the college. During his term as president he had to meet many discouragements; the professors who were associated with him at the start one by one resigned their positions and new men took their places; money was hard to get, and it was very difficult to keep the college run- ning. Dr. Nesbit remained firm and fully justified the opinion of those who had placed him at the head of the new enter- prise.
In 1787, the first class was graduated from the college, the degree of Bachelor of Arts being conferred on nine young men. About this time an appropriation for the college was made b}- the State, and the erec- tion of a building was begun on the lot which is now the beautiful campus of the college. This land was purchased direct from the Penn family. The hopes of the college began to rise. It was now the ob- ject of care of the great State of Pennsyl- vania, and began to take a prominent place among the institutions of learning of the country. But after Dr. Nesbit's death the college began to experience trouble. The faculty and trustees were joint administra- tors of discipline, and they did not always agree. In 1832 the authorities began to think of suspending operations. During this time, however, several distinguished
men filled positions as professors in the col- lege. Dr. Atwaler, president of Middle- bury College, Vermont, resigned his posi- tion to take the presidency of Dickinson. Dr. Thomas Cooper, one of the most dis- tinguished men of the early part of this century, who had been an able presiding judge for eight years, when he was im- peached and removed from office, was elected to the chair of Mineralogy and Chemistry. He was born in England, graduated at Oxford, and was on intimate terms with Pitt and Burke. His opinion on legal questions was regarded as author- ity by Madison and other Americans of that day. Among his legal writings is a translation of the Institutus of Justinian with notes. As a scientist, he was the friend of Priestly and had the use of his laboratory in Northumberland. There was much op- position to his election to a professorship in the college on account of the strong public sentiment against him. His first lecture was attended by the Board of Trus- tees in a body. It was ordered to be printed by the board and with the notes filled an octavo volume of 236 pages. He revived and for a number of years edited the Em- porium of Arts and Sciences, a bi-monthly magazine which had a subscription price of seven dollars per year. He also edited an American edition of Accum's Chemistry in two volumes, and of Thompson's Chemis- try, both of which were enriched by copi- ous notes of his own. He attracted many students to the college.
In June, 181 5, President Atwaler, Dr. Cooper and Professor Shaw resigned, be- cause of what they considered unjust inter- ference on the part of the Trustees.
John B. Mason, D. D., of New York, was elected president and accepted. He was a graduate of Columbia College, New York, and had been provost of that insti- tution. For the first few years after Dr.
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Mason's taking office, the college pros- pered, but then, owing largely to his de- clining health and the jealousy between the Faculty and Trustees, it began to lose ground. In 1824, Dr. Mason resigned. Between this time and 1832, when the col- lege came into the hands of the Metho- dists, there were three presidents and two complete changes in the faculty, all the pro- fessors resigning in each case.
In 1832, committees of the Baltimore and Philadelphia conferences of the Methodist Church entered upon negotiations by which the control of the college came into their hands. Up to this time Dickinson had not been strictly a denominational school, though it was largely under Presbyterian influence. It was especially stipulated in the charter that at no time should two- thirds of the Trustees be of any one de- nomination. The State had made appro- priations from time to time amounting to over $40,000, and when it was supposed that the college was being controlled by the Presbyterians, it was made the subject of legislative investigation. So Dickinson begins her history as a church college in 1833^ when the Methodists secured control.
Dr. John Price Durbin was elected pres- ident and had a most successful administra- tion. He surrounded himself with an able faculty, composed of distinguished men. Among them may be mentioned Caldwell, professor of Science; Rev. Robert Emory, professor of Ancient Languages, and Rev. John McClintock, professor of Mathemat- ics. An endowment fund was raised and the number of students began to increase. Strong discipline was enforced, the charter having been changed, placing this matter entirely in the hands of the Faculty. The administration of Dr. Durbin was the most successful the college had yet seen. The number of students was larger than at any previous time in its history, and
reached in 1849 two hundred and fifty-four. The character of the work done in the col- lege was high, and many of the graduates of those days have since become distin- guished. The history of colleges repeats itself, as well as the history of nations, and the story of Dickinson from the time of Durbin to Reed contains the usual periods of success, financial embarrassment and lack of students which are common to institu- tions of learning. Perhaps the most dis- couraging period was that of the Civil War, but all other colleges experienced the same troubles, as did Dickinson. Since the war, Dickinson has been constantly growing and improving. A scientific building, the gift of Jacob Trone, now accomodates the scien- tific departments, which were but illy pro- vided for in former days. Bosler Hall, the gift of the widow of the late James W. Bosler, now affords room for the libraries of the college and literary societies, and has also a large chapel. Some years ago ladies were admitted to the college, and within the past two years a hall has been secured for them. The last addition in the way of buildings is Denny Hall, given up entirely to recitation purposes and the accommoda- tion of the literary societies. The material equipment of the college is thus complete. Within a few years, several of the chairs have been endowed, so the college seems to be at the beginning of a prosperous period.
The Law School has had a long and hon- ored life.
The Collegiate Preparatory school of the college is coeval in history with the college itself and has been a very important factor in the life of the institution. More than 100 students have been in attendance dur- ing the final year, 1896-7, and there will be a necessity of enlargement of its accommo- dations in the immediate future. The school does only college preparatory work
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and in its line has few superiors.
In the earlier part of the century a law department was established in con- nection with the college, which for many years was under the efficient supervis- ion of Judge Reed, in his day one of the most noted jurists of Pennsylvania, who in turn was followed by Judge Gra- ham, of the Cumberland county bar. Under the administration of these efficient gentlemen were trained many young men afterward famous as lawyers, jurists and statesmen, notably Hon. A. G. Curtin, the famous war governor of Pennsylvania; the Hon. Nathaniel B. Smithers, of Delaware; Justice Gibson, of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; Chief Justice Chas. B. Lore, of Delaware, and many other of similar dis- tinction. Just prior to the war the school was discontinued after a long and most successful career.
In 1890 under the administration of President Reed, who associated with him- self William Trickett, LL. D., and Hon. Wilbur F. Sadler, President Judge of the district, the school was re-established, no longer, however, as a department of the college proper, but as an associate institu- tion, being known as the Dickinson School of Law, of which the president of Dickin- son college is ex-officio president. Wm. L. Trickett is dean and the following gen- tlemen instructors: Hon. Wilbur F. Sadler, A. M., professor of Criminal Law; Hon. J. M. Weakley, professor of the Law of Plead- ing; H. Silas Stuart, A. M., professor of the Law of Partnership; George Edward Mills, Esq., A. B., LL. B., professor of Law of Torts; M. W. Jacobs, Esq., A. M., profes- sor of Equity; Albert H. Bolles, Ph. D., professor of Law of Contracts.
Among the fifty incorporators are a ma- jority of the president judges of the State and men eminent in professional life in ad- jacent States. Since its re-organization
the school has been attended with almost unprecedented prosperity. Beginning with II students, in the year 1897, 93 were en- rolled and a class of 30 men graduated. It has for its accommodation a commodious building with a fine library, the latter being one of the best in the State.
During the past four years great efforts have been made to reform the department of the college curriculum and to bring the institution, with respect to requirements for admission and extent of courses of study fully abreast of the leading colleges of the country.
During the administration of President Reed the number of students in attendance at the institution has increased from 160 in 1889 to 410 in 1897, with every prospect that the remarkable growth of the past eight years will be surpassed by that of the future.
As indicative of the value of the work accomplished by the so-called "small col- leges"— small only as compared with the numbers of a few great institutions, the records of the Alumni of Dickinson Col- lege since its establishment in 1783, is highly suggestive and would seem to show conclusively that the day of the small col- lege has by no means passed away in the United States.
STATISTICS.
Alumni of Dickinson College.
Whole number, about 3.700 Entered professional life, so far as
known, i,559
Entered the ministry, 560
Entered the legal profession, 530
College presidents, 30
Presidents of professional schools, 30
Professors of colleges, 80
Principals of seminaries, 83
Army officers, 70
Members of the State legislatures, 61
State Senators, 8
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Journalists, 5°
Chief Justice of the United States, i
Associate Justice of the United States, i Chief Justices of States, 12
Judges of lower courts, 43
Cabinet officers, 7
Governors of States, 2
Bishops of M. E. Church, 2
Bishops of P. E. Church, 2
Bishops of Reformed Episcopal Church, i President of the United States, i
Competent judges have declared that the record of the Dickinson Alumni, considered relatively to the number of men graduated from her halls, cannot be surpassed by that of any other college in the land.
Crowned with the laurels of one hun- dred and fourteen years of successful his- tory, full of hopefulness and progressive spirit and with an accomplished corps of instructors, there is every reason to pre- dict that the college will enjoy a career of unprecedented prosperity in the future years that are opening up before it.
Pennsylvania College. This institu- tion of higher education was chartered April 7th, 1832. The class work began in September of the same year. The first class graduated in 1834.
The origin of the college was the neces- sity of college training for ministers of the Lutheran Church. The beginnings of the college were very moderate, the small plain building on the southeast corner of Wash- ington and High street; no endowment and few teachers, but a large faith in the support of the Lutheran Church. This faith has been justified and the college has been true to the church. No other instru- ment has been so potent for the advance- ment of the English Lutheran Church in the United States.
The establishing of the college was specially the work of S. S. Schmucker, D.
D., the professor of Theology in the, at that time, recently established Theological Semi- nary at Gettysburg. Dr. Schmucker and his co-laborers had been interested for some years in the Gettysburg Gymnasium, out of which they developed the college.
The location of the college was deter- mined by the presence at Gettysburg of the Theological Seminary of the General Synod of the Lutheran Church, and by the accessibility of the town by the modes of conveyance then in vogue, the stage coach of the early third of the century. Some years after the general construction of rail- roads, Gettysburg was out of the ordi- nary lines of travel, but in recent years it is again easy of access from all directions.
The control of the college is in the hands of thirty-six trustees, who elect their own successors, except that the Alumni associa- tion selects six of the members. The trus- tees have been most faithful to their trust and have carefully done all that has been possible to increase the efficiency of the in- stitution. The college campus has gradu- ally grown from six acres, in 1835, to forty- three acres. The larger portion of the grounds are in fair condition, the other por- tion being held for future improvement. The buildings consist of the Dormitory Building erected in 1835-8. This was orig- inally used for all purposes and has gradu- ally been restricted to its present use. The Gymnasium, originally the Linnaean Hall, erected in 1847, for museum purposes and class rooms for the preparatory depart- ment, was in 1890 considerably enlarged and fully equipped for its present uses. The Recitation Hall, erected in 1888-9, is a mon- ument of the devoted good will of the friends of the college. This building is used for lecture rooms, class rooms, library and mu- seum purposes, besides containing the handsome halls of the literary societies.
Brua Chapel, erected in 1889-90, is the
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gift of the late Col. John P. Brua, Col. U. S. A., as a memorial to his parents.
The chemical laboratory is a well equip- ped building for the uses of that depart- ment, and was arranged for its present uses in 1890.
The astronomical observatory was erected in 1874, and is equipped for instruction and investigation. Besides these buildings there are the President's house, two pro- fessor's houses, the boiler house, furnishing steam heat to the various buildings, and three Greek letter society houses. At this writing arrangements are being made for the building of additional dormitory ac- commodations. The various buildings aggregate a value of about $250,000.
The curriculum of the institution has been the great care of those entrusted with the management of the aiifairs of the col- lege. The ends aimed at have been men- tal training and the acquisition of valuable knowledge, with the great purpose of train- ing students for manly labor in God's work in the various activities of life. With these purposes in view the courses of study have been frequently advanced that the institu- tion might manfully co-operate with other colleges in the field of higher education. The two principal changes in the curricu- lum have been: the establishing in 1888 of a course of study leading to the B. S. de- gree and the introduction in 1891 of a lim- ited number of elective studies.
The college possesses a large mineralog- ical collection an extensive herbarium, a fair lithological collection and smaller col- lections illustrating other departments of instruction. The libraries number in the aggregate nearly twenty-four thousand vol- umes.
The Literary societies of the college have had a history of great usefulness, beginning with the ception of the college The
Young Men's Christian Association has been for a number of years an important factor in the religious work of the college. Young men have, and must largely have, a very great influence in moulding the character of their associates. Conscious of this fact many students during their college life begin to be, what they should be, influ- ential for good among their fellows. Believ- ing that the body must be wisely cared for, athletics have been fostered by the authori- ties of the college. The purpose has been to make the training of the body not sub- sidiary to but correlative with mental dis- cipline and thus better fit men for a true life of usefulness.
The finances of the college have been carefully husbanded by the Trustees; at present the endowment is about $210,- 000. Much must yet be done. New fa- cilities must be had in training force, appli- ances and those matters which can be ob- tained from enlarged endowment. The confidence which is placed in the college by the graduates and by the church to which the college belongs has been a source of direct and of moral strength which has in a large measure been the reason for the suc- cess attained.
The graduates of the college now num- ber 1,043, of whom 806 are living. Among these are numbered many who have been potential for good in their own day and for many other days in their work in directing (he thoughts and labors of the many who have been under their influence.
Among the principal benefactors of the college have been: Mr. J. E. Graeff, who beside establishing the chair of English Lit- erature has given largely in many other di- rections; the Ockershausen Brothers who gave the fund on which in parts depends the Ockershausen Professorship; the GrafT family, who have established the chair of Physical Culture and Hygiene in
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memory of the son and brother, Charles H. Graff, M. D.; Mr. James Strong who has founded in honor of his wife the Amanda Rupert Strong Professorship of Enghsh Bible and the Chaplaincy; Mr. Wm. Bitten- ger who bequeathed funds to maintain the Professorship of Intellectual and Moral Sci- ence; and the Pearson family who have given the funds for the Latin Professorship. Among others who have given largely we mention several from the territory included in this volume: the late C. A. Mor.ris and Mr. P. H. Glatfelter, of Spring Forge, both of whom have given largely in money time and thought to the affairs of the col- lege.
There may be distinguished three periods in the history of Pennsylvania College: the establishing and foundation of the college under the direction of Dr. Schmucker, act- ing President for two years and the Presi- dency of Charles P. Krauth, D. D. ; the development of the institution under the Presidency of H. L. Baugher, D. D., and M.Valentine, D. D.; and the epoch of a new departure during the Presidency of H. W. McKnight, D. D. Each of these periods has been marked by its own elements of usefulness, each was the outgrowth of con- ditions existing in the preceding period and each was necessary to the succeeding per- iod. The college has been served by men devoted to her interests and using the op- portunities which from time have occurred to further the growth of the college and to enlarge her field of usefulness. From the beginning there has been aljied with the col- lege, a preparing school; this department has been of great importance to the advan- ced department. In earlier years nearly all the students of the college classes were from this preparatory school; of late years a large portion of the students enter Fresh- men from various High Schools and Acad- amies. This preparatory school has occu-
pied since 1868 the building specially erec- ted for its use on Carlisle street, while un- der the same Board of Trustees and in a general way under control of the faculty of the college. It has its own system of gov- ernment and is in arrangement of work adapted to those in a less advanced course of work.
The Faculty of Pennsylvania College for the year 1896-7 consists of:
Harvey W. McKnight, D. D. LL. D., president, and William Bittinger professor of Intellectual and Moral Science. Adam Martin, D. D., professor of the German Language and Literature, and instructor in French. John A. Himes, A. M., Graeff professor of English Literature and Polit- ical Science, and Librarian. Rev. Philip M. Bikle, Ph. D., dean, and Pearson profes- sor of the Latin Language and Literature. Edward S. Breidenbaugh, Sc. D., Ocker- shausen professor of Chemistry and Min- eralogy, and Curator of the Museum. George D. Stahley, A. M., M. D., Dr. Charles H. Graff, professor of Physical Culture and Hygiene, and secretary of the Faculty. Henry B. Nixon, Ph. D., professor of Mathematics and Astronomy. Eli Huber, D. D., Amanda Rupert Strong professor of English Bible, and chaplain. Rev. Oscar G. Klinger, A. M., Franklin professor of the Greek Language and Lit- erature. Hon. John Stewart, A. M., lec- turer on Jurisprudence. Rev. Charles H. Huber, A. M., principal of the Preparatory Department, and professor of Latin and English. Clyde B. Stover, A. B., assistant in Chemistry. Abraham B. Bunn Van Or- mer. Ph. D., tutor in Greek and History. Luther P. Eisenhart, A. B., tutor in Math- ematics and Natural Science. WilHam E. Wheeler, Physical instructor. Thomas J. Reisch, instructor in Penmanship. George F. Abel, proctor. Henry C. Picking, A. B.,
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treasurer. Miss Sallie P. Krauth, assistant librarian.
The enrollment for the current year has been: Graduate students 14, Seniors 26, Juniors 34, Sophomores 39, Freshmen 62 and Preparatorians 97. A total of 272.
Theological Seminary of the Gen- eral Synod of the Lutheran Church. This institution was established by the General Synod in 1826. Its organization formed an epoch in the life and develop- ment of the Lutheran Church in this country. Before that time almost the only source of supply of ministers was immigration from the mother coun- try and the private training of can- didates by individual pastors. The want was sorely felt, as making the proper care of the congregations and growth of the Church impossible. The provision for an adequate educated ministry was one of the first great acts of the wisdom and energy of the General Synod. The decisive action was taken at its meeting in Freder- ick, Md., in 1825, when it resolved:
"That the General Synod will forthwith commence, in the name of the Triune God, and in humble reliance on His aid, the establishment of a Theological Seminary which shall be exclusively devoted to the glory of our divine Redeemer, Jesus Christ, who is God over all, blessed forever. And that in the Seminary shall be taught, in the German and English languages, the funda- mental doctrines of the sacred Scriptures, as contained in the Augsburg Confession." The General Synod itself appointed the first professor, Dr. S. S. Schmucker, and also the first Board of Directors, but or- dained that thereafter the district Synods contributing to the institution should elect the Directors and the Board should elect the professors.
The establishment of the Seminary led
to the founding of Pennsylvania College in 1832, and the general development of the educational work of the Lutheran Church in the United States. For from the start thus given and the Church enter- prise thus awakened, other institutions have come into existence with their still widening power. The Seminary educated presidents for Wittenberg, Roanoke, North Carolina, Newberry and Muhlenberg Col- leges, and a large number of their profes- sors; and professors of theology in Hart- wick, Philadelphia, Wittenberg and Selin's Grove Theological Seminaries. Its alumni have carried on largely the work of female education at Hagerstown, Lutherville, Staunton, Marion, Walhalla and elsewhere.
The roll of students since the organiza- tion numbers over 800. For over half a century they have been going forth into the pulpits and various church work all over the United States, carrying larger new life and prosperity from shore to shore of our land and to the missionary service in foreign lands.
Besides Dr. Schmucker, the following have been regular professors in the past, viz: Rev. Ernest Hazelius, D. D., 1830- 1833; Rev. Henry I. Smith, D. D., 1839- 1843; Rev. Charles A. Hay, 1844-1848 Rev. Charles P. Krauth, D. D., 1850-1867 Rev. Chas. F. Schaefifer, D. D., 1855-1864 Rev. Jas. A. Brown, D. D., LL. D., 1864- 1881 ; Rev. Milton Valentine, D. D., 1866- 1868; Rev. Chas. A. Stork, D. D., 1881- 1883.
The fruits of the grand service accom- plished by this institution were, until re- cently, manifest more in the immense de- velopment of almost every other interest of the Church than in any strengthening and enlargement of the institution itself. It had to do its work with comparatively poor equipment of accommodations and small faculty. Lately, however, the Board has
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entered upon the work of developing the institution itself, in order to make its equipment and strength correspond to the present strength of the Church and the en- larged demands which the times make upon it. A new building, with lec- ture halls, chapel and library, has been erected. The old edifice has been repaired and improved. A steam plant has been built for heating both the buildings. The modern conveniences of hot and cold water, bath rooms, gymnasium, etc., are supplied. Professor's houses have been added and the old ones improved. The additions and changes have cost about $88,000. A legacy of $22,000 by Mr. Mat- thew Eichelberger, of Gettysburg, has re- cently been received.
Metzger College for Young Ladies. Among the many institutions of learning which have contributed in a marked de- gree, to make the Cumberland Valley fam- ous for its educational facilities and advan- tages, conspicuous recognition must be ac- corded to Metzger College for young ladies located at Carlisle.
This institution owes its existence to the generosity of its founder, the Hon. George Metzger, of Carlisle, Pa., who devised the ground for its location, the buildings and the endowment, besides books, furniture, apparatus and other equipments.
It was opened in the fall of 1881 and in- corporated in 1882 as Metzger Institute. The name was changed in 1894 to its pres- ent corporate name, Metzger College and under its new charter, with its new and en- larged curriculum and added facilities it is even better prepared to carry out the pur- pose of its founder. By the provisions of his will, it was to be a college for ladies where "branches useful and ornamental" should be taught. Besides the usual colle- giate studies, therefore, music and art have always had a prominent place in the work
of the institution and special advantages have been offered in these departments. Courses of study are offered in piano, voice and art at the completion of which a di- ploma is granted.
With the present graduating class, fifty ladies will have graduated from the colle- giate department and one from the music school.
Miss Harriet L. Dexter was the president of the institution, serving from 1881 to 1895, when she resigned on account of ill health. She was a lady of rare culture and did much to promote the cause of higher education of girls.
In 1895, the presidency of the institution was tendered to Professor Wallace Peter Dick, M. A., then Professor of Languages at the State Normal School, West Chester, Pa., and was accepted. Prof. Dick is a graduate of Brown University, Providence, R. I., and is a well known educator, having devoted his entire time since his graduation, in 1879, to the work of education, and under him Metzger College is taking high rank as its advantages are becoming better known.
Carlisle, the site of the college, is well known all over the United States as an educational centre and is noted for its healthfulness, historic associations, fine scenery and the intellectual and social re- finement of its inhabitants.
The Metzger College buildings include the main building and the Metzger cottage. They are in a most delightful spot in the suburbs, about three blocks from the cen- tre of the town. The main building is an imposing structure of brick with brown stone trimmings in the centre of a beauti- ful campus covering two acres, having the Metzger cottage at one end, and the grove, tennis court and croquet lawn at the other. The students' rooms are large, completely furnished, lighted by gas and heated by
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steam. Bathrooms are found on all the floors. These are supplied with hot and cold water and furnished with modern con- veniences of the most approved type. The other rooms — the reception room, dining- room, chapel, office, recitation rooms — are light, commodious and well adapted to their purpose.
The records show that at various times Metzger College has enrolled students from Pennsylvania, Maryland, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Indiana, Delaware, Misso- uri, Arkansas, Michigan, Illinois, New Jer- sey, Wisconsin, New York, West Virginia, South Dakota, Wyoming, Indian Territory and the District of Columbia, including such cities as Washington, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Hoboken, Harrisburg, Troy, Lancaster, Newark, Milwaukee, Chicago, Brooklyn, New York and Pittsburg. It has always enjoyed a large day patronage from Carlisle and the surrounding towns.
It supports a literary society, a Y. W. C. A., and each year offers to the public a su- perior lecture course.
The College Preparatory Department prepares for entrance to, or advanced standing in, Bryn Mawr, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith or similar colleges and the Metzger Collegiate Department offers three courses, — the Classical, the Modern Language and the English—to those who wish to graduate from the institution and receive its diploma.
A flourishing juvenile department, ad- mitting, for the time being, boys under twelve years as well as girls, is under the immediate control of the college.
The Metzger College Faculty is at pres- ent constituted as follows: Wallace Peter Dick, M. A., President, German, Biblical Literature and Philosophy. Miss Sarah Kate Ege, Librarian, Mathematics. Miss Laura Jackson, B. S., Natural Sciences and French. Miss NelHe Higman, A. B., Higher Mathematics and Higher Eng-
lish. Miss Bertha Eliza Smith, A. M., Latin and Greek. Miss Martha Elizabeth Barbour, Elocution and Physical Training. Fraulein Marie Heling, Piano and Har- mony. Mrs. William Weidman Landis, Vocal Music. Miss Arria Evelyn Wheeler, Violin. Prof. Frank S. Morrow, Banjo, Guitar and Mandolin. Miss Elizabeth E. Forster, Art. Mr. John M. Rhey, LL. B., Stenography and Typewriting. Miss Win- nefred Sterrett Woods, Assistant in art.
Miss Louise Ege Woodburn, Assistant in Piano. Miss Elizabeth Neill Rose, Juve- nile Department. Miss Anne Harriet Gardner, Kintergarten.
York Collegiate Institute. York Col- legiate Institute, was founded and endowed by Mr. Samuel Small April 14th, 1873. While visiting in New England he became acquainted with the design and methods of Norwich (Conn.) Free Academy. He had been planning to found an institution of learning for the benefit of his city, and this excellent school gave definiteness to his ideas. He returned home, selected the site and the corner stone of the first building was laid in 1871. The building was nearly completed when he invited a number of gentlemen including his pastor and fellow elders in the First Presbyterian church, with his nephews, Mr. Latimer and Samuel Small, Jr., and a few others to act with him as a Board of Trustees. On September 15th, 1873, the school was opened for stud- ents with the Rev. James McDougall, Ph. D., as president, and on November 3rd, the new building was dedicated. On July 14th, 1885, Mr. Small, who had acted as President of the Board of Trustees, and had been a generous patron and intelligent helper of the Institute, died. His widow, Mrs. Isabel Cassat Small added to the en- dowment and appliances of the school by gift and will. The Cassat Library is named in her honor. On Dec. 7th, 1885, the
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building was consumed by fire. His neph- ews, Messrs. W. Latimer, George and Sam- uel Small put up a new building, larger, more elaborate and better in every way than the old one. It stands yet a monu- ment to their generosity and afifection for their imcle
After the death of Mr. Samuel Small, his nephew, Samuel Small, Jr., was elected President of the Board of Trustees, and after the death of Dr. McDougall in 1892 Rev. E. T. Jefifers, D. D., was elected Presi- dent and on May i, '93, entered on his du- ties as president of the Faculty. In addi- tion to these, twenty-seven different teach- ers have given instruction in the school since its beginning, most of them for short terms of service. Three, Prof. A. B. Gar- ner and the Misses Allen and Bixby, have been on the faculty for twenty years, and Ghas. H. Ehrenfeld, Ph. D., for ten years.
The school is designed to give a fair clas- sical, scientific and literary education to those who can go no farther in their educa- tion, and to fit both young men and wo- men for the Freshman class in the most thorough colleges of this country. Over two hundred have been graduated and over a thousand have been enrolled as students. Those who have been thus fitted for ad- vanced studies are now in Johns Hopkins, Bryn Mawr, Princeton, University of Penn- sylvania, Wesleyan (Conn)., Yale, Gettys- burg, Franklin and Marshall, Lafayette and Pennsylvania State College.
Parochial Schools. The early schools were largely parochial, the Luther- ans, Reformed, Catholics and Presbyterians generally establishing a parochial school by the side of each of their churches. The subscription and classical schools reduced them in number and the free schools swept away nearly all the remaining ones, except the Catholic. Among the remaining Cath- olic parochial schools are those at McSher-
rystown, Mt. Rock, New Oxford, Irish- town, Littlestown, Bonneauville and Get- tysburg, in Adams county; and York and some other points in York and Cumber- land counties. St. Joseph's parochial school at McSherrystown has been in ex- istence since 1800.
In 1894 we find the following county sta- tistics of the schools of the Nineteenth dis- trict. Cumberland county, 254 public schools of which 116 were graded, 3 col- leges and 6 academies and seminaries, with 9,859 children enrolled in the public schools costing $140,252.42 for that year. Adams county had 132 schools of which 23 were graded in all of which were enrolled 7,170 pupils who cost $72,676.11, with I college and 9 academies and seminaries. York county enrolled 23,465 pupils in her 455 public schools of which 100 were graded and all costing $268,142.13, while she had no college and but two academic schools.
Carlisle Indian Industrial School. In- dian education and employment at Carlisle under the Pratt system is a possible solu- tion of the great Indian problem. Wash- ington's plan of Indian treatment was as- sociation and civihzation, but it was never fairly tried, being supplanted by Jefferson's reservation plan which has been carried on ever since by the government whose policy has alternated between "pauperizing and extermination." The Carlisle school and the Pratt system had their origin in con- victions that grew out of Capt. R. H. Pratt's eight year's cavalry service against the Indians in the Indian territory. Cap- tain Pratt had formerly commanded a com- pany of colored cavalry in the loth United States and in the historical sketch of the Carlisle school which he fur- nished by government request, in 1890, he says: "I often commanded Indian scouts, took charge of Indian prisoners and performed other Indian duty which led me
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to consider the relative conditions of the two races. The negro, I argued, is from as low a state of savagery as the Indian, and in 200 years' association with Anglo-Sax- ons he has lost his language and gained theirs; has laid aside the characteristics of his former savage life, and, to a great ex- tent, adopted those of the most advanced and highest civilized nation in the world, and has thus become fitted and accepted as a fellow citizen among them. This miracle of change came from association with the higher civilization. Then, I argued, it is not fair to denounce the Indian as an in- corrigible savage until he has had at least equal privilege of association. If millions of black savages can become so trans- formed and assimilated, and if, annually, hundreds of thousands of foreign emigrants from all lands can also become Anglicised, Americanized, assimilated and absorbed through association, there is but one plain duty resting upon us with regard to the In- dians, and that is to relieve them of their savagery and other alien qualities by the same methods used to relieve the others. Assist them, too, to die as helpless tribes, and to rise up among us as strong and cap- able individual men and American citi- zens."
Capt. Pratt had also some experience with Indian prisoners in Florida and in sup- ervising the education of negroes and In- dians at Hampton, Virginia. Disapproving of educating two races together he sug- gested to the government authorities his idea of an Indian school at Carlisle bar- racks which were appropriated for the school in 1879 and Captain Pratt placed in charge. Each boy and girl was required to study one-half and work one-half of each day and the results of 17 years of such a course of study and labor under Capt. Pratt has made the school a success and drawn visitors even from the old world to study the
Indian problem under the workings of the Pratt system. Super says "the establish- ment of the Indian industrial school at Car- lisle marks an epoch in the history of our treatment of the red man." Three hun- dred and twenty-two of these Indian boys and girls attended the Columbian quadri-centennial at New York in 1892, and 305 of them were in the opening ceremonies of the World's Columbian fair at Chicago, being led at each city by their band of 30 pieces and marching so splendidly as to win encomiums from nearly all the leading newspapers of the United States. 450 of them earned enough ($7,000) by their sum- mer outing to spend a week at the World's Fair where they were closely studied and highly praised by thousands of visitors. In concluding this account of the Carlisle In- dian school which has trained over 2,500 In- dian boys and girls from over 60 different tribes we quote from Capt. Pratt's seven- teenth annual report: "Our population dur- ing the year (1896) came from 61 different tribes ; that the whole number of pupils un- der care for some portion of the year was 898, and that the average attendance was 722.93. This made our per capita cost to the Government a trifle more than $141.00 which includes the cost of transporting children to and from their homes, new buildings, repairs and improvements of all kinds. In any just comparison with the expenses of other schools these facts should be taken into account. This economy re- sulted largely from the use of our outing system. 155 of our students attended pub- lic schools during the winter and had the continuous benefits of family life. During the vacation months of July and August we had 506 out at work at one time with farmers and others. The total earnings from this outing amounted to $19,238.62 of which the girls earned $6,480.60 and the boys $12,758.02. Of these sums the boys
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saved $5,561.19 and the girls $3,037.29, a total of $8,598.48. The expenditures were mostly for clothing. Their total savings from past years and for the year of this re- port, on hand at the end of June were $15,- 294.96, the larger part of which the stud- ents have on interest at 6 per cent, in safely secured bonds.
I trust that these facts may have some slight influence in favor of enlarged oppor- tunities for Indians along these lines and to encourage the liberating of them from
tribal and reservation idleness and the mak- ing use of them as factors in our civilized industrial life."
The educational outlook of the Nine- teenth Congressional district is bright and full of promise. The present is doing well its work, and it remains for those who come after us "so to nourish and foster every ed- ucational plant that in a future, so bright with promise, there shall ever be the bloom and beauty of cultured minds and noble bliss."
CHAPTER VI.
The Judiciary and the Bar.
York County. Liberty and law, in a re- public, are co-extensive and co-existent. They are reciprocal standards of measure- ment, and in their productivity for good there is a mutual dependence.
The earliest settlers in the Province of Pennsylvania were taught true notions of liberty and law by Penn. As to liberty, by the language of the proprietaries: "We lay a foundation for after ages to under- stand their liberty as Christians and as men," liberty of mind, as evidenced by the first law passed by the General Assembly of the Province, "The Law Concerning Liberty of Conscience;" and as to political freedom, by at least the implied promises of immunity from the wrongs they then en- dured to those fleeing from the Palatinate upon the Rhine.
As to law, Penn's innate sense of justice was a forceful, moulding influence in the colony days. "His religious principles did not permit him to wrest the soil of Penn- sylvania by force from the people to whom God and nature gave it, nor to establish his title in blood— he was influenced by a purer morality and sounder policy than that pre- vailing principle which actuated the more sordid; and under the shade of the lofty trees of the forest, his right was fixed by treaties with the Indians and sanctified as it were, by smoking from the calumet of peace." (2 Smith's Law of Pa., page 105.)
By virtue of character, as well as in con- formity with a principle obtaining in Eu- rope at the time, Penn had an undoubted
title to the soil granted him by Charles II of England, under date of March 4, 1681. Nevertheless, in consonance with his typi- fying virtues he instructed the deputy-Gov- ernor to hold treaties with the Indians and to procure the lands peaceably. Before his return to England in 1684 he adopted mea- sures "to purchase the lands on the Sus- quehanna from the Five Nations who pre- tended a right to them," conveyance being made January 13, 1696. (2 Smith's Laws of Pa., page iii).
The Indians of the Five Nations, despite the various sales and transfers continued to claim a right to the river and the adjoining lands, and it was not until October 11, 1736, that a deed, with twenty-five Indian chiefs as signatories, was delivered whereby the lands of this part of the Province were fin- ally relinquished to the proprietaries.
The fairness was not an out-cropping of individuality alone but "so determined was the Government that none should intrude to the annoyance of the Indians that the Commissioners of Property on complaint to them of any intruders by the Indians caused them to be arrested and imprisoned. (Rupp's History of York county, page 529).
At the conclusion of the Indian treaty of 1736 the limit of Lancaster county was ex- tended indefinitely westward and included all of the present counties of York, Cum- berland, Adams and Dauphin and a large portion of Berks and Northumberland. The Indians, under Penn's policy, were con-
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tented and peaceful, and settlers soon oc- cupied the lands west of the Susquehanna, and it was not long before petitions were presented to the Provincial Council asking for the erection of a new county west of the Susquehanna. These early petitions set forth the need of the formation of a new county from the distance to the county town where the courts were held, that the river intervening was impassable at times for days, that prosecutions were discour- aged because of the expense and loss of time, that the tract of land on the west side of the Susquehanna and between the South Mountain and Maryland was well inhabited and of sufficient extent for a coun- ty and the people able and willing to bear the charge, and "how difficult it was to se- cure inhabitants against theft and abuses, frequently committed among them by dis- solute and idle persons who resort to the remote parts of the province and by reason of the great distance from the court or prison frequently found means of making their escape."
The first petition, presented in 1747, was unheard. In 1748 a united request was made, and on August 19, 1749, the act was passed with the official sanction of Deput)'- Governor Hamilton "That all and singular the lands lying within the Province of Pennsylvania to the westward of the river Susquehanna and southward and eastward of the South Mountain be erected into a county, named York — bounded Northward and westward by a line to be run from the river Susquehanna along the ridge of the said South Mountain until it shall intersect the Maryland line, southward by the said Maryland line, and eastward by the said river Susquehanna;" the northern boun- dary line not being definitely established until after the erection of Cumberland county.
A commission was named by the same
act, composed of Thomas Cox, of Warring- ton township; Nathan Hussey, of York; and Michael Tanner who lived near York, authorizing them or any three of them to purchase a plot of ground situate in a con- venient place in the county to be approved by the Governor, to be held in trust for the use of the inhabitants of the county, and to erect thereon a court house and prison for the service of the county, and Centre Square in York was selected as the site.
The sessions of the courts from 1749 to 1756 were probably held in private houses or the homes of the court justices. In April 1754, the commissioners entered into con- tract with William Willis, a Quaker brick- layer, of Manchester township, to erect the walls of the building. Henry Clark, also a Quaker, and the owner of a saw mill near the mouth of Beaver Creek, engaged to saw and deliver scantling for the building, John Meem and Jacob Klein, Germans, were em- ployed to do the carpentry. Robert Jones, a Quaker, resident in Manchester township, was engaged to haul seven thousand shin- gles from Philadelphia. Two years after commencing, the work was completed.
The act erecting the county and provid- ing for the building of the court house by the appointive commission, enacted also that a competent number of court justices be nominated by the Governor which said justices or any three of them were author- ized to hold Courts of General Quarter Ses- sions of the Peace and Gaol Delivery, County Courts of Common Pleas and Or- phans courts with the same powers, rights, jurisdictions and authorities as the justices in the other counties of the Province. An appeal lay to the Supreme Court from the decisions of the justices. A Register's Court for the work of settling and distrib- uting decedent's estates was composed of the Register of Wills and two justices. The county offices of Prothonotary, Recorder of
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Deeds, Register of Wills, Clerk of the Or- phan's Court and Clerk of the Court of Quarter Sessions were established in 1749 and were filled by appointment by the Gov- ernor of the Province before and under the Constitution of 1776 while under the Con- stitution of 1790 appointments were made by the Supreme Executive Council or the Governor of the Commonwealth. The Constitution of 1838 again changed the plan to an election by the people.
The court house stood from 1756 to 1840, its most historic period being com- prised within the nine months next preced- ing June, 1778, during which period of na- tional gloom the Continental Congress held sittings within its walls and passed the Ar- ticles of Confederation. The walls around the three enclosed sides of the Court house yard as it is today are built of the bricks of the old court house walls.
The site of the present court house was selected by the County Commissioners af- ter a prolonged controversy, and the build- ing completed in 1840 although the cupola and bell were not added until 1847. In its erection Jacob Dietz was master carpenter and Henry Small assistant, and Charles Ep- pley master mason with George Odenwall assistant. The bricks and wood were ob- tained from the county, the granite mainly from Baltimore county, Maryland, from which point it was hauled to its destination in wagons while the granite pillars dignify- ing the magnificent front were Brought from Maryland over the newly-constructed railroad. The cost of nearly One Hundred Thousand Dollars was met by the issuance of county notes of the denomination of Three Dollars and of county bonds.
During the second year after the estab- lishing of county courts several convicts were sentenced to the county jail but in 1768 at the July session of court the County Commissioners requested that "the county
prison be enlarged as it was too small for a work-house and prison and the walls are not safe," whereupon they were ordered by the court to erect a new building. The ar- chitect, designed a building of blue lime- stone from quarries near York, which building stood on the northeast corner of King and George streets until 1855 when the present jail was erected with Edward Haviland as architect.
The first Court of General Quarter Ses- sions of the Peace in York county after its formation from Lancaster county was held at York before John Day, Esq., an English Quaker, and his associates, commencing Oct. 31, 1749. The panel of grand jurors returned for this court by Hance Hamil- ton, the first Sheriff of the county, and this the day of his oath of office, embraced the following seventeen: Michael McCleary, William McClelland, James Agnew, Hugh Bingham, James Hall, William Proctor, William Beatty, John Pope, Nathan Dicks, Thomas Hosack, Thomas Sillick, Samuel Moore, James Smith, Richard Brown, Thomas Niely, Jeremiah Louchbridge and Richard Proctor — only the last named with Nathan Dicks and John Pope qualifying by affirmation.
The first court made appointment of con- stables for the townships as follows: For Newberry, Peter Hughs; Warrington, Rob- ert Vale; Manchester, Christian Lowe; Hel- 1am, John Bishop; Chanceford, George Farr; Fawn, James Edger; Dover, Caleb Hendricks; York, George Crepill; Man- heim, Valentine Herr; Monaghan, William Langley; Paradise, John Frankleberry ; Shrewsbury, Hugh Low; and Codorus, George Ziegler.
Although taverns had been opened in the county under the authority of the Lancas- ter county courts a few years prior, the first recommendations to the Governor for the keeping of public houses in the county were
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made at this session of court and Michael Swope, George Mendenhall, John Edwards, Michael Bardt, George Hoake, Jacob Fak- ler, Samuel Hoake and William Sinkler were recommended as proper persons.
The courts had their full complement of officers now — Hance Hamilton Sheriff; John Day, Thomas Cox, John Wright, Jr., George Schwaabe, Matthew Diel, Hance Hamilton, Patrick Watson and George Stevenson, justices. The latter was a fac- tor in the early days of office-holding, fill- ing the positions of Prothonotary, Clerk of the several courts,and Register and Recorder from 1749 until Oct. 30, 1764, when he ten- dered his resignation. At this court, Wil- liam Peters, John Lawrence, George Ross, David Stout, and John Renshaw are named as the practicing lawyers.
The first indictment in the Quarter Ses- sions charged two overseers with neglect- ing their duties to the highways. The de- fendants were discharged upon payment of costs. The second case charged James King with assault but the case was settled. This exhausted the list of the first court. The next day Thomas Cox, John Day and Patrick Watson convened the first Orphans Court, and the court's first act was to bind out an orphan boy, two years old, named George McSweeney to John Witherow of Hamilton's Band, till he comes of age. Witherow covenanting in behalf of the ap- prentice to furnish "sufficient meat, drink, apparel, washing and lodging during the said term, and to teach or cause him to be taught to read and write; and arithmetic as far as the rule of three direct; and at the expiration of the said term to give him two suits of apparel, one whereof shall be new." The first suit in the court of Common Pleas was brought to the January Term, 1750.
The cases in Quarter Sessions at this time are readable more from the character of the punishment inflicted than from the va-
riety or character of the offenses. At the second court of General Quarter Sessions John Proby, from the frequency of whose name in court annals one infers he con- tributed materially to keep the court open, plead guilty to selling liquor by small mea- sure without proper license and was .sen- tenced to pay a fine of five pounds English currency, which the Clerk of the Courts was ordered to receive and pay to the Sec- retary of the Province. At the same court one convicted of the larceny of "one linen shirt and one pair of stockings" was sen- tenced "to immediately receive on his bare back at the public whipping post fifteen lashes and to go to the county gaol twelve days for the cost of prosecution, being un- able to pay them." Margaret Wilmoth pleading guilty at the April Sessions, 1750, to the larceny of a silk handkerchief, was sentenced to immediately receive fifteen lashes on the back, and at the same court two grand jurors who refused to be quali- fied according to the court's requirements were fined and discharged from duty. Two years later a grand juror named Chas. Grim was fined twenty shillings "for break- ing the peace and casting a glass of wine in another juror's face." At this court a defendant convicted of an assault with in- tent to rape was sentenced to pay a fine of five pounds, be pubHcly whipped with twenty-one lashes on the bare back and then placed for one hour in the pillory.
The sale of a "redemptioner" is decreed in 1758, where the keeper of the jail peti- tions the court that Francis Whistle, a pris- oner in the jail, had no money to pay the prison fees and other damages, and pray- ing that he might be adjudged to serve a reasonable time in satisfaction of the costs of support and maintenance in jail where- upon the court decreed his sale to a proper person for one year, the purchaser to fur- nish him sufficient meat, drink, apparel
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and lodging during said term. The coin was protected by punishing severely the crime of counterfeiting. In October, 1768, James Pitt, convicted of this offense, re- ceived the following sentence: "That the defendant stand in the pillory in York on the 29th day of November of the year 1768, between the hours of 10 and 12 in the fore- noon, for one hour. That then he shall have both ears cut off, and that they be nailed to the said pillory. That the said defendant shall then be whipped at the publick whipping-post in York with thirty- nine lashes on the bare back well laid on, and then pay a fine of 100 pounds lawful money, the one-half to the Governor of this province for support of the government and the one-half to the discoverer; that the defendant pay the cost of the prosecution, and as he has no lands or tenement, goods or chatels to pay said fine he is hereby ad- judged to be sold for the term of four years to make satisfaction for the said fine of 100 pounds."
The General Assembly of the Province acting on the assumption that the keepers of public houses were charging excessive rates enacted a law on the 31st day of May, 1718, by which the justices of each county could establish rates and prices for food, drink and provender. The York county justices, acting under this power, on the 28th day of January, 1752, fixed the maxi- mum for York county. The court crier, for some years, making proclamation of these rates in open Quarter Session court. Among these were the following: "A bowl of punch made with one quart water with loaf sugar and good Jamaica spirits, i shill- ing and 3 pence; one pint of good Madeira wine I shilling and 3 pence; one quart of Nimbo, made with West India rum and loaf sugar, 10 shillings; a quart of Nimbo made with New England rum and loaf sugar 9 pence; a gill of good West India
rum 4 pence; a gill of good New England rum 3 pence; a gill of good whiskey 2 pence; a quart of good beer 6 pence; a man's dinner 8 pence; a man's supper 6 pence; a horse at hay 24 hours 10 pence; a horse at hay one night 8 pence; half a gallon of good oats 3 pence."
The two sources of greatest annoyance to which the settlers of York county were subjected were probably the "Border Trou- bles" and the questions arising from the title to land.
The "Border Troubles" early caused dis- turbance among the Indians. Sir William Keith, Deputy Governor of the Province of Pennsylvania, by treaty made June 15 and 16, 1722, with the Indians, agreed that the lands on the west side of the Susque- hanna round and north of Conestoga should be for their hunting and planting exclusively, but the boundary line be- tween the Province of Pennsylvania and Maryland being unsettled and undefined the territory held to the use of the Indians was being encroached upon and to coun- teract these encroachments it was the policy of the proprietary agents to encour- age border settlements. This uncertainty respecting the boundary lines soon led to disputes between William Penn and Lord Baltimore, the former contending that Maryland was encroaching upon Pennsyl- vania soil and the latter claiming the terri- tory on the west of the Susquehanna to the fortieth parallel of latitude, to which point he was authorizing settlements to be made. These adverse claims to the same soil gave unlimited inconvenience to the settlers, but as early as February 17, 1724, an agree- ment was made between Lord Baltimore, proprietor of Maryland, and Hannah Penn, widow and executrix of William Penn, late proprietor of Pennsylvania, and other in- terested parties, whereby it was determined that since "both parties are at this time
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sincerel}' inclined to enter into a treaty in order to take such methods as may be ad- visable for the final determining of the said controversy, by agreeing upon such lines or other marks of distinction to be settled as may remain for a perpetual boundary between the tvi^o provinces; it is therefore mutually agreed that, avoiding all manner of contentions or differences between the inhabitants of the said provinces, no per- son or persons shall be disturbed or mo- lested in their possessions on either side, nor any lands be surveyed, taken up or granted in either of the said provinces near the boundaries which have been claimed or pretended to on either side; this agree- ment to continue for the space of eighteen months from the date hereof, in which it is hoped the boundaries will be determined and settled."
A contest arising as to the proprietorship of Pennsylvania a compromise was efifected by the Penn family and the Government of the province fell to John Thomas and Richard Penn, surviving sons of the second wife, and in 1732 Thomas Penn arrived in this country and took possession of the province for himself and brothers. On the loth of May, 1732, a new agreement was entered into by Lord Baltimore and John Thomas and Richard Penn, proprietaries providing, "that in two calendar months from that date each party shall appoint commissioners. ... to act or mark out the boundaries aforesaid, to begin, at the furth- est, sometime in October, 1732, and to be completed on or before December 25, I733-" Two days later commissioners were signed by the proprietors of the two prov- inces fully empowering the commissioners to run, mark and lay out the botmdary lines of the two provinces. The commis- sioners appeared at the time and place, but the boundaries were not made in the time limited due to a contention on the part of
Lord Baltimore himself. As the time for establishing the boundary had passed Lord Baltimore petitioned for relief, August 9, 1734, being met by a counter petition from the Penns, December 9, 1734. On the i6th of may, 1735, further consideration was ad- journed to allow the counter petitioners to proceed in equity. The bill was presented to the court of chancery in Great Britain, June 21, 1735, praying the specific per- formance of the articles by Lord Baltimore and for a decree clearing any doubt, but the prayer of the bill was not granted until May 15, 1750. Lord Hardwicke, deliver- ing the opinion of the court said: "I di- rected this cause to stand over for judg- ment not so much from any doubt of what was the justice of the case as by reason of the nature of it. The great consequence and importance being for the deter- mination of the right and boundaries of two great provincial governments and three counties," and the decree was entered "that before the end of three calendar months, from May 15th, two several proper instruments for appointing commissioners . . . .may run and mark the boundaries, to begin sometime in November next, and to be completed on or before the last day of May, 1752."
About the time of filing the bill in equity a revolt of the German settlers took place. It happened that while the commissioners to fix the boundary between the province of Pennsylvania and of Maryland were ne- gotiating, one Thomas Cressap prominent in his efforts in behalf of Maryland to keep possession of the land squatted upon "by fair promises of grants from the Maryland government, exemption from taxes and by force and threatenings to turn the German settlers out of their settlements and ruin them, prevailed on some to refuse to pay taxes or rates to Pennsylvania, and to de- clare themselves under the jurisdiction and
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protection of Maryland. Upon learning of Cressap's deception a number memorial- ized Governor Ogle, of Maryland, that "they had been seduced and made use of first by promises and then by threat and punishment to answer purposes which were unjustifiable and would end in their ruin, wherefore they with many of their neigh- bors did resolve to return to their duty and live under the laws and government of Pennsylvania." (Rupp's History of York County, page 554). Cressap's scheme failing a new one was conceived — to pick up new comers who as yet had no lands of their own and to promise them, if they would lend assistance in driving out the Germans the cleared lands and the build- ings of the latter should be the reward for their services. This policy caused out- breaks bet-ween he Germans and the Irish, the latter forming the opposition in the main, until the proprietors to prevent such disturbances gave orders that no lands should be sold to the Irish in York or Lan- caster counties, but held out strong induce- ments to them to settle in Cumberland county, which oiifers, being liberal, were freely excepted. (Rupp's History of York County, page 576).
One result of the dispute concerning the boundary line between the two provinces was that the laws of neither province were enforced against delinquents. Hanover for some years prior to 1776 was known as "Rogue's Resort" — refugees from justice flocking there. "If the sherifif of York county could catch the delinquent one-half mile out of town (Hanover) in a northwest- ern direction then he might legally make him his prisoner under the authority of the courts of this county; but in town not nearer than that had he any ministerial power." It is recorded that robbers hav- ing broken into the store of Mr. McAllister in Hanover he seized them and conveyed
them to York for safe keeping; but the sherifif refused to receive them, remarking "You of Hanover wish to be independent, therefore punish your villians yourselves."
While the troubles continued and no defi- nite boundary settlement was in sight, the Maryland authorities rejecting a proposi- tion to run a provisional line, mutual ap- peals for interposition by the King were made by the litigant, and the matter was referred to the Lords of Committee of Council on Plantation Affairs, before whom in 1738 the proprietors entered into an agreement for the preservation of peace and tranquillity on the borders. On the termi- nation of the proceedings in chancery in 1750 whereby specific performances was decreed against Lord Baltimore, both par- ties appointed commissioners. These met November 13, 1750, but a dispute concern- ing the mensuration soon stopped the pro- ceedings, and the matter having been re- opened in court a final agreement between the proprietaries was not executed until July 4, 1760. The commissioners ap- pointed under this final agreement assem- bled at New Castle November 19, 1760, and began their work. They continued until 1763, when Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon succeeded the former surveyors, concluding their work December 26, 1767. The proceedings to determine the bound- ary line were ratified by the King's order in council, January 11, 1769, and a procla- mation to quiet the settlers on the part of Pennsylvania is dated September 15, 1774. This closed a controversy which for vigor and duration was the most tenacious of the early trials of the settlers.
The other prolonged source of annoy- ance and controversy to the countians was the question of title to land. The settling of "Digges' Choice," one of the earliest lo- cated tracts of land north of the Temporary Line under a Maryland warrant and sur-
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vey, probably occasioning the first ques- tion under the provisions of the Royal Or- der. John Digges obtained a grant of ten thousand acres of land on the 14th of Oc- tober, 1727, from the proprietor of Mary- land, with the right of election of location, on the proprietor's unim- proved lands. By virtue of the grant Digges took up six thousand and eight hundred and twenty-two acres con- tained in the present limits of Heidelberg township, York county, and Conewago and Germany townships, Adams county. A patent was issued October 11, 1735. The tract fell four miles north of the Temporary Line. On July 15, 1745, Digges petitioned the land office at Annapolis for a warrant to correct errors in the original survey and to add any vacant contiguous land, in answer to which petition three thousand six hundred and seventy-nine acres were patented to him October 18, 1745. Two years previous he had applied for a warrant to the Pennsylvania land office and it ap- pears that the Germans who had settled around the Conewago creek on lands claimed by him had ascertained that his claim was greater than his patent and that he had sold land beyond that granted to him. In 1745, however, the resurvey un- der the Maryland warrant included the land omitted in the original survey, as well as several tracts for which Pennsylvania war- rants had been granted and some patented, Mr. Digges justifying the resurvey by con- tending that the errors of the surveyors did not prejudice his original right of claim under warrant. The question came up for adjudication before Justices Shippen and Yeates in the case of Thomas Lilly vs. George Kitzmiller (i Yeates, page 28). The court holding that all the land would have been secured to Digges under the Penn- sylvania system of making proprietary sur- veys, but that the Maryland surveys "were
merely ideal, precisely fixed on paper alone," and "that any circumstances shown could not establish a title to lands without the limits of the original survey as re- turned." The judges took pains to make clear that "persons who have bought lands from Messrs. Digges even within the re- survey may have acquired titles by their possessions and improvements," although the resurvey was thus held ineffectual as against the Pennsylvania settlers. The cli- max in this trouble was not reached until the killing of Dudley Digges on the 26th of February, 1752, by Jacob Kitzmiller. The question of jurisdiction was raised by the Maryland authorities, the defendant having been indicted in York county, the former contending that the scene of the murder was a place surveyed under a Maryland warrant prior to the date of the Royal Order of 1738, and that no attone- ment or other defense of any person sub- sequent to the date of said Order could prevent or take away the right of the pro- prietor of Maryland. Exemplified copies of the warrant, surveys and patents granted to John Digges proved the scene of the murder to be in a tract of vacant land to the north of the Ternporary Line, granted to Digges in express violation of the Royal Order and therefore the act having been committed without his grant, was cogniz- able in the Pennsylvania court.
The next question of title was taken, ul- timately, to the Supreme Court of the Uni- ted States, and arose in brief, under the following facts: The grant to Penn dated March 4, 1681, provided for the erection of manors, that out of every one hundred thousand acres ten thousand acres were reserved for the proprietary, vesting in him, his heirs and alienees the power to grant the lands of such manors to any person in fee simple. Penn empowered the com- missioners of property to erect manors,
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but the latter declined to exercise the power. In pursuance of the original power Penn had issued a warrant dated September i, 1700, to the Surveyor Gen- eral to set apart for him five hundred acres of every township of five thousand acres. Successive warrants were issued, but the tracts surveyed were short of the full rights of the proprietary and there was therefore surveyed for his use June 19 and 20, 1722, the manor of Springetsbury, in York county, containing about seventy thousand acres. By leave of the proprietor settlers seated themselves on parts of this manor, but as the Indians had not released their claims to the land no absolute title could be given, but licenses were issued promis- ing patents when the purchases should be made from the Indians. The latter exe- cuted a release of claims on the nth of Oc- tober, 1736, and on the 30th of the same month licenses were issued by Samuel Blumston, under the authority of Thomas Penn, for about twelve thousand acres of land, patents to issue after survey was made. The survey of 1722 was never returned to the land office and Governor Hamilton, of Pennsylvania, on the 21st of May, 1762, issued a warrant for a resurvey of the manor "in order that the bounds and lines thereof may be certainly known and ascer- tained." The survey was made in June, 1768, and returned to the land office July 12, 1768.
A number of ejectments were brought for lands within the Manor of Springets- bury. The general question in these pro- ceedings was whether the land was in- cluded in a tract called and known by the name of a proprietary manor duly surveyed and returned into the land office on or be- fore July 4, 1776? One of these cases can be taken as an example. In Penn's Lessee vs. Klyne, 4 Dallas, page 401, the title of the lessor of the plaintifif to the premises
was regularly deduced from the charter of Charles II to William Penn, provided there was a manor called and known by the name of Springetsbury, duly surveyed and re- turned according to the terms and mean- ing of the Act of November, 1779. The position taken by plaintifif 's counsel was: "i. That the land mentioned is a part of a tract called or known by the name of a Pro- prietary Manor. 2. That it was a proprie- tary manor duly surveyed. 3. That the survey was duly made and returned before the 4th of July, 1776." The defendant's counsel contended: "i. That William Kieth's warrant being issued in 1722 with- out authority, all proceedings on it were absolutely void, and that neither the war- rant nor survey had ever been returned into the land office. 2. That Governor Hamilton's warrant was issued in 1762 to re-survey a manor which had never been legally surveyed, and was in that respect to be regarded as a superstructure without a foundation. 3. That the recitals of Gov- ernor Hamilton's warrant are not founded in fact, and that considering the survey, in pursuance of it, as an original survey, it was void as against campact, law and jus- tice; that the proprietor should assume, for a manor, land settled by individuals." The court finally adjudged the question by holding that the Penn family as sole pro- prietors of the soil of Pennsylvania, prior to 1779, had a legal right to withdraw from the general body of land any not appro- priated to other persons and to set the same apart to their individual use; that the claimant of proprietary tenth or manor must make title under the divesting act of 1779, and show that it was known by the name of such manor and duly surveyed and returned into the land office before July 4, 1776; that a warrant to survey, if the con- sideration be paid, is a legal title against the proprietary and a survey, under a war-
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rant of re-survey, is good as an original survey, though it recite another which is invalid. The question was handled with care in the case of Kirk and others vs. Smith, ex-demise of Penn, and reported in 9 Wheaton, page 241, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster appearing for the plain- tiffs in error and Attorney-General William Wirt and John Sergeant for the defendants in error; Chief Justice Marshall delivering an exhaustive opinion confirming the hold- ing of the Circuit Court.
In 1779 the Legislature passed an act vesting the estates of the late proprietaries of Pennsylvania, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, since "to have suffered the Penn family to retain those rights which they held strictly in their proprietary char- acter would have been inconsistent with the complete political independence of the State. The province was a fief held imme- diately from the Crown and the Revolu- tion would have operated very inefficiently toward complete emancipation, if the feu- dal relation had been suffered to remain. It was therefore necessary to extinguish all foreign interest in the soil, as well as for- eign jurisdiction in the matter of govern- ment. We are then to regard the Revolu- tion and these Acts of Assembly as eman- cipating every acre of soil in Pennsyl- sylvania from the ground characteristic of the feudal system. Even as to the lands held by the proprietaries themselves, they held them as other citizens held under the Commonwealth and that by a title purely allodial. . . . The State became the proprie- tor of all lands, but instead of giving them like a feudal lord to an enslaved tenantry she has sold them for the best price she could get, and conferred on the purchaser the same absolute estate she held herself." (7 Sergeant and Rawle, page 188; 8 Wright page 501). While the title of the proprie- taries to all other lands was divested by
this Act, it did not afifect the proprietary manors. The courts holding that the lands within the survey of the manor were excepted out of the general operation of the Act, and were not vested in the Com- monwealth (Wallace vs. Harmstead, 8 Wright, 492).
These decisions placed a quietus on land title troubles.
Early dates concerning the local bench and bar are not easily fixed. The judiciary commences with the induction into office of the justices of the peace, and the records show five lawyers to have practiced in 1749, the year of the organization of the courts. To what extent in the bench and bar his- tory these were inceptive or formative in- fluences cannot be determined by sharp lines of clearage.
After the organization of Courts there was no interruption except during the War of the Revolution, when court work sus- pended for more than a year, until the con- vention to frame the first Constitution for Pennsylvania met in Philadelphia, July 15, 1776, the transition from the Colonial to State government being not unmixed with inconvenience and dissatisfaction. The test oath required of magistrates and offi- cers probably was a strong force in pre- venting the convening of courts. This convention on the 3rd of September en- acted an ordinance nominating and ap- pointing' Michael Swoope, of York county, as a justice of the peace for the State at Large, and the following as justices for York county: Robert McPherson, Martin Eichelberger, Samuel Edie, David Mc- Conaughty, Richard McAllister, Henry Slagle, Matthew Dill, William Rankin, William Lees, William Bailey, William Scott, William Smith, William McClaskey, Josias Scott, Thomas Latta, William Mc- Clean and John Nickle, the younger. Jus- tice McClean made repeated efYorts to con-
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vene courts, but the first indictment pre- sented to the grand jury in the name of the Commonwealth was as late as the January Term, 1778, an Orphans' Court having convened the 3rd of December preceding.
The Act of Assembly of January 28, 1777 providing for the appointment of one of the justices of each county to preside in the respective courts was complied with November 18, 1780, by the commissioning of Richard McAllister for York county. Two days later Hon. James Smith was ap- pointed one of the judges of the Court of Errors and Appeals. This court was insti- tuted by Act of Assembly of February 28, preceding, sitting once a year in Philadel- phia on errors assigned to judgments of the Supreme Court, but was abolished Febru- ary 24, 1806.
The earlier justices of the peace were eligible through good character, but under the Constitution framed by the Convention of 1789-90 those "of knowledge and integ- rity, skilled in the laws" only were appoint- able to president judgeships, while by the same act a number of other proper persons not fewer than three and not more than four were to be appointed to associate judgeships. The president judge and asso- ciates or any two of them and the Register of Wills had the power of holding a Reg- ister's Court, while the associate judges could hold any of the courts in the absence of the president judge except Oyer and Terminer.
The first Quarter Sessions Court under the new constitution was held before Hon. William Augustus Atlee, October 24, 1791, with Hon. Henry Schlegel, Hon. Samuel Edie, Hon. William Scott and Hon. Jacob Rudisill as associate judges. The first Common Pleas Court was held the follow- ing day. Judge Atlee continued in office until his death, April 9, 1793. Hon. John Joseph Henry filHng the vacancy. Adams
county was created out of York county January 22, 1800, and as associate judges Schlegel, Edie and Scott lived within its limits others had to be appointed. Hon. John Stewart and Hon. Hugh Glasgow re- ceived the commissions. Judge Rudisill died on the 6th of December, but no suc- cessor was appointed and from this time forward the number of associate judges was two. Hon. Jacob Hostetter was the next commissioned judge, succeeding Judge Stewart, who received an election to Con- gress. In January, 1811, Judge Henry re- signed and was succeeded by Hon. Walter Franklin on the i8th of the same month. Hon. George Barnitz received a judge's commission on the 29th of March, 1813, to succeed Judge Glasgow, who was also sent to Congress. On the loth of December Hon. John L. Hinkle was commissioned to succeed Judge Hostetter, who "met the same fate as his predecessors, that is, was sent to Congress." Changes in the judi- cial district had taken place in the mean- time. Chester county was taken from the Second district in 1806, leaving Lancaster, York and Dauphin counties, while in 181 5 Dauphin was annexed to the Twelfth Dis- trict. A district court for York county was organized under the Act passed April 10, 1826, giving concurrent jurisdiction with the courts of Common Pleas. The court consisted of a President and an associate judge, both learned in the law. By Act passed April 8, 1833, York and Lancaster counties were formed into separate dis- tricts and Hon. Daniel Durkee was ap- pointed the first judge of the York Dis- trict, the act providing for one judge for each district. These courts ceased to ex- ist, by the Act of 1833, on the first of May, 1840.
On the 14th of May, 1835, York and Adams counties became the nineteenth ju- dicial district. Hon. Daniel Durkee judge
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of the District Court, was commissioned president judge of the Common Pleas of this district. In 1838 the Constitutional Convention limited the term of the presi- dent judge to ten years and that of the as- sociate judges to five years. This conven- tion also ordained that the associate judges should be divided into four classes accord- ing to seniority of commission, the terms of those in the first class to expire February 27, 1840, and of those in the remaining classes, one, two and three years later, re- spectively. Judge Barnitz was in the first class and was succeeded by Hon. Samuel C. Bonham, March 26, 1840; Judge Hinkle who was in the second class, was succeeded by Hon. George Dare, April 3, 1841 ; Judge Durkee resigned shortly before his term expired and Hon. William N. Irvine was appointed February 10, 1846, as his suc- cessor, serving until 1849, when he re- signed and Judge Durkee was re-appointed on the 6th of April. Judge Dare was suc- ceeded by Hon. George Hammond on the 28th of March, 1746, and Judge Bonham was succeeded by Hon. Jacob Kirk in 1850. In 185 1 a Constitutional amendment made the judgeship elective, the number remained unchanged. At the first elec- tion under the new law, held on the second Tuesday of October, 1851, Hon. Robert J. Fisher was elected President Judge and Hon. Isaac Roller and Hon. Miles Hays associate judges. Judge Koller served until his death in 1854, when Hon. John Rieman was appointed by the Governor in whom vested the right of appointment to a vacancy created by death. Judge Rieman was elected to the office in 1855 and re-elected in i860. In 1856 Hon. Adam Ebaugh succeeded Judge Hays. In 1 86 1 Judge Fisher received a re-election as president judge and Judge Ebaugh as as- sociate judge. The death of Judge Rie- man occurred in 1862 and Hon. David
Fahs was appointed to fill the vacancy on the 5th of November, 1862, holding the of- fice until the election of Hon. Peter Mcln- tyre a year later. Judge Ebaugh was suc- ceeded by Hon. David Newcomer in 1866. Judge Mclntyre was re-elected in 1868 but tion in 1871, Hon. John Moore at the ing appointed to fill the vacancy. Hon. Peter Ahl was elected to the position in 1870. Judge Fahs received a second elec- tion in 1871. Hon. John Moore at the same time succeeding Judge Newcomer. Judge Ahl died in 1873 and Hon. J. C. E. Moore held the position for six months when Hon. Valentine Trout was elected in October. Underthe constitution of i873the office of associate judge not learned in the law was abolished in counties forming sep- arate judicial districts, York county be- coming by reason of its increase in popu- lation, the Nineteenth, and Adams county the Forty-second district. Judge Moore's term expired in 1875. Judge Trout's three years later, the latter being the last of the associate judges. By the act of April 12, 1875, York county was given an additional law judge. Hon. Pere L. Wickes receiv- ing the election. In 1881 Hon. John Gib- son succeeded Judge Fisher who had served thirty consecutive years. Hon. James W. Latimer succeeded Judge Wickes in 1885. The death of Judge Gibson oc- curred during his term in 1890. Hon. John W. Bittenger being elected his suc- cessor and assumed the duties of office in 1891. The term of Judge Latimer con- cluding in 1895, Hon W. F. Bay Stewart was elected his successor.
The number of attorneys admitted to practice in the courts of York County since 1749 reaches nearly five hundred, many of whom, however, were admitted for the trial of a special case only, and never practiced regularly. The early names on the roster of practitioners show a wide lapse of time
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between admissions. The present enroll- ment of nearly sixty members being indi- cative of the growth and advancement of the county. This fact being doubly patent when it is known that the work of the counselor is rapidly displacing the sphere of the advocate.
The members of the bar are men of pro- bity, leaders in various ranges of mind and action in their communities, and whose con- scientious efforts for their clientele unitedly make a faithful and efficient public service.
Adams County. The first court held in the county was in June 1800, when there were no resident lawyers at Gettysburg, and the first bar con- sisted of ten visiting or traveling law- yers who were a part of the number called ■'circuit riders" who followed the courts in the frontier and western counties. The first resident attorney was Jonathan F. Haight, who was admitted in November 1800, but left in 1803. Each year new members were admitted and soon there were resident law- yers enough to constitute a fair bar. Fran- cis S. Key, the author of "The Star Spangled Banner;" Thaddeus Stevens, the "Great Commoner," James Buchanan, the Bachelor President, and other distinguished lawyers practiced in the courts of x\dams county. Moses McClean admitted in 1826 afterwards became distinguished in politi- cal life serving in the State Legislature and in Congress. Admitted with McClean was Andrew G. Miller, afterwards a United States judge in Wisconsin. Another early lawyer of distinction was Daniel M. Smyser, who was admitted in 1831, and af- terwards served in the legislature and as president judge of Bucks and Montgomery counties from 1851 to 1861. Following Smyser came James Cooper, whose admis- sion was in 1834, and who was an able lawyer and a State Legislator, a member of Congress and finally winning a seat in the
United States Senate. In 1835, Robert J. Fisher, who afterwards came to the bench, was admitted, and the next year among members admitted were Gottleib S. Orth and Conrad Baker, both of whom went to Indiana which sent them to Congress and made Baker governor. Among those of distinction who followed Orth and Baker was William McSherry, and David Wills, the former prominent as a member of both houses of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and the latter served as president judge of the district in 1873-74, yet is best known as the originator of the movement that se- cured the National Cemetery at Gettysburg.
Adams county with Cumberland formed a judicial district until 1835, when Adams and York became a judicial district, and in 1832, Adams was placed with Fulton county to make the forty-second district. The president judges have been: John T. Henry, 1800; James Hamilton, 1805; Charles Smith, 1809; John Reed, 1820; Daniel Durkee, 1835; William N. Irvine, 1846; William N. Durkee, 1849; Robert J. Fisher, 1851; David Wills, 1873; William M. McClean, 1874; S. M'Curdy Swope, 1897.
Of these judges only Wills and McClean are Adams county men and receive men- tion elsewhere in this volume.
The associate judges have been: William Gilliland, John Agnew, William Scott, Wil- liam Crawford, Daniel Sheffer, William McClean, George Wills, George Smyser, James McDevitt, and John McGinley and S. R. Russel, 185 1 ; David Zeigler and Dr. David Horner, 1861 ; Isaac Weirman, 1863 Isaac Robinson, 1866; J. J. Kuhn, 1868 Robert McCurdy, 1869; J. J. Kuhn, 1873 A. F. White and William Gulden, 1880 John L. Jenkins, David G. Donohue.
Cumberland County. About six hun- dred members have been admitted to this bar up to the present time, most
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of whom have been forgotten. But when we glance over the long list of those who have practiced at out courts within the period of a century and a half, we have just reason to be proud. Many, whose names will long be remembered, were, upon the bench or at the bar, of great judicial learn- ing, and others were orators of peerless eloquence. Many of these men were men of strong personality, of sterling integrity, patriots in short, as well as lawyers, who fought in the field as well as legislated in the forum to lay firm and fast the founda- tions of this commonwealth which we en- joy. In the past, therefore, the bar of this county undoubtedly ranks amongst the foremost of our State, and like a Douglass can stand "bonnetted before a King" and bow down to none.
The Bar of Cumberland county had its birth in the Colonial period of our history, in the days when Pennsylvania was a Pro- vince, and when George II was the reign- ing king. His imbecile successor, George III, whose stubborn policy provoked the colonies to assert their rights, had not yet ascended the throne of England, and the Revolution was as yet far distant.
The increasing population of this por- tion of the Province made courts necessary in this section, which had been a part of Lancaster.
The county was therefore formed and the courts of justice established by the Royal authority under the seat of the Pro- prietaries, first at Shippensburg (four terms dating from 24 of July, 1750, to and including April Term 1750) but on the choice of the county seat were removed to Carlisle in the succeeding year.
Let us look into this first court held at Shippensburg. Samuel Smith, of whom we know little, except that he had already been a member of the Colonial Assembly, with his associates, presided.
John Potter was Sheriff. Hermanns Alricks, of Carlisle, who came from Hol- land in 1682 with dispatches to the Dutch on the Delaware, and who was, himself, at this time (1749-50) the first representative of Cumberland county in the Assembly, was clerk. George Ross, who had just studied law under Samuel Johnson, of York, and who was afterwards a signer of the Declaration of Independence, appears as the first "Prosecutor for the Crown."
The lawyers of that day traveled "upon the circuit." Those of older York and Lancaster practiced, during the whole of this anti-Revolutionary period, in the courts at Carlisle, even as the resident law- yers of the infant town of Carlisle practiced in the courts of York and Lancaster. Among the number were those who be- came eminent as soldiers during the Indian War and the Revolution, and three of those who practiced at our bar (the greatest of whom, by far, was a resident practitioner) Smith, Ross and Wilson, were subsequently signers of the Declaration of Independence.
The courts of that day were presided over by the justices of the respective coun- ties, all of whom were ex-ofificio judges of the Courts of Common Pleas and Quarter Sessions. They knew little, frequently, of technical law, and were generally selected because of their well-known integrity of character, extended business experience and sound common sense, but by close ob- servation and long experience they became well acquainted with the duties of their po- sitions and fitted to adjudicate the import- ant interests submitted to their charge. Nor was the Bar inferior. Gentlemen eminent for their legal abilities and oratorical pow- ers practiced before them, and by the gravity of their demeanor and respectful behavior shed lustre upon the proceedings and gave weight and influence to the de- cisions rendered.
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The first court held at CarHsle was in the year immediately succeeding the for- mation of the county, and was "a court of general Quarter Sessions, held at Carlisle, for the County of Cumberland, the twenty- third day of July, A. D., 1751, and in the twenty-fifth year of our Sovereign Lord, King George II, over Great Britain, &c. Before Samuel Smith, Esq., and his asso- ciate justices."
These justices who presided were com- missioned, through the Governor of the Province, by the King. Their number seems to have varied from time to time, and, in presiding in the courts, they seem to have rotated without any discoverable rule of regularity. In the criminal courts, for the lighter offenses there were fines and imprisonments and for felonies the ignomi- nious punishment of the whipping post and pillory.
In the beginning of our history the pub- lic prosecutor was the Crown and all crim- inal cases were entered accordingly in the name of the King. George Ross was the Public Prosecutor for the Crown from 1751 to 1764; Robert Magaw followed in 1765- 66, and Jasper Yeates in 1770. The wealthy and aristocratic Benjamin Chew, who was a member of the Provincial Coun- cil, and afterwards, during the Revolution, a Loyalist, was, at this time (1759-68) At- torney General, and prosecuted many of the more important criminal cases, from 1759 to 1769, in our courts. He was, in 1777, with some others, received by the Sheriff of this county, and held at Staun- ton, Va., till the conclusion of the war.
The first admission to the Bar of Cum- berland county, of which there is any rec- ord, was that of William McClay, in Octo- ber term, 1760. He was of a prominent family near Shippensburg. Pie does not seem to have practiced. In 1781 he was elected to the Assembly. He was a mem-
ber of the Supreme Executive Council, and in 1788, was elected as our first repre- sentative to the United States Senate. He was a personal friend of Washington, but was always in unison with the administra- tion. He seems to have been a thoroughly honest Scotch Presbyterian, a sort of bu- colic critic upon the administration, as his recently published diary proves. He went with Washington to the theatre, sat with him in the same box, but his reflections upon the play as not sufficiently tending to inculcate a moral purpose would have fitted a Puritan of Cromwell's time. He married Mary, a daughter of John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg. He died April 16, 1804.
The earliest practitioners at our bar, from 1760 to 1770, were James Smith, of York, James Campbell, Samuel Johnston, Jasper Yeates, Robert Magaw, George Stevenson, James Wilson, James Hamilton (afterwards Judge), David Sample and David Grier, while, in the first year of our independence, (1776) we find the additional names of John Steel, Edward Burd, Robt. Galbraith and Col. Thomas Hartley.
Who were these men? George Ross was the son of an Episcopal clergyman ; born at New Castle, Del., (but then part of Penn- sylvania) in 1730. He began the practice of law in Lancaster and in our courts in 1751 and his name is found as a practitioner in our courts as late as 1772. He was a mem- ber of the Colonial Assembly (1768 to 1776) and of the Continental Congress (1774 to 1777). He was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He died at Lancaster in July, 1778- He was a handsome man, with high forehead, oval face, regular features, and long hair worn in the fashion of the day.
Col. James Smith, of York, was an Irish- man and a wit, a jovial soul of the lawyer on the circuit. From Graydon's Memor-
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ies we learn that, after he had been ad- mitted as a member of the bar, he settled in the vicinity of Shippensburg, but after- wards removed to York, where he contin- ued to reside until his death, July ii, 1806, aged about ninety-three years. He was a member of Congress from 1775 to 1778. He was a signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and was a colonel in the Revolu- tion. He retired from the practice of law in about 1800.
The name of James Wilson, LL. D., ap- pears upon the records of our court as early as 1763. Born in Scotland, in 1742, he received a finished education at the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and under such instructors as Dr. Blair in Rhe- toric and Dr. Watts in logic. He came to Philadelphia in 1766, read law with John Dickinson, the colonial governor and founder of Dickinson College, and when admitted, took up his residence in Carlisle. In an important land case (between the Proprietaries and Samuel Wallace) he had gained the admiration of the most eminent lawyers of the Province, and had at once taken rank second to none at the Pennsyl- vania Bar. But his life was to have a wider sphere. At the meeting in Carlisle, in July 1774, which protested against the action of Great Britain against the colonies, he with Irvine and Magaw, was appointed a dele- gate to meet those of other counties of the State as the initiary step to a general con- vention of delegates from the different col- onies. He was subsequently a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and when that motion was finally acted upon in Con- gress, the vote of Pennsylvania was carried in its favor by the deciding vote of James Wilson, of Cumberland county. "He had," says Bancroft, "at an early day seen inde- pendence as the probable, though not the intended result of the contest," and al- though he was not, at first, avowedly in
favor of a severance from the mother coun- try, he desired it when he received definite instructions from his constituents. In 1776 he was a colonel in the Revolution. From 1779 to 1784 he held the position of Advo- cate General for the French nation, to draw plans for the regulation of the intercourse of that country with the United States. He was, at this time, director of the Bank of North America.
He was one of the formost members of the Convention of 1787, which formed the Constitution of the United States. "Of the fifty-five delegates," says Prof. McMaster in his History of the People of the United States, "he was undoubtedly the best pre- pared by deep and systematic study of the science of government for the work which lay before him." The Marquis de Chas- tellux, himself no mean student, had been struck with the wide range of his erudition, and had spoken in high terms of his li- brary. "There," said he, "are all our best writers on law and jurisprudence. The works of President Montesquieu and Chan- cellor D'Aguesseau hold the first rank among them, and he makes them his daily study" (Travels of the Marquis de Chas- tellux in North America). This learning Wilson had, in times past, turned to excel- lent use, and he now became one of the most active members of the convention. "None, with the exception of Gouverneur Morris," says McMaster, "was so often on his feet 'during the debates or spoke more to the purpose." By this time Wilson had removed from Carlisle and lived in Phila- delphia, where he became the acknowledged leader of that bar. He was appointed, un- der the Federal Constitution, one of the first judges of the Supreme Court of the United States by President Washington, holding that position until death. He was professor of law in the legal college of the University of Philadelphia, received the de-
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gree of LL. D., and delivered a course of lectures on jurisprudence which were pub- lished. He died August 26, 1798, aged fifty-six.
Col. Robert Magaw was another practi- tioner at our bar at he outbreak of the Revolution. He was an Irishman by birth and resided in Carlisle. In 1774 he was one of the delegates from this county to the Provincial Convention at Philadelphia, which met for the purpose of concerting measures to call a general congress of dele- gates from all the colonies. He served in the Revolution as colonel of the Fifth Penn- sylvania Battalion. He was in command at Fort Washington (]\Ianhattan Island), and when threatened by General Howe with extremities if the fort should have to be carried by assault, replied that such threats were unworthy of a British officer and that he (Magaw) would defend it to the last ex- tremity. After a gallant defense, which drew forth the admiration of General Washington, who witnessed a part of it from the opposite side of the Hudson, he was compelled to surrender to superior forces, (Nov. 16, 1776) was taken prisoner and held for four years. He was released in October, 1780, when, with two others, he was exchanged for Major Gen. De Reidesel. He had a large practice prior to the Revolution, and was a member of the Assembly in 1781-2. He died in Carlisle January 7th, 1790.
The name of Jasper Yeates appears upon our records as early as 1763, and for a per- iod of twenty-one years (to 1784) he was a practitioner at our bar. He resided in Lan- caster. He was an excellent lawyer, a fine classical scholar, and practiced over a large territory in the eastern counties of the State, until his appointment (in 1791) by Governor Mifflin as one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court, which posi- tion he held until his death in 1817. In
appearance he was tall, portly, with a hand- some countenance, florid complexion and blue eyes. He was the compiler of the early Pennsylvania reports which bear his name.
George Stevenson (LL. D.) was another prominent practitioner at the bar in 1776. He was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1718, educated at Trinity College, and emigrated to America about the middle of the cen- tury. He was appointed Deputy Surveyor General under Nicholas Scull for the three lower counties on the Delaware, then known as the territories of Pennsylvania, which William Penn obtained from the Duke of York in 1682. He afterwards re- moved to York and was appointed a justice under George II, in 1755. In 1769 he moved to Carlisle and at once became a leading member of the bar. He married the widow of Thomas Cookson, a distin- guished lawyer of Lancaster, who, in con- nection with Nicholas Scull laid out the town of Carlisle in 1751. Mr. Stevenson died in Carlisle in 1783.
Capt. John Steel was a prominent mem- ber of our bar in 1776. Admitted, on mo- tion of Robt. Magaw, only three years pre- viously, he had already attained to a large practice, (April 1773). We find him having a large practice again from 1782 to 1785, shortly after which his name disappears from the records. He was the son of Rev. John Steel, known as the "Fighting Parson," (from his participation in the French — In- dian War,) and was born at Carlisle, July iSth, 1774. John Steel led a company of men from Carlisle and joined Washington after he had crossed the Delaware. He married Agnes Moore, a daughter of James Moore, the Elder, of Cumberland county, a great-great-grandfather, upon the ma- teria! side, of the writer.
Col. Thomas Hartley read law in York under Samuel Johnston and commenced to
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practice in 1769. He appears as a practi- tioner at our bar from April 1771 to 1797. In 1774 he was elected to the Provincial meeting of deputies at Philadelphia. In the succeeding year he was a member of the Provincial Convention. In the beginning of the war he became a colonel in the Revo- lution. He served in 1778 in the Indian war on the West Branch of the Susque- hanna and in the same year was elected a member of the Legislature from York county. In 1787 he was a member of the State Convention which adopted the Fed- eral Constitution. In 1788 he was elected to Congress and served for a period of twelve years. He was an excellent lawyer, a pleasant speaker, and had a large practice. He died in York, December 21st, 1800, aged 52 years.
These were some of the men who prac- ticed at our bar in the memorable year 1776, men who by their services in the field and in the courts and the halls of Legislation helped to lay firm and deep the foundations of the government which we enjoy.
From the period of the Revolution to the adoption of the State Constitution, in 1790, the courts were presided over by justices who were appointed by the Supreme Exe- crtive Council. Owing to the adoption of the Declaration and the necessity of tak- ing a new the oath, most of the attorneys were re-admitted in 1778. Among these were Jasper Yeates, James Smith, James Wilson, Edward Burd and David Grier. Thomas Hartley was re-admited in July of the succeeding year. James Hamilton, who afterwards became the fourth Presi- dent Judge under the constitution, was ad- mitted to practice upon the motion of Col. Thomas Hartley in April, 1781.
Among the names of those who prac- ticed during this period between the Revo- lution and the adoption of the constitution of 1790, are the following:
Hon. Edward Shippen was admitted to our bar in Oct., 1778. He was the son of Edward Shippen, the Elder, the founder of Shippensburg, and was born Feb. 16, 1729. In 1748 he was sent to England to be edu- cated at the Inns of Court. In 1771 he was a member of the "Proprietary and Gover- nor's Council." He afterwards rose rap- idly and become Chief Justice of Pennsyl- vania. He was the father of the wife of General Benedict Arnold. During the Revolution his sympathies were with Eng- land, but owing to the purity of his charac- ter and the impartiality with which he dis- charged his official duties, the government restored him to the bench. His name ap- pears upon our records as late as 1800.
Hon. Thomas Dimcan, LL. D., was ad- mitted to the bar in 1781, when he was twenty-one years of age. He was of Scotch- Irish ancestry, born in Carlisle in 1760, ed- ucated under Dr. Ramsey, the historian, and studied law under Hon. Jasper Yeates, then one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. On his admission to the bar he returned to his native place and began the practice of law. His rise was rapid, and in less than ten years he was the acknowledged leader of his profession in the midland counties of the State, and for nearly thirty years he continued to hold this eminent position. He had, during this period, perhaps the largest practice of any lawyer in Pennsylvania outside of Philadel- phia. In 1817 he was appointed by Gover- nor Snyder to the bench of the Supreme Court, in place of his instructor, Judge Yeates, deceased. He shortly after re- moved to Philadelphia, where he continued to reside until his death, Nov. i6th, 1827.
During the ten years he sat upon the bench, associated with Gibson and Tilgh- man, he contributed largely to our stock of judicial opinions, and the reports contain abundant memorials of his industry and
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third Vol. of "Sergeant & Rawle" and end with the seventeenth volume of the same series.
For years before the beginning of the present century and under five of the judges after the adoption of the first Constitution, namely. Smith, Riddle, Henry, Hamilton and Charles Smith, Thomas Duncan prac- ticed at the bar of Cumberland county. At the bar he was distinguished by acuteness of discernment, promptness of decision, an accurate knowledge of character and a read}" recourse to the rich stores of his own mind and memory. He was an excellent land and criminal law lawyer, and was par- ticularly strong in the technicalities of spe- cial pleading.* He was enthusiastically de- voted to his profession, indefatigable and zealous, and practiced over a large portion of the State. In appearance he was about five feet six inches high, of small, delicate frame, rather reserved in manners, had rather a shrill voice, wore powder in his hair, knee breeches and buckles, and was very neat and particular in his dress. Upon his monument in the old grave-yard in Car- lisle there is an eloquent panegyric, which, we have been informed, was from the pen of Judge Gibson.
James Armstrong Wilson, whose name appears after the Revolution as a practi- tioner at our bar was the son of Thomas Wilson, of Carlisle, one of the earlier pro- vincial justices. James A. Wilson was edu- cated at Princeton and was graduated about 1771- He studied law with Richard Stock- ton and was admitted to the bar at Easton. He was admitted to our bar on motion of James Wilson in April 1774 and practiced for ten years. He was a m.ajor in the Revo- lution. He died in Carlisle March 17, 1788, aged 36 years. "In him," says an obituary notice in Kline's Carlisle Gazette, "the
* See Col. Porter's remarks in Essay on Gibson.
country has lost a distinguished and inflex- ible patriot."
Among others who practiced at this time was Stephen Chambers (from about 1783) who was from Lancaster and a brother-in- law of John Joseph Henry, who was after- wards appointed Judge of our judicial dis- trict in 1800. There was also John Clark, from York, (1784 and after) who had been a major in the Revolution; a large man, of fine personal appearance, witty, and the de- light of the lawyers who traveled upon the circuit in that day. There was Ross Thompson who had practiced in other courts, admitted in 1784, but who died young. Another, John Andrew Hanna (1785) settled in Harrisburg at about the time of the formation of Dauphin county. He was a son-in-law and executor of John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg. He was elected to Congress from his district in 1797 and served until his death in 1805. There was Ralph Bowie, of York, admitted to our bar in October, 1785, who practiced considerably in our courts from 1798 till after 1800. He was a Scotchman by birth and had probably been admitted to the bar in his native country. He was a well read lawyer and much sought after in important cases of ejectment. He was of fine personal appearance, courtly and dignified in man- ner, and neat and particular in dress. He powdered his hair, wore short clothes in the fashion of the day and had social quali- ties of the most attractive character. The writer was told, some years ago, by the then oldest living member of our bar, that Mr. Bowie was connected in some way with the Gordon Riots in London.
Of James Hamilton, James Riddle, Charles Smith, John Joseph Henry,Thomas Smith, all of whom practiced at this period but became judges subsequently, we will speak later.
Two prominent members of the bar were
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admitted in 1790, Thomas Creigh and David Watts. The former was the son of Hon. John Creigh, who emigrated from Ireland and settled in Carlisle in 1761. John Creigh was an early justice and one of the nine representatives who signed the first Declaration, June 24, 1776, for the colony of Pennsylvania. Thomas Creigh was born in Carlisle August i6th, 1769. He graduated in the second class which left Dickinson College in 1788. He prob- ably studied law under Thomas Duncan, upon whose motion he was admitted. He died in Carlisle, October, 1809. He was a brother-in-law of Samuel Alexander, Esq., of Carlisle, and of Hon. John Ken- nedy, of the Supreme Court.
David Watts, one of the strongest mem- bers of the early bar, son of Frederick Watts, who was a member of the early Provincial Council, was born in Cumber- land county, October 29th, 1764. He grad- uated in the first class which left the then unpretentious halls of Dickinson College in 1787. He afterwards read law in Phil- adelphia under the eminent jurist and ad- vocate, William Lewis, LL. D., and was admitted to our bar in October, 1790. He soon acquired an immense practice, and became the acknowledged rival of Thomas Duncan, who had been for years the recog- nized leader on this circuit. He had been in the Revolution and in the Whiskey In- surrection, on the side of law and order, in 1794. He was a man of Herculean frame, had a strong, powerful voice, was a forci- ble and impassioned speaker, who gener- ally selected only the strong points of his case and labored upon them with an earn- estness and zeal which approached to fury.* He was the father of the late Hon. Fred-
* See Brackenricige's Recollections, where is given a fine word portrait of the contrasting per- sonal appearance and mental characteristics of Watts and Duncan.
erick Watts. He died September 25th, 1819.
We have given a brief sketch of our Bar from the earliest times down to the Con- stitution of 1790, when, in the following year, Thomas Smith, the first President Judge of our Judicial District, appears upon the Bench.
From the adoption of this first constitu- tion until the present, the judges who have presided over our courts are as follows:
Thomas Smith, 1791 ; James Riddle, 1794; John Joseph Henry, 1800; James Hamilton, 1806; Charles Smith, 1819; John Reed, 1820; Samuel Hepburn, 1838; Frederick Watts. 1848; James H. Graham, 1851; Benjamin F. Jenkins, 1871; Martin C. Herm.an, 1875; Wilbur F. Sadler, 1885; Edward W. Biddle, 1895.
Hon. Thomas Smith first appeared upon the Bench in October term, 1791. He re- sided in Carlisle. He had been a deputy surveyor under the government and thus became well acquainted with the land sys- tem in Pennsylvania, then in progress of formation. He was accounted a good common law lawyer and did a considerable business. He was commissioned Presi- dent Judge by Governor MifHin on Aug. 25th, 1 79 1. He continued in that posi- tion until his appointment as an associate judge of the Supreme Court on the 31st of January, 1794. He was a small man, rather reserved in manner, and of not very social proclivities. He died at an ad- vanced age in the year 1809.
Owing to the necessity of being resworn under the new Constitution the following attorneys "having taken the oath pre- scribed by law," were readmitted at this term of court : James Riddle, Andrew Dun- lap, of Franklin ; Thomas Hartley, of York, David Watts, Thomas Nesbitt, Ralph Bowie, Thomas Duncan, Thos. Creigh, Robt. Duncan, James Hamilton and others.
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Hon. James Riddle first appears upon the Bench in April term, 1794. He was born in Adams county, graduated at Princeton, and read law at York. He was about thirty years of age when admit- ted to the bar. He had a large practice until his appointment as President Judge of this Judicial District by Gov. Mifflin in Feb. 179 — . He was well read in science, literature and law, a good advocate and very successful with the jury. He was a tall man, broad shouldered and lusty, with a noble face and profile and pleasing man- ner. He was an ardent Federalist, and, owing to the strong partisan feeling which existed, he resigned his position as judge and returned to the practice of law. He died in Chambersburg about 1837.
John Joseph Henry, the third President Judge of pur Judicial District, was from Lancaster, and was born about the year 1758. He was appointed in 1800. He had previously been the first President Judge of Dauphin county, commissioned 1793. He was, as a youth, in the Revolu- tion and the expedition against Quebec, under General Benedict Arnold. He was taken prisoner at Quebec. He was a large man, probably over six feet in height. He died in Lancaster in 1810.
And now we have arrived at the dawn of a new century. A change had come or was coming upon us, and many of the old forms and customs of Colonial days were passing away. The Continental dress, the powdered queue, the dignified ceremon- ials of the courts, and the refined manners of the gentlemen of the old regime were then becoming a mat- ter more of memory than of observation. Judge Henry was on the Bench. Watts and Duncan were unquestionably the lead- ing lawyers. They were engaged proba- bly in more than one half of the cases which were tried and were always upon
opposite sides. Hamilton came later, six years afterwards to be upon the Bench. There was also Charles Smith, who was to succeed Hamilton; Bowie, of York, and Shippen, of Lancaster, with their queues and Continental knee breeches, and the Duncan brothers, James and Samuel, and Thomas Creigh, all of them engaged in active practice at our bar in the beginning of the century. At this time the lawyers still traveled upon the circuit, and circuit courts were held also, as will be seen by the following entry: "Circuit Court held at Carlisle for the County of Cumberland, this 4th day of May, 1801, before Hon. Jasper Yeates and Hon. Hugh Henry Brackenridge, justices of the Supreme Court.
The most important admission to the bar under Henry was that of John Bannister Gibson, who was to become afterwards Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. He was ad- mitted on motion of his instructor, Thomas Duncan, Esq., at the March term 1S03, hav- ing studied law under his direction for the space of two years after having arrived at the age of twenty-one. Ralph Bowie, Chas. Smith and William Brown were his com- mittee of examination. Gibson was then aged 23, having been born on November 8th, 1780. He was graduated from Dickinson College in the class of 1798. From 1805 to 18 12 he seems to have had a fair legal prac- tice in Cumberland county, particularly when we consider that the field was then "occupied by such men as Duncan, Watts, Bowie, of York, and Smith of Lancaster, who, at the time of which we speak, had but few equals in the State."* His reputation, however, at this period, was not that of dili- gence in his profession, and it is probable that at this time he had no great liking for it. In 1810 he was elected by the Demo-
Porter's Essay on Gibson.
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cratic party of Cumberland county to the House of Representatives, and, upon the expiration of his term, in 1812, he was appointed President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the Eleventh Judicial District, composed of the counties of Tio- ga, Bradford, Susquehanna and Luzerne. Upon the death of Judge Brackenridge in 1816 Judge Gibson was appointed by Gov- ernor Snyder, Associate Justice of the Su- preme Court, where, if Tilghman was the Nestor, Gibson became the Ulysses of the Bench. This appointment seems to have awakened his intellect and stimulated his ambition. He became more devoted to study and seems to have resolved to make himself master of law as a science. Coke, particularly, seems to have been his favor- ite author, and his quaint, forcible and condensed style, together with the sever- ity of his logic, seem to have had no small influence in the development of Gibson's mind, and in implanting there the seeds of that love for the English Common Law which was afterwards everywhere so con- spicuous in his writings.
Upon the death of Judge Tilghman, Gib- son was appointed his successor as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl- vania, commissioned i8th of May, 1827. From this time forward, says Col. A. Por- ter, in his admirable essay, the gradual and uniform progress of his mind may be traced in his opinions with a certainty and satis- faction which are perhaps not ofifered in the case of any other judge known to our annals. His original style, compared to that in which he now began to write, was like the sinews of a growing lad compared to the well knit muscles of a man. No one who has carefully studied his opinions can have failed to remark the increased power and pith which distinguished them from this time forward." In the language of Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, "be lived to an
advanced age, his knowledge increasing with increasing years, while his great intel- lect remained unimpaired."
His opinions were among the earliest American decisions to be recognized in the courts of Westminster, England. It has been said of them that they can be "picked out from others like gold coin from among copper." He was for more than half of a long life an associate or chief justice upon the bench, and his opinions extend through no less than seventy volumes of our re- ports,* an imperishable monument to his Lancaster. He removed to Philadelphia, 1853 in the seventy-third year of his age. Upon the marble monument erected over his remains in the grave-yard at Carlisle is the following beautiful inscription from the pen of the late Hon. Jeremiah S. Black: In the various knowledge Which forms the perfect SCHOLAR He had no superior. Independent, upright and able. He had all the highest qualities of a great JUDGE. In the difficult science of Jurisprudence, He mastered every Department, Discussed almost every question, and Touched no subject which he did not adorn. He won in early manhood And retained to the close of a long life The AFFECTION of his brethren on the Bench, The RESPECT of the Bar And the confidence of the people. Judge Gibson was a man of large propor- tions, a giant both in physique and intel- lect. He was considerably over six feet in height, with a muscular, well proportioned frame, indicative of strength and energy, and a countenance expressing strong char- acter and manly beauty. "His face," says
* From 2 Sargeant & Rawle to 7 Harris.
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David Paul Brown,* "was full of intel- lect, sprightliness and benevolence, and, of course, eminently handsome; his manners were remarkable for their simplicity, warmth, frankness and generosity. There never was a man more free from affectation or pretension of every sort." "Until the day of his death," says Porter, "although his bearing was mild and vmostentatious, so striking was his personal appearance that few persons to whom he was unknown, could have passed him by in the street without remark."
Of his wide learning, in language and literature, and in other sciences than law, we have not space to speak, and we must refer the reader to the able tributes of men like Judge Black and Thaddeus Stevens and to the more lengthy biographical no- tices of this great judge, of whom, as yet, no sufficient biography exists.
Alas! said the brilliant Rufus Choate, re- alizing the evanescent character of a law- yer's fame, "there is no immortality, but a book." But the learned Grotius, who had written many books seeing still deeper, that fame was but a postponed oblivion, ex- claimed when dying, "Behold, I have con- sumed my life with laborious trifling." He had not done so, nor did Gibson, whose auto-biography at least is clearly written in the history of the growth and development of the Common Law in Pennsylvania.
Others admitted under Judge Henry were — George Metzger, born 1782, gradu- ated at Dickinson College 1798; read law with David Watts and was admitted March 1805. He served as prosecuting attorney and as member of Legislature in 18 13-14. He died in CarHsle June loth, 1879. He was the founder of Metzger Female Col- lege. Andrew Carothers, born in Cumber- land county, about 1778; read law with
** The Forum,
David Watts; admitted to the bar in 1805. Among his pupils were the late Hon. Fred- erick Watts and Hon. James H. Graham. "He became," says Judge Watts, "an ex- cellent practical and learned lawyer, and very soon took a high place at the bar of Cumberland county, which at that time ranked amongst its members some of the best lawyers of the State. Watts, Duncan, Alexander and iMahan were at diiiferent times his competitors, and amongst these he acquired a large and lucrative practice, which continued through his whole life. Mr. Carothers was remarkable for his ami- ability of temper, his purity of character, his unlimited disposition of charity and his love of justice." Fie died July 26th, 1836, aged 58 years.
James Hamilton, the fourth judge under the constitution, appears upon the bench in 1806. He was an Irishman by birth, who was admitted to the bar in his native coun- try, and emigrated to America before the Revolution. He was well educated, large, very fat, ver}' eccentric, very social, very dignified as a judge and very indififerent as to his personal appearance. He was" con- sidered an excellent lawyer and tolerable speaker.
"Judge Hamikon," says Brackenridge in his Recollections, "was a learned and ele- gant lawyer, remarkably slow and impres- sive, and in his charges to the jury too minute. * * He had received his edu- cation in Dublin. Among the younger members of the bar," continues he, "Mr. Gibson, now Chief Justice of the State, v,'as the most conspicuous. He even then had a high reputation for the clearness of his judgment and the superiority of his taste."
Hamilton was admitted in 1781, had held the office of Deputy Attorney General at the bar, and was appointed by Governor Snyder to the bench in 1806, in which posi-
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
tion he continued until his death in 1819, aged JJ years.
He was in the habit of having the tip- staves attend him when he walked from his residence to the court. Watts and Duncan were still leaders of the bar under Hamil- ton. Watts came to the bar somewhat later than Duncan, but both had been ad- mitted, and the latter had practiced, under the justices prior to the Constitution; but from that time (1790) both were leaders of the bar under the first five judges who pre- sided after the Constitution, until the ap- pointment of Duncan to the Supreme Bench in 1817. David Watts died two years after.
There is a legend to the effect that a cer- tain act, which can be found in the Pamph- let Laws of Pennsylvania, (1810, p. 136) for- bidding the citation of English precedents subsequent to 1776, was passed at the insti- gation of Judge Hamilton in order to get rid of the nuiltitudinous authorities with which Mr. Duncan was wont to confess his judgment.
Among the prominent attorneys who practiced for many years at our bar, who were admitted under Hamilton, was Isaac Brown Parker, March 1806, on motion of Charles Smith, Esq. Mr. Parker had read law under James Hamilton just previous to the time of his appointment to the bench. His committee were Ralph Bowie, Charles Smith and James Duncan, Esqs. He was a gentleman of wealth and refinement and a prominent lawyer of his day. Alexander Mahan, who had graduated at Dickinson College (1805) and who had read law under Thomas Duncan, was admitted August 1808, Gibson, the elder Watts and Car- others being his committee. He was ad- mitted to Perry county bar in 1 821, and was, says Judge Junkin, "a man of great oratorical power,"* Hon. William Ramsey
* Sketch of Perry County Bar, by Hon. B. F. Junkin.
was admitted same date. He was Prothono- tary for many years and a prominent Dem- ocrat politician, (from 1827 to 1831) in the latter year of which he died. He began practice at the bar in 1827.
James Hamilton, Jr., born in Carlisle October 16, 1793; graduated from Dickin- son College in 1812, read law under Isaac B. Parker, was admitted while his father was upon the bench, (April 1816). Being in affluent circumstances he practiced but lit- tle at the bar, and died June 23, 1873.
John Williamson, brother-in-law of Hon. Samuel Plepburn, with whom he was for a long time associated, born in this county Sept. 14, 1789, graduated from Dickinson College (1809), read law under Martin Luther of Baltimore, Md., (the "Federal bull dog" and counsel of Aaron Burr) and was admitted to this bar in August 181 1. He was a very learned lawyer as a counselor. He died in Philadelphia September 10, 1870.
John Duncan Mahan, who was admitted under Hamilton in April 1817, was born in 1814, and read law under the instruction of his uncle, Thomas Duncan. He became a leader of the Carlisle Bar at a brilliant period, until, in 1833, he removed to Pitts- burg and became a prominent member of the bar of that city, where he died July 3, 1861. He was a man of rare endow- ments. "He had" says Judge McClure, of Pittsburg, "the gift, the power and the grace of the orator, and in addressing the passions, the sympathies and the peculiari- ties of men he seldom made mistakes. His every gesture was graceful, his style of elo- quence was the proper word in the proper place for the occasion, and his voice was music." He was affable in temper, bril- liant in conversation, and was among the leaders of our bar under Hamilton, Smith and Reed, at a time when it had strong
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men by whom his strength was tested and his talents tried.*
An unknown writer speaking of his re- miniscences of the bar at about this period says, "John D. Mahan was its bright parti- cular star, young, graceful, eloquent, and with a jury irrisistable. Equal to him in general ability, and superior, perhaps, in le- gal acumen, was his contemporary and ri- val, Samuel Alexander. Then there was the vehement Andrew Carothers, and young Frederick Watts, just admitted in time to reap the advantages of his father's reputation and create an enduring one of his own. And George Metzger, with his treble voice and hand on his side, amusing the court and spectators with his not over- ly delicate facetiae. And there was William Ramsey, with his queue, a man of many clients arrd the sine qua non of the Demo- cratic party."
Hon. Charles Smith was appointed to succeed Hamilton as the fifth President Judge of our Judicial District in the year 1819. He was born at Philadelphia March 4> 1 765.' graduated at first commencement of Washington College, Md., of which his father was founder and provost. He read law with his brother, Wm. Moore Smith, at Easton, Pa. He was a colleague of Simon Snyder in the convention which framed the first Constitution of Pennsyl- vania, and was a distinguished member of that talented body of men. Although dif- fering from Mr. Snyder in politics, they were, for more than thirty years, firm friends, and when Snyder became Gover- nor of the State for three successive terms, Mr. Smith was the confidential advisor in many important matters. Mr. Smith mar- ried in 1719, a daughter of Jasper Yeates, one of the Supreme Court judges of the
* For full tribute of Judge McClure see earlier history of the Bar, by Bennett Bellman in Dr. Wing's History of Cumberland County.
State. In the circuit he was associated with such men as Duncan, the elder Watts, Charles Hall, John Woods, James Hamil- ton and a host of luminaries of the Middle Bar. He was a great land lawyer and in trials of ejectment at the bar (then of fre- quent occurrence) his learning was best displayed. He is the author of the book known as "Smith's Laws of Pennsylvania," where the land law of the State was ex- haustively treated. When appointed judge in 1819, this district was composed of the counties of Cumberland and Franklin. Judge Smith shortly afterwards became the first presiding judge of the District Court at Lancaster. He removed to Philadelphia, where he died in 1841, aged 75 years.
Hon. John Reed, LL. D., appears upon the Bench in 1820. He was born in York, now Adams county, in 1786, read law un- der Wm. Maxwell, of Gettysburg, was ad- mitted to the bar and practiced for some years in Westmoreland county. In 1815 he was elected to the State Senate, and on July loth, 1820, was commissioned by Gov- ernor Finley, President Judge of the Ninth Judicial District, then composed of the counties of Cumberland, Adams and Perry. When in 1838, by a change in the Consti- tution, his commission expired, he re- sumed his practice at the bar, and contin- ued it until his death, which occurred at Carlisle, January 19th, 1850. In 1839 the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by Washington College, Pa. In 1833 the new board of trustees of Dickin- son College established a professorship of law, and Judge Reed was elected to fill that department. Many who graduated at the Law School then formed, became eminent afterwards and occupied high po- litical and judicial positions. Judge Reed, we may mention, was the author of three volumes known as the Pennsylvania Blackstone.
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At this period the Bar was particularly strong. The Elder Watts was dead and Duncan was upon the Supreme Bench. But among the practitioners of that day were such men as Carothers, Alexander, Mahan, Ramsey, Williamson, Metzger, William M. Biddle and Isaac Brown Parker; while among those admitted under liim who were afterwards to attain emi- nence on the bench or at the bar, were such men as Charles B. Penrose, Hugh Gaullagher, Frederick Watts, Wm. M. Biddle, James H. Graham, Samuel Hep- burn, William Sterrett Ramsey, S. Dunlap Adair and John Brown Parker, a galaxy of names which has not since been equaled.
Gen. Samuel Alexander was born in Car- lisle September 20, 1792; graduated from Dickinson College (1812), read law at Grcensburg, with his brother, Maj. John B. Alexander, and became a prominent lawyer in that part of the State. He set- tled in Carlisle and began practice here at about 1818, and soon acquired a prominent position. He was a strong advocate, elo- quent, with large command of language and was a master of invective. In this he had no equal at the bar, and in the exami- nation of witnesses also, he had no super- ior. He died in Carlisle in July, 1845 aged 52 years.
From the late Hon. Lemuel Todd, who was a pupil of Mr. Alexander, we learned that Mr. Alexander was possessed of a ten- acious memory and seldom, forgot a case which he had once read. That he was possessed of great tact and an intuitive quickness of perception. That in the man- agement of a case he was apt, watchful and ingenius, so that if driven from one posi- tion he was, like a skillful general, always quick to seize another, and that, in this re- spect, his talents only brightened amid diffi- culties, and shone forth the more resplend- ant as the battle became more hopeless.
Hugh Gaullagher, a practitioner of the bar under Reed, read law with Hon. Rich- ard Coulter, of Greensburg, and shortly after his admission commenced the prac- tice of law at Carlisle. This was about 1824, from which time he continued to practice tmtil about the middle of the cen- tury. He died in Carlisle, April 14, 1856. He was an Irishman by birth, eccentric, long limbed, awkward in his gait, and in his delivery had the Irish brogue, but he was popular, affable, instructive in conver- sation, and well read, particularly in his- tory and in the elements of his profession. He possessed inherent humor and a line of fun, had a large circle of friends, and was among the number of the old lawyers who were fond of a dinner and a song. He was strong as a counselor, fond of the old cases, and would rather quote an opinion by m»y Lord Hale or Mansfield than the latest delivered by our courts Governor Porter at one time thought very seriously of appointing him judge of this district, but was deterred from so doing on account of his nationality. This has been told to the writer by one to whom Governor Por- ter himself communicated the fact.
Hon. Charles B. Penrose, born near Philadelphia, October 6th, 1798, read law with Samuel Ewing, of Philadelphia, and immediately moved to Carlisle. He soon acquired a prominent position at the bar. He was elected to the State Senate in 1833 and on the expiration of his term was re- elected. He soon achieved distinction among the men of ability who were then chosen to fill this office. In 1841 he was appointed by President Harrison solicitor of the treasury, which position he held un- til the close of President Tyler's adminis- tration. After practicing in Carlisle he settled in Lancaster, then in Philadelphia, successfully pursuing his profession, and, in 1856, was again elected as a reform can-
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didate, to the State Senate, during which term he died of pneumonia at Harrisburg, April 6th, 1857. In appearance Mr. Pen- rose was sHghtly above the medium height, with white hair and a fine intellectual cast of countenance. In his character he was unselfish, benevolent, and earnest in what- ever he undertook to accomplish; his man- ners polished and courteous, and in short, those of a gentleman.
William M. Biddle was another brilliant practitioner who was admitted under Reed. He was born in Philadelphia July 3, 1801. He was a great-great-grandson of Nicholas Scull, Surveyor General of the Province of Pennsylvania from 1748 to 1761, who, by direction of Governor Hamilton laid out the town of Carlisle in 1753. His father, William Biddle, was a first cousin to Nicholas Biddle, the celebrated financier. William M. Biddle read law in Reading with his brother-in-law, Samuel Baird, Esq., and shortly after his admission to the bar, in 1826, he moved to Carlisle, where another brother-in-law, Charles B. Penrose, who had recently opened a law office there and was then rising into a good practice, resided. Mr. Biddle soon ac- quired a large practice and took a high position at the bar, which he retained until his death — a period of nearly thirty years. He died in Philadelphia February 28th, 1855. He was not only a genial gentleman, and able lawyer, but was endowed with a large fund of wit, which combined with his high moral and intellectual qualities made him a leader at the bar at a time when many brilliant men were among its mem- bers.
Hon. Charles McClure was admitted to the bar under Reed in 1826. He was born in Carlisle, graduated from Dickinson Col- lege and afterwards became a member of Congress, and still later, 1843-45, Secre- tary of State of Pennsylvania. He was a
son-in-law of Chief Justice Gibson. He did not practice extensively at the bar. He removed to Pittsburg, where he died in 1846.
Hon. William Sterrett Ramsey was one of the most promising practitioners ad- mitted under Reed. He was born in Car- Hsle June i6th, 1810. He went to Dickin- son College arid in 1829 was sent to Europe to complete his education, and to repair, by change of scene, an already debilitated constitution. In the same year he was ap- pointed by our minister to St. James (Hon- LewisMcLane),an attache to the American Legation. He visited Sir Walter Scott at Abbottsford to whom he bore letters from Washington Irving.
After the Revolution of the three days, July 1830, he was sent with dispatches to France, and spent much of his time, while there, in the hotel of General Lafayette, and in his saloons met many of the celebrated men of that period. In 1831 he returned to Carlisle and began the study of law under his father, William Ramsey. He continued his studies under Andrew Carothers, was admitted to the bar in 1833, and in 1838 was elected as a Democrat to Congress and at the expiration of his term was re-elected. He was at the time the youngest member of Congress in the House. He died, be- fore being qualified a second time, b)' his own hand, in Barnum's Hotel, Baltimore, Md., October 22d, 1840, aged only thirty years. Sic transit gloria. Most of the above facts are taken from an obituary no- tice supposed to have been written by his friend, James Buchanan, later. President of the United States.
S. Dunlap Adair was another of the bril- liant lawyers admitted under Reed (in Jan. 1835) and who practiced for. a period of fifteen years. While a youth he attended the classical school of Joseph Casey, Sr., the father of Hon. Joseph Casey (of Casey
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Report renown) at Newville, Pa., and was among the brightest of his pupils. He was apt as a Latin scholar and later acquired a knowledge of other (modern) languages. He was well read in English literature. He studied law under Hon. Frederick Watts, and soon after his admission was appoint- ed Deputy Attorney General for the county. He was a candidate of his party, when Wm. Ramsey, the younger, was elected. In stature below medium height, delicately formed, near-sighted, he had a chaste, clear style and was a pleasant speaker. He was, with William M. Biddle, James H. Graham and William M. McClintock, of Philadel- phia, counsel for Rev. Dr. McClintock in the anti-slavery riots which occurred in Carlisle in the spring of 1847. He died in Carlisle September 23d, 1850.
John Brown Parker, Esq., son of Isaac B. Parker, is the last whom we shall men- tion of the practitioners admitted under Reed. Born in Carlisle, October 5th, 1816, he was graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1834; read law with Hon. Frederick Watts for the period of one year, completing his course of study in the Dick- inson College law school vmder Judge Reed, and was admitted to practice in April 1838. He was for some years associated in practice with his preceptor, Judge Watts. His large means rendered the practice of law unnecessary and he retired about 1865 and moved to Philadelphia where he re- sided for some years. He died in Carlisle, where he had again made his home, in the summer of 1888. A thorough gentleman and a fine classical (and particularly Hora- cean) scholar he is still remembered by the older members of the bar as one who was equally distinguished for his uniform cour- tesy, gentlemanly urbanity and unpreten- tious but real literary attainments.
During the time when Judge Reed was upon the bench, Hon. John Kennedy, who
had studied law under the Elder Hamilton and had been admitted under Riddle in 1798, was appointed to the bench of the Su- preme Court in 1830. He was born in Cumberland county in June 1774; gradu- ated from Dickinson College in 1795, and after his admission to this bar moved to a northern district where he became the com- peer of men like James Ross, John Lyon, Parker Campbell, and others scarcely less distinguished. He remained upon the bench until his death, August 26th, 1846. He was buried in the old grave-yard at Carlisle.
Among those who did not practice at all or for any length of time at the Carlisle bar, who were admitted under Reed, but who attained to eminence elsewhere were Hon. Wm. B. McClure, of Carlisle, who be- came judge of the common pleas and court of quarter sessions at Pittsburg, from 1850 to 1861, in which latter year he died; An- drew Galbreath Miller, LL. D., a student of Carothers, appointed by President Van Buren, judge in the territory of Wisconsin and afterwards by President Polk, a United States judge of that State; Benjamin Mc- Intyre, of Bloomfield, who read with Chas. B. Penrose; Samuel McCroskey, who turn- ing to theology, became Bishop of Michi- gan; Hon. Henry M. Watts, afterwards of Philadelphia, appointed by President Johnston, minister to the court of Austria; Hon. Andrew Parker, a pupil of Carothers who moved to Mififlintown, and became a member of Congress. Then there was Hon. Charles McClure, of Carlisle, student of John D. Mahan, who became a member of Congress and in 1843-5, Secretary of the State of Pennsylvania; Hon. James X. Mc- Lanahan, student of Carothers, who be- came a member of Congress (1849-53); the learned Dr. Wm. N. Nevin, professor of ancient languages, and late of English lit- erature and Belles Lettres in Franklin and
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Marshall college. Lemuel G. Branden- berry, who practiced here for a time, bvit was appointed by President Taylor one of the first territorial judges of Utah; Hon. John P. Hobert (examined and admitted August 10, 1836,) who was auditor general under Governor Ritner; Hon. Andrew G. Curtin, (examined by Williamson, Gaul- lagher and James H. Graham) who was war governor of Pennsylvania; Rev. Dr. Alfred Nevin, LL. D., (same date and committee as Curtin, Jan. 1847); the venerable Hon- Francis W. Hughs, Secretary of the Com- monwealth under Gov. Bigler, (still within the recollection of the writer wearing his white hair in a powdered queue) ; Hon. Joseph Casey, who read law with Lemuel G. Brandenberry, and who became a mem- ber of Congress, (1849-51), chief justice of of the court of claims at Washington, and reporter of the Supreme court of Pennsyl- vania (1855-60), in the volumes which bear his name.
Hon. Samuel Hepburn, the seventh Pres- ident-Judge, was the successor of Judge Reed, and first appeared upon the bench in April 1839. He was born in 1807 in Wil- liamsport, Pa., at which place he began the study of law under James Armstrong, who was afterwards a Judge on the Supreme Bench. He completed his legal studies at Dickinson College under Reed, and was admitted to the bar of Cumberland county in November 1834. He was appointed ad- junct professor of law in the law school un- der Judge Reed, and before he had been at the bar five years he was appointed by Governor Porter President Judge of the Ninth Judicial District, then embracing Cumberland, Perry and Juniata. He was at this time the youngest judge in Penn- sylvania, to whom a President Judge's commission had been ever oflfered. Among important cases the McClintock trial took place while he was upon the bench. After
the expiration of his term he resumed the practice of law in Carlisle, where he still resides. The degree of LL. D. was con- ferred upon him by Washington College, Pa.
The most prominent practitioners ad- mitted under Judge Hepburn were J. Ellis Bonham, Lemuel Todd, Wm. H. Miller, Benjamin F.Junkin.Wm. Penrose. Of these J. Ellis Bonham was born in Hunterdon Co., N. J., March 31st 1816; was graduated from Jeflferson College, Pa.; studied law at Dickinson College under Reed, and was admitted to the bar in August 1839. He was soon appointed Deputy Attorney Gen- eral of the county — a position which he filled with conspicuous ability. His legal, literary and political reading and attain- ments were extensive. Lii85ihe was elected to the Legislature, and during his term was the acknowledged leader of the House as Hon. Charles R. Buckalew was of the Sen- ate. After the expiration of his term he was nominated for Congress and although he was in a district largely Democratic, eminently fitted for the position and had himself, great influence in the political or- ganization to which he belonged, he was defeated by the sudden birth of the Know- Nothing party. He died shortly after, of congestion of the lungs, March 19th, 1855, before his talents had reached their prime, after having been at the bar for fifteen years, and before he had attained the age of forty.
In appearance Mr. Bonham was rather under than above the medium height. He was of nervous, sanguine temperament with a countenance that was scholarly and refined. As an advocate he was eminently a graceful and polished speaker, attractive in his manner, with a poetic imagination and chaste and polished dic- tion.
Hon. Lemuel Todd was born at Carlisle
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July 29tfi, 1817; was graduated from Dick- inson College in the class of 1839; read law under General Samuel Alexander and was admitted to practice in August, 1841. He was a partner of General Alexander until the time of his death in 1843. He was elected to Congress from the Eighteenth District on the Know-Nothing ticket as against J. Ellis Bonham on the Demo- cratic, in 1854, and was elected Congress- man-at-Large in 1875. He was chairman of the first State Committee of the Know- Nothing party in 1855-56 and delegate to its first and only National Convention in February 1856. In this year he presided over the Union State Convention (not yet known as "Republican") and in the suc- ceeding year was chairman of the first Re- publican State Committee. He ran as a candidate for Governor in 1857, being sec- ond on the list of 13 candidates, David Wilmot being nominated. He ran as a candidate again in i860 but withdrew in favor of Andrew G. Curtin. He was tem- porary chairman of the State Convention at Harrisburg in 1883, and had presided over the State Conventions of the Republi- can party that nominated David Wilmot for Governor, at Harrisburg; at Pittsburg that nominated Gov. Curtin and at Phila- delphia that advocated for President, Gen. Grant. He practiced continuously at the bar except for a period during the late war, a portion of which time he acted as in- spector general of Pennsylvania troops un- der Governor Curtin. He died in Carlisle May nth, 1891. General Todd was a fear- less and eloquent advocate, and as an ora- tor he was in his prime and later years a peerless leader of the bar, whether in the court, upon the stump or before some pub- lic convention or assembly.
William H. Miller, who for more than a quarter of a century was an active practi- tioner, was a student of Judge Reed and
was admitted to the bar in August 1832. As a lawyer he was studious, deliberate and dignified, cool and self-possessed, who suc- ceeded in winning a large practice and an honorable position at the bar. He died in Carlisle in June 1877.
William McFunn Penrose, (admitted un- der Judge Hepburn) was born in Carlisle March 29th, 1845; was graduated from Dickinson College in 1844 and was ad- mitted to the bar in November of the fol- lowing year. He was the eldest son of Hon. Charles B. Penrose. As a lawyer he was eminently successful, learned, quick and accurate in his perceptions, urgent in argu- ment, terse in expression — he had a keen perception of the distinctions in the cases and of the principles which underlie them, and in all questions of practice he was par- ticularly at home. He served for a time as Colonel of the Sixth Regiment in the Rebellion. He died September 2d, 1872.
Alexander Brady Sharpe, born in Cum- berland county, August 12th, 1827, gradu- ated with honor at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1846, read law with Robert M. Bard, of Chambersburg, and subsequently with Hon. Frederick Watts, of Carlisle, and was admitted to the bar in November 1848. During the late war he served upon the staf? of General Ord, and was one of the seven officers of the Loyal Legion who re- ceived promotion for specific services in the field. As a lawyer he was of sterling inte- grity; as an advocate strong, dignified and eloquent. But he was pre-eminently a scholar, familiar with the best literature of England, of Rome and (which he liked best) of Greece. His memory was great, his reading broad, and his conversation polished, scholarly and interesting. He died at his home in Carlisle on the night of December 25th, 1891.
Under Judge Hepburn those who were admitted to the bar, but who did not prac-
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tice here, were Hon. Alexander Ramsey (of Reed law school), examined by Gaul- lagher,C. B.Penrose and Frederick Watts), who was a member of Congress (1843-47) and afterwards appointed by President Tay- lor first territorial governor of Minnesota; elected its first governor in 1859: re-elected in 1 86 1 ; later for two terms United States Senator (from 1863) and later still Secretary of War under President Playes; Hon. Na- than B. Smithers, who was a member of Congress and Secretary of State for Dela- ware. His examining committee was the same as Ramsey's. Then there was Hon. Levi N. Mackey, who became a member of Congress (1875-79), Adair, Gaullagher and Alexander being his comittee of ex- amination. Hon. Carroll Spence (of the Reed law school) became minister to Tur- key under President Pierce, Alexander, Gaullagher and Bonham being his commit- tee. Hon. James H. Campbell, who was examined by Frederick Watts, Samuel Alexander and Wm. M. Porter, became a member of Congress (1855-57) ^i^d was United States Minister to Sweden (1864- 6y}. Hon. James R. Kelley (of Reed law school) went to Oregon and was defeated for Governor (1866) but was elected to the United States Senate (1871-77) and was afterwards Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Then there was examined and ad- mitted J. C. Kunkle, of Dauphin county, who became a Whig member of Congress, and Hon. Samuel S. Woods, who became the President Judge of the Union and Mif- flin county district; and Hon. Benjamin Markley Boyer, who was a member of Con- gress in 1865-69, and in 1882 President Judge of the Montgomery district. Also Hon. Benjamin F. Junkin, of Perry, later Judge of this Ninth Judicial District. Robt. A. Lamberton, LL. D., of Carlisle, mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of Pennsylvania in 1880, and later President
of Lehigh University, and who died in Sep- tember, 1893.
Hon. Frederick Watts became Judge of our courts in 1849. He was the son of David Watts, of the early bar, and was born in Carlisle May 9th, 1801. He was gradu- ated-from Dickinson College in 1819; two years later entered the office of Andrew Carothers, and was admitted to practice in August 1824. He soon acquired an im- mense practice, which may be judged by the fact that, during a period of 42 years (from October term, 1827, to May term, 1869, in the Supreme Court) there is no volume of reports containing cases from the middle district (except for the three years when he was upon the bench) in which his name is not found. For fifteen years he was the reporter of the decisions of that court; from 1829 three volumes of "Watts and Penrose," ten volumes of "Watt's report," and nine "Watts and Ser- geant" were issued. On March 9th, 1849, he was commissioned by Gov- ernor Johnson, President Judge of the Ninth Judicial District, containing the counties of Cumberland, Perry and Juni- ata. He retired in 1852, when the judiciary became elective, and resumed his practice, from which he gradually withdrew in about 1860-69. In August 1871 he was appointed Commissioner of Agriculture by President Hayes. As a man he had great force of character, sterling in- tegrity and as a lawyer, ability, dignity and confidence. He had great power with a jury from their implicit, firm, self-reliant confidence in him. He was always firm self-reliant, despised quirks and quibbles, and was a model of fairness in the trial of a cause. He died at his home in Carlisle on Saturday, August 17th, 1889.
In an editorial by Hon. A. K. McClure on Judge Watts, published in the Philadel- phia Times (August 19, 1889) he says:
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"Judge Watts' judicial career was brief, but quite long enough to make him memor- able as one of the most dignified, impartial and efficient common law judges of Penn- sylvania. * * * jt -^Yas at the bar that Judge Watts exhibited his grandest attri- butes. He was a great lawyer in all the qualities of the legal practitioner. He was exceptionally strong in the profounder characteristics of the profession, and at the same time most thorough as a case lawyer and pleader and unsurpassed as an advo- cate. He was the most popular lawyer in his section of the State, not because of any demagogic attempts to popularize himself with the multitude, but because he was universally regarded as able, skillful and honest. * * * j^jg appearance in a case was assurance that there must be some merit in his cause, and his dignified cour- tesy and scrupulous fairness in the trial of a case, and his candor, simplicity, earnest- ness and rare eloquence as an advocate, made him the most formidable of antag- onists. ■ 1 ■■^'5} Judge Watts was the one man of the in- terior bar who could successfully cope with Thaddeus Stevens. Even the keen invec- tive of Stevens, upon which he so much re- lied, was sparingly employed when Watts was his opponent, and we recall a memor- able will case of thirty years ago, in which Watts and Stevens were the opposing law- yers, as the model jury trial of our Penn- sylvania courts. In unbroken dignity, uni- form courtesy, consummate skill, exhaus- tive effort and persuasive eloquence, we doubt whether it has been surpassed, if ever equalled, in the trials of the State. Both were yet in the full vigor of their physical and intellectual strength, mellowed by the achievements and disappointments of their earlier struggles in the profession; both were masters in their great art; both cher- ished the profoundest contempt for the
clap trap that is so often employed to en- thuse the gallery gods, and each felt him- self matched in his antagonist.
Judge Watts was thus a model lawyer as he was a model judge, and the influence he exerted in dignifying the legal profession and in commanding for it general public trust is yet felt in the region where his pro- fessional efforts are well remembered."
Hon. James H. Graham, the first of the judges after the judiciary became elective, was born in Cumberland county, Septem- ber lo, 1807, graduated from Dickinson College in 1827, studied law under Andrew Carothers, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. In 1839, after the election of Gov. Porter, he was appointed Deputy Attorney General for Cumberland County, which po- sition he filled ably for six years. It may be interesting to state that the third year after his admission to the bar his fees amounted to twelve hundred dollars, and continued steadily to increase until he left the bar for the bench. After the amendment to the Constitution making the judiciary elective, he received the nomination (Democratic; and was elected in October 1851 President Judge of the Ninth Judicial District, com- prising the counties of Perry, Cumberland and Juniata. At the expiration of his term he was re-elected in 1861, serving another full term of ten years. After his retirement fr.-m the bench he returned to the practice of law. He died September 26, 1882. In 1862 his alma mater conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. He was a careful and conscientious judge fond of the common law, of the Coke school, perhaps sometimes severe, but there was never, in the language of Judge Watts, "a breath of imputation against his character as a law- yer or upon his honor as a judge."
Of the prominent practitioners admitted under Judge Graham we have space to mention only one — Samuel Hepburn, Jr.,
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who became an acknowledged leader of the bar. He was a son of Hon. Samuel Hep- burn, born in Carlisle December 30th, 1839, entered Dickinson College, then went to the University of Virginia, and later to Europe and entered the University of Ber- lin. On his return he read law with his father and was admitted to this bar in 1863. He soon stepped to the front rank of his profession, for his great legal ability was soon recognized and brought him a lucra- tive practice. His reputation as a lawyer was not local; he was particularly well known to the Supreme Court, and in legal circles throughout the State. A handsome man, with Gladstonian face and attractive manners, he looked every inch the thorough lawyer which he was. In thorough train- ing in the fundamental principles of law, (including a knowledge of the Roman Law), in breadth and soundness of judg- ment, in quick discernment, in the strong grasp of broad legal principles and in the deduction therefrom of correct conclus- ions; in subtle distinction and wide gener- alization, as a counselor and as an advo- cate, before the jury or before the court, he had, perchance, but few, if any, super- iors in the State. He died on board the steamer "Iroquois" near Charleston, S. C, while taking a trip to Florida.
Hon. Benjamin F. Junkin, the tenth President-Judge of this Judicial District, was admited to this bar August, 1844. He read law with Hon. Samuel Hepburn. He moved to Bloomfield and became, with the younger Mclntyre, a leader of the Perry Co. Bar. He was elected to the 36th Congress, and in 1871 was elected Presi- dent Judge of the Ninth Judicial District, — then composed of Cumberland, Perry and Juniata. He was the last of our perambu- latory judges, for on the redistribution of the district under the Constitution of 1874, he chose Perry and Juniata, and from that
period ceased to preside over the courts of Cumberland county.
Hon. Martin C. Herman, the eleventh President Judge of the Ninth Judicial Dis- trict, was born in Silver's Spring township, Cumberland county, February 14th, 1841. He was graduated from Dickinson College in the class of 1862. In January of this year he had registered as a student of law with B. Mclntyre & Son, of the Perry County Bar, but later with Wm. H. Miller, Esq., of Carlisle, under whom he completed his legal studies. He was admitted to the bar in January, 1864. He was elected by the Democratic party President Judge of the Ninth Judicial District, consisting of the county of Cumberland, in 1874, serving his full term of ten years. On the expiration of his term he was renominated by acclama- tion, but was defeated by the Republican candidate. He died, after a stroke of appo- plexy, in Carlisle, on Sunday, January 19, 1896. He was of unimpeachable integrity, careful and conscientious, and very minute anu deliberate in his charges to the jury.
Hon. Wilbur F. Sadler, twelfth President Judge of the District, was born in Adams county. Pa., October 14, 1840, but removed to Cumberland county with his parents in his infancy. He read law under Mr. Mor- rison, of Williamsport, Pa., and later, fin- ished his legal studies in Carlisle and was admitted to the bar in April, 1865. He soon acquired a large clientage and was elected District Attorney in 1871, and in 1884 President Judge of the district on the Republican ticket. After the expiration of his term he resumed the practice of law, in which he is now engaged.
Hon. Edward W. Biddle, the present Judge of the Judicial District, was born in Carlisle, May 3d, 1852; was graduated from Dickinson College in 1870; read law with Wm. M. Penrose, Esq., and was admitted to the bar in April, 1873. I" 1895 he be-
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came the candidate of the Republican party, as against the late Hon. M. C. Her- man, (Democratic,) and was elected to the position which he now holds.
The Present Bar. We have now brought the history of our bar down to a period which is within the recollection of the youngest member of it. Of the living (save in the case of those who have been upon the bench) we have made no mention, leaving them to the mercy of some future historian by whom the names of those who are found most worthy, will, no doubt, be duly recorded.
The present members of the bar, with the dates of thier admission, are as follows: Charles P. Addams, '87 ; Hon. F. E. Beltz- hoover, (Ex-Member of Congress), '64 ; Bennett Bellman, '73; J. E. Barnitz, 'jj; Edw. W. Biddle, Jr., '89; C. C. Bashore, '95; C. E. Brinton, '95; Herman Berg, Jr., '96; W. B. Boyd, '96: Frank C. Bosler, '96; E. F. Brightbill, '96; Charles S. Dakin, '92; James W. Eckels, '84; Wm. W. Fletcher, '96; Duncan M. Graham, '76: Hon. Samuel Hepburn, LL. D., '34, (ex-judge and oldest surviving member of the bar): Hon. R. M. Henderson, LL. D., '47; John Hays, '59; Christian P. Humrich, '54; J. Webster Henderson, '79; F. H. Hofifer, '82; Conrad Hambleton, '91; Geo. M. Hays, '95; W. A. Kramer, '85; Jos. C. Kissell, '94; John B. Landis, '81; Stewart M. Leidich, '72: J. C. Long, '95; H. M. Leidich, '87; John R.
Miller, '67; A. G. Miller, '73; Hon. Till- more Maust, (present member of Legisla- ture), '83; Geo. E. Mills, '92; A. R. Rupley, (Dist. Atty.), '91; John M. Rhey, '96: Hon. Wilbur F. Sadler, (Ex-President Judge) '64; William J. Shearer, '52; A. D. B. Smead, '74; Hugh Silas Stuart (took post graduate legal studies at University of Edin- burgh), '81; J. T. Stuart, '76: G. Wilson Swartz, '89; Jas. S. Shapley, '93; Lewis S. Sadler. '96; Wm. H. Starney, '96; William Trickett, LL. D., (Dean of the Dickinson Law School and author of various legal works), '75; Jos. G. Vale; '71; Thomas E. Vale, '91, J. W. Wetzel, '74; Edward B. Watts, '75; R. W. Woods, '88; C. W. Web- bert, '91 ; Hon. J. Marion Weakley, '61 ; J. E. Walters, '96.
In Mechanicsburg there are: Hon. W. Penn Lloyd, '65; H. H. Mercer, '83; Miss Ida G. Kast (first and only lady admitted to the Cumberland County Bar), '96; John L. Shelley, '75; Hon. James L. Young, (Ex-member of Legislature,) '91 ;and Harry M. Zug, '79.
In Shippensburg the attorneys are : E. J. McCune, '75; Quinn T. Mickey, '93; and J. S. Omwake, '96.
In Newville: Hon. Robt. McCochran, (Ex-member of Legislature), '58; and B. F. Seitz, '87.
In Shiremanstown: S. S. Rupp, '92, and in New Cumberland, J. H. ReifT, '95.
CHAPTER VII.
The Medical Profession.
F NOW in tracing the medical history of the district we could turn back "the sunlit hemisphere of modern science" to that position which it occupied at the time the first physician came west of the Susquehanna, we would find the medical profession poorly equipped indeed, compared to its fitting out today, for the conquest of disease.
In pioneer days Lancaster was the near- est town to any of the little settlements planted in the great wilderness regions of the district, and in case of any serious sick- ness or severe injury if a physician was called it was most likely he came from Lancaster, but there is no account of any visiting physician from Lancaster let alone any record or the name of the first one. The next chance of the pioneers to secure medical attention was from the phy- sicians or surgeons who accompanied the military forces sent west of the Susque- hanna river during the French and Indian war but of such possible services there ex- ists neither history nor tradition.
First Resident Pliysicians. From what little can be learned of pioneer times it seems that Dr. David Jameson, of York, is entitled to the honor of being the first resident physician in the territory of the present Nineteenth Congressional District. Dr. Jameson was born and reared in Scot- land where he received his education and studied medicine and surgery. He came to Pennsylvania about 1740 and pushing out to the frontier became one of the first
inhabitants of the town of York. He was a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, a fine physician and surgeon and served as an ofhcer in the French and Indian war and in the Revolutionary struggle. His sons Horatio G. and Thomas were celebrated physicians, and the former served as presi- dent, at different times, of Washington and Ohio Medical colleges.
Another finely educated and skillful ph}- sician who came to the frontier and after- wards became prominent in military life was Dr. William Irvine, who was educated at the University of Dublin and settled in 1763, at Carlisle where he had an extensive practice for nearly forty years. He re- moved in 1801, to Philadelphia, where he died three years later.
The (third physician in order of practice was a Dr. Kennedy, of York county, about 1760, and he was followed by Dr. William Plunkett, of whom we only have record that he was "a practitioner of physic in 1766," at Cariisle.
Pliysicians 1766— 1896. Succeeding Dr. Jameson, at York, came Drs. Peter Hawk, in 17S0; Thomas Jameson, 1790; Charles Ludwig, John Rouse and Peter Lansing, about 1800; Luke Rouse and Henry Nes, about 1825; Charles M. Nes, 1845, and S. T. Rouse, 1861. The physicians of Hanover up to 1881 have been Drs. John Baker, before the Revolutionary war ; Peter Miller and Dr. Wampler, about 1803; the Culbertsons, father and son; Dr. Ecker, G. W. Hinkle and Dr. Smith, and J. P. Smith.
Biographical akd Portrait Cyclopedia.
About 1805 Drs. Montgomery and Bryan were in Peach Bottom; Dr. De Lassel at Day's Landing; Dr. Armstrong Dill, at Dillsburg; Dr. Hamburgh, at Jefferson; Dr. Webster Lewis, at Lewisburg, and Dr. F. E. Melsheimer, the great entomologist, at Davidsburg. Succeeding them in York county, outside of York and Hanover, came Drs. Thomas McDonald, of Fawn town- ship; R. N. Lewis, of Dover, who culti- vated the opium he used in his practice; Dr. Shearer, Dr. Connor, A. R. Prowell William Allebaugh and E. W. Melsheimer.
In the early part of the eighteenth cen- tury the following additional physicians were in York county: Drs. William Mc- Ilvain, John Fisher, John F. Spangler, John Morris, L. Martin, John Bentz, Mich- ael Hay, T. N. Holt, Jacob Fisher, John Rouse, T. N. Haller, Luke Rouse, W. F. Johnson, Jacob Hay, Sr., Benjamin Johns- ton, Alex. Small, Alex. Barnitz, Andrew Patterson, Dr. Beard John Hay, D. S. Peffer, Thomas Cathcart, William Hay, D. S. Peffer, Thomas Cathcart, William Isenhart, J, F. Hollahan and E. H. Pentz.
Of the physicians from 1850 to 1885 we find no list and in the latter year the fol- lowing physicians were in York county:
Drs. J. W. Kerr (1S40), Jacob Hay, Jas. McKinnon, A. R. Blair, W. S. Roland, John Ahl, E. W. Meisenhelder, L. M. Loch- man, C. M. Nes, B. F. Spangler, J. R. Spangler, J. Wiest, W. H. Wagner, L C. Gable, Z. C. Myers, Alfred Long, F. X. Weile, Dr. Jordy, H. B. King, D. King Gotwald, T. B. Kain, S. Miller, I. Ickes, and T. H. Beltz, of York; G. R. Hursh, Fairview township; W. E. Swiler, Yocum- town; P. D. Baker, Franklintown; Dr. Bailey, Dillsburg, A. C. Heteric, Wells- ville; J. M. Gross, Dover; J. C. May, Dr. W. F. Smith, Airville; B. F. Porter, Chanceford; J. S. Heteric, New Freedom; G. P. Yost, Glen Rock; George Holtz-
apple, Loganville; Dr. Hildebrant, Win- terstown; J. M. Hyson, Red Lion; J. R. Martin, Stewartstown; W. Bigler, Windsor township; J. A. Armstrong and William Deisinger, Hellam township; Dr. Thomp- son and G. A. Rebnian, Wrights- ville; G. W. Metzger and L. A. Roth,Jack- son township; M. A. Hoke and C. Bahn, Spring Grove; William Brinkman and Z. C. Jones, Jefferson; W. C. Stick, Codorus; Allen Glatfelter, Seven Valleys; E. W. Gerry, James Gerry and H. G. Bussy, Shrewsbury; C. Taylor, Shrewsbury town- ship; O. C. Brickley, E. W. Brickley, B. T. Reich and J. H. Yeagley, York; E. A. Wareheim, Glen Rock; D. B. Grove, Han- over; J. D. Keller, Glenville; H. C. Alle- man, A. J. Snively, A. F. Koch, J. H. Bit- tenger, A. C. Wentz, G. P. Weaver, and Dr. Buchen, of Hanover.
In Cumberland county succeeding Doc- tors Irvine and Plunkett came Drs. S. A. McCaskey, 1774; Lemuel Gustine, about 1778; George Stevenson, 1781; Samuel Fahnstock, 1800; G. D. Foulke, about 1803; James Armstrong, Ephraim M. Blaine, Adam Hays, W. C. Chambers, John Creigh, J. S. Given, Theo. Myers, John M)'- ers, John Eliott, D. N. Mahan, Jacob John- son, John Paxton, Charles Cooper, William Irvin, and James Armstrong, from 1812 to 1828; S. B.Kieffer, R. L. Sibbet, A. J. Her- man, W. W. Dale, W. H. Longsdorf, W. H. Cooke, E. A. Grove, George Hemminger, J. S. Bender, W. S. Reily, J. S. Musgrove, G. W. Foulke, L. W. Foulke, from 1828 to 1879. The physicians of Shippensburg up to 1879 were: Drs. John Simpson, 1778; Alex. Stewart, 1795: John Ealy, 1809; W. A. Findlay, 1815; William Rankin, 1821 ; Alexander Stewart, 183 1; Thomas Greer, 1834; J. N. Duncan, 1841; Elijah Ealy, about 1845; D. N. Rankin, 1854; and W. M. Witherspoon, 1869. The Mechanics- burg physicians from 1815 to 1879 were:
Nineteenth Congressional District.
Drs. Asa Herring, 1815; Jacob Weaver, 1825; J. G. Oliver, about 1830; Ira Day,
1833; George Fulmer, ; A. H. Van-
hofif, W. A. Steigleman and P. H. Long about 1845; J- B. Herring, 1851; E. B
Brant, 1856; R. G. Young, ; M. B
Mosser, ; R. N. Short, 1865; L. P. O
Neale, 1870; L. H. Lenher, 1872; and J. H Deardorfif. Newville's physicians from 1797 to 1879, have been Drs. John Geddes, 1797 W. S. Rutger, 1812; J. P. Geddes and W M. Sharp, 1819; Joseph Hannon, John Ahl
1844; M. F. Robinson, ; J. A. Ahl
; Alex. Sharp, 1850; David Ahl, 1853
J. G. Barr, 1858; and S. H. Brehm, 1866. Elsewhere in Cumberland county the phy- sicians up to 1879 have been Drs. Lerew Lemer (1832) and J. W. Trimmer, (1876) at Lisburn; I. W. Snowden (1832) and Joseph Grain, ( — ) at Hogestowm ; C. H. Gib- son (1875), Churchtown; Jacob Black and William Mateer (1853) and W. S. Bruck- hart (1874), Shiremanstown ; David Smith (1832) and A. A. Thompson (1864), New- burg; John Mosser (181 5, New Cumber- land; Israel Betz, ( ), Oakville; Jacob
Sawyer ( ), Boiling Springs; J. E. A-^an
Camp ( ), Plainfield; and Peter Fahnes-
tock (1805), Oyster's Point. From 1879 to 1885, the following physicians were in Cumberland county; Drs. George Grove, Big Springs; J. C. Davis, Mt. Holly Springs; P. R. Koons, Aliens; J. H. Smith, Dickinson township; F. B. Leberknight, Newberry; D. C. Cramer, Newburg; J. G. Fickle, Carlisle; J. J. Koser, Shippensburg; R. S. Prowell. New Cumberland; J. B. Marshall, Shippensburg; S. McKee Smith, Heberling; E. S. Conlyn, Cariisle; H. H. Longsdorf, Dickinson township; M. K. Bowers, Boiling Springs; J. J. Deshler, Shippensburg; R. B. Polinger, Carlisle; Wilmot Ayres, Middlesex; J. P. Orr, New Cumberland; J. H. Kaufifman, Newburg; R. M. McGary, Shiremanstown; and S. L.
Diven, Carlisle; I. Y. Reed and J. L. Baeher, Leesburg; J. A. Morrett, New Kingston; C. C. Hammel, E. N. Mosser, T. J. Stevens, F. E. Rogers, J. U. Hobach, D. A. Lauk, G. M. Eckels and J. B. Spangler, Mechanicsburg; G. W. Ziegler, S. P. Zieg- ler, C. W. Krise, W. F. Reily, Thos. Ste- wart, Sr., Thomas Stewart, Jr., A. I. Miller,
C. H. Hepburn, M. M. Ritchie, J. S. Ben- der, and J. R. Bixler, Carlisle; J. W. Bow- man, Camp Hill; Levi Funk, New Kings- ton; Jacob Roop, New Cumberland; R. M. Hays, Newville; M. L. Hoover, Silver Spring township; H. D. Cooper, Newville; Z. D. Hartzell, Newburg; Jesse Laverty, Sr., East Pennsborough township; A. B. Sechrist, Upper Allen township; R. W. Ross, Shepherdstown ; M. B. Rogers, Mid- dlesex township; W. A. English, Mrs. A. English, J. J. Koser, R. C. Stewart, D.
D. Hays, C. A. Howland; J. H. Mowers, J. J. Deshler, and A. P. StauiTer, Shippens- burg; Austin Best, Shiremanstown; T. L. Neff, Carlisle; W. B. Reynolds and W. G. Stewart, Newville; H. R. Williams, borough township; R. C. Marshall, West Fairview; S. H. C. Bixler, Bloseville; H. W. Linebaugh, New Cumberland; J. H. Houck, Boiling Springs; A. W. Nichols, Camp Hill; J. L. Schoch, Shippensburg; David Coover, Upper Allen township; D. W. Basehore, West Fairview; W. E. Cor- nog, Mt. Holly Springs; J. H. Boyer, Me- chanicsburg; J. T. Hoover, Southampton township; Fred. Hartzell, Churchtown; S. N. Eckee, Jacksonville; Levi Clay, West Pennsborough township; B. H. Bockus,
; J. K. Bowers, ; J. C.
McCoy, ; C. M. Fager, West Fair- view; John Logan, ; Jacob Peters,
Henry Clay; M. J. Jackson, ; J. R.
Rodgers, Sterrett's Gap; C. J. Heckert, Wormleysburg; D. T. E. Casteel, Allen; G. S. Comstock, Bloserville; and W. J. Kasten, Boiling Springs.
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
The people of what is now Adams county during the days of early settlement de- pended largely upon the first physicians of York and Cumberland county for medical assistance in cases of dangerous sickness or extreme surgical need. Home remedies of field, forest and garden were prepared by the mothers and grandmothers for the ail- ments of humanity and we find no record or tradition of a resident physician in the Marsh Creek or Conewago settlements for over half a century. Sometime before 1800, Dr. John Agnew, who published the first paper on vaccination in this country, came to Gettysburg, where his great talents and fine medical ability were never fully appre- ciated. His contemporary at Gettysburg was Dr. William Crawford, "a man of great and varied abilities and of national and last- ing fame" who came in 1795. Dr. Johu B. Arnold, of Connecticut, Dr. James Hamilton, a wealthy southern man, were in the county as early as 1800, and soon fol- lowing them were Drs. John Knox and John Runkle, the latter from Maryland. One of the earliest of Crawford's students was Dr. James H.Miher.who became a great medical authority in the county, and those ing fame" who camfe in 1795. Dr. John Paxton, David Horner, Charles Berlucky and John Parshall. Drs. Crawford and Mil- ler were the only men in the county, who could amputate a limb until Dr. David Gil- bert came to Gettysburg in 1830. Physi- cians increased slowly until 1873, when there were thirty-five practitioners of medi- cine in the county. In 1881 the Legisla- ture required certain qualifications of each practicing physician except he had been ten years in continuous practice and all were to register in the prothonotary's office in the county where they practiced. The physicians in Adams county in 1885 were: George B. Aiken, V. H. B. Lilly, and Geo. L. -Rice, McSherrystown; J. B. Combs,
Round Hih; E. W. Cashman and D. L, Baker, East Berlin; A. L. Bishop, C. P. Gettier, Jonathan Howard, H. W. Lefevre, R. S. Seiss, Joshua S. Kemp, E. F. Shorb, and S. B. Weaver, Littlestown; John C. Bush, Movmt Joy township; A. P. Beam, Fairfield; J. E. Gilbert, Charles Horner, Robert Horner, John W. C. O'Neal, W. H. O'Neal, J. B. Scott, James Warren, and T.
T. Tate, Gettysburg; J. R. Dickson,
;A. B. Dill, J. R. Plank, R. M. Plank,
J. H. Marsden and L W. Pearson, York
Springs; Jeremiah Diore, — ■ ■ — ; A. M.
Evers, W. C. Sandrock, J. L. Sheetz and J. W. Smith, New Oxford; R. B. Elderice,
; Samuel Enterline, Huntingdon
township; E. K. Foreman, Littlestown; C. E. Goldsborough, Hunterstown; W. F. Hollinger, C. W. Johnston, F. C. Wolf, Abbottstown; A. W. Howard and E. W. Mumma, Bendersville; Ephraim Howard, Straban township; Andrew Howard, Mount Pleasant township; L P. Lecrone, Arendtstown; Richard McSherry, Ger- many township; R. N. Meisenhelder, East Berlin; Emanuel Melhorn and D. H. Mel- horn, New Chester; Alfred Myers, Hamp- ton; Agideous Noel, Bonneauville; C. H.
Rupp, ; C. K. Rether, Biglers-
vlhe; C. E. Smith, Center Mills; A. S. Scott, Fairfield; W. O. Smith, and W. C. Stem, Cashtown; G. W. Smith, Flora Dale;
A. O. Scott, ; O. W. Thomas,
Arendtsville; J. C. Warren, Butler town- ship; J. D. Weddelle, Bigler; C. W. Wea- ver, Glenville, and James G. Watson.
The Indian Physician. Dr. Carlos Montezuma, whom O. B. Super describes in the April number of the New England Magazine for the year 1895, is a full-blood- ed Apache Indian, who was captured and carried off at five years of age by a neigh- boring tribe and has never seen his parents since. A traveling artist named Gentile purchased the boy from his captor for $30
NllSrETEENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
"3
atid sent him to school. The Indian boy worked his way up step by step, paying most of his way by hard work and com- pleted his education notwithstanding the remarkable declaration once made by a Congressman, that "there is as much hope of educating the Apache as there is of edu- cating the rattlesnake upon which he feeds." Montezuma left school read medi- cine and after graduating from the Chica- go Medical college held various positions in connection with the Indian school and agency business until he came to Carlisle where he has been resident physician of the Carlisle school ever since. He has al- ways performed his duties in a satisfactory manner and has written many articles on the Indian question. He says his case is ex- ceptional only in so far as he received ex- ceptional treatment, and his views on reser- vation plan of the United States Govern- ment are the same as Captain Pratt, who says: "Pandering to the tribe and its so- cialisms, as most of our Government and Mission plans do, is the principle reason why the Indians have not advanced more and are not now advancing as rapidly as they ought. We easily inculcate principles of American citizenship and self-support in- to the individual in the schools located where such examples and principles prevail. The misfortune is that the only future to which such youth are invited is that of the reservation where their new principles are not only most unpopular, but in many cases interdicted. It is a common experience of our returned students to have not only their savings carried home from the school taken from them at once, but to be unable to re- alize much of anything for themselves from am earnings they may make at the agen- cies. Their relations and friends come upon them with demands for a share of tiieir earnings, and often before they re- ceive their pay it is all promised in small
sums to such relations and friends, who do not and will not work. In but few of the tribes have allotments been made, and markets are remote. There is, therefore, on the agricultural line at the agencies very little encouragement to the individual. No manufactories of any kind nor commercial interests, except the few Indian traderships, are allowed upon the reservations, and there is no opportunity, outside the very limited Agency needs, for them to obtain employment. They are consequently at' a great disadvantage. The more these op- pressive conditions become apparent to students somewhat advanced in education, and who have experienced the better con- ditions of civilized life, the more there is oi a growing disposition to break away from the reservation and to strike out into the world where occupation and opportu- nity invite. It should be the duty of every Indian School, whether Governmental or Mission, Agency or remote from the Agency, as well as the duty of the Indian Agent, and other Indian service employes, to forward Indian youth and worthy In- dians of any age into civilized communi- ties and the honorable employments of civ- ilized life, and to constantly direct the at- tention of all Indians that way."
County Medical Societies. The Cum- berland county medical society was organ- ized July 17, 1866, with twenty-four mem- bers representing every section of the county, and twenty years later held its meeting at the Indian industrial school of Carlisle, where the subjects discussed and the manner of discussion evinced the growth and the usefulness of the society. The original members were Drs. Dale Ziegler, Keiffer, Zitner, Schelling, Herman, Demme, Herring, Short, Brandt, Cram, Cram (R. M.), Mosser, Bowman, Coover, Bashore, Hays, Nevin, Stewart, Loman, Cuddy, Ahl, Robinson and Haldeman.
114
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
The Adams County Medical Society dates back to June 14, 1873, when it was formed at Gettysburg, where Drs. Elder- dice, Horner, McClure, Baehr, Holtz, Thompson and O'Neal met in the interests of association and organization. At that time there were about thirty-five practicing physicians in the county, and the society rapidly increased its membership from their numbers.
The present York County Medical So- ciety was organized May 11, 1873, through the efforts of Dr. John F. Holohan. Its meetings are monthly and have been held with but few exceptions in York city. The society by 1885 numbered 48 members and has made its influence felt in various ways, and sends its delegates regularly to the State and National Medical Associations. This society absorbed the members of the old York county society which was organ- ized in March, 1868, at Hanover, by Drs. Smith, Plowman, Koch, Alleman, Wiest, Jones and Culbertson, and the association of physicians at East Prospect formed in 1870.
York Hospital. This institution is the result of the suggestion of Samuel Small, Sr., and the action of the York County Medical Society, whose members attended it gratuitously from 1879 to 1885. Mr. Small purchased the Busser property on College avenue, York, on which was a three-story brick building, that was fitted up under the direction of the medical so- ciety as York hospital which has been a boon to hundreds of sick and injured.
Dr. Dady, the Impostor. Among the early irregular practitioners were the Eis enhart family, of York county, some of whose members achieved quite a reputa- tion, but there were others, who were not only ignorant of all curative processes but also practiced all manner of impositions on the credulous people. The most noted
of these imposters was the famous Dr. Dady, whose career is described by Judge John J. Henr}' in the following account which he wrote from notes taken at Dady's trial.
"Dr. Dady, who was a German by birth, came to this country with the Hessians dur- ing the American revolution. Possessing a fascinating eloquence in the German lan- guage, and being very fluent in the Eng- lish, he was afterwards employed as a min- ister of the gospel by uninformed, but hon- est Germans. When the sacerdotal robe could no longer be subservient to his avar- icious views, he laid it aside and assumed the character of a physician. As such he came to York county and dwelt among the poor inhabitants of a mountainous part thereof, (now within the limits of Adams CO.,) where, in various artful ways, he preyed on the purses of the imwary. Of all the numerous impositions with which his name is connected, and to which he lent his aid, we will mention but two. The scene of one of them is in what is now Adams co., where he dwelt, and of the other in the "Barrens" of York co.
The following is an account of the Adams county imposition: Rice Williams, or rather Rainsford Rogers, a New Eng- lander, and John Hall, a New Yorker, (both of whom had been plundering the in- habitants of the southern states by their wiles,) came to the house of Clayton Chamberlain, a neighbor of Dady, in July, 1797. On the following morning, Dady went to Chamberlain's, and had a private conversation with Williams and Hall be- fore breakfast. After Dady had left them, Williams asked Chamberlain whether the place was not haimted. Being answered in the negative, he said that it was haunted — that he had been born with a veil over his face — could see spirits, and had been conducted thither, sixty miles, by a spirit.
NiiTOTEENTH Congressional District.
"5
Hall assented to the truth of this. In the evening of the same day, they had another interview with Dady. Williams then told Chamberlain, that if he would permit him to tarry over night, he would show him a spirit. This being agreed to, they went into a field in the evening, and Williams drew a circle on the ground, around which he directed Hall and Chamberlain to walk in silence. A terrible screech was soon heard proceeding from a black ghost (!) in the woods, at a little distance from the parties, in a direction opposite to the place where Williams stood. In a few minutes a white ghost appeared, which Williams addressed in a language which those who heard him could not understand — the ghost replied in the same language! After his ghostship had gone away, Williams said that the spirit knew of a treasure which it was permitted to discover to eleven men — they must be honest, religious, and sensi- ble, and neither horse-jockeys nor Irish- men. The intercourse between Williams and Dady now ceased to be apparent, but it was continued in private. Chamberlain convinced of the existence of a ghost and a treasure, was easily induced to form a company, which was soon effected. Each candidate was initiated by the receipt of a small sealed paper, containing a little yellow sand, which was called "the power." This "power" the candidate was to bury in the earth to the depth of one inch, for three days and three nights — performing several other absurd ceremonies, too obscene to be described here. A circle, two perches in diameter, was formed in the field, in the centre of which there was a hole six inches wide and as many deep. A cap- tain, a lieutenant, and three committeemen were elected. Hall had the honor of the captaincy. The exercise was to pace around the circle, etc. This, it was said, propitiated and strengthened the white ghost, who was
opposed by an unfriendly black ghost, who rejoiced in the appellation of Pompey. In- the course of their nocturnal exercises they often saw the white ghost — they saw Mr. Pompey too, but he appeared to have "his back up," bellowed loudly, and threw stones at them. On the night of the i8th of August, 1797, Williams undertook to get instructions from the white ghost. It was done in the following manner. He took a sheet of clean white paper, and folded it in the form of a letter, when each member breathed into it three times; this being re- peated several times, and the paper laid over the hole in the centre of the circle, the instructions of the ghost were obtained. The following is a short extract from the epistle written by the ghost: "Go on, and do right, and prosper, and the treasure shall be yours — O . Take care of your pow- ers, in the name and fear of God our pro- tector— if not, leave the work. There is a great treasure, 4,000 pounds apiece for you. Don't trust the black one. Obey orders. Break the enchantment, which you will not do until you get an ounce of mineral dul- cimer eliximer; some German doctor has it. It is near, and dear, and scarce. Let the committee get it — but don't let the doc- tor know what you are about — he is wicked." The above is but a small part of this precious communication. In conse- quence of these ghostly directions, a young man named Abraham Kephart waited, by order of the committee, on Dr. Dady. The Dr. preserved his "eliximer" in a bottle sealed with a large red seal, and buried in a heap of oats, and demanded fifteen dollars for an ounce of it. Young Kephart could not afford to give so much, but gave him thirty- six dollars and three bushels of oats for three ounces of it. Yost Liner, another of these wise committeemen, gave the doctor 121 dollars for eleven ounces of the stuff. The company was soon increased to 39 per-
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
sons, many of whom were wealthy. Among those who were most miserably duped may be mentioned Clayton Chamberlain, Yost Liner, Thomas Bigham, William Bigham, Samuel Togert, John McKinney, James Agnew, (the elder,) James McCleary, Robert Thompson, David Kissinger, Geo. Sheck- ley, Peter Wikeart, and John Philips. All these and many other men were, in the words of the indictment, "cheated and de- frauded by means of certain false tokens and pretenses — to wit, by means of pre- tended spirits, certain circles, certain brown powder, and certain compositions called mineral dulcimer elixir, and Dederick's mineral elixir."
"But the wiles of these impostors were soon exerted in other parts. The following is an account of their proceedings in and about Shrewsbury township, in this county. Williams intimated that he had received a call from a ghost, resident in those parts, at the distance of 40 miles from Dady's. Jacob Wister, one of the conspirators, was the agent of Williams on this occasion. He in- stituted a company of 21 persons, all of whom were, of course, most ignorant peo- ple. The same, and even more absurd cere- monies were performed by these people; and the communications of the ghost were obtained in a still more ridiculous manner than before. The communications men- tioned Dr. Dady as the person from whom they should obtain the dulcimer elixir, as likewise a kind of sand which the ghost called the "Asiatic sand," and which was necessary in order to give efificacy to the "powers." Ulrich Neaff, a committeemen, of this company, paid to Dr. Dady $90 for y^ ounces of the elixir. The elixir was put into vials, and each person, who had one of them, held it in his hand and shook it, as he pranced around the circle. On certain occasions he anointed his head with it; and afterwards, by order of the spirit, the vial
was buried in the ground. Paul Baliter, an- other of the committeemen, took with him to Dr. Dady's $100, to purchase "Asiatic sand," at $3 per ounce. Dady being ab- sent, Williams procured from the doctor's shop as much sand as the money would purchase. In this instance Williams cheated the doctor, for he kept the spoil to himself; and thence arose an overthrow of the good fraternity. Each of them now set up for himself. Williains procured directions from his ghost, that each of the companions should dispatch a committeeman to Lan- caster, to buy "Dederick's mineral elixir" of a physician in that place. In the mean time Williams and his wife went to Lancas- ter, where they prepared the elixir, which was nothing but a composition of copperas and cayenne pepper. Mrs. Williams, as the wife of John Huber, a German doctor, went to Dr. Rose, with a letter dated "13 miles from Newcastle, Delaware," which di- rected him how to sell the article, &c. The enormity of the price aroused the sus- picion of Dr. Rose. In a few days the dele- gates from the committee arrived, and pur- chased elixir to the amount of $740,33. When the lady came for the money she was arrested, and the secret became known. Her husband, Williams, escaped. The Lan- caster expedition having led to the discov- ery of the tricks of the imposters, a few da3's after the disclosures made by Mrs. Williams an indictment was presented, in the criminal court of York county, against Dr. John Dady, Rice Williams, Jesse Mil- ler, Jacob Wister the elder, and Jacob Wis- ter the younger, for a conspiracy to cheat and defraud. The trial took place in June following, and resulted in the conviction of Wister the elder, and of Dr. Dady — the former of whom was fined $10, and impris- oned one month in the county jail; the lat- ter fined $90, and sentenced to two years' confinement in the penitentiary of Philadel-
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phia. Dady had just been convicted of par- ticipating in the conspiracy at Shrewsbury, when he and Hall were found guilty of a like crime in Adams county — whereupon Hall was fined $100, and sent to the peni- tentiary for two years ; and Dady was fined $i69,andsentenced to undergo an addition- al servitude of two years in the penitentiary, to commence in June, 1800, when his first term would expire. Thus ended the history of a man in this county, who certainly was not devoid of talent; who possessed a most winning address, and was a thorough mas- ter in quick and correct discernment of character. He reigned, for a season, with undisputed sway, in what was then the western part of York county. His cunning for a long time lulled suspicion to sleep. The history of his exorcisms should teach the credulous that the ghosts which appear now-a-days are as material as our own flesh."
Medical Statistics. The subject of med- ical statistics has not received the attention that its importance demands. Statistics of mortality, beyond the numerical number of deaths, called the "death figure," should show the relative prevalence of diseases and comparative salubrity of climate in differ- ent sections, and point out the best means for promoting health and longevity. The annual death-rate doubled generally gives the sick rate.
In 1880 the census authorities divided the United States into twenty-one grand districts in each of which mortality and vital statistics were taken. The first four
of these districts comprising the Atlantic and Gulf coasts whose climate is largely controlled by that great balance-wheel of temperature, the ocean. The sixth grand group comprised the Central Appalachian region embracing Central and Southern Pennsylvania where the proportion of deaths from diphtheria was very high and those of heart disease lower than in New- York. The prevalent fatal diseases were scarlet fever, diphtheria, old age, cancer, heart failure and diseases of the nervous system more especially apoplexy, paralysis and convulsions. The States were also di- vided into groups and in Pennsylvania Adams and Cumberland were placed in group I and York in group 2. In Adams county there were 232 deaths of males and 260 of females, or a death rate of 14.7 of the former and of 15.6 of the latter per thou- sand of population. Cumberland deaths were males 327 and females 308, or death rates of 14.8 and 12.9, while York had 506 deaths of males and 437 of females with death rates of 11.6 and 9.9 per thousand re- spectively.
Knowledge, skill and discovery are rapid- ly widening the domain of medicine. Small pox is robbed of its terrors, children are saved from diphtheria, consumption shows signs of yielding to science, the use of anesthetics does away with a large part of pain, while the X-rays promise new con- quests to medicine. And in this wonder- ful advance of the 19th Century medical science, the physicians of the Nineteenth District have kept abreast of the times.
CHAPTER VIII.
Religious Denominations.
THAT RELIGION wields the scepter of the centuries has been truly said, for it has been attest- ed in the history of every nation both in the old and the new world. "Other forces weaken, other issues die, other actors pass ofif the stage and are heard of no more; but religion remains forever." The religious system of Pennsylvania was indeed the most remarkable feature of her public po- licy, for it was different from every other Colonial system and under its workings genuine religious freedom was enjoyed throughout the Quaker province of Penn. The oppression of New England and Vir- ginia were unknown in Pennsylvania,where religious toleration did not exist as a miser- able policy of expediency, for the Quakers in authority were true to the doctrine of re- ligious freedom which they preached when persecuted. Thus Pennsylvania attracted the followers of all forms and creeds to her territory, where Lutheran, Presbyterian, German Reformed, Baptist, Anabaptist. Dunkard, Moravian, Mennonite, Episcopa- lian and Catholic enjoyed religious freedom in the full sense of the term.
Reference has been made in a preceding chapter to the earliest churches and that three of the immigrant classes of church people were Friends, Episcopalians and Presbyterians of English and Scotch-Irish nationality and speaking the English lan- guage, while four of them were Lutherans, German Reformed, German Baptists and Moravians who were of German stock and
language. All seven of these denominations were in York county at an early date; the Presbyterians, Lutherans and Catholics are the oldest denominations in Adams county, and the Presbyterians for a number of years had the only churches in Cumberland county.
Lutherans. The Evangelical Lutheran church, founded on the Augsburg Confes- sion, claims the high appellation of "The Mother of Protestants" because she is not a branch of the Protestant church but the great body and trunk ot it, and a massive and living trunk still.
The Lutherans now are the most numer- ous in York county, where they have churches whose membership exceed 500. The first Evangelical church of York was formed 1733 with Rev. John Casper Stoever as the first pastor, and in 1852 separated in- to churches, one conducting exercises in German and the other in English, now St. Paul's church. Zion church of York was organized in 1847; Union, 1859; St. John's, German, 1873, and St. Luke's church, 1882. St. Matthew's church of Hanover was or- ganized about 1 73 1, and Wrightsville church in 1852. The Kreutz Creek Luth- eran and Reformed church was formed be- fore 1741; Mt. Zion, in Spring Garden, in 1852; Manchester church, 1857; Hoover's, 1819; St. Paul's, 1763; and Lewisberry, 1792; Mt. Zion in Fairview township was formed about 1857; Filey, about 1800; St. Paul's of Dillsburg, 1855; Franklintown, 1884; St. John's, of Franklin township.
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about 1780; Rossville, 1848; St. Paul's and Salem, of Washington township, 1844 and 1800; Dover, 1757; , of Dover town- ship, 1870; Zion, of Conewago township, 1767; Holz Schwamm, 1775; Pidgeon Hill, Jackson township, 1785; St. Paul's, of
Spring Grove, 1880; Dubbs, ; West
Manheim, 1750; St. Bartholomew, about 1835; St. Peter's, 1833; Stelzes, 1794; Zieg- ler's, 1800; New Salem, 1861 ; Staverstown, 1880; Jefferson, 1827; Shrewsbury, 1822; Glen Rock, 1859; Friedensaals, 1774; Sa- lem, of Springfield township, 1841 ; St. John's, 1748; St. Paul's, of Dallastown, 1855 ; Emanuel, 1771 ; Lower Windsor, 1763; Stable's, 1784; Lebanon, 1814; and Sadler's, . Many of these congrega- tions worship in union houses built by them and the Reformed, and but very imperfect accounts can be obtained of various churches.
In Adams county the records obtainable are of many churches unsatisfactory. Christ's Lutheran church in Gettysburg was formed before 1789 and is generally known as the "College Church." St. John's church, of Berwick township was organ- ized 1829; Biglerville, 1881; St. Matthew's, 1743; Flohr's, 1822; Trinity, 1781 ; St. Paul's and St. John's, of Germany town- ship, 1863, and 1763; East Berlin, 1811; Fairfield, 1855; Huntingdon, 1831; Christ, of Latimore township, 1745; Bendersville, 1835; Wenksville, 1836; Grace, 1876; New Oxford, i860; Pines, 1861 ; Heidlersburg, 1844; and St. John's, of Union township, 1763.
The growth of Lutheranism in Cumber- land county has been largely in the present century. Hickory Wood Evangelical Luth- eran church was organized as early as 1765, in East Pennsborough township ; and the Shippensburg church was formed in 1780, while the Carlisle congregation was in ex- istence as early as 1816. The Second (Ger-
man) Lutheran church of Carlisle was or- ganized in 1853; St. Luke's and Trinity, of
Mechanicsburg, and ; St. John's
of Hampden township, 1866; First, of New- ville, 1832; Dickinson, 1829; Centervihe, 1852, and Mt. Holly Springs.
Reformed. The "Reformed Church in the United States" was known as the "Ger- man Reformed Church in the United States" until 1869 when the word German was dropped from its name. It is different from the "Reformed Church in America," which previous to 1867 was the "Dutch Reformed Church in America." The Ger- man Reformed church was organized about 1740 in eastern Penns5'lvania by immi- grants from Germany and Switzerland, and its doctrines are Calvinistic, making the Heidelberg Catechism its symbol. "High Church" and "Low Church" views at the present are the result of a division of the prominent leaders of the church, the East- ern Synod being High Church and the Western Low Church.
The Reformed settlers at York organized a church as First Reformed church at an earl}' day, and it is now known as Zion Re- formed church from an interesting history of which we quote:
"If all accounts are true the Reformed Church, in York, antedates the organiza- tion of York County. There was preaching in the early 1730's.
However difficult it may seem to get along without a leader, these Reformed people kept together and not until when the Rev. Jacob Lischy, the great "Swiss Preacher," visited this settlement and preached for them, did they enjoy the la- bors of a stated clergyman in their midst. The Rev. Lischy, having received a call as their regular pastor, he declined the same, but the congregation did not listen to this and as a result sent him (Rev. Lischy) the second call on May 29, 1745, and after a
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persistent urging on the part of the mem- bers he accepted the call.
Now they had a pastor but no house of worship wherein these good people could gather until in the year 1746, when a log building was erected on the ground where the present Zion Reformed church stands, which was known as Lot No. 91, and was granted by the Penn's.
There are many interesting stories told concerning the locating of the church lots in York donated by the Penns. It having been left to a Board of Arbitration as to which denomination should occupy the ground, the board decided that the church members who would put in the first spade and turn the ground on a certain day should forever hold the right to the ground. Thus, where Christ Lutheran church stands today seems to have been the more favor- able lot at that time, and both the Reformed and Lutherans being anxious to occupy that plot, they arranged to be on the ground. The legend goes that while the Reformed people had counted on breaking ground at 4 o'clock a. m., the Lutherans broke the ground at one minute after 12 o'clock midnight. It seems the Reformed people slept just four hours too long to oc- cupy the desired lot of Christ Lutheran church, but it was a fortunate sleep for the Reformed people, as they evidently occupy the more desirable lot, being on the main street of the City, while the other lot is on the side street.
Since the time that these lots have been occupied many changes have taken place in this old colonial inland city, which has greatly enhanced the value of property, and this congregation as a result, has largely shared in the increase.
The present structure is the Wren style of architecture and comprises the finer de- tails known to the early German builders, who came to this country and had no other
occupation in view, except that of adorning the new land with German houses and church edifices. This old Reformed church, in point of architecture, is without a doubt the peer of any in the State of Pennsylvania. Its central tower and open belfry adorns its low solid walls with exquisite symmetry. Although snugly packed between other buildings, it loses none of its charms and beauty and continues to stand as an open monument to its early construction.
There seem to have been some very ex- citing scenes through which this congrega- tion had to pass while the Rev. Jacob Lischy remained pastor on account of his unsettled position between the Reformed and Moravian churches. At different times he wanted to lay down his work at this place, but a strong element prevailed upon him and he remained pastor up to 1760, when he, withdrawing, organized an inde- pendent church in Codorus township and was deposed by the Synod.
For one year there was no regular pastor over this congregation, and not until the Rev. John Conrad Wirtz entered upon his labors as pastor on May 9, 1762, when, after a short period, he brought the congregation into harmony, and through his indefatig- able labors the congregation prospered, and the block building erected in 1746 was razed and steps taken towards the erection of a large stone building, of which the cor- ner stone was laid May 25, 1763. The Rev. Wirtz, however, did not live to see this church completed. He died September 21, 1763, and was buried under the altar.
Again, according to records, there was a vacancy for two years, and there is no rec- ord of these two years to be found. In Sep- tember, 1765, the Rev. William Otterbein was called to the pastorate, and having ac- cepted the call, he became pastor in No- vember, 1765, and having a desire to visit his native land, he did so in 1770, and dur-
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ing his absence in Germany of about one year, the Rev. Daniel Wagner, who was then pastor at Kreutz Creek, preached oc- casionally. The Rev. Otterbein returned on October i, 1771, and continued to be pastor of this church until 1774, when he went to the city of Baltimore. In May, 1774, the Rev. Daniel Wagner was called to serve this people. He remained their pastor dur- ing the entire period of the Revolutionary war, resigning in the year 1786 to accept a call from the Tulpehocken charge, in Berks county, this State.
During the session of the Continental Congress in York, in 1776 and 1777, many of the then prominent men attended divine services in the second building on this lot, even though the preaching was in the Ger- man language. For many years there was a graveyard back of the Church, among its many dead were the remains of Col. Philip Livingston, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. His remains, however, have since been disinterred, as well as the remains of all the dead with but two exceptions.
Again comes a period of which there is no record, but it is known that a young man named Rev. Philip Stock preached and also the Rev. George Troldenier served this people for a short period. These two min- isters, as far as can be learned, served from the fall of 1786 to the spring of 1793. The congregation still having a love for their former pastor, the Rev. Daniel Wagner, they extended a call to him, and accepting, he entered upon his duties August i, 1793. H^is second ministry was more successful than his former one. During the Rev. Wagner's second pastorate the Stone church, built in part under the pastorate of Rev. John Wirtz, was destroyed by fire on July 5, 1797, and all the records of the con- gregation were burned, save one book. The congregation, under its estimable pastor, at
once took steps towards the erection of a new building, which they erected on the same spot, 65x55 feet, with the side to the front, and the steeple in the rear. The cor- ner-stone of this building was laid June 19, 1798, and dedicated in May, 1800, though old as it is, its general appearance is good, and a landmark to many of our citizens,wlio can trace their ancestry back to the time when they were devoted seekers of salva- tion within its walls. The old steeple has just been remiodeled at an expense of sev- eral hundred dollars, and it is the finest piece of colonial architecture to be seen anywhere.
In May, 1804, Rev. Wagner resigned and the Rev. George Guistweit was called to the pastorate and accepted the call, and remain- ed pastor of the flock for sixteen years, un- til 1820. Now there was new life brought to the congregation through the calling of the Rev. Lewis Mayer, D. D., who began his work January 8, 1821. At this stage English was introduced with the German. He built a lecture and Sunday school room on the rear of the lot. Having received a call to the Theological professorship in the Seminary he resigned April 3, 1825. The church having no regular pastor for two years the Rev. James Ross Reily accepted a call on April i, 1827, but his health failing, he had the Rev. Daniel Zacharias, a licen- tiate, as his assistant from 1828 to 1830. The Rev. Reily resigned July, 1831.
Not until the Rev. John Cares was called, October i, 1832, did these people again have a regular pastor. The lecture and Sunday school room was destroyed by fire December 8, 1837, and instead of rebuild- ing it, the congregation resolved to alter the interior of the Church and take off ten feet of the audience room and make a two- story building out of it and have the audi- ence room up stairs and the Lecture and Sunday School room down stairs. The Rev.
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Cares served eleven years, having died April 5, 1843.
Now followed an exciting and stormy period in the history of this congregation. No sooner was the grave of their beloved pastor closed than certain parties made a strenuous efifort to secure the services of the Rev. Herman Douglas , a converted Jew, the pastor of an Associated Reformed Church at Hagerstown, Md. He was a powerful pulpit orator and had many bril- liant attainments. This brought about op- position, and the opposers brought the mat- ter before Classis. Rev. Douglas took charge of this Church July, 1843, ^"d re- mained only until January I, 1845, when he resigned and went to Europe. The congregation January 16, 1845, extended a call to the Rev. William A. Good, of Ha- gerstown, Md. Rev. Good was the father of Rev. James I. Good, D. D., of Calvary Reformed Church, Reading, Pa. During the pastorate of Rev. Good the congrega- tion was chartered by the Legislature, on March 9, 1849, under the title, "The First Reformed Church of the Borough of York and its vicinity." The first charter ever issued to this congregation was given at Lancaster January 7, 1809, by the Com- monwealth of Pennsylvania, Simon Snyder, Governor. A copy of which the congrega- tion still retains.
Under this charter of 1849 the congrega- tion was authorized to lay out a public cemetery under the title of "Prospect Hill Cemetery," which contains at the present time between 80 and 100 acres. In the latter part of Rev. Good's pastorate, it was resolved to call a co-pastor to preach ex- clusively in the English language. This resulted in a call to the Rev. Phillips as English pastor, however, this proved un- satisfactory and they then resolved to di- vide into two sections, English and Ger- man, each section to call their own pastor
and support him, but to hold their prop- erty in common under one corporation. This called for the resignation of botli the English and German pastors — Rev. Phillips and Rev. William A. Good, in the fall of 1851.
The Rev. David Bossier, of Harrisburg, was then called by the Germans, and en- tered upon his duties April 4, 1852, and on November 6, 1852, the Rev. J. O. Miller, of Winchester, Va., was called by the Eng- lish section, and began his labors January I, 1853, and has labored with his people ever since; the English section after leav- ing the Zion Reformed Church, organized and adopted the name of Trinity Reformed. Each of the sections had the use of the audience room on alternate Sunday morn- ings. In the spring of 1862 Rev Bossier resigned. He was succeeded by the Rev. Daniel Ziegler, who became pastor of the Mother Reformed congregation. The in- convenience of two congregations worship- ping in one building manifested itself, and steps were taken for a final separation. Ar- ticles of agreement for the sale of the Church property were adopted December 26, 1862. The Germans paid the English section, after the sale, $9,925.
In 1872 at a congregational meeting it was decided to change the name of First Reformed Church, to that of Zion Re- formed Church, and the charter was ac- cordingly amended, thus changing the name from First to Zion Reformed Church, of York, Pa.
The Rev. Daniel Ziegler remained pas- tor until 1875, when the Rev. Aaron Span- gler was called to succeed Rev. Ziegler, and labored with his flock until the fall of 1886. During Rev. Spangler's pastorate the Church was remodeled at an expense of several thousand dollars.
The Rev. O. P. Schellhamer was next called to take oversight of this congrega-
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tion, in the spring of 1887, and remained pastor until March 31, 1894.
Rev. Morgan A. Peters, the present in- cumbent, next received a unanimous call March 12, 1894, and began his labors April I, 1894. The services at present are con- ducted in both the German and English languages. The first English sermon was preached to this congregation on Sunday evening, September 8th, 1878, and at once the consistory introduced the English into the Sunday school. The present member- ship of the congregation is over 400 and of the Sunday school 560.
Thus you are hastened over a brief his- tory of The Mother Reformed church, of York, Pa., embracing 164 years from the time of its first organization.
Of the formation of other Reformed churches we have account of the following : Emanuel, of Hanover, about 1750; Trinity, Hanover, 1884; Kreutz Creek, about 1750; Mt. Zion, of Spring Garden township, 1852; Hoover, about 181 9; Wolf's, 1763; St. John's, of Franklin township, about 1785; Rossville, 1S69; St. Paul's, of Washington township, 1844; Salem, 1800; Dover, 1757; Zion, Conewago township, 1767; Holz- Schwamm, 1775: Pidgeon Hill, about 1786;
Dubbs, ; St. David's 1750; St. Peter's,
Codorus township, 1760; Stelze's 1794; St. Jacobs, about 1785; Zion, Codorus town- ship, ; Ziegler's about 1800; Christ's,
Codorus, about 1827; Shrewsbury, 1822; St. Peter's, Springfield township, 1783; St. John's, York township, 1748; St. Paul's, York township, 1855; St. John's, Red Lion, 1882; Emanuel's, Windsor township, about 1772; Locust Grove, 1874; Lower Windsor,
1764; and Lebanon, . Many of the
churches accommodate both Lutheran and Reformed congregations and some of them have been so used for over a centurv and a half.
In Adams county the Reformed church
was organized at Gettysburg in 1790; Emanuel, of Berwick township, before 1783; Zion, Arendtsville, about 1781; Re- deemer's, Littlestown, 1859; St. James, Germany township, 1851; Union, 181 1; Fairfield, 1824; Mt. Olivet, 1745; Liberty, about 1823; Bendersville, 1824; Mark's, 1789; St. James, Mountjoy township, 1851; St. Luke's, near Whitehall, 1846; St. Paul's, New Oxford, 1820; and Christ, Union township, 1847.
Cumberland county contained Reformed congregations among its early German set- tlers Carlisle Reformed church was or- ganized before 1807; Mechanicsburg, ;
Shippensburg, about 1780; Frienden's Kirche, before 1797; Poplar, about 1788; and Mifflin before 1790.
Friends or Quakers. Originally calling themselves Seekers and later Friends, in derision the name Quakers was applied to them. They rose in England about 1650 and soon introduced the tenets of their religious faith into other European coun- tries and the English colonies of North America, where acting as "the spirit moved them," they taught valuable lessons of pa- tience, prudence, and peace to the world. Most prominent among their early leaders was George Fox, and most illustrious of their denomination is William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. Refusing to take oaths, opposed to war, slavery and a paid ministry and admitting women to preach, they ran so largely counter to the spirit of the seventeenth age that persecution be- came their portion in every land in which they settled.
After Penn planted his colony in Penn- sylvania he welcomed every creed and faith and while his own followers were most numerous on the Delaware and Schuylkill, yet west of the Susquehanna they were in the minority in most of the early settle- ments.
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The first monthly meeting in York county |was called Warrington and com- posed of Newberry preparative, Warring- ton worship and Menallen "indulged" meetings. This monthly meeting was a part of Concord quarterly meeting which belonged to the Philadelphia yearly meet- ing.
Warrington and Fairfax quarterly meet- ing was set apart in 1776 and joined to the Baltimore yearly meeting. An "indulged" meeting was held at York in 1754, and York monthly meeting was established in 1786. The York meeting house was built about 1766 and of the meeting houses after- ward erected in the county, only the Fawn Grove house remained in 1885 as a place for regular services. Warrington meeting is held but once a year and Newberry and York meetings have been discontinued as many of the early Friends emigrated south and west and the descendants of those re- maining joined other denominations. The Quaker societies were principally in the northern part of the county. Near Wrightsville a meeting house was built about 1776, if not earlier. Another meeting house was at Newberrytown, west of it was a Friends school house, and both probably built before 1770. The meeting house near Wellsville, and the one at Fawn Grove are successors to one built prior to the Revolu- tionary war.
There were Quakers among the settlers of Adams county and in 1850 two of their societies were still in existence. Southeast of York Springs is a Friends meeting house and graveyard, and in Butler township is another Quaker graveyard, while beyond the mention of these bare facts it seems the local historians have recorded nothing of the Quakers of Adams county.
In Cumberland county were some Quaker settlers but we have no account of any meeting or meeting house of their's.
Presbyterians. Calvinism was first ex- emplified at Strasburg, France, where Cal- vin established a church on his own plan in 1538, but Geneva was the great center from which the system spread in Central and Northwestern Europe and was carried by John Knox into Scotland where it had room to expand from parochial sessions into Presbyteries and Synods under a gen- eral assembly. John Knox, the disciple of Calvin, by his preaching founded Presby- terianism which is represented today by several denominations.
While the Quaker was in the northern part of York county, the Lutheran and German Reformed predominated in the central part, and the Presbyterians ruled in the southern part where they were the first settlers and have increased ever since in numerical strength and influence.
The First Presbyterian church of York was organized prior to the Declaration of Independence, while the second or Calvary Presbyterian church of York did not come into existence until a century later, being formed in 1882. The Wrightsville church was organized in 1828; Dillsburg, about 1737; new Harmony, 1847; Chanceford, be- fore 1760; Stewartstown, 1844; Centre, about 1780; Slate Ridge, about 1747; and Slateville in 1849.
The Presbyterian church in Adams county dates back to the days of early set- tlement. The Gettysburg church was or- ganized about 1740, and some time later Upper Marsh Creek was formed. The Mu- masburg church was organized before 1882; Berlin, in 1801; Lower Marsh Creek, before 1790; York Springs, 1818; and Great Conewago, 1740.
While Presbyterianism was predominant in one part of York and prevalent in one section of Adams county, yet its home west of the Susquehanna seemed to be in the Cumberland valley where nearly every strong
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spring of water had a Presbyterian church planted by its side and bearing its name. Cumberland county was first included in Donegal Presbytery which was organized about 1732 and two years later Meeting House Springs and Silvers' Spring congre- gations were formed. Big Spring (now Newville) and Middle Spring (north of Shippensburg) congregations were organ- ized about 1740. The first regular settled pastor was Rev. Thomas Craighead, a son of Rev. Robert Craighead, "who was in the siege of Londonderry, and the father of Rev. Alexander Craighead whose advanced political views, in North Carolina, bore fruit after his death in the Mecklenburg Declar- ation of Independence" made in 1775. Rev. Thomas Craighead was a very eloquent man and fell dead in the pulpit as he enun- ciated the word farewell in pronouncing the benediction. The First Presbyterian church of Carlisle was formed about 1753; the Second Presbyterian church of Car- lisle was organized in 1833, ^"d Walnut Bottom church was formed in 1810.
In speaking of the Scotch-Irish Presby- terians in the Cumberland Valley, Dr. Nor- cross, pastor of the Second Presbyterian church of Carlisle, says : "It was the same sturdy race of men who planted the firbt churches up the Susquehanna and along the blue waters of the Juniata, who 'held the fort' in Sherman's valley and set up their standards in the Path Valley region, who planted old Monaghan in the edge of York county, spread out through the 'Bar- rens,' and built the stone churches on the Great Conewago and Marsh Creek. The status of the churches in Cumberland val- ley has been altered somewhat by the changes which have gradually come over the race elements of our population. Many families of the original settlers have passed on the wave of emigration to the west, and their places have been taken by worthy
people of the German stock. But most of these original churches continue strong and prosperous, notwithstanding the racial changes which have gone on around them. The strength of the original congregations is evinced not only by their present healthy condition, but by the strong colonies which they have sent out. These young churches have in some instances quite equaled their parent hives, and almost all are showing the aggressive power of a pure gospel by gathering into their communion many who were not originally of Presbyterian families. Our people are generally true to the tradi- tions of the fathers; for though devoted to his "Confession of Faith," the Ulsterman was able to criticise it. The authority in matters of religion which it had conceded to the civil magistrate, he was no longer willing to admit. He had learned some- thing in the school of affliction, and on this point he had grown wiser than his teachers. In an ideal Christian state, where all men had accepted one interpretation of Scrip- ture, it might be a very beautiful system; but in such a very imperfect world as this, with its conflicting opinions as to the claims of God, the powers of the church, and the needs of the soul, the Ulsterman had found to his sorrow that the civil magistrate could not be safely trusted with the question of heresy. The freedom which he claimed for himself he conceded to others. The out- ward uniformity in religion which the Westminster fathers had hoped might be secured in Great Britain and Ireland, he saw was a Utopian dream which he re- nounced forever. He revised his "Confes- sion of Faith" (1788) so as to limit the pow- ers of the civil magistrate to secular con- cerns, and left the church free in its own province. On this whole question Presby- terians of Pennsylvania were greatly in ad- vance of the New England Puritans and the churchmen of the South. The restless
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spirit of enterprise in the Scotch-Irish race has caused the children of many of these early settlers in the Cumberland valley to seek their fortunes in distant parts of the land, but the churches which they planted remain the sacred monuments of their re- ligious principles. Other races have come in to swell the population of their beautiful valley, but the day must be far distant when their memorials shall have perished from the land which they at first consecrated to liberty and religion by toil and sacrifice in tears and blood.'"
United Presbyterians. This denomina- tion was formed in 1858 by a union of the "Associate Reformed" and the Associate Presbyterian" churches. The "Associate Reformed" church was formed in 1782 by a union of large portions of the Associate and Reformed Presbyterian churches, both of which were oiifshoots from the church of Scotland. The Associate or Seceder church was organized in 1733, while the Reformed or Covenanter church, although organized about 1706, yet many Covenants were associated together as early as 1588, and one time had been known as Cameron- ians and also as Mountain People. Rev. John Cuthbertson held the first Covenan- ters' communion in America, near New Kingston, Cumberland county, in 1752, while his first sermon had been preached in Adams county on September i, 1751. Be- fore his arrival seven or eight Covenanter societies had been organized between the Susquehanna and the Blue Ridge. Guinston Associate church in Chanceford township, York county, was organized about 1753; Airville United Presbyterian church in Lower Chanceford township, in 1771 ; and Hopewell, in Hopewell township in 1800.
In Adams county Upper Marsh Reform- ed church was organized April 8,1753: Hill or Marsh Creek Associate church before
1763 and one or two other early churches of which no account can be secured.
Cumberland county contained Covenan- ter congregations. Stony Ridge Covenan- ter church was organized about 1752, when the Covenanters in the county were esti- mated at 250, but of the two or three other congregations in the county no account has been preseved.
Episcopalians. This denomination had its origin in England, and was planted in America under the auspices of the Eng- lish Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts which contributed largely to the support of the ministers of its churches in Pennsylvania prior to the Revo- lution. The three English orders of bish- ops, priests and deacons are retained in this country, where the churches choose their pastors, the parish, the vestry, and the communicants, the church-wardens. The Episcopalians form a large and respectable denomination in the United States, and their church vestries always embrace men of prominence and worth.
When the first regular Episcopal mis- sionary from England visited York in 1755 he found a congregation of Churchmen, but without pastoral care. This missionary, Rev. Thomas Barton, organized congrega- tions at York Springs, in Adams, and Car- lisle, in Cumberland county, and sotight to convert the Indians. He also armed and led his congregations in several Indian campaigns. He served St. John's church at York, where he was succeeded about 1765, by Rev. John Andrews, who secured the building of the first church edifice either in 1766 or 1769. Succeeding Rev. John Andrews came Revs. Daniel Batwell, 1772 to 1776; John Campbell, 1784 to 1804; John Armstrong, 1810 to 1819; Grandison Asquith, 1821 to 1823; Charles Williams 1S23 to 1825; Richard Hall, 1826 to 1836; W. E. Franklin, 1836 to 1838; J. H. Mars-
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den, 1841 to 1844; J. H. Hoffman, 1844 to 1849: Charles West Thomson, 1849 to 1866; W. P. Orrick, i86^to 1873; Octavius Perinchief, 1873-74; E. L. Stoddard, 1874 to 1877; W. T. Wilson, 1877 to 1878; H. W. Spalding, 1878 to 1883; and Arthur C. Powell, who was called to the rectorship in June 1883.
St. John's Episcopal church of Carlisle was organized about 1754, erected its first church edifice in 1765, and has been served by some very able rectors.
In Adams county Christ church of York Springs was organized about 1756, and was served by the rectors of St. John's church of York until 1804, since which year it has had different pastors for a large part of the time. Another church of which we have no history was erected prior to 1850, and in 1875 ^^ Episcopal church was or- ganized at Gettysburg.
Baptists. This denomination is distin- guished from all other religious denomina- tons by its opinions respecting the ordin- ance of Christian Baptism. The Baptist claim their origin from the ministry of Christ and his Apostles, trace their history through a succession of churches down to the Reformation, and then after half a cen- tury of persecution alike from Catholic and Protestant, found protection under the Prince of Orange, the founder of the Dutch Republic. The Baptist disclaim all con- nection with the Anabaptists, have largely been pioneers of religion, and an able writer says, that "theirs is the high honor of establishing in the little colony of Rhode Island, in 1636, the first civil government in modern times which declared that con- science should be free."
The first Baptist church in the Nine- teenth District seems to have been Dover church which was founded about 1804 and had its house of worship on the site of Roh- ler's meeting house. The First Baptist church
of York was constituted May 21, 1851, Peach Bottom church at Delta was organ- ized in 1872, and other churches are said to have existed in York county prior to 1850.
In Adams county we find no account of any regularly organized Baptist church, while in Cumberland county there is no account by the local historians of any church of this denomination, yet the census reports of 1850 credits the county with five Baptist churches.
Catholics. The Roman Catholic church claims "that God has promised and conse- quently bestows upon it, a constant and perpetual protection, to the extent of guar- anteeing it from destruction, from error, or fatal corruption," They also claim that the Holy Catholic Apostolic Roman church is the mother of all churches, and that obedi- ence is due to the Bishop of Rome, as suc- cessor to St. Peter, prince of the apostle, and vicar of Jesus Christ; and complain that doctrines are laid to their charge which they do not hold. The early Catholics in the United States settled in Maryland and along the banks of the Mississippi, but since 1850 the tide of foreign immigration has added largely to their numbers and made their growth rapid and substantial.
The Jesuit fathers came into what is now Conewago township, Adams county, as early as 1720, some of them being from Baltimore and others from Montreal and Quebec, Canada. Josiah Grayton, S. J., used the wigwam for a temple, and in 1730 or 1735 came Irish and German Catholic settlers who organized Conewago congre- gation, long known as Conewago chapel, now the Church of the Sacred Heart. The Gettysburg church was organized prior to 1826; St. Ignatius, before 1816; St. Aloy- sius, about 1790; Paradise, about 1780; Fairfield Mission, 1851; St. Joseph's 1859; and Immaculate Heart, 1852.
A supply station of the Jesuits of Cone-
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wago was established at an early day at Carlisle and in due time became the pres- ent St. Patrick's church of that place.
From Conewago the Jesuit Fathers passed into York county and founded sup- ply stations, some of which became churches.
St. Patrick's church of York was organ- ized prior to 1750; St. Mary's, 1852; St. Joseph's, of Hanover, 1853; Paradise, be- fore 1843; St. John, 1842; St. Joseph's, of Dallastown, before 1851; and a church in Codorus township.
Moravians. The Unitas Fratrum or Church of the Bohemian and Moravian Brethren was founded by followers of John Huss in 1457, and by persecution became very nearly extinct, but a "hidden seed" re- mained in Herrnhut church organized in 1722, on the estates of Count Zinzendorf. The Moravians are strictly evangelical in doctrine with a simple ritual and in 1742 first came to PennsA'lvania, settling at Beth- lehem.
Services were held in York county by Moravian missionaries as early as 1744 and in 1851 Rev. Philip John Meurer organized the present Moravian church of York, whose earliest members were among the original lot holders of the town and for several years had been a part of the first German Reformed congregation of York. Another church was organized in Codorus township over a century ago but has gone down.
Adams county contained some Mora- vians in her early settlements and a Mora- vian church was still in existence in 1850.
Although the census returns of 1850 give six Moravian churches in Cumberland county for that year, yet the local histor- ians are alike silent as to past record or present existence of any these churches.
Mennonites. This denomination was founded by Menno Simon and in 1708 a
church was organized at Germantown, which soon established numerous branches in the eastern counties of Pennsylvania. They practice baptism by pouring and lay- ing on of hands, and oppose every form of infant baptism.
The Manchester Society in York county was formed prior to 1810; Dover society, 1753; Bairs, 1774; and Hanover, before
1773-
Hanover, Bairs, and Hosteter's meeting in Adams county are served by one minis- ter and form one congregation with three meeting houses. There is a church in Washington and one in Codorus township, and in 1885 York county contained twelve Mennonite congregations, while Flohr church, now Mumasburg, in Adams county, was formed in 1822.
In Cumberland county the Mennonites about 1803 were sufficiently strong to or- ganize a congregation at Slate Hill, near Shiremanstown. The Stone church congre- gation was formed at a point two miles east of Carlisle, before 1832, while services in English and German were conducted in 1885 at various other places.
The Reformed Mennonites who separat- ed from the old church party in 181 1 pro- fess to live nearer the doctrines and usages of the primitive church than the latter and established congregations at Winding Hill, Middlesex and Plainfield.
Qerman Baptists. This denomination is also known as Tunkers or Dunkards.and in many places is divided into three branches. Primitive, Conservative and Pro- gressive.
The mother church commenced at Schwardzenau, Germany, in 1708, with but seven members, and "that in a place where no Baptist had been in the memory of man, nor any now are." The first German Bap- tists in Pennsylvania came in 1719, and the denomination is known as a peace-loving
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and industrious people, who practice trine immersion, are opposed to war and secret societies, and call themselves "Brethren." Some of the Brethren were among the early settlers who came to York county in 1736 and two years later formed their first church in the vicinity of Hanover. The second church was formed in 1741, being 14 miles west of York. The Bermudian church was organized in 1758; and York county in 1885 was divided into three church districts: Upper Codorvis, with Black Rock, Jefferson, Wildasin's and Bea- ver Creek meeting houses; Lower Codorus, with Loganville, Herbst, Union and West York meeting-houses; and , with Ber- mudian, Walgemuth's, Altland's and Union meeting houses.
In Adams county we have account of Biglerville, East Berlin, Trostel's, Hamp- ton's, Latimore, Liberty, Upper Conewago churches, but with no definite dates of or- ganization; while in Cumberland county there were preaching points maintained at private houses, and in barns and school houses until 1823, when Elder Daniel Bol- inger efifected a church organization that existed up to 1836, in which year the the church was divided into two congrega- tions, called respectively the Upper church and the Lower church. At first these con- gregations met in Union houses, but be- tween 1855 and 1885, they built meeting Louses at Baker's, IVliller's, Mohler's, Huntsville, Boiling Springs and Fogel- sangers.
United Brethren. This society, al- though distinct from the Moravians, is of- ten mistaken for the latter. The United Brethren in Christ was founded in 1800 by Rev. Philip Wilhelm Otterbein, who came to this county in 1752 and preached for a time with Bishop Asbury. Otterbein was a minister of the German Reformed church and preached that all true Christians, of
whatever name, should unite at the Lord's table. The concord was such among those of different denominations who joined him that they agreed to take the name of United Brethren in Christ.
Probably the oldest congregation is in AVindsor township, York county, where Zion church was organized soon after 1800. Hanover church was formed prior to 1847; Franklintown, before 1849; Dover, 1858; and Mt. Zion, 1847.
In Adams county there is record of the following churches: Biglerville, organized
in 1859; Idaville, 1859; Latimore, ;
ilountjoy, 1869; Salem, before 1845; ^^d Heidlersburg, 1840.
Congregations of the United Brethren are to be found in all parts of Cumberland county. The Mechanicsburg church was or- ganized in 1846; Shippensburg, 1866; New Cumberland, before 1873; Newville, before 1867, and several other churches of which no record is to be found.
Welsh Calvinists and Congregational- ists. The Welsh slate miners in Peach
Bottom township, York county, have two churches. West Bangor Calvinistic Metho- dist church, organized before 1854, and the West Bangor Congregational church or- ganized in 1855.
Methodists. The Methodist Episcopal church in the United States was organized in 1784, and in less than a century spread over the whole North American continent numbering its members by the million. The Revolutionary war led to its establishment and prior to that Methodism was without an organized ministry and without ordi- nances. Philip Embury, a local preacher, first introduced Methodism in New York city in 1766 and in 1873 the Preachers' National Association erected a beautiful monument to his memory and on the mar- ble shaft was the eloquent inscription dic- tated by the brilliant Maffit: "Philip Em-
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bury, the earliest American minister of the jMethodist Church, here found his last earthly resting place. Born in Ireland, an emigrant to New York, Embury was the first to gather a little class in that city, and to put in motion a train of measures which re- sulted in the founding of John Street church, the cradle of American Methodism, and the introduction of a system which has beautified the earth with salvation and in- creased the joys of heaven." Upon ques- tions of church government there have been secessions from the Methodist church and among those seceding churches are the Southern Methodists, the Reformed Meth- odists, the Methodist Society, the Metho- dist Protestants, the Wesleyan Methodists, the Primitive Methodists and the Evangeli- cal Association.
Methodism was introduced into York county in 1 781 by Rev. Freeborn Garret- son, who preached first in the house of James Worley and then at Lewisberry on his way to Carlisle. The first churches were at York and Lewisberry, and now exist in all the EngHsh speaking townships of the county. In York the first church was organized about 1781, and next came Beaver Street church, from which origi- nated West Princess street and Ridge Avenue churches, while Duke street church was organized in 1861, and Princess street church was the result of a Sunday school started in 1881. Lewisberry church was organized about 1 781; Hanover, 1825; Wrightsville before 1828; Newberry town, 1833; Rock Chapel, 1794; Shrewsbury, 181 1 ; Glen Rock, 1865; Bethel, 1821; Mc- Kendree, 1825; Stewartstown, before 1833; and Zion, 1845.
Turning to Adams county we find that the Gettysburg Methodist Episcopal church was organized in 1818; Littlestown, in 1828; East Berlin, 1854; Fairfield, 1827; Bendersville, about 1832: Pine Grove, 1870:
Wenksville, 1872; New Oxford, 1829; Read- ing, 1851; and Hunterstown, 1839.
The Methodist church in Cumberland county dates back to 1787 and to Shippens- burg where in that year the first Methodist church in the Cumberland valley was or- ganized. The Carlisle church was formed before 1823; Newville, 1826; Mechanics- burg, 1827; Mt. Holly, before i860; and New Cumberland, West Fairview and Rehobath were organized between 1875 and 1885.
Methodist Protestant. This branch of Methodism was organized at Baltimore in 1830, when thirteen annual conferences were represented. They reject episcopacy assert ministerial parity, and give an equal representation to ministers and laymen.
The Methodist Protestants in York county organized their first congregations in the southeastern section in Hopewell, Fawn and Peachbottom townships. Fawn Grove circuit of the Maryland conference consists of Mt. Nebo, Mt. Olivet, Delta and Norrisville churches and Whiteside chapel.
In Adams county we find no account in the local histories of any Methodist Pro- testant church; while in Cumberland county the Barnitz's Hill church was or- ganized prior to 1844.
Evangelicals. This denomination gen- erally called the Albrights, are a branch of the Methodist church, and was organized in 1800 by the Rev. Jacob Albright who confined his labors chiefly to the German population of Eastern Pennsylvania. Al- bright was "a man of limited education, but earnest piety," first a Lutheran and after- wards a Methodist. The denomination he established called itself the Evangelical Association of North America and is now divided in two organizations.
The Evangelical Association was intro- duced into York county in 1810, in Shrews- bury, Springfield and Dover townships. The
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first church erected was at Shrewsbury and in 1885 eleven charges were in existence: Queen street and King street, in York, York Circuit, Prospect, Chanceford, Jar- rettsville (Md.), Shrewsbury, Glen Rock, Loganville, Dillsburg, and Lewisberry.
In the local history of Adams county we find nothing of any Evangelical church, but in Cumberland county there are records that place Letort Spring church as the first organization effected there and make its establishment to have been in 1833. Suc- ceeding Letort Springs church came church organizations and houses of worship at Carlisle, Cleversburg, Hickorytown, Lees- burg, McClure's Gap, Middlesex, Mifflin, Mount Holly, Mount Rock, New Kingston, and Wagner's. At Carlisle a class was formed in 1866, and four years later St. Paul's Evangelical church was completed and dedicated.
The African Methodist Episcopal church and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church both have congregations within the district, the former body copying after the Methodist Episcopal church from which the other body seceded in 1820.
Winebrennarians, or Hembers of the Church of Qod. This denomination was formed in Lancaster county in 1830 by Rev. John Winebrenner, and while Arminian in doctrine is Presbyterian in ecclesiastical government, but rejecting infant baptism and practicing immersion.
The Church of God was established in the upper end of York county, about 1835, and during the half century succeeding, twelve churches were organized in Newberry, Warrington, Monaghan, Franklin and Windsor townships. Some of these churches are designated as bethels.
There are Winebrennarians in Adams county, but we have no record of any churches.
In Cumberland county in 1834 or 1835,
the Union Christian church of Shippens- burg, which had been formed in 1828, be- came a Church of God congregation. Be- tween 1835 and 1885, congregations were organized and bethels or houses of wor- ship erected at Milltown, formed 1833; Walnut Grove, 1835; Shiremanstown, 1837; Newburg, 1834; Newville, 1837; Green Spring, 1852; Plainfield, 1854; and Carlisle, 1864.
River Brethren. Distinct from the Moravians, German Baptists and United Brethren, this denomination was formed along the Susquehanna river, in Conoy township, Lancaster county, in 1786, al- though there had been a temporary organi- zation from 1776. They worship in union houses at the villages of Manchester, Strinestown and Longstown, in York county, and some of them reside in Adams and Cumberland, but we find no account of their church organizations in York county, where they have congregations.
Dutch Reformed. The Dutch Reform- ed church was founded in America, at New York, in 1619, and since 1866 has been known as the Reformed church, as its ser- vices are all in English. It has but little to distinguish it from the American Presby- terian church.
The Dutch in the Conewago settlement, of Adams county, organized a church two miles east of Hunterstown, but its members in 1817 obtained permission from the leg- islature to sell their church property on account of dissentions and western emigra- tion and the church organization was dis- solved.
A comprehensive view may be obtained of the religious denominations of the Nine- teenth District nearly half a century ago from the United States census report of 1850 which gives the following denomina- tions and the number of churches of each in Adams, Cumberland and York counties:
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Denominations. Adams. Cumb'l'd. York.
Baptist 5 3
Catholic 3 2 3
Episcopal 2 I I
Free i
Friends 2 . . 4
Germ'n Reformed 363
Mennonite 3 10
Lutherans 15 11 30
Method't Ep'cop'l 14 15 24
Moravian i 6 2
Minor Sects . . 4
Presbyterian .... 7 13 14
Tunker i . . i
Union 11 4
Totals 48 74 103
Cemeteries. With the early church stood the school house, and adjoining was the graveyard whose earliest tomb stones of sandstone or flagstone were either unletter- ed or else but rudely carved to tell the nam.e and virtues of those whose fondest memory in life was of childhood's happy wander- ings in Rhineland valleys or on Scottish
highlands. As the settlements grew and the graveyard increased its area, marble came in use, and within the memory of some of the living the memorial tablet and the monu- mental pillar were first erected amid the weathern-worn stones of a century ago. By 1858 many oi the old graveyards had been abandoned, while others had been enlarged, improved and beautified and henceforth became known as cemeteries. Also cemetery companies came into existence and the larger towns commenced to lay out their "cities of the dead" with walks, trees and flowers, and the resting places of the dead were no longer the special property of the church.
The 225 churches of 1850 will in all pro- bability increase to 400 in number with the closing year of the present century, and with their missionary and Sunday school work will then be recognized as most im- portant factors in the civil and commercial as well as in the aesthetic and moral growth of the Nineteenth district.
CHAPTER IX.
Literature and the Press.
THE FACTS of a language involve its laws, but the productions of a language constitute its literature, and the literature of a country, a district or a county is one of the most instructive parts of their history. Literature ebbs and flows like the tide, but without its regularity, and unusual literary activity is a manifestation of an increased mental energy which always marks a period great in deeds and in changes.
Literary attainments were an object with many of the early settlers, and the classical schools and academies founded at Carlisle, York and near the site of Gettysburg before the Revolutionary war led to the establish- ment in 1783 of Dickinson college, which was the first college in the Cumberland valley, and is the thirteenth in age of the present four hundred colleges of the United States. Dickinson college was an import- ant factor in arousing a literary spirit in the counties of the present Nineteenth Con- gressional District, and from its portals have gone forth many men of national repu- tation, while in addition to James Bu- chanan and other distinguished graduates of Dickinson, the district has been the home of Brackenridge, Ross, Black, Stev- ens, Lenhart, Miller, Watts, Gibson, Mese- heimer, Fisher, McPherson, Durant, Rich- ard, Bradby, Sheely, Wing, Wills, Boyd, Norcross, Hersh, Gassat, Crawford, Schmucker, Swartz, Valentine, Wolf and others who have won standing and fame in many different fields of authorship.
Bibliography. Although numerous and prominent yet it is impossible at this writ- ing to give an}'thing near a list of the writ- ers and authors of the Nineteenth District, as the data lacking would require a long and painstaking research to secure it.
Dickinson and Pennsylvania colleges have graduated many able men whose works have been recognized as of high standing in various fields of literature, while others educated in the public schools and the academies have achieved well in the line of authorship.
Hugh Henry Brackenridge was among the early distinguished authors. He was a native of Scotland, but grew to manhood in York county and wrote Modern Chi- valry, a satire on the state of society at that time, of which it was a fair picture.
Ellis Lewis, a son of the founder of Lewisberry, and for some years Chief Jus- tice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, was author of the Abridgement of the Criminal Law of the United States, and wrote articles of literary merit for leading periodicals.
Lewis Mayer, an able Reformed minister, who resigned the presidency of a theologi- cal seminary, to devote his time entirely to literary labors, was the author of Sin against the Holy Ghost, Lectures on Scriptural Subjects, Hermeneutics and Exegesis, and History of the German Reformed Church.
Jeremiah S. Black, while but the author of two books, both Supreme Court reports, in addition to his distinguished legal la-
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bors found time to write many excellent articles on controverted subjects in differ- ent fields of literature.
Stephen Gill Boyd, much of whose life has been given to the study of literary and scientific subjects, will be long remem- bered by his work, Indian Local Names with their Interpretation, which was issued in 1885. This book is dedicated to the common school teachers, and "will awaken a deeper interest in the subject of which it treats, and in the history, habits and man- ners of the aboriginal races of America." Mr. Boyd in his introduction says, "Scat- tered all over our continent are to be found scores upon scores of local names standing as silent but most eloquent memorials of the previous existence of aboriginal races. To all appearances those names are almost as imperishable as the objects to which they are attached, and whilst the sweet melody of their sounds is the subject of unceasing admiration, their signification though known to comparatively few per- sons, are no less entitled to the attention of those who admire the exercise of good judgment in the practical affairs of life, and the beautiful in thought and sentiment. To bring into clearer relief some of those char- acteristics of our aboriginal races, as illus- trated in their local nomenclature, as well as to give greater zest to the study of our local history and geography, is the chief purpose of this compilation." Mr. Boyd succeeded well in his object and his work is accepted as a standard on Indian local names.
Chauncey Forward Black, distinguished in politics and journalism, often wanders in- to graceful lines of literature in which he has done much good work.
Grier Hersh is another native of York county, who has written some widely read articles, one of which on the Scotch-Irish of York and Adams counties is published in
the proceedings of the Eighth Scotch-Irish Congress of America which met in Harris- burg in 1896.
H. L. Fisher has written numerous poems and prose articles of merit, and is best known by his Olden Times or Penn- sylvania Rural Life, some fifty years ago, which tells in verse of the old home, pious and popular superstitions, old time customs habits, employments and recreations. In his prefatory remarks he says "The family home is a divine institution; a heaven-like retreat in our earthly pilgrimage; the scene of births and deaths, of hopes and fears, joys and sorrows. Yet to it we turn from the toils and troubles of life for rest and comfort as to the shadow of a great rock in a weary land or a fountain in the desert. We would not, even if we could, turn back the hand of progress and real improvement, so as to restore the state of things that ex- isted a half century or more ago. All that is claimed or urged is a due respect or veneration for the good, old, simple, hon- est, and more social, ways, manners and customs of the past; more especially on ac- count of their inseparable association with our own Merry Olden Times. Such, and such only is the crude, but, as is hoped, truthful picture attempted to be sketched in the following pages of the home-life of our honest country-folk, as it was within the memory of many still living." Want of space compels all further mention of the different subjects treated except the record- ing of two or three verses:
"So various are our checkered lives, And pressing are our days — As quilts, at firesides made and rolled, Our lives like fireside talei are told.
"Not all the wealth of India's mines Could fill the farmer's place, And heaven's smiles are mirrored In the sweat in labor's face.
"Beyond the dark and gloomy river.
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Whose surging billows near me roll, Immortal youthland, bright forever, Invites the weary, wand'ring soul."
William Lenhart, one of the most emi- nent diophantine algebraists that ever lived, died from bodily afflictions which ren- dered him incapable ofattainingto his high- est efforts and best work. He possessed imagination, susceptibility, wit and acute- ness in a high degree and wrote some very fine pieces of poetry.
Lewis Miller, while industrious and somewhat eccentric, was a man of genial na- ture, quick perception and aesthetic taste, who delighted in drawing and sketching, in which he was quite successful. He was a poet of more than ordinary ability. Some of his verses have been preserved, and when an octogenarian in years he still voiced his thoughts in poetic form. From one of his last pieces we quote: "The hand of Time upon my brow may trace its
lines ; From Memory's page efface fond recollection's
tear, But not the treasured thought of friends who yet
can cheer
This saddened heart of mine."
Henry Harbaugh, minister, scholar and author, possessed a deHcate vein of humor and some poetic ability, but lived more in the future than in the present and wrote seven theological and religious books of interest and merit.
George R. Prowell, historian and histori- cal writer, has contributed many valuable articles on the special history of York county and the early settlements along the Susquehanna.
Mrs. Mary C. Fisher has written well of Hospital Work at York during the late civil war and of other kindred subjects.
John Gibson, president-judge of the York county courts, acted efificiently as his- torical editor of the History of York County pubHshed in 1886.
R. C. Bair has written on various topics, and his article on the Scotch-Irish has been widely read.
James Wilson, one of the first judges of Supreme Court of the United States, was a resident for some years of Carlisle, and his Lectures on Jurisprudence were published between 1790 and 1798.
Charles Smith, president-judge of the courts of Cumberland and Franklin coun- ties, was the author of the compilation known as Smith's Laws of Pennsylvania in which he treated very fully land and crim- inal laws.
John Bannister Gibson, a giant in phy- sique and intellect, was a fine musical con- noisseur and art critic, and when appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court became the Ulysses of the bench. His accuracy in language was partly due to his close study of synonyms. He reviewed a work on Limited Partnership, wrote decisions of great importance and Judge Jere S. Black said of him, "In the various knowledge which forms the perfect scholar he had no superior."
Frederick Watts, who was president- judge of the courts of Cumberland, Perry and Juniata counties, and afterwards served as commissioner of agriculture under Hayes, was reporter of the Supreme Court for fifteen years, writing three volumes of reports and assisting largely in the pre- paration of nineteen other reports.
Rev. George Norcross, pastor of the Sec- ond Presbyterian church of Carlisle, is a polished and graceful writer whose articles on the early Presbyterian churches of the Cumberland Valley is published in the pro- ceedings of the Eighth Scotch-Irish Con- gress of America.
Joseph Alexander Murray, secretary of the Historical Association of Carlisle, and a well known Presbyterian minister, deliv-
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Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia,
ered a number of discourses and addresses, which have been pubHshed.
Robert I.owry Sibbet, a prominent phy- sician of CarHsle, has been a frequent con- tributor to the hterature of his profession.
Conway Phelps Wing, who wrote the larger -part of Scott's History of Cumber- land county, was a distinguished Presby- terian minister, and contributed many ar- ticles to religious periodicals, Bible com- mentaries, and leading encyclopedias be- sides delivering several sermons and ad- dresses which were published; he published also two editions of a history of the Wing family in America.
George H. Russell, of Cumberland county, is the author of New Discoveries in Physiology on the Ductless Organs and their Functions, which he claimed was to regulate the circulation of the blood and also to electrify it.
Samuel S. Wylie, a Presbyterian minis- ter is author of an authentic history of Middle Spring Presbyterian church.
H. Louis Baugher, editor and commen- tator of the Luther Publication Society, was born at Gettysburg and served for a number of years as Franklin professor of the Greek language and literature in Penn- sylvania College.
Philip M. Bikle, Pearson professor of the Latin language and literature in Penn- sylvania College, was elected as editor of the Lutheran Quarterly in 1880, and has furnished a number of articles to different periodicals.
Edward S. Breidenbaugh, Ockershausen professor of chemistry and the natural sci- ences in Pennsylvania College, is the author of a number of publications on var- ious subjects.
Moses Kiefifer, an ex-president of Heid- elburg College and once publisher of the Quarterly Review, furnished many contri- butions to the religious press.
Edward McPherson, one of the most dis- tinguished men in political life that Adams county has ever produced, is known all over the Union by his literary productions in the field of politics. His services as a Congressman were distinguished by several able speeches. As clerk of the House of Representatives for six Congresses he gath- ered special materials for his political his- tories of the United States during the Re- bellion and the period of reconstruction. He commenced his series of Hand Books of Politics in 1872, and delivered many addresses on educational and other pro- gressive matters that have been published.
Samuel S. Schmucker, first president of the Gettysburg Lutheran Theological Seminary, and one of the most active and influential ministers of his denomination in the United States, was a prolific author in the fields of theology, church history and mental philosophy. His publications were over forty, of which many were important and passed through numerous editions. He devoted the latter part of his life to lit- erary labors.
Aaron Sheely, an educator and county superintendent of prominence, wrote many magazine articles, prepared the educational chapter of the History of Adams county published in 1886, and is the author of Anecdotes and Humors of School Life.
Joel Swartz, a Lutheran minister and seminary professor, became popular as a lecturer, and his volume of poems, Dream- ings of the Waking Heart, has received warm commendation.
Milton Valentine, a professor in the Get- tysburg Theological Seminary, is the au- thor of Natural Theology or Rational The- ism, and a number of his sermons, essays and discussions have been published in pamphlet form.
Edward W. Spangler, Esq., of York, in a recently published volume entitled, "An-
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137
nals of the Spangler Families of York County, Pa., with Biographical and Histor- ical Sketches, and Memorabilia of Contem- poraneous Local Events," has made an important and painstaking contribution to the genealogical, biographical and histor- ical literature of the State. Mr. Spangler's book has been very favorably noticed, both by the public press and by individual attes- tation. The following is quoted from the Philadelphia Press:
It is rather a far cry from Pennsylvania in these piping days of the nineteenth Cen- tury to a Bavarian bishopric in the Twelfth Century, but such a leap into the past Mr. Edward W. Spangler found necessary in clearing up the genealogy of the Spangler family, as is fully set forth in his work, "The Annals of the Families of Caspar, Henry, Baltzer and George Spengler, who settled in York county. Pa., respectively in 1729, 1732, 1739 and 1751; with bio- graphical and historical sketches and mem- orabilia of contemporaneous local events." The Spanglers, or Spenglers, as they origi- nally spelled their name, Mr. Spangler by his most minute and painstaking research has discovered were descended from a cer- tain George Spengler, who held the office of cup-bearer to the Bishop of Wurzberg in 1 1 50. This study of the genealogy of the Spenglers is, however, not a mere family tree analysis. On the contrary Mr. Spang- ler by his side lights on the doings of colon- ial and post-colonial times in York, town and county, in which he again shows his aptitude and qualifications for historical work, has made a valuable contribution to colonial literature. Among his discoveries are the original muster rolls of thirty-five of the York county companies in the Revolu- tion, and his facts gained from contempo- raneous records make up an historical mo- saic of early Pennsylvania days of great in- terest.
Edmund J. Wolf, a Lutheran minister and seminary professor, is a religious author of standing and authority. He has written several volumes, published a num- ber of sermons, and contributes many ar- ticles to different church papers and peri- odicals.
Elias D. Weigle, a Lutheran minister and a man of classical education, is a liter- ary correspondent of several papers and periodicals.
The Press. Newspapers and periodicals comprise a part of the reading of all, and constitute nearly all of the reading of some. They are popular educators, cover a wide field of activity in every department of thought, and are recognized as an impor- tant factor of development in the political, medical, scientific, literary and religious world.
The press of the Nineteenth district has won its present prominent position from ver)- small beginnings. The first printing- press erected west of the Susquehanna was that of Hall and Sellers', of Philadelphia, which was brought to York in October, 1777, by the Continental Congress, which had it used for printing public information and a quantity of Continental money. In June, 1778, this press was taken back to Philadelphia. Franklin's Pennsylvania Ga- zette was published at York during the time that Congress met there. After the removal of the Gazette to Philadelphia in 1778 there was no newspaper west of the Susquehanna until July, 1785, when the Carlisle Weekly Gazette, a small four- paged sheet, printed on blue paper, was issued by Kline & Reynolds. The next paper was the Pennsylvania Chronicle and York Weekly Advertiser, whose first num- ber was issued in 1787 by M. Bartgis & Co., who continued two years and then re- moved to Harrisburg. Succeeding this paper came the Pennsylvania Herald and
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Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
York General Advertiser, founded on Jan- uary 7, 1789, by James and John Edie and Henry Wilcocks. Their press was made in York and their ink at Germantown and their sheet ran for 11 years without change of name. In 1796 Solomon Meyer estab- lished Die York Gazette, the first Ger- man paper, which ran until 1804, and three years later the Carlisle Eagle, by John Thompson, and the Der Volks Verichter by Andrew Billmyer of York, made their appearance, the former running until 1824 and the latter going out of existence by 1804. On November 12, 1800, Robert Harper established the Centinel, at Gettys- burg where it ran for sixty-seven years.
The early papers contained but little local intelligence, but a few advertisements and devoted their columns largely to po- litical discussions. The press of the pres- ent century before the late Civil War im- proved slowly on the early papers and local news only became a prominent feat- ure as late as 1867.
The first daily paper in the district was the York Daily, which was started at York October 5, 1870, and eleven years later, on December 13, 1881, the daily Valley Sen- tinel was established. Since 1881 the press of the District has been fully up to the high standard of the modern inland newspaper in all of its numerous departments, and to- day is a potential factor of its progress and prosperity.
Since 1800 the growth of the York county press has been slow but substantial. In 1800 the Herald changed to the York Re- corder and 30 years later was succeeded by the York Republican and it in turn by the Pennsylvania Republican which ran until 1834. Der Wahre Republican started in 1805 as the successor of the Verichter, in 1830 became Der Republicanische, and fin- ally ran as the Republican until its years numbered nearly 100. The Expositor was
formed in May, 1808, and ceased to exist in 1814, while the Village Museum ran from 1 810 to 18 14, and Der Union's Freund ex- isted from January 19, 181 5, to October, 1816. The initial number of the York Ga- zette was issued May 18, 181 5 and is now the oldest paper in York county. Die Evangelical Zeitung ran from 1828 to 1830, the Harbinger, brought from Shrewsbury, existed but a few years, and the York County Farmer had a two year existenci from December, 183 1. The Democratic Press was established in June, 1838, to op- pose the erection of the court house on its present site, the York Pennsylvanian was founded in 1851 and both are now leading papers of the county. The York Advo- cate, of Whig principles, and the American Eagle, of American policy, were both short lived sheets. The Weekly Dispatch was founded June 7, 1864, under the name of the True Democrat, and was the first paper printed by steam in York. The York Daily was established October 5, 1870, and the Evening Telegram ran from October, 1873, to June, 1875, being the first paper in York county to be connected with the As- sociated Press, and paying 30 dollars per week for dispatches. The Teachers's Jour- nal was established in 1874; the daily Even- ing Dispatch, May 29, 1876; and the daily Age, January 24, 1883, while the Fountain, a school monthly, was founded in Septem- ber, 1883. The Commercial Monthly and the Record were two short lived sheets. The present leading papers of York are the Age (dail)'). Christian Guide (monthly), York Daily, York Dispatch (daily and semi- weekly), York Democratic Press (weekly), York Gazette (daily and semi-weekly), York Pennsylvanian (weekly), and the York Weekly. The American Home Mag- azine is published monthly, besides other monthlies and a few quarterly periodicals which are printed in the city.
Nineteenth Congressional District.
139
The York Daily and York Weekly.
The first number of the York Daily made its appearance October 5th, 1870, under the management of J. L. Schaw, C. H. Glassmeyer, and A. P. Burchell, all of whom were strangers in York. It was printed in a Columbia office, and brought to York in the morning trains. Its orig- inal size was 14x21 inches. The business office was Capt. Solomon Myers' building, No. 304 W. Market Street. After a few weeks existence. Rev. J. C. Smith, a highly respected clergyman of York, and F. B. Raber, coal merchant, each having a son who was a practical printer, purchased printing material and placed it in the hands of the original firm, with the condition that their sons, John C. Smith and Lewis B. Raber become printers in the business. The arrangement ceased on account of the ex- penses exceeding the income, when Isaac Rudisill, in connection with Raber and Smith, by reducing the size of the paper, continued its publication. Its size after the reduction was 12x20 inches. Under this management the press work was done by S. H. Spangler, at the office of the American Lutheran. The paper was en- larged to 18x26 inches and its circulation began to increase. John B. Welsh, of the Gazette, purchased one-half interest in it, April 4, 1871, and during the following June became the sole proprietor, with Isaac Rudisill as local editor. In September, 1871, the office was moved to No. 3 South Beaver Street, where it remained until April, 1874, when it was removed to No. 4 North Beaver Street. During this time new machinery and material was pur- chased and Associated Press news was re- ceived. On September 4, 1876, the Daily was sold to Isaac Rudisill, John H. Gibson and A. P. Moul, who formed a co-partner- ship in its publication. All of them were at the time employes in the office. April i,
1877, the paper was enlarged and greatly improved. The Daily had long before be- come a necessity in York, even though for a time during its early history it struggled for an existence. In 1881 it was moved to its present place opposite the court house. On January 26, 1882, it was purchased by its present proprietors, E. W. Spangler, John B. Moore and S. C. Frey. In Feb- ruary of the same year it was increased in size, and made a sheet of 25x36 inches. During the following July the price was changed from $3.00 to $4.00 per annum, and a more complete supply of associated press dispatches received. It thus became one of the largest and newsiest of inland dailies. April i, 1885, the issue of a twenty page paper from this office was con- sidered a marvel of enterprise. Though suffering two fires which entirely destroyed its fine plant, it never missed an issue and is now better equipped than ever.
On February 21, 1887, a charter was ob- tained for the York Daily Publishing Com- pany, and E. W. Spangler was elected President, John B. Moore, Secretary, and S. C. Frey, Treasurer; these officers con- tinued until the death of John B. Moore in January, 1894, since which time E. W. Spangler has been President, and S. C. Frey Treasurer. On May 29, 1886, the Daily was enlarged to an eight column paper, and on May 13, 1893, to a nine col- umn paper, being now four pages 26x45 inches each, — the largest paper published in the city. The Mergenthaler Linotype machines are used in this ofBce. Its cir- culation and influence have kept pace with its growth and size, and it is the represen- tative paper of York.
The York Weekly is now published on Tuesdays and Fridays; the Tuesday edition being a four page paper and the Friday an eight page paper with a circulation of 6,- 000, by far the largest circulation of any
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paper printed in tlie 19th Congressional District. The two papers are unsurpassed, either as newspapers or advertising med- iums, and are firmly entrenched in the af- fections of the people of York county.
In connection with these papers there is a Job Department, the largest in the city, with all the modern conveniences and facil- ities for the execution of the best of work. This Department has executed, and is pre- pared to execute, work that no other office in the city would attempt, yet the smallest jobs will receive as careful and prompt at- tention as the largest contract; whether book, poster or business-card, the aim is to do the best work at the most reason- able price.
The "Lutheran Missionary Journal," the "Medico-Legal Journal," the "Lutheran World," the "Childrens' Missionary," the "York Lutheran," and the "York Legal Record" are some of the publications that are issued regularly from this establish- ment.
The York Gazette. The York Gazette, which is issued in the ordinary daily, a Sunday and a semi-weekly editon, at York, Pennsylvana, is one of the pioneer news- papers of the Nineteenth Congressional District. There is reliable evidence that the first issue of the Gazette, which was in German, made its appearance not later than 1796. Though the succession which brings the history of the paper down to the present day is somewhat broken and the records somewhat indefinite, yet that Ger- man weekly was clearly the beginning of the Gazette of to-day. One evidence of this fact still existed several years ago in more or less complete files of the paper of 1796, but these have been destroyed, through ignorance of their value as a proof of the connection between the little weekly of 1796 and the daily of a hundred years la- ter, assuming that the meagerness or total
absence of local news deprived them of any local historical value. As an English pa- per, the Gazette was first published in York, on May 18, 181 5. Die York Ga- zette, the German paper previously referred to, as having been established not later than 1796, may, however, have antedated that year, as tradition without any reliable rec- ords to sustain it, fixes the year of its incep- tion in 1795. It is known that its founder was Solomon Meyer, and that it was the first German paper established in York county. In 1804 it belonged to Christian Schlichting and by him its publicaton was stopped and the press, type and other pub- ishing paraphernalia were sold to Daniel Heckert, who in turn sold the outfit to Stark and Lang, of Hanover. These gen- tlemen then started the Hanover Gazette, which was continued until 186..
The founder of the English Gazette was supposed to have been William Harris, for his name appears as publisher at the head of the first column and the oldest known copy, now extant, dated November 30, 1815. The paper was published every Thursday and its subscription rate was two dollars per annum. The first issue consis- ted of four pages 20x16 inches in size, four columns to the page. In April, 1816, the paper appeared under the title of York Ga- zette and Public Advertiser. About this time Mr. Harris died and W. M. Baxter is supposed to have succeeded to the owner- ship of the paper; though no issue bearing his name is known to be extant to confirm this supposition. May 13, 1819, the paper appeared in size 19^x12^ to the page and was published by King & Mallo. In the early part of 1820 Mr. Mallo was suc- ceeded in the firm by a Mr. Abbott, and the size of the paper was increased to 2of x 30 inches, with six columns to a page. In 1824 the firm again changed, becoming King and Welsh. The new member, Henry
Nineteenth Congressional District.
141
Welsh, was one of the most prominent men of his day in the public affairs of the count}' and State. In 1829 the partnership was again dissolved and Mr. Welsh was succeeded by George A. Barnitz. In April 1835, Adam J. Glossbrenner became a member of the firm, succeeding Mr. Bar- nitz ; and the following month, through the melancholly ending of Mr. King's life, David Small became a member of the firm. The following year the paper was enlarged by 21^x25 inches; and another enlarge- ment, which made it 26^^ by 39J is recorded in 1858. Having been elected sergeant at arms of the national house of representa- tives, Mr. Glossbrenner retired from the firm that same year and Mr. Small then sold a half interest in the paper to William H. Welsh. This firm published the paper until 1866. During the war, owing to the high price of paper, the size was decreased to 23^x38 inches. Up to this time the Ga- zette had been, in a manner, a sort of peri- patetic publication and its history is largely a long list of removals from place to place about town, but in 1865 it settled down in the Jordan building in the north-western angle of Centre Square, where it remained for twenty-four years and then, in 1889, re- moved to its present home, 12 South George Street.
In 1886, Adam F. Geesey, Stephen G. Boyd and Guy H. Boyd became the owners of the paper and some time later a joint stock company was organized. Professor Boyd became the editor and remained at the head of the paper until 1891, when he was succeeded by H. B. Shoch, of Harris- burg, formerly of the Philadelphia Times and Harrisburg Patriot. In November, 1887, the publication of a daily edition had been begun in conjunction with a weekly edition and four years later the latter was made a semi-weekly publication. In July, 1893, the circulation having grown to such
proportions that it was impossible to get out the editions with sufficient promptness on the old fashioned press then belonging to the paper, a new and more modern press, a Cox Duplex, was purchased and the pa- per was then changed from a four to a six page sheet. The old press thus supplanted was the first cylinder press ever brought to York and in its days was considered a marvel of printing machinery.
April I, 1894, Editor Shoch retired and Robert F. Gibson was made editor. The paper at this time was entirely in the hands of Mr. A. B. Farquhar, who had, by suc- cessive purchases from the Boyds in 1890, from Mr. Geesey, in 1891, and from other shareholders later on, secured practically the entire stock of the original company. Upon Mr. Shoch's retirement Mr. Far- quhar thoroughly re-organized the paper. Messrs. T. B. G. Hiestand and J. F. Mitzel took charge of the business department; and Messrs. J. C. Herbert, of Harrisburg, and J. H. Gibbons assumed charge of the local department, which has always been esteemed by the management as the chief news department of the paper and has ac- cordingly always been ably conducted. The paper continued under this management until January 4, 1897, when Mr. Farquhar, whose personal views upon the money ques- tion were in opposition to the attitude which the management of the paper had given it, in support of the Chicago plat- form, sold his entire interest to Love, Hies- tand and Company, the present publishers. Mr. Gibson retired from the editorship of the paper and T. B. G. Hiestand assumed the editorial management, with James C. Herbert as associate editor. This manage- ment was continued until June, when Mr. Gibson was re-elected editor and has since had editorial charge of the paper.
The German edition of the paper was continued until 1891, when, upon the pub-
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lication of the semi-weekly edition, it was discontinued. The Sunday issue, which is at present published, was started September 16, 1894.
In the matter of departments and in the literary finish of what is written for the pa- per, the Gazette is the best edited paper in the 19th District. It is the only paper in York which makes a specialty of original editorials and this department is supple- mented by able correspondence from both the national and State capitals. It receives the regular Associated Press service, from which it culls and carefully edits the most interesting telegraph news. But, however well conducted, no paper in a community like York can achieve success through such departments as these alone. A local paper must depend for its success, both in securing subscribers and advertising, upon the amount of local news which it presents and the manner in which this is written. In this respect the Gazette is correctly con- ducted. It not only collects the general news to which other local papers pay atten- tion but gives space, mostly in the form of departments, to local politics, local secret societies, local industries, local business af- fairs, sports and other matters. Its news is also arranged with the same taste that is shown in its preparation and among news- paper men it is regarded as almost a model local paper. When, in 1894, a special edi- tion was issued in connection with a change in its typographical appearance, contribu- tions were received from such eminent men as Grover Cleveland, Charles A. Dana, Col. John Cockerell, Edward Atkinson, Henry Watterson, William M. Singerly and others, who recognized the paper as one of merit and accompanied their contributions with words of laudation. Since then the paper has continued its career of improvement.
York Dispatch. In proportion to the im- portant issues with which it dealt, wrought
and achieved, the Repubhcan party in its earlier career, down into the most trying days of the Civil War, went ineffectively championed as to party press in York county. There were of course patriotic pa- pers which supported the union cause and urged the supremacy of the party; but none of them had sprung from the new party it- self and the odor of other days and ante-bel- lum political revilement manifestly handi- capped their usefulness and impaired their capacity to inspire homogeneity of feeling. They had lingered to the last in the Whig organization and had been drawn into the new party by the great political vortex which had brought together the anti-slav- ery elements of the old parties for the for- mation of the Republican. Thus, while their services were admittedly patriotic, the element of expediency which had dictated their course was none the less manifest. Such papers, could not, of course, win the entirely cordial and enthusiastic allegiance and support of mere Union men — of that large and loyal element which had been moved to change political faith upon the issue of the union or its dissolution — and the war Democrats, for instance, who had become fixed Republicans as the most rea- sonable and effective course for them to pursue. Out of the animosities of other days, memorable for the bitterness and malignancy of their political strife and par- tisanship, had been bred lasting dislikes for many of the old Whig organs, more acutely perhaps in York county than in many other communities. It was felt, therefore, that there was a field for a new party paper — one born of the party itself and free of the contamination of the past. Weighed, dis- cussed and finally acted upon, this idea on June 7, 1864, the day that witnessed Lin- coln's renomination at Baltimore, culmin- ated in the appearance of the True Demo- crat, a four page weekly of strong Republi-
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can proclivities, with nine columns of news, editorial advertisement and miscellany to the page. The paper was edited and pub- lished by Hiram Young and was prepared and printed in the McGrath building on South George Street, adjoining which the Colonial Hotel now stands. For a com- munity such as York at that time, it had a phenomenal success and speedily outstrip- ped its venerable contemporaries. Its cir- culation soon attained 3,200, and improved and enlarged facilities of publication be- came imperative. In 1867 the plant was therefore removed to 10 East Market Street, the present home of its daily and weekly successors, and the first steam power employed in printing in York was introduced there. May 29, 1876, Mr. Young, started the daily edition under the title of York Dispatch. This paper also achieved a great success and to-day it is the most widely read local paper in York county. Mr. Young's long association with it, a circumstance without parallel among the papers of York, has given the Dispatch a greater influence and prestige in the moulding of public opinion, than any of its contemporaries enjoy. This circum- stance, the fact of being practically the only organ of the Republican party in the county, has also contributed not a little. The policy of the paper is broad — not con- fined to partisan politics — for while it is cordial and energetic in the support of its party's principles and candidates, it is also honest and fearless enough to condemn the faults and shortcomings of its own leaders and men. Mr. Young and his paper dis- play a warm interest in the welfare of the farmer, not only in the distribution of en- lightening information, but in contending for wholesome and just legislation in his behalf.
In its efiforts along these lines the paper has secured not merely, local, but national
recognition, especially from the Wool Growers organization and in a recent let- ter. Judge Lawrence, president of the Na- tional Association, writes: "If we could have had in each of the principal wool growing States, five, or even three, such newspapers as the York Dispatch, wool growers would have secured just and ample protection." Success has also come from the fact that the Dispatch is quick to en- courage all local interests ; and much of the splendid development of York has been as- sociated with the helpful efforts of the pa- per. In the mere, yet essential, depart- ment of news the Dispatch has also ac- quired a flattering prestige through its promptness and thoroughness. Such a paper must grow if fed by communal growth, expansion and enlightenment and this is peculiarly true in a community like York, emerging as it is from the trammels of primitiveness with which a simple but phlegmatic race of pioneers endowed it.
Twice of late the Dispatch has found it opportune to adapt itself to an enlarged field of usefulness as a newspaper. In October,
1895, it disposed of the Hoe double cylin- der press which the town had considered a marvel of printing machinery, and intro- duced a Scott perfecting press with a maxi- mum hourly capacity of 24,000; and also a complete stereotyping outfit. In April,
1896, two Mergenthaler linotype machines were added to the outfit and the plant is now regarded as the best equipped for newspaper work — outside of Phila- delphia— in the southeast section of Pennsylvania, with hardly an equal in the entire State outside of a few of the larger cities. Associated with Mr. Young in the conduct of the various departments are his four sons Edward S., Charles P., William L. and John F. They are young men of practical experience; and it is Mr. Young's intention that they shall succeed
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him as the owners and pubhshers of the Dispatch.
The first Hanover paper was Die Pennsylvanische Wockinschrift, running from April, 1797, to February, 1805, suc- ceeded by the Hanover Gazette (German) which ceased pubhcation in 1864, after an existence of sixty years. The first EngHsh paper, at Hanover, the Guardian, ran from 1818 to 1835, and was succeeded by the Hanoverian, while the Intelligenceblatt, which started in 1824, was soon removed to Adams county. The Hanover Spectator was started in 1841 as the Democrat; the Hanover Citizen, English and German, in 1861 ; and the Hanover Herald, June, 1872.
The Hanover Herald was founded in June, 1872, by M. O. Smith, of York, and P. H. Bittenger, of Hanover. Mr. Smith had founded the Glen Rock Item in 1870, and sold his interest in that journal to his partner, N. Z. Seitz. The Herald was a seven column folio, printed on a hand press, and was independent in politics. The busi- ness grew and a power press, the first in Hanover, was procured in 1876, when the paper was enlarged to eight columns. By 1881 a further increase in business de- manded the introduction of steam power. In April, 1885, Mr. Bittenger retired, since which time Mr. Smith has been the sole proprietor of the paper. In July, 1894, an evening edition was commenced, styled the "Evening Herald," which now averages i,- 000 circulation — the weekly edition having an average issue of about 2,000 copies. The office is up to date, being fitted out with a Thorne type-setting machine, first-class cylinder and job presses, run by electric motors and a gas engine.
The Record. The first daily newspaper in Hanover, Pa., the Daily Record, was started August 11, 1892, by Joseph S. Cornman, publisher of the Citizen, a weekly that had existed half a century.
On April ist, 1875, the Record Publish- ing Co., comprising P. J. Barnhart, A. R. Brodbeck, L. D. Seh, H. N. Gitt and H. D. Young was organized, and the materials of the Weekly Citizen and Daily Record were purchased from Mr. Cornman, and of the Weekly Advance from H. D. Young. This company continued the Daily and estab- lished the Weekly Record, with J. S. Corn- man in charge, who with Mr. Young, alter- nated as editors until September 9th, follow- ing, when Ed. J. Frysinger, then on the staff of the Philadelphia Ledger, but with previous training on inland dailies and a practical printer and newspaper man, be- came editor and manager which responsi- bility he yet holds. When Mr. Frysinger assumed control the Daily had only 600 daily circulation and 850 weekly, the oppo- sition being the Daily and Weekly Herald. On Jan. ist, 1897, sixteen months later, the Weekly Record had a sworn circulation of 3,426, and the Daily Record 1,100, which is conceded a remarkable growth. In poli- tics the Record is Democratic.
The Delta Times was founded about 1876; the Delta Herald, established Sep- tember I, 1878; the Dillsburg Bulletin in 1876, as the New Era; the Glen Rock Item, in 1870; and the Wrightsville Star, in 1854.
The Cumberland County press goes back to the Carlisle Weekly Gazette in 1785, and its successor the Carlisle Eagle, which changed successively to the Herald and Expositor, and Herald and Mirror, and then to the Herald. The Cumberland Register ran from 1804 to 1 814, the Carlisle Gazette from 1822 till about 1827; and the Messen- ger of Useful Knowledge from 1830 to 183 1. The American Volunteer was star- ted in 1814, and has continued under Demo- cratic management up to the present time. The Valley Sentinel was started at Ship- pensburg April 22, 1861, and removed May 22, 1874, to Carlisle, where in addition to
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the weekly, a daily was established Decem- ber 13, 1881. The Evening Sentinel, an in- dependent Democratic daily, has been es- tablished since 1886. The first paper of Shippensburg was a small sheet, whose name is now unknown. It was followed by the Shippensburg Free Press, started April 10, 1833, and the Intelligencer, September 19, 1833, both of which were consolidated into one sheet which soon died. The Ship- pensburg Herald started in May, 1837, and died in 1839; the Cumberland and Frank- lin Gazette existed for a year or so from April I, 1840; and the Cumberland Valley continued from 1841 to 1843; while the Valley Spirit, started in 1846, was soon re- moved to Franklin county. The Weekly News was established April 26, 1844, and is now an independent sheet. The Shippens- burg Chronicle was founded February 4, 1875, 3^nd like the News is an Independent paper. The first two papers of Mechanics- burg, the Microcosm, started in 1835, and the Independent Press, established in 1844, soon went down. The Independent Jour- nal was founded in 1872 by a consolidation of the Valley Independent, originated in 1868 as the Valley Democrat, and the Cumberland Valley Journal formerly the Weekly Gazette and originally the Mechan- icsburg Gleaner which dated back to 1854. The Saturday Journal, now a society paper, was started in October, 1878, and among the papers that have gone down at Mechan- icsburg may be named the Farmers Friend, started in 1874; the Republican, 1873; and the Semi- Weekly Ledger, 1877. The first paper at Newville was the Central Engine whose existence was spanned by the year 1843. The Star of the Valley started in 1858 and in 1885 was united with the En- terprise under its present name of Star and Enterprise. The Weekly Native started in 1858, and Cupid's Corner in 1883, but both
have gone down. The Newville Times, star- ted in 1885, was originally the Plainfield Times. The Mountain Echo is an inde- pendent paper of Mt. Holly Springs, and the Observer is a local sheet of New Cum- berland.
The press of Adams county has not yet reached the first century of its existence, for its earliest newspaper, the Centinel was born at Gettysburg November 12, 1800. Robert Harper the founder of the Centinel died in 1817 and fifty years later it was consolidated with the Star under its present name of Star and Sentinel. The Star had been established in 1828. The Compiler was started September 16, 1818, and has been Democratic in politics ever since. The York Springs Comet was established at Gettysburg as the Century and in 1877 was removed to the former place. Littlestown has had a number of short lived papers: The Weekly Visitor (started in 1847), Weekly Ledger, Crystal Palace, Littles- town Press, Littlestown News, The Cour- ier, and Littlestown Era. The present pa- per of Littlestown is the Independent. The Record was started at New Berlin about 1885 and continued for some time, while Abbottstown has had two papers. The Yel- low Jacket, started in 1840, and a German paper, the Intelligencer, which went down in 1850 under the name of the Wochen- blatt. The New Oxford Item was founded in April, 1877.
There are two college journals published in the district, the Pennsylvania College monthly and the Dickinsonian monthly, while the religious press is represented by the Lutheran Quarterly of Gettysburg, and the Christian's Guide, Lutheran Missionary Journal, Sunday School Worker, and the Teachers' Journal which are monthly pub- lications of York.
CHAPTER X.
Miscellaneous Topics.
Historians. Day in his Historical Col- lections of Pennsylvania gives some valu- able and important information of each of the counties of the Nineteenth District, while Rupp, Mumbert and Glossbrenner in their histories have preserved a large amount of general and local history. Wing did good work in History of Cumberland county and Hon. John Gibson edited care- fully the History of York county published in 1886, of which the special history was prepared by George R. Prowell and in which valuable articles appear which were written by Mrs. Mary C. Fisher, George R. Prowell, H. L. Fisher, R. C. Bair, Profes- sor Frazer, R. F. Gibson. Glossbrenner was assisted by Carter, and Smith pub- lished a history of York county in the Hanover Herald.
In the history of Cumberland and Adams counties published in 1886, in which good work was done, the general history of Cum- berland county was written by Durant and Richard, while the bench and bar and township and borough history was pre- pared by Bellman. The general history of Adams county was prepared by Bradsby except two chapters furnished by Sheely, and the local history was written by Leeson.
Slavery and Redemptioners. In 1780 the legislature of Pennsylvania passed an act for the gradual abolition of negro slav- ery and 1850 the last slave in the district was free. In some townships where the Quakers predominated no slaves were ever held, as that denomination was opposed to
the institution of human servitude. In the present territory of York and Adams coun- ties there were 471 slaves in 1810 and but 6 in 1820. There were quite a number of slaveholders in Cumberland county, which had 18 slaves in 1768; 228 in 1810; and 24 as late as 1840. A large number of manu- mited slaves passed through the district between 1820 and 1850, and on August 8, 1819, the York County Colonization so- ciety was formed to aid in transporting the freed slaves and free negroes to Liberia, Africa.
When the fugitive slave law was passed the "underground railroad" had many agents in the district. William Wright was a prominent agent and York was a sta- tion on one of these roads that passed to Co- lumbia. Another road came through Adams county to Dover in York county and thence to Boiling Springs in Cumber- land county and to Middletown Ferry on the Susquehanna river.
Another evil almost as bad as slavery was the importation of redemptioners dur- ing colonial days. The redemptioners were principally from Germany and were to be sold for so long a time to pay for their passage to this country. In some instances children were kidnapped, and often treated worse than slaves. In 1760 there were 100 redemptioners in York county and quite a number in Cumberland and Adams coun- ties, and as late as 1781, 49 of this class, whose time had not expired, still remained in York county.
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Political and Civil Lists of Cumber- land County. The offices of Sheriff and Prothonotary were filled as early as 1749 and 1750 and in the civil list we give the principal county offices.
Congress: 1795, James Wilson; 1778, John Armstrong; 1783, to July 4, John Montgomery; 1797, John A. Hanna; 1805, Robt. Whitehill; 1814, Wm. Crawford; 1815-21, Wm. P. McClay; 1827, Wm. Ram- sey; 1833, unexpired term, C. T. H. Craw- ford; 1835-37, Jesse Miller; 1838, Wm. S. Ramsey; 1841, Amos Gustine; 1843, James Black; 1847, Jasper E. Brady; 1849, J. X. McLanahan; 1853, Wm. H. Kurtz; 1855, Lemuel Todd; 1857, John A. Ahl; 1859, B. F. Junkin; 1861, Joseph Bailey; 1865, A. J. Glossbrenner; 1869, Rich. J. Haldeman; 1873, John A. McGee; 1875, Levi Maish; 1879, F. E. Beltzhoover; 1883, W. A. Dun- can; 1885, J. A. Swope.
State Senators: 1841, J. X. McLana- han; 1844, W. B. Anderson; 1847, R- C. Sterrett; 1850, Joseph Bailey; 1853, Sam'l Wherry; 1856, Henry Fetter; 1859, Wm. B. Irwine; 1862, Geo. H. Bucher; 1865, A. H. Glatz; 1868, A. G. Miller; 1871, J. M. Weakley; 1875, James Chestnut; 1878, Isaac Hereter; 1882, S. C. Wagner; 1886, W. A. Martin.
Members of Assembly: 1779, Abraham Smith, Samuel Cuthbertson, Frederick Watts, Jonathan Hoge, John Harris, Wil- liam McDowell, Ephraim Steele; 1780, S. Cuthbertson, Stephen Duncan, Wm. Brown, J. Hoge, John Andrews, James- Harris, John Allison; 1781, James McLean, John Allison, James Johnson, Wm. Brown, Robt. McGan, John Montgomery, Stephen Duncan; 1782, S. Duncan, John Carothers, J. Johnson, Wm. Brown, James McLene, J. Hoge, Patrick Maxwell; 1783, Wm. Brown, F. Watts, James Johnson, John Carothers, Abraham Smith, Wm. Brown, Robt. Whitehill; 1784 to 1814, no record
available; 1814, Jacob Alter, Samuel Fen- ton, James Lowry, Andrew Boden, Wm. Anderson; 1815, Philip Peffer, Wm. Wal- lace, Sol. Gorgas; 1824, James Dunlap; 1829, Wm. Alexander, Peter Lobach; 1833, Michael Cochlin, Samuel McKeehan; 1834, David Emmert; 1835, Wm. Runsha, Charles McClure; 1836-38, W. R. Gorgas, James Woodburn; 1840, A. S. McKinney, John Zimmerman; 1841, Wm. Barr, Joseph Culver; 1842, James Kennedy, George Brindle; 1843, Francis Eckels; 1843-44, Ja- cob Heck; 1844, George Brindle; 1845, A. H. Van Hoff, Joseph M. Means; 1846, James Mackey, Armstrong Noble; 1847, Jacob LeFevre; 1847-48, Abraham Lam- berton; 1848, George Rupley; 1849-50, Henry Church, T. E. Scouller; 1851, Ellis J. Bonham; 1851-52, Robert M. Hender- son; 1852-53, David J. McKee; 1853, Henry J. Moser; 1854, Montgomery Don- aldson, G. W. Criswell; 1855-56, Wm. Har- per, James Anderson; 1857, Charles C. Brandt; 1857-58, Hugh Stuart; 1858-59, John McCurdy; 1859, John Power, i860, W. B. Irvine, Wm. Louther; 1861, Jesse Kennedy; 1861-62, John P. Rhoads; 1863- 64, John D. Bowman; 1865-66, Philip Long; 1867-68, Theodore Cornman; 1869- 70, John B. Leidig; 1871-72, Jacob Bom- berger; 1873-74, Wilham B. Butler; 1874- 75, G. M. Mumper; 1876-77, Samuel W. Means; 1877-78, Samuel A. Bowers; 1878- 8o,A. M. Rhoads.R.M. McCochran, Jr. ; 1882 George M. D. Eckels, John Graham; 1888, S. M. Wherry, J. P. Zeigler.
Sheriffs: 1749, John Potter; 1750, Ezek- iel Dunning; 1756, William Parker; 1759, Ezekiel Smith; 1762, Ezekiel Dunning; 1765, John Holmes; 1768, David Hoge; 1 77 1, Ephraim Blaine; 1774, Ephraim Blaine; 1774, Robt. Semple; 1777, James Johnson; 1780, John Hoge; 1783, Sam'l Postlethwaite; 1786, Charles Deeper; 1789, Thos. Buchanan; 1792, James Wallace;
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
1795' Jacob Crever; 1798, John Carothers; 1801, Robt. Greyson; 1804, George Stroup; 1807, John Carothers; 1810, John Boden; 1813, John Rupley; 1816, Andrew Mitchell; 1819, Peter Pitney; 1822, James Neal; 1825, John Clippinger; 1828, Martin Dun- lap; 1831, George Beetem; 1834, Michael Holcombe; 1837, John Myers; 1840, Paul Martin; 1843, Adam Longsdorf; 1846, James Hoffer; 1849, David Smith; 1852, Joseph McDarmond; 1855, Jacob Bowman; 1858, Robt. McCartney; 1861, J. T. Rippey; 1864, John Jacobs; 1867, J. C. Thompson; 1870, J. K. Foreman; 1873, Joseph Totten; 1876, David H. Gill; 1879, A. A. Thomson; 1882, George B. Eyster; 1885, James R. Dixon.
Prothonotaries: 1750-1770, Hermanus Alricks, Turbutt Francis, John Agnew; 1777, Wm. Lyon; 1820, B. Aughinbaugh; 1823, J. P. Helfenstein; 1826, R. McCoy; 1828, Willis Foulke; 1829, John Harper; 1835, George Fleming; 1839, George San- derson; 1842, T. H. Criswell; 1845, Wil- liam M. Beetem; 1848, J. F. Lamberton; 1851, Philip Quigley; i860, Benjamin Duke; 1863, Samuel Shireman; 1866, John P. Brindle; 1869, W. V. Cavanaugh; 1872, D. W. Worst; 1875, J. M. Wallace; 1878, Robt. M. Graham; 1881, James A. Sibbett; 1884, Lewis Masonheimer.
Treasurers: 1787, Stephen Duncan; 1789, Alex. McKeehan; 1795, Robt. Miller; 1800, James Duncan; 1805, Hugh Boden; 1807, John Boden; 1810, Robert McCoy; 1813, John Mc'Ginnis; 181 5, Andrew Boden; 1817, George M. Feely; 1820, James Thompson; 1824, George McFeely; 1826, Alex. Nesbitt; 1829, Hendricks Weise; 1832, John Phillips; 1835, Jason W. Eby; 1838, W. S. Ramsey; 1839, Robt. Snod- grass; 1841, W. A. Mateer; 1843, Robt. Moore, Jr.; 1849, W. M. Porter; 1851, W. S. Cobean; 1853, N. W. Woods; 1855, Adam Senseman; 1857, Moses Bricker;
1859, A. L. Sponsler; 1861, John Gutshall; 1863, Henry S. Riter; 1865, Levi Zeigler; 1867, Christian Mellinger; 1869, George Wetzel; 1871, George Bobb; 1873, L. H. Orris; 1875, A. A. Thompson; 1878, J. C. Eckels; 1881, W. H. Longsdorf; 1884, Ja- cob Hemminger.
County Commissioners: 1834, Alex. M. Kerr; 1840, Michael Mishler; 1841, Jacob Rehrar; 1842, Robert Laird; 1843, Chris- tian Titzel; 1844, Jefferson Worthington; 1845, David Sterrett; 1846, Daniel Coble; 1847, John Mell; 1848, James Kelso; 1849, John Sprout; 1850, W. H. Trout; 1851, J. G. Cressler; 1852, John Bobb; 1853, James Armstrong; 1854, Geo. M. Graham; 1855, W. M. Henderson; 1856, Andrew Kerr; 1857, Samuel Magaw; 1858, N. H. Eckels; 1859, J. H. Waggoner; i860, George Mil- ler; 1861, Michael Kast; 1862, George Sco- bey; 1863, John McCoy, (3 yrs), M. Mc- Clain (2 yrs); 1864, Henry Karns, John Harris; 1865, Alex F. Meek; 1866, M. G. Hale; 1867, Allen Floyd; 1869, Jacob Rhoads; 1870, David Deits; 1871, J. C. Sample; 1872, Samuel Ernst; 1873, Jacob Barber; 1874, Joseph Bauts; 1875, Jacob Barber; 1878, Jacob Barber; Hugh Boyd; 1 88 1, Hugh Boyd, Alfred B. Strock; 1884, James B. Brown, George Hauck.
Registers: The office of Clerk, Register and Recorder were held by John Creigh and William Lyon, and then from 1798 to 1832 the ofilices of Register and Recorder were combined. The Registers from 1834 have been 1834, J. G. Oliver; 1835, Wilham Line; 1839, Isaac Angey; 1842, Jacob Bretz; 1845, James McCullough; 1848, Wm. Gould; 1851, A. L. Sponsler; 1854, Wm. Lytle; 1857, S. M. Emminger; i860, E. N. Brady; 1863, G. W. North; 1866, Ja- cob Dorsheimer; 1869, Joseph Neely; 1872, John Reep; 1875, Martin Guswiler; 1878, J. M. Drawbaugh; 1881, C. Jacoby; 1884, L. R. Spong.
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Clerks and Recorders: 1832, Reinneck Angney; 1834, John Irvine; 1836, Thomas Craighead; 1839, Willis Foulke; 1842, Robt. Wilson; 1845, John Goodyear; 1848, John Hyer; 1851, Samuel Martin; 1854, J. M. Gregg; 1857, D. S. Croft; i860, J. B. Floyd; 1863, Eph. Cornman; 1866, Samuel Bixler; 1869, G. S. Sheaffer; 1872, G. S. Emig; 1875, D. B. Stevick; 1878, John Sheaffer; 1881, D. B. Saxton; 1884, John Zinn.
Indian Local Names Many a moun- tain and river of this broad land will carry its Indian name down to the end of time, through the English language. Mrs. Sig- ourney has said truthfully of the Indians: "But their name is on your waters;
Ye may not wash it out." "Your mountains build their monuments, Though ye destroy their dust."
The Indians living in and passing through the territory of the present Nine- teenth District gave names to mountain, stream and plain but nearly all knowledge of them was lost when the early settlers passed away.
From Boyd's Indian Local Names we select those that pertain to the district and its adjoining territory:
Accomac (acaumauke), means on the other side.
Chesapeake, great water stretched out.
Cocalico, where snakes gather together in dens.
Codorus, rapid water.
Conedoguinit, continual bends.
Conestogo, corruption of Canastagiowne, the great magic land.
Conewago, long strip, or long reach.
Conecocheague, indeed a long way.
Cookquago, big owl.
Coos, a Lenappe word, the pines.
Kithanne or Kehthanne, applied to the Delaware river, meaning the largest stream.
Lackawanna (Lechauhanne), forked stream.
Mauch Chunk (Machktschunk), the bear mountain.
Susquehanna (gawanowananeh), great island river.
Waseca, red earth, or red paint.
Yellow Breeches (Callapasscink), where it turns back again.
Meteorology. But few meteorological observations taken in the district are on record. Great floods have occurred on the Susquehanna river in 1744, 1758, 1772, 1784, 1786, 1800, 1814, 1817, 1822, 1846, and 1884, while immense ice floods were along the river in 1830, 1865 and 1875. Deep snows fell in 1772 and 1894, and hail storms occurred in 1797 and 1821, while 1822 witnessed a great drought. The great meteoric shower of 1833 was observed by many, and already some are looking for- ward to the expected shower of 1899.
Political and Civil Lists of Adams County. Adams county has been in six different Congressional Districts from 1800 to 1897.
Congressmen: 1800, John Stewart; 1804, James Kelly; 1808, Wm. Crawford; 1812, Robert Whitehill;' 1814-16, Wm. Mc- Clay; 1816-18, Andrew Boden; 1818, David Fullerton; 1820, James McSherry; 1820, James Duncan, Thomas G. McCullough; 1821-24, John Finley; 1822-26, James Wil- son; 1826-30, Wm. Ramsey; 1828-30, T. H Crawford; 1832, George Chambers; 1836, Daniel Sheffer; 1838, James Cooper; 1842, Henry Nes; 1844, Moses McClean; 1846, Henry Nes; 1850, W. H. Kurtz; Joel B. Danner; 1852, S. L. Russell; 1854, D. F. Robinson; 1856, Wilson Reilly; 1858, Ed- ward McPherson; 1862, A. H. Cofifarth; 1864, W. H. Koontz; 1868, John Cessna; 1870, B. F. Meyers; 1S74, Levi Maish; 1878, F. E. Beltzhoover; 1882, W. A. Dun- can; 1884, J. A. Swope.
State Senators: 1801, Wm. Reed; 1803, Randolph Spangler; 1805, William Miller;
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Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
1811, John Stroman; 1813, James Mc- Sherry; 1815, C. A. Barnitz; 1817, Wm. Gilliland; 1819, Fred Eichelberger, George Eyster; 1821, George Eyster; 1823, Wm. Mcllvaine; 1824, Zeph Herbert; 1826, Henry Logan; 1829, Ezra Ely the; 1831, Henry Smyser; 1833, David Middlecoff; 1835, James McConkey; 1837, C. B. Pen- rose, Jacob Cassat; 1841, J. X. McLana- han, W. R. Gorgas; 1844, Thomas Carson; 1847, Wm. R. Sadler; 1850, Thomas Car- son; 1853, David WelHnger; 1856, G. W. Brewer; 1859, A. K. McClure; 1862, Wm. McSherry; 1865, David McConaughy; 1894, C. M. Duncan; 1871, Wm. McSherry; 1874, James Chestnut; 1878, Isaac Hereter; 1882, S. C. Wagner; 1886, W. A. Martin.
Members of Assembly: 1800-02, Thomas Thornbaugh; 1800-3, Henry Slagle; 1802- 04, William Miller; 1803-06, Andrew Shriver; 1805-06, Walter Smith; 1807, James McSherry, James Gettys; 1810, Jas. McSherry, James Robinnette; 1813, James Robinnette, William Miller; 1816, Michael Slage, Samuel Witherow; 1818, Samuel Witherow, William Thompson; 1819, Wil- liam Miller, William Thompson; 1820, Jacob Cassat, Isaac Weirman; 1824, James McSherry, George Deardorf; 1826, James McSherry, T. T. Bonner; 1827, Ezra Blythe, T. T. Bonner; 1828, James Mc- Sherry, Thos. Stevens; 1829, James Mc- Sherry, D. Middlecauf; 1830, James Mc- Sherry, Andrew Marshall; 1831, Christian Picking, Andrew Marshall; 1832, James Potters, Wm. Renshaw; 1833, James Pat- terson, Thaddeus Stevens; 1834, James Mc- Sherry, Thaddeus Stevens; 1836, Wm. Mc- Curdy, Christian Picking; 1839, D. M. Smyser, Wm. Albright; 1840, D. M. Smy- ser, G. L. Fauss; 1841, Thaddeus Stevens, G. L. Fauss; 1842, John Marshall, Henry Myers; 1843, James Cooper; 1845, John Brough; 1846, James Cooper; 1847, Wm. McSherry; 1848, James Cooper; 1849, Wm.
McSherry; 1849, Daniel Smyser; i8so,Wm. McSherry; 1851, David Mellinger; 1853, J. C. Elhs; 1854, Moses McClean; 1855, Isaac Robinson; 1856, John Musselman; 1857, Chas. Will; 1858, Sam'l Durborrow; i860, Henry T. Myers; 1861, John Bushey; i862,Henry T.Myers; i863,Jas. H.Marshall; 1865, P. L. Houck; 1866, Nicholas Heltzel; 1868, A. B. Dill; 1870, Isaac Hereter; 1872, W. S. Hildebrand; 1874, E. W. Stable, Daniel Geiselman; 1876, W. A. Martin, W. T. McClure; 1878, W. R. White, J. E. Smith; 1880, J. U. Neely, A. W. Storm; 1882, R. W. Bream, F. G. Smeringer; 1884, S. S. Stockslager, Eph. Myers; 1888, John J. Brown, Francis Cole.
Sheriffs: 1800, Geo. Lashells; 1803, Jas. Gettys; 1806, Jacob Winrott; 1809, James Horner; 1812, John Murphy; 1815, Sam'l Galloway; 1818, John Arendt; 1821, Ber- nard Gilbert; 1824, Thos. C. Miller; 1827, Philip Heagy; 1830, Wm. Cobean; 1833, James Bell; 1836, Wm. Taughinbaugh ; 1839, G. W. McClellan; 1842, Francis Bream; 1845, Benj. Shriver; 1848, Wm. Fickes; 1851, John Scott; 1854, Henry Thomas; 1857, Isaac Lightner; i860, Sam'l Wolf; 1863, Adam Rebert; 1866, Philip Hann; 1869, Jacob Klunk; 1872, James Hersh; 1875, Joseph Spangler; 1878, A. J. Bowers; 1881, J. H. Plank; 1884, Samuel Eaholtz.
Prothonotaries: 1800 to 182 1, James Duncan, appointed; 1821, Wm. McClel- lan; 1824, Geo. Welsh; 1832, Geo. Zeigler; 1835, Bernard Gilbert; 1839, J. B. Danner; 1839, ^- McGinley; 1842, J. B. Danner; 1845, A. B. Kurtz; 1848, John Picking; 1851, W. W. Paxton; 1854, John Picking; 1857, Jacob Bushey; i860, J. F. Bailey; 1862, Jacob Bushey; 1865, J. A. Kitzmiller; 1868, Jacob iMelhorn; 1871, Thos. G. Neely; 1877, Daniel Chronister; 1880, Robt. McCurdy; 1883, S. A. Smith.
Registers and Recorders: 1800-21,
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James Duncan; 1821, J. Winrott; 1823, Wm. McClellan; 1824, George Zeigler; 1830, J. B. Clark; 1835, T. C. Miller; 1836, J. A. Thompson; 1839, Jacob Le Fevre; 1839, Wm. King; 1845, Robt. Cobean;
1848, W. W. Hammersly; 1851, Daniel Plank; 1854, W. F. Walter; 1857, Zach Myers; i860, Chas. X. Martin; 1863, Sam'l Lilly; 1866, W. D. Holtzworth; 1869, S. A. Svvope; 1872, J. C. Shriver; 1875, N. Mil- ler; 1878, S. B. Horner; 1881, J. Slay- baugh; 1885, I. S. Stonesifer.
Clerks of the Courts: The prothonotar- ies served as clerks until 1832. 1832, John 1835, Thos. Dickey; 1839, J. B. Danner; 1839, S. H. Russell; 1842, D. C. Brinker- hoff; 1845, W. S. Hamilton; 1848, Hugh Dinwiddle; 1851, Eden Norris; 1854, J. J. Baldwin; 1857, H. G. Wolf; i860, John Eiholtz; 1863, J. J. Fink; 1866, A. W. Marter; 1869, H. G. Wolf; 1872, Robt. McCleaf ; 1875, A. King; 1878, J. C. Pitten- turf; 1881, F. M. Timmins; 1884, C. W. Stoner.
County Treasurers: 1801, James Scott; 1805, Samuel Agnew; 1807, Mathew Long- well; 1809, Walter Smith; 1812, John Mc- Canaughy; 1815, Wm. McLean; i8i8,Wal- ter Smith; 1821, Robt. Smith; 1825, J. B. McPherson; 1828, W. S. Cobean; 1831, Robt. Smith; 1834, Wm. Laub; 1835, Jesse Gilbert; 1836, Bernard Gilbert; 1837, Jesse Gilbert; 1838, J. H. McClellan; 1841, J. A. Thompson; 1843, J. H. McClellan; 1845, David McCreary; 1847, R. G. Harper;
1849, J. H. Fahnestock; 1851, Thos. War- ren; 1853, Geo. Arnold; 1855, J. L. Shick; 1857, J. B. Danner; 1859, W. Ziegler; 1861, H. B. Danner; 1863, Jacob Troxel; 1865, Jacob Sheads; 1867, H. D. Wattles; 1869, W. J. Martin; 1871, R. D. Armor; 1873, W. K. Gallagher; 1875, Chas. Zeigler; 1878, F. S. Ramer; 1881, S. K. Folk; 1884, G. E. Stock.
County Commissioners: 1800, Walter
Smith, Henry Hull, Michael Slagle; 1801, Walter Smith; 1802, Henry Hull; 1803, Michael Slagle; 1804, Moses McClean; 1805, Jacob Cassat; 1806, John Bounce; 1807, John Arendt; 1808, Joseph Swear- inger; 1809, Samuel Withrow and Peter Mack; 1810, Henry Brinkerhoff; 1811, Mack; 1812, Robt. Hays; 1813, John Stew- art and Alex. Russell; 1814, Henry Smyser and David Stewart; 1815, Amos McGinley; 1816, Michael Newman; 1817, James Hor- ner; 1818, Wm. Patterson; 1819, Joseph Swearinger; 1820, Archibald Boyd; 1821, Alex. Mack; 1822, Harmon Weirman; 1823, Jacob Shorb; 1824, James Paxton; 1825, J. F. McFarlane; 1826, S. B. Wright; 1827, Jacob Fickes; 1828, James Mcll- henny; 1829, Thos. Ehrehart; 1830, Jacob Cover; 1831, J. L. Gubernator; 1832, Robt. Mcllhenny; 1833, John Brough; 1834, John Musselman; 1835, George Will; 1836, John Wolford; 1837, Wm. Rex and James Renshaw; 1838, Daniel Diehl; 1839, J. J. Kuhn; 1840, Wm. Douglas; 1841, Geo. Basehoar; 1842, James Patterson; 1843, Peter Diehl; 1844, James Cunningham; 1845, James Funk; 1846, And. Heintzel- man; 1847, Jacob King; 1848, J. G. Morn- ingstar; 1849, John Musselman, Jr.; 1850, Jacob Griest; 1851, A. Reaser; 1852, John Mickey; 1853, J. S. Wills; 1854, Geo. Myers; 1855, H. A. Picking; 1856, Josiah Benner; 1857, J. Rafifensperger ; 1858, D. Geiselman; 1859, J. H. Marshall; i860, W. B. Gardiner; 1861, Eph. Myers; 1862, Jacob Eppleman; 1863, Sam'l March; 1864, Abraham Krise; 1865, Sam'l Wolf; 1866, N. Weirman; 1867, Jacob Lott; 1868, Moses Hartman; 1869, E. Neidich; 1870, Francis Will; 1871, J. E. Smith; 1872, J. H. Myers; 1873, John Herbst; 1874, H. W. Swartz; 1875, John Nunemaker, J. E. Leas, I. D. Worley; 1878, Henry Gulp, Jacob Hainish; 1884, Abraham Sheely, E. D. Keller, J. T. Hartzell.
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Secret Societies. Tradition asserts that a traveling Masonic lodge of Revolutionary times held sessions at York in 1777, but the first regular Masonic lodge there was St. John's, No. 123, which was instituted Oc- tober 27, 1810, while the present lodges, York, No. 266, and Zeredatha were consti- tuted November 4, 1852, and November 24, 1869. Other lodges were founded at other places in York county, and chapter and commandery were organized in due time. Cumberland Star Lodge, No. 197, Free and Accepted Masons was instituted at Carlisle, November 6, 1824, and was fol- lowed by St. John's Chapter, St. John's Commandery and St. John's Lodge, at Car- lisle and by chapters and lodges in other parts of Cumberland county. Good Sa- maritan Lodge, No. 200, was constituted at Gettysburg, January i, 1825, and a chapter organized in 1886.
Odd Fellowship. This organization whose lodges and camps are so numerous in the Nineteenth district, was introduced at York in 1842 by the institution of Mt. Zion Lodge, No. 74. Mt. Vernon Chapter, No. 14, was organized January 28, 1845, and soon lodges were started in all of the larger towns of York county. Cumberland Lodge, No. 90, was founded December 12, 1846. Carlisle Lodge, No. 91, was institu- ted December 22, 1843, Mechanicsburg, Lodge, No. 215, in 1846, and Valley En- campment, No. 34, June 22, 1846. An Odd Fellow lodge was organized at Gettysburg before 1850, and Union Encampment of that place was instituted October 3, 1857.
Improved Order of Red Men. Cayuga Tribe, No. 31, was organized at Gettysburg, June 25, 1854, and tribes have been institu- ted since in different parts of Adams county. Conedoguinet Tribe, No. 108, was instituted at Carlisle, September 27, 1868, but Conewago Tribe, No. 37, was or- ganized at York in 1857, and tribes now are
numerous in some parts of the district.
Knights of Pythias. On November II, 1869, White Rose Castle, No. 211, was instituted at York, and soon other Castles were organized, but internal troubles in 1874 retarded the growth of the order for a time.
Temperance Organization. As early as 1829, a temperance society was formed at Carlisle and the Washingtonians, Good Templars and other secret branches of the temperance organizations have been repre- sented in the district.
Grand Army of the Republic. Cor- poral Skelly Post, No. 9, was organized at Gettysburg prior to 1872, and is one of the oldest posts in the State, while posts are now in existence in dififerent parts of the district, and as death thins the veteran ranks, and sweeps away the posts, camps of Sons of Veterans are being organized to take their places.
Knights of the Qolden Eagle. This or ganization is growing rapidly in the district and a number of castles are in existence, but we have no data to give the year and place of its introduction.
Other Societies. At present there exist in the Nineteenth District conclaves of the American and Junior orders of Mechanics; lodges of Knights of Labor, Mystic Broth- ers, Mystic Chain, Artificers, Sons of St. John, and Heptasophs; branches of the Brotherhood of Engineers ; camps of Patri- otic Order Sons of America; councils of L'. A. Mechanics and the Royal Arcanum; and negro lodges of Masons and Odd Fellows introduced from England originally and erroneously called colored Masons and Odd Fellows, as all races are colored or have color as well as the negro. Besides these secret societies are some semi-secret associations, such as St. Mary's and St. Joseph's and the German Laboring Men's Beneficial Association.
Insurance. The progress of insurance
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has naturally followed the development of commerce and trade, and the system of do- ing business on credit necessitates the in- surance of goods, while the possibilities of fire demands insurance as the secret means of protection against loss in that line. The leading life, accident and fire insurance companies of this country and England are well represented in every county in the Nineteenth District, in which the introduc- tion of insurance was between 1840 and 1850.
In addition to foreign companies doing business in the district, there have been many local insurance companies organized since 1840. In York county, the York County Mutual Insurance company was incorporated April 4, 1843; Farmers Insur- ance, April 6, 1853; Farmers Mutual, of Paradise, March 24, 1854; Codorus and Manheim Mutual, May 24, 1856; Dover, Conewago, Newberry, East and West Manchester Mutual, 1856; Southern Mutual, about 1862; and Spring Garden Mutual, April 14, 1864.
Gettysburg National Cemetery. The grounds of the National Cemetery at Get- tysburg comprise seventeen acres of land on the highest point on Cemetery hill in the great battlefield, where 400 monuments and 1,000 markers costing nearly 3 million dol- lars, stand to tell of the desperate struggle there. Judge David Wills suggested this cemetery which is the first of all our na- tional cemeteries. The Gettysburg ceme- tery association representing 18 States, was incorporated by the Pennsylvania legisla- ture in 1864, and on June 22, 1871, transfer- red it to the general government. The cemetery is semicircular in form and the 3,590 graves are in 22 sections, with the feet of the dead laid toward the center of the semi-circle where the National m.onu- ment executed by Powers stands, a beautiful shaft 60 feet high and crowned with a
splendid statue representing the Goddess of Liberty. The grounds were consecrated November ig, 1863, when the dedicatory address — of which every word seemed an inspiration — was delivered by Abraham Lincoln. Edward Everett was the orator of the day, and commenced his great oration by saying, "Standing beneath this serene sky, overlooking these broad fields, now re- posing from the labors of the waning year, the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering be- fore us, the graves of our brethren beneath our feet, it is with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to break the eloquent silence of God and nature;" while his closing words were "that wheresoever throughout the civ- ilized world the accounts of this great war- fare are read and down to the latest period of recorded time, in the glorious annals of our common country there will be no brighter page than that which relates to the battle of Gettysburg." The corner stone of the monument was laid July 4, 1865, with General Howard as orator of the day, and was dedicated July I, i86g, when Oliver P. Morton delivered the oration and in open- ing said, "When the monument which we are about to dedicate shall have crumbled into dust; when the last vestige of this cemetery shall have been obliterated by the hand of time; when there shall be nothing left of all that we see now but the hills, the valleys, the streams and the distant moun- tains, the great battle which here took place, with its far-reaching consequences, will still live in history."
York County Political and Civil Lists. Congressmen: 1788, Thomas Hartley; 1 801, John Stewart; 1804, James Kelly; 1808, Wm. Crawford; 1812, Hugh Glas- gow; 1816, Jacob Spangler; 1818, Jacob Hostetter; 1822, J. S. Mitchell; 1826, Adam King; 1832, C. A. Barnitz; 1834, Henry Logan; 1838, James Gerry; 1842, Henry Nes; 1850, W. K. Kurtz; 1854, Lemuel
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Todd; 1858, B. F. Junkin; i860, Joseph Bailey; 1868, R. J. Haldeman; 1872, J. A. McGee; 1874, Levi Maisli; 1878, F. A. Beltzhoover; 1882, W. A. Duncan; 1885, John Swope; 1887, Levi Maish; 1891, F. E. Behzhoover; 1895, Col. J. A. Stahle; 1897, George J. Benner.
State Senators: i790,Adam Hubley, Jr., Michael Schmeiser and Sebastian Groff; 1794, Michael Schmeiser and Thomas Lilly; 1795, James Ewing; 1800, Wm. Reed; 1803, Wm. Miller; 1807, Thos. Campbell, 1809, Wm. Gilliland; 1811, John Strohman; 1813, James MsSherry; 1815, C. A. Barnitz; 1817, Wm. GilHland; 1819, F. Eichelberger ; 1821, Jacob Eyster; 1823, Wm. Mcllvaine; 1824, Zeph. Herbert; 1826, Henry Logan; 1829, Henry Blythe; 1831, Henry Smyser; 1833, D. Middle- kauf; 1836, James McCochran; 1843, Adam Eby; 1846, Philip Smyser; 1849, Henry Fulton; 1852, T. S. Haldeman; 1855, W. H. Welsh; 1861, A. H. Glatz; 1863, G. H. Bucher; 1866, A. H. Glatz; 1872, Wm. McSherry; 1875, H. G. Busey; 1878, J. H. Ross; 1879, A. C. Miller; 1887-94, Gerard C. Brown; 1895-98, Harvey W. Haines.
Members of Assembly; 1749, John Wright and John Armstrong; 1750, no re- turn; 1 75 1, John Wright and John With- erow; 1752, no return; 1753, John Wright and David McConaughy; 1760, John Blackburn and David McConaughy; 1765, John Blackburn and Robert McPherson; 1767, .Archibald McGrew and Robert Mc- Pherson; 1768, Thomas Minshall and Michael Schwaabe; 1771, James Ewing and Michael Schwaabe; 1772, James Ewing and John Pope; 1774, James Ewing and Michael Schwaabe; 1776, Archibald McLean, Michael .Schwaabe, David Dunn- woodie, James Dickson, Michael Hahn and John Read; 1777, David Dunwoodie, James Dickson, Michael Hahn, Matthew Dill, John Agnew, John Orr; 1778,
Thomas Hartley, Samuel Edie, Thos. Lilly, Michael Schmeiser, Wm. Ross, Henry Schlegal; 1779, David Dunwoodie, James Dickson, Matthew Dill, John Orr, Henry Schlegel, James Leeper, John Hay, David Kennedy; 1780, James Dickson, Thomas Lilly, Michael Schmeiser, Moses McLean, Robert Gilbraith, James Smith, Williain Mitchell, James Ramsay; 1781, Michael Hahn, Thos. Lilly, Michael Schmeiser, Moses McLean, Robert McPherson, James Ramsay, Joseph McGafifin; 1782, Michael Hahn, Thos. Lilly, Michael Schmeiser, Moses McLean, Robert McPherson, Jos- eph McGaffin, John Hay, Patrick Scott, 1783, Moses McLean, Robt. McPherson, Joseph McGaffin, John Hay, Henry Miller, Philip Gardner, David Grier, David Mc- Conaughy; 1784, Robert McPherson, John Hay, Henry Miller, Philip Gardner, David McConaughy, James Ewing, Henry Tyson, Joseph Lilly; 1785, Henry Miller, PhiHp Gardner, David McConaughy, Henry Ty- son, Joseph Lilly, David McLellan, Adam Eichelberger, Michael Schmeiser; 1786, David ATcConaughy, Henry Tyson, Joseph Lilly, David McLellan, Adam Eichelberger, Michael Schmeiser; i787,Mich'l Schmeiser, Joseph Lilly, David McLellan, Joseph Read, Thomas Clingan; 1788, Michael Schmeiser, Thomas Lilly, Henry Tyson, David McLellan, Joseph Read, Thomas Clingan; 1789, Thomas Lilly, Thomas Clingan, Jacob Schmeiser, John Stewart, William Godfrey, Joseph Read; 1790, Joseph Read, Philip Gardner. Henry Tyson, William McPherson, John Stewart, Thos. Lilly; 1 79 1, Thomas Lilly, John Stewart, William McPherson, Alexander Turner, Thomas Thornburg, Henry Tyson; 1792, Philip Gardner, John Stewart, Alexander Turner, Thomas Thornburg, Thomas Lilly, William McPherson; 1793, Thomas Lilly, Philip Gardner, John Stewart, Alexander Turner, Thomas Campbell, James Kelly;
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1794, Philip Gardner, John Stewart, Wm. McPherson, Alexander Turner, Thomas Campbell, James Kelly; 1795, William McPherson, Alexander Turner, Thomas Campbell, Philip Gardner, William Miller, John Stewart; 1796, William McPherson, John Stewart, Philip Gardner, Alexander Turner, Thomas Campbell, William Miller; 1797, Thomas Campbell, William McPher- son, Alexander Turner, Philip Gardner, Jacob Hostetter, James Kelly; 1798, Thos. Campbell, Alexander Turner, William Mc- Pherson, James Kelly, Jacob Hostetter, Philip Albright; 1799, William McPherson, Alexander Turner, Thomas Campbell, Yost Herbach, Alexander Cobean, Jacob Hos- tetter; 1800, Jacob Hostetter, Frederick Eichelberger, William Anderson, Michael Gemmill; 1801, Frederick Eichelberger, William Anderson, Michael Hellman, Dan- iel Stouffer; 1802, Frederick Eichelberger, William Anderson, Michael Hellman, Dan- iel Stouffer; 1803, Michael Hellman, Dan- ie Stouffer, Matthew Clark, George Speng- ler; 1804, Michael Hellman, Matthew Clark, George Spengler, Adam Hendricks; 1805, George Spengler, Conrad Sherman, William McLellan, Benjamin Pedan; 1806, William Anderson, George Spengler, Adam Hendricks, Robert Hammersly; 1807, Con- rad Sherman, Jacob Eichelberger, Robert Gemmill, John McLellan; 1808, George Spengler, Abraham Grafifius, Archibald Steele, George Nes: 1809, George Spengler, Abraham Graffius, George Ness, Archibald S. Jordan; 1810, George Nes, James S. Mit- chell, Moses Rankin, Rudolph Spensrler; 1811, Adam Hendricks. James S. Mitchell, Moses Rankin. George Stake; 1812, James S. Mitchell, Peter Storm. Jacob Heckert, Adam Hendricks: 1813, James S. Mitchell, Jacob Heckert, Archibald S. Jordan. Geo. Frysinger; 1814. Archibald S. Jordan, Peter Storm, Peter Small, James S. Mitchell; 1815, Frederick Eichelberger, Peter Storm,
John Livingston, John Strohman; 1816, Frederick Eichelberger, Peter Storm, Mich- ael Gardner, John Livingston; 1817, Mich- ael Gardner, Frederick Eichelberger, Peter Storm, Moses Rankin; 1818, Jacob Doll, Peter Reider, Robert Ramsey, Henry Lo- gan; 1 819, Jacob Doll, Peter Reider, Robert Ramsey, Henry Logan; 1820, Jonas Dier- dorff, William Nes, John Livingston, Peter Storm; 1821, Jonas Dierdorff, William Nes, John Livingston, Peter Storm; 1822, John Gardner, Samuel Jordan, William Diven, Christian Hetrick; 1823, John Gardner, Samuel Jordan, William Diven, Christian Hetrick; 1824, Samuel Jordan, Christian Hetrick, William Diven, John Kauffelt; 1825, Christian Hetrick, Simon Anstine, John Eichelberger, Michael Gardner; 1826, Christian Hetrick, John Becker, Peter Wol- ford, Stephen T. Cooper; 1827, Stephen T. Cooper, Peter Wolford, John Becker, Geo. Fisher; 1828, Stephen T. Cooper, Michael Doudel, Thom-as Metzler, George Fisher; 1829, Michael Doudel, George Fisher, An- drew McConkey; 1830, George Fisher, An- drew McConkey, John Rankin, 1831, An- drew Flickinger, John R. Donnel, John Rankin; 1832, John Rankin, John R. Don- nel, Daniel Durkee; 1833, John R. Donnel, William McClellan, Henry Snyder; 1834, William McClellan, Henry Snyder, Samuel Brooks: 1835, Jacob Kirk, Jr., Joseph Gar- rettson and William Cowan. The last named ("1885) is still living in Lower Chanceford at the age of ninety-five years. 1836,-37 IMartin Shearer, John Thompson, Samuel Brooks, Jr., 1838, Martin Shearer, James Kerr, George Dare; 1840, Jacob Stickel, William Snodgrass, Robert Mc- Clellan; 1841, Isaac Garrettson, Adam Ebatigh, John Mav; 1842, Adam Ebaugh, Isaac Garrettson, William S. Picking; 1843, Samuel N. Bailey, M. W. McKinnon, Wil- liam S. Picking; 1844, William S. Picking, Samuel N. Bailey, Stephen McKinley;i845,
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Samuel N. Bailey, Stephen McKinle}', John Kellar; 1846, James Starr, William Mc- Abee, George S. Murphy; 1847, William McAbee, William Ross, Daniel L. Gehley; 184S-49, George F. Carl, David F. Wil- liams, Thomas Grove; 1850-51, Edwin C. Trone, Alexander C. McCurdy, Jacob M. Anderson, Ezekiel R. Herbert; 1854, Jacob K. Sidle, Vincent C. S. Eckert, Joseph Wil- son; 1855, Eli W. Free, William McCon- key, Daniel Rutter; 1856-57, Isaac Beck, Samuel Manear, James Ramsey; 185S-59, A. Heistand Glatz, William W. Wolf; 1860- 61, Frederick Sultzbaugh, John Manifold; 1862, J. Dellone, James Ramsay; 1863, Jos. Dellone, A. C. Ramsey; 1864, Daniel Reifif, John F. Spangler; 1865, John F. Spangler, James Cameron; 1S66, James Cameron,
A. S. Lawrence; 1867-68, Levi Maish, Ste- phen G. Boyd; 1869-70, George R. Hursh,
B. F. Porter; 1871-72, Lemuel Ross, Frank J. Magee; 1873-74, George W. Fleiges, D. M. Loucks; 1875-76, John B. Gemmill, Emanuel Myers, Adam Stevens, George Anstine; 1877-78, John B. Gemmill, Adam Stevens, Phihp S. Bowman, George E. Sherwood, Philip S. Bowman, William Campbell and John Wiest; 1881-82, Wil- liam Campbell, John Wiest, Millard J. Blackford, J. C. Deveney; 1883-84, Millard J. Blackford, J. C. Deveney, Morris M. Hays, Williams B. Bigler; 1885-86, M. J. McKinnon, S. J. Barnhart, J. P. Robinson, Charles Williams; 1887-88, Simon J. Barn- hart, I. C. Dellone, E. C. Strine, H. M. Bortner; 1889-90, L C. Dellone, J. L. Shil- lito, M. J. McKinnon, H. W. Haines; 1891- 92, Harvey W. Haines, John L. Shillito, David C. Eberhart, Daniel S. Dubs; 1893- 94, Daniel S. Dubs, H. W. Fishel, H. M. Bortner, L R. Robinson; 1895-96, Wm. H. Long, Chrales A. Hawkins, Chas. M. Kerr, James C. Graham; 1897-98, Chas. M. Kerr, Wm. H. Long, James C. Gra- ham, Reuben R. Kayler.
Prothonotaries: 1749, George Steven- son; 1764, Samuel Johnston; 1777, Arch. McLean; 1786, Henry Miller; 1794, John Edie; 1800, C. W. Hartley; 1806, Wm. Barber; 1823, M. W. Ash, 1830, Richard Porter; 1833, J. W. Hetrick; 1836, Benj. Lanius; 1839, W. Ilgenfritz; 1845, J- R- Donnell; 185 1, E. Garretson; 1854, Joseph Holland; 1857, H. G. Bussey; 1863, W. Ilgenfritz; 1866, T. G. Cross; 1869, J. B. Ziegler; 1872, Frank Geise; 1875, W. Y Link; 1878, S. B. Heiges; 1881, W. H. Sitler; 1884, S. B. Hofif; 1887, Emanuel S. Smith; 1890, Henry Boll; 1893, Benj. F. Frick; 1896, Andrew Dellone.
East and West Indian Trail. Over ilie founding and history of a great east and west Indian trail coming past Gettysburg and York from the North Mountain to the Susquehanna oblivion has settled such im- penetrable gloom that even tradition has not dared to penetrate its depths, and only imagination can vainly conjecture the swift march of avenging war parties and the fearful scenes enacted around the tort- ure stake and in the gaunlet running. Be- neath the shadows of the mountain, in the recesses of the valleys and by the river brink innumerable deeds of horror and m.assacre were done, and over its route un- numbered warrior bands advanced and retreated during the centuries of Indian occupation.
Population. The population of each of the three counties at each United States census from 1790 to 1890 has been as fol- lows : U. S. Cumber- Census, land. Adams. York. 1790 18,243 37,747 1800 25,386 25,643 1810 26,757 31,938 1820 23,606 38,759 1830 29,226 42,859 1840 30.953 47.010
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U. S. Cumber- Census, land. Adams. York. 1850 34,327 57,450 i860 40,098 28,006 68,200 1870 43.912 30,315 76,134 1880 45,997 32,455 87,841 1890 47,241 33,486 99,489
City of York. From a forest village to the proportions of a Nineteenth Century city tells the story of the growth of York during its one hundred and fifty-six years of existence. York was laid out in 1741, incorporated as a borough September 24, 1787, and chartered in 1887 as a city. Old time fairs were held from 1741 to about 1820, a riot occurred in 1786 to rescue a cow taken for tax, and its post- office was 'established February 16, 1790, with Andrew Johnston as postmaster. The fire department dated back to April 3, 1772, when the Sun fire company was formed, while the manufacturing interests of the city commence with the making of copper stills by Maj. William Bailey about 17^5.' The York gas company was in- corporated January 24, 1849, Prospect Hill cemetery laid out in 1859 and the York Opera house built in 1882. The city is provided with good water works, a well equipped volunteer fire department oper- ated on an electric fire alarm system, and an efficient police department. York has a good electric street railway, while two electric plants furnish street and house lighting and power for manufacturing purposes. The city has good streets, and drainage and a number of building and loan associations. York is a city of homes and churches, is blessed with a good cli- mate, and has a large number of fraternal societies.
We quote from a late writer the follow- ing concerning the City of York:
"The city of York is situated in the Co- dorus valley, in Southern Pennsylvania,
and is the county seat of York county, one of the richest and most fertile agricultural counties in the Keystone State, and in the midst of a country that affords good and cheap living. It is distant from Harris- burg twenty-eight miles, from Baltimore fifty-seven miles, from Philadelphia ninety- four miles and from Washington ninety- seven miles, and eleven miles from the Sus- quehanna river, into which the Codorus creek finds an outlet, and has been made navigable by a series of slack-water pools and locks, completed by a company in 1833. For many years the Codorus creek has served to turn the wheels of industry and furnishes excellent water power for the various operators of milling and ma- chinery. The city of York is surrounded by a picturesque and smiling landscape. The surrounding country is exceedingly fertile and the scenery is very beautiful, giving glimpses of mountain and valley, field and forest. The business portion of the city, which contains many handsome buildings, as will be seen by accompanying views, are beautifully laid out and present an attractive appearance. The line of goods carried in the stores is metropolitan, as regards richness, style and variety. The streets are broad and lined on either side by umbrageous trees, whose overhanging boughs and variegated leaves shelter the many pedestrians from the glare of the summer sun.
"Prospect Hill Cemetery is one of the most beautiful cities of the dead in the country. It lies on a grassy slope on the uplands situated in the northern part of the city. The surface is picturesquely irregu- lar and studded here and there with a large variety of beautiful trees and shrubbery. Art has come to the aid of nature and 'aid out a system of winding roads and paths that bring to view fresh beauties at every turn. Exquisite and loving care is visible
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at every point in the neatly kept lots, and beautiful monuments, from the simple headstone or slab to the more elaborate group or pile surrounded by expensive statues of various sizes. There is no lack of costly monuments to the old families, and these stones seen through the leafy vista make a rarely beautiful and impres- sive sight.
"The Catholics have a beautifully laid out and well kept cemetery located in an- other part of the city.
"Manufacturing has been the keynote of York's rapid growth, and it is this feature that makes the future so full of promise. It is situated within easy distance of the great coal fields and forests of Pennsyl- vania and its railroads lead to all markets. It has a contented working population who own their homes, and it ofifers unusual in- ducements to the manufacturer. These are described in detail elsewhere. Fuel is cheap, water power is used to some extent, and the facilities for bringing in the raw material and shipping away the finished product are good. Chief among the diver- sified industries are agricultural imple- ments, cigars and tobacco, steam engines and boilers, wall paper, wire cloth, ice ma- chinery, power transmitting machinery, organs and pianos, water wheels, bank vaults, safes and locks, and confectionery. These give employment to thousands of men and women. Late statistics are not compiled, but it is estimated there are 7000 persons in the industrial ranks and that their yearly pay is a good way beyond the million mark. Two hundred and fifty sales- men canvass the markets in the interest of the manufactories, of which there are more than two hundred. Purchasers are found in several foreign countries. It needs but a walk through the factory sections, where are massive, towering mills, running up to six and seven stories, wood-working fac-
tories resounding with the shriek of saws and planers, and on every side evidence of growth to convince one that this is bound to become a great manufacturing city.
"For the establishment and maintenance of a great trade and manufacturing center, the question of transportation is paramount to all other considerations. York is highly favored in this respect by the centering here of several lines of railroads, among which are the Western Maryland, York Southern, N. C. and Frederick Division, the latter two being a part of the great Pennsylvania system, one of the greatest trans-continental routes in the United States, and a road that leads to all markets, and combinedly they offer transportation facilities equal to more favored localities.
PROSPECTS OF THE FUTURE.
"The location of York is one which ren- ders it impossible for any combination of circumstances to arrest its growth, either as a place of business or residence. The past of York having furnished a record of continuous and sustained growth it is a fair presumption that the future will present results of proportionate advance or even accelerated expansion. This is an age of speed, and the industries of the close of the Nineteenth Century are surrounding them- selves with forces and agencies as amazing in their results as those of steam and elec- tricity. Already the developments of elec- trical science have given us a re\-olution in methods of obtaining motive power which bids fair to supplant all others. In the util- ization of all the resources which nature has furnished or science unveiled, there is every reason to believe that York will be abreast with the most progressive cities. It has no lack of men with business sagacity equal to the improvement of every oppor- tunity, and it is safe to predict that the historian of the industries of the future will be able to point back to those of to-day as
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the auspicious beginnings of a greater and brighter destiny."
Carlisle. Quiet, substantial and progres- sive, is the quiet and peaceful borough of Carlisle, the seat of justice for Cumber- land county and a great business center of the Cumberland Valley, whose early growth and present prosperity has resulted from Scotch-Irish prudence and German thrift. Carlisle is named for that historic Carlisle in Cumberland county, England, which like its new-world namesake lies in a valley between lofty ranges of paralleled hills. James LeTort, the French-Swiss, settled on the site of Carlisle about 1720. A Colonial stockade fort was erected at LeTort's some time before 1751, in which last named year the town was laid out. Carlisle was a prominent point in the French and Indian war, became well- known during Revolutionary times and the war of 1812, and felt the heavy hand of war during Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania. Dr. Crooks describes Carlisle in 1839 as follows: "The valley in the midst of which Carlisle stands has often been compared by the imaginative mind to the happy vale of Rasselas. Encircled lovingly on either side by the Blue Mountain ridge, and enveloped in an atmosphere of crystal clearness, on which the play of light and shade produce every hour some new and stirring effect, it was in a measure withdrawn from the tu- mult of the world. The tumult might he heard in the distance, but did not come near enough to disturb the calm of studious pursuits."
CarHsle grew slowly as an agricultural center and college town for many years and its manufacturing interests are of late growth. It is plentifully supplied with pure water, and gas for lighting was introduced in 1853. It has good schools, numerous churches and fraternal societies, and its beautiful Ashland cemetery was laid out :n
1865. It has extensive shoe and carriage factories, machine shops and car works. Carlisle is distinctively a place of homes, a town of handsome residences and a literary center.
The population of Carlisle in 1830 was 3,708, which ten years later had increased to 4,350. In 1880 the population of the borough was 6,209 distributed in the wards as follows: First, 1,714; Second, 1,202; Third, 1,613; Fourth, 1,680.
Major Andre was imprisoned at Carlisle in 1776, Washington came to the town in 1794, and two years later Louis Philippe, of France, passed through it on his way to New Orleans. "The borough of Carlisle is situated in latitude 40 degrees 12 minutes north, longitude yy degrees 10 minutes west, 18 miles west of Harrisburg, in the Cumberland Valley, bounded upon either side by the long ranges of the Blue or Kit- tatinny mountains. The town lies in the midst of a rolling country, which is both beautiful and productive. The borough is laid out into wide and straight streets, rec- tangular, well macadamized, and with many trees which particularly during the spring and summer months, add greatly to the beauty of the town. Dickinson college is a noted institution of learning, and the Indian Industrial school seems to be a suc- cessful effort in the attempted civilization of a savage race.
Gettysburg. This town whose name has passed alike into the history of the nation and the world, was founded in 1780 by James Gettys and grew up as the early bus- iness center of the Marsh Creek settlement. Twenty years later it became the seat of justice for the newly established county of Adams, and on March 10, 1806, was in- corporated as a borough, with 83 houses. In 1807 a classical high school was opened and three years later came the Gettysburg Academy, while the Theological Seminary
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was established in 1826, and Pennsylvania College was founded in 1832, thus making the town at an early day a religious and literary center. Fire companies were or- dered as early as 1808, and the first engine house was built in the following year. The first water works was secured by Thad- deus Stevens, and now a large reservoir is kept filled from an inexhaustible lake of pure water having a 70 foot granite roof. Gettysburg has good banking and railroad facilities, and the great battle field and sol- dier's cemetery has made it a famous na- tional resort. The town is well supplied with schools and churches and fraternal so- cieties. The population of Gettysburg in i88o was 2,814.
Boroughs. Commencing with Cumber- land county we find that Shippensburg was settled by 12 families in June, 1730, but not laid out until I740,and is second in order of age of the towns in Pennsylvania west of the Susquehanna. Its founder, Edward Shippen, was the grandfather of Benedict Arnold's wife, and in 1750 the first court of justice for Cumberland county convened in it. The early growth of Shippensburg was slow on account of Indian depreda- tions. It was a fort town, is the oldest town in the valley, but was not incorpor- rated till January, 1819. In 1810 it had 1,410 population; in 1840, 1,473; and in 1880, 2,213. Shippensburg has improved greatly since 1880. It became a post town in 1790, has excellent schools and numer- ous churches and is the seat of the Seventh State Normal school of Pennsylvania, while it has two papers and a number of societies and enjoys good railroad facilities.
Mechanicsburg, the second town in pop- ulation and importance of Cumberland county, was laid out in 1820 and incorpor- ated April 28, 1828, being formerly known as Drytown and Stoufferstown. Its popula- tion in 1830 was 554, and in 1881 was 3018.
Mechanicsburg is a manufacturing and agricultural center with water and gas works, and churches, schools and banking and railroad facilities.
Shiremanstown, twelve miles east of Car- lisle, derives its name from Daniel Shire- man, had its first house in 1814, and was incorporated 60 years later. Its population in 1880 was 404, and it is a prosperous railroad town.
Camp Hill is two miles west of the Sus- quehanna river, was known until 1867 as White Hall and became a borough in 1885, The White Hall Soldier's Orphan school is at this place whose population in 1880 was 467.
Newburg is between Carlisle and Rox- burg, was laid out in 1819, organized as a borough in 1861, and in 1880 had a popu- lation of 433.
New Cumberland, originally known as Haldeman's town, is on the site of a Shaw- nee village and on the west bank of the Susquehanna river at the mouth of Yellow Breeches creek. It was laid out in 1814 and incorporated in 1831. New Cumberland was an early grain, iron and lumber center, and Governor Geary made it his residence for a number of years. It is a prosperous town, and its population in 1880 was 569.
Newville, founded during the colonial days, and laid out in 1794, is 12 miles west- ward of Carlisle, and was incorporated Feb- ruary 26, 1817. It is a flourishing railroad borough, having a population of 1547 in 1880. It was the home for many years of Wm. Denning, who made the first wrought iron cannon in America. It has a fire de- partment, newspaper and bank, with sever- al churches and societies.
Mt. Holly Springs is at the entrance to Holly gap and almost within the shadow of the South Mountain, deriving its name from the gap and comprising what was known formerly as Upper and Lower
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Holly, Kiderminster and Papertown. Iron works were built here as early as 1785, and the new founded village and afterwards rapidly growing town became quite an iron and paper manufacturing center. During Lee's invasion in 1863 over 40,000 men passed through Mt. Holly. The town was incorporated in 1873, and is thriving and prosperous, having paper factories, a news- paper, churches and schools and one of the most beautiful streets in the State. Popu- lation in 1880, 1,256.
In Adams county the boroughs are not as large or as numerous as in Cumberland and York counties.
Abbottstown dates back to 1773 for its first settlement, was laid out in 1755 by John Abbott, and incorporated in 1835 under the name of Berwick. It is a rail- road town and in 1880 had 368 population. The name of the borough was changed be- tween 1880 and 1886 from Berwick to that of Abbottstown.
McSherrytown, named for Patrick Mc- Sherry, was laid out November 14, and in- corporated in 1882. It has macadamized streets, a building and loan association, pubHc and parochial schools, the latter held partly in the old convent buildings and under charge of the Sisters of St. Joseph.
Littlestown, on the "Dutch plateau" was laid out in 1765 and incorporated in 1864. It was originally known as Kleina Stedtte, then as Petersburg and finally became Lit- tlestown. The place is thoroughly mod- ernized, and has its complement of churches and schools. The population in 1890 was 991.
East Berlin, in the northeastern part of Hamilton township, was laid out May 8, 1764, and incorporated in 1879. It has been prosperous and in 1890 had 595 pop- ulation.
York Springs, on Latimore creek, was laid out in 1800 under the name of Peters-
burg for Peter Thick the first settler and merchant, and incorporated in 1868 as York Springs, receiving the latter name on account of its sulphur springs. Its popula- tion in 1890 was 340.
New Oxford was laid out in 1792 as Ox- ford Town, and incorporated August 1874 as New Oxford. It is a railroad town, was the seat of New Oxford medical college during its existence and has a very fine cemetery. It had 585 population in 1890 and is a prosperous town.
York county contains the largest number of boroughs of any county in the Nine- teenth Congressional district.
Hanover, one of the most important towns and business centers of Southern Pennsylvania, was laid out in 1763 or 1764 by Richard McAllister. The name was given in honor of Hanover, Germany, at the suggestion of Michael Tanner, a native of that German duchy. Hanover was not in- corporated until 181 5 and has had an event- ful history. The postofifice was established in 1794, the first bank was chartered in 1835, and the first industry of importance was wagon-making. Numerous industries are now carried on at Hanover. The fire department traces its existence back as far as 1780, gas was introduced in 1870, and two years later a water company was organ- ized, while old time fairs were kept up for many years. Hanover has excellent rail- road facilities which it utilizes for many present purposes. Its schools and churches are numerous and flourishing, while many facilities exist for future prosperity. The population in 1890 was 3,746.
Entomology. Rev. Frederick V. Mel- sheimer and his sons. Rev. John F. and Dr. Ernst F., of York county, have been called the "Fathers of American entomo- logy." Rev. F. V. Melsheimer in 1806, published the well known catalogue of In- sects of Pennsylvania. It was a work of
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60 pages and classified 1363 species of Rev. D. Ziegler, of York borough, was
beetles. The Melsheimer collection of ento- an eminent entomologist and his collection
mological specimens was bought by Louis was also bought by Agassiz and is now in
Agassiz and is now in the museum of Har- the Harvard College Museum. The Ziegler
vard College. It contains 5,302 species, collection consists of 5,302 species of in-
14,774 specimens, and was sold for $250. sects with 11,837 specimens.
w
NECROLOGICAL
BIOGRAPHIES
NECROLOGICAL BIOGRAPHIES.
HON JEREMIAH S. BLACK. Jere- miah S. Black was born in Somer- set County, Penn., January lo, 1810, and received the usual education in the schools of the neighborhood of his home. His father, Henry Black, was for twenty years an associate judge of that county, was a member of the State Legislature and a representative in Congress. His mother was born in York County, and was a daughter of Patrick Sullivan, who came to this country about the year 1790; was a captain in the Revolutionary war, and was married in York County, whence he re- moved to Somerset. The future chief jus- tice and statesman very early evinced a predilection for the higher order of litera- ture and classics, and such studies prepared him for the exercise of that forcible rhetoric so eminent a characteristic of his subsequent literary and forensic disputa- tions. He studied law with Chauncey Forward, Esq., of Somerset, and was ad- mitted to the bar before he was of age. When Mr. Forward was elected to Con- gress his business was intrusted to Mr. Black, who was soon after appointed deputy attorney general for Somerset county.
In 1842, at the age of thirty-two years, he was appointed by Gov. Porter, president judge of the Sixteenth Judicial District of Pennsylvania, succeeding the Hon. Alex- ander Thompson. He very soon attained distinction as a judge, and became known throughout the Commonwealth as one of its judicial lights. The law was then, as it
were, in a transition state in many of its features, and the symptoms of those inno- vations which subsequently occasioned al- most acrimonious controversy on the elec- tive supreme bench, had begun to manifest themselves. In 1851, under the judiciary amendments to the constitution, he was made one of the candidates by the Demo- cratic Convention for the Supreme Bench, together with John B. Gibson, then Chief Justice; Ellis Lewis, then President of the Lancaster District; Walter H. Lawrie, of the district court of Pittsburgh, and James Campbell, late of the common pleas of Philadelphia. At the election he received the highest popular vote. On the opposite ticket were such men as William M. Mere- dith and Joshua Comley and Richard Coul- ter, the last-named being elected.
Judge Black became chief justice by lot, drawing the shortest term. In 1854, his term having expired, he was re-elected to the supreme bench over Hon. Daniel M. Smyser and Hon. Thomas H. Baird by a very large plurality vote. His judicial ca- reer, though brief, was distingushed; his decisions, contained in the State reports from Fourth Harris to Fifth Casey, are cited as emphatic expositions of the law; and when he was obliged to dissent from the majority of the court, his opinions contain- ed unquestionable law at the time. His loy- alty to his great predecessor in the chief justiceship, as well as his own firm convic- tions regarding what were then acknowl- edged landmarks of the law, held them to-
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gether against what they conceived to be innovations; and this position was main- tained by him after his lamented and re- nowned colleague, Judge Gibson, was re- moved from the bench by death. These evolutions, however, take place in law, as well as in other human afifairs; and the body of our jurisprudence received a deep impress from his terse and vigorous style, the clearness and logical force of his rea- soning, almost formulating a code on many subjects discussed by him.
Shortly after the 4th of March, 1857, while upon the supreme bench. President Buchanan appointed him Attorney-General of the United States. In this position, upon which he entered with no other experience as a lawyer than the practice of Pennsyl- vania law affords, and no political experi- ence other than may be gained by any citi- zen, he acquired distinction. In law, the great cases of the California land grants, in- volving in extent over 19,000 square miles, including a large part of San Francisco,tlie whole of Sacramento and other cities, and in money $150,000,000, called into exercise not only the legal ability, but the profes- sional skill of the Attorney General, result- ing in a great triumph of justice over a most stupendous fraud. This laid the foun- dation as a lawyer, and secured that mar- velous success that attended his subsequent professional career.
In statesmanship, during that trying per- iod of our country's history, there devolved upon him the most onerous duties. He was the principal adviser of the Presi- dent, who was a man of high intellectual abihty, but who, on account of the warring elements of his cabinet, was compelled to lean his arm upon his Attorney General for support. Upon the resignation of Gen. Cass, Mr. Buchanan appointed Judge Black Secretary of State. The events of the clos- ing months of that administration are me-
morable, and the action of the cabinet has been but recently revealed. The course of Judge Black has been vindicated by the documents prepared under his own hand or supervision, and the legal and constitu- tional status of the government and its pow- ers, in case of secession as then expovmded, and the wisdom of the determination of the many intricate questions arising in that crisis, have been sustained in the light of subsequent events.
During the earlier portion of that admin- istration, the great struggle between the North and the South for the occupation of the territories under existing institutions culminated. The Lecompton constitution and other troublesome matters raised issues that severed the dominant party. The great champion of territorial rights, Stephen A. Douglas, had announced doctrines on be- half of the party which the attorney-general entering the arena, showed to be unsound. It was in that controversy that Judge Black first attracted the attention of the people of the United States to that keen power of logic and force of rhetoric which have made him so famous in polemics.
At the close of Mr. Buchanan's adminis- tration Judge Black was nominated for the supreme bench of the United States, but, in that crisis, and in the midst of the poli- tical excitement thereby occasioned, it was not acted upon. He was subsequently ap- pointed reporter of the supreme courts, and published two volumes: First and Second Black.
At the close of Mr. Buchanan's adminis- tration he became a resident of York, and participated in the trial of some local causes.
The career of Judge Black after his re- tirement from public life was unexampled in the line of professional success as a law- yer. His name is associated with greater cases and larger fees than that of any
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American lawyer who preceded him, in the highest tribunal of the land or in local courts. The war gave rise to a class of cases which, strange to say, involved the fundamental principles of liberty, the strug- gles for which had been handed down to us from a past age, and which, it was presurri- ed, had been settled a century before. The cases of citizens of the republic, Blyew, Mc- Ardle and Milligan, have made the state trials of the United States of America more illustrious than those of Great Britain, for they arrested in this land the encroachment of a government, Republican in form, upon the absolute rights of individuals, when the excitement of the hour seemed to obscure the better judgment of those in power. They established the judiciary as truly the bul- wark of liberty.
The case of Blyew arose under the Civil Rights' Bill. The defendant had been sen- tenced to death by a Federal court in the State of Kentucky, but the prisoner, for whom Judge Black appeared, was released by the supreme court. The case of Mc- Ardle arose under the Reconstruction acts. The defendant was held under a conviction by a military commission, and under the ar- gument of Judge Black would have been re- leased had not Congress invalidated the jur- isdiction of the supreme court. The prisoner was then released by the government. The case of Milligan was a trial and conviction before a military commission. He, too, was under sentence of death, approved by the president of the United States. The case came before the supreme court on a writ of habeas corpus. The argument of Judge Black, in this last mentioned case, is one of the most memorable of forensic ef- forts before any tribunal. The case is among the most celebrated of State trials, and its result, the discharge of the prisoner, main- tained inviolate the constitution of the United States.
In 1876, the year that completed the cen- tenary of American independence, a presi- dential election took place, the contest over the result of which shook the pillars of our electoral system. By an electoral commis- sion, mutually agreed upon by the contest ants, the question of the result in the several disputed States was determined by a ma- jority of the commission according to their political predilections. Judge Black, as one of the counsel for Mr. Tilden, contend- ed with great force against the fraudulent returns which were counted. His effort in the South Carolina case is a masterpiece of bold invective.
Judge Black occupied no official position after leaving the cabinet, except as a mem- ber of the constitutional convention of Pennsylvania, 1872-3, as a delegate at large. His appearance in that body attracted the marked attention of his fellow members, as did also every word he uttered there, not only in debate but in ordinary conversation. Though he participated but little in its pub- lic discussions, he largely influenced the ac- tion of the convention on many important subjects, notably those upon the restric- tions of railroad corporations and upon legislative jobbery. Afterward he took the part of the people before the ju- diciary committees of the legislature against monopolies, as manifested in the combinations in defiance of the new consti- tution, and contended for the power of the general assembly to check their rapacity. In the matter of legislative jobbery, the of- fense of private solicitation under which the conviction of prominent lobbyists has been secured, was owing to him, as well as in a great degree the limits put upon the legislative power.
Judge Black acquired fame as a contro- versialist on many subjects connected with his own political experience on questions of political reform and the redress of wrongs.
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He also entered the arena in defense of Christianity, with a force of logic that the champion of the attack has not been able to answer.
His colloquial powers were of the highest order. It has been regretted that there has been no Boswell to transcribe his many wise and witty sayings, the strength and drollery of his observations, his readiness of forensic repartee, nay, his deep philoso- phy. The table-talk of many of the literati, such as Coleridge, for instance, has been given to the world, and the coteries of France, where the great Franklin appeared with his practical wisdom, have been cele- brated by historians. Are there not many observations of our own savant that may yet be profitably gathered for publication?
Judge Black enjoyed the powers of his intellect to the last. He seemed to be in the enjoyment of sound health when stricken by the hand of death at his beautiful home, "Brockie," near York. He died, August 19, 1883. His high character, his open heartedness and wealth of intellectual re- sources have made his memory sacred among the people of his adopted home, the fame of which has been eniianced by his presence.
JAMES WILLIAMSON BOSLER.* How shall I attempt to give, even in rudest outline, the true sketch of a hu- man life? Even the best biography gives but a distorted skeleton, without flesh and blood. Johnson is embalmed in Boswell, but how much of Johnson, even in this completest of all human biographies, has escaped? We know each other but imper- fectly while we live and measure others with imperfect and partial standards when they have departed. For, after all, we but give the faint outlines of the picture as it is reflected in ourselves.
* Contributed by Bennett Bellman, Esq.
To write such a sketch of the life of Mr. Bosler we shall not attempt, save in so far as the few facts and suggestions gathered serve to give some glimpse, as it were, of a strong and kindly personality that has gone from among us; to attempt to do more than this would be presumptuous, for, as Emerson has said of thought, human souls "will not sit for their portraits."
I was too young and my personal ac- quaintance with Mr. Bosler too slight to gather more from my own knowledge than the strong impression of his kindly per- sonality, and I think but few, even of those in our own community who were his closest personal friends, knew him for the man he really was. They knew his genial comradeship, his charming bon hommie, his kindly hospitality, his modest and unassuming manner without pretension to seem other than just what he was; a smaller circle knew his generosity of heart; all knew of his large business tact and far seeing judgment — his pecuniary success in life, — but few knew, or now know his wide acquaintance in later life with the most prominent public men of the day and his large influence in helping to mould the "passing destiny" of the State and of the Republic. The prophet hath honor save in his own country and the real influence of a man is known only after he is dead.
Such has been the case with the subject of this memoir. His predominant trait, as known to his casual acquaintances and to his fellow townsmen, was his modest, his sunshiny geniality, his unassuming kindli- ness and generosity. He was the kind of a man who would do anything for a friend and who seemed to have no enemy. Wealth and success may conceal this where enmity may wear a mask, but in this case there was no enmity to be concealed. The man in this world who meets with masks must wear one, and he wore none. In dress
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he was neat and unostentatious as in man- ner, and in manner he was the same to the laborer and to the millionaire. Success did not bring him envy or make him proud and the influence which his wealth, his practical intelligence and large knowledge of business and of men gave to him to wield, he used in a wider sphere than that of which he ever spoke save to his closest friends — nor did the general public know. His correspondence, to which we have had access, reveals it, and of this we dare use but a fragmentary portion.
James Williamson Bosler, deceased, was of German lineage. He was born upon the homestead farm, in Silver's Spring township, Cumberland county. Pa., April 4th, 1833. He was the third son of Abram and Eliza (Herman) Bosler, and was de- scended upon the paternal side by the fourth generation from Jacob Bosler, who settled in Donegal township, Lancaster county, Pa. His descendant, John Bosler, (the grandfather of the subject of this memoir) married Catharine Gish, of Lan- caster county, after which he removed to Silver's Spring township, Cumberland county, in 1791, and there purchased the homestead where our subject was born. Abram Bosler, the father of James W. Bosler, was the youngest child of John and Catharine (Gish) Bosler. He married, February 20th, 1830, Eliza Herman, of Silver's Spring township, a daughter of Martin and Elizabeth (Bowers) Herman, the former of whom was descended from Martin Herman who emigrated from Ger- many in 1754 and settled in Silver's Spring township in 1771. Their son. Christian, born in Lancaster county in 1 761, was a soldier in the Revolution, fought under Washington at Germantown, passed through the trials and sufferings at Valley Forge, and was present at the seige of Yorktown and the surrender of Lord
Cornwallis. He was, upon the maternal side, the grandfather of our subject. He married Elizabeth Bowers, of York county, Pa., in 1793, and their daughter, Eliza, married Abram Bosler, the father of our subject, as above mentioned. Abram Bosler died at his residence in Carlisle (to which place he had removed in 1871) De- cember 31st, 1883, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. He was a prominent farmer and merchant, and had been en- gaged in the milHng and distilling business for many years. He was a life long mem- ber of the Presbyterian church, first at Sil- ver's Spring and subsequently of the Sec- ond Presbyterian church, at Carlisle, as was also his wife. Their eight children, all born in Silver's Spring township, were: J. Herman, James W., Benjamin C, Joseph, Elizabeth Bowers, Mary Catharine, George Morris and Charles, who died in infancy.
James W. Bosler obtained a good, but not a complete collegiate education. His lines were not those of the student of books but of life. He knew less of books than of men. He remained upon the homestead farm until he entered Cumberland Acad- emy, at New Kingston. Two years later he entered Dickinson College, at which in- stitution he remained during his junior year. He was possessed of only moderate means, and after he left college, in 1852, he taught school in Moultrie, Columbiana county, Ohio, during the winters of 1853- 54. He then went to Wheeling, West Virginia, where he read law and was ad- mitted to the bar. His inclinations led him to a business hfe, and at Wheeling, W. Va., he entered a store and next bought and controlled one in the same Ohio county where he had taught school. In 1855 his store was destroyed by fire and he determined to go further west, which movement was the beginning of his re- markably successful business career. He
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made the long journey to Sioux City, on the frontier of Iowa, where the recently or- ganized territories of Kansas and Ne- braska stood on the further banks of the Missouri river, ready to become the battle ground of the slavery and fre€ labor ques- tions. Here he formed a partnership in the banking and real estate business with Charles E. Hedges, and there established the "Sioux City Bank" under the firm name of Bosler & Hedges, and later en- gaged in the forwarding and contracting of supplies — goods, grain and cattle — for the Interior and War Department of the Government from his extensive ranches on the North Missouri river. The partner- ship was dissolved in 1866, but Mr. Bosler continued and extended the business until the time of his death. He was the pioneer representative in this line from Cumber- land county. He lived for half a century and built up a fortune not only for himself, but for his family, for his brothers partici- pated in his success. As this was then upon the frontier of civilization most of the business which came to the bank was nat- urally connected with the government op- erations. The Indians were close by, many of whom by treaty had to be fed by the government. Railroads, in the course of time, led straight through that country. The raising of cattle on the nutritious grasses of the plains was known to this man among the earliest. He became a strong and successful operator and up- builder in this new field of energy. If he was a man who seemed to have exceptional opportunities it was because he made them, and was the architect of his own fortune. "He who will not take advantage of oppor- tunities," said Napoleon, "may be sure that opportunities will take advantage of him." There is luck in life, and real or seeming chance, but more than this there is cool, clear sighted judgment and the indomita-
ble will which strives with circumstances and conquers fortune.
During his residence in Sioux City he was an active politician; he erected by con- tract the school house and jail of that city, and was nominated for the State Treasurer of Iowa on the Democratic ticket. He was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1859 hs was sent as a delegate to that polit- ical convention at Charleston, South Caro- lina, where "a distempered individual broke down one of the great parties of the coun- try and made the civil war inevitable."
At the brink of the war he married in i860, at Rose Balcony, near Boiling Springs, Helen Beltzhoover, daughter of Michael G. and Mary (Herman) Beltz- hoover, and with her he lived out the war period at Sioux City. Having by dint of energy and business sagacity by this time acquired a large fortune, he returned, in 1866, to his native county in Pennsyl- vania, and built himself a beautiful resi- dence in the suburbs of Carlisle, where, although still continuing his extensive bus- iness in the West, he continued to reside until his death. For many years before his death he was a warm personal friend of Hon. James G. Blaine, of Maine, whose ancestors were originally from Cumberland county, and he was on intimate terms with a large number of the distinguished men of the country. Among these were such men as Garfield, Arthur and Brewster. He was a member of the Republican National Committee in the memorable campaign of 1880, and he, John Roach, the shipbuilder, and Senator Chaffee, of Colorado, were ap- pointed a committee to take charge of the interest of ]\Ir. Blaine in his campaign for the Presidency in the Chicago Convention of that year.
Says George Alfred Townsend, better known as "Gath." in speaking of Mr. Bos- ler, "His work for his party, his State, his
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neighborhood was always that of a leader. Without any pretention he went to the front when an important thing was to be done, and by his example other men be- came as generous, and to him the election of General Garfield was as much due as to any man in the United States. He organ- ized the financial support of that campaign, when it had begun to droop, and he never asked to be named in the matter, but on the contrary compelled those who had knowl- edge of the subject to omit reference to him." Again in a published article he says: "Every time that he (Mr. Blaine) made a campaign for the Presidency, Mr. Hosier's subscription was at the top, but he was not content with giving money alone, he made other men give up to his measure. When Garfield was running for President in 1880 Mr. Bosler made a list of rich men who should have a sense of con- sonance with the government, and he re- fused to take from these men any sub- scription less than ten thousand dollars. In many cases these men had business rela- tions with him, and he said to them, "I want you on this list, and it will be a mat- ter of sacrifice for you as for me."
Although not a member of that conven- tion of 1880, he was present and was a most interested spectator of it. In a letter written to him by Hon. Benjamin Harris Brewster the action of some of the delegates of that convention is eloquently compared to the charge at Balaclava — "it was grand, but it was not war — it was not politics." But when the candidate was named Mr. Bosler gave his loyal adhesion and support to Mr. Garfield and became his friend.
"The Roscoe Conkling Republicans," says Townsend, "made repeated efforts during the Star Route investigations to besmirch Mr. Bosler. The idea was that if Mr. Bosler could be shown to have any connection with the Star Route matters
some slime would attach to Mr. Blaine himself. His only relation with that ele- ment was a banker's relation. They had within the Post Office Department made up their combination, but they needed money to buy their equipments. As it was the act of the government through its rep- resentatives, Mr. Bosler loaned the money. They were never able to make any mark upon his character."
The most interesting of all Mr. Hosier's political correspondence is that between himself and Hon. Benjamin Harris Brew- ster, who was one of Mr. Bosler's closest friends, and who frequently enjoyed his hospitality. These letters were written in 1880 and 1 881; they were often written on successive days, and they deal in the most unreserved manner with the characters of many of the most noted public men of the day, and with the unpublished secrets of the campaign, in the city of Philadelphia, the State and of the Nation.
The warm personal intimacy which ex- isted between Mr. Blaine and Mr. Bosler may be judged by the following beautiful tribute which was written by Mr. Blaine to Mrs. Bosler several years after his death. He says: "As the years go by I realize more and more how great was my own loss in the death of your husband, and from that I can realize in some faint degree how in- estimable was your affection. He was the dearest and most unselfish of friends, and I keep his memory green in my heart." Some have said that Mr. Blaine was cold. He was present at the funeral of Mr. Bos- ler, and there was a tear that glistened in his eye as he stood beside the silent form of his dead friend.
Another wrote: "He certainly was one of the grandest specimens of American manhood I ever knew, and one whose loy- alty and devotion to friendship will never
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be forgotten by a single person who ever had the right to cah him friend."
Mr. Brewster wrote to him: "For you and your labors and anxiety and generous interest in my behalf, I can never — never be too grateful, and I hope I may get to be able to show my gratitude in some practi- cal way. It has been one of the great compliments of my life that I have in some happy way attracted the esteem and jeal- ous good feeling of an earnest, honest, able and practical man like yourself."
Mr. Brewster might well say so. At the time when these letters were written Ben- jamin Brewster, the erudite, the polished, the profound lawyer and gentleman of the old school, had the bee of office very badly in his bonnet. He wanted the Senatorship and Mr. Bosler aided him, but he was de- feated; he wanted to be Postmaster Gen- eral and was afraid that another possible appointment would crowd him out; and then — what at first he feared was not within his reach — he wanted, more and more, and with an ever increasing and pathetic long- ing— to be Attorney General — and he got it, and he got it principally or altogether through the influence and efforts of his friend, Mr. James Bosler. This we know is unwritten history. Here is some frag- mentary proof:
We find from these letters that Mr. Bos- ler was ardent for Mr. Blaine. Mr. Brew- ster, who wanted the Senatorship, wished Mr. Bosler to reach Gen'l Bingham and other such Blaine men who could control representatives. December 28th, 1880, he writes that Mr. Blaine has been offered the Secretaryship of State, and that he will ac- cept it — that the intention was to give either the Attorney Generalship or Post- master Generalship to Pennsylvania. '"I hope," he says, "not the Postmaster Generalship, as that will rule me out if I fail in the present enterprise." He
writes, December 29th, that four names from Pennsylvania are under considera- tion, viz: Harmer for Postmaster Gen- eral and for Attorney General, Armstrong. McVeagh and Brewster. Then stating some facts, he adds: "Now do you keep that open until after the Senatorship is done for. D. Cameron is now with Garfield — that I know — do not have it from me, but it is so. Mr. Garfield may slip into some promise with him now. That should not be, and you can prevent that. Mr. Blaine can prevent that — do so! Should the Senatorship be a failure then the Attorney Generalship will be open, etc., etc. Verily you are a man of deeds. To-day's Times (McClure's) contains just such a letter from Washington as you said you would have written. Thanks!" On January 2nd, 1881, he says: "If the com- mission for a Senatorship and for the At- torney Generalship laid side by side on my table now, I would be puzzled which to pick up. The Attorney Generalship has such temptations for a lawyer, and I feel I would not like the contention of Senatorial life." January 4th, 1881, he writes: "I have no friend I trust more fully than I do you. Your generous ofifer to help me and your constant current of unbroken useful- ness have prompted me to impose too much on you. Your wisdom and knowl- edge of men will guide you."* * * At bot- tom I fear it is any one but Brewster. It looks so. Do you keep watch on this. I may be mistaken * * * but I put great faith in your ability to collect unexpected strength for me from the Grow and other sources outside of all that combination which has been professing to help my pro- motion. January 17th, 1 881: "You gave me great and comforting consolation on ac- count of your talk with Mr. Blaine. * * * We should see each other. That is all that Mr. Garfield and Mr. Blaine want as
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evidence of the real state of things. Let us shape ourselves for the cordial support of this administration and the restoration of honest party rule obeying public opinion in the State." January 22d, 1881 : "If you have that proposed talk with Mr. Blaine and can present the subject of the Attorney Generalship as you proposed to do, it will gratify me more than all of the Senator- ships that can be proposed. You may make that a success — indeed I think you can and will, for Pennsylvania must and ought to be remembered." Feb. 9th, '81, he writes: ''Each day developes the wisdom of your line of action and I am happy that I have conformed to it. If I am chosen I will owe it to your prudent advise. * * I write to you for I must talk to some one on this subject and keep silent to the rest of the world. I would by far rather be Attorney General. It would just suit my turn of mind and be the crowning of my career as a lawyer." Later (i8th of February, 1S81) he reiterates: "For my part I would — yes, by far, be the Attorney General. That is the place to rule in. Urge that, urge that, and we will win. * * J never can repay you for your anxiety and your efforts. I fear that as the city is late and the time short that my chance is short too. I hope not, for by all the gods at once I would rathei have that than to be President or Senator." In May he says, "I think it is very import- ant that we should see each other. I wish we may act in harmony and concert and desire to confer with you before I act at all. You should put Mr. Blaine on his guard as to this, * * * So Mr. Conkling has strutted ofif. Bah! out of all this will come a boiling cauldron. Mr, Mahone and his "pragmatic sanction" is broken. "God disposes when man only proposes." Alas! there did come, if not the boiling cauldron, the assassin's bullet; but we have quoted enough from these letters which throw a
lurid side-light upon the times, to indicate the close personal and political relationship of Mr. Bosler to Mr. Brewster, who did be- come Attorney General, winning that niucli coveted prize in the President's cabinet, and as we believe, principall}', against the machinations of others, through the influ- ence of his friend.
In 1882, Mr. Bosler was nominated by the Republicans in the 32d District, em- bracing the counties of Cumberland and Adams, for State Senator, as against Sam- uel Wagner, the Democratic candidate. The district had 1800 Democratic majority, which he reduced to 130. The contest was therefore a very close one, Mr. Bosler run- ning so far ahead of the ticket — some 1600 — that on the face of the returns he was only beaten by a small majority. He at once announced his intention of contesting his opponent's claim to the certificate of elec- tion, and the case was taken into court. Here he adduced evidence showing fraud at the polls, but there was not sufficient to overcome the returned majority for Mr. Wagner.
His whole life shows, that, like the king- maker, Warwick, he cared more for the po- litical preferment of his friends than he did for his own success in this one personal at- tempt in politics. With his large influence, his extensive acquaintance with public men, and wide knowledge of public affairs, he may, and we believe he did, see public is- sues and interests which would have been greatly conserved by his election. Who knows? We know acts, but he who would pass a final judgment upon the motives of his fellow man usurps the attributes of the Almighty.
The dark curtain upon his life was soon to fall, beyond which no mortal sees. He died in his office, on the beautiful grounds of his residence, on Monday afternoon, De- cember 17th, 1883. He had arrived home,
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only a few daj's previously, from a business trip to Philadelphia and Washington, and was stricken down, in the prime of life, by the hand of death, in the form of apoplexy. As his friend "Gath" has pathetically said: "A boy's heart below his shoulders and a man's head above them, he wore himself out smiling, and hardly knew that he was tired; but the active brain, submerged in its own blood told the tale of a fellow sufferer with all who push beyond the plainest limi- tations of existence, and proved that the real martyrs of life are often not those who fail, but those who succeed."
There is little else to tell. In 1883 he at- tended, with some friends, the centenary anniversary of Dickinson College, in which he had been a student when a boy, and, at a meeting of the trustees, with his usual gen- erositv, he subscribed ten thousand dollars to the endowment of a Prof. McClintock chair. He died before this was carried into execution, and his widow added unto this more than seven fold, the result of which is seen in the splendid "James W. Bosler Memorial Hall," which will stand for cen- turies as a monument to his memory.
His sudden death was a shock to the commimity, to which he had shown himself so public spirited a friend and citizen, and drew forth the warmest expressions of sym- pathy from the widest business and political circles. To some of these we have alluded. Kindly words of regret and sympathy came from Hon. Chas. B. Lore. James G. Blaine, Hon. Stephen B. Elkins, Thos. Beaver, of Danville, Jacob Lome, of Maryland, Enoch Pratt, of Baltimore library fame, and from others of this class.
We have only space to add a tribute by H. J. Ramsdell, the well known Washing- ton correspondent, which he wrote to the "Philadelphia Press" at this time. It is as follows :
To the Editor of the Press:
Sir: I returned last night from the fun- eral of a man who was loved by all his neighbors, high and low, and whose death I shall never cease to mourn. Friendship is a word used most thoughtlessly. Ordinar- ily it does not mean anything. As long as one man can be of use to another, friend- ship is a pleasant word; as long as one man can amuse another they are friends as the world goes. But when ill-luck or adver- sity comes, the common friendship of men is blown away by the first wind. James W. Bosler, of Carlisle, died last Monday, and was buried in the beautiful village of his birth on Thursday. Such universal mourn- ing I never saw. On the day of the funer- al the picturesque park in which his magni- ficent house is situated was thronged with people, rich and poor, high and low, men, women, children. In the house were the re- latives of the deceased and the distinguished persons who came to pay the only tribute they could pay to the man they loved. I have no wish to parade their names. A choking sensation was felt in every throat when Mr. Blaine burst into tears as he looked at the face of his dead friend. It was the saddest scene I ever saw. A thousand persons said when his name was mentioned : "He was the best friend I ever had."
In this city it is much the same: "Poor Bosler," "Dear Old Bosler," are heard everj'where. He never said an ungentle word in his life, and he never did a mean thing. I could fill The Press with the noble things he has done. He was one of the very few greatly successful men in the world who did not lose his heart. He was several times a millionaire, if reports are true, and yet his manners, his dress, and habits were as simple as the humblest man in his employ.
By his marriage to Helen Beltzhoover Mr. Bosler left five children, four of whom
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are living, namely, Frank C, born May ist, 1869, graduated from Harvard College in the class of 1894; Mary Eliza; De Witt Clin- ton, born April 25th, 1873, graduated from Harvard College, class of 1897; and Helen Louise Bosler.
He was one of the incorporators of the Independent National Bank, of Philadel- phia, and a director until the time of his death. At the time of his death he was President of the Palo Blanco Cattle Com- pany, of New Mexico, and of the Carlisle Manufacturing Company, and he was a director of the Carlisle Deposit Bank and of the Gas and Water Company of his na- tive borough. No man, says a local obitu- ary, "was more generally beloved in a com- munity than was Mr. Bosler in Carlisle, for his benevolence was as broad as his means were great. With a strong intelligence and remarkable judgement he united great kindness of heart."
He was a man of deeds. Whatever he promised he kept. His word was his bond, and this was in great things and small. But he held not this exactitude of others if pov- erty or adverse circumstances prevented of its keeping; he aided, and with a careless grace those who were thus circumstanced, sympathizing rather with the weaknesses of human nature than, Shylock-like, demand- ing the fulfillment of his bond.
A word in closing this somewhat lengthy sketch! For the dead, if they have been successful in life (and only, often, as the world regards "success") there is apt to be too much eulogy and for those who fail or are criminal, perchance, too much blame. Obituaries and tombstones often lie, so that, with Charles Lamb, we sometimes wonder where the bad are buried. Human judgment fails and justice errs, and to hold the balances at all seems to be an almost sacriligious act, against that divine precept of the Christian Master, "Judge not that
ye be not judged." In this deeper sense, as we interpret it, we put no finger upon the question of tne religious belief of the sub- ject of this sketch. We believe that men are wider than are creeds. While in heart- felt sympathy with the church of his ances- tors and a trustee of the Second Presbyter- ian church of Carlisle, we are inclined to be- lieve that he never became an active mem- ber of it, (although financially a strong sup- porter of it) because, perhaps unconsciously he inclined to a belief in the axiom we have expressed. He was, we would suppose from his character, too modest of his own merits to do so without strong conviction, and, possibly Hke so many others, would rather remain without the pale of that "sa- cred circle" than be in it with the chance of his own conscience accusing him of being a hypocrite. Few men were less sceptical than he. Of religion we never heard him speak — we do not think it was his nature to do SO' — but of humanity he was full, and of charity to his fellow man.
EDWARD McPHERSON, LL. D., a distinguished citizen of Get- tysburg, Pennsylvania, is a descendant in the fourth generation of Robert and Janet McPherson, who settled on Marsh creek, Adams county, (then Lancaster) in the year 1738. Robert McPherson died in 1749 and his wife in 1769.
Col. Robert McPherson, his great-grand- father, was educated at the academy located at New London, Chester county, Pennsyl- vania, and was for thirty years an active and influential citizen and filled many im- portant positions in York county. He was auditor in 1755 and 1767; commissioner in 1756: sherifif in 1762 and assemblyman in 1765 to 1767 and 1781 to 1784. He was a member for York county of the provincial conference of committees which met in Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, June 18,
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T776, and was also a member of the Con- stitutional Convention which in July, 1776. formulated the first Constitution of the State of Pennsylvania. He was captain in Gen. Forbes' expedition to reduce Fort Duquesne in 1758 and served as colonel in the Revolutionary army and after the ex- piration of his term as an assistant com- missary of supplies. His wife was Agnes Miller, of the Cumberland Valley, by whom he had nine children, six daughters and three sons. Of the former two died in in- fancy. Janet married David Grier, of York; Mary married Alexander Russell, Esq., of Gettysburg; Agnes married Dr. Andrew McDowell, of Chambersburg, and Elizabeth married James Riddle, of Cham- bersburg. The eldest son, William mar- ried, first, Mary Carrick, of Maryland, and after her death Sarah Reynolds, of Ship- pensburg, Pennsylvania. Robert died un- married and John married Sarah Smith, of Frederick, Maryland. Col. Robert was one of the chartered trustees of Dickinson College. He died in 1789.
Lieutenant William McPherson, grand- father of Edward, served honorably in the Revolutionary war, having been a lieuten ant in 1776 in Miles Rifle Regiment, and was captured by the enemy at the battle of Long Island and kept a prisoner of war for nearly two years. On his return to civic life he discharged many public trusts, and for nine years represented York county in the Legislature as the special champion of the bill for the creation of Adams county, which division was made in 1800. He died in Gettysburg August 2, 1832, in his sev- enty-fifth year.
John B. McPherson, grandson of Col. Robert McPherson, a son of Lieutenant William McPherson, by Mary Carrick, of Frederick county, Maryland, and father of Edward, was born near Gettysburg, No- vember 15, 1789, on the farm on which his
great-grandfather settled in 1738. He died in Gettysburg, January 4, 1858. John B. McPherson lost his mother when quite young and spent several of his earlier years with his grandfather, Capt. Samuel Car- rick, of the neighborhood of Emittsburg, Maryland. He subsequently returned to his home, where he spent his youth. He received a fair education at the academies of Gettysburg and York, subsequently spent several years of his life in Frederick City, Maryland, with his uncle. Col. John McPherson, and for a year was a clerk in the Branch bank located in that place. He was married in Frederick, April 5, 1810, to Catharine, daughter of Godfrey Lenhart, Esq., and grand-daughter of Yost Har- bach (now spelled Harbaugh), all of York county. Early in 18 14 he removed to Gettysburg with a view to entering the mercantile business, but on the 26th of May, of that year, was elected cashier of the bank of Gettysburg, then recently char- tered and organized. He continued in that position until his death, a period of nearly forty-four years. He had superior busi- ness ability and courteous manners, com- bined with strength of character and a high sense of personal and official honor. He participated actively in municipal and county affairs and filled many posts of trust. He was a highly intelligent and well read man, a patron and efficient friend of Pennsylvania College, of whose board of trustees he was president at the time of his death. His widow survived him about one year. They left several children. A grand son. Dr. J. McPherson Scott, has twice represented his native county of Washing- ton, Maryland, in the Legislature, is a phy- sician of high standing and was a district delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1884.
Hon. Edward IMcPherson, youngest son of John B. and Catharine McPherson, was
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born in Gettysburg, July 31, 1830, and was educated at the public schools of that bor- ough, and at Pennsylvania College, gradu- ating from the latter as valedictorian of his class in 1848. He early developed a taste for politics and journalism, but at the re- quest of his father began the study of law with Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, at Lancas- ter, which, however, he abandoned on ac- count of failing health and for several win- ters was employed at Harrisburg as a re- porter of legislative proceedings and a cor- respondent of the Philadelphia North American and other newspapers. In the campaign of 1851 he edited in the interests of the Whig party the Harrisburg Daily American, and in the fall of that year he took charge of the Lancaster Independent Whig which he edited until January, 1854. In the spring of 1853, he started the Inland Daily, the first daily paper published at Lancaster. His health proved unequal to such exacting labors and he relinquished them as stated, except for brief periods at Pittsburg, in 1855, and at Philadelphia from the Fall of 1878 to the Spring of 1880, since which time he has not had active connection with the press. The first im- portant public service rendered by Mr. McPherson was the preparation of a series of letters, ten in number, which were printed in the Philadelphia Evening Bulle- tin in the year 1857 and afterward in pam- phlet form, their object being to prove the soundness of the financial policy which de- manded the sale by the State of its main line of public improvements. The letters analyzed the reports of the canal commis- sioners for a series of years, proved the falsity of conclusions drawn from them, and demonstrated the folly of State ownership and management. The letters were never answered, and they formed the text from which were drawn the arguments in favor of the sale which was accomplished in 1858.
The next year he prepared a like series on the sale of the branches of the State canal which had a like reception. Both series of letters were published anonymously, but were signed "Adams," after his native cotmty. In 1856 he published an address on "The Growth of Individualism," which was delivered before the alumni of his alma mater, of whose board of trustees he had been for years an active member. Another was published in 1858 on the "Christian Principle, Its Influence Upon Govern- ment," and still another in 1859, on "The Family in its Relations to the State," both of which were delivered before the Y. M. C. A., of Gettysburg. In 1863 he delivered an address before the literary societies of Dickinson College, on the subject "Know Thyself," personally and nationally con- sidered. In 1858 Mr. McPherson was elected to the 36th Congress from the i6th district of Pennsylvania, then embracing the counties of Adams, Franklin, Fulton, Bedford and Juniata, and was re-elected in i860. In 1862 he was defeated in the political re-action of that date, the district having been meanwhile changed by the substitution of Somerset county for Juniata. LTpon the completion of his Congressional term of service he was appointed in 1863, by President Lincoln, upon Secretary Chase's recommendation. Deputy Com- missioner of Internal Revenue, in which position he served until December, 1863, when he was chosen Clerk of the House of Representatives for the 38th Congress, which office he continued to hold during the 39th, 40th, 41st, 42d and 43d Con- gresses, again in the 47th Congress, and again in the 51st Congress, being the long- est continuous service and the longest ser- vice in that post of any similar official from the beginning of the government. During the administration of President Hayes he served as chief of the Bureau of Engraving
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of the Treasury Department for i8 months, during which time he re-organized and re- formed its administration and obtained from Congress an appropriation of $325,- 000 for the erection of its present fire-proof building in Washington city. The entire cost of it was met out of one year's appro- priations made for the bureau and an equal amount was left unexpended in the treas- ury. During his service in Congress the principal speeches of Mr. McPherson were on "Disorganization and Disunion," deliv- ered February 4, i860, in review of the two months' contest over the election of a Speaker in the 36th Congress; "The Dis- union Conspiracy," delivered January 23, 1861, in examination of the secession move- ment and the arguments made in justifica- tion of it; "The RebeUion; Our Relations and Duties," delivered February 14, 1862, in general discussion of the war; "The Ad- ministration of Abraham Lincoln and Its Assailants," delivered June 5, 1862. During and since his incumbency of the clerkship he published "A Political History of the United States During the Rebellion," ex- tending from the Presidential election of i860 to April 12, 1865, the date of Linc- oln's death; "A Political History of the United States During the Period of Re- construction," extending from 1865 to 1870; "Hand Book of Politics for 1870 and 1872;" Hand Book of Politics for 1872 and 1874; also similar hand books at intervals of two years up and including 1894. These latter volumes are editorial compilations of the political records of men and parties during that eventful period, and have re- ceived a high place in the confidence of all parties for completeness, fairness and ac- curacy. During the Summer and Fall of 1861 our subject served as a volunteer aide on the staff of Gen. McCall, commanding the Pennsylvania Reserves, with a view of studying the wants and organization of the
army, and to fit himself for intelligent leg- islative action on those subjects. In the 37th Congress he was a member of the mil- itary committee of the House and took an active part in legislation respecting ths army. He also served as chairman of the committee on the library and as regent oi the Smithsonian Institute. He was sec- retary of the People's State Committee of Pennsylvania in 1857; was a member of the Republican National Committee from i860 to 1864; was frequently a delegate to State conventions; was a representative delegate to the Republican National convention of 1876, and was permanent president of that body. He actively participated in politics for many years and had been during five campaigns the secretary of the Republican Congressional committee. In 1867 the de- gree LL. D. was conferred upon him by Pennsylvania College. Mr. McPherson was married November 12, 1862, to Miss Annie D., daughter of John S. Crawford, Esq., of Gettysburg, and grand daughter, on her father's side, of Dr. William Craw- ford, a native of Scotland, who settled near Gettysburg about 1786, and who for eight years represented that district in Congress, and on her mother's side, of Rev. Dr. Wil- liam Paxton, who for nearly fifty years served with distinction and abihty Lower Adlarsh Creek Presbyterian church. To this union were born five children, four sons and one daughter, whose names are as fol- lows: John B., William L., Norman C, Donald P., and Annie D. McPherson.
John B. McPherson, Esq., was born on October 7, 1863. He received his prelimi- nary education in the private schools of Gettysburg and entered Penns)dvania Col- lege in the year 1879. from which he was graduated in 1883. He subsequently be- came a student at the University of Penn- sylvania, from whose law department he was graduated in the class of 1888. After
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graduation he returned to his native place and became editor of the Star and Sentinel, a position which he held from that time until 1896. In the latter year he sold his interest to Guyon H. Buehler, Esq., and re- tired from journalism. He immediately associated himself with his brother, Donald P. McPherson, under the firm name of Mc- Pherson & McPherson, in the practice of law. In i8g6 he was elected vice president of the Gettysburg National Bank and a trustee of Pennsylvania College.
Donald P. McPherson is a graduate of Pennsylvania College, class of 1889, and of Harvard Law school, class of 1895. Like their father before them, the McPhersons are loyal Republicans and take an active interest in the politics of their county and State.
THE SMALL FAMILY. Among the most prominent and distinguished families of Southern Pennsylvania this fam- ily must be accorded a high place, both in point of business success and social posi- tion. The business interests of the Small family largely centre around the well known firm of P. A. & S. Small, the origi- nal members of which were Philip A., and Samuel Small, both of whom are now de- ceased.
Philip Albright Small and Samuel Small were descendants from the prolific stock of Lorenz Schmah, a German emigrant to America from the Middle Palatinate in the year 1743. Lorenz Schmall upon his ar- rival settled in what is now Hellam town- ship, about six miles east of York. His family consisted of four sons and two daughters, the eldest of whom, Killian, set- tled in the town of York, where he begat seven sons: Jacob, John, George Joseph, Peter, Rlichael and Henry. George Small, the third son married Anna Maria Albright, a daughter of Philip Albright, an oilicer in
the Revolutionar}' army, whose sword re- mains in the possession of the family. Pie had four children: Cassandra, Philip Al- bright, Samuel and Alexander. George Small became a carpenter and assisted his brother Peter in building the Lutheran church and spire, still standing on South George street. In 1809, he purchased for thirteen hundred dollars the property at the corner of East Main street and Centre Square, in the borough of York, where subsequently he went into business with his sons, and where that business has been con- tinued to the present day.
Philip Albright Small, eldest son of George, commenced his business life in the employ of Shulz, Koenig & Company, of Baltimore, who had extensive hardware and grocery trade throughout the South. For this firm he made collections, travel- ing on horse back through Virginia, the Carolinas, Northern Georgia and Alabama, Tennessee and Kentucky, returning from Cincinnati by boat and stage. In 182 1 he entered into the hardware business with his father on the corner of East Market street and Centre Square, under the firm name of George Small & Son, which was afterward changed to George Small & Sons, upon the second, Samuel, becoming a partner. In 1833, George Small, desiring to retire from business, sold out his interest to his sons and then, on July i, 1833, the firm ot P. A. & S. Small began and has ever since continued its honorable career without blot or stain, without protest or extension, without interruption of its prosperity, or any shadow on its credit. In 1838 the completion of the Baltimore and Susque- hanna railroad, from Baltimore to York, enabled the firm to commence a grain busi- ness, buying and shipping to Baltimore large quantities, which has since enlarged into an extensive flour manufacture and shipping business with Rio Janeiro and
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other South American ports. In the same year the manufacture of iron, then grow- ing in importance, was begtm by the firm, first at Manor, York county, then at Sarah Furnace, Harford county, Maryland, and afterward at Ashland, Baltimore county, Maryland, in which latter place, in con- junction with Messrs. E. & J. Patterson, they erected large furnaces. The high credit always enjoyed by P. A. & S. Small, made the firm for many years the depositor of many large sums of money on call, left with them especially by the farmers from whom they made their purchases of grain; the amount of cash thus deposited witli them ran up as high as 200,000 dollars, and this continued until the firm, owing to the decreasing value of money and rates of in- terest, declined any longer to receive de- posits.
The senior member, Philip A. Small, de- voted his attention principally to the man- agement of the out door business of the firm. The mills, farms, ore banks and fur- naces were under his supervision. He was always a firm believer in the value of real estate, and much of the large amount of land owned by the firm was bought at his instance. In all matters connected with agriculture he was an expert and recog- nized as an authority. One of the origina- tors of the York County Agricultural So- ciety and one of its board of managers for a number of years, he was deeply interested in the promotion of scientific husbandry.
He was a man of singularly genial dispo- sition, of most pleasing and agreeable man- ners and yet withal of great personal dig- nity. He was peculiarly charitable in his judgment of the conduct of others and of the most absolute integrity and truthful- ness himself, he could tolerate no false- hood or fraud in any one, yet his kindly disposition made him slow to condemn. On all public questions his views were broad
and catholic and on matters of public or economic policy his counsels were wise and judicious. Politically he was first a Whig and afterward upon the organization of the Republican party became an ardent sup- supporter of that body.
On account of his business sagacity Philip A. Small occupied many positions oS trust in various corporations external to the direct interests of the firm of P. A. & S. Small. For many years he was presi- dent of the York County National Bank, was a director and active promoter of the Hanover and York railroad company; was a director of the York Water company and president of Ashland Iron company. His counsel and assistance were always sought and never vainly in every enterprise and undertaking for the advancement of the public good.
He died on April 3, 1875, leaving to sur- vive him five daughters and three sons, who now compose the firm of P. A. & S. Small ; George, William Latimer and Samuel, the first being one of the leading business men of Baltimore.
Samuel Small, second son of George Small and Anna Maria, his wife, was born in York on July 25, 1799. Like his brother Philip, he commenced his business career in the employ of Shulz, Koenig & Com- pany, of Baltimore, who, recognizing his abihty, sent him to Pittsburg to open a branch store. Here he made a new depar- ture by removing his stock of goods to a flat boat, which he floated down the Ohio river stopping at various points on its banks to make sales. He landed at Cin- cinnati, rented a store and put in it his stock of goods. While engaged in busi- ness in Cincinnati he received letters from his father urging him to return to York, and in the year 1826, having sold out his store in Cincinnati, returned to his native city and engaged with the late George S.
NiNIETEENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
Morris in the dry goods business, where the building occupied by the York County National Bank now stands. This he con- tinued until his admittance into the firm of George Small & Sons, the predecessors, as already stated of P. A. & S. Small. His time and attention henceforth were mainly devoted to the financial departments of the firm's business, to the management of which he was exceedingly well adapted. As a financier, he was shrewd, cautious and far sighted, never led into foolish speculations by specious appearances, but instinctively distinguished the substantial and solid from the merely meretricious. He was acknowl- edged to be the highest authority in his community on all matters of a financial nature.
On the death of the late William Cole- man, Mr. Small became guardian of his two minor children. The estate, though im- mensely valuable had been grossly mis- managed when Mr. Small assumed control. But so skillful did he (with the aid of Arte- mus Wilhelm, Esq.,) manage the estate that on the arrival of the heirs at their respec- tive majorities he turned over to each up- ward of a million and a third of dollars, be- sides their valuable ore land. For these years of efficient service he made no charge.
Mr. Small was preeminently a philan- thropist, and it is in connection with his noble charities that he will be longest re- membered in the community where he spent his life. His hand was ever open to the appeal of the poor and friendless. No worthy applicant was ever turned away un- aided. In person and by trusted assistants he constantly sought out the necessitous in order to minister to their necessities. Ahorse and conveyance was kept for the use of one of his assistants in this work, in order that he might more readily reach the poor and money was ever furnished to meet all worthy demands.
In connection with the late Charles A. Morris and others, he founded the Chil- dren's Home of York, where fatherless and motherless, deserted and friendless children have been cared for and educated and after- ward followed into the active duties of life with his paternal benediction. The York Collegiate Institute was exclusively founded and endowed by him. Here he endeavored to found an institution where the forma- tion of individual Christian character would be the first aim. He endowed it liberally and provided a fund called the "Coleman Scholarship Fund," to assist young men in preparation for the Christian ministry. Fle also with others established the York Hospital and Dispensary, donated the build- ing and ground and subscribed liberally to its support. These acts of public char- ity and philanthropy were supplemented by many others lesser in extent but just as important in their moral results. His life seemed a perfect continuum of business suc- cess, charitable giving and devotion to the common interests of humanity.
Early in life he united himself with the German Reformed Church, but later be- came a member and ruling elder in the First Presbyterian church. In church, Sun- day school and prayer meeting, while in health, his seat was never vacant.
He died July 14, 1885, and the day of his sepulture was observed by a general sus- pension of business and a universal exhibi- tion of grief. He occupied a larger place in the public estimation, was more loved and respected throughout the community, has left in his death a greater vacancy, and been more missed than any other individual in his city or county ever has been or possibly could be.
SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD The peculiar share of Cumberland countv in the life of this eminent man
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of science calls for, at least, a brief state- ment of the leading facts in his life.
He was born in Reading, Pa., February 3rd, 1823. His father, Samuel Baird, a lawyer in that city, died when he was ten years old. He spent several years at a Quaker boarding school, at Port Deposit, Md.; entered Dickinson College in 1837, and was graduated in 1840, at the age of seventeen. He continued to reside with his mother in Carlisle for the next few years prosecuting studies in Natural History, and attended a course of lectures in JMedicine in New York. In 1845 he was made pro- fessor of Natural History in his alma mater and in 1848 professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy. This position he held until called to the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, July 5th, 1850, as assist- ant secretary, at the suggestion of professor Henry, who had been greatly impressed, upon his acquaintance with him. His father had been a lover of nature and out- door pursuits, as well as a cultured gentle- man. His two sons seem to have inherited his tastes. The elder, William, became in- terested in making a collection of the game-birds of Cumberland county in 1836, and found in the younger brother an in- telligent, as well as enthusiastic collabo- rator. In 1842 they jointly published a de- scription of two new species. In 1838 Spencer made the acquaintance of Audu- bon, with whom he corresponded for many years, and from whom he received many specimens for his collection. During that period he made many scientific excursions on foot throughout Pennsylvania, walking in one of them, at the age of 18. 400 miles through the mountains in 21 days, and in 1842 traversing on foot over 2,200 miles. As a result his collection of birds, deposited in the Smithsonian Institution, when he be- came assistant secretary, numbered 3,696, and contained specimens of almost every
species of bird occurring regularly or oth- erwise in eastern and central Pennsylvania. It is still in a complete state of preserva- tion, entirely free from insects; the labels, with their precise data firmly attached, al- though it has been much handled; "every standard work on North American birds published since 1850, having been based essentially upon it, so far as eastern species are concerned." But his attention even then was by no means exclusively confined to ornithology. The flora was almost as familiar as its birds. New species of fos- sils were described. The cave on the Con- edoguinet, near Carlisle, always of great local interest, was thoroughly and scienti- fically explored, and wagon loads of bones of animals, mostly extinct in this region, removed. They are deposited in the Smithsonian Institution, and are exceed- ingly interesting as among the earliest re- sults of cave explorations. As a professor in the college he was an inspiration to those who were brought into contact with him. After his removal to Washington he was a frequent visitor to Carlisle, where his sis- ter continued to reside, and he seemed to have quite an interest in the old borough and its vicinity. Many of the older inhabi- tants of the rural districts still recall inci- dents connected with some of his tramps afield. Upon his entrance into the Smith- sonian, he at once proved a valuable coad- jutor of Professor Henry in carrying out the plans that have made that institution unique in its influence upon scientific in- vestigation and the distribution of scientific information. In 1878, upon the death of Professor Henry, he was appointed secre- tary. It is difficult to estimate the field of his greatest usefulness. As an investiga- tor and author he had already become the authority in ornithology. The publication of his great work "The Birds of North America" (first published by the Govern-
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ment as Vol. IX of the "Report of Explora- tions and Surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean"), is regarded "as the begin- ning of the so called "Bairdian Period of American Ornithology," and excited an in- fluence more widely felt, even, than Audu- bon's and Wilson's, and together with his subsequent publications, made a profound impression on European ornithologists. In other departments of zoology he was al- most equally influential. In his official po- sition he was ever alert in promoting scien- tific investigation. Experts were attached to government exploring, surveying and railroad expeditions, and naval cruises, and thoughtfully equipped for the acquisition of information and material. With the vast accumulations resulting from these, he pro- jected a National Museum building, and got for it the favorable consideration of Congress. The attention of Congress having been called to the decline in the production of the fisheries, it authorized the appointment of a Commissioner of Fish- eries of approved scientific and practical acquaintance with the fishes of the coast to prosecute investigations into the causes and to report measures for adoption. He was at once appointed by President Grant and confirmed by the Senate, in 1871. Labor- atories were established and vessels fitted up for investigation, and in a few years he brought together the largest body of facts relating to fish and fisheries ever prepared or digested for such purposes by any in- dividual or organization, and was "recog- nized by experts of foreign countries with one accord, as the most eminent living au- thority on economic ichthyology." The biological laboratory at Wood's Holl, under him became the greatest in the world. He edited for seven years the "Annual Record of Science and Industry," and the scien-
tific columns of many leading periodicals. He was always on call of the government. He was advisory counsel at the Halifax Fishery Commission in 1877. His multi- farious occupations gave him but little time for rest. As director of the United States National Museum, secretary of the Smith- sonian Institute, and United States Com- missioner of Fish and Fisheries he per- formed the labors of three more than ordi- nary men. He worked easily and system- atically, and enjoyed his work, but even his strong physique, developed by early out-door pursuits combined with great capacity for work, at last gave away under the demands made upon him, and especially under the great responsibility attached to his several official positions. At the urgent advice of his physician he agreed to take needed rest. He spent his last ten months at Wood's Holl, where he died August 19th, 1887. A few days before his death he was wheeled through the laboratories he had built up, interested in everything around him. Per- sonally, Professor Baird was physically above the usual stature. He was of a mod- est, retiring, almost difficult disposition. He seldom, if ever, made a formal address or set speech. But when occasion arose, clear in presentation of a case, fortified with a complete knowledge of his subject, with consummate tact, in a conversational way, he generally carried conviction, without the graces of oratory. His success in carrying through his great plans was due in great degree to his remarkable ability in that re- spect. In his relations with others he was eminently fair and honorable. No one as- sociated with him, ever felt that he did not receive his full share of credit. He was unselfish in the highest degree, often per- forming work of the highest character without remuneration. His name attached to any enterprise was sufficient guarantee of its honorable character. He could not be
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drawn into personal controversy. As his own knowledge in many fields, vast as it was, was in so great a measure the result of his own investigations, he sympathized with the spirit of investigation in others, and was always accessible to any one, how- ever humble, who could be aided by advice or information. As recreation this busy man enjoyed lighter fiction and juvenile stories. He is survived by a wife and daughter.
For further details reference is made to the Biography, one of the United States Museum publications, in which may be found a complete bibliography of his writ- ings comprising more than looo titles, the names of societies, American and foreign, of which he was an active or honorary member, of honorary degrees conferred and of the decorations bestowed upon him by foreign governments.
MOLLY PITCHER. The simple ac- count of a picturesque historic incident, especially if invested with the romantic interest a woman's participa- tion imparts, often becomes rapidly en- crusted with so many traditional varia- tions in details, which obscure the basis of historic truth, that the in- credulous are inclined to regard the whole story as one of those pleasing myths that often embellish sober history. Such is the story of Molly Pitcher, the heroine of the battle of Monmouth. But in Carlisle, from which place she went, to which she returned after the war, where she died among her descendants and where she is buried, there is no doubt about the leading facts of her life. The Molly Pitcher, of Lossing, the heroine of Ft. Washington, buried along the Hudson, is a different in- dividual though frequently confounded with the heroine of Monmouth. The substan- tial facts seem to be: that during the battle
of Monmouth, June 28th, 1778, lasting through "one of the hottest days ever known," when soldiers were dying of heat and thirst, the wife of John Hays, a ser- geant of artillery, was carrying water in a pitcher to the thirsty soldiers, who called her familiarly, by reason of this grateful ser- vice, Molly Pitcher. Her husband during the battle was struck down insensible, but not killed as is frequently stated, and the piece was ordered to be withdrawn. She at once stepped to the front, seized the rammer and continued to assist in serving the piece effectively till the close of the bat- tle. Tradition, among other things, says that the attention of General Washington was attracted by her and he complimented her and made her a sergeant on the spot and that the soldiers thereafter called her ser- geant or Major Molly. At all events her husband recovered and she continued with him in the army, nursing the sick and wounded and making herself generally use- ful. At the close of the war she returned with him to Carlisle, where he shortly after- ward died. She was then married to John McCauly, a friend and fellow soldier of her husband. He did not live very long and their marriage was not a very happy one. She survived her husband many years, known of course as Molly McCauly, and the statements so frequently made that Molly Pitcher was a young Irish woman, originated doubtless, from this name derived from her second marriage. The fact is she was of good Pennsylvania-German stock. Her maiden name, Mary Ludwig, would almost justify this statement; but, in addi- tion, her grand-daughter, Polly McClees- ter, who knew her well, when it was sug- gested, that she was Irish, replied indig- nantly: "No, she was Dutch as sauer krout; her maiden name was Mary Lud- wig!" Her first husband, John Hays, was a barber in Carlisle at the outbreak of the
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war, and enlisted there in the artillery. She soon joined him in the field at his re- quest, and with the permission of Colonel Proctor, commanding the regiment. They had been married several years before. As a girl of about 20, she had been "hired" in the family of Gen. William Irwin, of Car- lisle, and her grand-daughter recollected an account given her of the short and amusing courtship, commenced whilst she was sweeping in front of the Irwin home, in her short gown and petticoat. She was still with the Irwin family at the outbreak of the war. After the war she lived in the family of Dr. George D. Foulke, and served other families in Carlisle. The notice of her death in the "Volunteer" states: "For up- wards of forty years she resided in this bor- ough, and was during that time recognized as an honest, obliging and industrious woman." In person, it is said, by those who remembered her, she was not very at- tractive. She was rather short and mascu- line in appearance and manner, but kind- hearted and helpful to the sick and needy. Her descendants, all by her first husband, have been highly respectable citizens. Her son, John L. Hays, the middle initial being that of his mother's maiden name, was ser- geant in the old infantry company of Car- lisle, and was in the war of 1812. He died in Carlisle about 1853 and was buried with the honors of war, the band of music and a large escort of U. S. troops having been furnished by Capt. May, then commanding at the U. S. Barracks. His sons, John and Frederick, lived in Carlisle, the former be- ingstreet commissioner in 1883. His daugh- ter, Polly McCleester, lived at Papertown, Mt. Holly Springs. She remembered her grandmother very well, and in her 8ist year unveiled the monument to her erected in the old cemetery at Carlisle. It bears the following inscription:
MOLLY McCAULY,
Renowned in History as
MOLLY PITCHER,
The Heroine of Monmouth,
Died Jan. 1833,
Aged 79 years. Erected by the Citizens of Cumberland County, July 4, 1876. She died in Carhsle, Jan. 22, 1832, nearly ninety years old. The date of her death on the monument is unaccountably incorrect. Various statements are made in regard to the recognition accorded her by the Gov- ernment. The following extract from the American Volunteer, Feb. 21, 1822, under head of "Legislature of Pennsylvania" not only shows what was done by the State, but, also incidentally, shows that by common consent, at a time when many were living who could have disputed the facts, the gen- eral statements in regard to her history were accepted: It is credited to the Flarrisburg Chronicle as follows: "A bill has passed both Houses of the Assem- bly granting an annuity to Molly Mc- Cauly (of Carhsle) for services she rendered during the Revolutionary war. It appeared satisfactorily that this heroine had braved the hardships of the camp and dangers of the field with her husband, who was a sold- ier of the revolution, and the bill in her favor passed without a dissenting voice. — Chronicle." According to the records at Flarrisburg, no application was made for this pension after Jan. ist, 1832, a fact, if any were needed, corroborative of 1832 as the year of her death. The foregoing state- ments are believed to be reliable. They are based mainly upon exhaustive investiga- tions of that painstaking and authoritative local historian. Rev. J. A. Murray, D. D., and include the results of personal inter- views with many who were acquainted with the heroine.
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THEODORE G. WORMLEY, M. D., PH. D., LL. D. This eminent professor and scientist was born at Worm- leysburg, Cumberland county, in 1826. His ancestors came from Germany about 1753. His youth was spent in CarHsle. He entered Dickinson College, but left it after a few years, before graduation, to enter upon his medical studies in Philadelphia Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1849. ■'^t Carlisle he was brought into as- sociation with Spencer F. Baird, resident in Carlisle, and part of the time professor in Dickinson College, then in the early flush of his scientific activity and already well known. Young Wormley accompanied him on many of his scientific excursions, and the intimate friendship then formed survived into the whole after life of these eminent men. In August, 1850, after a year spent in Carlisle, Dr. Wormley began the practice of medicine in Columbus, Ohio. In 1852 he became Professor of Chemistry and Natural Science in Capitol University, Col- umbus, and continued in that position until 1865. In 1854 he was also appointed to the chair of Chemistry and Toxicology in Starl- ing Medical College, in the same place, which he filled until his election, June 5th, 1877, to the chair of Chemistry and Toxico- logy in the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, which he occupied at the time of his death, January 6th, 1S97. During his residence in Columbus he had also filled the responsible position of State Gas Commissioner of Ohio for eight years, from 1867, and State Chemist of the Ohio Geological Survey from 1869 until the com- pletion of the survey in 1874. He was a member of many scientific bodies including the American Philosophical Society of Phil- adelphia, American Chemical Society, of which he was one of the vice presidents in 1879, American Meteorological Society, corresponding member of the New York
Medico-Legal Society, Fellow of the Amer- ican Association for the Advancement of Science, and also of the Chemical Society of London. Among the honorary degrees conferred upon him were those of Ph. D. by Dickinson College, LL. D. by Marietta College, Ph. D. by Pennsylvania College. He was a frequent contributor of articles of high scientific value, embodying the methods and results of original investiga- tions, especially in toxicology. In 1876 he delivered a very able address on "American Chemical Contributions to the Medical Pro- gress of the Century" before the Interna- tional Congress in Philadelphia. His great work is the "Micro-Chemistry of Poisons," a large and exhaustive treatise, upon an original plan, and a standard authority throughout the world. The microscopic il- lustrations accompanying the work were drawn from nature under the microscope by his wife, and, from their nature and the ex- quisite character of the drawing, it was given as the opinion of experts in engrav- ing that only the one who had made the drawing could satisfactorily transfer them to steel, and it almost seemed that this es- sential feature of the book would have to be abandoned; whereupon Mrs. Wormley took up and learned the art of steel-engraving, and acquired such skill that the engravings are the admiration of experts for their technical excellence, and the accuracy with which the minute and exquisite details of the drawings have been rendered. She must be numbered among the remarkable women of America, in a field almost wholly her own. The book is dedicated to her with exquisite taste and tenderness. As a scientific expert, Dr. Wormley, was en- gaged in most of the famous medico-legal cases of the past quarter of a century, and it is difficult to determine which is most worthy of admiration, his full and minute knowledge of the subject and ability to
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present it clearly, or his conscientious de- votion to truth and freedom from bias. As a professor he was a most successful teacher. Personally modest and unassura- ing he was deeply respected by his col- leagues, and the students, and by all who came into intimate contact with him, and he had many warmly attached personal friends. His wife, who survives him, was a daughter of John L. Gill, of Columbus, Ohio. He left two daughters, the one wife of Dr. John Marshall, Dean of the Depart- ment of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, and the other Miss Theodora B. Wormley.
REV. CHARLES NISBET, D. D. At the close of the war in 1783, a second college in Pennsylvania was founded at Carlisle, and named after John Dickinson, then Governor of the State and a liberal benefactor of the college. The Rev. Charles Nisbet, of Montrose, Scotland, one of the most learned, popular and influential di- vines of his country was called to the "Prin- cipalship" or presidency of the new college. He was born at Haddington, Scotland. Jan. 2 1st, 1736, had supported himself through his course at Edinburgh University by teaching, and during the subsequent six years of his Theological course by editorial work on a popular magazine. Licensed to preach at 24 years of age, he was called to Montrose a few years afterward, and soon became widelv known outside of his con- gregation for his vast learning and his abil- itv and fearlessness in the discussion of the leading questions of that day. His estimable social qualities attracted to him a large cir- cle of devoted personal friends, among whom were many of the most influential men of his country. It seems at first sieht almost unaccountable that he should have even considered a proposition that involved the relinquishment of his congenial lit-
erary and social surroundings and assured position for the presidency of a college on the border of a sparsely settled country, with its plans on paper and its revenues on promises. Two factors seem to have been potent in influencing him. During the war his svmpathy with the colonists had been earnest and outspoken. On an occasion of a Fast-day sermon the town council of Montrose had felt constrained to leave the church in a body during his introductory remarks, and were followed by the remark, with outstretched finger, "The wicked flee when no man pursueth." To his mind the "formative condition of America," now free, "with the minds of the people free from the shackles of authority," presented a fascinat- ing picture of possibilities. But there was needed in addition the persistent urgency and the ardent and eloquent persuasive- ness of Dr. Benj. Rush with all the high coloring imparted to the prospects of the new college by his sanguine temperament, to fix the decision of Dr. Nisbet. Whilst a student at Edinburgh, Dr. Rush had made the acquaintance of Dr. Nisbet and knew well his high standing at home.
After a voyage of 47 days from Greenock, he arrived, with his family, June 9th, 1785. at Philadelphia. For several weeks he was there the guest of Dr. Rush, and received marked attention from the leading citizens. He arrived at Carlisle on the Fourth of July, and was met by a troop of horse, and escorted to the town. He entered next day upon his position. But a severe illness, shortlv afterward, of himself and the mem- bers of his family, which he regarded as the efifect of the climate, "especially of the great heats beyond the conception of any who has not felt them," led him to resign in the fall, and to prepare to return to Scot- land. Unable, or unwilling, to attempt a winter passage, with the return of spring and with improved health, he accepted a re-
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
election to the presidency of the college, in which he continued with unimpaired health until his death. His labors in con- nection with the position were prodigious. As President he was also professor of Moral Science, but in order to bring the college nearer to his ideal, he delivered at the same time lectures on Moral Philoso- phy, Logic, Philosophy of the Mind, and Belles Lettres, and upon request of a class added a fifth on Systematic Theology, em- bracing 418 lectures, and extending through two years. At the request of the Trustees, he traveled over different sections of Pennsylvania and the adjoining States, for the most part in the saddle, to excite in- terest in the college and solicit funds. At the same time he filled the pulpit of the Presbyterian church in CarHsle alternately with Dr. Davidson. Under manifold diffi- culties and discouragements of the most varied character, for nineteen years, he conducted the college, part of the time in a "Shabby small building fronting on an al- ley," according to Chief Justice Taney, a student at the time, part of the time in Bar- racks, erected by the captured Hessians, belonging to the government. The high character of the man, in spite of all the de- ficiencies of the new institution, attracted to it the sympathy and active interest of friends of higher educaton, as well as stu- dents from all parts of the country. The long roll of prominent men, especially in the Presbyterian church, who were in- structed and inspired by contact with him attested the permanence of the impression made by him. His death, at the age of 68 years, occurred Jan. i8th, 1804, after an ill- ness of a few days, resulting from a heavy cold. He lies buried in the Old Grave Yard at Carlisle, and his monument bears a lengthy epitaph in Latin by Dr. Mason, one of his successors. Anywhere Dr. Nisbet
would have been regarded as a remarkable man. He was at home in all branches of human learning. He was an omnivorous reader and seemed to forget nothing. He had the use of at least nine languages, and was familiar with the whole range of classi- cal literature. Whilst in Europe, he was regarded as one of its best Greek scholars. Pie could repeat whole books of Homer, and the whole of the Aeneid, and it is said frequently heard recitations in the classics without a text-book. As a speaker he was said to be fluent and remarkably clear, dir- ect, and unaffected. He never used aids of any kind in the pulpit. He was unriv- alled in wit and humor and when he chose scathing in sarcasm. In discipline of stu- dents he is said to have relied rather upon the latter than upon college law. Physically he was rather below middle stature, slender and agile. It is said, that he frequently walked twenty or thirty miles on a winter morning, before breakfest, without painful effort. In later Hfe he became corpulent, but retained his activity to an advanced age. The horrors of the French Revolution combined with disappointed expectations in some directions, imparted a tinge of an- ti-republican pessimism to his sentiments which cropped out at times in his lectures, but according to Judge Taney the high re- gard for the man restrained the young re- publicans of that day from what might have been open rebellion with any other professor, whilst they simply omitted the offensive passages from their notes.
The only son that survived him, Alex- ander Nisbet, was for many years a judge in Baltimore, Md. His eldest daughter, Mary, was married to William Turnbull, Esq., to whom there were nine children. Their only son, Samuel, became a Bishop of the Episcopal church, their daughter, Mary, was married to Rev. Erskine Mason, D. D., of New York, the younger daugh-
WILLIAM D. HIMES
Nineteenth Congressional District.
ter, Allison, was married to Professor Charles D. Cleveland.
REV. JOSEPH ALEXANDER MUR- RAY, D. D. Born at Carlisle, Pa., Oct. 2, 1815. His father, George Murray, born near Fort Pitt, March 17, 1762, was the first white child born within the limits of Pittsburg. He settled at an early date in Carlisle, where he died at the age of 94. He married JMiss Denny, a daughter of William and Agnes Denny, and sister of Major Ebenezer Denny, of Revolutionary fame. Joseph Alexander, the youngest of five children, prepared for college in Car- lisle and was graduated in 1837 from the Western University of Pennsylvania at Pittsburg, and in 1840 from the Western Theological Seminary in Allegheny. Dur- ing his residence in Pittsburg he was a member of the household of Hon. Harmar Denny, long the representative in Congress from this district, and prominent in nation- al politics. In 1840 he was hcensed to preach by the Presbytery of Ohio, which embraced Pittsburg, and received a call to preach at Marion, Ohio, where he preached six months. During a visit to his eastern home he received and accepted a call to the united congregation of Monaghan (Dills- burg) and Petersburg, Pa., which he served for 18 years, when he resigned on account of impaired health and removed to Carlisle. Although his heahh greatly improved he did not feel free to assume the responsibility of a charge. He was, however, almost equally active in all church work, preaching frequently, serving as commissioner to the General Assembly in 1844, 1861, 1865, and as Moderator of his Synod, and member of important commit- tees. Besides his interest in church affairs, his scholarly habits and tastes asserted themselves in a variety of directions. His fondness for antiquarian research led to the
accumulation of much information and of much documentary material of great value. He rescued many papers of great interest in national and State history. So well were his resources of information and document- ary evidence in these respects known, that not only by personal interviews, but by correspondence that grew to be voluminous in recent years, information was solicited on many points, and his well known pains- taking accuracy gave to his statements a lecognized authority. All information was cheerfully given and without reserve. He was a frequent contributor to literary, his- torical, and religious periodicals and a number of his public addresses were pub- lished. He was in every way a useful and public spirited citizen. His alma mater conferred upon him the degree of D. D. He was a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, of the American Philoso- phical Society of Philadelphia, correspond- ing member of the Numismatic and Anti- quarian Society of Philadelphia, and of numerous cognate local organizations. He was a director of the Western Theological Seminary, and at his decease a large part of his valuable library was given, by his daughter, to that institution, in which, by the gift of $3,000, he had previously founded a scholarship. He was married April 25, 1843, to Ann Hays Blair, daugh- ter of Anderson Blair, a very prominent citizen of Carlisle. She died 1875, leaving an only child, Mary E., wife of Professor Charles F. Himes, Ph. D. In January, 1879, he married Miss Lydia S. Foster, of Phila- delphia, who survives him.
WILLIAM DANIEL HIMES. Born at New Oxford, Pa., May 29th, 181 2, where he passed the greater part of his life, and died Jan. nth, 1896. He was an excellent representative of the oldest Pennsylvania-German stock. His great-
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grandfather, William Heim, came from the Palatinate, by way of Rotterdam, in the ship "Thistle of Glasgow" from that port, in 1730. Plis grandmother, Francis Himes, (Heim) born in Hanover, Pa., in 1737, re- sided there, where he kept an inn and car- ried on a small farm and oil-mih, and died 1811, possessed of a considerable estate, including a "boy Billy, of color," left at disposal of his wife. His son George, the sixth of eight children, born Dec. 16, 1775, in Hanover, married, 1809, Helen Catherine, daughter of Daniel and Susan (Eichelber- ger) Barnitz. The former was a brother of General Jacob Barnitz, of York, and served through the Revolutionary War as fife- major. He purchased in 1810 the first es- tablished and well known "Dutch" Freder- ick's Tavern Stand at Oxford, on the route between Pittsburg and the Susque- hanna, which he conducted until 1828, and was afterward occupied with his large business interests in this and the adjoining counties. He was commissioned by the Governor a colonel in the militia, a title by which he was generally known. He died in New Oxford in 1850. The son, the sub- ject of this sketch, was the second of eight children. The oldest, Charles F., graduated with great credit at Dickinson College in 1829, read law with Thaddeus Stevens, but died before entering upon the practice of the profession. William manifested a de- cided disposition for active business. He learned the trade of tanning, working first in Hanover, then in York, and subsequent- ly in Philadelphia and becoming an expert in leathers of highest grade. He was not apprenticed as was usual in those days, and never carried on the business of tanning. In 1835 he made an extended trip on horse- back through the far west as far as Chi- cago, then little more than a trading post, at which a treaty with the Pottawatamies was then made. On his return to the east
he engaged in merchandizing in Inter- course, Lancaster county, for a few years, when he returned to New Oxford to assist his father. Col. George Himes, in the man- agement of his growing business interest. Here, as opportunity offered, he soon ex- hibited remarkable business aptitude, sound judgment, and promptness of decision in enterprises of the most honest character. Especially expert in estimating the value of real-estate he was a frequent purchaser on a large scale, in this and the adjoining counties, and at one time a large owner. For a number of years he was the principal partner in operating Margaretta Furnace and Foundry in York County, and pur- chased that property with its ore-banks, flouring mill, furnace, foundry and wood- stock forge of his father's estate, and the Hahns of York, and retained possession of a large part of it at his decease, although the iron works were dismantled many years ago as out of competition with those in favorable localities. For more than 50 years he was director of the Gettysburg Bank, since 1866 a National Bank, and was its vice president from 1884 to the time of his decease, for a considerable time with the responsibilities of president. He was ac- tive, with his father, in establishing the Car- lisle Deposit Bank, at Carlisle, Pa. For forty years he was director in the York and Gettysburg Turnpike Co., and for many years President of the Gettysburg & Pet- ersburg Turnpike Co., and there was hard- ly a business enterprise in his section with which he was not in some degree identified He was characterized not more by business ability of a high order, than by his absolute integrity and high sense of business honor and all his intercourse. As a public spir- ited citizen he supported all enterprises looking to the development of the com- munity. He was the unswerving sup- porter of Thaddeus Stevens as a representa-
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live from Adams county in his advocacy of the common school system, and his father gave the lot for the erection of the first common school in the township, and the son was for many years the leading mem- ber of the Board of Directors. His inti- mate personal contact with Thaddeus Stevens, as an active and influential poli- tical friend, as well as his intercourse with him as the trusted attorney and partner of his father in many business matters, con- tributed much to his development as a business man. After his retirement from more active business he was still an inval- uable citizen not only as a counsellor in all public enterprises, but as the friend of the humblest citizen, to whom he was always freely accessible. He died Jan. nth, 1869, in his 84th year, after confinement to the house for several months, by weight of years rather than by specific disease, with- out suffering, in the full enjoyment of all his mental faculties. He married, in 1836, Magdalene, daughter of Christian Lanius, of York, whose ancestors also came from the Palatinate in 1731. He is survived by the following children: Professor Charles F. Himes, Carlisle, Pa.; Helen A., widow of Rev. W. H. Keith, Gettysburg; Mary E., wife of Professor J. W. Kilpatrick, Fayette, Missouri; William A. Himes and Harriet O. Himes, New Oxford, Pa. A son, James Lanius, a successful lawyer in Minnea- polis, Minn., died in 1881.
MARTIN CHRISTIAN HERMAN. The subject of this sketch was dis- tinctively a representative of the best ele- ment of Cumberland county. He was born February 14, 1841, near New Kings- ton on the old family homestead, pur- chased originally by his great grandfather, Martin Herman, who came from Germany in 1754. He had remained several years at Philadelphia, where he landed, and then
removed to Lancaster county, where he en- gaged in farming, and married Miss Anna Dorothea Boerst. In 1771 he removed to Cumberland county and purchased the homestead where he died in 1804, aged "jz years. He and his wife were members of the Lutheran church. They had four sons and four daughters. The son Christian, born in Lancaster county October 20th, 1 76 1, was in the army under Washington, participated in the battle of Germantown, the privations of Valley Forge, and the en- gagements generally of this part of the army, and was present at the surrender at Yorktown. He was a farmer and married, in 1793, to Miss Elizabeth Bowers, of York county, also a member of the Lutheran church. He died October 23, 1829. Eight of their children lived, and had families, among them, Martin, born July 10, 1801, on the old homestead which he inherited by will from his father. Christian, and where he died May 22, 1872. By his marriage in February, 1827, to Miss Elizabeth Wolford, born in York county in 1802, he had six children, among them, Martin Christian, the subject of this sketch. He worked upon the ancestral farm with his father until 16 years of age, attending school in the win- ter, and afterward prepared for college at the well known academy, in charge of Geo. W. Ruby, at York, Pa. He entered the Freshman class of Dickinson College in September, 1858, and was graduated June 26th, 1862. During his college course he took the Silver Junior Prize Medal for ora- tory, and as the choice of his fellow stu- dents had the honor to deliver the 76th an- niversary oration of the Belles Lettres So- ciety in 1862. Before graduation in Janu- ary, 1862, he had registered as a law stu- dent with B. Mclntire & Son, of Perry county, but subsequently with William H. Miller, Esq., of Carlisle, and was admitted to the bar of Cumberland county, January
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13, 1864. He immediately began the prac- tice of law at Carlisle. In 1874, at the early age of 34 years, he was elected presi- dent judge of the Ninth Judicial District, then composed of Cumberland county, and served for 10 years from Jan. ist, 1875. He was an able lawyer, of eminently judicial mind and temperament and of unimpeach- able integrity; his decisions were generally sound and seldom reversed. After his re- tirement from the bench he rapidly acquired a large and lucrative practice, the result of general confidence in his ability as a lawyer and his integrity as a man. Whilst engaged in court he was stricken with paralysis, and died after an illness of several months. He married June 5th, 1873, Miss Josie Adair, a daughter of S. Dunlap Adair, at one time a leading lawyer of the Cumberland county bar. She survives him with four children: Adair, Henrietta G., Joseph B., and Bessie H.; the first is a graduate of his fathers al- ma mater and at present a student in the Dickinson School of Law.
HON. JAMES SMITH. Mr. John Smith, father of the Hon. James Smith, was born and educated in Ireland, in which country he was a respectable and enterprising farmer. What induced him to prefer this one of the colonies, was that some of his brothers and uncles had emi- grated hither before him, having come over with Penn when that proprietor first visited this province. Those of his relations settled in Chester County and became Quakers; their descendants still live in that county and the county of Lancaster.
Mr. John Smith proceeded with his fam- ily to Lancaster County, and finally settled west of the Susquehanna in what is now York County. Here he continued to reside until about the year 1761, when he died in the neighborhood of Yorktown at an ad- vanced age.
James Smith, the second son of John and the subject of our present biography, was aged about ten years when he came with his father into this country. He resided in the paternal mansion for some years; but when his brother George had begun to practice law, he removed to Lancaster, and commenced in his office the study of the same profession. He completed his law studies under the tuition of his brother, at the time of whose death he was aged but twenty-one.
Not long after he was admitted to the practice of the law, he removed to the neighborhood of the place where Shippens- burg now stands in company with Mr. Geo. Ross, who was the friend and companion of Mr. Smith in early and after life. The chief occupation of Mr. Smith in his new abode was that of surveying; though when- ever occasion offered, he gave advice on subjects connected with his profession. Af- ter a few years he removed to the town of York, where he made his permanent home for the rest of his life. Here he commenced the practice of the law, and continued in it with few intermissions until near the time of his death.
Hitherto Mr. Smith had led a single life but in or about 1760 he married Elea- nor Armor, daughter of John Armor, who lived near New Castle in Delaware, and who was a brother of Thomas Armor, a justice and surveyor in York County be- fore the Revolution. Eleanor, at the age of twenty-one, came to reside for a while with her uncle in York, but in less than a year after her arrival she was wedded to one of the best of husbands.
Mr. Smith began about this time to have a very extensive practice. He attended the courts of all the neighboring counties. With no other events in his life than those which are incident to most gentlemen of his pro- fession, he continued in York until the be-
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ginning of the Revolution. But here it should be remarked that Mr. Smith was for some time the only lawyer in York; for though Joseph Yeates and other lawyers of the neighboring counties did much business here, yet Mr. Smith had (with the excep- tion of perhaps a few years) no brother in the law that resided here. When Thomas Hartley, afterward colonel in the Revolu- tion and a member of Congress, com- menced practice here in the year 1759, there were but two lawyers in the county of York, viz: himself and Mr. Smith.
At the commencement of the Revolution, Mr. Smith was distinguished as one of the warmest friends of our liberties.
In 1774 he was chosen a deputy from the county of York to attend a provincial meet- ing at the city of Philadelphia which meet- ing began on the 1 5th of June and was con- tinued by adjournments from day to day. Mr. Smith was one of those who were ap- pointed by this meeting or rather "com- mittee for the province of Pennsylvania." to "prepare and bring in a draught of in- structions to the representatives in assem- bly met."
In 177s he was elected a member for York County in the "Provincial Conven- tion for the Province of Pennsylvania held at Philadelphia, January 23d, and continued by adjournments from day to day to the 28th." In the same year he received a mili- tary honor, viz., the appointment of col- onel.
In 1779 he was deputed by the committee of York County "to join in a provincial conference of committees of the Province of Pennsylvania." The conference was held at Philadelphia, and began on the i8th of June and ended on the 25th of the same month. In the same year (1776) he was elected a member of the convention for the State of Pennsylvania, which commenced their session at Philadelphia on the 15th of
June and ended on the 28th of September. This convention framed the first constitu- tion of the commonwealth. In the same year (1776) he was elected a delegate from Pennsylvania to serve in the Continental Congress, at which time he signed the Declaration of Independence.
Mr. Smith was hkewise a member of Congress in the year 1777-78. When Con- gress sat in York, the board of war was held in his law office.
After the cessation of his Congressional labors he continued to reside in York, and devoted himself with great success to the practice of law.
In October, 1780, we find him a member of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania.
Mr. Smith becoming burthened with a weight of years, and having a sufficiency of this world's goods, relinquished the prac- tice of law in 1 80 1.
An event happened in the autumn of 1805 which is much to be regretted, viz.: the destruction of his office by fire. His books and papers of business, which were on the lower floor, were saved, but all his numerous private papers, which were in the upper part of the building, were destroyed. Among these were the records of the fam- ily and manuscripts of his own, connected with the history of the times, and numer- ous letters from Benjamin Franklin, Sam- uel Adams and many other men distin- guished in the Revolutionary history of our country. Mr. Smith corresponded, both during and after the Revolution, with many of those patriots with whom he had been in intimate connection while a member of Congress, etc. As their letters were de- stroyed, the burning of the office may bo considered a public loss.
Mr. Smith employed his latter days in conversation with his friends and in review- ing and re-perusing those works which had been the delight of his youth. In view of
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his present and increasing infirmities, he made his will April 25, 1806. He died at his house in York on July 11, in the same year, at an advanced age.
There is no small difference of opinion with regard to the age of Mr. Smith. His tombstone, erected by his son James in the yard at the English Presbyterian church at York, states that he was ninety-three years old at the time of his death. Many of his surviving friends say that he could not have been so old, and place his age at about eighty-seven; others say that he was not more than eighty-four or five. Two points, however, we have ascertained, viz. : that he was but ten years of age when he came to America, and was but twenty-one years of age at the time of his brother George's death. Supposing his age then to have been eighty-seven (a matter on which there is some doubt) he must have been born in 1719 and come with his father to America in 1729 and have lost his brother George in 1740, at which time he (James) had com- pleted his study of the law. An obituary notice of Mr. Smith says, "He was the old- est advocate in York, and perhaps in Penn- sylvania, for he had been in practice of the law more than fifty years." He could not but have been a member of the bar between sixty and sixty-five years.
Mr. Smith was remarkable for an un- commonly retentive memory, the strength of which did not seem to be impaired by age.
He was uniformly facetious and fond of anecdotes, which he always told with a happy manner. Possessing in a high de- gree that faculty of the mind which is de- fined by metaphysicians to be the tracing of resemblances or analogies between dis- tant objects, he often exerted it in the halls of justice, producing a wild and roaring dis- cord from all within the reach of his voice.
Mr. Smith at different times had manv
law students. Among them may be men- tioned the Hon. Robert Smith, who began his studies here but did not complete them, and who is the same gentleman that after- ward became Secretary of State under the United States Government. David Grier, who practiced law and died in York, was likewise a student of Mr. Smith.
Mr. Smith left a widow and two out of five children surviving him; they are all now gathered to the house appointed for all living.
THOMAS HARTLEY. Col. Thomas liartley was born in the neighbor- hood of Reading, Berks Co., Penn., Sep- tember 7, 1748. Having received the rudi- ments of a good classical education in that town, he removed when eighteen years of age, to York, Penn., when he commenced the study of the law under the tuition of Mr. Samuel Johnson. Having pursued his law studies with diligence for the term of three years, he was admitted to practice in the courts of York, July 25, 1769. He now arose in his profession with an almost un- exampled rapidity, for he not only had a thorough knowledge of the law, but was acquainted with two languages, each of which was then necessary in such a county as York; his early days having been spent in Reading, then as now mostly peopled by Germans, he was from childhood acquainted with their language, which he spoke with the fluency of an orator. Another thing which favored young Hartley much, was that he and the Hon. James Smith were for some time the only practicing lawj^ers of the county; Mr. Johnson, with whom he had studied, being then prothonotary.
Plartley was early distinguished as a warm friend of his country, both in the cabinet and in the field. In the yeari774,he was elected by the citizens of York county, a member of the provincial meeting of
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deputies, which was held at Philadelphia on the 15th of July. In the year 1775, he was a member, from the same county, of the provincial convention which was held at Philadelphia on the 23rd of January.
The war of the Revolution was now ap- proaching and Hartley was soon distin- guished as a soldier. The Committee of Safety for Pennsylvania, recommended a number of persons to Congress, for field officers to the Sixth Battalion, ordered to be raised in that colony, and Congress ac- cordingly January 10, 1776, elected Wil- liam Irwin, Esq., as colonel; Thomas Hart- ley, Esq., as lieutenant-colonel; and James Dunlap, Esq., as major. Mr. Hartley was shortly aTtervvard promoted to the full de- gree of colonel. ' :
Col. Hartley having continued about three years in faithful and laborious duty as an officer, wrote a letter to Congress Feb- ruary 13, 1779, desiring leave to resign his commission. Congress thinking the rea- sons offered, satisfactory, accepted his res- ignation, and on the same day resolved that they had "high sense of Col. Hartley's merit and services."
In October, 1778, he was elected a mem- ber of the State Legislature from the county of York.
In the year 1783, he was elected a mem- ber of the Council of Censors, the first day of whose meeting was on the loth of No- vember.
In the latter part of the year 1787, he was a member of the State Convention which adopted the Constitution of the United States.
In the year 1788, he was elected a mem- ber of Congress and accordingly attended their first session under the constitution. As a new order of things had now commenced, the public mind was filled with hope and fear. The citizens of York county had ta- ken a great interest in the establishment of
the new constitution, and as Col. Hartley was the first person who was to go forth from among them, as a member of congress under that constitution, they determined in the warmth of their feelings, to show him every honor. When he set out from York on February 23, 1789, on his way to the city of New York, where the Congress was to sit, he viras accompanied to Susquehanna by a great number of the inhabitants of the borough and was there received by a com- pany from that part of the county and from Lancaster. The citizens then partook of a dinner, and the whole was one splendid cel- ebration. When on the way of his return, he arrived at Wright's Ferry on October 6, he was met at the place by a munber of gentleman from the borough and county of York, and was there conducted to his house in town amidst the acclamations of his friends and fellow citizens.
Col. Hartley continued a member of con- gress for about twelve years; he was such until the time of his death.
On April 28, 1800, he was commissioned by Gov. M'Kean, as major-general of the Fifth Division of the Pennsylvania Militia, consisting of the counties of York and Adams.
His life of labor, usefulness and honor are now drawing to a close. Disease was destroying his energies, and had already commenced the work of death. After a long and tedious sickness he died at his home in York, on the morning of Decem- ber 21, 1800, aged fifty-two years, three months and fourteen days. When his mor- tal part was deposited in the burying ground of the Church of St. John the fol- lowing tribute of respect to his memory was paid by the Rev. Dr. John Campbell, his pastor and friend:
"If I could blow the trump of fame over you ever so loud and long, what would you be the better for all this noise? Yet, let not
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your integrity, patriotism, fortitude, hospi- tality and patronage be forgotten. Another (who need not be named), hath borne away the palm of glory, splendid with the never- dying honor of rearing the stupendous fab- ric of American freedom and empire. De- parted friend! you hear me not, the grave is deaf and silent. In this work of blessing to future ages you bore, though a subordi- nate, yet an honorable part. Soldiers of Liberty! come drop a tear over your com- panion in arm.s. Lovers of justice! come drop a tear over your able advocate, and of science! come drop a tear over its warm- est patron. Children of misfortune! come drop a tear over your benefactor and pro- tector. Brethren of the earthly lodge! re- joice that our brother is removed to the temple of the Supreme. Ministers of relig- ion! come drop a tear to the memory of a man, who, lamenting human frailty, was ever the friend of truth and virtue. And thou, my soul! come not into the assembly of those who would draw his reposing spirit from the bosom, of His Father who is in heaven."
As an appendix to the biography of this soldier and statesman we give the following address to his constituents, which he pub- lished a short time before his decease, and which is one of the last acts of his life. Fellow Citizens:
Through want of health, and a wish to retire from a sedentary public life and to at- tend to my private concerns, which have been much deranged by my absence from York town, I have been induced most fix- edly to decline serving in the House of Rep- resentatives in Congress after the third day of March next. Indeed it is well known that for som.e years past I have not wished to be elected; and should long since have declined the honor had it not been for the political condition of the world, and of our own States in particular, which have fre-
quently suffered from two great nations; — • I hope however we shall soon have peace.
A great portion of my life has been de- voted to the service of my country, as will appear from the following facts. I have to say that I was in two provincial conven- tions previous to the revolution, that I served in the Revolutionary army more than three years, was one year in the As- sembly of the State of Pennsylvania, in the Council of Censors one year, was in the convention which adopted the consti- tution of the United States, and have twice been elected by citizens of Pennsylvania at general elections, and four times at district elections, as a member of the House of Representatives in Congress. In some in- stances I have perhaps been useful; but I may say I have ever desired to advance the interests of the United States as far as my powers and constitution would admit. I shall endeavor to be of as much service as possible in the militia, which will occasion- ally require some attention and exercise.
I thank the citizens of Pennsylvania at large for showing their frequent confidence in me, and particularly of that part of the State composing York and Adams Coun- ties, and wish them every happiness.
I am with due respect for them,
Thomas Hartley.
York, September 8th, 1800.
N. B. — My indisposition has retarded this publication longer than I intended.
HON. DANIEL DURKEE.* Judge Durkee was of English descent, the family coming to America early in the eighteenth century and settling in Wind- ham, Conn. Here his great grandfather, Nathaniel Durkee, was married August 21, 1727, and from there his son, Timothy (judge Durkee's grandfather), removed to Vermont while that State was yet a wilder- ness. His maternal grandfather, Elisha * By Hon. James W. Latimer.
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Rix, also went from Connecticut to Ver- mont about the same time, both famihes settling in the valley of White River. In their journey of about two hundred miles, they were guided by marked trees. They settled on adjoining farms, granted by the government of New York, then claiming jurisdiction over the territory. The families were united by the marriage of Heman, the eldest son of Timothy Durkee, to Susan, daughter of Elisha Rix. Heman succeeded to the Durkee farm, and both farms have remained in possession of members of the family until recently. Situated in the town- ship of Royalton, they adjoin South Royal- ton, a thriving village and railroad center. Here Daniel Durkee, the subject of this sketch, was born on August 27, 1791. His father's death occurring when he was but a boy, the years of his early manhood were spent in the home and on the farm of his mother. He married April 8, 1813, Mary, daughter of Capt. John Wright, of Nor- wich, Vt. A few years after his marriage he commenced the study of law with Judge Jacob Collamer, of Royalton (afterward United States Senator from Vermont and Postmaster General), and Judge Hutchin- son, of Woodstock, Vt. He was admitted to the bar in Chelsea, Orange Co., Vt., June 12, 1818, and opened an office in Wil- liamstown, in the same county. Desirous ot settling in Pennsylvania, he left WiUiams- town the following December, and came to Lebanon, Penn., taking an office just va- cated by his brother-in-law, John Wright, Esq., who had removed to York. Some months later, illness in his family compell- ing Mr. Wright to return to New England, Judge Durkee came to York, iwhere he continued to reside until his death. At that time, Lebanon was thoroughly German. So universally was that language spoken there, that there was but one family in the town with whom the Durkee family could com-
municate in the English tongue, while in York there was a large English element, though the German was almost universally spoken in the surrounding country. With- out any knowledge of that language, he soon became a popular lawyer with the German population and a successful prac- titioner. Pennsylvania thenceforth became the State of his adoption. But he was ever loyal to New England and his native home, which continued to be the home of his mother until her death in 1853. It was his "Mecca." He never failed to go there an- nually (in the thirty-six years of his life in Pennsylvania), taking his family or several members of it with him in each alternate year. The New England festival, "Thanks- giving," was always observed in his home, the appointment of the governor of Ver- mont being a national appointment. Judge Durkee was admitted to the bar of York County in 1820. In 1832 he was elected to the legislature. In 1833 he was appointed by Gov. Wolf judge of the district court. In 1S35, the district court having been abol- ished, he was appointed president judge of the Nineteenth Judicial District, composed of the counties of York and Adams. He held the ofifice for ten years, when, at ^he expiration of his term, he was succeeded by Judge Irwin. On the resignation of the latter in 1849, Judge Durkee was again ap- pointed to the president judgeship by Gov. Johnson, and held the office until 1851, when, the judgeship having been by a con- stitutional amendment made elective, Judge Fisher was chosen to succeed him.
He then resumed the practice of his pro- fession, which he continued to the time of his death. He died November 23, 1854, aged sixty-three years and three months. Thus, for nearly half the entire period of his residence in Pennsylvania, Judge Durkee held the office of president judge. On the bench. Judge Durkee was careful and
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painstaking and showed great discrimina- tion in separating from the mass of less im- portant matters, the real points involved in the cases brought before him. In his charges he was remarkably happy and suc- cessful in presenting cases to juries, in en- abling them to perform their duties intelli- gently, and in preventing them from falling into errors. Of eminent sagacity, clear per- ceptions and sound conclusions, he enjoyed during his official career the confidence and respect of the bar, and in a great degree that of the appellate court, which reviewed his judgments. As an evidence of the es- teem in which he has been held, there is subjoined an extract from the York Gazette of September 24, 1839, which, as published by a political opponent of Judge Durkee, is all the more valuable tribute to his worth: "We find in the Adams Sentinel of a late date, a communication, in which the Hon. Daniel Durkee, president judge of this judicial district, is spoken of in terms of high commendation. We feel proud of this justly merited tribute to the worth of one of our citizens; and here at York,where Judge Durkee "is at home," we feel sure that every word will be attested by every one who reads it. We hope that this dis- trict will not lose the services of so upright and excellent a judicial officer under the op- eration of that provision of the new con- stitution, which limits the tenure of office of president judges of the courts of com- mon pleas to ten years. Every friend of justice and morality, all who desire to see the bench occupied by a stern foe to vice and disorder, are interested in keeping the judicial ermine upon the shoulders of Judge Durkee." As a practicing lawyer, Jvidge Durkee always occupied a high position at the bars of York and Adams counties. His specialty was the conducting of trials be- fore juries. He managed his causes with great tact and judgment, and while at the
bar, always had a large portion of its foren- sic practice. Few causes of magnitude or importance were tried in which he was not one of the leading counsel. His influence with a jury, whether he addressed them from the bar, or charged them from the bench, seemed almost magical. Although Judge Durkee was not indebted to the cul- ture of the schools, he had evidently prac- ticed self-discipline long and carefully. But it was from nature he received his best gifts — gifts, the absence of which no amount of educational facilities can supply. The characteristics of his mind were clear- ness and originality. Both these mental qualities, so rarely met, even singly, he pos- sessed in a very considerable degree. They manifested themselves on the bench, at the bar, in social conversation, and even in casual remarks, in the working out of his intellectual processes, in the language he selected, and in the figures and illustrations he employed. For this reason he was al- ways listened to with attention and inter- est. It was well known that there was no danger of being wearied by anything feeble, or commonplace or obscure in what he said. Most frequently the products of his mind exhibited the freshness of vigorous and independent thinking, were expressed in strong, idiomatic English, which, adapt- ing itself to the tournure of the thought, fitted close to it, and conveyed to others his ideas with all the clearness in which they existed in his own mind, were elucidated by illustrations, which were apt, striking, felicitous, and, when the subject or occa- sion would admit, were enlivened by the scintillations of genuine wit. In his legal investigations and discussions, he always sought for the reason of the law, and en- deavored to be guided by principles rather than by discordant and irreconcilable de- cisions. With his great powers of mind, he united great kindness of heart and an emi-
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nently sympathetic and affectionate disposi- tion, causing him to be beloved in his neigh- borhood, and idoHzed in his family. Judge Durkee had none of the arts and stooped to none of the tricks and methods of the politician. His popularity grew out of his genial and kindly disposition, and his well known integrity.
HON. ROBERT J. FISHER.* A large part of the judicial history of York County is inseparably associated with the career of Hon. Robert J. Eisher, who, for more than thirty years, presided over its courts. On the 4th day of November, 1828, when twenty-two years of age, he was admitted to practice in the several courts of York County. He had received a thorough legal education at the Yale Law School, New Haven, Conn., and in the of- fice of his father, George Fisher, Esq., at Harrisburg, who was widely known and honored, and was for many years a leading member of the Dauphin county bar. For twenty-three years he worked diligently at the bar, attaching to himself by his integ- rity and ability a large clientage and a host of friends. Being twice re-elected (1861 and 1871), he was, until 1875, the only law judge of the two counties, accomplishing a vast amount of labor, and rendering with promptness and widely recognized learning, decisions which have commanded general respect. His rulings have almost univer- sally been upheld by the appellate tribunals, and his opinions have been quoted as an authority in this and other States, with more frequency than those of almost any other contemporaneous nisi prius judge. Although an earnest Democrat, during his official career, he carefully abstained from all connection with politics. Judge Fisher possessed, in an unusual degree, the rare ability of viewing a question impartially and deciding on principle unafTected by * By Henry C. Niles, Esq.
prejudice or fear. Particularly was this characteristic strikingly illustrated in his course during the Rebellion. Now that the intense excitement and intolerant par- tisanship of the time have passed away, his undeviating adherence to the established principles of the common law, appears most admirable. Though a decided and uncom- promising Unionist, he was, nevertheless, determined in his opposition to every un- warrantable encroachment of the military upon the civil power. When passion and fear deprived others of their judgment, he seems never to have lost his cool discretion, either in the presence of Federal soldiers or rebel invaders. On one occasion, a citizen had been illegally arrested by the military authority at the hospital on the commons, and a writ of habeas corpus was taken out in his behalf. Upon its return, the prisoner was brought into court by a squad of sol- diers with fixed bayonets. That show of force, however, failed to affect the action of the court. Promptly he required the sol- diers to recognize civil authority, saying that as citizens they had a right to be there, but as armed men, they must withdraw. Af- ter a hearing, the prisoner was released. At the time of the Confederate occupation of York, in 1863, the rebel commander sent to Judge Fisher for the keys of the court house. He replied that he did not have them, and that the commissioners were the only legal custodians of the public build- ings; upon another summons being sent, however, he went with the messenger and found that the soldiers had in some way ob- tained admission to the prothonotary's of- fice, and were preparing to destroy the rec- ords there deposited. As the chief judicial magistrate of the county, he warmly expos- tulated against the destruction of these val- uable evidences, the loss of which would be irremediable. The general at first said it would only be just retaliation for the dep-
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redation of the Northern armies in the South, but after a long discussion, the judge compelled him to acknowledge the unlaw- fulness of all such acts of useless plunder, and persuaded him to withdraw his men. The records and valuable documents of the county were thus saved by the coolness and firmness of the venerable judge. There are several other occasions, which many citi- zens recall, during those turbulent times, when he showed like remarkable courage, facing mobs with fearless dignity and with unusual mildness, but at the same time un- usual determination, maintaining order and insisting upon the supremacy of the civil law.
Judge Fisher comes of one of the oldest and most respectable families of the State. Born in Harrisburg, May 6, 1806, he is the son of George Fisher, Esq., and Ann Ship- pen, daughter of Robert Strettell Jones, of Burlington, N. J. He was babtized Rob- from 1741 for twenty years. Robert Strett- ell was a member of the Provincial Council from 1741 for twenty years. Robert Strett- ell Jones, his grandfather, was a member of the New Jersey legislature and secretary of of the Committee of Safety in 1776. His great-grandfather, Isaac Jones, was twice mayor of Philadelphia (1767 and 1768,) and a member of the common council in 1764. His great great grandfather Fisher was one of the original company of Quakers, who came from England with William Penn, in 1682, and who laid out the city of Philadel- phia. His grandfather, George Fisher, re- ceived from his father a large tract of land in Dauphin county, upon which he laid out the borough of Middletown. Judge Fisher was twice married, and in the quiet scenes of domestic life he always experienced great satisfaction. His first wife, Catharine, daughter of Horatio Gates Jameson, M. D., became the mother of eight children, and died in 1850. In 1853 he married Mary
Sophia, daughter of Ebenezer Caldwell, of Northljridge, Mass., who bore him two children. His eldest son, George Fisher, Esq., is a well established member of the York County bar, and his other son, Rob- ert J. Fisher, Jr., having been for several years connected with the patent office, is now one of the three examiners in chief. In matters of religion, Judge Fisher has al- ways been eminently catholic. From child- hood his associations have been largely with the Protestant Episcopal Church, al- though particularly charitable toward those of different faith and order, and a frequent attendant at their services. In 1870, he became a communicant member of St. John's Church, in York, was for many years a vestryman, and was the first chan- cellor of the diocese of central Pennsyl-
O LIVER STUCK, ESQ., the subject of this sketch, was practically a self- made man, and who by perseverance, thrifc and industry made his mark in the world, achieving success in his profession of jour- nalism. From a very tender age he had been a hard worker, and the success with which he met in life is all owing to the hab- its of industry and frugality he formed in his youth. Oliver Stuck was born in the borough of York, September 19, 1817. His father was Capt. Charles Stuck, a carpenter by occupation. Capt. Stuck was a member of the famous company of volunteers which marched to the defense of Baltimore under Capt. Michael H. Spangler, on August 29, 18 14, and were attached to the Fifth Mary- land Regiment, and participated in the bat- tle of North Point, September 12, 1814.
The mother of Oliver Stuck, our subject, was Rebecca Snyder Stuck, a most estima- ble lady, who lived to the advanced age of eighty-two years, dying in the year 1877, October 15, at the home of her daughter,
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in Sunbury, Northumberland Co., Pa. Oli- ver Stuck, at the early age of scarcely twelve years, was apprenticed to the print- ing business with Messrs. King & Barnitz, then proprietors of the old York Gazette, June 20, 1829, serving an apprenticeship of five years very faithfully. At the expira- tion of his term of service he worked in the same office as a journeyman for a number of years, after which he went to Harrisburg, and worked in the State printing office on the Legislative Record. There being no railroad in those days between York and Harrisburg, Mr. Stuck used to walk the twenty-six miles distance intervening be- tween the two points, in his frequent visits home to his parents, whose principal sup- port he was. From the early age at which he entered upon his apprenticeship, it will be observed that he did not possess the ad- vantage of securing an education in the schools, and really attended school very little, gleaning all the knowledge he pos- sessed in that great college, the printing of- fice, and by the reading of useful books. His ambition was to become the editor and pro- prietor of a newspaper, and with that end in view he applied himself vigorously to work, and his efforts were finally rewarded with success. In the year 1839 he became one of the editors and proprietors of the York Democratic Press by the purchase of a half interest in the paper, and continued as such until he became finally the sole proprietor by purchasing his partner's interest, and conducted the paper in his own name and interest ever since. The Press ''espoused the principles of the Democratic party, and as an exponent of those principles, and a disseminator of news, has proved a very acceptable paper to the people; and its edi- tor, by hard work and the practice of the most rigid economy, has made it a success financially.
In the year 1843, April 17, he was mar-
ried to Margaret Gilberthorpe, daughter of the late William Gilberthorpe, Sr., deceased. He has reared a family of six children (two sons and four daughters), one of which, the eldest, is Edward Stuck, the editor of the York Age. Oliver Stuck held several im- portant positions of honor and trust. In November, 1852, he was appointed State agent, on the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, by the board of Canal Commis- sioners, of Pennsylvania, the State, at that time, owning what is now known as the Pennsylvania Railroad. This position he held until August, 1857 — when the road passed out of the hands of the State into the possession of the present owners by pur- chase— with credit to himself and an unim- peachable record as a faithful and efficient officer. During his connection with the railroad he still devoted all his spare mom- ents to editing his newspaper, and upon re- tiring from the road gave his entire atten- tion to the newspaper business. He kept the Press fully abreast of the times, and succeeded in placing it beside the most in- fluential weeklies of the State. He had al- ways taken an active part in the politics of the county, and was the champion of the reform wing of the Democracy, denouncing the methods of those who did not consider holding office a public trust but simply for their own pecuniary advantage. Against all politicians of this class he wielded his pen, denouncing the e.xtravagance and cor- ruption v^'hich disgraced the records of of- ficeholders and reflected upon the fame of the Democratic party. Much of the credit for the healthy state of affairs in this county is due to his efforts, through the Press, to bring about this great and wholesome change, and to the sterling gentlemen who rallied around his paper in its work for re- form. In June, 1880, he was nominated by his party as their candidate for Register of Wills of York County, and ran on the
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same ticket with Gen. Hancock for Presi- dent, receiving the highest number of votes of any candidate upon his ticket. He en- tered upon the duties of his office in Jan- uary, 1881, and filled it acceptably to the people, and at the end of his term was com- plimented by the Auditor-General of Penn- sylvania, for the excellent manner in which the affairs of the office were administered.
OHver Stuck died at his residence, in York, Pennsylvania, February 3rd, 1890.
HON. FREDERICK WATTS. This man of great and varied promi- nence, for many years, in the affairs of the community in which he lived was the de- scendant of men equally prominent in the Province, and subsequent State of Pennsyl- vania. His grandfather, Frederick Watts, a native of Wales, came to America about 1760. He became an active advocate of the rights of the colonies, and was Colonel of one of the first regiments raised and sub- sequently held the commission of General. He served in the Assembly, and also as a member of the Supreme Executive Council. His maternal grandfather, Gen. Henry Mil- ler, as lieutenant of a company from York participated in the battle of Bunker Hill, was an active officer during the Revolution- ary War, and was in command of troops at Baltimore in 1812. His father, David Watts, an only son, was in the first-class graduated from Dickinson College. He was not only one of the most distinguished lawyers and prominent politicians of his day but was noted for his great learning and general culture. The subject of this sketch, one of twelve children, was born in Carlisle, May 9th, 1801. He was gradu- ated at Dickinson College in 1819, and passed the two subsequent years with his uncle, William IMiles, in Erie County, en- gaged in agricultural pursuits, which pos- sessed an attraction for him throughout his
long and busy life. In 1821 he was en- tered as a law student with Andrew Car- others, Esq., of Carlisle, and was admitted to practice in 1824. He became the part- ner of his ipreceptor, and at once took a high position at the bar. From 1829 to 1854 he was a reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. The first three volumes of reports were pub- lished in connection with Hon. C. B. Pen- rose, then ten volumes by him as sole re- porter, and subsequently nine volumes in connection with Henry J. Seargeant, Esq. In 1845 lis was made President of the Cum- berland Valley railroad, then in a very bad condition financially and physically. By his energetic and intelligent management he brought it to a high degree of efficiency and productiveness, and rendered it an im- portant factor in the development of the Valley. He retired from the presidency in 1873, but was continued as a director until his death in 1889. In 1849, by the appoint- ment of Governor Johnston, he became President Judge of the Ninth Judicial Dis- trict, composed of the counties of Cumber- land, Perry and Juniata, and continued in office until succeeded by an elected succes- sor in 1852. From 1824 to 1828 he was secretary of the Board of Trustees of Dick- inson College and from 1828 to 1832 a member of the board and took an active part in the proceedings of that body. In 1854 he was influential in establishing the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania in Centre County, now State College, and was elected first president in its Board of Trus- tees and served as such until . In the
same year he projected the Gas and Water Works of Carlisle, and was elected presi- dent of the company formed. In i860 the taste for agricultural pursuits, early mani- fested and cultivated during a busy profes- sional life asserted itself, and he removed to one of his farms near Carlisle, and grad-
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ually withdrew from the active practice of law. In 1871 he was induced to accept the appointment of Commissioner of Agricul- ture, made by President Grant, after having at first declined it, and continued in the of- fice until the close of Gen. Grant's second term. His administration of the depart- ment was able and systematic, and under it accurate and detailed information could be readily obtained. He died in Carlisle, Au- gust 17th, 1889, at the age of 88 years, in full possession of his mental faculties. Per- haps no man has left a profounder impres- sion upon the community in which his long and industrious life was passed. As a law- yer he had occupied a front rank for nearly half a century. There is not a report of the Supreme Court of his State for forty-two years, except whilst he was on the bench that does not contain his name as counsel. In his practice in the adjoining counties he frequently encountered Thaddeus Stevens then in the full vigor of his professional ca- reer. The two were warm friends.
His success as a lawyer rested largely upon his great powers of concentration and discrimination, his self-reliance, and indom- itable persistence. He possessed unusual influence with a jury, a result not more of a clear, forcible, dignified presentation of his case, than of general belief in his integrity and honor as a man, and in his fairness in conducting a trial. He possessed the re- spect of his fellow members of the bar to an unusual degree. As a citizen in the com- munity and in public life the same qualities combined with large public spirit made him in many instances foremost in projecting and most influential in carrying out meas- ures of public interest and utility.
TACOB FORNEY, who filled so large a place, While living, in the esteem of the people of Hanover, where his life's work was principally done, was a man of
superior mind, spotless character, and dis- tinguished for his practical sense and un- effected piety. He was a son of Adam and Rachel (Shriver) Forney, and was born on the old Forney homestead near Hanover, York County, Pennsylvania, February i, 1797. He was a direct descendant from John Adam Forney who with his wife and four children came to Philadelphia in 1721, from Wachenheim near the Hartz moun- tains, in the Palatinate, Germany. From family tradition, John Adam settled first in Lancaster county, and remained there un- til 1734 in which year he became a settler in what was known as "Digges Choice" in the Conewago settlement and a part of his land embraced the site of the borough of Hanover. Philip, one of eight children in- habited a portion of this tract. Philip For- ney was born September 29, 1724, and on INIay 8, 1753, married Elizabeth Sheads, the date of whose birth was 1730. To them were born six sons and six daughters, and their eldest child was Adam Forney, who inherited a section of the lands of his ances- tors and erected the old homestead house which now stands on Frederick street in the borough of Hanover. Adam Forney was born June 15, 1754, served as a soldier under Washington in the Revolutionary War, and afterward built one of the first tan- neries in the southern part of York County. He was a tanner by trade and did a very profitable business as a tanner and farmer during his active years of life which ex- tended up almost to the time of his death, which occurred June 29, 1822. He was a strict member of the Reformed church, and on October 26, 1784, wedded Rachel Shriver, who died December 7, 1843, aged j6 years. Their children, none of whom are now living, were: Lydia (Mrs. Jacob Welsh), David, Samuel, Lewis, Peter, Ja- cob, Rebecca, (Mrs. Eli Lewis), Sally (Mrs.
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Henry Winebrenner) and Susan (Mrs. Dan- iel Barnitz).
Jacob Forney was reared on the old homestead, and made good use of the lim- ited educational privileges of his day. He learned the trade of tanner with his father with whom he remained until the death of the latter. He then turned his attention to the cultivation of land and was so successful as to make it very valuable in a few years. In the meantime, in the march of material progress, came the steam railway and Mr. Forney was one of the first to perceive the importance, convenience and value of a railroad in the southwestern part of the county. With him, to think was to act, and in 1849 he immediately undertook the mat- ter with his accustomed energy, securing rights of way, and obtaining subscriptions of stock for the Hanover branch railroad. Of this company he served as president in 1852, and during the remainder of his life was ever ready and active in its support in any emergency or time of difiSculty. When the Civil War came and swept out of exist- ence the Old State banking system, Mr. Forney was one of the first to comprehend clearly the changed financial conditions of the country and moved quickly in the inter- ests of Hanover when provisions were made for the present National banking sys- tem. He, in connection with F. E. Metz- ger and H. M. Schwenk secured the estab- lishment of First National bank which was organized November 20, 1863, and is one of the oldest National Banks in the United States. Mr. Forney was its first president and served in that capacity until 1875. Mainly instrumental in securing to Han- over its railway and its banking facilities, he was likewise foremost and active in all other movements for the benefit or progress of the borough. He rounded out a long and useful life with deeds of kindness, and acts of public benefit.
He died January 4th, 1882, aged 84 years.
On June 25th, 1829, Mr. Forney married Elizabeth Winebrenner, who was a daugh- ter of Peter Winebrenner and died Nov. 17th, 1861, aged 58 years. Their children were: Anna M., Adam, Jacob and David, who all died in infancy; Sarah who passed avi'ay in early woman hood; Mary, now re- siding on the old homestead; Emelia, wed- ded to W. S. Young; and Elizabeth who married George Young, who passed away October i6th, 1895.
Jacob Forney was a Whig and a Repub- lican in politics, and a member for many years of the Reformed church. While ac- tive in the business interests and moral and religious growth of his borough and county, he was no politician or office seeker. He was a man of great force of character, splendid executive ability and excellent judgment. He was a gentleman in the best and truest sense of the word, gentle but manly, the enemy of nothing but what was wrong and the friend of every- thing noble, true and right. He was a representative business man, and a noble spirited citizen, who enjoyed the respect of all who knew him. He possessed a strong love for home and for the domestic circle, and preferred the society and endearments of his family and devoted friends more than the honor of political life, or the meed of popular applause. Earnest, noble and faithful in life, he passed calmly and trustingly into the valley of the shadow of death, and his spirit left its earth- clay casket on January 4th, 1882. His re- mains were interred with appropriate cere- monies in a beautiful spot in Mount Olivet cemetery. No man's death for many years . in the southwestern part of York county was more generally felt or called forth such an outspoken expression of sorrow, for he was deeply loved by his family and wide circle of friends, and singularly fortunate in
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the possession of the esteem of the com- munity.
JAMES UNDERWOOD, deceased, late a prominent resident of CarHsle, was a son of John and Sarah (Morri- son) Underwood, and a native of the town of his residence. He was born October 14, 1739, and died November 8th, 1834. He was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, his father John Underwood, having been born in county Antrim, Ireland, of Scotch Presby- terian parents. The grandfather was a mere boy when he left Scotland. His grandmother's maiden name was Nancy Henry. The father of James Underwood left Ireland in 1775 and after his arrival at Philadelphia in June of that year, settled in Lancaster county, eight miles east of the town of Lancaster, and served in the War of the Revolution. His first commission from the Assembly of the colony, which is still treasured by his descendants as a prec- ious heirloom, bears date of March 15, 1776, and is signed "John Morton, Speaker." It appointed him ensign of the fifth battalion of associates of the county of Lancaster for the defense of American liberty. Later he served as captain in the Continental army. He was twice married first to Janet Mc- Cord, of whose children William B. Under- wood, born in Lancaster County, March 8, 1779, alone survived. William was a stu- dent of the class of 1800 at Dickinson Col- lege, became a printer and in 1814 estab- lished the American Volunteer at Carlisle, associating with him as editor and proprie- tor, James, the subject of this sketch, a half brother, being a son by his father's second wife, Sarah Morrison, who was also a na- tive of county Antrim, and like the Under- woods of Scotch Presbyterian parentage. She came to America with her brother John Morrison. In 1788 John Underwood re- moved to Carlisle and engaged in general
merchandizing. He became the father of six children by Sarah Morrison: James, Janet, Sally, Morrison, Joseph and Ann. Janet and Sally died in infancy. Joseph was born April 8, 1798, and died unmar- ried February tenth, 1823.
James Underwood served one year on the Niagara frontier during the war of
1812. He was a member of Captain J. H. Moore's company, First Baltimore volun- teers and participated in the battles of York and Fort George, Canada. September 8,
1813, he was honorably discharged at Lew- iston, his term of service having expired. In 1818 he was married at Carlisle, Penna., to Catherine, a daughter of Thomas and Mary Scott Goddard. Thomas Goddard was born of English parents in Boston, Mass., and Alary Scott was a native of Lon- don, England. They were married at Hal- ifax, Nova Scotia, and removed to New York in 1785. Their daughter Catharine, wife of James Underwood, was born in 1796. Six children were born to the Un- derwoods: Sarah Morrison, Mary Scott, Martha Ker, Anne Harriet, Edmund and John Morrison, only two of whom are liv- ing at this time: Mary, widow of Dr. Isa- iah ChampHn Loomis, who resides with her daughter, Mrs. S. T. Milbourne, at Cambridge, Maryland; and Anne Harriet Underwood, who lives in the old home in Carlisle, Pa. Of Mrs. Loomis' children Edmund U., an officer in the U. S. Navy was lost on the ill-fated ship Huron, in 1877.
Martha Ker Underwood, the 3rd daugh- ter of our subject, graduated from the Steubenville, Ohio, seminary and taught in the Carlisle schools for thirty years. For sixteen years she was principal of the girls' High School. She died in 1890. Her sis- ter, Anne, taught from 1858 to 1873 i" the same schools. Edmund the eldest son was born in 1828 — he served with the volun-
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?eers in Mexico, in Captain E. C. William's "Cameron Guards." In 1848 he was ap- pointed a regular army lieutenant. In 1852 he married Mary Beardsley of Otsego Co., New York. He was stationed at various army posts on the Pacific Coast until the breaking out of the Civil War, when he was ordered east to active service. He died at Utica, New York, September 5, 1863, from sickness broug'ht on by exposure in the line of duty. He had been mustering and disbursing officer for some time just prev- ious to his death and had attained the rank of major. A son, Edmund Beardsley Un- derwood, is now lieutenant in the navy and instructor at the naval academy, Annapolis, Md. His wife was Charlotte, only daugh- ter of Professor E. J. Hamilton, of Oswego, New York. His brother Champlin Loo- mis Underwood married Deborah Cress- well, of Overbrook, Pennsylvania. John Morrison Underwood, youngest son of James and Catherine Underwood, was edu- cated in the public schools and at Dickin- son College, class of '53, Carlisle, studied law, located at Greensburg, Westmoreland county, Pa., in 1855, elected District Attor- ney'in 1856. His health failing, he return- ed to Carlisle in 1861. He died in 1862.
Morrison Underwood, a brother of James, the subject of this sketch, became a promient business man and banker at Greensburg and Pittsburg, but after the death of his wife in 1876, he returned to Carlisle, his native place, where he died in 1885. His sister Ann married Ephraim Steele in 1831. They had eight children, three of whom survive. Mrs. Ann Steele died in 1880.
The remains of John Underwood, father of our subject, and of the majority of the descendants repose in the old graveyard southeast of the borough of Carlisle which was originally given by the Penns for the purpose of a burial ground.
REV. JACOB BOAS was born in Read- ing, Pennsylvania, November 15, 181 5, and died of paralysis of the heart in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, April 4, 1884, aged sixty-eight years, four months and nineteen days.
He was of German ancestry and his great- grandfather, who was a Reformed minister, emigrated from the Fatherland to this coun- try. Here he labored faithfully in the ser- vice of his church and was a highly re- spected and God-fearing man. He had a son named Daniel who was the father of our subject. Daniel married Catharine Goodman. Our subject was converted at the age of fifteen and when but seventeen and a half years old attended the Eastern Conference of the United Evangelical church held at Orwigsburg, June 3, 1833, and was admitted into the itinerancy, being the youngest man ever known to have been received into traveling connection with the church.
In 1844 he married Rebecca Kurtz, who survives him. Five children were born to him: D. K., A. D., J. E., E. B., and Mrs. L. B Hoflfer. The eldest daughter is the wife of the late Rev. J. M. Ettinger. In 1834 Rev. Boas traversed Lake Circuit, New York; 1835, Indiana Circuit; 1836, Erie Circuit; 1837, Miami Circuit. This year he was sent by the presiding elder to Illinois, where he formed the first circuit of his church, west of Chicago. He served Canton Circuit, Ohio, in 1838. Bedford cir- cuit 1839, and from 1840 to 1841 was mis- sionary to Baltimore. Here his labors re- sulted in laying the foundation of the sub- stantial and prosperous work of his church in that city. In 1842 and 1843 he traveled Cumberland circuit; 1844 and 1845 Gettys- burg circuit; 1846 Baltimore city; 1847 York; from 1848 to 1851 was presiding el- der of the Baltimore district; from 1852 to 1855 Centre district and in 1856, Baltimore
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district again. In 1857 his health having failed, he took a superannuated relation which he sustained until 1872, when he took a Perry circuit serving it for four years, from 1873 to 1877. He traveled Jersey Shore circuit from 1879 to 1880; Big Spring circuit from 1881 to 1882, taking a super- annuated relation again the year following. Rev. Boas was a genial, sympathizing, af- fectionate pastor and an able and faithful preacher. His sermons were forcibly Scriptural. His prayers were humble, ten- der, child-like. He seemed to excel in his local church work as a Sunday school teacher. He was the pastor's helper and counsellor, an affectionate husband, a kind father, a consistent friend, a cheerful Chris- tian and a patient sufferer. By his last illness he was confined to his house nearly three months, though confined to his bed but little over a week. As the end drew near he had no doubt nor misgivings. At one time he said, "I have no clouds, no fears, no doubts." After bidding his be- loved wife, children, physician and others farewell he quoted passages of Scripture and quietly passed beyond. His funeral services were held April 7th, in the St Paul Evangelical church of Carlisle.
DAVID E. SMALL, a great-great- grand son of Lorenz, gjeat-grand- son of Killian, grandson of Joseph, and son of Henry Small, was born December 3, 1824, and died March 25, 1883. He was one of the most enterprising and public spirited men that York has known. At the age of thirteen, he left York County Academy and entered the store of his father's cousins, P. A. & S. Small, and be- came one of the family of Samuel Small. He rose from one position to another, and soon demonstrated that he had learned the important principles of a prosperous and successful business career. In 1845 he en-
gaged with his father in the lumber busi- ness, and two years later the firm became H. Small & Sons. In 1852 he entered into partnership with Charles Billmyer, for the manufacture of railway cars in York, which business greatly prospered. In 1853 while conducting a gentleman through the shops, his clothing caught in the rapidly revolving machinery, from which accident he lost his right arm. He, however, re- sumed business in a few weeks. Upon the death of Mr. Billmyer, the firm became Billmyer & Small Company and Mr. Small was made its president. He also became a prominent stockholder in the Pennsyl- vania Railroad, and in 1874, was appointed on a special committee to examine and re- port the condition of that road and all its branches. He was elected president of the First National Bank of York, in 1867, and continued as such until December, 1876. He was chosen president of the York Gas company, director of the York Water com- pany, director in the Lochiel and Wrights- ville Iron works, a member of the school board, trustee of the York County Acad- emy, Collegiate Institute, Orphans' Home and York Hospital, and likewise served as president for many years of the Young Men's Christian Association of York.
Mr. Small was an earnest and consistent advocate of temperance and wielded a pow- erful influence for good in any cause or enterprise he supported. He was unusu- ally active in church and general philan- thropic work, frequently representing the church in Synod and General Assembly, served on important committees during the church's most critical history and was particularly active in the Sunday school and other auxiliary departments of the church. He attempted on three different occasions to enlist in the active defense of the nation during the late Civil War and was as often rejected on account of physi-
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cal disability. Subsequently he entered the secret service of the United States gov- ernment and did excellent service. He filled a great many responsible positions by reason of his preeminent executive ca- pacity, and had a wonderful faculty for the rapid transaction and dispatch of business. In the year 1876, his nervous system gave way and from that time to his death he never fully recovered his health. He was a Republican in politics and an active mem- ber and elder of the Presbyterian church.
In 1849 David E. Small was united in marriage with Mary Ann Fulton. There survive five children, whose names are as follows: Henry Small, John Hamilton Small, J. Frank Small, M. D., David Etter Small, Julia Agnes Small.
REV. LEWIS MAYER, D. D. Rev. Lewis Mayer was born at Lancaster, Penn., March 26, 1783, and was the son of George L. Mayer, a gentleman of liberal education. He received a good German and English education in his native town, and at an early age removed to Frederick, Md., and began business. Being better suited to books, he then determined to en- ter the ministry. He made rapid progress in classical and theological studies, and was licensed to preach in 1807, by the Re- formed Synod, which met that year at New Holland, Lancaster county. He is sup- posed to have preached at Frederick the first year of his ministry. In 1808 he accep- ted a call to the Shepherdstown, W. Va., charge, where he officiated twelve years. In this position he succeeded well, and soon became one of the most prominent minis- ters of his church. In 1821 he was called to the Reformed church of York, which position he filled until his election to pre- side over the Theological Seminary of the German Reformed Church, which was es- tablished in 1820, at Carlisle. Mr. Mayer
resigned his charge in York in 1825, and went to Carlisle and commenced operations as its president. In 1829 the seminary was removed to York, where it rapidly in- creased in number of pupils and influence under his direction and care. This year the Reformed Dutch College, at New Brunswick, N. J., conferred upon Mr. Mayer the honorary degree of doctor of divinity. In 1835 the synod determined to remove the seminary to Mercersburg, when Dr. Mayer resigned his professorship, and determined to remain at York. He spent the remainder of his life in literary labors. He was favorably known as a scholar, min- ister and author. He was a great student, a deep and correct thinker. For a long time he edited the German Reformed Mes- senger and Magazine. Among his works are "Sin Against the Holy Ghost," "Lec- tures on Scriptural Subjects," "Hermeneu- tics and Exegesis," "History of the Ger- man Reformed Church." He was twice married. His first wife was Catharine Line. By this marriage they had six chil- dren, one of whom was John L. Mayer, for many years a prominent lawyer of York. His second wife was Mary Smith. Dr. Mayer, who did not enjoy good health for many years, died of dysentery on August 25, 1849-
HON. HENRY NFS, M. D. Hon. Henry Nes, M. D., was born in York, in 1799; received a liberal educa- tion; studied medicine, and practiced for many years; filled several local offices; was elected to represent York County in the Twenty-eighth Congress, as an Independ- ent, receiving 4,016 votes against 3,413 votes for Dr. Alexander Small, Democrat, serving from December 4, 1843, to March 3, 1845; he was again elected to the Thir- tieth Congress as a Whig; and was re- elected to the Thirty-first Congress, re-
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ceiving 6,599 votes against 5,989 votes for J. B. Banner, the Democratic candidate, serving from December 6, 1847, to Septem- ber 10, 1850, when he died at York. Dr. Nes was a man of remarkable popularity, and possessed an extraordinary faculty for electioneering. He was a member of the House of Representatives when ex-Presi- dent John Quincy Adams, then a fellow member, fell from his chair from a stroke of apoplexy. Dr. Nes was one of his at- tending physicians.
GEN. WILLIAM B. FRANKLIN. William B. Frankhn was born in York, Pa., February 27, 1823. He was ap- pointed to the military academy from this district and graduated at West Point, in 1843, ^t the head of his class. In the sum- mer of 184s he accompanied Brig. Gen. Kearney on an expedition to the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains. In the war with Mexico he served on the staff of Gen. Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista, and was breveted first lieutenant for his part in it. In 1848 he became assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy at West Point. In 1852 he was appointed professor of the same science, together with civil engineering at the New York City Free Academy. During the next eight years he was continually employed as consulting engineer and inspector on various public works. He was engineer secretary of the lighthouse board, and su- perintendent of the capitol extension, and other government buildings in Washing- ton, D. C.
In May 14, 1861, he was appointed col- onel of the Twelfth Regiment of Infantry, and in July was assigned a brigade in Heintzelman's division of the army of northeast Virginia. At the disastrous bat- tle of Bull Run, according to the ofificial report of Gen. McDowell, he was "in the
hottest of the fight." In August he was made brigadier general of volunteers, his commission to date from May 17, 1861. In September he was appointed to the com- mand of a division in the Army of the Po- tomac. He was sent to reinforce Gen. Mc- Clellan. After the evacuation of Yorktown he transported his division by water to West Point, on York river, and repulsed the enemy under Gens. Whiting and G. W. Smith, who attempted to prevent his land- ing May 7, 1862.
During the movement to the James River, which began June 27, he repulsed the enemy on the right bank of the Chick- ahominy, June zj and 28, and again in con- junction with the corps of Gen. Summer, at Savage's Station, June 29 also com- manded ai. battle of White Oak Swamp bridge on the 30th. He was promoted to rank of major-general of volunteers July 4, previously having been appointed brevet brigadier-general in regular army, June 4. In the battle of South Mountain Septem- ber 14, he distinguished himself by storm- ing Crampton's Gap. He was in the bat- tle of Antietam, September 17, and in No- vember was placed in command of the left grand division of the Army of Potomac, including the First and Sixth Corps, which he commanded in the battle of Fredericks- burg, December 13. The next year he was transferred to the department of the Gulf, commanded the expedition to Sabine Pass, 1863, and was second in command in Bank's Red River expedition, April, 1864,. being in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads. His capture by and escape from Maj. Harry Gilmore, of the Confederate Army, which occurred near Baltimore, when he was on his way from Washington to New York, is a very interesting chapter of his life. He was breveted major-general in United States Army in 1865, and resigned March 15, 1866. He was vice president of
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Colt's Manufacturing Company, of Hart- ford, Conn., and held many positions of trust in his adopted city and State. He was consulting engineer of the commission for the erection of the new State House. He was a director of the Connecticut Mu- tual Life Insurance Company and held sev- eral other positions of prominence and re- sponsibility.
In 1875 he was one of the commissioners of the Centennial Exposition, chairman of the department of engineering and archi- tecture. In the same year he was chosen one of the electors for President from that State throwing his vote for Tilden. In June, 1880, he was elected by Congress a member of the board of changers of the National House for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers. In July, 1880, he was elected president and treasurer of the board. His term expired in 1884, when he was re-elected to serve for six years.
DAVID JAMESON. David Jameson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, about 171 5, and graduated at the medical school of the celebrated university of that ancient city. He immigrated to America about the year 1740, accompanied by his friend and fellow-surgeon, Hugh Mercer, afterward distinguished in his profession and as a general officer of the Revolution- ary Army. He landed at Charleston, S. C, and, after a brief sojourn there, removed to Pennsylvania; resided for some time at Shippensburg, and finally settled at York, in that province, where his name and fame yet linger, and where a number of his de- scendants of the fourth and fifth genera- tions still reside. He became an officer of the provincial forces of Pennsylvania and attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel in the same, and of colonel in the militia of Pennsylvania, in the Revolutionary war.*
*The commissions (military and civic; — now
He also held, by executive appointment, civic offices in the county of York. The only ones of which any record is found are those of justice of the peace, the appoint- ments bearing date October, 1754, and June, 1777 — (Glossbrenner's History of York County, 1834) — and a special com- mission to him and his associate, Martin Eichelberger, Esq., to try certain offenders.
During the French and Indian war (1756) many murders and depredations were committed by the Indians on the frontier of Pennsylvania, extending to all the settlements from Carlisle to Pittsburg. A road had been opened from Carlisle through Cumberland county, which crossed the North Mountain at a place since called Stra(w)sburg; thence to Bedford and to Fort du Quesne (now Pittsburgh). Near Sideling Hill was erected a log fort called Fort Lyttleton on this road — since the "Burnt Cabins." This fort was constructed of logs and surrounded with a stockade work. Here we first find Capt. Jameson in his military movements. He was ap- pointed an ensign by the proprietary gov- ernor of Pennsylvania but at what precise period we are not informed. He very soon rose to the rank of captain without an intermediate lieutenancy.
During his frontier service, Capt. Jame- son was dangerously wounded in an en- gagement with Indians, near Fort Lyttle- ton, at Sideling Hill, on the road from Car- lisle to Pittsburg, then Fort du Quesne. His sufferings and perils (being left for dead on the field), and rescue make a thrilling narative.
It became necessary for him to repair to Philadelphia for medical aid, but it was but
much worn and obliterated by time — held by him, except that of ensign, are in the possession of his great-grandson, Brevet Brig. -Gen. Horatio Gates Gibson, Colonel of the Third Regiment of Artil- lery, United States Army.
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a few months till he assumed the field again, though he did not recover fully for six years. He afterward discharged the duties of brigade-major, and also of lieu- tenant-colonel, all of which he did to the entire satisfaction of the appointing power, at Carlisle and at different ponts, then on the frontier of Pennsylvania.
Capt. Jameson had been educated a physician, yet his ambition had prompted him to solicit a command and to share in the dangers of the field. This did not in- terfere with his humane prompting to de- vote a portion of his time to the sick and wounded, and we have seen a letter writ- ten by Dr. Rush, in which he says: "I well remember to have seen your father (Dr. Jameson) dress the wound received in the shoulder by Gen. Armstrong, at the battle of Kitanning."
In Scott's geographical description of Pennsylvania, 1805, the following is found:
"Capt. Jameson is described by Burd as a 'gentleman of education, who does his duty well and is an exceedingly good offi- cer.' "
"Col. David Jameson had command of Fort Hunter, Fort Augusta, Fort Augh- wick, and was at the battle of Loyal Hanna, March 14, 1769."
Col. Jameson's age, on reaching this country, could not have been less than five and twenty years, for the medical school of the famed University of Edinboro' town then, as now, required six years' matricula- tion. In the French and Indian war, he must have attained the ripe age of forty. When the English colonies of America en- tered upon their long struggle for national independence, although he had passed the limit of age for military service, and his natural force had somewhat abated, and ad- vancing years and wounds had in a meas- ure enfeebled his physical powers, he never- theless seems to have been active and effi-
cient, joining at the age of sixty "a march- ing regiment" to reinforce the Army of Washington, and otherwise aiding "the grand cause" of his country.
The following letter is from the Com- mittee of York county to the Committee of Safety in Philadelphia, dated December 31, 1876:
"In these times of Difficulty several gen- tlemen have exerted themselves much in the Grand Cause. Several Militia Com- panys have marched ; more will march from this county, so as in the whole to compose at least a pretty good Battalion. The gen- tlemen who deserve the most from the pub- lick are David Jameson, Hugh Denwoody, Charles Lukens and Mr. George Eichel- berger. They have been exceedingly use- ful. As most of the Companys who have marched have chosen their officers, pro Tempore, an arrangement will be necessary as to Field Officers. We propose David Jameson, Col., Hugh Denwoody, Lt. Colo- nel, Charles Lukens, Major and 'George Eichelberger, Quartermaster of the York County Militia, who now march. It will be doing Justice to merit to make the ap- pointm't, and we make, no Doubt, it will be done by your Board. We congratulate you on the Success of the American Arms at Trenton."
It is also stated, on the authority of his son, Dr. H. G. Jameson, "that he had de- spoiled his fair estate near York of acres of its fine woodland, in order to contribute without money and without price, to the aid of "the Grand Cause."
The intimate friend of Hugh Mercer, Benjamin Rush, James Smith, and Horatio Gates, and well known to other illustrious men of the Revolution, it is much to be re- gretted that the story of the life of a soldier of
"good old colony times When we lived under tlie King,"
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cannot be made more complete than the fragmentary records left behind him en- able his descendants to do.
After the close of his military service un- der the province of Pennsylvania, David Jameson practiced his profession in York, (interrupted only by the period of his ser- vice in the Revolution), and died in York during the last decade of the last century, leaving a widow and children. In a memoir, prefacing a sketch of his services during the French and Indian war, and un- der the Province, by his son, Horatio Gates Jameson, M. D., the following refer- ence is made to his abode near York:
"The spacious domain near the ancient borough of York, which, with a refined and cultivated taste, he adorned and beautified — though not after the manner (which could not be), of his ancestral home in "Bonnie Scotland," yet adding to its nat- ural beauty all that art could devise to make it fair to view; and where he dis- pensed a generous and graceful hospitality — has passed, as usual in our country, out of the hands of his posterity; the last poss- essor of the blood (about 1869) being his great-grandson, Gates Jameson Weiser, Esq."
Col. Jameson married Emily Davis, by whom he had eleven children. — Thomas, James, Horatio Gates, David, Joseph, Nancy, Cassandra, Henrietta, Emily and Rachel. His sons all became physicians. Thomas settled in practice in York, James in Allentown, Pa., Horatio Gates in Balti- more, and David and Joseph in Columbus, Ohio, and all left descendants.
HORATIO GATES JAMESON, M. D., was born in York in 1778, and married August 3, 1797, Catharine Shevell (Chevell), of Somerset, Pa., (where he then abode), and had issue: Cassandra, Eliza- beth, Rush, Catharine, Alexander Cobean,
David Davis, Horatio Gates. He seems to have sojourned, after his marriage, in Som- erset, Wheeling, Adamstown and Gettys- burg, until about 1810, when he removed to Baltimore, where he established himself permanently in practice, founded and be- came president of the Washington Medical College, and, at one time, Health Officer of the city. About 1830 Dr. Jameson with his wife and daughter, Elizabeth Gibson, made a voyage to Europe on one of the packets running from Baltimore to the ports of Germany, and visited several places on the continent, but sojourned longest at Copenhagen, Denmark; to and from the American representative at whose court he was accredited as a special bearer of dis- patches by the government at Washington. While on his return from a trip to Texas (where he had purchased lands) the faculty of the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnatti, composed of Drs. Gross, Drake, Rives and Rogers — all celebrities in their profession — tendered him its presidency; accepting which, he removed with his family from Baltimore to Cincinnati in October, 1835. The ill health of his wife compelled him to return to Baltimore in March, 1836, and resume practice there. On one (or two) of his journeys between Texas or the West and Baltimore, he was severely injured by the upsetting of a stage coach on the mountains of (West) Virginia, and was un- able to rejoin his family for months. His wife, Catharine Shevell Jameson, died in Baltimore, November i, 1837; and he mar- ried in 1852, a lady of Baltimore, Hannah J. D. Ely, nee Pearson, (the widow of Judah Ely, Esq., with a son, Jesse Pearson Ely). Within the last year of his life, he left Baltimore and went to York, to spend his last days among the scenes of his child- hood— so fondly remembered and graphi- cally described by him in a Baltimore jour- nal in 1842. But the hope and ambition
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of his life — to obtain and restore to the family his patrimonial homstead and estate — he never reaUzed; and he died, unposs- essed of its acres and domicile, while on a visit to the city of New York in July, 1855 — the same year in which the ancient homestead was destroyed by fire. His widow survived him nearly thirty years, and died in the city of Baltimore, August 19, 1884, at the ripe age of eighty years.
Dr. Jameson was celebrated for his surgi- cal skill and knowledge, and also had a wide repute for his successful treatment of chol- era— epidemic in Baltimore and Philadel- phia, 1793-98 and 1832. He wrote several medical works, which were accepted as au- thority by the profession, and was an able and earnest advocate of the "non-conta- gion" theory. Like the great Dr. Rush, he belonged to the school of the immortal Sangrado of Gil Bias fame, whose theory of practice obtained even unto the days of the writer. The earliest recollection of the writer's youth is that of a fine old English engraving, which hung over the mantel in his grand-father's office. It represented Galen discovering a skeleton in a forest; and neither it, nor the lines engraved be- neath, have ever been effaced from the wri- ter's memory. The latter are reproduced here, as a suggestive indication that the disciples of Galen, in those days, were de- vout men, fearing God: Forbear, vain man, to launch with Reason's eye Into the vast depths of dark Immensity ; Nor think thy narrow but presumptuous mind, The last idea of thy God can find ; Though crowding thoughts distract the laboring
brain. How can Finite INFINITE explain ?
HANCE HAMILTON. Col. Hance Hamilton, the first sherifif of York County, and one of the most influential of the early settlers, was born in 1721, and died February 2, 1772, aged fifty-one years. In
the first legal records of York County, he is generally alluded to as of Cumberland Township (now Adams County), though he probably died at his mill property in Menallen Township; his will having been executed in that township. The executors named in it are his brother, John Hamil- ton, Robert McPherson, Esq., and Samuel Edie, Esq. The active executor was Col. Robert McPherson. His remains were first interred in what is known as Black's grave- yard, the burying-ground of the Upper Marsh Creek Presbyterian church, where they reposed for eighty years, and were then disinterred and placed a short distance south of the eastern entrance of Evergreen Cemetery, at Gettysburg. Concerning the headstone, which is now much weather- beaten, the following receipt will be per- used with interest:
Received 2nd of September, 1772, of Robert McPherson, fifteen shillings, for making a headstone for Hance Hamilton's grave. Adam Ling.
0-15-0.
The signature to this document is in Ger- man. Among the first public trusts with which Hamilton was charged, was the will of his brother James Hamilton, made June 23, 1748, "in the County of Lancaster." York County was formed the next year. It was acknowledged in the presence of Abra- ham Lowry, William Brown and James McGinly. The will was proven before "Sa Smith, Esq., of Newberry Manor, west of the Susquehanna," December 22, 1748. The estate amounted £139 13s 7d. York County was erected by an act of Assembly, August 19, 1749. In October of that year an election was held for sheriff and coroner, when Hance Hamilton was elected to the former office, and Nicholas Ryland to the latter. These officers were at that time elected annually, and at the next election in 1750, a serious riot ensued between the
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supporters of Hance Hamilton, and those of his opponent, Richard McAlHster, the founder of Hanover, as a result of which the sheriff refused to go on with the election. The coroner, Ryland, opened another box, with other officers and took votes until evening. At the general county election in those days, all persons who voted, were required to go to York. There was but one poll in the county. At the election, the sheriff is represented, in his own statement, as hav- ing declined to assist in counting the tickets, and to make a return, giving as the reasons that he was "drove by violence from the place of election, and by the same vio- lence was prevented from returning there, whereby it was not in his power to do his duty, and therefore could not make no re- turn." On a public hearing by the Provin- cial Governor and Council at Philadelphia, it was unanimously agreed "that it was not owing to Hamilton that the election was obstructed, and hkewise that he could not, in his circumstances, as proved by the wit- nesses, make a return." The governor, therefore, granted Hamilton a commission as sheriff during his pleasure. The court of York, in view of the absence of a return, directed that the commissioners and asses- sors for the previous year, serve for another year until there shall be a new election. As a result of this riot, and consequent want of a return, York County was without rep- resentation in I the General Assembly for that year. In 1751, Hance Hamilton was again re-elected sheriff, with Alexander Love as coroner. After the expiration of his term of office as sheriff, Hamilton be- came one of the judges of the court of com- mon pleas of York County. In April, 1756, as captain, he commanded a company of Provincial troops from York County, that took part in the French and Indian war. He was at Fort Littleton (now in Fulton
county), where he wrote a letter describing the capture by the Indians of McCord's Fort. He was at Fort Littleton in the fall of 1757. He was also in Armstrong's ex- pedition against Kittaning, where a bloody and important victory over the Indians was won by the "Scotch-Irish of the bor- der."
On the 31st of May, 1758, he was com- missioned by William Denny, Lieutenant- Governor, as "Lieutenant Colonel of the First Battalion of the Pennsylvania Regi- ment of foot soldiers in pay of the Prov- ince." Col. Hamilton carefully kept all his business documents, and many of them, in- cluding the executors' accounts, were in possession of Hon. Edward McPherson of Gettysburg. Among them is his will, dated January 27, 1772, only four days be- lore his death. It was probated March 11, 1772, a receipt of James McClure was given los 6d "for expenses laid out in attending at York to prove the will," also a receipt of Sarah Black for £3 2s 6d for two gallons of liquor and three gallons of rum, "expended at the funeral" of Hance Hamilton. At the "wakes in those days, it was a common cus- tom to use liquors. His personal property was sold March 19-20, 1772. Among the articles advertised were "six negroes, two of which are men well acquainted with farming business, one very likely wench, two fine promising boys and one child." There were quite a number of slaves in his township at the date of his death. What they brought is not known. On the 26th of September, 1760, "William Buchanan, of Baltimore town," signed a receipt to Hance Hamilton of £200 for one negro man; £70 for one negro boy. Hamilton's real estate was sold April i, 1773, to David McCon- aughy, Esq., Dr. William Cathcart and John Hamilton as "trustees for his heirs." The entire estate was about £3,000 in Penn- sylvania currency, nearly equally divided
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between personal and real property. This was a large amount for these colonial days. Nothing is definitely known of his children, except that one of them "was apprenticed" in September, 1767, to Dr. Robert Boyd, of Lancaster, to study physic and surgery, to stay two years, for a fee of £70 for instruc- tion." He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1768. The children men- tioned in his will are Thomas, Edward, Har- riet Sarah, married to Alexander McKean; Mary, married to Hugh McKean; Hance Gawin, George, John, William and James. None of his descendants are now living in either York or Adams county. In his will among many other bequests, he left to his son, Thomas, a pair of silver-mounted pis- tols, valued at iio, to his son, Hance, a pair of brass-barreled pistols and holster, valued at £5 ; one silver medal, valued at 5s ; to his son Gawin, a silver snuff box, val- ued at £2 los; George also received a pair of silver buckles appraised at 12s, and John, a silver watch appraised at £5 los. It would be exceedingly interesting to trace the his- tory of these trophies, but of them nothing more can be authoritatively said, neither is it known where one of them now is. Hance Hamilton was a man of enterprise, great force of character and activity in public af- fairs. Had he lived during the Revolu- tionary period, he would doubtless have be- come a very conspicuous officer of that eventful war. He was a typical fronti( rs- man, and located as nearly as can be deter- mined at first in Sir William Keith's tract, called Newberry, and in 1746 became one of the most influential members of the Scotch-Irish settlement on Marsh Creek, near the site of Gettysburg. He was first chosen sheriff of York County, when but twenty-eight years of age, and died sud- denly, when but fifty-one. Those twenty- three years were devoted to the care of his family, to the affairs of the community, and
to the common dangers of the period. He died as the Revolutionary movement was gathering force. Had he lived he would, no doubt, have embraced the cause with ardor, and spent his strength, and if need be, his life, for the freedom of his country. Among the roll of "the forty-nine officers of Scotland in 1649, was Sir Hance Hamilton, who obtained adjudicated lands in the Province to the amount of 1,000 acres. From him Col. Hance Hamilton of York County doubtless descended."
COL. ROBERT McPHERSON. Col. Robert McPherson was the only son of Robert and Janet McPherson, who set- tled in the western portion of York county, in the fall of 1738 on the "Manor of Maske." He was born presumably in Ireland, about 1730, and was a youth of eight years on his parents becoming part of the well-known Marsh Creek settlement. He was educa- ted at Rev. Dr. Alison's school at New London, Chester Co., Penn., which acad- emy was afterward removed to Newark, Delaware, and became the foundation of the present college at that place. His father died December 25, 1749, and his mother September 23, 1767. In 1751 he married Agnes, the daughter of Robert Miller of the Cumberland Valley. In 1755 he was ap- pointed treasurer of York County, and in 1756 a commissioner of the county. The latter office he resigned on accepting a commission as captain in the Third Battal- ion of the Provincial forces, May 10, 1758, serving under General Forbes on his expe- dition against Fort Duquesne. From 1762 to 1765 he was sheriff of the county, and from 1764 to the beginning of the Revolu- tion was a justice of the peace under the Proprietary, serving from 1770 as President Justice of the York County Court, and was re-commissioned a justice under the first
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constitution of the State. From 1765 to 1767 he was a member of the Provincial Assembly, and in 1768 was appointed county treasurer to fill a vacancy. He was a member of the Provincial Conference, which met at Carpenter's Hall, Philadel- phia, June 18, 1778; and was one of the Representatives of York County in 1776, which formed the first constitution of the State of Pennsylvania. At the outset of the war for Independence, he was commis- sioned a colonel of the York County Bat- talion of Associators, and during this and the following year he was in active duty in the Jerseys and in the subsequent campaign around Philadelphia. After his return from the field he was employed as the purchasing commissary of army supplies for the west- ern end of York County. In 1779 he was one of the three "auditors of confiscation and fine accounts." From 1781 to 1785 he served as a member of the assembly of the State. Col. McPherson was one of the charter members of the corporation of Dickinson College, and continued to act as trustee until his death. He was an elder in the Upper Marsh Creek Presbyterian Church, which was organized in 1740, or within two years of the beginning of the settlement. His death, from paralysis, oc- curred February 19, 1789, his wife surviv- ing him until September 13, 1802. He had a large family. Two of his sons, William and Robert, were officers in the service of the Revolution. Some of his descendants remain in Adams County, but the great majority are scattered over the various States of the Union. For over thirty years he was one of the most active, influential and conspicuous citizens of York County.
WILLIAM McPHERSON. William McPherson, son of Col. Robert was born December 2, 1757, on the farm settled by his grandfather in 1738. He died
in Gettysburg, August 2, 1832. He filled sundry public trusts of a local character, and was, from 1790 to 1799, a member of the general assembly of the State for York County, except in 1793. He actively pressed and participated in the movement for the erection of Adams County, which was accomplished the last year of his pub- lic service. During the Revolutionary war, he served as a lieutenant in Capt. Albright's company. Col. Miller's regiment, and was captured in the battle of Long Island. The British held him a prisoner of war for over a year, during which time he endured many hardships. After the war he became a pros- perous and influential citizen in his vicinity. He was twice married, first in 1780 to Mary Garrick, of Frederick County, Maryland, and second in 1793, to Sarah Reynolds of Shippensburg. He was the father of four- teen children, a few of whom are married. One of his sons, John B. McPherson, was a prominent citizen of Adams County, and for forty-five years was cashier of the Bank of Gettysburg. Hon. Edward McPherson, of Gettysburg, for a number of years rep- resentative in Congress, for nearly a quar- ter of a century clerk of the United States House of Representatives, and the distinguished American Statistician, is a son of John B. McPherson, and great grandchild of Col. Robert McPherson of Revolutionary fame. His sons are of the sixth generation of McPhersons, who have lived in the same vicinity since the arrival of their worthy ancestors.
ARCHIBALD McCLEAN. Archi- bald McClean was of Scottish ori- gin. In the year 171 5, a portion of the clan M'Clean, or McClean, who were sup- porters of the Stuarts, sought a home near Glenairm, in the County of Antrim, Ireland, and with others soon after emigrated to southern Pennsylvania. Among them was
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Archibald McClean, who in 1738 located in the Marsh Creek district of York county, near what is now Gettysburg. He soon became a prominent surveyor in the Prov- ince of Pennsylvania, assisted in establish- ing the "Middle Point" between Cape Hen- lopen and the Chesapeake, and in locating the great "Tangent Line" through the Pe- ninsula, and in tracing the well known "arc of the circle" around New Castle, Delaware. This was during the years 1760, 1762 and 1763. As a surveyor he was the chief as- sociate of the celebrated mathematicians, Mason and Dixon. In running the fam- ous line which bears their name, six of his brothers were also employed in assisting to establish the line from 1763 to June 4, 1766, when the party arrived as far west as the summit of "Little Allegheny," and were there stopped by troublesome Indians. On June 8, 1767, Mason and Dixon and Arch- ibald M'Clean began to continue the sur- vey from the top of the "Little Allegheny, accompanied by a delegation of friendly In- dians as an escort, against the savages. On the 14th of June they reached the top of the "Great Allegheny," where fourteen more friendly Indians joined them as inter- preters. At this time there were thirty as- sistant surveyors, fifteen ax-men, and a number of Indians. They continued west- ward 240 miles from Delaware to "Dunker Creek," as marked on their map. This was thirty-six miles east of the western limit of the present Mason and Dixon line. The balance was run in 1782 and 1784. Archi- bald M'Clean in 1776 was chosen a member of the General Assembly of Pennsylvania. He was an ardent patriot, and the next year became chairman of the Committee of Safe- ty for York County, during the Revolution. He served as prothonotary and register and recorder of York County from 1777 to 1786. At his death his remains were inter- red in the historic old Marsh Creek burv-
ing ground, on a part of what is now the famous battle-field of Gettysburg.
GEN. HENRY MILLER. Gen. Henry Miller was born near the city of Lancaster, Penn., on February 13, 1751, Early attention was paid to his education, but his father, who was a farmer, thought it necessary to place his son within the walls of a university. The high school of Miller, as of Washington and Franklin, was the world of active life.
Young Miller, having received a good English education, was placed in the office of Collison Reed, Esq., of Reading, Penn.^ where he read law and studied conveyan- cing. Before, however, he completed his studies, he removed to Yorktown, in about the year 1760. At this place he pursued his studies under the direction of Samuel Johnson, Esq. At that time Mr. Johnson was prothonotary of York county and in his office Mr. Miller acted as clerk.
The subject of our memoir was married on June 20, 1770, about which time he pur- chased a house in Yorktown, and furnished it. Here he supported his family mostly by the profits arising from conveyancing, and from his clerkship; for as he found that he did not possess talents for public speak- ing, he devoted his industry and attention to those subjects.
The war of the Revolution was now ap- proaching, and young Miller's noble soul was kindled to a generous indignation as he heard and read of the wrongs of his coun- try. A man like him could not doubt a moment. On June i, 1775, he commenced his march from York to Cambridge, Mass. He went out as first lieutenant of a rifle company, under the command of Capt. Michael Doudel. This company was the first that marched out of Pennsylvania, and was, too, the first that arrived in Massa- chusetts from any place south of Long Is-
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land, or west of the Hudson. The company to which he belonged was attached to Col. Thompson's rifle regiment, which received the first commissions issued by congress, and took rank of every other regiment.
On the arrival of the company at Cam- bridge, the gallantry and zeal of Miller prompted him to attempt some military act before the remainder of the regiment could arrive. His active mind immediately formed a plan to surprise the British guard at Bun- ker Hill. This was the second day after his arrival, fresh from a march of 500 miles, a march which would have deprived ordi- nary men of their fire of feeling, but which left Miller in the glowing enthusiasm of a young soldier, impatient of delay. Miller submitted the plan to his captain, whose courage was more tempered with prudence and who wished to decline engaging in such an attack, alleging, as reasons against it, the small number of his own men and his want of acquaintance with the ground and works. But Miller, who was never checked in his military career by the appearance of danger, informed his captain that if he should decline engaging personally in the attack, he would solicit Gen. Washington to appoint him (Miller) to the command. Thus urged, the captain allowed his laud- able prudence to be overcome by the ardor of his gallant young lieutenant, and his own desire to effect the capture of the guard. The attempt was made — but, as the captain had predicted, without accomplishing the object. They were obliged to retreat — though not till after several British soldiers had bit the dust, and several others were prisoners in the hands of the gallant York- ers. Captain Doudel's health being very much impaired, he was obliged to resign not long afterward when Miller was ap- pointed to the command of the company. From that time onward he was distin-
guished as a most enterprising, intelligent and valuable officer.
In 1776, his company with the regiment to which he belonged, commanded at first by Col. Thompson, and afterward by Col. Hand, marched to New York. In 1777, on the 1 2th of November, he was promoted by congress to the ofifice of major in the same regiment. In the year following (1778) he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, comman- dant in the Second Regiment of Pennsyl- vania. In this latter office he continued until he left the army.
Miller was engaged, and took an active and gallant part, in the several battles of Long Island, York Island, White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Head of Elk, Brandy- wine, Germantown, Monmouth, and in a considerable number of other but less im- portant conflicts. At the battle of Mon- mouth, he displayed most signal bravery. Two horses were, during that conflict, suc- cessively shot from beneath this youthful hero and patriot ; but nothing depressed the vigor of his soul, for mounting a third he was in the thick of the battle.
A companion in arms, writing of Miller, in the year 1801, says, "He was engaged in most of the battles of note in the middle States. It would take much time to enum- erate the many engagements he was in, as the general engagements, were such, as are incident to Hght corps. It may, with con- fidence, be stated, that he must have risked his person in fifty or sixty conflicts with the British foe. He served with the highest reputation as an heroic, intelligent and use- ful officer." In a letter of Washington to Congress dated "Trenton Falls, December 12, 1776," are these words: "Capt. Miller, of Col. Hand's regiment, also informs me, that a body of the enemy were marching to Burlington yesterday morning. He had been sent over with a strong scouting party, and, at daybreak, fell in with their advance
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guards consisting of about four hundred Hessian troops, who fired upon him before they were discovered, but without any loss, and obHged him to retreat with his party and to take boat." Gen. Wilkinson, in his memoirs, states that Major Miller of Hand's riflemen, was ordered by Gen. Washington to check the rapid movements of the enemy in pursuit of the American Army, while retreating across the State of New Jersey. The order was so successfully executed, and the advance of a powerful enemy so embarrassed, that the American troops which afterward gained the indepen- dence of their country, were preserved from an overthrow which would have proved the grave of our liberties. In a note to the memoirs, the author says, among other things, "Gen. Miller, late of Baltimore, was distinguished for his cool bravery wherever he served. He certainly possessed the en- tire confidence of Gen. Washington." To multiply quotations would be useless, suf- fice to say that Miller is mentioned by many of the American historians, and always with much applause.
When Miller first engaged in the war of the Revolution, he had little or no other fortune than his dwelling house. But be- fore the close of the war he was reduced to such necessities to support his family that he was compelled to sell the house over the heads of his wife and children. He sometimes spoke of this as a very hard case, and in terms so pathetic as to excite the most tender emotions. At other times he would say, "I have not yet done all in my power to serve my beloved country, my wife and my children I trust will yet see better days."
In his pleasant manner he was heard to say that, as to the house, the sale had at least saved him the payment of the taxes. Col. Miller, being thus, through his patriot- ism, humiliatingly reduced in pecuniary cir-
cumstances, was obliged in the spring of 1779 to resign his commission in the army and return to York. Here he continued to reside for some years, enjoying the love and affection of all his fellow citizens. In October, 1780, he was elected high sheriff of the county of York, and as such he con- tinued until the expiration of his term of office in November, 1783. At the sev- eral elections in October of the years 1783- 84-85, he was elected a member of the Leg- islature of Pennsylvania. In May, 1786, he was commissioned as prothonotary of York County, and in August of the same year he was appointed a justice of the peace, and of the court of Common Pleas. In the year 1790 he was a member of the convention which framed the present constitution of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He continued in the office of prothonotary un- til July, 1794. In this year (1794), great dangers were apprehended from the en- croachments of the English on our western territories. Wayne was, at that time, car- rying our arms against the Indians into the western wilderness. Agreeably to the requisition of the President of the United States, contained in a letter to the Secretary of War, dated May 19, 1794, Pennsylvania was required to furnish her quota of bri- gades toward forming a detachment of 10,- 769 militia, officers included. At this time Miller was general in the first brigade, com- posed of the counties of York and Lancas- ter, and belonging to the second division of Pennsylvania Militia commanded by Maj. Gen. Hand. This division, with several others, was required to be in readiness to march at a moment's warning.
In the same year was the "western expe- dition," an expedition occasioned by an in- surrection in the four western counties to resist the laws of the union.
At this time Gen. Miller was appointed, and went out as quartermaster-general. In
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the same year he was appointed, by Gen. Washington, supervisor of the revenue for the district of Pennsylvania. In this office he acted with such abiUty, punctuality and integrity, that no one ever laid the least failure to his charge. But in 1801, Mr. Jef- ferson having been elected President, Gen. Miller was removed from the office of sup- ervisor and was succeeded by Peter Muh- lenburg.
Upon this event he left York Novem- ber 18, 1801, and removed to Baltimore, where he resided for some years as an hon- est and respectable merchant. At the com- mencement of the war of 1812, his soul was kindled to the former fires of youthful feel- ing. Relinquishing his mercantile pursuits he accepted the appointment of brigadier general of the militia of the United States, stationed at Baltimore, and charged with the defense of Fort McHenry and its depen- dencies. Upon the enemy's leaving the Chesapeake bay, the troops were dis- charged and Gen. Miller again retired to private life.
In the spring of 1813, Gen. Miller left Baltimore, and returned to his native State, Pennsylvania. He now resided on a farm at the mouth of the Juniata river, in Cum- berland County, devoting himself, with Roman virtue, to agricultural pursuits. But his country soon called him from his retire- ment. The enemy having again made their appearance from Baltimore, he marched out with the Pennsylvania troops in the capacity of quartermaster-general. He again, after a short time, returned to Pennsylvania, to reside on his farm at the mouth of the Juniata. At that place, like a Cincinnatus, away from the tumult of war, he continued to reside until the spring of 1 82 1. At that time, being appointed pro- thonotary of Perry County, by Gov. Hies- ter, he removed to Landisburg, the seat of justice for that county. He continued to
live at Landisburg, until he was removed from office, by Gov. Shulze, in March, 1824. On the 29th of the same month, the Legis- lature of Pennsylvania began to make, though at a late period, some compensation for his important Revolutionary services. They required the state treasurer to pay him $240 immediately; and an annuity of the same sum during the remainder of hi^ life. But Gen. Miller did not live long enough to enjoy this righteous provision. He removed with his family to Carlisle ; but he hardly fixed his abode there, and caught the kind looks of his relatives and friends, when he was called by the messenger of peace to a distant and far brighter region where the music of war is unheard, and the storms of contention are at rest. He was seized with inflammation of the bowels and died suddenly, in the bosom of his family, on Monday, the 5th of April, 1824. On Tuesday afternoon, the mortal part of the hero and the patriot was consigned, with military honors, to the small and narrow house.
In private life Gen. Miller was friendly, social and benevolent. He was generous even to a fault.
In public life, he had, what Lord Claren- don says of Hampden, a head to contrive, a heart to persuade, and a hand to execute.
HON. THADDEUS STEVENS. There are a few citizens who will remember the career of this distinguished "American Commoner" while he was a teacher in the York County Academy and a student at law in York. He was born in Danville, Vermont, April 4, 1792. His father was a shoemaker, of dissipated hab- its, who died of a bayonet wound in the at- tack on Oswego, while bravely defending his country during the war of 1812. His mother, whom he never wearied praising, was a woman of strong natural sense and
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unconquerable resolution. In his youth, Thaddeus was one of the most diligent read- ers ever known in America, and at the age of fifteen he began to found a library in his native town. He entered Burlington Col- lege first, graduated at Dartmouth in 1815, and a few months afterward was engaged by Rev. Dr. Perkins, then principal of the York County Academy, as an assistant. Amos Gilbert, the famous teacher of the Lancastrian School, who resided for a short time at York, during the period that young Stevens was here, says: "he was a modest, retiring young man, of remarkably studious habits." Feeling somewhat displeased with the actions of some of the members of the York bar, he made application for admis- sion at Gettysburg, which at that time con- tained but few lawyers, as the county was only fifteen years old. Not having read law, according to requirements, under the instructions of a person learned in the law, he was rejected. The laws of Maryland were not so rigid; he then went to Bel Air, where he was admitted under Judge Chase. The committee on examination he said asked him only three questions, whereupon the judge promised if he would buy the champagne for the party, a certificate would be forthwith granted. He agreed to this; the certificate was signed, but before being handed over, two more bottles were de- manded of the young lawyer. To use his own words, "when I paid my bill the next morning, I had only $3.50 of the $45 that swelled my pocket-book the evening be- fore." From there he went to Lancaster, crossing the Susquehanna at McCall's ferry, York county. Here his horse took fright at some of the timbers of the new bridge, which was then being built across the river a that point, and horse and rider would have fallen into the stream, had it not been for the bravery and presence of mind of one of the men working on the
bridge. He arrived at Lancaster, and the next day came to York, and in a few days located as a lawyer in Gettysburg. He did not succeed at first, and while attending a public meeting at Littlestown, Adams county, he told a number of persons that he was going to leave the county as he could not make a living in it at the prac- tice of law. A terrible murder was com- mitted a few days later and he was em- ployed as counsel for the defendant. From this case he drew a fee of $1,500, which was the beginning of his career of fortune and fame. For a number of years, his familiar form was seen in the court houses of York, Adams and Franklin counties, always being employed in the most intri- cate cases. Subsequently as a lawyer, member of the Pennsylvania Legislature, a distinguished member of the Lancaster bar, and the great American congressman and debater, his name and fame are familiar to every intelligent American citizen.
HON ELLIS LEWIS was born in Lewisberry, this county, May 16, 1798, and was a son of Eli Lewis, the founder of the village. He attended the schools of his native town, and as re- membered by some of the oldest citizens now living, was an unusually bright pupil. He learned the printing trade, then studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Wil- liamsport, in 1822, and two years later was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature from Lycoming county. In this sphere he soon showed his ability as a lawyer and legislator. Gov. Wolf, in 1833, appointed him attorney-general of Pennsylvania; soon after he was appointed president judge of the Eighth Judicial District, and in 1843 was made judge of the Second District, which embraced the courts of Lancaster county. In the year 185 1 he was elected judge of the supreme court of the State of
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Pennsylvania, and succeeded to the posi- tion of chief justice. In 1857 he decHned the unanimous nomination for re-election to the supreme court, and retired to private life. In 1858 he was appointed one of the commissioners to revise the criminal code of Pennsylvania. On account of his ex- tensive knowledge of medical jurisprudence the medical college of Philadelphia con- ferred upon him the honorary degree of M. D. He received the title of LL. D. from Transylvania University and from Jefferson College. Judge Lewis' legal opinions on important and difficult cases are frequently cited with approval. He published a work, of which he was the au- thor, entitled "An Abridgement of the Criminal Law of the United States." He was a profound jurist, and a man of great versatility of talents. Some fine specimens of literature from his pen found their way into the periodical journals. In early life, during the year 1828, he became an honor- ary member of the York bar, but never practiced here regularly. His death occur- red in Philadelphia on March 9, 1871.
EDWARD CHAPIN, ESQ.* Edward ' Chapin, Esq., was for fifty-five years practicing attorney in the courts of York county, and for the larger portion of that period an acknowledged leader of the bar. He was born in Rocky Hill, Conn., on the 19th day of February, A. D. 1799. On both sides he was descended from a long line of distinguished ancestry. His mater- nal great grandfather was the celebrated Jonathan Edwards, for many years presi- dent of the College of New Jersey, and the ablest of American theologians. His theo- logical works have given him a world-wide reputation. His maternal grandfather was Jonathan Edwards, familiarly known as
* By Hon. James W. Latimer.
"the second President Edwards," who was president of Union College. Both were like Mr. Chapin, graduates of Yale College. His father, the Rev. Calvin Chapin, D. D., was a recognized leader in the Congrega- tional Church of Connecticut. He was president of Union College, and was the originator of and pioneer in the movement for the prohibition by law of all traffic in intoxicating liquor. Of this cause he was the earnest advocate during his whole life. Pie did not live to see it successful, but his work has, since his death, produced and is now producing good fruit. The 'Chapin family descended from Deacon Samuel Chapin, the first of the name to emigrate from England to America. He came at a very early period, and settled in New Eng- land. His descendants, numbering over 4,000, assembled in Springfield, Mass., a few years since. Among them were repre- sentatives from all parts of the United States many of them distinguished in the professional, political and literary walks of life. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and Rev. E. H. Chapin, D. D., of New York, Presi- dent Lucius Chapin, of Beloit College, Wisconsin, Hon. Solomon Foote, United States Senator from Vermont, and Dr. J. G. Holland were present. Among the lineal descendants of Deacon Samuel Chapin is the Adams family of Massachu- setts, which has furnished two presidents of the United States.
Edward Chapin, Esq., graduated at Yale College in the class of 1819. He read law in Connecticut, and after his admission to the bar there he resided for a time in Bing- hamton, N. Y., where his father had large landed interests. He removed to York in 1823, and was admitted to the York bar on motion of Walter S. Franklin, Esq., on April 10 of that year. He soon acquired a reputation as an able lawyer and profound thinker, and during his professional career
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was engaged in many of the most import- ant causes tried in York and Adams coim- ties, especially those involving intricate and difficult legal questions. In the construc- tion of obscure wills and deeds Mr. Chapin was especially skillful, and he pressed upon the courts his views on such questions with such force of logic and profundity of legal learning, that even when unsuccessful, it was usually easier to reject his conclusions than to demonstrate their incorrectness. Judge Fisher, who presided in the courts of York county during eighteen years of Mr. Chapin's practice here, has said that his legal arguments were the ablest and most thorough and exhaustive he ever lis- tened to.
Mr. Chapin was an intimate personal friend of Hon. Thaddeus Stevens, who practiced law in the adjoining county of Adams during part of Mr. Chapin's pro- fessional life. They were each in the habit of obtaining the assistance of the other in causes of unusual magnitude or difficulty. One of the latest and most important cases in which they both appeared, was the Ebert will case, an issue framed to deter- mine the validity of the will of Martin Ebert. Messrs. Evans & Mayer, of York, and Hon. Samuel Hepburn, of Carlisle, ap- peared for the propounders of the will ; and Messrs. Chapin and Stevens for the con- testants. It was a contest of intellectual and professional giants, to which the mag- nitude of the interests involved, as well as the reputation of counsel concerned, at- tracted great public interest. Though un- successful in winning his cause, Mr. Chap- in's address to the jury has been pro- nounced, by competent judges who listened to it with delight, the most eloquent ora- torical appeal ever made to a jury within their recollection.
Mr. Chapin was not what is called "a case lawyer." A close reasoner, a pro-
found thinker, deeply versed in the princi- ples underlying the science of law, his ar- guments contained few citations of author- ity and few references to text books. He was always listened to, both in the county court and in the supreme court, with the respectful attention his great professional learning and ability deserved.
Mr. Chapin was a great reader. He pos- sessed a considerable knowledge of most branches of natural science. His learning and culture embraced a wide field.
As a legal practitioner his conduct was not only above reproach or suspicion of un- fairness or impropriety, but he rejected as beneath him many of the methods resorted to by practitioners who are regarded as reputable. He once told the writer of this sketch, and his life bore witness to the truth of the statement, that he never, dur- ing his whole professional life, solicited or sought directly or indirectly the business or employment of any individual. Content with the business that his talents and repu- tation brought, he used no artifice to ex- tend his clientage.
He was the counsel of the York and Maryland Line Railroad Company from the inception of that enterprise, and of the Northern Central Railway Company, into which it afterward merged from the time of his death.
Mr. Chapin's delight and recreation was in the cultivation of fruits, flowers and veg- etables. He was extremely fond of gun- ning, and his portly form, armed with a gun which few men could hold to their shoulder, was a familiar figure about Peach Bottom in the ducking season.
Mr. Chapin died on the 17th day of March, 1869, leaving to survive him a widow, since deceased, a daughter, married to Edward Evans, Esq., and a son Edward, now a practicing attorney at the York bar.
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WILLIAM LENHART.* The emi- nent scholarship and somewhat re- markable career of William Lenhart (al- ready referred to) claim special and ex- tended mention. The few octogenarians among us will remember an humble log- house that once stood at the northwest corner of North George street and Centre Square, where, nearly a century ago, lived Godfrey Lenhart, "der Silwerschmidt und Uhremacher" — the silversmith and clock-maker, and many a "grandfather's clock," after a long banishment, now re- called by the growing love for the antique, bears upon its broad open, smiling face, the inscription "Godfrey Lenhart, Yorktown, Penn." That humble log-house (so faith- fully sketched by Louis Miller in his "Chronics") no doubt was the birthplace, January 19, 1787, of a child, whose powers of intellect, but for his physical misfortunes and scanty pecuniary resources, would probably have enabled him to "illustrate the name of his country throughout the scientific world." His father, Godfrey Len hart, though a highly respectable citizen, and by the free suffrage of his fellow citi- zens, chosen to the (then) honorable and responsible office of high sheriff, which he held and faithfully filled from 1794 to 1797, was nevertheless a gentleman of limited means, and, therefore, really unable to give his children more than the ordinary and very meager common pay-school education of the day. About the year 1801, how- ever, when William was not above fourteen, Dr. Adrian, then obscure, but after- wards famous as a mathematician, opened a school in York, and William Lenhart be- came one of his pupils. He at once began to develop that extraordianry talent, espe- cially for the science of mathematics, in which he made such rapid progress that.
* By Henry L,. Fisher, Esq.
before he quit Dr. Adrian's school, and be- fore he had attained his sixteenth year, he had become a contributor to the "Mathe- matical Correspondent," a scientific period- ical published in the city of New York, and when only seventeen, he was awarded a medal for the solution of a mathematical prize question.
About this time he quit Dr. Adrian's school, and being an accomplished penman and accountant, accepted the offer of a po- sition as clerk in a leading mercantile house in Baltimore. At this period of his life, it is said he was remarkable for his personal attractions, and, always, for excellence of manners and good conduct. As might be expected, however, he soon tired of such a business, and, though but little bettering his situation, accepted a position in some clerical employment in the sheriff's office. He remained in Baltimore about four years during all which time, however otherwise employed, his leisure was devoted to read- ing, his favorite study, mathematics, and contributions to the Analyst, published by Dr. Adrian in Philadelphia. Afterward, he became bookkeeper in the commercial house of Hassinger & Reeser in the latter city. As clerk and bookkeeper his profici- ency was unrivaled, his salary was doubled at the end of the first year, and the accounts he made out for foreign merchants were long kept by his employers as models of perfection ; and in view of his eminent per- sonal services, the firm, at the end of the third year, admitted him as a partner, with- out other capital. Before entering upon his duties, however, and while on a visit to his parents at York, an imfortunate ac- cident befell him which, doubtless, proved to be the turning point in a career which would, otherwise, have shed undying luster on his name and on his country. While enjoying a rural drive, his horse became un- manageable, ran away, breaking the car-
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riage, throwing him out and fracturing one of his legs. On his supposed recovery he returned to Philadelphia, and, sometime after, while engaged in a game of quoits, was suddenly seized with excruciating pain in his back and partial paralysis of the lower extremities. After eighteen months of the most skillful medical and surgical treatment by Drs. Physick and Parish, his recovery was pronounced hopeless. What wonder that his cup of misery overflowed in view of the fact of his engagement at the time to a young lady of most estimable character, to whom he had been attached from early life. The injury, he had re- ceived from the fall from his carriage, most probably caused his spinal affection from which, and a subsequent injury, he was destined to sixteen years of suffering and torture, and eventually to pine away and die at an age when men, ordinarily, are in their prime. But incredible as it may seem we are assured on the highest authority that during all that long interval of constantly increasing pain and suffering he not only cultivated light literature and music, but, as before, devoted much time to mathematics. In music he made great proficiency and was considered the best parlor flute player in this country. In 1828 he sustained a second fracture of his leg, in consequence of which, and his already existing complication of disorders, his suf- ferings, at times, almost passed the bounds of endurance. He was now passing most of his time with his sister, in Frederick. But his very lips became at length par- alyzed from the progress of his disease, and even the pleasures of his flute were denied him. What must have been the talents, moral energy, and force of will, which, un- der bodily afflictions like these, made such advances in abtruse science as to confer immortality on the name of their possessor?
During the last year of his life he thus wrote to a friend:
"My afflictions appear to me to be not unlike an infinite series, composed of com- plicated terms, gradually and regularly in- creasing— in sadness and suffering — and becoming more and more involved; and hence the abstruseness of its summation; but when it shall be summed in the end, by the Great Arbiter and Master of all, it is to be hoped that the formula resulting will be found to be not only entirely free from surds, but perfectly pure and rational, even unto an integer."
During the sixteen years from 181 2 to 1828 he did not, of course, nor could he, de- vote himself to mathematical science. But afterward he resumed these studies for the purpose of mental employment, and con- tinued his contributions to mathematical journals. In 1836 the publication of the Mathematical Miscellany was commenced in New York, and his fame became estab- lished by his contributions to that journal. ''I do not design," says Prof. Samvtel Tay- lor, "to enter into a detail of his profounil researches. He attained an eminence in science of which the noblest intellects might well be proud and that, too, as an amusement, when suffering from afflictions which, we might suppose, would have dis- qualified him for intellectual labor. It will be sufficient for my purpose to remark that he left behind him a reputation as the most eminent Diophantine Algebraist that ever lived. The eminence of this reputation will be estimated when it is recollected that illustrious men, such as Euler, Lagrange and Gauss, are his competitors for fame in the cultivation of the Diophantine analysis. Well might he say that he felt as if he had been admitted into the sanctum sanctorum of the great temple of numbers, and per- mitted to revel among its curiosities."
Notwithstanding his great mathematical
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genius, Mr. Lenhart did not extend his in- vestigations into the modern analysis and the differential calculus as far as into the Diophantine analysis. He thus accounts for it: "My taste lies in the old fashioned pure geometry and the Diophantine analy- sis, in which every result is perfect; and be- yond the exercise of these two beautiful branches of the mathematics, at my time of life, and under present circumstances, I feel no inclination to go." The character of his mind did not consist entirely in the mathe- matical tendency, which was developed by the early tuition of Dr. Adrian. Possessed, as he was, of a lively imagination, a keen susceptibihty to all that is beautiful in the natural and intellectual world, wit and acuteness, it is manifest that he wanted nothing but early education and leisure to have made a most accomplished scholar. He was also a poet. One who knew him well says: "He has left some effusions which were written to friends as letters, that for wit, humor, sprightliness of fancy, pungent satire, and flexibility of versifica- tion, will not lose in comparison with any of Burns' best pieces of a similar kind." Mr. Lenhart was of a very cheerful and sanguineous temperament full of tender sympathies with all the joys and sorrows of l\is race, from communion with whom he v.as almost entirely excluded. Like all truly great and noble men, he was remark- able for the simplicity of his manners. Thai word, in its broad sense, contains a history of character. He knew he was achieving conquests in abstruse science, which had not been made by the greatest mathemati- cians, yet he was far from assuming any- thing in his intercourse with others.
"During the autumn of 1839, intense suf- fering and great emaciation indicated that his days were almost numbered. His intel- lectual powers did not decay; but like the Altamont of Young, he was "still strong to
reason and mighty to suffer." He indulged in no murmurs on account of the severity of his fate. True nobility submits with grace to that which is inevitable. * * * Lenhart was conscious of the impulses of his high intellect, and his heart must have swelled within him when he contemplated the victories he might have achieved and the laurels he might have won. But lie knew his lot forbade that he should leave other than "short and simple annals" for posterity. He died at Frederick, Md., July 10, 1840, in the fifty-fourth year of his age, with the calmness imparted by philosophy and Christianity. Religion conferred upon him her consolations in that hour when it is only through religion that consolation can be bestowed; and as he sank into the darkness and silence of the grave, he be- lieved there was another and a better world, in which the immortal mind will drink at the very fountain-head of knowledge, un- encumbered with the decaying tabernacle of clay by which its lofty aspirations are here confined as with chains.
HON LEMUEL TODD was born at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, July 29, 1817; was graduated from Dickinson Col- lege 1839; read law under General Sam- uel Alexander at Carlisle, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1841. Was elected in 1854 in the strong Democratic district composed of York, Cumberland and Perry counties over Hon. J. Ellis Bonham, one of the Democratic leaders of the State. He was chairman of the Know- Nothing State committee in 1855-56. He was prominently named for Governor in 1857 and in i860. He was elected Con- gressman-at-Large in 1875-79. He pre- sided over the State Convention at Har- risburg which nominated David Wil- mot for governor: and that at Pittsburg which nominated Andrew Curtin, and that
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at Philadelphia which advocated Grant for the presidency. He was temporary chair- man of the State Convention at Harris- burg in 1883. He was three times the can- didate of his party for president judge of the Ninth District.
In 1861 he was Major of the First Penn- sylvania Reserves and Inspector General of Pennsylvania on Governor Curtin's staff. He died May nth, 1S91.
His success as a lawyer and politician seemed to cost him little effort. It was due largely to his great natural eloquence and effectiveness as a public speaker.
Through the liberality of his widow a building in Carlisle has been put in pos- session of a corporation for the purpose of a public hospital, named in memory of him the Todd Hospital.
COL. HENRY SLAGLE, soldier, judge and legislator, was born in Lancaster county, in 1735, and was a son of Christo- pher Slagle or Schlegel, a native of Saxony, who in 1713 erected an early mill on Cones- toga creek. Henry Slagle was a brave revolutionary officer, who served as a mem- ber of several provincial bodies, and the Constitutional Convention of 1789-90. A year later he was elected as an associate judge of Adams county, which he repre- sented in the Pennsylvania Legislature of 1801-02.
HON. JACOB CASSAT, a recognized Whig leader of learning and ability, was a son of David Cassat, whose father, Francis Cassat, a French Huguenot, married in Holland and came to this country in 1764. Jacob Cassat was born February 7, 1778, in Straban township, Adams county, and being largely self-taught com- menced life for himself with no powerful friends or influence to aid him. He was an active church member, lived a useful
life and died in 1838, when ranking as one of the most prominent men of his county. He served as county commissioner, aided in the defense of Baltimore in 1814, was a member of the State Legislature from 1820 to 1824, and in 1837 was elected to the State Senate, from whose chamber he was driven by a mob on December 25, 1838, for making an impassioned speech on the cause of the "Buckshot War." He was found dead in his bed the next morning, and his county mourned the loss of one of her noblest sons.
PATRICK McSHERRY, the founder of McSherrystown, was an honored early settler of Adams county, and the founder of a long line of families which have been worthy of the honorable name which they bear. Mr. McSherry was the father of Hon. James McSherry, the popu- lar political leader, and the grandfather of James McSherry, Jr., the Maryland his- torian. He founded McSherrystown in 1765 and lived near it until his death.
CHRISTOPHER GULP, whose name in ancient German records is written Kalb, came to Adams county in 1787. He married and had four sons: Christopher, Jr., Mathias, Peter and Christian, the latter three of whom reared large families. They were steady, industrious citizens, and Peter, the third son, was .'the father of Henry Gulp after whom was named Gulp's Hill, which has such prominent place in the im- mortal story of Gettysburg.
GEN. WILLIAM REED, an active Pennsylvania militia officer during the Revolution and the war of 1812, served as a member of the State Senate, from Adams county, from 1800 to 1804, and was appointed as adjutant general of the State on August 4, 181 1. While holding this
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last office he died suddenly on June 15, 1813, at New Alexandria, Westmoreland county, where he was organizing the State militia for possible service along the north- ern border of Pennsylvania.
HON. ADAM J. GLOSSBRENNER born in Hagerstown, Maryland, August 31, 1810, was a son of Peter and Christina (Shane) Glossbrenner, and was largely self-educated. At the age of nineteen he commenced learning the printing business, and in 1827 began the publication of the Ohio Monitor at Colum- bus, Ohio, for Judge Smith. In 1828 he started the Western Telegraph, at Hamil- ton, Ohio. In 1829 he visited York on an engagement to remain a month or two and the visit was protracted to a term of fifty years. In 1831 he started the York County Farmer and two years subsequent married Charlotte Jameson, a daughter of Dr. Thomas Jameson, of York. In the same year he published the History of York County, which for the period covered and in point of accuracy and literary merit is the best extant. In 1834 he became a partner in the publication of the York Gazette, and continued his connection witii that paper until i860, when he became private secre- tary to President Buchanan. In the year 1862 he established the Philadelphia Age, and in the same year was nominated for Congress by the Democratic convention of York County in opposition to Hon. Joseph Bailey, who had been elected as a Demo- crat to the 38th Congress but had been re- pudiated by his party in York County. Af- ter a somewhat notable political struggle Mr. Bailey was nominated by a small ma- jority and elected. In 1864 Mr. Glossbren- ner was renominated by the Democratic Congressional Conference of York, Cum- berland and Perry counties and was elected by a large majority. After his retirement
from Congress he became connected with the Pennsylvania Railroad company at Philadelphia. Immediately subsequent to his connection with the York Gazette, in 1836, he was chosen clerk of enrollment of bills in the House of Representatives at Harrisburg, and two years later was ap- pointed by Governor Porter to take charge of the motive power department of the Co- lumbia and Philadelphia railroad. In 1843 he became cashier of the contingent fund of the House of Representatives at Wash- ington and in 1847 was appointed by Presi- dent Buchanan, officer in charge of emigra- tion and the copyright bureau in the De- partment of State at Washington, and in 1850 was elected sergeant-at-arms in the United States House of Representatives and re-elected to four successive Con- gresses.
In 1833 Mr. Glossbrenner was married to Charlotte Jameson, who bore him four children whose names are as follows : Emily Jameson, of York; Mary, deceased; Jame- son Shane, deceased; and Ivan, of York.
JOHN L. MAYER, Esq., a distinguished lawyer of the York Cotmty Bar, was born at Shepherdstown, Jefferson County, Virginia, on August 5, 1810, and died at his home in York, Pennsylvania, August 17, 1874. He was a son of Rev. Lewis Mayer, D. D., and Catharine Mayer. The founder of the Pennsylvania branch of the Mayer family was Christopher Bartholomew Mayer, who was born at Carlsruhe, Germany, in November, 1702, and came to this country fifty years later. Pie was the grandfather of Rev. Lewis Mayer, D. D., a prominent and scholarly clergyman of the Reformed church. After his arrival in this country Christopher B. Mayer tarried a short time, with his wife and four children at Annapolis, Maryland, but shortly subsequent went to Monocac)
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Station, now Frederictown, in the western part of the province.
It is supposed that it was his design to acquire a large tract of land and settle his family in that fertile region, but before he could accomplish this purpose death over- took him six months after his arrival and he was buried in the Gottes Oken cemetery of the Lutheran church at Frederictown, Maryland, on November 21, 1752. After their father's death the family gradually dif- fused, some settling in Pennsylvania and others remaining in Maryland and Virginia. George Ludwig Mayer, the oldest son and the father of Rev. Dr. Lewis Mayer quitted Frederictown for Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which henceforth became the seat of his ministerial activity, and where many of his descendants still live. Christian Mayer, second, founder of the Baltimore branch of the family was born at Ulm in 1763 and came to America in 1784, and settled in Baltimore where he passed the remainder of his life and died.
John L. Mayer, after a thorough prepa- ration entered Yale College in 1829 and was graduated in 183 1. Subsequently he studied law with John Evans, Esq., at York, and was admitted to the Bar of York county, February 18, 1834, and pursued diligently the practice of his profession in York and adjoining counties for a period of forty years. He was a co-partner of his preceptor, John Evans, Esq., for many years, and the legal firm of Evans & Mayer possessed the largest clientage and tried the major portion of the cases in the courts of York County during the partnership. Af- ter its dissolution Mr. Mayer continued to hold a very large and lucrative practice. In politics he was nominally a Whig, very rarely took part in its activities and never held ofifice.
Mr. Mayer was a man of very great eru- dition in his profession and an omniverous
reader of legal and judicial literature. In the extent and character of his legal knowl- edge he had no superior at the Bar. His arguments were close and exhaustive, his citation of authorities was voluminous ; but it seemed necessary for him thus to cite them because of that keen analytical power he possessed of resolving cases into princi- ples, and then leading the mind to the par- ticular point by a line of thought that dis- tinguished his case from all apparent anal- ogies. He was moreover a scholar in the true sense of that word; an indefatigable student in various branches of learning out- side of his profession and he could adorn his argument with apt quotations and illus- trations drawn from a multitude of sources.
He possessed, too, a good knowledge of business, a practical mind, and by close at- tention and prudence amassed a very con- siderable competency which descended to his children in addition to the heritage of a distinguished name.
On December 16, 1858, Mr. Mayer was joined in marriage with Julia Lyne, which resulted in an issue of seven children, only three of whom are living.
ZACHARIAH K. LOUCKS was a grandson of John George Loucks,who was one of the early emigrants from Ger- many that settled in the beautiful region of Berks County, known as Tulpehocken, where he purchased a tract of land. About the year 1780, hearing of the fertile lands west of the Susquehanna, he immigrated to York County to continue his chosen occu- pation of farming, and purchased land southwest of York. May 13, 1805, he pur- chased the mill and farm where Z.K.Loucks recently lived. George Loucks, son of John George Loucks, father of the subject of this sketch, was born August 18, 1787, and died October 29, 1849, aged sixty-two years, two months and eleven days. He
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followed the two occupations of miller and farmer at the Loucks' homestead. He pur- chased a great deal of real estate, and at his death owned the mill property. He was married to Susanna Weltzhofifer, of Hellam Township, and had three sons and four daughters. Zachariah K. Loucks, the subject of this sketch, was born March 4, 1822. He received his education in the York County Academy, under Rev. Stephen Boyer; for a number of years was a class-mate of the late Prof. Kirkwood,the famous astronomer and mathematician. He commenced business in York first as a clerk with the firm of Schriver, Loucks & Co., and afterward was a clerk for Loucks & Becker at the Old Manor Furnace in Chanceford Township, where he remained one year. He then en- tered the store of Henry Becker in York until 1839, when he returned to his home in Spring Garden Township, and attended to the duties of the grist-mill and farm until his father's death. After this event he and his brother, Henry L, succeeded their father in business at the old homestead, about one mile north of York, along the line of the Northern Central Railroad. For many years he turned his attention closely to farming and milling. Here, on this site, was erected one of the first grist-mills west of the Susquehanna. The old two-story mill, distillery and saw- mill were destroyed by fire on April 29, 1864. The present commodious, five-story brick mill was built during the fall of 1864, at a cost of $30,000. It contains the latest improvements of milling machinery, and has a capacity of 150 barrels of flour in twenty-four hours. During the past twenty years it has been leased by P. A. & S. Small, of York. Cars are pulled by water power to the mill, over a switch from the Northern Central Railway to load flour. In connection with milling and farming, Mr. Loucks was largely engaged in other
business. At the time of the organization of the First National Bank of York, in 1863, he was elected a director. He was afterward elected vice-president, and in the year 1877 was chosen president of that in- stitution. He was a director and general financier of the York & Peach Bottom Railway when it was built; for many years a member of the board of directors of York County Agricultural Society and a life member of the same; one of the projectors and president of the Chanceford Turnpike Company and a director; was a director of the York City Market until its completion, when he resigned; vice-president of the Penn Mutual Horse Insurance Company, of York, and largely engaged in the real es- tate business. Mr. Loucks was married January 5, 1843, to Sarah Ann, daughter of Col. Michael Ebert, of Spring Garden. She was born March 18, 1822. Their eldest son, Alexander, resides in Manchester Township, and was married to Catharine Wambaugh. They have four children: Harry, William, Annie and Isabel. George E., the second son of Z. K. and Sarah Ann Loucks, was married to Susan Jane Myers. He resides at Hellam Station. Edward, the third son, was a law student in Philadel- phia, and graduated with high honors from the College of New Jersey, at Princeton; Isabella, the only daughter, was married to John W. Kohler, and died at the age of twenty-seven, leaving two children: Wil- liam I. and Edwin. Mr. Loucks, as a busi- ness man, has had an active and prosperous career. He was possessed of good judgment, keen discrimination and excellent financial and executive abilities. In politics he was originally an active Whig, cast his first Presidential vote for Gen. Harrison, and was an enthusiastic advocate of Henry Clay's election.
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JAMES HUTCHINSON GRAHAM, LL. D. Born September loth, 1807, in West Pennsborough township, on the site of the log house erected by his grandfather, James Graham, on land granted his father, Jared Graham, in 1774, by the Penns. His father, Isaiah Graham, one of five sons, was a prominent politician. He served two terms in the State Senate from 181 1, and filled the position of asso- ciate judge by appointment of Governor Findlay from 1817 to his death in 1835. He was a ruling elder in the Big Spring Presbyterian church. The son, James Hutchinson Graham, was prepared under Dr. McConaughy, at the Gettysburg Acad- emy, for the Junior Class in Dickinson College, and was graduated from that in- stitution with honor in 1827. He read law with Andrew Caruthers, Esq., of Carlisle, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. By his careful and painstaking treatment of his cases he soon acquired a prominent place among the younger members of the bar, and in 1839 was appointed deputy at- torney general for Cumberland county by Governor Porter. This position he filled with high credit for six years and then de- clmed reappointment. In 185 1 he was elected president judge of the Ninth Dis- trict, composed of Cumberland, Perry and Juniata counties, and was re-elected in 1861. On the bench he established a character as one of the foremost jurists of the State. On his retirement from the bench he re- sumed the practice of law and became the trusted counsellor of many. In 1862 the faculty and trus/tees of Dickinson College conferred upon him the degree of LL. D. and afterwards made him head of the law department of Dickinson College. Of Scotch-Irish and Presbyterian descent he was one of the earliest members of the Second Presbj'terian church of Carlisle, and president of its board of trustees. He
was a director of the Carlisle Bank, and president of the board at the time of his election as judge. In every direction he manifested the character of a public spir- ited and useful citizen; and respected and esteemed by all for the purity and honesty of his life, and his consistency of conduct in all its relations, he left a deep impress upon the community in which he had passed his life. He was twice married and left a large family of children. He died in 1882. Three sons, John, James and Duncan G., adopted his profession. They were all graduates of Dickinson CoHege and met with creditable success. The latter alone survives. He was deputy attorney general of the State under the second administra- tion of Governor Pattison. Lieut Samuel A. Graham, U. S. A., is a graduate of the naval academy at Annapolis, as well as of Dickinson College, and the youngest son, Frank G. Graham, also a graduate of Dickinson, is successful editor of the Kan- sas City Times. Miss Agnes Graham took the degrees of A. B. and A. M. at Colum- bian University, Washington, D. C.
HON JOHN GIBSON, at the time of his death, July 6, 1890, President Judge of the county of York, and one of the most prominent figures in the judiciary of the State, was born in the city of Balti- more, Md., April 17, 1829, the third son of John and Elizabeth (Jameson) Gibson. The distinctions of ancestry were united in him to a conspicuous degree. Traced back through both the paternal and mater- nal lines, his lineage was a procession of generations marked by vigorous intellect, inborn integrity and deep religious feeling — characteristics drawn on the paternal side from Irish sources and on the maternal derived from Scottish nativity.
Robert Gibson, the paternal grandfather of John Gibson, was born in County Down,
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Province of Ulster, Ireland. His son William became a celebrated minister of the Reformed Presbyterian or Covenanter church and came to America in 1797. He located at Ryegate, Vermont, but after- ward removed to Philadelphia, where he became pastor of a church. His death occurred in 1838. Three sons, Robert, John, the father of our subject, and Wil- liam, became distinguished divines of the Presbyterian church.
On his mother's side Mr. Gibson was descended from a line of distinguished pio- neers and physicians. Dr. David Jameson, his maternal great grandfather, was a colo- nel in the provincial and revolutionary forces of Pennsylvania. The doctor was a native of Edinburgh and a graduate of the medical department of the university of that city. He came to America in 1740 and first settled in South Carolina. From thence he removed to York county and possessed himself of a homestead and plan- tation in York township, about two miles south of York. He married Eliza Davis and had three sons, Thomas, James and Horatio Gates Jameson, the latter of whom became an eminent physician and married Emily Shewell, of Somerset county. After his marriage, Horatio Gates Jameson re- moved to Baltimore and there in connec- tion with an active practice of his profes- sion, laid the foundations of Washington medical college. A few years prior to his death, which occurred in 1855, he moved back to his native county and located at York. Of Col. Jameson's daughters, Cas- sandra married Rev. M. J. Gibson, D. D., late of Duncansville, Blair county, Pa.; Catharine married Hon. Robert J. Fisher, late president judge of York county; while Elizabeth became the wife of Rev. John Gibson and the mother of our subject.
Though not born in York, Judge Gib- son spent all but a few earlier years of
life there and in the old York county academy, under such able tutors as Rev. Stephen Boyer, Daniel M. Ettinger and Daniel Kirkwood — afterward a noted as- tronomer— his education was begun and acquired. Leaving the institution at the close of his student days he entered the law office of his uncle, Hon. Robert J. Fisher, and there pursued the study of his chosen profession tmtil admitted to the bar September 30, 185 1, being at the time 22 years of age. He continued in active prac- tice thirty years, and only terminated his career at the bar to assume the higher duties and honors of the bench in 1881. Those thirty years were marked by active devotion to public interests. In 1868 Mr. Gibson represented his party in the Demo- cratic National Convention which met at New York and nominated Horatio Sey- mour for the presidency and in 1872 he was chosen with Hon. Thomas E. Cochran, of York county, and Hon. Wm. McLean, of Adams, a delegate to the State Consti- tutional Convention which met at Harris- burg and formulated the present organic law of the State.
In 1882 Mr. Gibson was nominated by his party for the office of judge. His nomi- nation was accepted by the Republican party and his election without opposition followed in November. He succeeded Hon. Robert J. Fisher, but Pere L. Wickes, the additional law judge elected in 1875, by priority of commission became president judge and held that position on the bench until the expiration of his term, January I, 1886, when Judge Gibson assumed the senior position.
A year later Judge Gibson's health, never robust, began to fail seriously. In the summer of 1890 his condition became so serious that he retired to the seashore to gain rest and retrieve his failing physical powers, but the effort was in vain and on
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July 6th he died at Atlantic City. The funeral on the 9th of July succeeding was largely attended. The services were held at St. John's Episcopal church, of which the judge had been a vestryman, and his remains were laid to rest in Prospect Hill cemtery.
Mr. Gibson was married June 22, 1865, to Miss Helen Packard, the youngest daughter of Benjamin D. Packard, Esq., of Albany, N. Y., a distinguished journalist and the founder of the Evening Journal of that city. Their married life was one of great devotion and happiness and two sons and one daughter were born to them: Robert Fisher, who graduated at the head of his class at Yale and is at present a prominent young attorney and the editor of the York Gazette; John Jameson, a graduate of Lehigh and at present an elec-
trical engineer in Greater New York; and Charlotte.
John Gibson was more than a lawyer or judge, though it was in these capacities that the fine energies of his mind and na- ture were mostly revealed. He was emi- nently endowed for either literary or relig- ious callings and had he chosen to enter either of these fields, he must have wrought success out of his abilities. The numerous literary productions which he left, such as the history of the county, reveal a flowing, graceful style. His devoutly religious na- ture was in a large part inherited from his Presbyterian ancestry. It made him an ac- tive member of the church, foremost in moral and spiritual movements in the com- munity, ever mindful and just on the bench and attuned his character to gentleness, sympathy and benevolence.
CONTEMPORANEOUS
BIOGRAPHIES
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CONTEMPORANEOUS BIOGRAPHIES.
ARTHUR B. FARQUHAR, the lead- ing manufacturer of York, Pennsyl- vania is of mixed Scotch, German and Eng- lish ancestry, and was born in Montgomery County, Maryland, September 28th, 1838. He is a son of William Henry and Mar- garet (Briggs) Farquhar.
The chain of lineage on both the paternal and maternal side has been honorable and conspicuous. His earliest ancestors be- longed to the historic coterie of Scottish Chiefs, and was known as the Clan Farqu- har. William Farquhar, great-great-grand father, emigrated from Scotland about the year 1700, taking with him a number of rehgious refugees, with whom he settled in Frederick County, Maryland. The mater- nal ancestor, Robert Brooke, of the House of Warwick, was born in London in 1602, and in 1635 married Mary Baker, daughter of Roger Mainwaring, the dean of Worces- ter. In 1650 he emigrated to Charles county, Maryland, with his wife, ten chil- dren and twenty-eight servants. Here subsequently, Robert Brooke became the commandant of the county and president of the Council of Maryland. His children and grandchildren afterwards gradually diflfused and most of them settled in what is now known as Montgomery County, Md. In 1812, Amos Farquhar, paternal grandfather of Arthur B., removed to York County, Pennsylvania, where he erected a cotton factory, which proved unsuccessful after the war with England had been concluded. On June 14, 1813, wKle a resident of York
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County, his son, William Henry, father of the subject of this sketch, was born. He was a precocious lad, a proficient Latin and Greek scholar at the age of thirteen, later a mathematician of note and withal a man of the highest cultivation and attainments. Moncure D. Conway, a distinguished Uni- tarian divine and literateur, characterized him as the most accompHshed gentleman whom it had been his good fortune to meet. He died February 17, 1887, and was inter- red at Friends' Burying ground. Shady Spring, Montgomery County, after many years spent in scholarly pursuits and devo- tion to his own peculiar ideals.
Arthur B. Farquhar, was educated in pri- vate schools and at Benjamin Hallowell's select school for boys at Alexandria, Vir- ginia. After the completion of his aca- demic education, he spent a year in the management of his father's farm, but al- ways showed a ruling fondness for mechan- ics, which was generously fostered by his father. In view of the proclivities exhib- ited by his son, the father early conceived the idea of fitting him for some phase of the manufacturing industry and consequently gave him every advantage in the pursuit of a practical mechanical education. He was afterward sent to York where he learned the trade of machinist, and so pronounced was his proficiency that at the expiration of two years he was admitted to a partnership in the business. This concern, under the firm name of W. W. Dingee & Co. contin- ued to do a prosperous business until the
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outbreak of the Civil War, but during the progress of that conflict it was severely crip- pled. These reverses were followed by a severe loss by fire which so completely wrecked the enterprise that the assets were barely sufficient to pay twenty-five cents on the dollar. Mr. Farquhar was not satis- fied, however, with such an adjustment and persuading his creditors to let him retain the assets and start anew, he again began business and at the end of two years was enabled to liquidate the indebtedness dol- lar for dollar. From that modest begin- ning— a small frame shop with but seven hands employed — the present colossal es- tablishment, the Pennsylvania Agricultural works, has grown. In 1889 the A. B. Far- quhar company, limited, was organized with a capital of $500,000. This stock, with the exception of one share, is owned entirely by members of the Farquhar fam- ily. The annual business of the A. B. Far- quhar company aggregates more than one million dollars and is yearly increased. A large part of the products of the Agricul- tural Works is shipped to the Argentine Confederation, Brazil, Mexico, Chili, and South Africa. The success of the estab- lishment is largely due to the careful selec- tion of foremen for the dififerent depart- ments, all of which are supervised bv men who are masters of the various branches of mechanics and artisanship represented. To this of course must be added the rare busi- ness ability and keen foresight of the ex- ecutive head. The motto of the concern has always been:" Perfection attained, suc- cess assured."
The name of Farquhar in the city of York has been a synonym of progress, and its present prominence as a manufacturing centre is in a great measure due to the en- ergy, integrity and executive ability of A. B. Farquhar, the founder of the Pennsyl- vania Agricultural Works. In addition to
his interest in the latter, he is also a mem- ber of the Board of Trade of York, a di- rector of the York Trust, Real Estate and Deposit Company, the Colonial Hotel Company, President of the York City Hos- pital, and an active member of a number of other lesser concerns. He is also interested in a general ways in the cause of education and in various private charities.
Mr. Farquhar's wide business experience and observation have been important and far reaching in more senses than one. Amid the arduous cares of trade he has yielded, incidentally, to the seductive field of litera- ture, and upon political economy, and ques- tions of finance, industrial policy and prac- tical legislation, he has written with force and authority. His contributions to these subjects, published in the New York and Philadelphia papers, have attracted marked attention, while his pamphlets on the ques- tions of the hour, notably the Silver ques- tion, have been circulated by the thousand. A more pretentious book, "Economic and Indvistrial Delusions," evinces a thorough grasp of the economic situation, wide and diverse reading and a dignified independ- ence of thought. In this book the author elucidates the subjects of Free Coinage and a High Protective TarifT, clearly demon- strating that the first would unsettle the fi- nancial stability of the country and that the latter is a barrier to the exchange of the products of our work shops and the fruits of our fields and forests for the raw mater- ials of other countries. In economics, as in politics, Mr. Farquhar has always been more than a mere sectary, and has invaria- bly insisted in placing the convictions of experience and the demands of a moral civil polity above party declarations or party ties. Politically, his ancestors were JefTer- sonian Democrats, though Mr. Farquhar disclaims any strictly so called party affilia- tions. As a true Jefifersonian, his father
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naturally found himself identified with the new Republican party, chiefly owing to its pronounced opposition to slavery and its strong national instincts, and although living in Maryland he was an enthusiastic Union man. Inheriting his father's convic- tions, A. B. Farquhar cast his first Presi- dential vote for Abraham Lincoln and henceforth continued to vote with the Re- publican party as long as it seemed to him to subserve the nation's best interest. But being always an advocate of the largest freedom of trade, he naturally found him- self more at home with the new Democratic party under the leadership of ex-President Cleveland, and shortly after the latter's in- duction into office became his warm per- sonal friend — a friendship which has con- tinued ever since. Mr. Farquhar took no active part in political affairs until Mr. Cleveland's second nomination when he en- thusiastically supported his candidacy. For a number of years past, he has been active in com.bating the Silver delusion, placing himself emphatically and unambiguously on the side of the Gold standard — the com- mon standard of the enlightened world. To this end he used all his efforts to stem the tide which culminated at Chicago in the nomination of free silver candidates for the Presidency upon a free silver platform. Rec- ognizing the inevitable drift of that conven- tion, he advised ex-Secretary Whitney, of New York, and ex-Governor William E. Russell, of Massachusetts, to organize a bolt in favor of sound money and a true Democratic policy. Secretary Morton and others in high place approved this plan but it was not executed. He, however, contin- ued his advocacy of sound Democratic can- didates and principles through various pub- He men of his acquaintance until their ef- forts were crowned with success in the plat- form of the convention at Indianapolis. Colonel Wm, M. Singerly, editor of the
Philadelphia Record, observed in a recent public speech at York that A. B. Farquhar was one of the three men to whom most credit was due for the beneficent results of the Indianapolis convention.
In 1892 Mr. Farquhar was appointed one of the State Commissioners to the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago by ex- Governor Robert E. Pattison. By the State Commission he was elected executive commissioner and by the National Associa- tion of Executive Commissioners of all the States represented at Chicago, was made their president. He visited Europe about this time, acting under a commission by the government, where he performed valuable service for the exposition. Upon his re- turn he again took up the active manage- ment of his vast business interests, rebuild- ing the factories upon a larger scale, fitting them with the latest improved machinery and increasing the general capacity of the works. They are now the largest and best equipped in Pennsylvania.
Mr. Farquhar was appointed a delegate to the National Coast Defense Convention held in Tampa, Fla., during the winter of 1897 where he made an address attracting considerable attention, against the policy of any general system of coast defenses, al- leging that our nation had outgrown the necessity of forts and battleships, and that its proper defense consisted in the morale of the people.
Personally Mr. Farquhar is pleasing and dignified in manner, unostentatious, but al- ways mentally active. He is progressive and public spirited in all that promotes the wel- fare and prosperity of his city. State or nation, and manifests an abiding interest in all vital questions of sociology and econom- ics. A man of vast practical knowledge, amply versed in the literature of civics, he sustains an important relationship to the industrial and political life of this District.
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In their religious affiliations his ancestors were ! Friends and he adheres largely to their faith, though a regular attendant of the Episcopal church and an active suppor- ter of the Young Men's and trustee of the Women's Christian Association.
On September 20th, i860, Mr. Farquhar, was married to Elizabeth N. Jessop, daugh- ter of Edward Jessop, of York. Five chil- dren have resulted from this union, only three of whom are now living: William E., associated with his father in business; Per- cival and Francis, both members of the New York City bar. The two latter were grad- uated from Yale University, and Columbia Law School. Those deceased are Estelle and Herbert.
REV. GEORGE NORCROSS, D. D. Rev. George Norcross, D. D., the eloquent and scholarly pastor of the Sec- ond Presbyterian church of Carlisle, Penn- sylvania, is a son of Hiram and Elizabeth (McClelland) Norcross, and was born near Erie, Pennsylvania, April 8, 1838. He is of English and Scotch-Irish ancestry and his father, grandfather and great-grandfather were well-to-do farmers in their day. The great-grandfather, Abraham, was a native of New Jersey, where he married Nancy Fleming and after some years removed to Milton, Pennsylvania, where he continued to reside until his removal to Erie in the same State where the latter part of his life was spent. His son, John Norcross, was born in New Jersey September 22, 1783, but his boyhood was mostly spent on the Susquehanna in Central Pennsylvania. When a young man he sought his fortunes in the new County of Erie, which had been lAirchased from New York by the Keystone State. Here he married Margaret McCann-, who was born in North Ireland about the year 1790.
Hiram Norcross, their eldest child, was
born near Erie, July 16, 1809, where he re- sided until the fall of 1844, when he re- moved to Monmouth, Illinois, where he died in 1879. He was a farmer by occupa- tion and a ruling elder in the Presbyterian church for nearly forty years. He married Elizabeth McClelland, of Crawford County, Pennsylvania, June I, 1837. To this union were born the following named children, who lived to reach maturity: Rev. Dr. George, the subject of this narrative; Hon. William Charles, Judge of Warren County, Illinois; Hiram Fleming, a lawyer of Los Angeles, California; Isaiah, of Monmouth, III; Thomas Rice, of Liberty, Nebraska, and Sarah Gibson, deceased, wife of Henry Fieckwith, of New London, Conn.
Mrs. Norcross, the mother of our subject, Mas the only daughter of Thomas and Sarah (Gibson) McClelland, both of Scotch- Irish extraction. Sarah Gibson was the youngest daughter of Hugh Gibson, who was taken captive by the Indians in 1756, at the time of the famous Indian raid through the Cumberland and contiguous valleys. At the same time his mother, the widow of David Gibson, was cruelly mur- dered. The scene of this tragedy was Rob- inson's Fort in Sherman's Valley, now the site of Center church, Perry County, Pa.
Dr. Norcross was brought up chiefly at Monmouth, Illinois, where he prepared for college. He subsequently entered Mon- mouth College, an institution under the care of the United Presbyterian Church, where he was graduated with credit in the class of 1861. He then pursued his theolo- gical studies at Chicago in the Seminary of the Northwest, now McCormick, and in the Theological Seminary of the U. P. Church, at Monmouth. During the latter part of this period he served as the supply of the North Henderson church, besides holding a professorship in Monmouth College.
In October, 1864, he entered the Theolo-
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gical Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey, where he spent his last year of study in preparation for his life-work. Having re- ceived a call to the congregation which he had already served as stated supply for about seventeen months, he was ordained, June 6, 1865, to the ministry of the Presby- terian church and installed as pastor of the North Henderson church, Mercer County, Illinois. Here he was among a kind and appreciative people where his labors, hrst and last, were greatly blessed.
In the spring of 1866 he was called to the Presbyterian church (O. S.) of Galesburg, IlHnois. After nearly three years of labor in this field he was called to the Second Presbyterian church, of Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania, where he has labored efficiently and continuously for the past twenty-eight years. At the beginning of his pastorate, January, 1869, the church had about 230 members and the Sabbath school reported an attendance of only 125 scholars and teachers. These numbers have been greatly augmented; the roll of communicants has increased to about 500 and the Sabbath schools of the church have an enrolled membership of about 600.
During his first year at Carlisle the Manse was built and during his second year the old church building was torn down and preparations were made for the erection of the present sanctuary. This beautiful Gothic church was finished at a cost of about fifty thousand dollars and dedicated May 29, 1873. In 1887 it was thoroughly renovated and improved at an expense of about ten thousand dollars. Provision for these improvements was largely made by the bequest of Mrs. Robert Givin and the generous gift of her only daughter, Miss Amelia Steele Givin. The benefactions of these faithful friends were supplemented by the congregation who made the addition to the Lecture Room at
a cost of about two thousand dollars.
Dr. Norcross has represented the Pres- bytery of Carlisle four times in the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, viz, in 1871 at Chicago, in 1874 at St. Louis, in 1885 at Cincinnati, in 1895 at Pittsburg. In the last two Assemblies he was the chairman of important standing committees.
In 1877 he attended the first Pan-Pres- byterian Council at Edinburgh, Scotland, as an associate member and was present during all the deliberations of that historic body. Subsequently with his wife he made the tour of the Continent. On July 5, 1890, he sailed again, and this time with his fam- ily, from New York for the Old World. Seven months of study were spent in the city of Leipzig, Germany, and six months were devoted to travel through Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Italy and France, the family party return- ing early in August, 1891.
In the year 1879 the subject of this sketch received the degree of Doctor of Di- vinity from Princeton College in recogni- tion of well known literary attainments and faithful ministerial service. He evinces unusual culture and learning, is a forceful speaker and sustains an important relation to his adopted county, both as a minister and a citizen. Though rigorously confin- ing" himself to the work in his own congre- gation, he is known as the friend of every reform. When the question of Constitu- tional Amendment in the interest of Tem- perance was before the people in 1889 he addressed many popular meetings in sup- port of Prohibition and his famous "Ox Sermon" preached before Presbytery on "Our Responsibility for the Drink Traffic" was printed and widely circulated. In his many activities in behalf of church and mis- sion work he is ably assisted by his wife.
Dr. Norcross has been married twice. On
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October i, 1863, he married Mary S. Tracy, of Monmouth, IlHnois, who died March 25, 1866. After her death he removed to Gales- burg, IlHnois, where on April 22, 1867, he wedded Mrs. Louise (Jackson) Gale, a daughter of Mr. Samuel Clinton Jackson and widow of Major Josiah Gale, the son of Rev. Dr. Gale, the founder of Galesburg. By his first marriage he had one child which died in infancy; and to his second union have been born five children: Delia Jack- son, George who died at eight years of age, Elizabeth, Mary Jackson and Louise Jack- son.
In the year 1886, upon the occasion of the Centennial celebration of the Presby- tery of Carlisle, Dr. Norcross became the editor of a memorial publication in two vol- umes entitled 'The Centennial Memorial of the Presbytery of Carlisle," which grew into a valuable historical and biographical review of the origin and growth of Presby- terianism in the central and eastern part of Southern Pennsylvania. As the result of this and similar literary work he was made a member of the American Society of Church History and the Scotch-Irish So- partment of Church History which has manifested a growing interest in the de- partment of Church History which has been exhibited in a course of carefully pre- pared lectures on "The Great Reformers." At the request of the committee of arrange- ments, he prepared a paper on "The Scotch- Irish in the Cumberland Valley" which he read before the Eighth Scotch-Irish Con- gress in Harrisburg in 1896. In this ad- dress he eloquently tells the story of the Scotch-Irish in the Cumberland valley and presents the record of the establishment of the early Presbyterian churches in this re- gion. In concluding his article and speak- ing generally of the Scotch-Irish race, he says, —
"The War of the Revolution was begun
and maintained for principles peculiarly dear to Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. As they were among the first to declare them- selves in favor of separation from the mother country, so they were among the last to lay down their arms, and that only when the great cause was won. They were conspicuous in almost every battle of the great struggle ; and when the conflict ended in the triumph of their aspirations, it is not strange that the free representative princi- ples of their Church government should have been adopted as the model for our Federal Constitution. The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians at last had attained to their ideal: a free Church in a free State."
HON. EDWARD W. BIDDLE, Pres- ident Judge of Cumberland County, Penna., son of Edward M. and Julia A. (Watts) Biddle, was born in Carlisle on May 3, 1852, and has resided there all his life. He is a descendant of William Biddle, who settled in the province of West Jersey in 1 681, and became a large landowner. Bid- die's Island in the Delaware River, consist- ing of 278 acres, being one of his acquisi- tions.
Since then the family has furnished to the world many men who have become illus- trious in the annals of law and of finance.
On the maternal side Judge Biddle's great-grandfather, Frederick Watts, was a prominent citizen of Pennsylvania during Revolutionary days and was a member of its Supreme Executive Council from Oc- tober 20, 1787, until the abolition of that body by the constitution of 1790; and his grandfather, David Watts, was one of the leading lawyers of the State in the early part of this century; so, in the various ram- ifications of the family for several genera- tions, men of culture, ability and influence appear.
After passing through the public schools
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to the High School, the subject of our sketch entered Dickinson College and was graduated from that institution in 1870, the youngest member of his class, with high standing. After spending several months in civil engineering he commenced the study of law in the office of his cousin, William M. Penrose, Esq., and was ad- mitted to the bar in April, 1873. From that time he gave his attention almost ex- clusively to his chosen profession and pur- sued a wide range of legal studies. In 1877 ^i^d again in 1883 he was unanimously nominated by the Republican county com- vention for the office of district attorney and on both occasions ran far ahead of his ticket, but in neither instance was elected. These political episodes did not in any way interfere with his professional work, and for many years prior to his election to the judgeship he had charge of some of the most important cases and largest interests in Cumberland county. In 1885 he was se- lected as one of the assignees for the bene- fit of creditors of P. A. Ahl and D. V. Ahl, individually and trading as P. A. Ahl & Bro., who had valuable landed possessions in several States and whose affairs were much involved. In the capacity of assignee and attorney for the three estates he was largely instrumental in carrying to a suc- cessful termination the most intricate equity litigation ever conducted in Cumberland county, as well as an important equity suit in Hagerstown, Md., and these legal vic- tories saved the assignors from insolvency. The qualities which he displayed in the above and other cases brought to his office an extensive miscellaneous practice. He was always much interested in the material progress of his native town, and in i8go he became united with several other gen- tlemen in organizing The Carlisle Land and Improvement Company, which imme- diately purchased a large tract of land at
the edge of Carlisle and became a potent factor in its recent marked development. In the establishment of various factories in the borough he likewise took an active part and at this time is president of the Carlisle Silk Company and a director of the Lindner Shoe Company, both of which are flourish- ing industrial corporations. On February 2, 1882, he married Gertrude D., a daughter of J. Herman and Mary J. (Kirk) Bosler, of Carlisle. They have two children: Her- man Bosler, born April 14, 1883, and Ed- ward Macfunn, born May 29, 1886.
In the fall of 1894 he was elected to the position of president judge of Cumberland county, and on the first Monday of the fol- lowing January, entered on the duties of a ten years' judicial term.
He is a member of the American Bar Association and of the Pennsylvania State Bar Association, and as a member of the committee on law reform of the latter body has given a good deal of time and thought to furthering the ends for which the or- ganization was formed. In December, 1896, as a representative of that commit- tee, he united with the chairman of the committee on legal education in calling the first and only convention of Pennsylvania judges which has ever been held, the pur- pose of the meeting being twofold: First, to consider the expediency and feasibility of obtaining uniform rules of court throughout the State; and second, to take steps to put into operation an approved system of legal education. The conven- tion was held in Philadelphia on Decem- ber 29, 1896, and was a marked success, about two-thirds of the judges of the Com- monwealth, and more than a hundred attor- neys in active practice, who were inter- ested in the subjects under discussion, being present.
Judge Biddle's excellent private law library remains in the office where for many
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years he conducted active practice, and there he still works and hears arguments at chambers between sessions of court.
GEORGE EDWARD REED, S. T.D., LL. D., seventeenth president of Dickinson College was born in Brownville, Maine, in 1846. His father, a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church, came to America from England in 1836.
The father dying when the son was about six years of age, the mother, a woman of great strength of character removed with her large family to Lowell, Mass., in the schools of which city George received the rudiments of his education. The family, however, being in straitened circumstances the boy was compelled at an early age to begin the battle of life for himself, which he did. Serving for several years in var- ious capacities in one of the large manu- facturing companies of the "Spindle City," first as "runner" in the counting room and later as "bobbin boy" in the mills. In the summer he worked on the farm adjacent to the city, gaining in this severe school the stalwart, vigorous frame which has stood him in such good stead in later years. Having at last accumulated money enough to warrant the continued pursuit of the studies he had been compelled, .tempor- arily, to lay aside, in January, 1865, he en- tered the Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass., to prepare for college. This he ac- complished in the surprisingly short space of one term and a half, doing within this period the amount of work usually gone over in nine months. Dr. Reed justly re- gards this as the greatest achievement of his life, the record never, to his knowledge, having been surpassed. Entering Wes- leyan University, Middletown, Conn., in September, 1865, he was graduated with distinction in 1869, in a class famous in the history of the college for the number of its
members who have attained eminence in their various callings.
After his graduation from college, he passed one year in the study of theology in the school of theology of Boston Uni- versity. Retiring from the school in 1870, he at once began the work of the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, serving two most important churches of that body in Willimantic, Conn., and in Fall River, Mass. In 1875, being then but twenty- nine years of age, he was transferred to the Hanson Place Methodist Episcopal church, Brooklyn, N. Y., then and now the largest church of that religious denomination in this country. At the end of three years he was appointed to an influential church in Stamford, Conn.
In 1881 he became pastor of the Nos- trand Avenue church, Brooklyn, where he f continued for three years, at the expira- tion of which period he served again in the Hanson Place church. On leaving the city of Brooklyn he was tendered a reception in the Brooklyn Tabernacle by citizens of the city, irrespective of denominational lines in recognition of public services rendered.
In 1887 Dr. Reed assumed the pastorate of Trinity church. New Haven. While serving his second year there he was hon- ored with a unanimous call to the presi- dency of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., one of the oldest of the colleges of the country.
The presidency of Dr. Reed has been eminently successful, the number of stud- eats in attendance having more than doubled during the years of his adminis- tration, with corresponding evidence of prosperity in all lines of college work. In addition to the various duties of his posi- tion Dr. Reed is in great demand as lect- urer and preacher in all parts of the coun- try and with constantly increasing fame.
Dr. Reed is a careful thinker, eloquent
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in diction, self-possessed in manner and attractive in the mode of presenting his subject. He clearly enunciates his propo- sitions and logically follows them to their conclusions, convincing the minds of his hearers and winning their hearts by the clearness of his statement and the sincerity and earnestness of his convictions.
In June, 1870, he was married to Ella Feanres Leffingwell, of Norwich, Conn., a lineal descendant of the famous Puritan captain, Miles Standish, of the Plymouth Colony. To them one son has been born.
During his public career President Reed while a clergyman by profession and de- voted to his calling, has nevertheless always manifested great interest in political aflairs, not hesitating to take the stump for the candidate of the political party — the Re- publican— to which he has always belonged and to lead in independent movements, par- ticularly in Brooklyn, when, in his judg- ment, it seemed advisable to act outside of party lines.
As a political orator, no less than preacher and lecturer, Dr. Reed has won enviable distinction.
J HERMAN BOSLER, citizen of Car- • lisle, Cumberland County, Pennsyl- vania, is a man of large wealth, pro- nounced influence and the scion of an old and distinguished Pennsylvania family. He was born in Silver's Spring township, Cum- berland county, on December 14th, 1830, and is the son of Abraham and Eliza (Her- man) Bosler.
The lineage of the Pennsylvania branch of the Bosler family is easily traceable to the pre-Revolutionary period of our history — to a certain John Bosler, who emigrated from Hanover, Germany, and settled be- tween Elizabethtown and Maytown, now known as Hosier's church, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, in the year 1761.
Here he married a Miss Longenecker and reared a large family of children who grad- ually scattered through the various counties of Southern Pennsylvania. One son, John, married Catherine Gish, of Lancaster county, and removed to Cumberland county, settling in Silver's Spring township. This township became henceforth the homestead cradle of the Boslers in Cumber- land county through the successive genera- tions. To John and his wife, Catherine, were born five children, three sons and two daughters: Jacob D. Bosler, M. D., married Anna D. Herman; John, twice married first, a daughter of Rev. Jacob Keller, and upon her decease a daughter of Geo. Web- bert; Nancy, was also twice married, first to John Rife, and after his decease to Mel-
chior Webbert; Catherine, married Dr.
Fahnstock; and Abraham, the youngest son, who married on February 20th, 1830 Eliza Herman, daughter of Martin and Elizabeth (Bowers) Herman, of Silver's Spring township.
During the early years immediately after reaching his majority, Abraham Bosler en- gaged in mercantile pursuits at Hogues- town. Pa., but a few years later formed a co-partnership with Francis Porter for the purpose of conducting a produce business, which largely consisted in shipping pro- duce by boat on the Susquehanna river to Baltimore. In 1851, Mr. Bosler sold his property interests in Silver's Spring town- ship and removed to South Middleton township, where he purchased a farm upon which was erected a mill and a distillery. These three branches of industry — farming, milling and distilling — continued to engage his attention until 1 87 1, when he retired and removed to Carlisle, where he died De- cember 2ist, 1883, in his 78th year. His wife survived him two years, dying in her 76th year. Early in life Mr. and Mrs. Bos- ler united with the Presbyterian church at
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Silver's Spring and at the time of their re- moval transferred their membership to the Second Presbyterian church of Carlisle. They were both progressive and zealous workers in the cause of Christian living and contributed liberally toward the expan- sion of the church's usefulness. Their marital union was blessed by the birth of eight children, all born in Silver's Spring township: John Herman, James William- son, Benjamin C, Joseph, Elizabeth Bow- ers, Mary Catherine, George Morris, and Charles, who died in infancy.
The boyhood hfe of John Herman Bos- ler was passed upon his father's farm in Silver's Spring township and was character- ized by the common incidents and scenes of rural life. At the age of seventeen he entered as a student of Cumberland Acad- emy and during the years 1850 and 1851 studied at Dickinson College, Carlisle. Upon leaving the college halls he at once entered upon an active business career, which succeeding years have abundantly crowned with success. In the outstart he formed a partnership with his father in the milling and distilling business and contin- ued to be so identified for a period of five years. He then became interested in the iron producing industry in Huntingdon county, where he remained two years. Just about this time, October ist, 1856, he married Mary J., eldest daughter of James and Martha (Saeger) Kirk, of Mifflin, Juni- ata county, shortly after which he returned to Cumberland county and resumed the milling business, which he suplemented by purchasing and shipping grain in large quantities. This was continued until the year 1870. In 1869, in association with his brother, James W., Mr. Bosler engaged in stock ranching in Nebraska and became a large investor in the cattle business, both in Nebraska and Wyoming, which ventures met with an immediate and emphatic suc-
cess. Later he turned his attention to landed investments, and with his accus- tomed sagacity, became one of the largest purchasers of land in South Omaha in con- nection with his brother George. These lands were subsequently transferred to the South Omaha Land Company, of which Mr. Bosler became Vice-President, and in which he retained a large interest. The operations of this company resulted in the foundation of the town of South Omaha, at that time three miles from the centre of the city of Omaha proper; and so rapid has been its developement, that at the present time it is a corporate part of the city itself. The enterprise proved to be markedly suc- cessful, even beyond the expectation of the founders, and stands out as a fair testimo- nial to their judgment and foresight. While apparently intent upon his western enterprises, Mr. Bosler did not lose sight of his opportunities in the east,especially in his native county. He was naturally attracted to the development of home enterprises and was very prompt to take the initiative in these Hnes. The foundation of the Carlisle Manufacturing Company, of which his brother, James W. Bosler, was President, was in no small measure due to his impetus and cordial support. He was one of its founders and charter member. This con- concern is engaged in the manufacture of freight, box and coal cars, railroad frogs, switch stands, boilers, horizontal and verti- cal engines and numerous other collateral articles and supplies, comprising a variety and extent of products not exceeded in Cumberland county.
In addition to the foregoing, Mr. Bosler is President of the Carlisle Shoe Factory, a live and progressive concern, an influen- tial director in the Carlisle Deposit Bank, the Merchants National Bank, the Carlisle Gas, Water and Electric Light Co., a -dir- ector of the Cumberland Valley and Dills-
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burg Railroad Company and was President of the Carlisle Land and Improvement Company, which latter is now extinct, to all of which he has contributed an unusual business ability.
In 1891 Mr. Bosler associated himself with a number of enterprising gentlemen, whose purpose was the purchase and devel- opement of large tracts of Western land. The first purchase made by this associa- tion, whose legal designation was the South San Francisco Land and Improvement Company, was in San Mateo county, Cali- fornia, embracing a tract of 440 square miles, bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the North by the Bay of San Francisco. The surface of the land is undulating and covered with a heavy growth of timber, while the soil is arable and productive. It is also prolific of miner- al springs, some of which are impregnated with sulphur and others with iron and lithia in such proportions as to render them highly efificacious as medicinal waters. Deposits of coal have also been found and the land is well adapted to the production of the cereal grains and grass for grazing purposes. Sometime after the first pur- chase, a second purchase of 3400 acres was made by the same company. The capita- lization of the company was fixed at $2,- 000,000.00 and it was designed to comprise in addition to its real estate holdings, a Stock Yard Company, an Abattoir Com- pany, a Banking Company and any other form or function of industrial or financial organization that wovdd contribute toward the more perfect improvement and expan- sion of the Company's interest. This gi- gantic enterprise has so far proved an ex- ceptional venture.
In Cumberland county Mr. Bosler is the owner of a number of farms in whose man- agement and improvement he takes a spe- cial delight, chiefly because it affords him
a restful diversion from his multifold busi- ness connections. This has led him also to ally himself with the Cumberland County Agricultural Society, which has lalways found in him a valuable co-worker and an interested patron.
While Mr. Bosler's life has been essenti- ally that of a business man, with a multi- plicity of cares, yet he has found time to manifest an abiding interest in other forms of social activity. He is a man of a pro- nounced religious character and has always shown a cordial solicitude for the welfare of the the church and its influence. He is a member of the Second Presbyterian church of Carlisle and has been assiduous and untiring in aiding all its forms of mater- ial and moral beneficence. In politics he has always been a staunch Democrat and has brought to the support of his party the same strength and patriotic zeal that has characterized his business career. In 1888 he served as the Democratic elector from the Nineteenth Congressional District.
Mr. Bosler's career has been among the most conspicuous in this Congressional district. It has been so because of his fam- ily heritage, his distinctive personal success and the high esteem in which he is held by his business colleagues, social acquaint- ances and fellow townsmen. His business relations have been marked with candor, honesty, and a rare good judgment, while his courageous and progressive spirit have added greatly to the wealth and general well-being of his city and county. All these things are in high attestation of the char- acter and demeanor of Mr. Bosler and mark him as a man of distinguished citizen- ship as well as a person of exemplary quali- ties.
Mr. and Mrs. Bosler have had ten chil- dren, six of whom are now living: Gertrude wife of Judge E. W. Biddle; Herman, Sec- retary and Treasurer of the Fidelity and
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Deposit Company, of Maryland, with head office at Baltimore, Md.; Lila McClellan, deceased, wife of Edmund Hooker, of Omaha, Nebraska; Jean M., wife of James I. Chamberlain, Attorney-at-Law, Harris- burg, Pa.; Fleta, unmarried; Kirk, student at Dickinson College, Carlisle; the others died in infancy.
FRANKLIN GARDNER, retired man- ufacturer and business man of Car- lisle, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, was born in Hellam Township, York County, Pennsylvania, on December nth, 1820. He is a son of Martin and Mary (Thomas) Gardner.
The Gardners are of German lineage and the name has been prominent in Pennsyl- vania biographical history for a number of generations, the great grandfather of our present subject having located in York County while it was still in a semi-pioneer state. Here he secured a patent for six hundred acres of land in Hellam Township from the Penns, which at the time of his death descended to his heirs and became the homestead of the family in York County. Upon this homestead Martin Gardner, grandfather, was born, reared and demised. He was a steady, industrious far- mer, a member of the Lutheran church and brought up to maturity, with his accustom- ed care, a family of six children: Mrs. George Smyser (deceased), of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Mrs. Samuel Weiser, late of York; Michael, (deceased), ex-sheriff of York County; Martin, father of Franklin; David, a farmer by occupation, deceased in Harrisburg; Daniel, a farmer and at the time of his death a citizen of the State of Ohio.
Martin Gardner, father, like his progeni- tors for several generations, was a native of York County, Hellam township, and was brought up to and chiefly followed agricul-
tural pursuits. For a period of eight years he served as steward of the York county almshouse and subsequently removed to the city of York, where he lived in retirement until his death in the year 1837. Near the close of the war of 1812 he was drafted into the LTnited States military service but be- fore the order came to march to the front that memorable struggle had closed. He was a Lutheran in his church membership and a Whig in politics. His wife was a daughter of John Thomas of York county and bore him six children, five sons and one daughter: Franklin; Israel, late of Carlisle; Martin, a machinist, now located at Al- toona, this State; Henry, a citizen of Har- risburg; Albert, a machinist, located at Al- toona, and Lucy, wife of Danford Edmars, State of Indiana.
Our subject, Franklin Gardner, was brought up on the old homestead farm until he attained his eighth year and received the educational advantages afforded by the common schools of York county at that time. In 1840, when twenty years of age, he directed his steps to Carlisle, Cumber- land county, where after working a short period in a foundry he succeeeded his for- mer employee and began his independent struggle by starting in a small way, a machine shop and foundry combined on the corner of Bedford and High streets. At first the heavier machinery was operated by horse power but on July 4th, 1842, the latter was superseded by steam power, the introduction of which marked the advent of the first steam engine in Carlisle. Through this and other constant additions from time to time the business kept expanding and in 1848 William J. Brown was admitted to a partnership interest, the firm name becom- ing Gardner & Brown. In 185 1 the works were destroyed by fire and compelled a reconstruction. At this juncture Mr. Brown retired from the p^tnership and the
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work of rebuilding was begun and com- pleted by Mr. Gardner, who continued sole proprietor until 1857. During this year E. Beatty secured an interest and the business was conducted as Gardner & Company un- til 1880 George Butem (deceased) having been admitted into the partnership in 1867. At this time the facilities, output and gener- al business of Gardner & Company had grown from the very modest beginnings of 1840 to very generous proportions, involv- ing assets of more than $75,000, and a va- riety of manufactured implements and foundry work not excelled in the county. In 1880 Mr. Gardner closed out his inter- ests in the foundry and machine shop to what is now known as the Carlisle Manu- facturing Company. In 1883, in conjunction with his two sons, Edward J. and John H., Mr. Gardner built and organized the Letort Axle Works, located in the eastern part of the town, and maintained an active interest in that well known industry until August 1st, 1896, when he retired and the firm became F. Gardner's Sons. This estab- lishment engages in the manufacture of axles for all kinds of carriages and vehicles, besides the general iron products of a ma- chine shop. It employs about sixty men and has a weekly pay roll of about four hundred dollars. In point of the excellence of its products, financial stability and tact- ful management it ranks with the first in- dustries of the county. In addition to the foregoing interests Mr. Gardner is a large real estate owner, and director of the Gas and Water Company for thirty-five years, and has many lesser business connections. He is an active member of the Lutheran church a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and has been conspi- cuous as a man of public spirit and civic pride. His business success, no less than his standing as a citizen, has been due to his characteristic energy, business methods
and uncompromising honesty. During the long years of residence in his adopted home he has seen it developed from a hamlet of less than four thousand people to a beauti- ful city replete with industry and educa- tional institutions and can rest secure in the knowledge that he has done his share in its expansion.
On March 24th, 1842, Mr. Gardner was joined in marriage with Sarah Jane Abra- hams, daughter of Jacob Abrahams, of Car- lisle. This union resulted in the birth of ten children: Carolina, widow of William Maize, of Pottsville, Pennsylvania; Martin, deceased: Annie, wife of Henry W. Bow- man, of Philadelphia; Alice, wife of J. R. Butem, of Philadelphia; Edward J., mem- ber of F. Gardner's Sons; John H., mem- ber of F. Gardner's Sons; Laura, wife of Charles P. Adams, Attorney-at-Law, of Carlisle, Pa., and three deceased.
REV. HENRY EDWARD NILES, D. D. Since April 16, 1865, Dr. Hen- ry Edward Niles has been pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, of York. One of his first public appearances here, was April 19th, 1865, when he delivered the ora- tion at the Lincoln funeral services in Christ Lutheran Church.
During these years his strong character and devotion to principle and duty, aided by a peculiarly responsive sympathy and enforced by no ordinary eloquence and a ready pen, have made him an influential factor in the religious and intellectual life and development of the town and county.
Under his charge the Church has con- stantlv increased in numbers, philanthropy and influence; branches have been estab- lished in the north and south section of the city, known as the Westminster and Cal- vary churches; and the parent organization is now larger and more active than ever in its history.
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He was largely interested in forming plans upon which his intimate friend and elder, Samuel Small, founded the York Col- legiate Institute, of which he has from the beginning been a Trustee.
He is also a Trustee and active friend of Lincoln University; and has given much thought and care to the Board of Minister- ial Relief of the Presbyterian Church, of which for many years, he has been a mem- ber.
In 1874 he was moderator of the Synod of Philadelphia, and in 1877 was Associate Member of the Pan-Presbyterian Council which met at Edinburgh, Scotland.
Nor have his energies and talents been devoted by any means exclusively to his own church and to Presbyterian institu- tions.
All wise reforms in morals and politics have had in him a fearless and judicious advocate, and he has been a strong support for all movements of evangelization and philanthropy.
Before the union of the Old and New School, in 1870, he and his church were connected with the latter branch and his ecclesiastical tendencies have always been in favor of all liberty of thought and ex- pression, consistent with devotion to fun- damental truth.
Dr. Niles is of an old New England family. He was born August 15, 1823, at South Hadley, Mass., the second child of William Niles and Sophia Goodrich; and was descendant in the seventh generation, from Captain John Niles, who came from Wales in 1630, settled in Abington, Mass., and afterwards moved to Braintree.
William Niles moved with his family to Spencertown, Columbia county, N. Y., when Henry was about five years old; and the boy spent his youth amid the beauties of the Hudson River and Berkshire Hills.
He was graduated from Union College,
Schenectady, N. Y., in 1844, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1848; and was ordained by the Presbytery of Co- lumbia and installed pastor at Valatie (Kinderhook), N. Y., October 24, 1848.
In 1855 broken health compelled him to spend about a year in travel and recreation ; after which he supplied the church at An- gelica, N. Y.
From 1859 until the outbreak of the war he served as pastor-elect of the North church of St. Louis, Mo.
In 1861 he was called to Albion, N. Y., from whence, after a very successful minis- try, he came to York.
In 187s he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Wooster University.
June 26, 1850, at Lowell, Mass., Mr. Niles married Jeannie E., daughter of Sum- ner Marsh; whose qualities and efforts have so supplemented and aided his, as to make their lives a harmonious whole of joint de- votion to all that is good, unselfish and beautiful.
They have three living children: Henry Carpenter, born at Angelica, N. Y., June 17, 1858, a member of the York bar; Alfred Salem, born at St. Louis, October 28, i860, a lawyer at Baltimore, and Edward, born at York, September 18, 1868, pastor of the Reformed churcTi at Gardner, N. Y.
HON. JAMES M.WEAKLEY, a pro- minent lawyer of Carlisle and a dis- tinguished citizen of the Cumberland Val- ley, is a son of James Weakley and Eliza- beth (Lockhart) Weakley. He was born in Dickinson township, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, April 12,1839. He is fourth in descent from the pioneer James Weakley, Sr., of English descent, who settled as early as 1725, on the Yellow Breeches, in what was then called Pennsborough township. Here he purchased a tract of six hundred acres of land from the Penns, on which he
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built a house, enclosed by a stockade for the protection of his family and neighbors from the attacks of the savages during the Indian troubles. He increased his possessions con- siderably by purchasing, and at his death was the owner of large estates in lands. His family consisted of six sons and five daugh- ters.
His son, James Weakley, who inherited the tract purchased by his father from the Penns, served two enlistments during the Revolutionary war, retiring with rank of Captain. He lived on the home farm until his death in 1814 at the age of eighty-four years. He married Rebecca McKinley, by whom he had four sons, Isaac, James, Na- thaniel and William, and four daughters, Mrs. Jane Woods, Mrs. Rebecca Boden, Mrs. Elizabeth Woodburn and Nancy Weakley. William died in early manhood. All his other children lived to an advanced age. '; •"
James Weakley, the second son of Cap- tain James Weakley, born April 16, 1785, inherited the home of his ancestors. When he was more than forty-five years old, he encountered financial trouble and the old homestead was sold from him. He then married Elizabeth Lockhart, the daughterof a farmer in Dickinson township, and began anew. Engaging in the manu- facture of lumber, by hard work and severe economy he soon began to acquire pro- perty. When he retrieved his fortune he purchased a farm in Penn township, to which he removed in 1847, ^"d resided there until his death. In 1861, then seventy- six years old, he re-purchased the old home- stead, paying for it a price four times greater than it brought when it was sold from him in 1835. He died August 30, 1873; his wife had passed away June 7, 1854. He was a strong, earnest indomitable man.
His family consisted of three sons and
one daughter, William H. and Wilson C. Weakley, who are farmers in Dickinson township; Rebecca C. Weakley, and the subject of the present sketch.
James M. Weakley was reared on his father's farm, received a fair academic edu- cation, and in i860, began the study of law with William H. Miller, of Carlisle. He was admitted to the Cumberland County Bar in 1862, and has been in active practice ever since in the courts of this and other counties of the State. Mr. Weakley, on September 12, 1865, was married to Mary F. Sullivan, who died March i, 1880. He has had three children, Florence, who died in childhood; Mary F., a graduate of The Academy of the Visitation, Georgetown, D. C, and Francis J., a graduate of St. John's College, Fordham, New York city, and of the Dickinson School of Law, who is now practicing his profession in Jeffer- son county, Pennsylvania.
For several years Mr. Weakley was inter- ested in journalism. He was for eight years editor and part owner of the Carlisle Her- ald, the Republican organ of Cumberland county, and for two years editor of the Car- lisle Leader. He is a member of the Second Presbyterian church, of Carlisle, and a past master of St. John's Lodge, Free and Ac- cepted Masons. He was several years presi- dent of the Cumberland Valley Mutual In- surance Company, and has held other po- sitions of trust and responsibility.
His political career began in 1865, when he was elected a member of the Borough Council, in which he served until 1868. The year following he was appointed by Gover- nor Geary Assistant Secretary of the Com- monwealth, which important and respon- sible position he filled from 1869 to 1872. In 1871 he was elected State Senator from the district composed of Cumberland and Franklin counties and was a member of the Senate for three years serving on the com-
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mittees on Corporations, Judiciary General and Constitutional Reform. Just prior to his election to the Senate he was chosen a member of the School Board of Carlisle,and was re-elected four times, being President of the Board the last ten years of his ser- vice.
In 1891 he was elected professor of Pleading in the Dickinson School of Law, and the following year was made Pro- fessor of Equity. He has filled these posi- tions ever since. Since his retirement from politics Mr. Weakley has engaged actively in the practice of the law and has main- tained a high position in his profession. He has had a varied, honorable and successful career.
HON ROBERT M. HENDERSON, a distinguished citizen of Carlisle, son of Wm. M. and Elizabeth (Parker) Hend- erson, was born March nth, 1827, in North Middleton township, Cumberland county, Pa. He was educated in the public schools of Carlisle; and at Dickinson College, grad- uating from the High School in 1838, and from Dickinson College in 1845; studied law with Hon. John Reed and was ad- mitted to practice Aug. 25, 1847. He was elected by the Whigs a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature in 1851; and re- elected in 1852. At the outbreak of the Re- bellion he was chosen, and duly commis- sioned April 21, 1861, Captain Co. A, 7th Penn'a Reserves, 36th Pa. Volunteers. This regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, Mc- Call's Division, Army of Potomac, and served through the Peninsular campaign; and afterwards joined the army of Northern Virginia under Gen. Pope, and engaged in the battle of Bull Run (second). During this engagement Col. Henderson while making a charge was shot through the body with a minnie ball, and carried from the field.
Judge Advocate, Court Martial, Decem- ber, 1861, June 1862.
Lieut. Colonel July 4, 1862, upon the recommendation of Brig. General Seymour for "briUiant gallantry," &c.
Inspector General, stafif of General Dou- bleday, commanding Penn'a Reserves — January to February, 1863.
With Burnside's 2nd campaign January 20-24, 1863.
May I, 1863, appointed under an Act of Congress, Provost Marshal, 15th District of Pennsylvania (now 19th), and held this position until the close of the war.
Brevetted Colonel U. S. Volunteers March 13, 1865 — "for gallant and meritor- ious conduct during the action at Charles City Crossroads, Virginia, when he was wounded, and for good conduct through- out the campaign."
Brevetted Brig-General U. S. Vol., "for gallant and meritorious conduct at the Bat- tle of Bull Run (second), Virginia."
General Henderson upon the close of his career as a soldier resumed the practice of law at Carlisle, and assumed in connection therewith the Presidency of the Carlisle De- posit Bank. In April, 1874, he was ap- pointed by Governor Hartranft additional law judge of the 12th Judicial District of Pennsylvania, composed of Dauphin and Lebanon counties, and was nominated and elected to the same office without opposi- tion in November of the same year. Janu- ary I, 1882, he became President Judge of the district, and in March, 1882 resigned from the bench, and returned to Carlisle and resumed the practice of his profession.
In addition to the public positions in the army and State so acceptably filled by Judge Henderson, he is honored by many other positions of public and private trust. Among these may be mentioned: The Pres- idency of the Carlisle Deposit Bank, Chair- man Group 5, Pennsylvania Bankers' Asso-
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ciation; President of the Board of Trustees of IMetzger College; Trustee Carlisle Indian Training School; a Director of the Penn- sylvania Scotch-Irish Societ}', &c., &c. He is also a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, and of the Grand Army of the Republic.
CHARLES FRANCIS HIMES,Ph.D., LL. D. This widely known edu- cator and scientist was born in Lancaster county, Pa., in 1838. The family, however, came from Adams county. His father, William D. Himes, and his grandfather. Colonel George Himes, were both well known. His ancestry was of the German imm-igration of about 1730. When only seventeen years of age he was graduated at Dickinson College as A. B. with high rank. Immediately after graduation he taught Mathematics and Natural Science in a seminary of the Wyoming Conference for a year, then went to Missouri, where he taught in the public schools and read law at the same time. During a visit to the East he was persuaded to restmie teaching and after being connected with Baltimore Female College for a year, he became pro- fessor of Mathematics in Troy University. In 1863 he went to Germany, and prose- cuted scientific studies at the University at Giessen. In the fall of 1865 he returned to America to assume the professorship of Natural Science in Dickinson College, which he had accepted upon the ur- gent request of the faculty and trustees of the college. He at once proposed and car- ried out successfully elective Laboratory Courses of study in the Junior and Senior years, according to the report of the Na- tional Commissioner of Education among the very first of the kind in the country, and by pen and addresses he advocated the New Education of that day. In 1885, at the opening of the Jacob Tome Scientific Build-
ing, Dr. Himes selected the chair of Phy- sics. Fie had contributed much to the erec- tion of this building by his persistent advo- cacy of enlarged facilities for the expanded department, and he added complete Physi- cal Laboratory courses at once to the curri- culum of the college. At the commence- ment, in June 1S96, Professor Him.es pre- sented his resignation to the Trustees be- cause of the serious demand made upon his time by the purely routine work of a profes- sorship. Aside from his duties as a Profes- sor, he was for many years Treasurer of the corporation and was Secretary of the Board of Trustees up to the recent meeting. As senior professor in service, he was act- ing President of the college for months at a time. In each of these relations to the college, as well as professor, his term of service exceeded that of any other in the long history of the college. In accepting the resignation of Professor Himes, the Board of Trustees coupled, with expressions of regret, the conferment of the degree of LL. D., in recognition of his attainments and his great service to the college. The graduating class made a prominent feature of Class-day exercises the unveiling of a portrait of Dr. Himes, hung in Bosler Hall, presented by the class to the college, with remarks expressive of the high place held by him in the affections of his students. The consensus of opinion of the alumni of the thirty-one years of his professorship seems to be, that as a teacher he never con- fined his instruction to the text book, and that his methods were personal rather than mechanical, and effective in inspiring to thoughtful study rather than to sporadic cram, whilst his acknowledged success as a disciplinarian, without the use of a demerit mark throughout his long professorship, seemed to be due to the universal respect of his classes resulting from a dignified and friendly intercourse, Naturally a man of
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fine feeling and noble instincts, he has en- deared himself to every class, and he will be remembered with great respect by every one familiar with his work. Dr. Himes has seen much of life in the old world. He was a student there from 1863 to 1865, and in 1872, 1883, and again in 1890 visited the old world, accompanied by his family. He was one of the earliest amateur photographers, and always abreast of the most advanced methods, and his camera has always been a valuable companion in these trips, furnish- ing valuable notes of science and travel, in- cluding the glaciers of the Zermatt region of Switzerland. Instruction in Photography, as an educational means, and as an aid in scientic investigation, has had a place in the Physical Laboratory of the college for years. Dr. Himes also organized and conducted successfully the first Summer School of Photography, in 1884 and 1885, at Mt. Lake Park, Md., which is still in successful opera- tion. Besides his regular work in the college he has delivered numerous lectures and ad- dresses of a scientific, educational and pop- ular character. Among those published, some fully illustrated, may be mentioned those on "Actinism or the Scientific Basis of Photography," delivered at the Interna- tional Electrical Exhibition in Philadelphia; on "The Stereoscope and its Applications;" on "Amateur Photography in its Educa- tional Relations," before the Franklin In- stitute, Philadelphia: on "The Scientific Ex- pert in Forensic Procedure," before the Franklin Institute and the Dickinson School of Law; "Science in the Common Schools," before the Pennsylvania State Teachers' As sociation; "Phenomenon of the Horizontal Moon and Convergency of the Optic Axis im Binocular Vision," before the New York Academy of Sciences; "Scientific Theories and Creeds," before the American Institute of Christian Philosophy; "Photography as an Educational Means," before the Con-
gress at the Columbian Exposition 1893; "Address at the opening of The Jacob Tome Scientific Building."
His contributions to scientific and educa- tional literature are numerous and valuable, among them "Preparation of Photographic Plates by Day-light," "Methods and Re- sults of Observations of Total Eclipse of the Sun," "Review of Professor Porter's Amer- ican Colleges and American Public," "Methods of Teaching Chemistry," "Photo- graphy Amongthe Glaciers," "Investigation of the Electric Spark by means of Stereo- scopic Photography," &c., &c.
From 1872 to 1879 Dr. Himes was asso- ciated with Professor S. F. Baird in the preparation of the "Record of Science and Industry," and of the scientific columns of Harper's publications, and other period- icals. He has also published three editions of "Will's Tables for Chemical Analysis," translated and enlarged; "Leaf-Prints, a text-book of Photographic Printing;" "the Stereoscope, Its History, Theory, and Con- struction ;" "Report of the Section of the United States Government Expedition, Sta- tioned at Ottumwa, Iowa, to Observe and Photograph the Total Eclipse of the Sun, in 1869;" "History of Dickinson College, more particularly of the Scientific Depart- ment, and of Scientific Education in Amer- ica." Illustrated.
Professor Himes is a Member and Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Science; the American Philosophical So- ciety of Philadelphia; the New York Acad- emy of Sciences; the Philadelphia Photo- graphic Society; the Maryland Academy of Sciences; American Institute of Christian Philosophy; The Pennsylvania German So- ciety, &c.
Professor Himes married Miss Mary E. Murray, a daughter of Rev. Joseph A. Mur- ray, D. D., a prominent Presbyterian min- ister of Carlisle, Pa. They have two chil- dren Mary M. and Anna M.
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HON. W. F. BAY STEWART. The subject of this sketch, Judge W. F. Bay Stewart, was born in Chanceford town- ship, York county. Pa., on the 25th of Feb- ruary, 1849. His father was Thomas R. .Stewart, and his mother a Miss Bay, a daughter of Thomas Bay, of Cooptown, Harford county, Md., who for many years was Judge of the Orphan's Court of Har- ford county, and who commanded an Ar- tillery Company at the battle of North Point. He is full Scotch-Irish on both sides, his great grandfather on his father's side having been an Irishman, and his great-grandmother on the same side a Scotchwoman, married before they came to this country. On his" mother's side his grandfather was of Scotch descent, and his grandmother of Irish descent.
He attended the public schools until sev- enteen years of age and then learned the blacksmith trade. Very shortly after fin- ishing his trade his health failed, and upon the advice of his physician he abandoned it and devoted himself to study. He attended school at the Pleasant Grove Academy in Lower Chanceford, and later at the historic old York County Academy in the city of York. He taught in the public schools two years, and afterwards in the York County Academy, the same in which Thaddeus Stevens once taught. After leaving this in- stitution Judge Stewart studied law with Col. Levi Maish. who was afterwards a member of Congress from the York-Adams and Cumberland district, and was admitted to the bar on November 3, 1873. -^ V^^r later he formed a partnership with John Blackford, then district attorney of the county, and a leading lawyer of the York bar, which continued until Mr. Blackford's death in 1884. On October i, 1884, he formed another law partnership with Henry C. Niles and George E. Neff, which contin-
ued until the election of Mr. Stewart to the judgeship in 1895.
In the meantime, from 1883 to April i, 1894, Judge Stewart had been engaged in the foundry, machine and tanning business as a partner of the firm of Baugher, Kurtz & Stewart, composed of William H. Kurtz, a local capitalist, and himself. Mr. Kurtz had no practical knowledge of the business, and Mr. Stewart, at the time of entering upon it, still less, but he soon mastered its details, and it became one of the largest and most prosperous industries of the city, em- ploying over three hundred workmen. An- other industry with which he was connected was the York Card and Paper Company, manufacturers of wall paper. This he took hold of when torn by dissensions among its officers, became its president, and has made it the largest plant of its kind in the world.
Judge Stewart early took a leading posi- tion at the bar, and easily maintained it. He and the members of his firm appeared on one side or the other of nearly every im- portant case, and with such uniform suc- cess that it became a subject of comment.
In T895 he received, unsolicited, the unanimous nomination of his party for the judgeship, and, although declining to make any personal effort to secure his election, was elected by a large majority over his competitor, who was just completing a ten years' term on the bench.
Judge Stewart received a good English, classical and scientific education, and has always been a close student, particularly in the realm of abstruse thought and specula- tive philosophy, and has received the hon- orary degree of A. M. from Ursinus Col- lege. He has always taken great interest in economics and financial questions, and at the time of his election was president of the Security Title and Trust Company, which he was largely instrumental in or- ganizing, and which is now one of the
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leading financial institutions of the city.
At the time of his election to the judge- ship, and many years before, he was largely interested in many corporations, in nearly all of which he was one of the chief pro- motors. All of these have been prosperous. The stock and only argument used against his election was that he was a corporation lawyer, but his corporations had been so generally successful that they secured him friends, rather than the contrary.
Judge Stewart is married to a daughter of the late Edward Danner, who was one of York's most respected and wealthy citi- zens. His wife and one daughter consti- tute his family, with whom he lives in their handsome home on Market street in the city of York.
Judge Stewart was raised a strict Pres- b3'terian, but is now a member and elder of Heidelberg Reformed Church. Although coming to York in 1871 without a dollar, he is a man of independent fortune, the fruits of his own industry and economy. He is a member of the Reform Club, of New York, and the American Academy of Po- litical and Social Science of Philadelphia.
MAJOR JOSEPH ADDISON MOORE, of Camp Hill, Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania, is a descendant of Robert and Margaret Aloore, who emi- grated from Derry County, Ireland, early in the eighteenth century, or about 1720, to the State of Maryland, then under a pro- visional government. Robert was inter- marriet with Margaret Ramsey before emi- grating, and of their issue, James, married Jane Caughran and settled at a place now known as Bendersville, Adams county, Penna. In the struggle for Independence he joined the patriot cause and gave his life for his country in the battle of Brandy wine, September 11. 1777. John, grandfather of our subject, was born in 1764, was also a
Revolutionary soldier near its close, and intermarried with Rebecca Curran, late of Mifflin, now Juniata county, Pennsylvania, and there settled in the vicinity of Van Wert postoffice. He died in 1856, ninety-two years old. James Moore, his oldest son, in- termarried with Harriet Barton, daughter of Kimber A. and Mary Barton, of Shirleys- burg, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania. The latter was of English descent. Dr. James Moore was born December 14, 1789, in the territory now known as Juniata county, Pennsylvania, and was the father of our present subject. In 181 3 he began the practice of medicine in Shirleysburg, Hun- tingdon county, Pennsylvania, where he continued over thirty years at his profes- sion, having a large practice and acquir- ing the reputation of a very skilfull and suc- cessful physician. In 1841 he removed to Wells Valley, Fulton county, Pennsylvania, where he continued to practice his profes- sion until within eight years of his death, which occurred March 27, 1872. His wife died in September, 1864, while all of her sons were in the Union army.
Joseph Addison Moore, the subject of our sketch, was born in Shirleysburg, Pennsyl- vania, August 26, 1833, and was one of eight sons who were all in the Union army at one time, he and his brother, James M., being both seriously wounded. Their rec- ord is not surpassed by that of any other family in this country, and is one of which they and their children may feel justly proud. This remarkable family was rep- sented in nearly all the great battles of the war. Immediately after the firing on Fort Sumpter, our subject enlisted in Company D., Fifth Pennsylvania Infantry for three months, and was made first sergeant. At the expiration of his term he was instru- mental in raising Company O, 28th Penn- sylvania Infantry, and August 17, 1861, was mustered in and took the field again as
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first lieutenant under Colonel (afterward General and Governor) John W. Geary, under whom he served all through the war, at one time on his staff as division com- missary of subsistance for seven months. He participated, besides numerous smaller engagements, in the battles of Cedar Moun- tain, and second Bull Run, and at Antietam, &c. While first lieutenant in command of his company, two Rebel flags were captured by his company. Here his company had one third killed and wounded in action. Four color bearers belonging to the color guard, his being the center company, were shot while bearing the flag. His company was, after the Antietam battle, transferred, and became company B., 147th Pennsylvania Infantry, and in February, 1863, he was commissioned captain, commanding at Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, in the East ; and Lookout Mountain, Chattanooga, Taylor's Ridge, Cassville, Rocky Face Ridge, Dug Gap, Resacca and New Hope church, Georgia, in the southwest. He was severely wounded at New Hope churcTi,and in consequence, was incapacitated for further active service, and was consequently transferred to the Barracks at Madison, Wis- consin, on light duty until the end of his term of service, October 28, 1864, when he was honorably discharged. He was later Brevetted Major for gallant and meritorious service. At the close of the war he resum- ed mercantile pursuits at Pittsburg, Penn- sylvania, but in November, 1867, was called by his old commander, then Governor of the State, to take charge of the White Hall Soldiers Orphan School at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, which, under his manage- ment, became the leading school of that system in the State, reflecting great credit on his ability as manager and proprietor. He continued in charge of the school until September ist, 1886, when, having leased the same, he retired from the responsible
position, which he had so long and faith- fully filled. In 1869 he was married to Miss Lizzie C, daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth Longsdorf Kline, of Mechanicsburg, Penn- sylvania. He has but one child living, Joy Leslie Moore, born January 6, 1877, who is now a Sophomore in the class of 1900 at Yale University.
Major Moore enjoys the unbounded re- spect of every one who knows him, and in his large acquaintance throughout his na- tive State no man stands higher in char- acter or is more deservedly respected. He is a member of the Baptist church and a stanch Republican. He also holds mem- bership in a number of fraternal organiza- tions, being a member of Post 58, Grand Army of the Republic, riarrisburg. Pa., since 1868; a member of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion; a member of Robert Burns Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, of Harrisburg; Samuel C. Perkin's Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, Mechanicsburg; Har- risburg Council, No. 7, Royal and Select Masters, and of Pilgrim Commandery, No. II, Knights Templar, of Harrisburg. He received the degree of Master of Arts from the Lewisburg (Bucknell) University. Of late years he has been successfully engaged in buying and selling real estate, and has taken a live interest in the progress and de- velopment of the beautiful borough of Camp Hill, in which he has resided for the past thirty years; having held various offices since its incorporation in 1885. He was one of the prime movers in the erection of the People's Iron Bridge across the Susque- hanna river at Harrisburg, and has been one of that com.pany's directors since its in- ception and completion. He has taken a lively interest in the progress of building the Flarrisburg and Mechanicsburg Electric road, which now indicates an early comple- tion through the lower end of Cum,berland
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county, connecting with Mechanicsburg and Carlisle.
DR. J. H. BITTINGER, a physician and surgeon, bank president and one of the leading citizens of Hanover, Pennsylvania, was born in Berwick town- ship, Adams county, a few miles from his present place of residence, Feb. 3, 1852, the son of Henry and Amanda Bittinger. The Bittingers are of German origin and their connection with this section of Pennsyl- vania is early and prominent. Adam Bit- tinger, the doctor's first paternal ancestor in this country, emigrated from Alsace, Ger- many, in 1736, and soon after settled in the rich agricultural section a few miles from the present town of Hanover. The land upon which he located has remained in possession of succeeding generations ever since.
Nicholas Bittinger, the son of Adam Bit- tinger, and great-grandfather of the doctor, was an ardent patriot in the Revolutionary war, was one of the first members of the committee of safety from York cotmty and for three years commanded a company of soldiers in active service. In addition to this distinguished patriot and ancestor, other members of the family took part in the struggle for American independence.
Dr. Bittinger's father, Henry Bittinger, was a prosperous farmer in Berwick town- ship, Adams covmty, while other members of the family, uncles of our subject, have been professionally identified with the Pres- byterian church and have won distinction as able pulpit orators and theologians.' Henry Bittinger married Amanda, a daugh- ter of Solomon and Barbara Allewelt by whom he had four children: Ruhamah E. John R., present member of State Legisla- ture, Joseph H. and Mary A.
In politics he was a Republican and in religion a member of the Lutheran church.
Dr. Bittinger secured his preliminary ed- ucation in the public schools and completed it with a course in Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg. He then taught school in Illi- nois and Pennsylvania for five years. For some time during his residence in Illinois he was associated with his uncles in the foreign and domestic fruit business in Chicago and was located in that city at the time of the memorable fire which nearly destroyed it in 1871. After that he returned to his native State and began the study of medicine with Dr. A. J. Snively, at that time a leading physician of Hanover. After reading for some time under this pre- ceptor he entered Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia and pursued a course of study which terminated with his graduation in 1878. The class of that year has become one of the most distinguished ever gradu- ated from the institution, and a not incon- siderable part of the lustre which its achievements have reflected upon it has been contributed by Dr. Bittinger. The doctor began the active practice of medi- cine in Hanover and two years after his graduation returned to Philadelphia on ac- count of the superior advantages which the city could ofifer to an ambitious and ener- getic practitioner. He continued his prac- tice in that city until 1883, when he returned to Hanover, resumed his old practice and has since resided there. He is one of the most skillful physicians in the county and is one of the leaders of his profession in sur- gery. Since 1887, he has been physician and surgeon for the Pennsylvania railroad at Hanover and holds a similar position with the Western Maryland Company. Be- sides this he has been connected with the leading life insurance companies as their local surgeon and examiner. He is a mem- ber of the York County Medical Society and takes an active part in its deliberations. He was a member of the Ninth Internation-
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al Medical Congress which met in Wash- ington in 1891 and is one of the censors of the Medico-Chirurgical college of Philadel- phia. He is one of the Vice Presidents of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania and has been a member of the American Medical Association since 1881. He has al- ways been an active citizen and greatly in- terested in local afifairs. In 1893 he was one of the organizers of the People's bank at Hanover, an institution which, though its existence has been recent, has had a very successful career. In 1887 he assisted in organizing the Hanover and Littlestown Turnpike Company and has been its treas- urer since 1889. He is a Republican in po- litics and for three years served as school director. He is also a director in the Penn Flouring Company, of Hanover, and Vice President of the Consumers Water Com- pany, which he and others organized in 1896. Fraternally he is a member of these orders: of Patmos Lodge, No. 348, Free and Accepted Masons; Good Samaritan Chapter, No. 266, Royal Arch Masons; York Commandery, No. 21, Knights Temp- lar; Hanover Lodge, No. 327, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and of Washington Council, No. 328, Patriotic Order Sons of America. With his extensive professional knowledge and his deep interest in public affairs. Dr. Bittinger combines a charming and intelligent personality that has made him many friends in and out of the profes- sion. He stands today in the sight of every fellow townsmen, a type of the progressive, intelligent, and popular citizen.
In 1882 he married Clara E., a daughter of Michael and Eliza Bucher, and a lady of culture and rare accomplishments. Mrs. Bittinger is a member of one of the oldest and most prominent families of Hanover. Their union has resulted in the birth of six children, four of whom are dead: Lyda M.,
Bryant Henry, Bertha and Clara. Those living are Ralph Emerson and Mary A.
JOHN WISE WETZEL, ESQ., a prom- nent lawyer and president of the Mer- chants' National Bank, of Carlisle, was born April 20, 1850, at Carlisle, Cum- berland county, Pennsylvania, and is a son of George and Sarah E. (Shade) Wetzel. The Wetzel and Shade families are of Ger- man descent and George Wetzel was born and reared in Carlisle, where he has re- sided ever since. He was born December 25th, 1826, attended the schools of his boy- hood days and engaged in wagon manufac- turing which he followed until a few years ago. He has always taken an active part in political affairs, is a strong Democrat, and served as treasurer of Cumberland county in 1869 and 1870. He married Sarah E. Shade, a daughter of John Shade, and who died September 6th, 1891, aged 62 years. To their union were born ten chil- dren: John W., Charles H., Catharine, who died in infancy; Sallie, married Niles M. Fissel and died in 1881 ; Rebecca, wife of Harry Newsham; Mary, wife of Frank Kimmel; Annie, wife of H. G. Rinehart; George B. McClellan, Ida, wife of William H. Goodyear, and William, who died in in- fancy.
John Wise Wetzel was reared at Car- lisle, attended the common schools, pre- pared for college in Professor Sterrett's Academy and entered Dickinson College, from which he graduated in the class of 1874. While attending college he read law with the late C. E. Maglaughhn, Esq., from 1872 to 1874, and was admitted to the bar of Cumberland county in April, 1874, about two months before he was graduated from college. Upon admission to the bar he opened an office at Carlisle, where he has practiced his chosen profes- sion most successfully ever since. He is
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a strong and influential Democrat, and has always taken an intelligent and active in- terest in political affairs. In 1876 he was elected to represent his county in the Dem- ocratic State Convention at Lancaster, six years later, in 1882, was made chairman of the Democratic county executive com- mittee, and in i8go again represented the county in the State Conventoin of his party, which was held that )'ear in Scranton. In 1880 he was elected district attorney of Cumberland county and served in that ca- pacity from 1881 to 1883, succeeding Geo. S. Emig and preceding John T. Stuart in that office. Mr. Wetzel is interested in educational and business affairs, as well as political m.atters, yet never neglects his labors, by attention to other interests. He is one of the incorporators of the Dickin- son School of Law at Carlisle, and has been for ten years a member of the board of trustees of Franklin and Marshall Col- lege, at Lancaster city. He has been ac- tive for some years in the business afifairs of Carlisle, being a director of the Carlisle Electric Light and Gas companies, and of the Beetem Lumber and Manufacturing company, besides acting as president of the Cottage Club and director of the Big Spring Turnpike Company.
On September 3rd, 1872, Mr. Wetzel married Lizzie Wolf, youngest daughter of John and Elizabeth Wolf. Mr. and Mrs. Wetzel have one child, a son, named George Frank, who is a graduate of Franklin and Marshall College.
Mr. Wetzel's legal business is now largely in the line of corporation work, rep- resenting some of the largest corporations in the county. He is attorney for the Standard Oil Company, Philadelphia and Reading Railway Co., and the Philadel- phia, Harriburg and Pittsburg and the Get- tysburg and Harrisburg railway companies. He stands deservedly high in his profession
and is now secretary of the committee on adm.issions of the State Bar Association of Pennsylvania. He is practically a self- made man, liberal and progressive in all things, and has been an active factor in the social and material development of his bor- ough.
He is a director and president of the Merchants National Bank, of Carlisle, be- coming associated with that financial insti- tution in 1890, and was made its chief ex- ecutive officer in 1893. He is a member of the Pennsylvania State Bankers Associ- ation, and together with Mrs. Wetzel is a member of the First Reformed chuich, in which he has been a deacon for over ten years. Fraternally, he is a member of Lodge No. 56, Knights of Pythias, and a member and past master of Cumberland Star Lodge No. 197, Free and Accepted ^ Masons of Carlisle.
REV. CFIARLES JAMES WOOD, rector of St. John's Protestant Epis- copal church, of York, Pennsylvania, is a son of Charles L. and Marian (Davis) Wood, and was born in Cleveland, Ohio, July 4, 1854. He is descended from an old and distinguished line of English ancestors, and the American branch of the family has been resident in the United States for a number of generations. His great-grand- father was an officer in the Colonial army during the War for Independence and his grandfather was a merchant and manufac- turer in the State of Connecticut. Charles L. Wood, his father, was a native of Essex county. New York, a merchant and manu- facturer by occupation and closely wedded to his business interests. He was a Re- publican in politics, but held himself en- tirely aloof from partisan affi.liations. Relig- iously, he held membership in the Protest- ant Episcopal church, and fraternally, was connected with the Masonic Order.
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Charles James Wood was fitted for col- lege at the Cleveland High school and un- der the tuition of Rev. Frederick Brooks, brother of the late Bishop Phillips Brooks of Trinity church, Boston. He subsequent- ly entered Harvard University and was graduated in the class of 1875. Soon after graduation he entered the General Theo- logical Seminary, in New York city, where he remained three years. After ordination to the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church he accepted a call from the Church of the Good Shepherd, in Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained until 1879, when he be- came rector of Trinity church, Michigan city, Indiana. Subsequently he filled pastor- ates in New Jersey, Philadelphia and Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, in which latter place he remained until 1894, when he accepted the rectorship of St. John's church, York, Pennsylvania, with which he has been identified down to the present time.
Rev. Mr. Wood is a member of the Insti- tute of Christian Sociology, member of the American Oriental Society, member of Vic- toria Institute, of the Folk Lore Society, of the American Archaeological Society, of the Brotherhood of the Kingdom, the Sal- magundi club, of New York, of the Knights of the Golden Eagle, and of the Alasonic Fraternity, with which learned, social and fraternal organizations he has been conspicuously identified for a number of years. He is also honorary local secre- tary of the Egyptian Exploration Fund and performed services of a high order in connection with that society. Aside from his pastoral work Mr. Wood has variously indulged himself along literary lines in the fields of anthropology, crimino- logy, comparative religion and general criticism, in all of which he has written with learning, discrimination and authority. His well recognized at- tainments, his strong personality, moral
force and literary versatility have made him a man of unusual force in the community in which he resides. During his connection with St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal church at Lock Haven he was made Archdeacon of the Diocese of Central Pennsylvania and has also served in other official positions in the higher assemblies of the church.
REV. MILTON VALENTINE, D. D., LL. D., Professor of Systematic Theology and chairman of the faculty in the Theological Seminary of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Gettysburg, Pa., was born at Uniontown, Carroll county, Maryland, January i, 1825. His parents were Jacob and Rebecca (Pick- ing) Valentine, the former a native of Mary- land and the latter of Pennsylvania. The family is descended from George Valen- tine, who emigrated from Germany in the early part of the i8th century and in 1740 located on the Monocacy River in Freder- ick county, Maryland, where he was en- gaged in agricultural pursuits until his death, which occurred is 1783. The land on which he lived is still in possession of the Valentine family. This George Valentine, who was the great-grandfather of our sub- ject, was an earnest Christian and a de- vout member of the Lutheran church.
Jacob Valentine, the father of our sub- ject, had a family of nine children, all of whom were reared on the farm in Mary- land.
Dr. Valentine was next to the youngest. He was confirmed as a member of Trinity Lutheran church in Tanej'town, Md., in 1843. He prepared for college in the aca- demy at Taneytown, and in 1846 entered the Freshman class in Pennsylvania Col- lege at Gettysburg, and in 1850 was gradu- ated from that institution. After a course of two years in the Theological Seminary, of which he is now the honored head, dur-
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ing which time he tutored in the college, he graduated and was licensed to preach. At first he temporarily supplied the pulpit of the Lutheran church in Winchester, Vir- ginia, and during the winter of 1853-1854 was engaged in missionary work in Alle- gheny city, Pennsylvania, and was pastor of the Lutheran church at Greensburg, Westmoreland county, this State, in 1854- 55. Owing to a throat trouble he retired from the ministerial work in 1855, and from that time until 1859 was principal of Emaus Institute, Middletown, Pennsylvania. From 1859 to 1866, having returned to active ministerial work again, he served as pastor of St. Matthew's church, in Reading, Penn- sylvania, and from 1866 to 1868 was profes- sor of Ecclesiastical History and Church Po- lity in the Theological Seminary at Gettys- burg. In 1868 he was called to the Presi- dency of Pennsylvania College and continu- ed in that position for sixteen years, during a portion of which time, from 1868 to 1873, he also gave instruction in the Seminary. In 1884 he was elected to his present position in the Seminary. Dr. Valentine is a man of recognized ability and has contributed numerous sermons, essays and pamphlet discussions to the theological literature of his church. He is also the author of "Nat- ural Theology or Rational Theism" which was published in 1885 by S. C. Griggs & Company, of Chicago, and has since been introduced into many colleges as a text book, receiving from eminent educators throughout the country unqualified endorse- ment. He is also the author of a work on "Theoretical Ethics," recently published by Scott, Foresman & Co., of Chicago, which has been received with great favor and is being rapidly adopted as a manual of in- struction on that subject in colleges and universities.
In personal appearance Dr. Valentine is venerable, with the air of a scholar, and im-
presses one as a possessor of unusual intel- ligence and moral force. He is dignified yet kindly in his manner, and no man pro- bably is wider known, or more highly es- teemed in the Lutheran church.
December 18, 1855, he married Mar- garet G., daughter of Sterling and Mar- garet (Grayson) Gait, of Carroll county, Maryland, who is of Scotch-Irish descent. They have four children: Sterling Gait, A. M., Ph. D., engaged in the iron business, Lebanon; Rev. Milton Henry, pastor of Messiah Lutheran church, Philadelphia; Esther Amelia, married to Rev. E. Grim Miller, of Easton, Pa., and Margaret Gray- son, married to Mr. Henry W. Siegrist, of Lebanon, Pa.
NEVIN M. WANNER, ESQ., of York, Pennsylvania, member of the Bar and one of the leading lawyers of Southern Pennsylvania, is a native of Ohio, born at Washingtonville, May 14th, 1850. His proxiinate ancestors were Pennsyl- vania Germans, whose lives and fortunes have been identified with the various in- terests of the Keystone State for a number of generations.
The paternal grandfather of Mr. Wan- ner was born at "The Trappe," Montgom- erly county, Pennsylvania, was a farmer by occupation, and a man of influence in his community. Here also was born his son, Rev. Aaron Wanner, father of Nevin M. The former was a well known minister of the Reformed church, and passed a full half century in fruitful ministerial and ex- ecutive service in connection with that re- ligious body. After a course in Marshall College, and the Theological Seminary at Mercersburg he was licensed to preach by the Synod of Winchester, Virginia, in the year 1843, and subsequently filled a num- ber of pastorates in the States of Pennsyl- vania, Ohio and Maryland. In recognition
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of his well known attainments and vener- able years of service in the cause of the Christian ministry, he received from Ur- sinus College, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, in the year 1879, the degree of Doctor of Divinity. On September 23rd, 1844, the Rev. Mr. Wanner was joined in marriage with Rebecca Miller, a daughter of Solo- mon Miller, a Justice of the Peace of Franklin county, near Chambersburg,Penn- sylvania, which union resulted in an issue of ten children, six of whom grew to years of maturity. His decease occurred in York Pennsylvania, June 23rd, 1894, when in his seventy-sixth year.
Nevin M. Wanner, after the usual pre- paration, entered Heidelberg College at Tif- fin, Ohio, in 1866, where he remained for a period of two years. Immediately follow- ing this he matriculated at Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, from which latter institution he graduated with class honors in 1870. In the latter part of the same year he entered the law de- partment of the University of Pennsyl- vania, and devoted the two succeeding years to the study of law and juris- prudence. Simultaneous with his uni- versity course, he was registered as a stu- dent in the office of General B. F. Fisher, of Philadelphia, Pa., and Erastus H. Weiser, Esq., of York, Pa., and was ad- mitted to the Bar of York county, August 28th, 1872. Since this time he has been in continuous and active practice, and rapidly rose to a commanding position in his pro- fession. In the year 1876 he was admitted to practice in the supreme court of the State.
Mr. Wanner has met with signal success both as a lawyer and an advocate. He is distinctively a case winner, in both the lower and the Supreme Courts. In point of legal erudition, adroitness and forensic ability, he easily ranks with the limited few
at the head of his profession. One of the important contributory forces which has been potent in giving him the place he so well deserved, is his strict fidelity or, pro- bably better, consecration to his chosen vo- cation. He has steadily and persistently re- fused all such business, political, and other alliances as would have a tendency to di- vert his energies and ambition from the law, and the result has been highly gratify- ing both to himself and his profession. Mental alertness, quick perception, ample knowledge of human nature, a thorough acquaintance with legal procedure in all its forms, and a fearless fidelity to the cause of his clients, — all these combine to give Mr. Wanner unusual prestige and force as a lawyer.
In politics Air. Wanner has always been an adherent of the Democratic party but his engrossing legal work has latterly taken him out of practical politics.
He held the ofifice of District Attorney of York county from January i, 1887, to January i, 1890. He has been urged by many of his friends as being peculiarly fitted for judicial honors, but up to the present, has declined them, preferring to re- main in the professional ranks. Religiously he was originally a member of the German Reformed church, but in later years has been an attendant at St. John's Episcopal church of York, Pennsylvania.
On November ist, 1882, Mr. Wanner was united in marriage with Amelia D. Croll, a daughter of John R. Croll, de- ceased, of York, Pa., and a descendant of one of the oldest families of local promi- nence in the county since the days of the Revolution, in which some of her ancestors figured prominently.
VINCENT G. STUBBS, President of the First National Bank, of Delta, York county, Pennsylvania, and one of the
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best and most favorably known business men in his community, is a son of Isaac and Elizabeth (Haines) Stubbs. He was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, near the Susquehanna river, February 28, 1826. He is a descendant of an old and distinguished colonial family that origin- ally settled in Eastern Pennsylvania. His grandfather was also named Vincent Stubbs, and was a son of Thomas Stubbs, one of the original ancestors who came from England and settled in Chester county, Pennsylvania, near Chad's Ford. The latter was a farmer by occupation and espoused the religious faith of the Quakers or Friends. Grandfather Stubbs was born upon the old homestead in Chester county, but most of 'his life was spent in Little Britton, Lancaster county, where he died in the year 1820 at an advanced age. He too was a farmer, but combined with his agri- cultural pursuits the conduct of a grist mill. He was a Whig in politics, and in matters of religion adopted the traditional faith of his ancestors. His marriage with Priscilla Cooper resulted in a family of the following named children: John, Daniel, Vincent, Isaac, Thomas, Hannah, Sarah and Ruth, all deceased. Isaac Stubbs, father of Vin- cent G., was a native of Little Britton township, Lancaster county, but died in Peach Bottom township, York county, in 1875, having located in the latter section in 1842. He spent the major portion of his life in agricultural pursuits, and at the time of his death had lands equal to or exceeding 360 acres. Besides his duties as a farmer, the elder Stubbs took quite an active inter- est in local public affairs. He served for a number of terms as supervisor, school dir- ector, and other positions of public trust. His wife was a daughter of Reuben Haines, a native of Cecil county, Maryland, by whom he had the following children: Vin- cent G., subject; Albert, a farmer of Peach
Bottom township; Joseph H., a practicing physician, located at London Grove, Ches- ter county, Pennsylvania; Daniel, a farmer residing in Peach Bottom township; Tho- mas, also a resident of Peach Botton town- ship; Henry J., physician, located at Wil- mington, Delaware; Mary, deceased; Sarah wife of Jacob Swayne, of Cecil county, Maryland; and Reuben, deceased.
Vincent G. Stubbs was joined in marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Pier- son, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, on April 28, 1853. This marriage resulted in the birth of the following named children: Edward P., a resident of Minnesota; Isaac H., merchant; J. Howard, lumber and coal merchant of Delta; William F., a farmer re- siding in Harford county, Maryland; Hannah M., intermarried with Calvin Gal- braith, of Harford county, Maryland; Charles H., deceased; V. Gilpen, furniture dealer, of Delta.
Vincent G. Stubbs was 16 years of age when his parents removed from Chester county to Peach Bottom township. During his boyhood he was brought up on a farm and received the customary education of those days. In 1850 he engaged in mer- chandising in the village of Delta, and con- tinued in that business over a period of 46 years. Besides the mercantile business he engaged in slate producing as a side issue, and occasionally in other enterprises of an investment nature. His long and creditable business career makes him one of the best known and most highly respected citizens in the Southeastern section of York county. He was one of the organizers of the First National Bank of Delta, a carefully con- ducted financial institution, and in 1893, was made its President. In politics he is a Re- publican, and was the first burgess as well as the first postmaster of the borough of Delta. Mr. Stubbs has been pioneer in point of disaster, as well as success, for a
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side from being the pioneer merchant, he was also the first to suffer loss through fire. The destruction of his residence by fire took place in 1854, but he soon rebuilt a brick house, and thenceforth his business result- ed in continued prosperity. In addition to the business relations already noted he was first President of the Delta Building and Loan Association, and also connected with a number of other and lesser concerns.
Mr. Stubbs is a man of undoubted pro- bity, careful business habits and keen fore- sight. He is progressive in all that relates to the public welfare of his county, and is a loyal supporter of all measures and methods for the intellectual and moral advancement of his community.
IC. GABLE, M. D., one of the leading • and successful physicians of York, who stands deservedly high in citizenship, as well as professional life, is the son of Valentine and Mary (Miller) Gable, and was born June 26, 1849, in Windsor township.
His father was for many years a teacher in the public schools of York county, and engaged in agricultural pursuits. Dr. Gable comes of a long lineage of Swiss- German ancestry in America antedating Revolutionary times. His grandfather served under General Anthony Wayne.
He received his preliminary education in the public schools of his native township, supplementing this with a literary course at the Pennsylvania State Normal school at Millersville.
In 1867 he began his active and inde- pendent career as a teacher in the public schools and devoted himself to this voca- tion until 1874, during which time he taught in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. He began the study of medicine under the pre- ceptorship of Dr. James W. Kerr and after a preliminary course of reading, entered the Medical Department of the University
of Pennsylvania, in 1875, from which he was graduated with honors, March 12, 1877. While attending the University he pursued a special course of reading under the preceptorship of Dr. Charles T. Hunter, who held the chair of clinical surgery and subsequent to graduation took a post grad- uate course in his alma mater, devoting most of his time to the special study of general surgery, in that institution and in the Pennsylvania Hospital. In 1878 he opened an office in York where he has been a practitioner since that time.
December 15, 1888, Dr. Gable was united in marriage with Miss Eva A. Fon Der- smith, of Lancaster, by whom he has one son, Raymond F. Dr. and Mrs. Gable are attendants and communicants of the First Presbyterian church of York, in whose acti- vities and welfare they are always interested.
Soon after beginning his professional ca- reer. Dr. Gable rapidly advanced to a com- manding position in his profession. He is a thorough student of medical literature, a man of practical skill, ample mental en- dowment, and withal, of the highest char- acter. He is a member and ex-president of the York County Medical Society, has been vice president and censor of the Penn- sylvania State Medical Society, and for the last seven years has served as a member of the State Medical Legislative Committee and is now serving as its chairman. During the period of his service on this committee the present statutory enactment, known as the .State Medical Act of Pennsylvania was passed.
In 1894, at the meeting of the State Medi- cal Society, in Philadelphia, he was ap- pointed to deliver the annual address on "Medicine," in Chambersburg, the follow- ing year. Dr. Gable has contributed other valuable articles to the Society which have been widely circulated in the published pro- ceedings of that body.
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At present he is also president of the Board of Trustees and Judicial Council of the State Medical Society and has been prominent in National as well as State Medical Councils. In 1880, at a meeting held in New York city he became a mem- ber of the American Medical Association and was made the chairman of the Pennsyl- vania delegation at the meeting of that or- ganization inMilwaukee, Wisconsin, ini89i.
He is a member of the Pan-American Medical Congress and was a member of the Auxiliary Committee appointed for the organization of that body. He is one of the censors of the Medico-Chirurgical col- lege of Philadelphia, and is medical in- spector to the State Board of Health for York county. Aside from these more strictly official relations, he is medical ex- aminer for many leading life insurance companies represented in this city and has a professional practice in the various depart- ments of medicine and surgery enjoyed by but few in this district.
J ERE CARL, president of the York Water company and a prominent cap- italist, of York, has been variously identified with the latter city for over a quarter of a century and has done much for its material development and prosperity. He is the only living child of Martin and Mary (Deardorfif) Carl, and was born in Franklin township, York county, Pennsyl- vania. July 21, 1829. His father, Martin Carl, was reared and educated in his native county, where also for a number of years he was engaged in mercantile and other pur- suits. He was a Democratic in politics and usually took an active part in the manage- ment of local affairs, holding at different times nearly all the offices of Franklin township. He served one term as Director of the Poor for York county. He was born October 17th, 1782, and died June 29th,
1855, his remains being interred in Pros- pect Hill cemetery. Eleven children result- ed from this union: Henry, Martin D., Lewis, Jere, Sarah, wife of Christian Ben- der, of York, Mary A., married to Peter Wolford, Lydia, wife of Joshua Green, Eli- zabeth, and Andrew, and two who died in infancy. All these children are deceased with the exception of our subject.
Jere Carl was reared to habits of econ- omy and thrift, was educated in the com- mon schools and at an early age became an apprentice in the office of the York Democratic Press, where he learned the trade of printing, which, however, he never followed. At the close of his apprentice- ship, he was made a clerk in the store of his brother, Lewis, at York, and remained with him for seven years. On January i, 1853, he secured a clerkship in the old York bank, which he held up to January i, 1867. In the latter year he formed a part- nership with Charles Weiser and Charles S. Weiser, under the firm name of Weiser, Son & Carl, bankers. This firm continued to do a private banking business until Jan- uary I, 1889, when their bank was consoli- dated with the York County National Bank, with which institution he has since remained as an officer and director. Mr. Carl also turned his attention to other busi- ness concerns and projects, some of which he has controlled ever since. He has been a leading spirit in the advocacy of good roads, and to his efforts largely is due the present meritorious condition of a number of the best roads in York county. He is president of the York and Gettysburg turn- pike company, treasurer of the York and Chanceford turnpike company, and has been for some years secretary of the Wrightsville turnpike company. He is also president of the York Water Company, which has now in process of erection a new system of water works on the most im-
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proved modern plan, which when finished, will be second to none of their kind in the State in point of utility, effectiveness and completeness. The York Water Company has a capital stock of half a million dollars and is accounted one of the most substan- tial concerns in the city of York. The new water works will have a capacity of 40,000,- 000 gallons, and have been planned not on- ly to satisfy present needs, but to meet fu- ture contingencies and increase of popula- tion.
On January loth, 1861, Mr. Carl was uni- ted in marriage with Adaline Weiser, a daughter of Charles Weiser, of York. To their union were born 3 children, two sons and a daughter: One son died in infancy; Charles, who died on February 2,^, 1882; and Bella married on November 5, 1896, to William A. Keyworth, cashier of the First National Bank, of York. Mrs. Carl died on February 23rd, 1897.
Mr. Carl has been uniformly active in re- ligious matters and in various philanthropic and charitable movements. He is a mem- ber of St. Paul's Lutheran church, has been the lay representative to the General Synod to that church on several occasions, is a member of the Board of Church Extension and is also a member of the church council. He is also a member of the various Ma- sonic bodies, and in earlier years was one of the chief spirits in the organization of the various branches.
In politics he is a Democrat, was elected Chief Burgess of the Borough of York in 1875, 1876 and 1878, but has carefully eschewed partisan politics as an office seeker or promoter.
Mr. Carl is held in the highest esteem as a business man of integrity and public spirit. He is always approachable, kind and gentle in his manner and devoid of ostenta- tion. Few men have so quietly and steadily won success in business life, and yet main-
tained with Mr. Carl's equanimity the at- tributes of good citizenship and the graces of Christian character.
RICHARD E. COCHRAN, ESQ., sen- ior member of the law firm of Coch- ran & Williams, of York, is a son of Hon. Thomas E. and Anna (Barnitz) Cochran, and was born in the city of York, York county. Pa., January 6, 1857.
Hon. Thomas E. Cochran, who was not only active but distinguished in profes- sional and political Hfe, was a native of the State of Delaware and was the oldest son of Dr. Richard E. Cochran. In 1824 his father and family removed to Columbia, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where he was reared and educated. In 1834, at the solicitation of Thomas C. Hambly he came to York to edit and publish the Republican, of which he had charge until 1833. Simul- taneous with his connection with the Re- publican he contributed valuable editorials to the leading newspapers of the State and country. During his editorial life he be- came a student-at-law with the late Hon. Charles A. Barnitz, and was admitted to the York County Bar on December 6, 1842. Two years prior to this, however, he was elected to the State Senate from the 20th Senatorial District, then composed of the counties of York and Lancaster, and con- tinued to represent that district until the year 1844. A writer of that day referring to Mr. Cochran's career says: "Mr. Coch- ran is inferior in point of native talents to no man in the Senate. This is admitted by his contemporaries, who are competent judges in these matters, for they speak of that which they themselves do feel." In 1856 Mr. Cochran was the Anti-Buchanan candidate for canal commissioner and in 1859 was elected auditor general of the State and served until 1862, a period bur- dened with grave responsibility and peculiar
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difficulties. With the expiration of his term as auditor-general he partly withdrew from political affairs and gave his time largely to the practice of law. For nearly forty years he was an active practitioner in the courts of York and adjoining counties, and distin- guished himself in various parts of the State as well. At the time of his death he was next to the oldest member of the York County Bar, Hon. Robert J. Fisher being his senior. In i860 he associated with him in the practice of law, William Hay, Esq., who continued to be his partner until the time of his death. In 1860-64 and 1868 Mr. Cochran was a delegate to the Republican National Convention and in 1872 became a member of the State Constitutional Conven- tion, in which latter body he was chairman of the committee on "railroads and canals" and a member of the committee "on ac- counts and expenditures" and "on print- ing and binding." In addition to these pub- lic positions of honor he performed the dut- ies of many offices of trust and exhibited an unusual public spirit. He possessed great industry, energy and firmness of character and was not easily driven from the course he believed to be right, nor forced from it when once convinced that it was the path duty pointed out. He was a man of good judgment, ample intellectual endowment, wise in state-craft, possessed a spirit of Christian philanthropy and was an orna- ment to his profession. Born March 23, 1813, his eventful and useful life drew to a close on May i6th, 1882, and his remains are entombed in Prospect Hill cemetery.
On April 14, 1853, Mr. Cochran married Anna M. Barnitz, a daughter of General Jacob Barnitz, of York county, by whom he had one son, Richard E., the subject of this sketch, and three daughters. Mr. and Mrs. Cochran were members of St. John's Episcopal church with which he was offi- cially connected for many years.
Richard E. Cochran was brought up in the City of York and received his education in the York County Academy and the York Collegiate Institute. Subsequently he de- termined upon law as his life vocation, read with his father and was admitted to the York County Bar on September isth, 1879. He pursued the independent practice of his profession for a period of three years, when he formed his present co-partnership with Smyser Williams, Esq., under the firm name of Cochran & Williams. This firm is known as one of the leading law firms of York county and maintains a deservedly high standing in the various courts with which it sustains professional relations. Mr. Cochran is an active and influential Repub- lican in politics and has been twice hon- ored with a nomination to public office by his party. In 1880 and again in 1886 he was made the candidate for District Attor- ney, but the county being strongly Demo- cratic, he suffered defeat in both instances. In 1891 he was nominated and elected a member of the proposed State Constitu- tional Convention, but the convention never having been held, the project was defeated.
Mr. Cochran married on November 3, 1886, Mary E. Dickey, a daughter of Hon. O. J. Dickey, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Cochran died August 30, 1887.
Fraternally Richard E. Cochran is one of the prom.inent Masons of his city and county, being Past Master of York Lodge, No. 266, Free and Accepted Masons, a mem.ber of Howell Chapter, No. 199, Royal Arch Masons, and the present Captain Gen- eral of York Commandery, No. 21, Knights Templar.
N SARGENT ROSS. ESQ., senior • member of the legal firm of Ross & Brenneman, and one of the leading mem- bers of the York Count)' Bar, is a son of Rev. Joseph Alexander and Mary Jamison
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(Harvey) Ross, and was born in Northum- berland, Northumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, May 3, 1858. The paternal great- grandfather of our subject came from Scot- land to the United States some time prior to the Revolutionary war and his son, James H. Ross, served as an officer in that conflict. After the close of the war for In- dependence, in which he rendered noble and patriotic service, the latter settled down as a civilian in Miffiin county, Pennsyl- vania, where by thrift and industry during the succeeding years of peace he accumu- lated quite a competency. It is supposed that the wife of the original ancestor was also a native of Scotland and accompanied him to the new world. On the maternal side Mr. Ross' progenitors were among the old- est and most conspicuous settlers of Luzerne county. The Harveys are of English stock, the grandfather of N. Sargent Ross, being one Benjamin Harvey, of Harveyville, Lu- zerne county, the founder of that place and by occupation a farmer, merchant and mill owner of prominence. Subsequent descend- ants of this family occupied commanding positions in the professional and business life of Luzerne county, and have been iden- tified with many of its industrial enterprises and material development. The Rosses were Scotch Presbyterians in religious be- lief while the Harveys were adherents of the Methodist Episcopal church.
One of the sons of James H. Ross was Rev. Joseph Alexander Ross, father of N. Sargent. The former was born on July 4, 1816, in McVeytown, Mifflin county, Penn- sylvania, where he grew to manhood and obtained his elementary education. He sub- sequently studied theology and entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, with which he labored faitnfully for many years. Shortly after his installation he was assigned to several churches successively in Pennsylvania and Maryland,and in i86oand
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1861 became pastor of the Beaver Street Methodist church, of York. A short time subsequent he removed to Carlisle, Cumber- land county, was appointed chaplain in the United States army and remained in the federal service during the Civil war. After his retirement from the United States army in 1866, he again entered the itinerancy, filling various appointments in the Cen- tial Pennsylvania conference of the M. E. church. He continued active in the work of the ministry until about two years prior to his death, which occurred on his farm near East Waterford, Juniata county, Penn- sylvania, February 14, 1888, after fifty years of untiring service in the cause of Christian- ity. He was followed to his grave by a large concourse of people, and his funeral cortege was one of the most notable in the history of Juniata county. He was united in marriage with Mary Jamison, a daughter of Benjamin and Sarah (Nesbit) Harvey, of Luzerne county, which union was blessed with six children: Elizabeth, deceased wife of Dr. I. T. Andrews, of Lewistown, this State, who at her death left surviving a son and two daughters; William H., a resident of Petersburg, Huntingdon county; Jose- phine Alexina, wife of Joseph Erwin, a resi- dent of Concord, Franklin county; Sarah, wife of Dr. William Shull, of Hummels- town, Dauphin county; N. Sargent, sub- ject, and Frank S., engaged in clerical work in the city of Philadelphia.
N. Sargent Ross, although born in North- umberland county, was brought up at dif- ferent points in Pennsylvania to which his father had been assigned as a minister of the Methodist Episcopal church. He re- ceived a college education and subsequently read law in the office of Judge Jeremiah Lyons, of Miffiintown,Pa.,and was admitted to the Bar of Juniata county in 1882, and later, on October 4, was admitted to prac- tice in the courts c^ York county. He had
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orginally begun the practice of his profes- sion at Mifflintown, Juniata county, which latter place he left in March, 1883, to be- come a resident of York. Subsequent to his removal to York, he went into the office of Edward W. Spangler, Esq., with whom he practiced successfully up to the year 1896, when his present alliance with H. C. Bren- neman, Esq., was formed under the firm name of Ross and Brenneman.
On April I2th, 1890, Mr. Ross united in marriage with Sue W. Sanks, a daughter of Rev. James Sanks, of York. To this union one child has been born, Ruth C, who died on July 1 2th, 1892.
In the political field Mr. Ross has, since his residence in York county, been recog- nized as a leader and counsellor of the Re- publican party of ability. In 1885 he was elected a delegate to the Republican State convention, and in 1892 he was made the nominee of his party for its representative in Congress from the Nineteenth Congres- sional District. The traditional Democratic majority was large and immobile and con- sequently he was defeated by the Hon. F. E. Beltzhoover, late Democratic representative from Carlisle, Cumberland county. While closely wedded to his professional career, still Mr. Ross has found time and pleasure in a number of business enterprises and pro- jects. He is a stock-holder and director of the City Bank of York, has various minor business interests and has always manifested a commendable degree of activity in the public welfare, material progress and moral improvement of his adopted city. For a nuniber of years he has been prominent in secret and fraternal organizations, and is a member of the following named orders: Harmonia Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Crystal Lodge, Knights of Pythias; York Lodge, Benevolent and Pro- tective Order of Elks, of which he is a charter member. He is also a prominent
Mason, being past master of York Lodge, No. 266, Free and Accepted Masons; Past High Priest of Howell Chapter, No. 199, Royal Arch Masons; Eminent Commander of Gethsemane Commandery, No. 75, Knights Templar, and a member of Lulu Temple, Ancient Order of the Mystic Shrine, Philadelphia.
WALLACE PETER DICK, M. A., the second president of Metzger College, Carlisle, Pa., is of Scotch descent and was born in Lowell, Mass., September 9, 1857. His father, a native of Scotland was the Rev. John Wilson Dick, a Baptist clergyman, well known in New England. His mother, Mrs. Eveline M. Dick, still living in Boston, Mass., was Miss Eveline Maranda Spoor, a native of Vermont. Presi- dent Dick thus combines the qualities of the Scotch with the sturdy New England char- acter.
After receiving his elementary education in the schools of his native city he was pre- pared for college in the famous Woodstock Academy, Woodstock, Conn., and entered Brown University, Providence, R. I., in 1875, then presided over by the distinguish- ed educator, the late Rev. E. G. Robinson, D. D., LL. D. Mr. Dick took the four years' classical course and was graduated in 1879, with the degree of A. B. While making a special study of languages, he was an all-round student and during his Junior year received the Howell Premium of sixty dollars awarded, annually, to the student having the "highest rank in mathe- matics and natural philosophy for the pre- vious two years and a half."
He received the first honor of his class in the appointments for Commencement, con- cluding his graduating oration, "Discon- tent an Incentive to Inquiry," with the vale- dictory addresses, formerly given on such occasions. He received several of the high-
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est college honors, and holds high testi- monials from the faculty of Brown. He is a member of tjie Phi Beta Kappa society, having been received at the end of his jun- ior year. At the Junior oratorical exhibi- tion of his class in 1878, he delivered an original Latin oration upon the theme, "Ni- hil mente praestabilius."
Early in his college course, Mr. Dick de- cided to be a teacher, and during the first year after graduation he was principal of the public schools of Wickford, R. I. The Principalship of the High School, Wake- field, R. I., was then tendered to him and was accepted. His teaching here was in the department of languages. From time to time he instructed classes in Higher Eng- lish, Latin, Greek, French and German. Mr. Dick introduced music and physical train- ing into the High School and lectured once a week to the entire school on subjects of general importance, especially, on "Civil Government." While here, in 1882, he re- ceived the degree of M. A., in course, from his Alma Mater. During his stay in Wake- field, he was active in church and Sabbath school work, having been Superintendent of the Sabbath school the two years prior to his leaving Wakefield.
After four years' service as Principal of the High School, Mr. Dick accepted a State Normal School Professorship in the South- western State Normal School, located at California, Pennsylvania. His chair here was English, exclusively, and he was a most popular instructor. In 1885, Prof. Dick ac- cepted the position of Professor of Natural Sciences and Modern Languages in the Central State Normal School, Lock Haven, Pa. He was soon elevated to the vice prin- cipalship and taught Latin, History and Pedagogics. While here he was in constant demand as instructor at County Institutes.
In 1891 he was called to the Chair of Languages in the State Normal School,
West Chester, Pa. Various considerations induced him to accept this position, after much deliberation. On the occasion of his resignation in 1895, a leading daily of West Chester paid him the following tribute: "Professor Wallace Peter Dick, who for the past four years has ably filled the Chair of Classical and Modern Languages at the State Normal School, has resigned to ac- cept the Presidency of Metzger College to which he was recently elected. Professor Dick came here in 1891 from Lock Haven a^id his record in West Chester is one to be envied, as he has raised the standard of Latin in the Normal School, teaching sev- eral times the amount required by law."
In July, 1895, President Dick entered upon his new duties at the head of Metzger College for young ladies at Carlisle, Pa. The institution was sufifering somewhat from the depression of the times, but, by making numerous improvements, by selecting a strong Faculty, by issuing a beautifully il- lustrated catalogue setting forth the new and enlarged courses of study and by vari- ous other means. Prof. Dick has succeeded in bringing the merits of the college to the favorable attention of a still wider number of those who have daughters to educate, or who are interested in the higher education of girls.
President Dick is a popular and efficient lecturer at County Institutes, as his work in the various counties of the State during the last twelve years will attest. His subjects are drawn mainly from language, science and pedagogy. He has never ceased to be a student. In 1889 he took a year's course, by correspondence, in the school of Peda- gogy of the University of the City of New York, and in private study, has cov- ered a large part of the work required in Latin and Pedagogy at the best universities for the degree of Ph. D.
Prof. Dick is much interested in music as
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a diversion. He plays the piano and organ and is an excellent baritone singer. He has filled the position of church organist and also that of precentor. He has written sev- eral pieces for the piano and several songs. Very few of these have yet been published. Of two of his best songs, "Little Sunbeam" and "Lighl of My Life" he composed both words and music.
Prof. Dick has been too much engrossed with the work of teaching to write much of a literary character for publication. He published some years ago a little pamphlet, "Topical Outlines in Natural Philosophy." He has also projected a Latin book for be- ginners embodying the results of his study and experience and a work on Pedagogy. He is a poet of natural ability and has fur- nished numerous poems for special occa- sions.
Prof. Dick is thus a gentleman of versa- tile powers — a thorough scholar and a prac- tical educator. His work at Lock Haven and West Chester, covering a period of ten vears, was of great value in making the Normal School so powerful a feature in the field of education, and under him Metzger College ought to take high rank as an in- stitution for the higher education of girls. President Dick is a member of the Presby- terian church and President of the Cumber- land County Sabbath School Association.
He was united in marriage, in 1885, to Miss Ida May McConnell of Elizabeth, Pa. Their only child, a son, died at the age of two months.
DR. JAMES A. DALE, President of the York County National Bank and senior member of the wholesale drug house of Dale & Hart.of York, is a son of Alpheus and Catharine (Thrush) Dale, and was born in Shippensburg, Cumberland county. Pa., on March g, 1845. Both the Dale and Thrush families are of German lineage, but
their early history in Pennsylvania cannot at this time be supplied. Alpheus Dale was a native of Centre county, Pennsylvania, but removed to Cumberland county in 1842, where he still lives at Mechanicsburg. He was a millwright contractor by occupation, and made a specialty of bridge-building. During the late civil war he entered the em- ploy of the United States Government as an expert bridge-builder to repair and con- struct bridges in the Southern States, where the Union armies were operating. He mar- ried Catharine Thrush, a daughter of Solo- mon Thrush, of Shippensburg, to which un- ion seven children were born, four sons and three daughters. James A. Dale was educated in the common schools of Cum- berland county, and at an early age secured a clerkship in the post office at Mechanics- burg, where he remained for a year. He then became a clerk in the drug store of J. B. Herring, of Mechanicsburg, where he spent an additional six years, during which time he mastered the details of the retail drug trade. With this preliminary qualifi- eation he left Mr. Herring in 1868, and came to York, where he soon formed a partnership with Dr. Jacob Hart, under the firm name of Dale & Hart, and opened one of the earliest wholesale drug houses in the place. The establishment prospered from its very inception, and from time to time its proprietors were compelled to enlarge their establishment to accommodate an in- creasing volume of business. In July, 1894, Dr. Hart was drowned in the Yougho- gheny river, which fatality necessitated a change in the firm. It was accordingly re- organized by the admission of Samuel S. Long and Charles W. Brandt and Guy H. Boyd to the partnership under the title of Dale, Hart & Company. Since Dr. Hart's death, the executive management of the business fell to the care of Dr. Dale, which has been in no wise permitted
REV. HERMAN HENRY WALKER, D. D.
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to fall below the high standard originally set. In addition to the drug business, Dr. Dale has embarked successfully in other in- dustrial enterprises. He is public spirited in a high degree, and throws himself ener- getically into any project or enterprise pro- mising well for the growth and welfare of his adopted city. He is a director of the York Opera House Company, President of the York Hotel Company, President of the York County National bank, to which latter position he was elevated in January, 1897, upon the death of Dr. William S. Roland. He is also the owner of large real estate in- terests, and is President of the York City Market Company being the original pro- moter of this enterprise. The Colonial Ho- tel, whose erection was effected through the York Hotel Company, is one of the finest and best appointed hotels in the State, erected at a cost of $175,000, exclusive of furnishings. The completion of this project was due in the largest degree to the person- al efforts of Dr. Dale, who, by personal so- licitation, obtained the stock subscriptions to insure its success. He also was the mov- ing and directing spirit in obtaining the stock necessary to erect the York City market house, which was erected in 1878, at a cost of $45,000.
In addition to these business activities Dr. Dale has been interested in a number of lesser projects which have always felt the energetic impress of his business gen- ius. He is a careful, conservative financier, full of resources, tactful and always enter- prising.
Mr. Dale is an ardent Republican in po- litics, gives an intelligent support to his party, is carefully informed upon financial and economic problems and has been a man of genuine worth to his community. He is unalterably opposed to what is termed "Boss Rule," and supports his party upon the strength of the great principles it repre-
sents, and not as a machine for the further- ance of the party ambitions of professional politicians.
Mr. Dale is a member and the corres- ponding secretary of the Board of State P'ish Commissioners, and in his lighter mo- ments is a devoted follower of Isaac Wal- ton's pleasure-craft. He is a member of York Conclave Lodge, No. 124, Improved Order of Heptasophs, and Eureka Lodge, No. 302, Free and Accepted Masons. He served in Co. F, ist Penn. Vols. State Mili- tia during the war and did active and hon- orable service at the battle of Antietam and during the Rebel raid.
REV. HERMAN HENRY WALKER, D. D., pastor of St. John's Evange- lical Lutheran church, of York, since its organization in 1874, was born on Septem- ber 28, 1842, in the Empire of Germany. He is a son of Frederick C. and Gertrude (Schomburg) Walker. At the time of his birth that part of Prussia, which was the place of his nativity, was comprised in the kingdom of Hanover, and consequently both of his parents were natives of the kingdom of Hanover. Mr. Walker was partially reared in Hanover during the third interregnum in the history of Ger- many, but left the Fatherland before the Bismarckian policy of blood and iron wrought the unification of the German Empire under its present form. After com- ing to this country in 1854, he first located in Cleveland, Ohio, in which city he spent two years in work preparatory to entering college. In his 15th year he entered Con- cordia College, Fort Wayne, Ind., from which he was graduated in the classical course in 1862. In the same year he became ?. student in the Concordia Theological Seminary at St. Louis, Missouri, and fin- ished his course there in 1865. Immedi- ately subsequent he visited his native land,
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at which time Prussia and Austria were commencing their noted struggle to deter- mine the question of royal primacy in Ger- many. He returned from this tour in 1866, shortly after which he received and ac- cepted a call from St. Paul's Lutheran church, Paterson, New Jersey. This pas- torate extended over a period of eight years. In March, 1874, he accepted a call to St. John's church, York, which had been just organized with a hundred voting mem- bers, but with no definite policy as to the future of the organization. His labors in this new field were zealous and persistent, the siiccess of which is attested by a growth in membership from 100 to 600. This growth has been substantial and enduring in other senses than the numerical and material. The Sunday school at the pres- ent time numbers almost as many members as the congregation itself, while the paro- chial school organized in 1874, and taught by two specially trained teachers, is not only unique in its organization and meth- ods, but has been remarkable in its results, as well. Up to the year 1895 all services of the church and Sunday school were con- ducted im the German language, but since that year English services have been intro- duced and both languages are given equal importance in the parochial school. St. John's church is the only church in the, Nineteenth Congressional District belong- ing to the Missouri Synod. To Dr. Walk- er's efforts largely is due the erection of the brick church edifice and the parochial school building on West King street which form the home and radiating centre of his intellectual, moral and religious teaching.
On August 27, 1868, Rev. Dr. Walker wedded Eleonora E. Melcher, a daughter of Frederick Melcher, of Cleveland, Ohio. To their union have been born eight child- ren; Marie, who died May 4, 1896, aged 26 years, a young woman of varied accom-
plishments and highly esteemed for her lov- able disposition and many Christian vir- tues; Constantine, who died in infancy; Ly- dia; Martin, now a student in the Concor- dia Seminary, St. Louis, Missouri, with a view to entering the Lutheran ministry; Clara, Henry and Nora, all deceased in ear- ly childhood ; and Julius.
Rev. Dr. Walker enjoys the somewhat unusual advantage of being surrounded by Democratic institutions, after having re- ceived an intellectual heritage under a monarchial form of government. He has always been a close student, not only of church history and theological systems but also of economical and industrial rela- tions, and follows with interest and appre- ciation the trend of all religious and moral movements. He is an eloquent and forci- ble speaker, an indefatigable church work- er and has endeared himself to his people by his moral earnestness and Christian sym- pathy. Since 1885 Dr. Walker has held the ofiice of vice president of the Eastern District of the Missouri Synod, having been re-elected to this position three suc- cessive times, holding also during the same period the office of Visitator or Presiding Elder of the Baltimore District Conference.
T SAAC A. ELLIOTT, cashier of the J. York County National Bank, has been connected with that bank for a longer per- iod of years than any other person now liv- ing. He is a son of Isaac and Catharine Elliott, and was born in the City of York, Pennsylvania, on August 23, 1845. His father, Isaac Elliott, was born and reared in the State of Maryland. About the year 1836 he removed to York, which thereafter became his place of residence. In Febru- ary, 1856, he went to South Carolina, as superintendent of the construction of a tele- graph line in that State, and while engaged in that undertaking contracted a fever,
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which obliged him to return home where, he died in October of the same year. At the time of his death he was in his 48th year. He was a member of the German Reformed church, a man of standing in the community, and in 1845 was commissioned Heutenant in a military company known as the York Rifles.
Isaac A. Elliott attended the public schools of York, until the death of his father in 1856 when he started on his career in life as a newsboy, which line of work he continued until April 26, 1858, when he en- tered as errand boy the large business house of P. A. & S. Small, of York, with whom he remained for a period of 11 years. During this period of service he was promoted from time to time until he was made receiving clerk in the counting room and through his hands the receipts for merchandise sold by this large firm were obliged to pass. Upon the death of Wil- liam Wagner, cashier, of the York County National Bank in July, 1869, Mr. Elliott was made teller in that institution. He served as teller for 20 years, and in 1889 was elected cashier to succeed James A. Schall, deceased. Since that time he has been the only incumbent of that office and has fully justified the confidence of the di- rectors by his conservative and careful con- duct of ofScial duties.
The York County National Bank was originally organized as the York Savings Institution, with a capital of $10,000 which was subsequently increased to $50,000. In 1850 the bank was re-organized under the title of the York County Bank, with a capi- tal of $150,000, and in 1864, it became the York County National Bank, and the capi- tal stock was increased to $300,000. The present officers are: James A. Dale, presi- dent; Jere Carl, vice president; Isaac A. Elliott, cashier; directors. Dr. James A. Dale, Samuel Gotwalt, George S. Schmidt,
David H. Welsh, Charles Kurtz, D. F. Hirsh, William Laumaster, Jere Carl and Philip A. Small. Of all the persons con- nected with the bank, Mr. Elliott is the old- est in service, having been at his post con- tinuously as teller and cashier for a period of 28 years. On November 14, 1871, Mr. Elliott was married to Virginia A. Osborne, a daughter of the late James W. Osborne, of Washington City. Their union has been blessed by the birth of two children, a son and a daughter: Blanche S., the wife of S. Forry Loucks, and Lewis C, who ' is a bookkeeper in the York County National Bank.
In political opinion Mr. Elliott is a Re- publican though he takes only a nominal interest in party politics. In religious faith and church membership he is a Presbyter- ian, being an attendant and communicant of the First Presbyterian Church, of York, of which he has been a member since 1867. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, in which he has been prominent and active for a period of thirty years, hav- ing served as Worshipful Master of York Lodge, No. 266, F. & A. M., M. E. High Priest of Howell Chapter, No. 199, R. A. M., Eminent Commander of York Comman- dery. No. 21, Knights Templar, and eight years as District Deputy Grand Master of District No. 4, comprising York and Adams Counties.
JAMES G. GLESSNER, Esq., one of the leading young lawyers of York, was born at Lewisberry, York County, Pennsylvania,November 9, 1865, and is the son of Henry and Anna (Graham) Gless- ner. Henry Glessner was of Swiss descent, while his wife's ancestry were of Scotch- Irish origin. The elder Glessner was a painter and cabinet maker by trade, lived a quiet and unassuming life at Lewisberry and died on February 21st, 1884, at the age
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of 54 years. Both Mr. and Mrs. Glessner were natives of York County, affiliated with the Methodist Church and became the pap- ents of seven children.
James G. Glessner was brought up in boyhood in his native village, and attended the common schools until he was 16 years of age. He then taught scihool a year, attended the State Normal school at Lock Haven, Pa., and subsequently attended the Cumberland Valley State Normal school, Shippensburg, Pa., from which he was graduated in the class of 1885. In the en- suing year he commenced the study of law with the firm of Kell & Kell, of York, and after teaching a term of school in 1887, was admitted to the Bar of York County in the following year. Immediately after his ad- mission to the Bar he opened an office with Silas H. Forry, Esq., and took up his residence in York, where he has since con- tinued to reside. Mr. Glessner's success was immediate and emphatic and he at once be- came prominent in both professional and public life. He is an ardent and energetic Republican and at a very early age became interested in the activities and policies of his party. In 1890 he was elected secretary of the Republican County Committee, and held that position through two successive campaigns. Upon the death of the county chairman in 1892, Mr. Glessner immediately announced himself as a candidate for the vacant position, and after a spirited contest was elected chairman. As chairman he had to deal with new forces and factors in State and national politics but acquitted himself with so much satisfaction and with such fine spirit and leadership that during the four succeeding years he was honored by a unanimous re-election. During all these years, and especially in 1896, he fully sus- tained the well earned distinction of 1892. A vigorous and persistent worker, he has shown himself amply able to meet the exi-
gencies of political campaigning, and has, by ability and sagacity, won an unusual rep- utation as a successful Republican leader. In 1890 his party made him its candidate for District Attorney, and notwithstanding his advanced vote, yet he was unable to over- come the large adverse majority in the county. He is a trenchant and forcible speaker, ample intellectual endowment, and has already reached an enviable position in the legal fraternity of his county.
Mr. Glessner is a stockholder and direc- tor of the Drover's and Mechanic's Na- tional Bank, and besides is interested as a stockholder or director in a number of other concerns.
Fraternally he is a member of the Ma- sonic Order, Knights of the Golden Eagle, Knights of Pythias and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, of which last named Lodge he is a Past Exalted Ruler.
On June i8th, 1891, Mr. Glessner was united in marriage with Joanna, a daughter oi Mrs. Mary M. Bowen, of Shippensburg, this State. Mr. and Mrs. Glessner have two children, a son and a daughter: Hazel M., and Silas Forry.
OHN FREDERICK MOHLER,A.M., Ph. D., professor of physics in Dick- inson College, Carlisle, Pennsyl- vania, is a son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Williams) Mohler, and was born at Boiling Springs, Cumberland County, Pennsyl- vania, October 30, 1864. The Mohler family is one of the old German families of Lancaster County, and its descendants are now resident in various counties of the State. One of their descendants, Jacob Mohler, was a farmer in Lancaster County and afterward removed to Cumberland County, where he died in 1878, at Me- chanicsburg, aged eighty-five years, while his wife lacked but three birthdays of reaching the century mark. Mr. and Mrs.
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Mohler were Dunkards or German Baptists and reared a family of twelve children all of whom attained to a ripe old age. Their son, Samuel Mohler, was born February 13 1830, being next to the youngest child of the family and was the first of the children to die, passing away March 31, 1883, at 53 years of age. He followed his trade of mill- wright until the year 1862, when he en- listed in Company C, i68th Pennsylvania volunteers. By promotion he reached the rank of first lieutenant, and served up to July, 1863, when he was honorably dis- charged. Returning home he was success- fully engaged in farming, first near Boiling Springs and next at Middlesex, where he died. He was an active member and worker of the Evangelical Association and in politics supported the Republican party. He served as justice of the peace for a num- ber of years, and married Elizabeth Wil- liams, a daughter of David Williams, a far- mer of Cumberland county. To their union were born five children: William D., a machinist of Harrisburg; Laura, wife of Rev. G. S. Smith, of Callaway, Nebraska; Ida, wedded Charles W. Heagg, of Car- lisle; Professor John F., and Susan, wife of William Staat, of Blackbird, in the State of Delaware.
John F. Mohler was reared on the farm and attended the common schools until he was sixteen years of age when he com- menced teaching in order to acquire means sufficient to obtain a college education. After teaching three years he entered Dick- inson College in December, 1883, and after losing one year was graduated from that in- stitution in the class of 1887, of which he was valedictorian. Leaving college he taught a short time at Mechanicsburg, was then instructor in mathematics and science in Wilmington Conference Academy of Dover, Delaware, for three years, and went to Wesleyan Academy of Wilbraham,
Mass., where he heM fhe chair of malthe- matics for four years. In 1894 he attended Johns Hopkin's University and made spec- ialties of physics, astronomy and mathe- matics for a year, was appointed assistant in astronomy in that institution and a year later was made a fellow in physics. Leaving Johns Hopkins in June 1896 he came to Carlisle, and was elected professor of phy- sics in Dickinson College. Professor Moh- ler not only endeavors to teach the essen- tial facts of the science, but also emphasizes the value of scientific method as necessary intellectual discipline. He is the author of several works upon subjects in the line of his specialty among which are "Notes on Refraction," "Index of Water and Alcohol for Electrical Waves," "Efifect of Pressure on Spectral Lines," and "Surface Tension of Water at Temperatures below Zero De- gree Centigrade."
Prof. Mohler is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Dickinson College, and a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the Allison Methodist Episcopal church.
In June 1892 Professor Mohler married Sarah Loomis, a daughter of Rev. Phineas Loomis, a native of Bloomfield, Connecti- cut, and a member of the New York East Conference of the Methodist Episcopal church. Their union has been blessed with two children: Frederick and Samuel.
REV. DAVID BITTLE FLOYD, A. M., pastor of Zion's Lutheran church of Newville, Cumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, was born at Middletown, Frederick county, Maryland, and is the son of Heze- kiah and Lydia (Bittle) Floyd.
By his paternal ancestry, the subject of this sketch, is of English ex)traction. Mary (Douglass) Floyd, his great-grandmother, and founder of the branch in America,
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landed at Baltimore, Maryland, from Eng- land in 1770. She was a widow with seven children and settled in Howard county, Md., at Lisbon, near Ellicott's Mills. She was of Scotch-Irish descent and in religion was a Roman Catholic. 'Her children were: Philip, William, Obadiah, Elizabeth, John, Sarah and Providence.
John Floyd, who was the grandfather of Rev. David B. Floyd, was born March 6, 1766, in England, and was the youngest of his mother's sons. He was only four years eld when brought to this country. During the last quarter of the Eighteenth Cen- tury, Nicholas Bowlus, a prominent farmer in the Middletown valley, Frederick county, Maryland, was engaged in hauling produce to and from Baltimore city. He invariably stopped at the home of Mary Douglass Floyd, and, when John Floyd developed into manhood, he was received into the Bowlus family. March 19, 1797, he married Elizabeth, a daughter of Nicholas Bowlus. Subsequently he became the owner of a val- uable farm near Myersville, Frederick county, Maryland, where he lived and died. He was a man of powerful physique and muscular development, and was the recog- nized champion of strength in Frederick county. He was the father of nine children, viz: Elizabeth, Catharine, Sophia, Mary, Margaret, John, Jr., Eleanor, Henry and Hezekiah. These children inherited certain traits of character, which distinguished them. They were hardy, thrifty, resolute, upright and honorable. The sons inherited the prodigious strength of their father, and the daughters, the superb and daring eques- trian skill of their mother. John Floyd was born a Roman Catholic. His wife was born and raised a Lutheran, and was a very consistent member of that faith from her childhood to her death. All their children partook of the religion of their mother; but having married into families connected with
other branches of the Protestant faith, some of them have become identified with other churches.
Hezekiah Floyd, the father of Rev. David B. Floyd, was born August 15, 1816. In his youth he became a member of the Lutheran church at Middletown, Maryland, under the ministry of Rev. Abram Reck. For many years he was a deacon of the church. In politics he was a Democrat, until the war began, when he became a Republican. He was a lieutenant in the militia of the Maryland line in the Mexican war. In later years he was on the police force in the city of Greencastle, Indiana. He was a man of positive character, and possessed strong and decided convictions in political and re- ligious matters. He was twice married. On May 10, 1835, he became the husband of Lydia Bittle. The union was one of uniform cordiality and felicity. After her death he married Elizabeth Brown by whom he had two children: Sarah and Edward Z. Floyd. Hezekiah Floyd was environed with some of the best and most distinguished men and women of the Lutheran church. Lydia Bittle, who became his first wife, was a sis- ter of Rev. David F. Bittle, D. D., the founder and first president of Roanoke Col- lege in Virginia; another brother-in-law was Rev. Daniel H. Bittle, D. D., of Sa- vannah, Georgia. Hezekiah Floyd's niece was the wife of Rev. Ezra Keller, D. D., first president of Wittenberg College, in Ohio. His sister-in-law was the aunt of Rev. Charles P. Krauth, D. D., LL. D., who was the professor of intellectual and moral phi- losophy in the University of Pennsylvania.
By his maternal ancestry. Rev. David B. Floyd is of German extraction. In 1780 George Michael Bittle, who married Anna Marie Elizabeth Beale, emigrated from Prussia to America. He was a sturdy Ger- man Lutheran, who first located in Adams county. Pa., and afterwards moved to Fred-
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erick county, Maryland, locating near Bealesville, so called in honor of his wife's name. His children were five in number, as follows: Thomas, George, Elizabeth, Catharine and Jonathan.
Thomas Bittle, Rev. David B. Floyd's maternal grandfather, was born February 22, 1783. He was a lieutenant in the war of 1812. He was known throughout the Middletown valley in Frederick county by the sobriquet of "Honest Thomas Bittle." In February, 1810, he was united in mar- riage with Mary, a daughter of Philip and Elizabeth (Loerne) Bear, of Frederick county, Maryland, who were also of Ger- man extraction and came to America in 1768.
Lydia Bittle, the daughter of Thomas Bittle, who, by her marriage with Hezekiah Floyd, became the mother of the subject of this sketch, was born January 11, 181 5. She was a woman of unusual consistency in re- ligion and of deep piety and devotion in the Lutheran church. She was called to move in a conspicuous, rather than an ele- vated sphere of life, where she exhibited peculiar wisdom, prudence, patience, econ- omy and all the domestic virtues.
The children of Hezekiah and Lydia Bit- tle Floyd were eight in number, viz: Amanda Elizabeth Floyd, who married Sanford Fortner, a captain and stafif officer of the 2nd Brigade, 3d Division, 14th Army Corps, during the Rebellion; Dr. John Thomas Floyd, who died of apoplexy at Noblesville, Indiana, in 1867. He was captain of Company D, loist Indiana Regiment, in the late war, and assistant in- spector general on the stafif of General J. J. Reynolds. At the close of the war he grad- uated from the Ohio Medical College in Cincinnati, and, after receiving his degree, practiced medicine until the time of his death; Major Mahlon Henry Floyd, who married Clarinda H., a daughter of Hon.
James L. Evans, member of the 44th and 45th Congresses of the United States. Dur- ing the war, Mahlon H. Floyd was Major of the 75th Indiana Regiment. He died August, 1891 ; Mary Jane Floyd, who mar- ried Rev. Martin L. Culler, a Lutheran minister, who was a member of the Chris- tian commission during the war; Captain Daniel Hezekiah Floyd, assistant quarter- master of the United States Army, who graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was assigned to the ninth cavalry as a second lieutenant and served on the frontiers of Texas and New Mexico. In 1874 he was appointed to pursue a post graduate course in the gov- ernment artillery school at Fortress Mon- roe, Virginia; and two years later was pro- moted to the rank of first lieutenant in the iSth Infantry. In command of a detach- ment of his regiment he was sent to quell riots in the States of North and South Caro- lina during the pohtical imbroglio of 1876. In 1883 President Arthur appointed him captain and assistant quartermaster. He died in 1894; Charlotte Cordelia Floyd died in infancy and George Edward Floyd was not quite three years old when he died.
Rev. David Bittle Floyd, A. M., was born March 15, 1846. He was baptized in in- fancy and confirmed in manhood by his uncle. Rev. David F. Bittle, D. D. In 1858 he removed with his parents to Hamilton county, Indiana. His youth and early man- hood were spent at school, where he soon gave promise of future development of mind and heart. In 1862, when a mere youth, he abandoned his studies and vol- unteered in the service of his country, serv- ing as sergeant for three years in Company I, 75th Regiment of Indiana Volunteers. He was one of the youngest soldiers of the war, being only sixteen years of age at the time of his enlistment. On August 19, 1862, there were presented to him through
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
a small window of the arsenal at Indianapo-3 lis, a Springfield rifle and cartridge box, and three years afterwards, at the close of the war, he returned the same rifle through the same window. He holds a lieutenant's commission, granted for meritorious con- duct, by Indiana's war governor, Oliver P. Morton. He fought with Thomas, under Rosecrans at Chickamauga, under Grant at Chattanooga, and marched with Sher- man to the sea.
During the winter of 1866 the subject of our sketch was a medical student in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. In 1867 he entered Asbury (De Pauw) Univer- sity at Greencastle, Indiana; and in 1868 he became a student at Roanoke College, Vir- ginia, graduating in 1872 with second honor in his class. In the winter of 1872-3, he entered Bellevue Medical College, New York city ; but a few months prior to grad- uation he became convinced that it was his duty to abandon his medical studies and enter the ministry of the Lutheran church. In consequence of this decision he left New York and taught school at Martinsburg, West Virginia, until the opening of the ses- sion of 1873-4 of the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, from which he graduated in 1876.
In May 1874 while a student of The- ology he met General Sherman at Gettys- burg, and upon separating, the General took him by the hand and made this signi- ficant remark: "You were one of my brave boys; and you will have harder battles to fight in the profession you have now chosen, than you had in the army under my command." Rev. D. B. Floyd is a mem- ber of the Phi Delta Theta (college) Fra- ternity and while a student, was the cham- pion chapter founder of the fraternity, es- tablishing no less than eight chapters. He is also a member of Geo. H. Thomas Post, Grand Army of the Republic of Indiana.
g In 1876 Rev. David B. Floyd was ordain- '■' ed to the ministry by the Synod of Mary- land in session at Washington. February 15, 1877, he married Mary E., eldest daugh- ter of Nathaniel and Margaret (Wilen) Cut- ting. His fields of labor in the ministry have been as follows: Brandonville, West Virginia, during vacation in the summer of 1875; Uniontown, Maryland, from 1876 to 1882; Boonsboro, Maryland, from 1882 to 1885; and Zion's church, Newville, Cum- berland county, Pennsylvania, since 1885.
Rev. David B. Floyd is a frequent con- tributor to various periodicals. He is the author of "Necrology of Lutheran minis- ters, born in the Middletown valley, Mary- land;" of "Reynolds' Division in the Battle of Chickamauga;" of "History of the 75th Regiment of Indiana Infantry Volunteers;" and of "History of Zion's Lutheran Con- gregation of Newville, Pennsylvania," from 1795 to 1895." By request of the commis- sioners from Indiana for the erection of monuments in the Chattanooga and Chick- amauga Military Park, he wrote the inscrip- tion for the monument erected to the 75th Indiana Regiment. He has also delivered several addresses and sermons before ex- soldiers and others, which were published by request.
CHARLES S. WEISER. The story of the Weiser family runs as a thread through the whole length of the fabric of history which the emigration, colonization and achievement of the Pennsylvania Ger- man people have woven. It was back in the time of Queen Anne of England and partly through her policy of encouraging emigration to the American colonies, that the first member of this family came to this country. His christian name has been lost in the lapse of years since then, but it is known that he was one of 4000 Germans who in 1708 were trans-
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ported from the Palatinate to Holland and from thence to England with the design of sending them to America as colonists. They camped in tents at Blackmoor, near Lon- don. An embassy of chiefs then in Lon- don are said to have suggested their colon- ization of a tract of land west of the Hud- son. The voyage consumed six months and seventeen hundred died at sea. There appeared to have been an understanding that they should provide tar and raise hemp for the government naval stores to pay for their transportation, but from the German account of the transaction it appears to have been somewhat in the nature of a speculation at their expense. Gov. Hun- ter quartered them on Governor's Island, cared for the sick, apprenticed the young orphans and sent the able bodied to Liv- ingstone Manor to work out their contract. Here they remained three or four years in a sort of slavery, as their accounts claim, and then most of them removed to the Schoharie Valley, where land given by the Indians had been promised them. Among these was the great ancestor of the Weiser family, from one of whose sons the York county Weisers are descended. The colony at Schoharie did not prosper. The gov- ernor allowed the colonists to plant crops and then when everything seemed to be in a prosperous way, a question as to the val- idity of their titles was raised and the set- tlers were partially dispersed in 1723. Then began a search for a new home. They wan- dered southward until they reached the Susquehanna, where canoes were fashioned and in them the wanderers floated down the river to the north of the Swatara and thence to a fertile spot along Tulpehocken creek, where they settled among the In- dians in the fa;ll of 1723. The father of Conrad Weiser having acquired a knowl- edge of the Indian language remained at Schoharie as an interpreter until 1729, when
with his wife and four children he gained the settlement on the Tulpehocken. He devoted himself to farming, but on noted occasions he served the State authorities as interpreter in conference with the Indians. In 1736 he was sent to treat with the Six Nations concerning a war threatened be- tween them and the Indians of Virginia. He was assisted August 14, 1752, by Count Zinzendorf, who met a numerous embassy of the Six Nations and preached to them at Tulpehocken. At the conclusion of his remarks he said of Weiser: "This is a man whom God hath sent, both to the Indians and to the white people, to make known His will unto them." In 1752 he was ap- pointed a public school trustee. After a useful and eventful life he died at Wormels- dorf, July 13, 1760.
Samuel Weiser, a descendant of the Tul- pehocken settlement, came to York in 1780 and commenced the hat business half way between the present corner house and the square. In 1808 he also opened a dry goods store on the southeast corner of the square. He died in 1834. Charles, his third son, associated himself with his brother Jacob in the dry goods business from 1818 to 1846. In 1856 he formed a private banking house and in i860 took his son, Charles S., subject of this narrative, into partnership. Mr. Weiser was at var- ious times a director of the York bank and president of the York and Gettysburg, and York and Susquehanna Turnpike com- panies. He was a member of Christ Luth- eran church. His death took place July, 1867, in the 71st year of his age. Mrs. Weiser was Annie, a daughter of Gen. Jacob Spangler.
Charles S. Weiser, the subject of this sketch, was their fourth son. He was born in York March 13, 1838, and was educated at the York County Academy. After taking the regular course he left that institution
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{ind for several years served as a clerk in the dry goods business conducted by his brother John. In 1861 he associated him- self with his father in the private banking business. In the early part of 1867, pre- ceding the death of his father, Jere Carl was taken into the firm which then became Weiser Son & Carl, and continued in ex- istence until 1889, when the partnership was discontinued, owing to ill health. While in active business life Mr. Weiser was asso- ciated with about 18 corporations, but af- ter retiring, he withdrew from most of the positions. Thus, he was borough and city treasurer for sixteen years and at various periods held the treasurerships of the York Water Company, York County Academy, York Hospital and Dispensary, Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, York County Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Board of Home Missions of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod, of the Theological seminary at Gettys- burg and of the C. A. Morris Fund of St. Paul's church. He has also served as vice president of the Orphan's Home, as director in the York and Susquehanna Turnpike company and on the death of the late Post- master Small, filled that office for five months until President Harrison made an appointment. Mr. Weiser is a Democrat, but not a politican. He is a member of St. Paul's Lutheran churc h and a member of the church council. His record in the Ma- sonic fraternity is that of Past Master in York Lodge, and a member in Howell Chapter, No. 199, R. A. M., and York Com- mandery. No. 21, K. T.
On August 27th, 1866, Mr. Weiser was united in marriage with Isadora Brown, daughter of the late Wm. Brown, Esq., of York. To this union was born one child, Charles, who died in infancy.
By reason of his vast and varied business experiences his close identification with the
material and industrial progress of York county, Mr. Weiser is one of the best and most favorably known men of affairs. He has been a skilled financier, a man pos- sessed of first-rate executive capacity, irre- proachable integrity and withal a man of the cleanest personal character. He is a sympathetic patron of education, unselfish in his devotion to public charities, public spirited in all that pertains to the welfare of his community and a high-minded citizen of genuine worth and untrammeled convic- tions.
EDWARD W. SPANGLER, ESQ., a leading lawyer and journalist of York, was born in Paradise (now Jackson) township, York county, Pa., Feb. 23, 1846, While a lad in the country he performed boys work on his widowed mother's farm, and during four months of the winter at- tended the free school of the district. Never relishing agricultural labors, he abandoned them at the first opportunity, and at the age of thirteen became a student in the York County Academy, of which the great com- moner, Thaddeus Stevens, was once the principal. After a year's study he entered as a clerk one of the leading dry-goods houses of York. In August, 1862, at the age of sixteen, he responded with others to the call of President Lincoln for nine months' volunteers, and enlisted as a private in Company K, One Hundred and Thir- tieth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. After six week's service in the Army of the Potomac, he received his first baptism of fire at the battle of Antietam, in which his company lost in killed and wounded one- third of the number engaged. Mr. Spang- ler fired eighty rounds with which he was equipped, and, finding use for more, took ten rounds from the cartridge box of a dead comrade, eight of which he dis- charged before his regiment was relieved.
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During the engagement, the stock of his rifle was shattered by a Confederate bullet.
At the battle of Fredericksburg, his divi- sion, the Third of the Second Corps, made the initial and sanguinary charge on Maryes' Heights, where his Colonel was killed at he first fire. At Chancellors- ville his division was thrown into the breach to arrest the victorious Confederates in their headlong pursuit of the routed Eleventh Corps. During that terrible Sat- urday night, May 2, 1863, his company was fighting in the front line on the plank road on which Stonewall Jackson the same night was mortally wounded. The following morning General Berry, of Maine, who commanded a division of the Third Corps, was killed in his Company, and General Hays, the Commander of Mr. Spangler's di- vision, was taken prisoner. Although in the forefront of every battle, Mr. Spangler was unharmed in each. The term of enhstment having expired the regiment returned home anc" was disbanded.
Upon his return to civil life he was ap- pointed Deputy United States Marshal of York County. He held this office for a few weeks only, when his leg was broken by the kick of an abandoned Confederate horse, and being incapacitated for active duty, he resigned. Upon convalescence he resumed his studies at the York County Academy, and also registered as a student of law. Af- ter attending a course of lectures in the law department of the University of Penn- sylvania at Philadelphia, he was admitted to the York Bar, March 4, 1867. He soon acquired a very lucrative practice, which he has since retained. He has practiced in the neighboring county courts, in the United States District Court, and is an active prac- titioner in the State Supreme Court during the week appointed for the argument of York County cases. He has studiously eschewed politics, save his filling the office
of President of the York Republican club in 1 88 1, to which he was elected without his knowledge, and which position he sub- sequently resigned, having joined the in- dependent wing of his party. In 1881 he was one of the principal promoters in the building of York's beautiful Opera House, and superintended its first year's manage- ment.
He has been active in furthering local progress and developing home industries. He has also taken an active part in the su- burban development of York, and laid out his real estate with streets extending from North George street to Cottage Hill, which section is known as Fairmount, and is now made accessible by two handsome iron bridges spanning the Codorus creek.
In January, 1892, Mr. Spangler pur- chased the York Daily and York Weekly and the extensive job-establishment con- nected therewith. With the assistance of his two able publishing partners, he at once introduced new features and methods into the conduct of the business and infused new life into the publications, resulting in a very large increase in their circulation, carrying them to the forefront of inland journals. He is President of the York Daily Publish- ing Company and owns a controlling inter- est.
In January, 1886, he organized the Spangler Manufacturing Company ,of which he is President, a corporation organized un- der the laws of this State. The company manufactures a general line of agricultural implements, which on account of their su- perior excellence are sold throughout the United States.
In September, 1873, he married Mary Frances Miller, and the union has been blessed with two sons and two daughters. He possesses great energy and executive ability, is a sound and able advocate, and a witty, pungent and forcible writer.
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He is attorney for the First National Bank, York; ex-director of the Farmers' National Bank; a trustee of the York County Historical Society; member of the Grand Army of the Republic, of the Penn- sylvania German Society, and of the Penn- sylvania Society of the Sons of the Revolu- tion. He is the author of, and has just is- sued a volume of over seven himdred pages, profusely illustrated, entitled, "The Annals of the Families of Caspar, Henry, Baltzer, and George Spengler, who settled in York County, respectively in 1729, 1732, 1732 and i7Si> with Biographical and Historical Sketches, and Memorabilia of Contempor- aneous Local Events," which has already met with great favor.
In this work is given the ancestry of Mr. Spangler as follows:
GEORGE SPENGLER, THE COMMON ANCESTOR.
The first of the family of Spengler who achieved fame was George Spengler, Cup- bearer to the Prince-Bishop of the ecclesias- tical principality of Wurtzburg, Godfrey of Piesenburg, who was also Chancellor to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
This Bishop and his Cupbearer accom- panied the Emperor on his Crusade to the Holy Land. The Emperor was drowned, 1 190, in the Syrian river, Calycadnus, while trying to urge his horse across the stream. His camp was then immediately removed to Antioch, where he was provisionally buried.
The Bishop and his Cupbearer died soon afterwards. They were carried off by that dreadful scourge, the plague, which af- flicted the Crusaders, and were buried in the Church of St. Peter at Antioch. Of those whom the Emperor had brought across the Bosphorus, not a tenth, it is said, reached Antioch.
Since then the genealogy runs regu- larly.
THE GERMAN GENEALOGY.
L George Spengler,
Cupbearer to the Bishop of Wurtzburg, was
born about 11 50 and died 1190. His son
was also named
n. George Spengler, who lived at Winsbach, in the Margravate of Winsbach, in the year 1230. From his marriage with a Redtlinger, sprang
HL KiLLjAN Spengler, who lived in 1270. He resided at Kutzen- dorff, and was married to Margartha Gaumy. They had a son also named,
IV. KiLLiAN Spengler, living in 1302, who married a Von Rosen- busch. Of their four sons,
V. Peter Spengler, continued the line. He had a residence at Elbersdorfif, near Winsbach, and married Catherina Von der Ansach, and had three sons, one of whom was
VI. Hans Spengler,
who was twice married. (Johan Spengler, an officer in the Palatinate army, who en- tered the Netherland army in 1640, and founded the Holland branch of Van Speng- lers, was a descendant of this Hans.) From Hans' second marriage with Christina Westendorfif, sprang a son,
VII. Hans or Urban Spengler, of Donauworth, Franconia (Franken), who settled in Nuremberg 1476 and died De- cember isth, 1527. His son,
VIII. George Spengler, was Clerk of the Council of Nuremberg, and died in 1496. He married Agnes Ul- mer 1468, who died 1505. Among their children was a son,
IX. George Spengler, born 1480, died 1529. (He was a brother of the famous Lazarus Spengler, the coad- jutor of Martin Luther). He, George, was married to Juliana Tucherin 1516. Their son,
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X. Frantz Spengler, was born 15 17 and died 1565. Among his numerous offspring were Philip Jacob Spengler, born May 3, 1556, and XI. Lazarus Spengler, "Procurator" in Nuremberg, born 1552, died 1618. His second wife was Bartrand Geroldin, whom he married in 1593. Among their children were Plans George, Anna Maria and Margaretha, familiar names among the descendants, and
XIL PIanb Spengler, born 1594. He left his native land during the "Thirty Years War," 1618- 1648, and ac- cording to the opinion expressed by our cousins in Germany, was exiled on account of his protestant faith. He settled in Switzerland. His son,
XHL J.ACOB Spengler, became a citizen of Schoftland, Canton Berne, (now Aargau) Switzerland. His son,
XIV. Hans Rudolph Spengler, emigrated to "Weyler (Weiler) under Steinsberg," near Sinsheim, on the Elsenz, Rhenish Palatinate, now in the Grand Duchy of Baden. He married July 16, 1618, Judith, daughter of Jacob Haegis, de- ceased, of Beisassen, at Sinsheim. His second marriage, in i6ig, was with Marie Saeger, of Duehren, near Sinsheim. Among his numerous children was,
XV. Hans Kaspar Spengler, born at Weyler, January 20, 1684. Married Judith, adopted daughter of Martin Ziegler, February 9, 1712; emigrated to America in 1727, and settled in York County, Pa., 1729. His son.
XVI. Rudolph Spengler, was born March i, 1721, at Weyler, and emigrated with his father to America in 1727. Was settled by his father on 360 acres of land in Paradise Township, York County, Pa., 1735. His son,
XVII. Henry Spangler, was born August 3, 1753, and was a mem- ber of the Seventh Company, Seventh Bat- talion, York County xVlilitia, in the war of the Revolution. His son,
XVIII. Rudolph Spangler,
was born June 27, 1800; married Sarah Flarbaugh, a grand-daughter of Yost Har- baugh, a paticipant in Braddock's Expedi- tion, and a Captain in active service in the Revolutionary War. His son
XIX. Edward W. Spangler,
is the subject of this sketch. '
REV. W. MASLIN FRYSINGER, D. D., pastor of Allison Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, of Carlisle, and a man of ability and scholarship, is a son of George and Sarah S. (Barnitz) Fry- singer, and was born at Hanover, York County, Pennsylvania, April 18, 1840. The Frvsingers are of German-Swiss origin and originally lived in the Frysinger territory of Germany raided and broken up during the Thirty Years War. Three Frysinger brothers, one of them a Lutheran minister, before the time of the American Revolution emigrated to Pennsylvania and settled in the western part of York County along the Codorus creek, near Hanover, wliere Cap- tain George Frysinger, grandfather of Dr. Frysinger, was born and reared. Captain George Frysinger was a wagon maker, and in earlier years built the old Conestoga wagons. He was in a militia company at the North Point fight, in the War of 1812, where the captain ran away and Mr. Fry- singer led the company in that action, for which act of gallantry he was commis- sioned its captain. He was a Lutheran and an old line Whig, and married Eliza- beth Ritter, by whom he had eight children. He died April 5, 1870, aged eighty-four years. His son, George Irysinger, now the oldest living editor in Pennsylvania, was
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born at Hanover, November 4, 181 1, and at an early age learned the trade of print- ing. He soon became proficient in the art, and for over forty years edited the Lewis- town Gazette. He retired from active busi- ness in 1886, and still resides at Lewis- town, this State. He was an old line Whig, but joined the Republican party at its or- ganization, giving it all the strength of his influence, but declining all honors offered to him. He was an early Odd Fellow, and inclines to the faith of the Friends. He married Sarah S. Barnitz, of Hanover. Mrs. Frysinger was born July 13, 1813, and is still living. To their union were born three sons: Dr. W. Maslin, George R., late editor of the Lewistown Free Press; and Charles who died in infancy.
Rev. Dr. W. Maslin Frysinger was reared in Lewistown, attended the Lewistown academy, and when not quite twenty years of age entered the Methodist Episcopal ministry of the East Baltimore conference. In connection with preaching he took stud- ies in the course of Dickinson College, which conferred on him the degree of A. M. in 1872, and eight years later gave him the degree of D. D. During his long min- istry, Dr. Frysinger has filled the follow- ing stations: Junior pastor, York, three years; pastor Mount Holly Springs, two years; Huntingdon Avenue, Baltim.ore, three years; Eighth Avenue Church, Al- toona, one year; Jackson Square Church, Baltimore, one year; and Emory Church, Carlisle, three years. Impaired health compelled his relinquishment of regular ministerial work for a time, and leaving Carlisle he became the Sunday school and book agent for the Central Pennsylvania conference and served in that capacity from 1872 till 1882, during which time he or- ganized the Conference Book Room at Harrisburg and established there in 1875 the Pennsylvania Methodist, which he edi-
ted for seven years. He also continued preaching in connection with his agency and editorial duties, and in 1882 was elec- ted president of Morgan college of Baltic more, an institution of learning founded in the interest of the Freedmen, and served for six years, during which period (1884) he established an academy at Princess Anne, Maryland, for the benefit of the col- ored people. He then rested for one year from all active work on account of his health, and the next year was made editor of the Baltimore Methodist, which position he resigned five years later, in 1894, to ac- cept charge of Allison Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church of Carlisle, which he has served acceptably up to the present time.
In May, 1868, Dr. Frysinger married Sarah, daughter of Edwin Allen, of Newark, New Jersey.
During the late Civil War, Dr. Frysinger offered himself three times as a soldier but was rejected each time on account of his youthful appearance. Dr. Frysinger's la- bors are appreciated by his people and he is active and earnest in every movement for the happiness and spiritual growth of his fellow men.
EDWARD D. ZIEGLER, Esq., a lead- ing lawyer of the York County Bar is a son of Jacob and Anna Mary (Danner) Ziegler, and was born in Bedford, Bedford County, Pennsylvania, on March 3, 1844. He is descended from an old German fam- ily, the early record of which in Pennsyl- vania, can not easily be procured beyond his proximate ancestors. His grandfather, John Ziegler, was a native of Bucks County Pa. His father was a minister of the Reformed Church, the date of whose birth is January 5th, 1809. The latter was edu- cated in the schools of York County and obtained his collegiate and theological edu- cation at Gettysburg, Adams County, this
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State, afterward devoting his life to pas- toral and related work in connection with the religious body already mentioned. The major portion of his labors was confined to Bedford and Adams Counties and dur- ing his residence as pastor of the Reformed Church in Bedford, Edward D. Ziegler, the subject of this sketch, was born.
Edward D. Ziegler received his prelimin- inary education in the common schools and after receiving a thorough preparation, entered the collegiate department of Penn- sylvania College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in the year 1862, and four years later was graduated with honors. Immediately sub- sequent to his graduation he came to York County and was employed as a teacher of Latin, English and Mathematics in the York County Academy, which was then under the principalship of Professor George W. Ruby, Ph. D. Here he taught for two years and simultaneously read law with Henry L. Fisher, Esq., at the time the lead- ing criminal lawyer of the York County Bar. He was admitted to practice in the courts of York County on November 4, 1868, and to the Supreme Court in 1877 and other courts of Pennsylvania later. Shortly after his admission, Mr. Ziegler met with signal success as a criminal lawyer, a reputation that has been since amply sus- tained.
Entirely aside, however, from his crimi- nal practice he has a large and varied cli- entage in Orphan's Court and civil proced- ure.
In politics Mr. Ziegler is a Democrat and his initiation into the active arena began in 1868. He was elected Clerk to the County Commissioners in the year 1871 and served for a period of two years and during the subsequent three years was elected at- torney for the same office. In 1880 he re- ceived the nomination and was made the candidate of his party for the office of Dis-
trict Attorney and in the following cam- paign was duly elected. After serving with distinction as the chief prosecuting officer of his county, he, in 1S86, offered himself as a candidate for Congress from the 19th Congressional District and was defeated by a very narrow margin. Ten years later, in 1896, he was made the nominee of his party for the same office but shortly prior to the meeting of the conferees, withdrew in favor of Hon. George J. Benner, of Adams County. From boyhood, almost, Mr. Zieg- ler has been a devotee of the Democratic party and there has been no campaign since, county. State or national, in which he has not prominently figured. He has frequently been delegated to represent his party in State conventions and in the spring of 1884 was chosen as the delegate of the 19th Congressional District to represent it in the National Democratic Convention, which met in Chicago in July of the same year and nominated Cleveland and Hen- dricks for President and Vice President of the United States. He has been a tireless worker in the various organizations con- nected with his party and has been one of its ablest and wisest counsellors.
As a lawyer, Mr. Ziegler stands with the leaders of his profession. He is thoroughly familiar with the literature of the law, tact- ful and resourceful in his conduct of a case, possesses a thorough knowledge of human nature and is alert to every advantage in the matter of procedure. Personally he is a man of cultured and refined instincts, ur- bane manner and marked for his intense earnestness in every cause which is fortu- nate enough to elicit his support.
On August 4, 1870, Mr. Ziegler was united in marriage with Sarah M. Carman, a daughter of Martin Carman, of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. To this union have been born four children, three of whom are now living: Elmer Dean, Mabel A. and
Biographical and Portrait Cyclopedia.
Mary L. The former was educated in the York Collegiate Institute, read law with his father and was admitted to practice in 1895. He is a young attorney of unusual talent and much promise. Fraternally, Mr. Zieg- ler is a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Improved Order of Red Men and the Heptasophs. Religiously he affiliates with Heidelberg Reformed church and formerly was a member of the consist- ery of that body.
CAPT. W. H. LANIUS, President of the York Trust and Real Estate and Deposit Company and prominently identi- fied with the material development of the city of York for over a quarter of a century, is a son of Henry and Angeline (Miller) Lanius. He was born at Flushing, Long Island, November 26th, 1843, and is a de- scendant of a sturdy and honorable German stock, the emigrant ancestor of which came to this country and settled in Eastern Penn- sylvania about the year 1731. This ancestor was Jacob Lanius, who was born at Meck- enheim, in the Palatinate, Germany, May I2th, 1708. He married, June 13th, 1730, Julianna Kreamer, who was born in Eisenheira, January 2, 1712, and subse- quently, in 1 73 1, came to Philadelphia by way of Rotterdam, in the ship "Pennsyl- vania Merchant." Afterward he removed to Kreutz Creek, where his name is found among the taxables of Hellam township, as possessed of 150 acres of land. In 1763 he removed to York, although together with his wife, he had been, since 1752, connect- ed with the Moravian church, and his name appears in the lengthy document in Latin, deposited in the corner stone of the first church built in York in 1755. He died in York March ist, 1778. Henry, his fifth child, continued to live in Hellam town- ship, where he died September 15th, 1808. He also was connected with the Moravian
church in York. A brother of his, William, went to York with his father and formed part of the guard that escorted the Conti- nental Congress on its return to Philadel- phia, June 17, 1758. Christian, the first child of Henry by his second wife — Eliza- beth Kuenzly, of Mt. Joy, — was born at Kreutz Creek September 16, 1773, and bap- tized in the Moravian church. He was a wagon maker by trade and resided in York, where by industry and thrift combined with good business judgment, he accumalated a comfortable competence and was highly re- spected as a public spirited citizen. Pie was prominent in the movement in 1815 to in- troduce water into the borough and was one of the first board of nine managers that met March 18, 1816. Wooden mains were then used for that purpose. In 1837, in time of financial depression, he originated the movement for the organization of the York County Savings Institution, now the York County National Bank, and was elected its first President, but declined to serve in that position. He was married September 17, 1797, to Anna, daughter of Jacob and Bar- bara Von UpdegrafT, born in York, March 16, 1774. They had eight children who reached mature estate; Elizabeth, wife of Michael Smyser; Susan A., wife of Jacob Weiser; Benjamin; Amelia, wife of John Fahnestock- Sarah, wife of Henry Kauf- felt; Henry; Magdalen, wife of William D. Himes; and Eleanora, wife of E. C. Park- hurst.
Henry Lanius, father of Captain Lanius, was born in York, September 20, 1809, and died in the same place June 26, 1879. His remains are interred in Prospect Hill ceme- tery. He was a carpenter by trade, later an extensive lumber merchant, served sev- eral years as a member of the school board, and was chief burgess of the borough of York in i860 and 1861. Politically he was a zealous and active Republican, a consist-
Engraved Qyj R R,ce I Sot
Nin:eteenth Congressional District.
ent member of the Moravian church and possessed many excellent qualities of mind and heart. He married Angeline Miller, by whom he had ten children, eight of whom grew to maturity: Marcus C, deceased; Anna L., widow of Thomas Myers; Capt. W. H.; Ellen A.; Rev. Charles C, de- ceased, late principal of the Moravian school at Nazareth, Pennsylvania; Sarah F. ; Paul, a resident of Denver, Colorado; and Susan H., deceased.
Capt. W. H. Lanius grew to maturity in the city of York, where he obtained his ed- ucation in private schools and the York County Academy. After leaving school he became a clerk in his father's office, who at that time was engaged in the lumber busi- ness. Eighteen months later, on August 25, 1861, when but seventeen years of age, he enlisted in Company A, 87th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, commanded by Captain J. A. Stable (Col. George Hay com- manding the regiment), and resolved to give his youthful services toward the main- tenance of our national integrity during the great civil conflict. Shortly after his enlistment he was transferred to Company I, of the same regiment, where he became orderly sergeant, and by successive promo- tions rose to the rank of Captain in com- mand of his company. His commission as Captain was issued June 26, 1864, and on October 13th, of the same year he was mus- tered out of service. During his four years of military service Captain Lanius partici- pated in the following engagements: battle of Winchester, Brandy Station, Mine Run, Spottsylvania, Petersburg, Opequan, Kel- ley's Ford, Locust Grove, Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Monocacy and Fisher's Hill. He was wounded at Monocacy, July gth, 1864, while acting as Aid on the staff of Col. Truax, commanding the first brigade, third division, 6th Army Corps.
After returning from the war, Captain
Lanius was made a special officer of the United States Treasury department, whose duty was to take charge of captured, con- fiscated and abandoned property of the United States Government, and served in that capacity for a period of 6 months. In 1865 he resigned his position and engaged in the retail lumber business and followed it up to 1871, in which latter year he began a wholesale business in connection with it at Wrightsville. Eight years later he es- tablished a branch of his lumber business at Williamsport, which was continued until 1 886. In December 1884 he became the chief promoter of the West End Improve- ment Company of York, which in 1890 be- came the present York Trust Real Estate and Deposit Company. This latter organi- zation assumed more extensive functions through the act of 1889, which gave to Trust Companies authority to buy and sell real estate. In 1886 he became one of the organizers and President of the York Street Railway Company, which owed its organi- zation largely to the West End Improve- ment Company. In all the above concerns Captain Lanius was the chief promoter and one of the directing heads. In addition to his official relation to the Street Railway Company and York Trust Company, he is a director of the York Hotel Company, President of the Baltimore and Harrisburg Railroad Company, (Eastern Extension,) a trustee of the York County Academy, a member of the Board of Trustees of the York County Historical Society, first Presi- dent of the York Board of Trade, organized in 1886, and is variously interested in a number of other concerns touching the ma- terial prosperity and progress of his city.
In political afifliation. Captain Lanius is a Republican and for a number of years has been recognized as a tireless worker and wise counsellor within the party organiza- tion. He has served several terms as a
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member of the borough and city council, and was a delegate to the Republican Na- tional Convention, nominating Blaine in 1884.
His earliest service for his party was in 1866, when, at he age of 22 years, he or- ganized the York Republican Soldier's Club, familiarly known as the "Boys in Blue," of which he was President for three succes- sive years. This latter is one of the oldest and best known political organizations in Southern Pennsylvania. Fraternally he is a member of the York Lodge, No. 266, Free and Accepted Masons, and of Sedgwick Post, No. 37, Grand Army of the Republic. Of the latter organization he was one, of the charter members and one of the organizers in 1867, and served as its first commander. Since its organization, he has been dele- gated to represent the Post at several State and National encampments, viz: Denver, in 1883, Minneapolis, in 1884, and Portland, Maine, in 1885. He is also a member of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Loyal Legion.
On January 24, 1867, Captain Lanius was united in marriage to Lucy Smyser, a daughter of Michael Smyser, of York. To their union have been born three children, a son and two daughters: Mary S., Grace A., and Percy L., who was married on Sep- tember 2, 1896, to Margaret, a daughter of Edward Stuck, Esq., of York, and is now actively engaged with his father in the lum- ber and coal business.
Captain Lanius leads an active, busy and prudent life. Besides possessing an un- limited capacity for successful organization, he is also a man of fine social and intellect- ual instincts. He is uniformly courteous in demeanor, liberal in giving where neces- sity demands, public spirited in a high de- gree, and at all times animated with civic and patriotic pride. Among the useful and high minded citizens of the 19th Congres-
sional District, none stand higher than Cap- tain Lanius.
HIRAM YOUNG, the venerable editor and publisher of the York Dis- patch, whose portrait accompanies this bi- ographical monograph, is descended from Revolutionary ancestry, and wears in his coat lappel the button of the proud order of the "Society of the Sons of the Revolu- iton." Urbane and genial, yet dignified and impressive, with a personality that is dis- tinctively his own, he bears his more than three score years with a winsome ease and grace that long since established his popu- larity wherever he is known and won for him the esteem and friendship of all worthy of his consideration. Possessed of a wond- erful fund of information, gleaned from books, experience and observation, his cul- ture and fluency of speech render him a most deligihtful companion and entertain- ing conversationalist. He is a gentleman of remarkable energy and perseverance and to-day, after being in the editorial harness for a generation of years, devotes the same assiduous and unremitting attention to his newspaper that he did when he made it such a power in the "Cause of the Union" during the dark period of the rebellion, when it was established for that boldly pro- claimed purpose.
Hiram Young was born at Shefferstown, Lebanon County, Pa., May 14, 1830. He is a descendant on his mother's side of Alexander S'hefifer, the founder of the town, whose son. Captain Henry Shefifer, served in the Revolutionary war, and was imme- diately appointed an associate justice of the Commonwealth by Governor Thomas Mif- flin at its close. His maternal grandfather, Frederick Oberlin, was descended from John Frederick Oberlin, of Ban de la Roche, of Alsace, who was born at Stras- burg. Mr. Young, having completed his
iA-CVM^-t^,
Nineteenth Congressional iDisTRict.
2gi
primary education at the village school, engaged in the book trade at Lancaster and subsequently entered the high school at that place with the intention of preparing for a university course, but this idea was aband- oned that he might accept a desirable posi- tion in the publishing house of Uriah Hunt & Sons, and later he occupied a responsible position with Lippincott, Grambo & Co., of Philadelphia. After a few years he return- ed to Lancaster and built up the leading book store there. Retiring from this firm in i860, Mr. Young came to York and in company with Major Thomas Pearce, a re- tired army officer, bought the book store of F. B. Spangler, subsequent to that pro- prietor's decease, and the firm became pop- ular under the name of Pearce & Young. This partnership was dissolved in 1862 and Mr. Young opened a book store of his own, continuing in the business up to 1877. The summer and fall of 1863 are memor- able in the annals of the country, but es- pecially of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- vania and more particularly of the County and City of York. It was the summer in which the battle of Gettysburg was fought, and in the fall occurred Governor Curtin's second gubernatorial campaign. The popu- lar excitement in this border county ran high. The disloyal sentiment of the Bour- bon democracy was pronounced and au- dacious. The rebel raiders, who had enter- ed York and levied tribute upon the mu- nicipality, had found even sympathizers among the inhabitants. At last a loud and general demand arose among the loyal pop- ulation for a newspaper that would ener- getically sustain the government and the cause of the Union. A number of patriotic citizens after discussing the necessity and canvassing the situation, determined to start a paper that could in no uncertain tone utter the voice of the loyal and patriotic citizenship in support of the government
and the purpose of the war. Mr. Young was then a member of the Republican State Committee. There was no question about his patriotism. His ability or his courage, and he was active and earnest in forwarding the work. He was ably seconded in his ef- forts by Alexander Underwood, then a citi- zen of York and Chairman of the Republi- can County Committee, now of Cumber- land County. The publication which was known as the Democrat, was little more than a campaign document, but a red hot Republican sheet, which excited the fear and denunciation of the Democracy sym- pEthizing with the Southern cause, and was received with approbation by the loyal peo- ple of the community.
The political campaign of the autumn of 1863 ended favorably for the Republicans but the necessity for the continuance of the publication to strengthen the arm of the government and to overawe the bold front of disloyalty that still existed in this strong- hold of Democracy, was clearly obvious. Up to this time the Democrat had been printed in Harrisburg. It was now de- termined to establish its publication in the City of York. A nominal stock company was organized and the requisit* funds were thus raised by a popular subscription, each subscriber, among whom was Mr. Young, taking one or more shares of stock and subsequently, at the request of the pa- triotic citizen interested, Hiram Young made the necessary preparations for its pub- lication. He secured a press and the other printing material and issued the initial number of the True Democrat, on June the 7th, 1864, by a notable coincidence on the same day that Abraham Lincoln was nomi- nated the second time for the Presidency, at Baltimore. The paper at once took a high stand as the exponent of true Repub- lican principles, as the supporter and de- fender of the government and the union
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and the friend of the army. It was clear, determined and fearless in its utterances and its influence was not confined to the com- munity in which it was published, but was felt throughout the State and across the border. It excelled in circulation any weekly newspaper in York county and was recognized as the leading Republican paper in the county. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, soon recognized its services to the government and at once extended it the patronage of the war department.
The True Democrat continued to grow in power and influence and to increase in popular estecfn but its enterprising proprie- tor with a perspicacity that has always re- dounded to his business success, realized that the day had dawned for more progres- sive journalism in the community, and on the 29th of May, 1876, he started the Dis- patch as a daily publication. York was no longer a village but had become a thriving and populous city. Mn Young at once brought to bear his wondrous energy, cool and impartial judgment and great news- paper ability, and soon the Dispatch be- came what it has ever since remained, the leading Republican daily newspaper of the county and its potent influence is felt every- where throughout the State.
This veteran editor and popular citizen was formerly a Douglas Democrat, but the last vote he cast for a Democrat was for the "Little Giant." As the great leader would have done had he lived, when the civil war broke out, he abandoned the party that had hatched treason and rebellion and at once allied himself with the party whose gospel wslS a united union and the govern- ment of the fathers, and hastened to their support. Never for a moment has he flinched in the defence of the cardinal prin- ciples of the Republican party and he has become a power in its councils in the State as well as at Washington in framing its po-
licy and shaping its destiny. For several years he was a member of the State Repub- lican Committee, where his clear judgment and wonderful foresight always com- manded attention and consideration. In the campaign of 1888, when I^Iarrison was the national standard bearer of the Republican hosts, Mr. Young led the Republican for- lorn hope in this district as their candidate for representative in Congress.
Notwithstanding the exacting require- ments of his position as the head of an en- terprising daily newspaper, Mr. Young de- votes much time and attention to agricul- tural interests, and he has become familiarly known as the "Farmer s Friend." Advocat- ing a protective tariff for the farmers as well as for all American interests, the to- bacco and sheep interests of the county es- pecially have always found in him a cham- pion and a safeguard. In 1890 he was ap- pointed by the State Agricultural Society of Pennsylvania a delegate to the National Wool Growers Association and represented the commonwealth in the National Conven- tion of this great body at Washington. In this capacity he appeared before the Ways and Means Committee when Major McKin- ley was its chairman and ably advocated the interests of American wool growers. When the Dingley bill was before the Ways and Means Committee he again appeared in the same responsible capacity and aided in framing the memorial that was presented the committee by the association.
As Vice President and member of the Executive Committee of the Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society, he has been prominent for many years, and has been imremitting in advancing the interests of agriculture in the community and in the State.
Controlling for many years the only or- gan of the Republican party in York, he has always been consistent, zealous and
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earnest in support of its candidates. Withal he has built up a grand and influential daily journal and today has one of the most com- plete newspaper plants in the State.
HON. GEORGE W.HEIGES, lawyer, of York, Pa., was born in the bor- ough of Dillsburg, York County, Pa., May iSth, 1842. His father, Jacob Heiges, was a prominent chair manufacturer of the above mentioned county; his mother was Elizabeth (Mumper) Pleiges, and on both the paternal and maternal sides he is of German extraction. He studied first in the public schools and also under private tu- tors; later he completed a course of aca- demic studies, after which he taught in one of the public schools of his native place. He was thus occupied for several years in the borough and county schools; becoming subsequently the principal of the York Clas- sical and Normal Institute ; later he was ap- pointed one of the principals of the local normal school and tutor in the York Aca- demy. Upon resigning he became deputy superintendent of the common schools of York county for one year. After complet- ing the usual course of legal studies he passed his examination, was admitted to the bar of York County in 1867 and imme- diately began practice.
His industry and talents have won him an excellent connection and a high repu- tation at the bar. In 1872 he was elected to the Legislature on the D mocratic ticket, and re-elected in 1873. While serving in the legislative body, he was a member of the judiciary, general and local committees of the federal relations committee, of the constitutional committee and of the judi- cial apportionment committee; also of various other committees of less promi- nence and importance. During his last term he participated actively and influ- entially in all measures connected with the
more important questions of the day, and was noted for his sound judgment and prompt action under the most trying cir- cumstances.
He was appointed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania a member of the Board of Auditors, constituted to re-examine and re- settle the accounts of various county ofifi- cers, a measure resulting from a reform movement In his party, and in which he had been prominent.
As a Free Mason, he is one of the most zealous and influential members of the or- ganization to which he is attached, and is a Past Master of Zeredatha Lodge, No. 451, A. Y. M. ; he is also Generalissimo of the York Commandery, No. 21 Knights Temp- lar.
He is a constant and valued contributor to the press of the county. He has always taken an active part in the political move- ments of the State and county, and especi- ally is warmly interested in matters con- nected with the advancement and increase of the public educational systems and ad- vantages.
Since his retirement from the Legislature he has devoted his entire attention to his profession, decfining, although repeatedly solicited, to accept any public position. — Taken from the Biographical Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania. Galaxy Publishing Com- pany, Philadelphia, Pa., A. D. 1874.
The subsequent career of the subject of this sketch may be epitomized as foflows, viz:
In November, 1874, he was married to Mary E. Gallagher, daughter of the late John Gallagher, of York, Pa., who emi- grated from County Donegal, Ireland, at the age of 8 years, and in due time was naturalized as a citizen of the United States in the city of Baltimore, Md., and became a prominent merchant of that city before moving to York, Pa.
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In the years 1877, 1878, and 1879 our subject served, by appointment, as counsel to two successive boards of county com- missioner, and declined a re-appointment on the ground that he had served as long as any of his predecessors in the position, the office being quasi-political, and there being other aspirants for the appointment. He was about this time and for several years local solicitor for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, receiving from the gen- eral solicitor of the company a commenda- tory letter upon his retirement. He is also and has been for the past twenty years local attorney for the Dillsburg and Mechanics- burg Railroad, operated by the Cumberland Valley Railroad Company.
In time Mr. Heiges became a Past High Priest of his Chapter, viz.: Howell Royal Arch Chapter of Masons, No. 199, Pennsylvania, stationed at York, and be- came also a Past Eminent Commander of York Commandery, No. 21, of Knights Templar of Pennsylvania. He is also an Odd Fellow, a member of Continental As- sembly No. 24, Artisans Order of Mutual Protection, a member of Willis Council, No- 508, of the Royal Arcanum, &c., &c.
Mr. Heiges was induced to accept, re- luctantly, at a crisis, the nomination of his party in 1885 for the office of chief burgess cf the historic borough of York, to which office he was elected by a large majority, and re-elected in 1886. Three years before a majority of the voters had declared for a city charter, which was refused by the State authorities on the ground of non-compli- ance with certain technicalities of the law. In 1886 another election was held to ascer- tain the wishes of the voters on the ques- tion, the details of the election being care- fully supervised by Chief Burgess Heiges, and whilst a large majority of the voters again voted for a city charter, the granting of a charter was strenuously opposed be-
fore the State authorities by able counsel, and as earnestly advocated by Mr. Heiges, who demonstrated, to the satisfaction of the authorities, that all the requirements of the law had been fulfilled, and a charter was obtained, since which time York has be- come one of the most flourishing towns of the East.
Mr. Heiges declined a nomination for the mayorality, preferring to be known as the last chief burgess of the Yorktown of the North, where the Continental Congress sat from the 30th of September, 1777, until the 27th of June, 1778.
Mr. Heiges has been a member of St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church of York, Pa., since 1865, and for many years was choir master of that church.
He is also a member of the "Lawyers' Club," of Philadelphia, Pa.; is a member of the Commercial Law League of Amer- ica; has been a member of the Executive Committee of the Pennsylvania State Bar Association, and is now a member of the Membership Committee of said Associa- tion; is a member of the American Aca- demy of Political and Social Science; a member of the Pennsylvania German Society; a member of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association; a member of the York County Historical So- ciety, &c., &c. ; was the member for York County for many years of the Democratic Central Committee of Pennsylvania, and was elected for his county in 1891 a mem- ber of a proposed Constitutional Conven- tion to amend the Constitution of the State.
He is and has been for several years past, vice-president of the "York Club," the old- est social organization in the city, the mem- bership of which is limited to forty gentle- men.
Mr. Heiges is yet in the prime of life, of continued studious and industrious habits, capable of performing a large amount of
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professional and literary work, than which which nothing affords him greater pleasure. He has well equipped law, scientific and lit- erary libraries, is an omniverous reader of entertaining and instructive works in Ger- man and French, is familiar with Latin and well read in the English classics.
He does a large collecting business, be- ing local correspondent for many responsi- ble general collecting agencies, notably, for many years, of the "Lyon Furniture Asso- ciation," and has an extensive Orphans' Court practice.
An older brother, viz.: Samuel Beelman Heiges, is and has been since January ist, 1894, chief of the division of pomology, United States Department of Agriculture. At the time of his appointment there were candidates for the position from nearly every State in the Union.
Other brothers and sisters of Mr. Heiges were and are as follows: John M. Heiges, the oldest of the family, who died February, A. D. 1882; Jacob D. Heiges, D. D. S., of York, Pa.; sketches of both of whom ap- pear in another part of this volume; Maria J. Heiges, a much beloved sister, who died October 23d, 1888, after an illness of but three days, from pneumonia; and Ehzabeth A., intermarried with William N. Seibert, one of the most prominent members of, if not the leader at the New Bloomfield, Perry county, Pennsylvania, bar.
The father of Mr. Heiges was born in Franklin township, York county. Pa., De- cember i6th, A. D. 1800, and died January 14th, A. D. 1866, after an illness of five days, from pneumonia. Mr. Heiges' mother was born in Carroll township, York county, Pa., December 8th, A. D. 1805, and died after a brief illness, September 9th, A. D. 1886, at the advanced age of nearly eighty-one years. Her parents, John Mumper and Jane Beelman Mumper,
died in the sixties at the advanced age, re- spectively, of 81 and 82 years.
Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Heiges, the elder, a dearly beloved daughter, Helen Days Heiges, who died March ist, 1896, aged 20 years. Miss Heiges was a beautiful and lovable girl who by her sweet character and her ever readi- ness to please and help others had endeared herself to a very large circle of friends. She was very prominent in York society, par- ticularly in musical circles, she being an ac- complished pianist, and having studied at the Peabody Institute, Baltimore, after grad- uating with first honors from the York High School in the class of 1892. Her death was a great shock to all who knew her, and the sympathy of all went out to Mr. and Mrs. Heiges in their bereavement.
Their only remaining child is a son, Stuart Sprigg Heiges, who was born No- vember i2th, 1882, and has just completed his second year at the York Collegiate In- stitute.
R HATHAWAY SHINDEL, the cap- • able and efficient cashier of the City Bank, of York, is the eldest son of Jacob G., and Abigail (Hathaway) Shindel, and was born at Selins Grove, Snyder county, Pennsylvania, September 29th, 1850. Hon. Jacob G. Shindel is of German descent and is a native of Northumberland county, born in the year 1818. He was educated and spent the earlier years of his life in his native county. Subsequently he removed to Selins Grove, Snyder county, arid en- gaged in general mechandising for a time, but later engaged in the drug business, in which he has since continued.. He is an old time Democrat, but being a man of unusual popularity was elected associate judge on the Democratic ticket in a county strongly Republican. He was one of the stalwart men of his county, useful in both
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public and private life. He married Abi- gail Hathaway whose father, Reuben Hath- away, was of English descent and resided in Snyder county. This union was pro- ductive of three children, two sons and a daughter: R. Hathaway, subject; James C, Lutheran clergyman, Lancaster, Ohio; and Susan, wife of Simon L. Kamp, a resident of Ridley Park, Delaware county.
R. Hathaway Shindel grew to manhood in his native village, received his educa- tion in the public schools and the mission- ary institute now known as Susquehanna University, and then became a clerk in his father's drug store, where he remained for six years. Leaving the drug store he was appointed station agent at Selins Grove for the Lewistown and Sunbury R. R. Com- pany, whose service he left some years later to enter the Snyder county bank as teller. He was subsequently promoted to the posi- tion of cashier and served in that capacity until 1876, when he removed to York and became bookkeeper in the First National Bank, of that city, which he held until the year 1887. In that year the City bank, of York, was organized, and he was elected to his present position in that institution. During his many years of service, Mr. Shindel has been a careful student of bank- ing institutions and systems, and has proved himself a careful and painstaking official. He is recognized as a conserva- tive financier, a man of undoubted integrity and ample mental equipment. After com- ing to York he interested himself in a num- ber of its business enterprises outside of the bank with which he is connected, pre- ferring to aid the progress of home indus- try and home enterprise, even when it seemed more advantageous to indulge in foreign investments. He is a stockholder in the York Safe and Lock Company, a stockholder and director of the York Tele- phone Company, and a stockholder and
treasurer of the Westinghouse Electric Light Company, and other lesser concerns. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity in high standing and also of several secret and beneficial organizations, among which may be mentioned the Junior Order United American Mechanics and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
In December, 1872, Mr. Shindel was married to Mary B. Hummel, a daughter of L. R. Hummel, of Selins Grove, Snyder county. Mrs. Shindel died in August, 1880, and two years later Mr. Shindel wed- ded Lizzie M. Schall, a daughter of Jacob D. Schall, president of the First National bank, of York. In matters of religion he has always been an adherent of the faith, and is an active member of the Episcopal church, of which organization, in York, he is a vestryman and treasurer. In politics he has always given a warm and cordial support to the Republican party. Under the first city charter of York, he was elected a member of the common council, and in 1889, the additional honor of city treas- urer was conferred on him. After serving one year as city treasurer, the law then reg- ulating the election of city officials in the State of Pennsylvania was declared uncon- stitutional, and after the requisite legal change was made, he was renominated and elected for a term of three years under the declared constitutional requirements. Mr. Shindel is President of the Sixth Ward Republican club, and was made vice presiden* of the Republican State League, when it met at York in 1895, and again in 1896, when that body convened in Erie, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the Republican Na- tional convention, which met at St. Louis, Missouri, in June, 1896, and was an ardent supporter of Major William McKinley, the successful candidate for President. Mr. Shindel has taken an intelligent and far
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reaching interest in the recent campaign of his county and State, is well informed upon financial and economic questions and has been solicited by his friends to present him- self for State Treasurer, an office for which he is amply qualified, both in point of prac- tical business ability and personal charac- ter. He was one of the Republican elec- tors of Pennsylvania who elected Major William McKinley President of the United States.
REV. ABRAHAM G. FASTNACHT, pastor of the Union Evangelical Lutheran church, of York, was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, June 30th, 1845. He is a son of Jehu and Mattie Fastnacht, both natives and lifelong resi- dents of Lancaster county. After a thor- ough preparation, Mr. Fastnacht entered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, Penn- sylvania, from which he was graduated in the year 1870. Immediately following he entered the Lutheran Theological Semi- nary at the same place, graduating in 1873. He was licensed to preach by the East Pennsylvania Synod in 1872 and ordained by the West Pennsylvania Synod of the Lutheran Church in the year 1873. His first call was received from the charge at Mt. Holly Springs and Boiling Springs, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, where he remained as pastor until the year 1875, when he resigned on account of failing health and removed to Gettysburg, Adams county. Here he was employed for some months by the Board of Publication of his church, and his health having improved in the meantime, he accepted a call from the Union Evangelical Lutheran church, of York, Pennsylvania, in 1877. Since that date he has been a devoted and courageous servant of his church and his faith in that city.
The church of which Rev. Fastnacht is
pastor was organized in 1859, and in the same year was erected on Market street, near Penn, a house of worship, which has been improved and enlarged until it is now a tasteful edifice with a seating capacity of about six hundred. During the pastorate of Rev. Fastnacht, this church has in- creased in membership from about three hundred to almost seven hundred ; while the Sunday school has grown to an aggregate of over six hundred members.
On June loth 1873, Rev. Fastnacht was united in marriage with Mary Emily War- ren, daughter of Hiram Warren, of Gettys- burg, this State. They have three children, a son and two daughters: Allie Estella, Edmund W., and Minnie M.
For twenty years Rev. Fastnacht has preached to increasing congregations at York, and his labors, from a moral and spiritual point of view, have been crowned with gratifying success. He has been hon- ored with official positions in the higher assemblies of his church, was president of the West Pennsylvania Synod and was dele- gated by that body as a representative to the General Synod of the United States. For several years he has been a trustee of the York County Academy and the Tressler Orphans' Home at Loysville, Pa. Nothing more laudable can be said of Rev. Fast- nacht than that he has given the best years of his life to aid the moral growth and the spiritual unfolding of his fellow man.
HENRY CLAY WHITING, Ph. D., professor of Latin in Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., is a son of Samuel and Mary (Keeney) Whiting, and was born at Speedville, Tompkins county. New York, March 27, 1845. The Whitings are of English origin and are decended from three brothers who left England on account of re- ligious persecution and came to this coun- try at an early day. One located in
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Boston, the second settled in Virginia, and the third made a home for himself in the far South. Dr. Whiting is a member of the Boston branch of the Whiting fam- ily and his grandfather, Samuel Whiting, removed from Boston to Speedville, New York, where he continued to reside until his death, which occurred in 1851, at the age of sixty-seven years. His son, Samuel Whiting, was the eldest of a large family of children and first saw the light of day in Boston, on March 6, 1816. He removed to New York, and became a leading business man there, where he died November 6, 1875. He was an active Methodist and temperance man, being a trustee and one of the chief officials of his church and a leading and influential member of his Lodge, Sons of Temperance. Mr. Whiting married Mary Keeney, who was a daughter of William Keeney, of Speedville, New York, and passed away June 16, 1848, aged 24 years, leaving two children: Dr. Henry Clay and Josephine G., who married Daniel Smith and is now dead.
Dr. Whiting was thrown upon his own re- sources during his youthful days and after attending Oswego and Ithaca Academies he entered Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., from which he was graduated in the class of 1867. Leaving college he served as principal of Franklin Academy, Prattsburg, New York, for one year, and of the classi- cal department of the Schenectady Union schools for two years and then entered Drew Theological Seminary.
In this institution (Drew) he also served as Adj-Professor of Ancient Language for four years at Madison, New Jersey, from which he was graduated in 1873. After graduation he served as professor of an- cient languages in Centenary Collegiate In- stitute of Hackettstown, New Jersey, from 1874 to 1878, as vice-president of Penning- ton Seminary, of Pennington, New Jersey,
for one year, and in June, 1879, was elected Professor of Latin and German in Dickin- son College, CarHsle, Pennsylvania. Four years later he was elected Professor of Latin alone and has brought his department up to a high standard of efficiency and excellence. Dr. Whiting was graduated from Ithaca Academy and while at Union College was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Psi Upsilon Societies and President of the Philomethean Society, be- sides serving as editor of the Union College magazine and acting as captain of its base ball nine. He has served since 1885 as treasurer of Dickinson College. In 1886 he formed the first chapter there of the Phi Beta Kappa Society in the State of Penn- sylvania and became the President.
On November 21, 1867 Dr. Whiting mar- ried Mary Louise Freeman, a daughter of J. R. Freeman, of Schenectady, New York, and to their union have been born six chil- dren: Henry F., adjunct professor of Latin and Mathematics in Dickinson College; Leonora; Earl, deceased; Helen; Mabel, deceased, and Paul.
Dr. Whiting is a member of St. John's Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, and is interested in the Lindner Shoe Com- pany, which he helped to organize in 1892, and of which he served as president and tieasurer for some time. He is a trustee and steward of Allison Memorial Metho- dist Episcopal church of Carlisle, and is also a member of the Central Pennsyl- vania Conference. Dr. Whiting aside from his immediate collegiate duties has written much of interest and usefulness. He is the author of an edition of "Seneca's Morals," published by Harper Brother in 1875, and has besides contributed several articles to McClintock and Strong's Theological En- cyclopedia. He furnishes numerous articles to the general press. Dr. Whiting received the degree of A. B. from Union College in
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1867, the degree of B. D. from Drew Theo- logical Seminary in 1873, and that of Ph. D., froiTi the Illinois Wesleyan university, in the Centennial year of the Republic.
BF. SPANGLER, M. D., one of the • older and most prominent physi- cians of York, is a son of Rudolph and Sarah (Harbaugh) Spangler, and was born in Jackson township, York county, Penn- sylvania, February 21, 1844. The Spangler family is one of the prolific and most in- dustrious in Southern Pennsylvania, every generation of which has been represented by many excellent business and profes- sional men. Rudolph Spangler was a son of Henry Spangler, and died 1 85 1. He had been a consistent member of the German Reformed church from early life and was an exemplar of diligence and honest}' — worthy of imitation. He married Sarah Harbaugh, a daughter of Jacob Harbaugh. She was a native of York county, born on February, 1807, and is still living. To this union were born eleven children, among whom are the following: Dr. Benjamin F., subject; Edward W., attorney-at-law, York; Dr. Jacob R., a practicing physician, of York.
B. F. Spangler was reared on his father's farm, received his education in the common schools and the York County Academy, and served in a mercantile establishment, in a clerical capacity, until August 7th, 1862. At the age of 18 years he enlisted in Company K, 130th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volun- teers, anB went to the front during the civil war in the defense of our country. He par- ticipated in the battles of Antietam, Fred- ericksburg andChancellorsvi.le. He was pro- moted to 4th sergeant during his term of service and was honorably discharged in May, 1863. Upon his return from the army he spent one year in the pursuit of special studies at the York County Academy, and
then took a full course of training in busi- ness at Eastman Business College at Poughkeepsie, New York.
After the completion of this course he went to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he engaged in the life and fire insurance busi- ness for a short time, and then returned to York. Here he read medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Charles M. Nes, and entered Jefferson Medical College, Phila- delphia, from which he was graduated in March, 1868. He then returned to York, where he opened an office and began the practice of his profession. He steadily rose in the ranks of the medical fraternity to a position of prominence and honor and now ranks among the leading members of his profession.
On November 12, 1868, Dr. Spangler was married to Ada E. Nes, a daughter of Hon. Henry Nes, M. D., one of the leading pub- lic men of Southern Pennsylvania, whose sketch appears elsewhere in this volume. To this union five children were born, of whom two are living, viz.: Theresa J., and Chauncey K., the latter a member of the firm of Waltman & Spangler.
During the course of his professional life Dr. Spangler has taken an active part in many of the movements for the advance- m.ent of the profession of medicine. He has been a member for many years of the York County Medical Society, with which he has been frequently connected in an ofiicia! ca- pacity. Some years ago, however, he left that body and identified himself v/ith the Medico-Pathological Society which dis- solved in 1896, and afterwards was again elected a member of the former Medical Society. He is a member of the Pennsyl- vania State Medical and National Medical Societies, served on the board of medical examiners for pensions during Harrison's administration, and has been variously hon- ored as a professional man and citizen.
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Aside from his professional interests Dr. Spangler has been a factor in financial and other business concerns of his city. He was one of the organizers in May, 1883, of the Drovers' and Mechanics' National Bank of York, and in its directory for several years. Tv^^o years ago, 1894, he was re- elected to a directorship, and is now serving in that capacity. He is a Republican in politics, a member of General Sedgwick Post No. 37, Grand Army of the Republic, and bears the stamp of an active energetic and useful citizen. Dr. and Mrs. Spangler are members of the First Presbyterian church, of York.
REV. W. S. VAN CLEVE, a promi- nent and hard-working minister of the Presbyterian church at Gettysburg, is the son of Obadiah and Charity (Reese) Van Cleve, and was born June i8th, 1835, near Waynesburg, Green county, Pennsyl- vania. The family is of Dutch lineage, hav- ing originated in Holland. The latter gen- erations were,howev?r,born in this country. William Van Cleve, the paternal grand- father of our subject was a native of New Jersey, and married Cassey Townsend, of Delaware, in 1790. The father was born near Mercersburg, in Franklin county, Pennsylvania. He was a close reader and though he never had any other than a com- mon school education developed into a well informed man. He was fond of books and reading, and was endowed with more than ordinary natural ability. He was a farmer by occupation in Green county where he lived, and followed that occupation most of his life. Though he was in later life a Re- publican he was in earlier life a Democrat, the late Civil war changing his political opinions. Before that change, however, he acquired sufificient prominence in Demo- cratic councils to secure the nomination and election to the county treasureship. He
then gave up farming and moved to the county seat, where he remained up to near the time of his death. Mr. Van Cleve was a member and elder of the Presbyterian church at Waynesburg for over 40 years. He was one of those quiet, unostentatious men who think and act with calm and de- liberate and, as a rule, the best of judg- ment.
He was married in 1821 to Charity, daughter of William Reese, of Green county. Pa. They had five children: John H.; Katharine, widow of Madison Moore; W. S. ; Mary, wife of Samuel Clevemyer, and Elizabeth, deceased.
The father died February 22nd, 1873, and the mother February 14th, 1874.
Our subject began his education in the public schools of Green county and gradu- ated from Waynesboro College in class of '61. He fitted himself for the ministry at Allegheny Seminary, from which he was graduated in the class of '64, and was or- dained by the Washington Presbytery. He received his first call from the Presbyterian church at Niles, Ohio, but owing to a ser- ious illness he did not remain there. When in better heatlh, he took a charge and was installed pastor of the church at Frankfort Springs, Beaver county, Pennsylvania, where he remained two years and then came to Gettysburg, his present home. He has been here twenty-eight years and in that time has labored faithfully to build up the Lower Marsh creek and Great Conewago churches. These churches are among the oldest in the Presbytery of Carlisle. Rev. Mr. Van Cleve is a Republican in politics, but is of a liberal disposition in the exercise of his franchise and makes it a rule to vote for "the best man" in local elections. In 1864 he married Anna, daughter of Ebenezer McClormic, of lovi'a City. They have seven children: James R., of Kansas City, travel- ing salesman for the Standard Implement
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Company; William C, druggist at Gettys- burg; Carrie H.; Annie M., deceased; Robert M., deceased; Mary D., and Eliza- beth C.
ROBERT L. JONES. That America possesses many advantages for men of energy and comprehensive ability, is well illustrated by the very successful career of Robert L. Jones, of Delta, Pennsylvania, wnc was born at Penmachnoshire, Carnar- von, Wales, 1841, and emigrated to the United States in i860. His parents were natives of Wales and never left that coun- try. Of the six children, however, four came to America, the eldest, of whom is John W., who arrived here in 1857 and engaged in the slate business in West Ban- gor, where he now lives. Three years later the third oldest member of the family and subject of our sketch came oiver from Wales, and in 1888 their sister, Mrs. Rich- ard Roberts, and her husband, crossed the ocean and have made Delta their home. The second child, Mrs. Richard Jones, came over in 1890 and now resides in South Del- ta, and the next younger member, William Penn, who is now superintendent of the slate quarries, owned by ouf subject, Rob- ert L., emigrated in 1886.
Robert L. Jones was educated in the public schools of Wales where he also learned the slate business when he became old enough to work in the quarries where his father was employed as a quarrymen. Like his elder brother he at first located in West Bangor where he worked at his trade as a laborer in the slate works until 1862, when our country was threatened with dis- memberment and plunged into the horrors of war. True to the impulses of the land of liberty which had become his adopted coun- try, he enlisted in August 1862 in Company A, 3d Pennsylvania heavy artillery, at Phil- adelphia, determined to lay down his life if
necessary to defend the sacred rights of man. He was SQon promoted from the rank of private to that of sergeant and was detached to gun boat Schrapnell artillery duty, doing picket and scouting service in Virginia, and North Carohna during the years 1864 and 1865. In June of the lat- ter year he was honorably discharged at Fortress Monroe, Virginia, having done his duty bravely in the time of danger.
When he returned from the war he again resumed his work in the slate quarries at West Bangor and continued in the capacity of employee until i867,when he in company with four others began to operate a quarry on their own account. At first their works were not extensive but from small begin- nings the interests of the business have grown little by little until now Mr. Jones is the largest quarry operator in the whole district. After working this first quarry for seven years Mr. Jones sold his interest to the other four and leased the old big quarry at Peach Bottom and has since controlled its output. It now employs thirty men and has been drained by a tunnel extending 850 feet through a surrounding chain of hills which was constructed in 1895 at a cost ot $5,000, and has greatly facilitated the work.
In company with F. R. Williams in 1 891, Mr. Jones purchased the lease of the Eu- reka and Susquehanna Slate companies and formed a joint stock association, the Ex- celsior Slate Company, of which Mr. Jones was elected President and general manager, which trust he still holds. This company employs at present forty hands. Besides his interest in the two large slate quarries he is the senior member of the firm of Jones and McConkey, large dealers in general mer- chandise, and is also a director of the First National Bank since 1890, when, with his assistance, it was successfully organized. In local politics, though never having accepted a public office other than township auditor,
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he exercises a wide influence; he is a Re- publican.
In religious and fraternal circles he is an active member and has been choir leader for twenty-five years in the Welsh Calvi- nistic church, and, is also a member of the Esdraclon Lodge, No. 176, Ancient Order of Free and Accepted Masons.
August 15, 1870, he was united in mar- riage with Isabella Roberts, daughter of John and Isabella Roberts, of Wales. His family consists of five children, whose names given in order of birth are, Emma, John, Ilayden, Arthur, Isabella and Idris, who are at present all residing with their parents, where they easily and gracefully sustain the high position in local society which their father's successful and honorable career in business and other circles has won for him- self and his family.
OHNSTON MOORE, one of the larg- est landed proprietors of Cumberland county, is a worthy descendant of the old and honored families of colonial days arici Revolutionary service. The Moores are of Scotch-Irish descent. James Moore, the original settler, born March 17, 1695, died June i8th, 1767, came from County Tyrone, Ireland, to Maryland with Lord Baltimore. Soon after landing he came to Pennsylvania and purchased several thou- sand acres of land on the Yellow Breeches creek from John Penn and others. He was a man of wealth and education, and a mem- ber of the Presbyterian church. The chil- dren of James and Agnes Moore were Judge William, James, J., John Robert, Jean, Ag- nes and Mary. John Moore, the grand- father of Johnston Moore, was born 1740 and died 1822. He was a gentleman and farmer and served as an officer under Wayne at Paoli and Washington at Valley Forge.
He married Eleanor Thompson, who was
also of Scotch-Irish descent, born 1746, died 1817; their sons were James John, an able lawyer, who practiced in Lancaster, Robert, William and Thompson.
James Moore was born 1765 and died 1813. He married Nancy Johnston of An- trim township, Franklin county, who died in 1823, aged 54 years. They had two chil- dren: Johnston, born September 5th, 1809, at Mooredale, Cumberland county, and John, w-ho died in infancy. Mrs. Moore was of Scotch-Irish descent, and a member of the celebrated Johnston family Dumfree- shire, Scotland. Her grandfather, James Johnston came from County Antrim, Ire- land, to Pennsylvania, in 1735, and died in 1765, near Greencastle, Franklin county, where he owned a large tract of land. He left four sons. Colonel Thomas, Colonel James, Dr. Robert and John. Colonels Tames and Thomas served in the Revolu- tionary army, and the latter, who was at PaoH under Wayne, died in 1819 at Moore- dale, the home of his daughter,Mrs. Moore, in Cumberland county. Dr. Robert Johnston, grand uncle of Johnston Moore, was well acquainted with Washington and Lafay- ette; served from Boston to Yorktown as surgeon and afterward located in Franklin county, where he practiced and was ap- pointed excise collector by Washington. He was one of the founders of the Order of Cincinnati. He made a trip to India and Java and brought many handsome and cur- ious things home with him. John Johns- ton, the youngest son, at the early age of twenty raised a troop of horse in 1781 for the American army, but they were dis- charged at Lancaster as the war was prac- tically over. Some years later he went to Westmoreland county where he died about 1825. The services rendered by three of these brothers and the spirit displayed by the fourth, while under age, entitles this
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family to a prominence as a military family noc only in their county but the State.
Johnston Moore was so unfortunate in childhood as to lose his father, and at the age of fourteen was deprived of all par- ental care by the death of his mother. He then went to live with his mother's sister, Mrs. McLanahan, at the old Homestead of the Johnstons, Prospect Hill, near Green- castle, until he came to Carlisle, where he re- sided with his guardian, Andrew Carothers, while attending school at Dickinson Col- lege. At eighteen years of age he took pos- session and began the management of his estates, including the original lands which descended to him from his great-grand- father, James Moore. This estate consisted of a large tract of land, mainly woodland, which he cleared and converted into good farms.
On July 15, 1836, Johnston Moore mar- ried Mary Verzey Packer, a daughter of Isaac Brown Packer, resident lawyer of Carlisle, but a native of Newry, Ireland. To Mr. and Mrs Moore were born nine chil- dren: Packer Johnston, James, Maria, An- nie Johnston, Euphenia Packer, Emmolin Packer, Francis Packer, Ellen and Thomas. Euphenia, Emmolin and Maria being the only children living at the present time. Johnston Moore was originally a Whig, but since the formation of the Republican party Has been a strong supporter of its principles, but he has never taken an ac- tive part in politics. He is Junior Warden of St. John's Episcopal church, and has re- sided since his marriage at his home "Mooreland" in Carlisle. He varies the la- bors of his farm management and business duties with the pleasures of the chase and the sports of the rod. He owns Bonny Brook, one of the finest trout fisheries in the State, and takes an interest in the pre- servation of game. Personally Johnston Moore is a pleasant gentleman, a good bus-
iness man and an invaluable citizen, enjoy- ing the love of his family and the esteem of an active and well spent life.
REV. HARVEY W. McKNIGHT, D. D., LL. D., President of and Profes- sor of intellectual and moral science in Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, is a na- tive of McKnig'htstown, Adams county. Pa., where he was bom April 3, 1843, the son of Ihomas and Margaret (Stewart) McKnight. He is of pioneer Scotch-Irish ancestry.
Thomas McKnight, the father of Dr. Mc- Knight, was a well-known citizen of Adams county during the earlier part of the pres- ent century. He was born in Crawford, county, Pa., in 1787, and died in 1850. In his time He was a farmer and a merchant and the town of McKnightstown was founded by him while he was engaged in the latter business. In politics Mr. Mc- Knight was a Democrat and in religion a devout and consistent member of the Luth- eran church. He was a man of irreproach- able character and in his business career, which afiforded the most abundant oppor- tunities, he displayed a rare and strict in- tegrity. Mrs. McKnight was the daughter of David and Margaret Stewart, of Adams county. Pa. She was the mother of nine children, upon all of whom she impressed those many virtues which made her own character so pure, kindly and symmetrical. When, in 1850, her husband died, her youngest son, the subject of this sketch, was but seven years of age and he, more than any other of her children, shows the influence of her training and example. Shortly after their bereavement Mrs. Mc- Knight removed the family to Jackson Hall, in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, where our subject devoted several years to his ed- ucation in the public schools of the village. He served three years as clerk in a general store and managed for a time to further his
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education by attending Chambersburg Academy at Chambersburg. In i860 he entered Pennsylvania College at Gettys- burg, and pursued his studies there until 1862, when he enlisted in Company B, 138th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. He was made orderly sergeant and subsequently promoted to the position of second lieutenant, but on account of ill- health he was compelled to resign. After his return home he was made adjutant of the 26th Regiment, Pennsylvania militia and as such served during the invasion of Pennsylvania by the Rebel forces in 1863. After the burning of Chambersburg in 1864 he was commissioned captain of Company D, 2ioth Regiment of Pennsylvania Vol- vmteer Infantry and served in that position until the close of the war. He then return- ed to Pennsylvania College from which he graduated in 1865 and then entered the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, where he graduated in 1867 and was licensed and ordained to preach. From 1867 to 1870 he served as pastor of Zion Lutheran church at Newville, Cumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, but owing to ill-health he was com- pelled to retire and remain inactive for the two succeeding years. From 1872 to 1880 he served as pastor of St. Paul's Lutheran church at Easton, Pennsylvania. In 1880 he went to Cincinnati, Ohio, and assumed the pastorate of the First English Lutheran church, which he retained four years. Prior to this, in 1878, Dr. McKnight had been elected a trustee of his alma mater and in the same year he was the Alumni orator at the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. In 1884 he severed his connection with the First church at Cincinnati and became pas- tor of Trinity Lutheran church, Hagers- town, Md., but remained only three and a half months, resigning in order to accept the Presidency of Pennsylvania College, which had been tendered him by a unani-
mous vote of the directorate. Several at- tempts have been made since that time to draw Dr. McKnight back to the ministerial ranks where he achieved his first successes and had displayed such conspicuous talents and attainments; but he has, in deference to the wishes and requests of the friends and authorities of the institution always main- tained his connection with it since he first became president. Dr. McKnight stands pre-eminent among the educators of the State and has steadily, term by term, raised the standing of Pennsylvania College until outside of the two Penns)flvania Universi- ties, it is regarded as the strongest institu- tion in the State.
Dr. McKnight is a man of remarkably strong character. He is a tireless worker for the church and its educational interests. He has achieved unusual popularity among the Lutheran people and the graduates of Pennsylvania College.
November 12, 1867, Dr. McKnight was married to Mary K., a daughter of Solomon and Jane (Livingstone) Welty, whose par- ents were of Scotch-Irish and Pennsylvania German descent. To this marriage have been born Jane M. and Mary L.
Dr. McKnight is a member of Phi Kappa Psi College Fraternity; of Skelty Post, No. 9, Grand Army of the Republic, and of Pennsylvania Commandery of the Loyal Legion.
He receivejl the degree of Doctor of Di- vinity from Monmoutih College, Illinois, which conferred it upon him in 1883, and that of LL. D. from Lafayette College, Eas- ton, Pa., in 1889.
He was one of the founders of the Penn- sylvania Chautauqua at Mt. Gretna; was President of the General Synod of the Lutheran Church in the United States from 1889-91 and has been a delegate to its con- ventions almost continuously for many years ; he served as a director of the Gettys-
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burg Battlefield Memorial Association from 1888 till the field passed into the control 01 the United States Govern- ment in 1896. He is a director of the Western Maryland Railroad (Western Ex- tension); a vice-president of the Evangeli- cal Alliance of the United States and a member of the Advisory Board of Elizabeth Female College, Charlotte, N. C.
HON. MATTHEW S.QUAY.* There is no quieter or less pretentious man in the United States Senate than Matthew Stanley Quay, of Pennsylvania. He is short in stature and has a voice little stronger than that of a child, but that voice is clothed with power when it is used either in making a motion or offering a suggestion, or in debate. The whole Senate, without regard to party lines, heeds when the Pennsylvania Sena- tor speaks and the galleries are quiet with eager expectancy. Mr. Quay's political opponents have attributed, his power to bossism, but if it is, it is a bossism that breaks over party lines to influence Demo- crats and Populists as well as Republicans. It might be said of Quay, as it was of Na- poleon, that if his election as First Consul was a conspiracy, it included nine-tenths of the French as conspirators, for j\Ir. Quay has always gone direct to the people of the Keystone State for his credentials as leader. There are not many people outside of Pennsylvania who ever think of Mr. Quay as a soldier, but it was on the battle-field that he first showed his remarkable cour- age and capacity for leadership, and the same qualities? have made him successful as a political leader. This great man in the Senate wear,s a medal of honor which few even of American soldiers have won, and which all who do possess it hold as dear as
From Chicago luter-Ocean, Marcli, 16, 18
the German soldiers hold their iron cross. It is a medal awarded by the American Congress for distinguished service on the battlefield, and it is made from the metal of captured cannon. In 1863 Congress made an appropriation of $20,000 for coining medals, to be distributed among officers and men who displayed marked gallantry on the field of battle. The distribution of these medals has been guarded with zealous care, and made only after the most careful examination. To gain one of these medals it was necessary to have won distinguished consideration for some act of heroism. No favoritism from superior officers could win such a medal. The records of the war must show the bravery of the man before the award was made. And of the more than 2,000,000 soldiers of the war, only a few hvmdred ever secured one of these medals. In 1888, a quarter of a century after the act which gave Mr. Quay dis- tinction as a soldier. Adjutant General Dunn sent to him one of these medals of honor "as Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty-Fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers, for distinguished service at the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, 1862." Andrew G. Curtin, the great war goves- nor of Pennsylvania, made Matt Quay his private secretary in the early days of 1861. Later the young secretary was given a Lieutenancy in the Tenth Pennsylvania Reserves, and later, when brave men were needed at the front, he took the field as Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty- Fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers. Just before the battle of Fredericksburg he was lying at the hospital stricken down with typhoid fever. Before he had recovered he joined his regiment, but on the advice of the surgeon he resigned to go home, that he might regain his health. He had in his possession much money intrusted to him by his comrades to carry home to their
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friends. But when the coming battle be- came imminent he asked to be restored to his command. It was too late, and his re- quest, almost on the eve of battle, was de- nied. He then applied to General Tyler who commanded his brigade, for a place as volunteer on his staflf. The surgeon ob- jected and declared, "If Colonel Quay goes into battle, he will die as a fool dies."
"I would rather die like a fool than live Hke a coward," replied Quay, and he took a place on General Tyler's staff. That battle was one of the bloodest of the war. The plain lying between the town of Fredericks- burg and Marye's Heights was bisected by a ditch. It was necessary for the Union troops to cross the bridge and form under fire. At the foot of the hill was a road and bv the side of it a stone wall, which had been strengthened by the Confederates and was used by them as breastworks. Two hundred Confederate cannon on the heights above swept the plain. The charges of the Union troops were futile, although the dead were lying three deep in front of the wall.
Six thousand Union and i,ooo Confeder- ate dead — this was the record. Over half the losses of the Fifth Corps fell upon Humphrey's division, to which Tyler's small brigade was attached, and Tyler's loss alone was 454 me:.
So important were Colonel Quay's ser- vices upon that bloody field thait General Tyler made the following report:
Camp in the Field, Dec. 16, 1862. — Headquarters Tyler's Brigade:
Colonel M. S. Quay, late of the One Hundred and Thirty-Fourth Pennsylvania Infantry, was upon my staff as a volunteer aid-de-camp, and and to him I am greatly indebted. Notwithstanding his enfeebled health, he was in the saddle early and late, ever prompt and efficient and especially so during the engagement on the field.
It was there Colonel Quay won his medal of honor, and twenty-five years afterward when he was a candidate for United States Senator, the survivors of his regiment is- sued an address to the people reciting his heroism on that bloody field and asking support for him as a veteran.
Colonel Quay's declaration at Freder- icksburg, "I would rather die like a fool than live like a coward,' is characteristic of the man. It expresses the determination of the man in every one of his great political battles since the war. The show of oppo- sition has been to him an invitation to go into the battle. After serving as military secretary to Governor Curtin and in the Legislature of his State, he started a news- paper called the Beaver Radical, issuing it without notice and without a single sub- scriber. He made it win. Then Governor Hartranft appointed him Secretary of the Commonwealth, and Governor Hoyt con- tinued him in that office. He was chair- man of the Republican State Committee in 1878-79, and delegate-at-large to the na- tional conventions in 1872, 1870, 1884, 1888 and 1892. It was in the heat of political contests that the Democrats tried to involve Ml. Quay's name in the scandals touching (he State treasury. His answer was the announcement of his candidacy for State Treasurer, the first elective office in the State he ever sought. He went to the peo- ple in the country, not to the manipulators in the cities of Pennsylvania, in his cam- paign, and he was elected by a majority of nearly 50,000, the largest majority ever given a candidate for that office up to that time. That was in 1885. While he was serving his term as State Treasurer in 1887 his political opponents revivedtheir charges against him, and his answer was the an- nouncement of his candidacy for United States Senator. Again the people of Penn- sylvania rallied to him and the Legislature
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elected him to the Senate. In 1893 the war made on him was fiercer than ever by the Democrats, especially by the Democratic press of New York, which remembered bitterly the expos- ures of Tammany methods Chairman Quay made in the campaign of 1888, but their opposition only made him the stronger with the people of Pennsylvania, and he was easily re-elected. In 1895 there was the cry of machine raised against Mr. Quay by a factional opposition in his own party. His answer was the quiet and brief announcement that he would be a can- didate for chairman of the State Commit- tee. The old committee was organized against him, the State administration was with the opposition, and so were the politi- cal leaders in the two great cities of Phila- delphia and Pittsburg. His opposition had already gathered in the politicians from all parts of the State to help them maintain their hold on the State Committee, and they counted a majority of the delegates to the State Convention before they were elected. But Quay went to the people on a platform of municipal reform. It was the biggest fight ever put up against the man, but it had not the people behind it, as was shown when the primaries were held and the poli- ticians were overthrown. Quay had the majority in the convention with the State administration, the two great municipali- ties, and the greatest corporations in the State against him, and his victory came direct from the people, who had confidence in him.
As a political general Mr. Quay demon- strated his abilities to uncover fraud, and also his courage by attacking the very stronghold of Democratic corruption in the campaign of 1888. He was elected chair- man of the Republican National Commit- tee. Blaine's defeat in 1884 had been ac- complished in a small section of New York
City by Tammany's abiHty to count its own majorities. Chairman Quay went to New York and said: "The election will be won or lost right here." He studied the city carefully, had a new registration of the lower wards made by men supposed to be canvassing for a new city directory, and in that way secured lists of the legitimate vot- ers. He had maps made of these wards, showing every tenement house and the number of people in each. In this way he discovered the false registration made by Tammany to defeat Harrison as it had defeated Blaine. The secret was guarded until just before election and the facts were then allowed to leak out. The ballot thieves of Tam- many press ranted. Chairman Quay announced that he had the facts and offered rewards for the arrest and conviction of men who attempted to register falsely. Tammany stood aghast at the boldness of this man. Then the ballot thieves tried in- timidation and letters began to pour in upon ilu: chairman threatening him with assassi- nation, but the man who had stood before the murderous fire of Marye's Heights was not to be frightened by Tammany thugs and heelei-s, and he paid no attention to all the bluster and threats. He held to his course. He watched the election as care- fully as he had watched the registration. He foiled the Tammany men in their own strongholds by preventing false registration and repeating; prevented the lower wards of New York' City from overcoming the Republican majority of the State, and elected Benjamin Harrison President. T.i that work he demonstrated what had long been felt, that New York was a safe Re- publican State when the frauds of Tammany in the lower wards of New York City could be prevented. Mr. Blaine's comment was to Mr. Quay: "If you had been chairman in 1884, I would have been President of the
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United States." The National Committee psssed resolutions of thanks to Mr. Quay vvlien he resigned the chairmanship after the battle was fought and won.
In the Senate Mr. Quay has been the same quiet, determined force that he was in the army and in political campaigns. In 1890 he came to the front as the leader in the Senate. He had been a follower, but when the great tariff fight was on he show- ed his leadership. There were two great question before Congress at that time — the McKinley Bill and the Force Bill. The Democrats were able to block all action on the Force Bill, by their abuse of the privileges of the Senate in debate, and they were determined to talk it to death, and in that way kill both the force bill and the Mc- Kinley bill. The tarifi bill ted been prom- ised. Protection had been the issue in the campaign of 1888, and a new tariff revision had been promised to the people. The de- bate on the force bill was lengthened out into weeks, and the Democrats were determined to talk on that measure until final adjourn- ment. There was anotner campaign on, and the more timid Republicans thought it a dangerous policy to enact a tariff bill just before election. They were satisfied to al- lovv' the Democrats to block the way with their interminable debate on the force bill. But Mr. Quay had generaled the campaign of 1888 when the tariff pledges were made to the people, and he insisted that the Fifty- First Congress should redeem its pledges. He proposed to lay aside the force bill until the tariff bill could be settled definitely, and enacted into law. A Republican caucus was called to discipline the Pennsylvania Senator, but he had his way, and the Mc- Kinley bill became a law, while the force bill went over until the next session. The Republicans lost the election of 1890, and a Democratic Congress followed, but the McKinley bill was a law, and demonstrated
the wisdom of its enactment immediately after it was repealed, two years ago, if not before. When the Wilson bill was reported to the Senate in 1894 Senator Quay fought it v/ith consummate skill. The Republicans no longer had a majority in that body to veto a free-trade measure,but Quay adopted the methods employed by the Democrats against the force bill, and resolved to talk it to death. On April 14 he began the most remarkable tariff speech ever delivered in the United States Senate. It was a full ex- position of the tariff and it finally covered 124 pages of the Congressional Record, and contained something like 200,000 words. It is a big volume in itself. But Mr. Quay did not make this speech to enlighten the Senate, but to prevent the Wilson bill from becoming a law. He began it April 14, and held the floor whenever the bill was under consideration for two months. Other Re- publican Senators followed his plan, and the Democratic Senators were compelled to re- model the bill, granting better protection to the industries of the country, before they could stop this debate, wMth Quay toild them would continue until they compro- mised, and the Senate adjourned.
Senator Quay's ancestors came from the Isle of Man in 1710. His grandfather served in the war of the Revolution, and also that of 1 812. The Senator was born in Dills- burg, Pa., in 1833, and when he was 6 years old his parents moved to Pittsburg, and kiter to Beaver. His father was a Presby- terian minister, and the Senator holds to that faith, so that he was instrumental in having Congress prevent the opening ofthe World's Fair on Sunday. He was eager for travel and adveuture when a boy, and went U) Texas while yet in his teens. He taught school there and closed the school abruptly to go to fight Indians on the Colorado border. He bought a rifle with his teacher's salary and walked to Austin to enlist, but
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when he reached that place tne war was over. In disgust he sold his rifle and started back to Pennsylvania. He was afterward admitted to the bar, m 1854, the year he reached his majority. The next year he was appointed prothonotary of Beaver county, was twice re-elected, and there be- gan his political career. It has been a long and exciting career, but politics never en- tfcis his home life.
He is devotedly domestic. He considers that portion of his life spent in his family circle as a thing apart from the outer world. He lives with his family in the old-fashioned sense of the most intimate and happy com- munion. In Washington society it is a mat- ter of comment that nowadays, when in the rapid whirl and movement of official life members of the most prominent families have scarcely time to become acquainted with one another, the family of Senator Quay exhibits to those who are admitted to its circle an ideal picture of interests per- fectly blended and of the most charming domestic confidence.
Mrs. Quay has always been an inspira- tion and a help to her husband. She is a most charming type of American woman- hood. All of her interests center in her home. While she cares little for society for society's sake, she entertains so attractively and with such engaging and artistic hospi- tality that invitations to her teas and re- ceptions are eagerly sought by the highest clement of the official circles of Washing- ton.
HON. WILLIAM PENN LLOYD, attorney-at-law, and ex-United States Collector of Internal Revenue, was born at Lisburn, Cumberland county, Sep- tember, 1837, the only son of William and Amanda (Anderson) Lloyd, both natives of Cumberland county. On his father's side
h.e is of Welsh and English extraction and by his mother of Scotch-Irish.
William Penn Lloyd worked on the farm and at cabinet making with his father until his i8th year. He attended the public school, Dickinson Seminary, Cumberland County Normal School and White Hall Academy. His summers were devoted to study at these institutions and his winters lo teaching in the public schools. At the age of 'twenity he begian the study of law under William M. Penrose, then a promi- nent lawyer at Carlisle and continued teach- ing and studying until the outbreak of the Rebellion, when he raised a company for the three months service, but the quota of the State being filled before it was ready to be mustered in it was disbanded and in August 1861 he enlisted in Company F, Tst Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry. He served sixteen months as a private, was pro- moted to hospital steward of the regiment, then to first lieutenant of Company E, and next to adjutant of the regiment, at the same time acting as assistant adjutant gen- eral of the brigade. In this capacity he served until September 9, 1864, when the regiment was mustered out at the expira- tion of its three ye'ars term of service. Mr. L1o}t1 was engaged in die battles of Drains- ville, Harrisonburg, Cedar Mountain, Gainesville, second Bull Rum, Fredericks- burg, Gettysburg, Cold Harbor, St. Mary's church, and a score or more of minor en- gagements. Col. Lloyd returned home to Richmond and on the organization of the State Guards under Gen. Hartranft was ap- pointed Inspector General with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He resumed teaching and the study of law until April 18, 1865, vvihen he was admitted to tlie bar of Cum^ berland county. He has since been ad- mitted to practice in the courts of Dauphin, York and Perry counties, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and the District
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Court of the United States. September i6, 1866, he was appointed coUector of internal revenue for the isth Congressional District oi Pennsylvania, comprising the counties of York, Cumberland and Perry. He resigned the collectorship August ist, 1869, to ac- cept a position in the Dauphin Deposit Bank of Harrisburg, where he remained nearly fifteen years, when he quit the bank and went to work on his farm near Me- chanicsburg. A ye'ar later, having regained his health, he opened his present law office. Col. Lloyd has been commander of H. I. Zinn Post, No. 415, Grand Army of the Repubhc, since its organization, March 4, 1888. He is the author of the "Plistory of the First Pennsylvania Reserve Cavalry," a very graphic history of the three years' service of his regiment. He is also a member of Eureka Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, and a Knight Templar of St. John's Commandery, No. 8, of Car- lisle.
May 23, 1865, Col. Lloyd was married to Anna H., a daughter of Israel L. and Mar- garet (Moser) Boyer. To that union were born three children: Weir B., Mary and George E.
EDWARD BIDDLE WATTS, an at- torney of Carlisle, Cumberland county, is a son of Hon. Frederick and Henrietta (Ege) Watts and was born in Carlisle, September 13, 1851. His father, Judge Watts, for more than a quarter of a century was the most prominent man in Carlisle. As early as October, 1827, he prac- ticed in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and as late as the May term iSep.For fifteen years he was reporter of the decisions of that court and during that period and be- fore and after it he was engaged in a large office business and in the trial of nearly all the important cases in the courts below in his owai county and the county of Perry.
For twenty-six ye'ars 'he was president of the Cumberland Valley railroad. August i, i87i,he became United States Commission- er of Agriculture.
At the age of fourteen, Edward Biddle Watts entered Dr. Lyons' private school at West Haverford, ten miles west of Phila- delphia, where he remained until 1868, when he went to Cheshire and entered the Episcopal Academy of the State, where he pursued his studies until 1869. Then, at the request of Dr. Horton, the principal of that institute, he accompanied him upon a tour in Europe. Immediately upon his return he entered Trinity College at Hartford, Connecticut from which institution he was graduated in 1873. He returned to Car- lisle and read law with John Hays and was admitted to the bar in 1875. In 1885 he was appointed attorney for the county commis- sioners of Cumberland county. Mr. Watts has been a member of the 8th Regiment, National Guards, of Pennsylvania, since February 1885. He served as captain of Company G, the Goban Guards, of Car- lisle, and in 1893 was appointed sergeant- major of the regiment. He is a member of St. John's Episcopal church.
JOHN HAYS, President of the Carlisle Deposit Bank and a prominent and successful member of the bar of Cum- berland county, unites in his ancestry the lineage of two of the oldest and most promi- nent families of the State. His paternal great-grandfather, Adam Hays, was a de- scendant of a Holland family who immi- grated to America at an early day and who became members of a Swedish settlement at Newcastle on the Delaware. Adam Hays was born at New Castle and immigrated to Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, where he settled on the north bank of the Cone- doguinet creek, in Frankfor'd township, in 1730. His sons, Adam and Joseph, the lat-
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ter the grand-father of our subject, were born in Cumberland county. Joseph mar- ried and had three sons, Adam, John and Joseph. John was born in August 1794 and was a farmer in early life. At the age of 3c he engaged in the iron trade. He was twice married: first to Jane Pattison, of Cumberland county. They had one daugh- ter, Annie E., who married Lieutenant Richard West, a nephew of Judge Taney, and after his death, Lieutenant Colonel J. W. T. Carder. Mrs. Jane (Pattison) Hays died in 1822 or '23, and her widowed hus- band married Mrs. Eleanor B. Wheaton, a daughter of Robert Blaine. She was a grand-daughter of Col. Ephraim Blaine, of Cumberland county, who was born in Ire- land and came with his parents to Cumber- land county in 1844, when he was but a year old. Col. Ephraim Blaine was a prom- inent man and served his county and coun- try well. He was a friend and confidant of Washington, was sheriff of Cumberland county in 1771, and during the Revolution was deputy commissary general with the rank of colonel. Mrs. and Mr. John Hays were members of the Presbyterian church. He died April 9, 1854, and she January 9, 1839. They had two sons and one daugh- ter: Robert Blaine Hays, Mary Wheaton Hays and John Hays, the subject of this sketch.
John Hays received his preliminary edu- cation in the common schools of Carlisle and graduated from old Dickinson College in the class of 1857. The same year he en- tered the law office of Hon. Robert M. Henderson and in August .1859 he was ad- mitted to the Cumberland county bar. In 1862 Mr. Hays entered Company A, 130th Volunteer Infantry and was promoted to first lieutenant, then adjutant of the regi- ment and afterward to adjutant general of a brigade. He was mustered out of the ser- vice May I, 1863. He was wounded in the
right shoulder at Chancellorsville by a mus- ket ball and had seven other balls cut his clothing and kill his horse under him. He was in the battle of Antietam and Freder- icksburg, in the former of which his regi- ment sustained a severe loss. At Freder- icksburg, Col. Zinn,his commander, lost his life. After the regiment was mustered out, Mr. Hays returned to Carlisle and formed a partnership with Hon. R. M. Henderson. Mr. Hays, August 8, 1865, married Jane Van Ness, a daughter of Captain R. C. and Sarah (RadclitTe) Smead, of the City of New York. Captain Smead was a graduate of West Point and served as a captain in the Mexican war. He died of yellow fever while on his way home at the close of hos- tilities. Mr. and Mrs. Hays are members of the Presbyterian church of Carlisle and have two sons and two daughters: Anna A., Elizabeth S., George M., Raphael S., and Eleanor B. In politics Mr. Hays is a Re- publican and was a delegate to the national convention which nominated Garfield in 1880. He was one of the original trustees of the Metzgar Institute of Carlisle, of which his uncle, George Metzgar, was the founder. He is a member of the board of directors of the Carlisle Gas and Water Company and vice president and chairman of the Ex- ecutive Committee of the Carlisle A'lanu- facturing Company.
DR. JOHN W. C. O'NEIL, was born in Fairfax county, Virginia, April 21, 1821, of Irish and American parentage. His classical and literary education was ob- tained in Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. His medical studies were pursued under the private tutorship of Dr. John Swope, of Taneytown, and Dr. N. R. Smith, Baltimore, Maryland, and in the Medical Department of the University of Maryland, from which he received the de- gree of M. D., in 1844. The doctor settled
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in Hanover, York county, in the spring of that year, but five years later moved to Bal- timore, but finally established himself at Gettysburg in 1863. He is a member of the Phrenakosmian Society of Pennsyl- vania College, a member of the Adams County Medical Society, of which he was president in 1875, of the Pennsylvania Medical Society and of the American Medi- cal Association. Pie has contributed to the literature of the profession a pamphlet on the cholera as it appeared in Baltimore 1852, another on medical and surgical ex- perience on the battle fields of Antie- tam and Gettysburg, a third on the Kataly- sine Spring water and a comparison of its powers with the water of foreign springs, and other fugitive papers and reports. The doctor served as commissioner of public schools in Baltimore during the years of 1850-51-52 and was vaccine physician of the twentieth ward of that city for that period. Fie served as delegate to the Mary- land State Medical Society from Pennsyl- vania in 1877 and in 1886, was made a member of the Board of Commissioners of Public Charities of Pennsylvania in 1883. He attended as medical and surgical advisor in the house of industry of Adams county for 1863 to 187 1 and re- signed in favor of his son. Dr. Walter H. O'Neil, who continued to fill the appoint- ment for several years afterward. The doc- tor was a delegate to the National Medical Association in 1884, representing the State of Pennsylvaniia, and has continued his membership ever since. By appointment of the Pennsylvania State Pubhc Board of Charities the doctor was one of the three representatives of the State in the 13th Na- tional Conference of Charities and Correc- tions at St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1886.
In 1847 he married Ellen, a daughter of Henry Wirt, of Hanover, York county.
HON. BENJAMIN K. SPANGLER. In writing the story of the life of Benjamin K. Spangler brief note must be taken of the political history of "Old Mother Cumberland," for out of the fer- ment of sentiment which in late years has made it doubtful, if not safely Republican county, was evolved a notable chapter in his career. Up to early in the 'go's the county was safely Democratic by nine hun- dred, and few Republicans gained office; but at that period change was wrought and men who had been working for this con- summation for years, at last found them- selves elevated from the ranks as loyal workers, into leadership and office. One of those whose aptitude and ability came to be thus recognized and rewarded through his party's ascendancy was Benjamin K. Spangler, a man whose political life has been one full of picturesque experience. Mr. Spangler was born in Carlisle, Sep- tember 8, 1832, the son of Jacob and Eli- zabeth (Goddard) Spangler. The Spang- lers are of German origin and the family has many branches in the southern section of Pennsylvania, especially in York county, where they are numerous. To this branch our subject's immediate ancestry belongs. The father was born in East Berlin, Adams county, 1775, and died in Carlisle in 1857, aged 82 years. He was a carpenter by trade and when yet a boy came to Carlisle, where he eventually became a contractor and built some of the most conspicuous build- ings in the town. In politics he was an old line Whig and in religion of the Lutheran faith, serving as a deacon of the church. He married Elizabeth G. Waterbury, widow of Thomas Waterbury, of Stam- ford, Connecticut, and a daug-hter of Thomas Goddard, a native of New Eng- land. Five sons and two daughters were born to this marriage: James U., and John K., carpenter, of Carlisle; Kate, wife of
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David Rhoades, Altoona; Emanuel, de- deceased; William, a carpenter ar.d stair builder, of Carlisle; Benjamin K., and Letitia, wife of James P. Wilson, Altoona. Our subject obtained his education in the Carlisle public schools and at the age of sixteen learned the trade of chain making. After following this for several years he went to Harrisburg and learned cigar mak- ing, at which trade he worked in Philadel- phia, New York, Cincinnati, Pittsburg and Baltimore. In 1857 he started business in Carlisle, continued it for a year and then went to Kansas, where he spent seven of the most eventful months of his life. The bitter struggle over the status of the terri- tory in the matter of slavery was then on and young Spangler precipitated himself into the conflict on the side of the Free Soilers under James Lane's leadership. Mr. Spangler fought and voted to admit Kan- sas free. When this issue had been de- cided, he returned to Carlisle and and re- sumed his trade. In July 1862 the war for the preservation of the Union evoked his sympathies and he enlisted in Captain Wil- liam M- Porter's Company A, 30th Penn- sylvania Regiment for nine months. His services practically terminated Septem- ber 15th, after the battle of South Moun- tain, for he was stricken on the line of march and sent first to Hagerstown and then to Camp Curtin, Harrisburg. Here he was transferred to Church hospital and December 10, 1862, was discharged on a surgeon's certificate of disability. Return- ing to Carlisle he engaged in the cigar business. In 1894 Mr. Spangler, running on the Republican ticket, was elected rep- resentative in the State Legislature. He made an enviable record there, his most notable action being his speech on the Re- ligious Garb bill.
Mr. Spangler is a member of the Evan- gelical church ; of St. John Lodge, Free and
Accepted Masons; of St. John's Chapter, 171, Royal Arch [Masons; of St. John Com- mandery. No. 8, Knights Templar, of Car- lisle; Junior Order United American Me- chanics, and of the American Protective Association.
April 6, 1862, he wa ■ married to Mar- garet A. Rhodes, of Carlisle. Five daugh- ters have beenborntothem: Ella Elizabeth, wife of John Oliver, of Carlisle ; Emma Re- becca, wife of Charles W. Strohm; Jennie Gertrude, wife of Harry Brheam, of Car- lisle, and Effie deceased.
PROFESSOR HENRY B. NIXON, Ph. D., who occupies the chair of mathematics in Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, was born near Winfall, Perquiman's county, North Caro- lina, September 9th, 1857. He is of Enghsh ancestry. His paternal great gnandfartiher was Samuel Nixon, whose son Francis was the paternal grandfather of our subject. Francis Nixon engaged in farming, fishing and milling all his life. He had five chil- dren, William, Thomas, Francis, James and Sarah. Thomas, the father of Henry B. Nixon, received a common school edu- cation supplemented by courses in Quaker schools at Belvidere, North Carolina, and at Alexandria, Virginia, from the latter of which he was graduated. He devoted him- self to husbandry all his life. He married Cornelia, daughter of Joseph and Harriet (Jones) Townsend, and had eight children: Julian, Francis, Mary, James, Henry, Jos- eph, Harriet and Thomas. His death oc- curred in 1886. The mother is still living at the old homestead in Perquiman's coun- ty. North Carolina. Henry B. Nixon pre- pared for college at the Hertford Academy, North Carolina, and attended the Univer- sity of North Carolina, from which he was graduated in 1878. After graduating he spent some time teaching and studying pri-
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vately. He then continued his studies at Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore for five whole and part of two additional years, after which he went to Gettysburg to sup- ply the chair of mathematics during the ill- ness of his predecessor, Prof. CroU. On the death of the latter he was appointed to fill the vacancy for a year, and at the ex- piration of that time he was elected to the professorship. Prof. Nixon is a mathema- tician of distinction and has turned out some very capable students during his term of service at Gettysburg. May 22nd, 1889, he married Kate Virginia Hay, of Philadel- phia, Pa., whose parents, Alexander and Magdalen-a (Ilgenfritz) Hay were originally from York, Pa. They have one son, Thomas Hay Nixon, born Februarv 22nd, 1895.
REV. A. R. STECK, pastor of St. James Lutheran church, Gettys- burg, Adams county, is a native of Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania, and was born August 8, 1861, the son of Rev. Dr. David and Susan M. Steck. He is of German an- cestry. His paternal grandfather, Freder- ick, was born in Lycoming county and was a farmer by occupation. In politics he was a Democrat and in religion a Luther- an. He was a man of broad intelHgence and excellent judgment. His children were John, Elizabeth, Daniel, Jacob, George, Julia, Christie and Charles. He died in 1858. Rev. Dr. David Steck was born in Hughesville, Lycoming county, November, 1819, and received his education, both classical and theological, at the Pennsyl- vania College, Gettysburg, graduating from the theological department in 1840. He located at Pottsville, Pennsylvania, organ- ized the First Lutheran church of that place and served as pastor eleven years, during which he brought the congregation to a fine state of development. His next
charge was in Lancaster city, where he served four years and then became pastor of the First Lutheran church of Dayton, O. After six years service there he then re- turned to Pottsville, in a state of ill health which did not permit him to pursue his ministerial labors very assiduously. In the hope of recruiting his health he accepted a call to Middletown, Frederick county, Maryland. There he remained four and a half years, and then, largely in behalf of the education of his sons, accepted a call to St. James church, of Gettysburg, the seat of Lutheran classical and theological education. From 1875 to 1881 he served as pastor of St. James church. He was eminently successful in his church work and was one of the most accomplished and graceful orators in the Lutheran church. In April, 1849, he married Susan M. Edwards, a daughter of Enoch and Catharine Edwards, by whom he had nine children: Newton, Valeria, John , Katie, Charles, Augustus, Mamy, Willie and Luther. Mamie and Willie are dead. Mrs. Steck is still living.
Rev. A. R. Steck graduated from Penn- sylvania College in the class of '82. He taught school for one year at New Salem, York county ,and then entered the theolog- ical seminary at Gettysburg, where he graduated in June, 1886. His first call was from the Lutheran church at Stewartsville, Warren county. New Jersey. He remained with that charge until 1891, when he re- signed to accept a call to the First Luther- an church of Indianapolis, Indiana. In July, 1894, he resigned to accept a call from St. James Lutheran church, his pres- ent charge, and in September following removed to Gettysburg, to take up the work in which his father had been stayed by the hand of death.
July I, 1891, he married Bertha, a daughter of Hon. Howard Melick, of Phil-
S. M. MANIFOLD.
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lipsburg, New Jersey. To that union were born four children; Howard Rodney, who died in infancy; Kenneth L., Robert Augustus and Julia Catherine.
Rev. Steck is one of the most thoroughly educated and intelligent clergymen in the Lutheran church, and has brought to his work rare qualities and endowments of heart and mind, peculiarly fitting him for the spiritual care of men. He has taken up and very successfully carried forward the work in which death interrupted his father. To-day he is one of the leading min- isters in the West Pennsylvania Synod. He is an eloquent speaker, an interesting conversationalist and a man of entirely agreeable personality.
SAMUEL U. MANIFOLD, general manager of the York Southern R. R. is one of that worth}' class of self-made men who build their own monuments of fortune and reputation. He is a son of Joseph and Rebecca (Martin) Manifold, and was born in Hopewell township, York county, Pennsylvania, May 8th, 1842. The Manifolds are of English Quaker lineage and first settled in one of the counties of New Jersey. Subsequently the succeeding generations gradually diffused and a num- ber of them came to the southern part of York county, where they became promi- nent farmers and large property owners. A descendant of one of these earl}' settlers in York county, was Henry Manifold, the fa- ther of Joseph Manifold, and the paternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch.
Joseph Manifold was born 1810 and mar- ried Rebecca Perry Martin, a daughter of Rev. Samuel Martin, a prominent Scotch- Irish minister of the Presbyterian church, whose principal pastorates were at Slate Ridge, and Chanceford churches, the lat- ter of which he served for over 40 years. Joseph Manifold was the father of six chil-
dren, whose names are as follows: Rose E., deceased wife of Z. H. Dougherty, Henry A. Manifold, deceased, Eliza A., deceased, wife of C. C. Smith; ]\Iarg-aret J. ;Manifold and W. F. Manifold.
Samuel Martin Manifold grew to man- hood on his father's farm and received a fair English education in the common and select schools of his neighborhood. Hard- ly had his school days closed, when the great Civil conflict in our country began, and, with patriotic zeal. ^Ir. Alanifold of- fered his services in behalf of his nation, on May 23, 1869, he enlisted in company A, 2ist Regiment, Pennsylvania cavalry, which was originally organized for six months service, but after the expiration of his term of service, he re-enlisted in the same Regi- ment and served for a period of three years. At the time of his enlistment he was a pri- vate but received successive promotions for his gallantry until he was commissioned lieutenant of his company. Mr- Manifold was a participant in the campaigns of the Shenandoah Valley, the siege of Peters- burg, the campaigns under Sheridan and took part in the battles of North Anna, Cold Harbor, Petersburg and numerous other engagements and skirmishes. He was honorably discharged at Lynchburg, Va., about July 20th, 1865. After the war was ended he returned home and engaged in farming until 1872, in which latter year he joined a railroad engineer corps as axe- man and began his career in connection with railroading. From axeman he was next made rodman, then assistant engineer and finally in 1875, chief engineer of the construction work of the Peach Bottom railroad. While serving in subordinate positions he studied railroading thoroughly and to a purpose, and between 1875 and 1878, he located, surveyed and superin- tended the successful construction of the last 20 miles of what is now the York
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Southern R. R. through a very difficult section of the county. In 1878 he became superintendent of the York and Peach Bot- tom R. R., and served acceptably as such for ten years, when he accepted the posi- tion of road master of the Baltimore and Lehigh railway, with which he was connec- ted up to 1 89 1. In the latter year he sur- veyed an extension of the Stewartstown railway into Delta, and a few months later took charge of a position in the transpor- tation departments of the Pennsylvania railroad, with offices at Washington, D. C, and Baltimore, Md., which office he re- signed in April, 1893, to become master of transportation of the Baltimore and Lehigh R. R. In the same year a receiver was ap- pointed for the last named road and Mr. Manifold became General Manager, which office he held until that corporation was merged in the York Southern railway. He has held 'honorable connection ever since with that company-
On January ist, 1875, Mr. Manifold was united in happy marital union with Miss Sallie E. Gregg, a native of Chester county, and a daughter of George and Sophia (Granger) Gregg. To Mr. and Mrs. Mani- fold have been born six children, a son and five daughters: J. Howard, Roselma, Myra Ross, Emily Martin, Keziah Warren and Margaret. The son, J. Howard Manifold, is a graduate of the York Collegiate insti- tute and subsequently entered the Law De- partment of Yale University from which he was graduated in June 1896, and in which he is now taking a special course in corporation and railroad law.
In politics Mr. Manifold is a strong dis- ciple of the principles taught in the Re- publican faith, but has never found time to accept any political office beyond one term as member of city council. He and Mrs. Manifold are members of the First Presbyterian church, of York- Fraternally
he is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, of General Sedgwick Post, No. 37, Grand Army oi the Republic, and of York Conclave, 124, Improved Order of Heptasophs. In addition to his arduous and active duties in connection with the York Southern Railroad, Mr. Manifold has also been interested in the development of the Peach Bottom slate quarries and is president of the Delta Peach Bottom Slate Company, one of the leading concerns in the slate region of York county. He is a man of good executive ability and business capacity, energetic, far-sighted, and prudent and easily ranks among the leading citizens of the 19th Congressional District.
REV. GEORGE L. SMITH, the pres- ent pastor of Calvary Presbyterian church, of York, Pennsylvania, since its organization in 1883, was born in West- chester county. New York, June 15, 1837. He is a son of Samuel D. and Sallie A. (Delavan) Smith- His paternal grand- father. Job Smith, of evidently English des- cent, was a farmer and merchant and an all round business man, who resided in Dela- ware county. New York, and his son Sam- uel D. Smith was born in Monticello, N. Y. Samuel D. Smith was a man of good education, taught school for several terms and followed merchandizing and other lines of business subsequently. He was a Pres- byterian in church membership, a Whig and Republican in politics and served as justice of the peace. A man of modest demeanor, he was highly esteemed for his quiet activity in educational matters and the common interests of his neighborhood. He was born January, 1808, died June 29th, 1869, and was buriedatSouth Salem, West- chester county. New York. He was a grandson of Judge Miller of Revolutionary fame. His marriage with Sallie A. De-
REV. GEORGE L. SMITH.
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lavan, who was of French descent, resuUed in the birth of three children, who grew to maturity: Rosswell D., a minister and ph)'- sician, of New York City; Rev. George L., subject, and Elbert M.,for sometime a mer- chant, but at present connected with the D. L. & W. R. R. company.
Rev. George L- Smith obtained his early education in the public schools, later con- tinued his studies with Rev. A. L. Linds- ley, D. D., lately connected with the Pres- byterian Theological Seminary at San Francisco, and then in Union College, Schenectady, New York, and New York University. He was graduated from New York University in 1862. In the same year he matriculated in Princeton Theolog- cal Seminary and was graduated in the class of 1865, of which Rev. Francis L. Pat- ton, LL. D., S. Stanhope Orris, Ph. D., Prof. Raymond, all of Princeton Univer- sity, and Rev. E. T. Jeffers, D. D., Presi- dent of the York Collegiate Institute, were members. About the time of graduation he was licensed to preach by the Second Presbytery, of New York, ordained to the ministry by the Presbytery of Passaic, New Jersey, within the bounds of which he had been called to the pastorate of the Presby- terian church at Rutherford, New Jersey. Here he remained in his ministerial rela- tions until the year 1871, when he was called to the charge at Ewing, New Jersey, with which he labored for a period of nearly eight years. Subsequently, he re- ceived a call to the First Presbyterian church at Cedarville, in the same State, and accqjted and continued as the incumbent of that body until August, 1883, when he moved to York, Pennsylvania, and finally accepted the pastorate of Calvary Presby- terian church at that place. His new field was an experimental one in a large degree. Upon his advent he found a Sunday school established but neither church edifice nor
church organization. The former had for its meeting place at first a cooper shop in the southeastern part ot the city of York, and on August 5th, 1882, comprised 37 scholars, five teachers and two visitors. In conjunction with the Sunday school, cot- tage prayer meetings were held, and in a very short time a sufficient number of de- votees was attracted to necessitate larger and more commodious accommodations. Consequently the erection of a chapel was begun, finished and opened for public wor- ship in November of the same year. Near- ly a year later a movement was started for the org-anization of a church, an application was made to the Presbytery of Westmin- ster, which met in Lancaster County, Sep- tember 25, 1883, and a committee was ap- pointed, which met October g. 1883, and formally organized Calvary Presbyterian church with an enrollment of 27 members. Rev. Dr. Henry E. Niles, presided, Rev. Dr. McDougall took part in the devotional exercises, and Rev. Mr. Crawford gave the charge to the newly elected elders, all of which was followed by an address by the Rev. George L. Smith. On October 17, 1883, an invitation was extended Rev. Mr. Smith to accept the ofhce of pastor of the newly organized church, and on the 30th of the same month he was duly installed by the Presb}'tery of Westminster. Dur- ing the installation service Rev. G. W. Ely, of Columbia, presided, the Rev. Dr. Mc- Dougall, President of the York Collegiate Institute at that time, preached the sermon. Rev. Dr. C. W. Stewart, of Coleraine, de- livered the charge to the pastor and Rev. Dr. Henry E. Niles, of York addressed the people. Subsequently the chapel received four material additions in the way of en- largement. Its insufficiency to accommo- date the congregation being soon recog- nized, ground was broken on May 25, 1885, for the present church edifice, whose corner
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stone was laid July 21, 1885- This church was dedicated February 16, 1886, and the manse for the pastor was begun and com- pleted in the year 1890, the group of Cal- vary buildings presenting an attractive and tasteful appearance. The buildings and organization of this church are a monu- ment to the labors of Rev. George L. Smith and the generous and open-handed contributions of Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Small, Sr., Mr. Samuel Small, Jr., and others of the congregation. The record of growth in membership since 1883 is from 37 to about three hundred, which speaks more eloquently than words of the effect- iveness and emphatic results of concen- trated labor in the cause of the church and of Christianity, by those devoted to the moral and religious interests of Calvary Presbyterian church. Within the church organization, Mr. Smith has been largely instrumental in suggesting and instituting a number of auxiliary organizations, which constitute no inconsiderable part of its his- tory. These organizations are the Pastor's Aid, Temperance, and Christian Endeavor Societies whose functions are centered in local interests; the Rays of Light and the Ladies' Home Missionary Society to assist in spreading the gospel in remote portions of our own land; and the Woman's For- eign Missionary Society, and the Little Light Bearers, whose common object is to scatter the good seed of Christian living and the fruit of Christian character among heathen nations.
On November 21, 1865, Rev. George L. Smith was united in marriage with Carrie N. Olden, of Princeton, New Jersey, whose death took place on August 12, 1871. Nearly eight years after her death, Mr. Smith, on June 5, 1879, wedded Sarah G. Scudder, a daughter of Dr. J. W. Scudder, of Ewing, New Jersey. By his first mar- riage he had two children, one of whom
died in infancy, and the other, George E., is now connected with the York Daily.
Rev. George L. Smith has always taken a deep interest in civic and governmental affairs. He is a Republican in politics, ex- ercises an intelligent and discriminating ballot, and is a patron of educational and charitable institutions. He is a frequent contributor to religious newspapers, has written and published two serial stories, many of his sermons have been published in leading journals and pamphlet form and he has been prominent in the higher assem- blies of his church as well. For several years he has served on the board of trus- tees of the York Collegiate Institute, as vice president of the board, and secretary of the executive committee.
WALKER A. DROMGOLD, senior member of the well-known firm of Hench & Dromgold, manufacturers of agricultural implements and machinery, of York, Pennsylvania, is a son of John and Bandinah (HencM Dromgold, and was born near Ickesburg, Perry county. Pa., March 4th, 1850. He is descended from Scotch-Irish ancestry. Thomas Drom- gold. his grandfather, was born in the county of Louth, near Dublin, in the King- dom of Ireland, subject to the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, where his father was a merchant, mill owner and farmer. The former came to the United States when a young man; he emigrated from Warren Point, in the north of Ireland, on or about the nth day of May, 1801, and arrived at New Castle, State of Delaware, in the United States of America, on the 22d day of July in the same year. From there he traveled, largely on foot, to the Chesapeake Bay, and from the mouth of the Susquehanna River, he continued his journey, following the tow- path, until he reached Millerstown, Pa.
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Shortly after his arrival he settled near Mil- lerstown, Perry county, Pa., and subse- quently removed to Donally's Mills in the same county. Soon after he purchased a farm near Ickesburg, Perry county. He married Elizabeth Donally, of Donally's Mills, who bore him a family of four chil- dren, three sons and one daughter. He continued to reside there until the time of his death; his wife Elizabeth, also resided on the old homestead, being cared for by the father of our subject.
At the Court of Common Pleas in Bloomfield, in and for the county of Perry, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in the United States of America, on the 5th day of January, Anno Domini, One Thou- sand Eight Hundred and Thirty, came into open court, Thomas Dromgold, a native of Ireland, and exhibited his petition and affi- davit, stating that he is a free white man, and an alien, that he is about 55 years of age, as did appear by the Certificate of Reg- istry, therewith presented under the seal of the District Court of the United States for the district of Delaware, that he has continued to reside since the day of his ar- rival, in and under the jurisdicton of the United States, that he is desirous and will- ing to become a citizen of the United States, and to renounce forever, all allegi- ance and fidelity to any foreign Prince, Potentate, State or Sovereignty whatever, and particularly to George the Fourth, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
WHEREUPON the Court ADMITTED the said THOMAS DROMGOLD to be- come a citizen of United States of Amer- ica, agreeable to the Acts of Congress in such case made and provided.
UPON the TESTIMONY of Jacob Fritz and George Monroe, Esqs., citizens of the Unitea States, and duly sworn for the Petitioner, I, George Stroop, Prothon-
otary, have hereunto set my hand, and af- fixed the seal of the said court at Bloom- field, this eleventh day of June, Anno Dom- ini, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty.
Thomas Dromgold was among the early settlers of Perry county. He died March 8, 1841, aged about 62 years. Elizabeth, wife of the elder Dromgold died September 28th, i860, in the 74th year of her age.
John Dromgold, one of the three sons (Edward and Manassas being the others) of the grandfather of our subject, was bom on the old homestead farm, near Ickesburg, on March 20, 1811, and died near Ickes- burg, on his farm, January 13, 1887.
On the iSth of August, 1834, he married Bandinah Hench, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Yohn) Hench. They had two sons and three daughters, of which the sub- ject's mother was the eldest. The subject's grandfather, Samuel Hench, had three brothers and five sisters: John, Jacob, Peter, Elizabeth, Susan, Catharine, Mary and Lina. Samuel Hench's farm adjoined the elder Dromgold's farm.
Bandinah Hench Dromgold was born January 17, 1815, and died December i, 1876. The first five years after their mar- riage, they resided on a farm near Dever's Run, subsequently removed to Juniata county, near Port Royal, in Turbett town- ship, a few years later removed to Spruce Hill township, and finally returned to their native county where they lived the remain- der of their lives. He became the owner of his father's large farm containing about six hundred acres, three hundred of which he improved. In addition to this he erec- ted a number of tenant houses, was a large employer of labor and withal a man of prominence in this section of the county. He was elected at various times to different public offices in his township, and was active in political and busi-
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ness affairs generally. Politically he was a supporter of the Democratic party, and in his religious affiliations was a consistent and valued member of the Lutheran church. The fruitage of this un- ion was five sons and four daughters: Eliza J., deceased, wife of Solomon Bower, deceased, Blain, Pa., J. Ellen, wife of Nich- olas Ickes, a resident of the State of Ne- braska, Maggie A., deceased, wife of George Kochenderfer, Sarah P., deceased, wife of Philip Kell, of Ickesburg, Pa., Samuel M., resident of Blain, Perry county, William S., living on the old homestead. Dr. Thomas M., a practicing physician, located at Sen- eca, Illinois. Walker A., subject. Dr. Stew- art T., a practicing physican located at El- more, Ohio.
Walker A. Dromgold was reared on the farm upon which he was born and received his education in the public schools, at Spring Grove and Mt. Pleasant. After leaving school he engaged in farming with his father, with whom he remained until he reached his majority. Immediately sub- sequent to this he conducted a farm on his own account for a period of three years and after\vard removed to Patterson, Jun- iata county, where he continued agricul- tural and kindred pursuits on the estate of Hon. James North, a prominent citizen of that county. From here he removed to Turbett township, the same county, where he continued to reside until 1877, when he disposed of his interests, and associated himself with S. Nevin Hench, of Ickesburg, Pa., in the manufacture and sale of agricul- tural implements near Port Royal. This connection was maintained for two years, when he removed to Perry county to take charge of his father's farm and where he continued to reside during the succeeding three years. His duties in connection with his father's farm he supplemented by selling agricultural implements. In 1882 he left
Perry county and removed to York, Penn- sylvania, which has since become the place of his residence and the seat of his business activities.
He is a man of large practical experience, inventive genius and good business capac- ity, and has succeeded in making a worthy name for himself in the domain of manufac- turing and commercial industry. He pos- sesses unusual energy, is a vigorous work- er, and his success in his special lines has been amply deserved.
In the formation of the National Har- row Company, of New York, capitalized at $200,000.00 he was elected a Director in the interests of Hench & Dromgold and served for several years. A few years later upon the formation of the Standard Harrow Com- pany, corporation, of Jersey City, New Jer- sey, capitalized at $2,000,000.00, on account of his large practical knowledge and good business abilities, his associates elected him one of its directors.
His residence on Linden Avenue is com- modious and tasteful, within which is cen- tered a happy domestic circle.
In politics Mr. Dromgold is a Republi- can and for some years served as a member of the Select Council of his adopted city. He is a member of Heidelberg Reformed church, in which he is an elder, and is ear- nestly devoted to such movements as have for their end the moral and social up-build- ing of the community. On September 23, 1871, he wa'^ joined in marriage with Martha E. Shull, a daughter of William Shull, of Ickesburg, Perry county. Pa. They have five children, Lelia Alice, Corinne, Thomas Edward, Bradie Lawrence and William Shull. Corinne and William S. died in infancy, and Bradie L. died aged 5 years, 7 months and 20 days. Mrs. Drom- gold died on November 24, 1881, and on February 19, 1891, Mr. Dromgold re-mar- ried,— his present wife being Ella F. Wilt,
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of York, Pennsylvania, who has borne him three children, Florence Aileen, Davis El- kins and Kathryn Isabel. Davis Elkins died in infancy.
REV- WILLIAM S. FREAS, D. D., of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran church, of York, is a son of Jesse W. and Ann Catherine (Streeper) Freas, and was born in White Marsh township, Montgom- ery county, Pennsylvania, May 11, 1848. Rev. Dr. Freas is of German descent.
During his boyhood, William S. Freas attended the public schools of his native township and Treemount Seminary at Nor- ristown, Pennsylvania., then conducted by Prof. John W. Loch. Subsequently he en- tered Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, this State, from which he was graduated with the first honors of his class in 1873. Leaving college he immediately entered the Lutheran Theological Seminary located at the same place, from which he was grad- uated in 1876. In September, 1876, he was ordained to the ministry of the Evan- gelical Lutheran church at Everett, Bed- ford county, Pennsylvania, where he re- mained until 1880. In February of that year he became pastor of the Hughesville church, Lycoming county, which he left in September, 1882, to take charge of the First Lutheran church, of Carlisle, Penn- sylvania, where he labored during the suc- ceeding three years. At the end of that time, in December, 1885, he became pas- tor of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran church of York and has sustained that re- lationship ever since.
The present church edifice of St. Paul's congregation is located on the corner of South Beaver and West King streets, and was erected between the years 1869 and 1871 at a cost of $70,000. The seating ca- pacity is about 800 and the church building is regarded as one of the finest and most
delightfully situated structures in the city. St. Paul's church was organized February 26, 1836, with 98 members and its Sunday school was established in November follow- ing. The first church edifice was built in 1836 and '37 and stood on the site of the present structure, while the parsonage was purchased in 1842. When Rev. Dr. Freas became pastor in 1885, the church had a membership of 450 which under his minis- try has increased to 600, while the Sunday school has grown during the same period from a membership of 400 to 550. Rev. Dr. Freas is the fourth, and, so far, last, of the pastors of St. Paul's church. The first pastor was Rev. Jonathan Oswald, D. D., who served from 1836 to i860. He was succeeded by Rev. William M. Baum, D. D., whose pastoral labors closed in 1873, and whose successor Prof. L. A. Gotwald, D. D., took charge the same year and served until 1885, when the present pastor was called.
On June 5th, 1878, Rev. Dr. Freas mar- ried Ella A. Streeper, a daughter of Jacob Streeper, one time editor and proprietor of the Montgomery County Ledger, published at Pottstown. Mrs. Freas died June 22, 1894, leaving five children: William, How- ard, Raymond, Elizabeth and Richard.
Rev. Dr. Freas, in recognition of his ser- vices as pastor, religious teacher and his well-known literary attainments, received the degree of D. D., from Wittenberg col- lege, Springfield, O. In his field of labor he has been a commanding figure in its moral and religious growth. He is not only active and prominent in church work but has manifested unusual public spirit and zeal in all social, municipal and eco- nomic reforms touching the welfare of the community in which he resides. He is President of the West Pennsylvania Synod of the Lutheran Church, President of the Board of Church Extension, has been sec-
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retary of the General Synod for the last ten years and has served in various other ofH- cial capacities in the higher councils of the church.
BENNETT BELLMAN, ESQ., was born at the foot of the beautiful South Mountain, in the old family home- stead at Mt. Holly Springs, this county, April 1st, 1853, and is descended, on the maternal line from James Moore, the el- der, who resided there and was a large landowner in South Middleton township before the formation of the county. James Moore died in September, 1767, leaving issue alive at the time of his death four sons and three daughters, viz: Wil- liam, John, James and Robert, and daugh- ters, Mary intermarried with Thomas Wil- son, Jane, (called also Jean) the great- grandmother of our subject, intermarried vnth John Thompson, and Agnes, who married Capt. John Steel, an ante-revolu- tionary member of this bar and son of Rev. John Steel, celebrated in the Indian War and known as the "fighting parson." John Thompson served in the Revolution and was commissioned as a lieutenant by the Marquise de Lafayette. Their daughter, Elizabeth Thompson, married Rev. Jasper Bennett, and their only daughter, Mary, married Rev. Henry W. Bellman, by whom there was issue two sons, Bennett Thomp- son, and Samuel H. Bellman, deceased.
On the paternal side he is descended from German, and earlier (probably) of Swedish ancestry, in which "freundschaft" was Carl Michael Bellman, the great na- tional poet of Sweden and imtimate friend of Gustavus H. In German the original name is Von Bellman.
Rev. Jasper Bennett owned, by his wife's inheritance, most of the land on which the beautiful town of Mt. Holly Springs is now built. Rev. Henry W. Bellman died
in i860, in charge of a congregation at Richmond, Va.
As a child Bennett Bellman was left an orphan under the charge of two guardians, one of whom was a son of Governor Rit- ner. Six thousand dollars of the estate held by them was donated to foreign mis- sions. He had the advantage of a good academic and collegiate education, but his health failing, he finished his studies under a private tutor and subsequently took post- graduate courses in metaphysics, literature and jurisprudence. Prior to this time he read law with the broad-brained and schol- arly General A. Brady Sharpe, of Carlisle, and, at the age of twenty-one, was admit- ted to the bar of Cumberland county, and, upon the motion of his preceptor, three years later, to the Supreme Court of the State. He began to build up a success- ful practice, but was almost immediately ordered to Florida and condemned to death by specialists in the name of pulmonary consumption. He did not die but realized for several years, all the feelings of a crim- inal who is thus condemned. While upon the St. John's he w^as for a week or more the companion of Gen. Lew Wallace, who had not yet become immortal by writing Ben Hur. Pie went to six countries in Eu- rope, seeing leisurely the romantic beau- ties of the Rhine, climbing some of the highest peaks in Switzerland but spendmg most of the time in France and amid the beautiful scenery, the historic associations and the art treasures of Italy. While in Italy be saw the meeting of King William, of Germany, and of Victor Emanuel at Milan. In Paris and in Italy he spent much of his time with Gen. Heintzlenian, of Grant's staff, and in Florence and Ver- ona wth Charlemagne Tower, now Minis- ter to the Court of Austria. While in Rome (the Rome of Victor Emanuel and Pio Nino) he studied the ruins of that ancient
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city under the instruction of the celebrated sculptor and archaeologist, Shakespeare Wood, caught the Roman fever, saw the great carnival of 1876, and visited Gari- baldi.
When he returned with health partially restored he did not resume the practice of law, but drifted into the Bohemia of News- paperdom, editing, among others, the Harrisburg Independent (1882), and be- coming, later, editorial writer of The Har- risburg Call, telegraphic editor Baltimore Herald (1886), editor of The Republican, Carlisle (1890), also first local editor of Carlisle Daily Herald and of The Leader, of the same place, but doing, frequently, literary and editorial work for other papers and magazines with which he was not otherwise connected. As a public speaker he has lectured, but always for benevolent purposes, and made, by appointment of the Republican Committee, more speeches in the Garfield campaign than any other speaker in the county.
His love for metaphysics and literature was always greater than for anything else, and he began writing verses in his teens until, finally, they attracted the kindly at- tention of Charles A. Dana and of John Greenleaf Whittier, who wrote kindly let- ters of commendation and encouragement. Many have been published in the higher class of" periodicals from New England to the Pacific coast, and several of them, re- cently, in collections of poems in England, to which they floated without the author's knowledge or intention. In this he has never tried to please the popular taste but only to write honestly and artistically what he thought and felt. In 1876 he issued his first volume of 220 pages (and of 160 pieces which had not been lost) entitled "Lighter Lyries and Other Poems," which edition of 500 copies was published in the county, sold, but was, as is usual in such cases, a
financial failure. It received very flatter- ing reviews in the leading New York and Philadelphia dailies, which were the only places where it was sent for judgment.
To illustrate, among others the Phila- delphia Press said: "It was in this journal that Bennett Bellman, of Carlisle, first commanded the attention of observant readers by his very melodious verse. How copious this has been and how rarely good, this volume of some two hundred titles sufficiently attests. * * * He ranges with equal skill from the difficult simplicity of the manner of Whittier to the more flu- ent and complex manner of Swinburne, and in the Swinburnian style he shows himself an adept." "Some of his pastoral poems," said another paper, "are gems that sparkle at every point." And the Philadelphia In- quirer, in an able review of two columns, entitled "A Pennsylvania Poet," written by its literary editor, Robert C. McCabe, said: "The literature of America is the richer for the production. Not that he will ever be- come, strictly speaking, a popular poet, if the present volume is any basis for proph- ecy. His work and his objective point is of a cast that will not appeal to the taste of every one. The poems contain too much philosophy — too much reaching after the "over-soul," the higher life — ^the things not of the earth earthy, to please the careless reader whose ear is tickled by a jingle of rhyme. There is, in his work, a tendency towards too much abstract thinking, but this is easily forgiven on account of his fer- tile invention and the infinite variety of his muse and his music. * * * Altogether, both in style and treatment these poems possess more lasting merit than many which have assumed prominent places in the literature of this country."
The subject of this sketch was unfortun- ate some years ago in losing all that he possessed by being led into foolish specu-
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lation, and much of his work has been done under the most disadvantageous cir- cuiustances and in the teeth of fortune.
REV. SAMUEL N. CALLENDER, D. D., a distinguished divine of the Reformed church in the United States and secretary of its Board of Foreign Missions,, was born April i6, 1820, in the city of Har- risburg, Pennsylvania, the son of Norman and Elizabeth D. (Weistling) Callender. He is at present a resident of Mechanicsburg. Pa. The Callenders are of English origin and emigrated to this country early in the Coloniial period. It appears that there was a Callender, in all probability an ancestor of our subject, in the city of Boston as early as 1669.
Nathaniel Callender, grandfather of Dr, Callender, married Olivia Kellogg, and re- sided at Shoreham, Vermont, later moving to Shefheld, Afassachusetts. He was a shoemaker by occupation and reared a family of six sons and four daughters. A number of years after his marriage he re- moved from the State of Massachusetts and came to Shippensburg, Cumberland coun- ty, Pennsylvania, where he plied his voca- tion for a short time and then removed to Ohio, where he died.
Nonnan Callender, the father of our sub- ject, was born in Vermont Aug. 3, 1793, and when a youth was taken to Pennsyl- vania, when his father removed to that State. He was left by his parents in Har- visburg, Pa., to learn his trade. Pie fol- lowed the calling of shoe-maker during his earlier years, but later in life was engaged in the drug business in Harrisburg. He did not locate permanently in this city, however, but, after continuing in business there for some years, moved to Pittsburg and thence to Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he engaged in the drug business and lived until the time of his death, which oc-
curred in 1893. During his residence at Harrisburg Mr. Callender also engaged in tliC iron business in partnership with Ga- briel Heister, father of the late Gen. A. O. Heister. Their mills were known as the I^airview Rolling Mills. Mr. Callender was an active member of the Reformed church while a resident of Plarrisburg, but after removing from that city he became identi- fied with the Presbyterian church. During the attack on Baltimore in the war of 1812, he was one of a company of volunteers who marched to the relief of that city, but as the war closed soon afterward, he prac- tically saw no service. Mrs. Callender was Elizabeth D., a daughter of Samuel Christo- pher Weistling, a native of Colba, Kingdom of Saxony, Germany. The latter came to this country as a surgeon on a Dutch man- of-war. He landed in Philadelphia and as the ship was in need of some repairs, which would require some time to make, he and a companion traveled inland to the German settlements. On their return to report on ship he stopped at a hotel over night, and finding the landlady very ill, he prescribed for her with such success that this incident marked the beginning of a splendid prac- tice which grew up during his leave of ab- sence. This induced him to locate and practice his profession, first in Montgomery county and then in Dauphin county, where he lived five miles northeast of Harrisburg, and later, in the city itself. He built up a large and lucrative practice there, but being disabled by paralysis later in life, was suc- ceeded by two of his sons. To the union of Norman Callender and Elizabeth Weist- ling were born nine children: Samuel N., our subject; Cornelius W., deceased, who was Principal of an Institute and subse- quently President of a Female College at Franklin, Tennessee, until the time of the civil war, when he lost his position and re- tired to a farm in Sumner countv, Tennes-
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see; Elizabeth C, and Alaria \'., who re- side with our subject; Ellen W., widow of Peter A. Laffer, now of Meadville. matron of the female department of Alleg'heny College; and four who died in infancy.
Rev. Dr. Callender received his educa- tion at Allegheny College, from which he was graduated in 1841, and at the Theolog- cal Seminary of the Reformed church, .Alercersburg, Franklin county. Pa., from which latter he was graduated in 1845. After his graduation he immediately be- came pastor at Funktown, near Flagers- town, Maryland, where he remained five ^■ears. Fie then became pastor at Jeffer- son, Frederick county, Maryland, but re- mained there only eig^iteen months. In 1852 he came to Chambersburg, where he remained as pastor of the Reformed congre- gation for four years. The next nine years of his life were spent in the drug business at Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he en- tered into partnership with his father and temporarily disassociated himself from the ministry. In 1866 he resumed preaching at Gi-eencastle, Pennsylvania, where he filled a pastorate for four years. Failing health caused him to retire a second tmie and he settled on a farm in Rockingham county, Virginia. He, however, soon after regained his health and for the next twenty years was actively engaged in ministerial work. He remained in Rockingham county, Virginia, sixteen years and then re- moved to Mt. Crawford, Virginia, where he resided four years. In 1890 he was ap- pointed Secretary of the Board of Foreign Missions and the following year he re- moved to Mechanicsburg, where he still re- sides.
Uctober 16, 1848, he married Eliza Jane, daughter of Daniel Harbine, a farmer of Clear Spring, ilaryland , by whom he had eleven children: Norman H., who died in I:ioyhood; Daniel W., dead; Maria Eliza-
beth, at home; Mary E., now living; Eliza Jane, who died in infancy; Catharine, who died at the age of twenty-one; Martha .\nn, Adelaide, both of whom died in in- fancy; Cornelius T., a farmer of Rocking- ham county, Virginia; and John and Ger- trude, both deceased.
In 1872 Rev. Callender received the de- gree of Doctor of Divinity from Mercers- burg College, Mercersburg, Pa.
HE. PASSMORE, supervisor of the • Northern Central R. R., is one of the oldest and most highly respected offi- cials connected with that line, which has had his uninten^upted service since 1859. He is a son of Jason D. and Anna (Etter) Passmore, and was born on the site of Goldsboro, Newberry township, York county, Pennsylvania, October 1st, 1834. Of English and Quaker ancestry, rugged constitution, and large. size, the Passmores trace their American ancestry to an early period in the history of the State. For several generations past the fam- ily has been mainly resident in Lan- caster county, where John Passmore, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch was born and reared. The lat- ter was a farmer by occupation but his son, Jason D., left the farm early in life to learn carpentering and afterwards engaged in contracting and related lines of business. He was principally employed in railroad con- struction and similar operations. Jason D. Passmore was born at Doe Run, Lancaster county, on July 6, 1806, and died at York, Pa., at the age of 84 years. He wedded Anna Etter, a daughter of Flenry Etter, of Newberry township, and to their union was born two children.
H. E. Passmore was reared and received his education in his native county, and at an early age engaged in clerical work, which he followed at Harrisburg, York and
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Middletown until the year 1856. In that year he commenced railroad contracting on the Philadelphia and Erie railroad, and three years later entered the service of the Northern Central R. R. Company as the conductor of a consitruction train, which position he held until 1862. In the latter year he was appK>inted storekeeper of main- tenance of way, in which position he re- mained three years. He was then made as- sistant supervisor, and in less than a year was promoted to the head of that depart- ment, which important place he has held ever since. To his efforts the company is largely indebted for the superiority of its road bed and the excellent care taken of its track. When he assumed his present po- sition, he found a field of hard work, as well as unseen possibilities, but working steadily and utilizing every means within his grasp he has managed to bring about a well organized system of road manage- ment.
On May 15, 1853 Mr. Passmore wedded, at Middletown, Pennsylvania, Anna L. Rebman, who was a daughter of John and Catharine Rebman, natives of Dauphin county. Mrs. Passmore passed away on November 29, 1895, and is entombed in Prospect Cemetery, York. She was a wo- man possessing many virtues of character, a consistent member of the Lutheran church, and left surviving six children: Seneca S., connected with the Northern Central R. R., in the capacity of weigh- master; John R., a resident of Maryland; Henry E., Jr., of Philadelphia; Anna Kate, wife of R. W. Wilt, foreman of the Colum- bia Iron works, Georgia; Mary F., and Lu- cile W., wife of C. H. Sitler, a locomotive engineer, of York.
Mr. Passmore is a supporter of the Re- publican party, served as a member of the council of York, when it was still a borough, and is a high degree Mason. He
is a man of sterling qualities, possessing more than an ordinary executive capacity, a public spirited citizen and places himself upon the side of all worthy movements for the moral, educational and social upbuild- ing of the community.
REV. CLEMENT A. SCHLUETER, pastor of St. Mary's Roman Catho- lic church, of York, was born January 15, 1837, ^t Nordkirchen, Province of West phalia. Kingdom of Prussia, Germany, the son of Ernest Melchior and Marianna Schlueter. Rev. Schlueter acquired his earlier education in the parochial schools and graduated from St. Paul's Gymnasium at Muenster in i860. He then turned his attention to theology and prepared to enter the priesthood at the Universities of Muen- ster, in Westphalia, and Linz, in the Em- pire of Austria. He completed his studies in July, 1864, and having shown all the qualifications and met all the requirements as a candidate for holy orders, he was or- dained on the thirty-first of the same month and ever since has been occupied in the work of the church. His first charges were at different places in Upper Austria. With due permission he entered the Diocese of Harrisburg in the fall of 1872 and was made pastor at Danville, then at Locust Gap, later at Chambersburg and when ap- pointed to the pastorate of the York church, was serving on the New Freedom circuit, which includes the congregations of New Freedom and Dallastown, York county. Rev. Schlueter has during his pastorate thoroughly endeared himself to his congregation. He is possessed of more than ordinary literary culture and in 1889 published a volume of poetry in Germany, entitled "Natur und Gnade" which has met with critical and popular approval on both sides of the Ocean. Rev. Schlueter is also a splendid linguist, writing, speaking, and
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preaching in German, English, Polish, Italian, Latin, Greek and French.
St. Mary's congregation was founded in 1852 by Rev. Martin, an Irish priest, who did not understand the German language, but became identified with the German congregation through the circumstance of their worshiping with his people. By or- der of Rt. Rev. Neumann, bishop of Phila- delphia, Rev. Cotting, S. J., of Conewago, Adams county, called a meeting of the Ger- mans and organized the congregation which Rev. Martin had founded. It was decided to build another church and a lot of ground was purchased on South George street on which the present church now stands, then in the suburbs of the town. The corner stone of a small brick church was laid July 25, 1852, and on October 8, Holy Mass was celebrated for the first time in the new edifice. The first resident rec- tor was Rev. Father Wachter, a Tyrolean, who started a German school at the same time. Father Wachter attended the small church maintained between New Free- dom and Shrewsbury and the congre- gation at Dallastown, and this addi- tion to his charge necessitated assist- ance in the work. Rev. Wachter, therefore, secured as an assistant Rev. F. X. Treyer, also a native of Tyrol. June 4, 1859, Rev. Treyer died and was buried in St. Mary's cemetery a mile and a half south of York. He was succeeded by Rev. Matthew Meurer, a native of Mon- tabaur. State of Nassau, Germany. Rev. Meurer was followed by Rev. Joseph Hamm, a native of Baden, Germany, who had the old school house removed to the rear of the grounds and a new two-story pastoral residence of brick built, beside the church. In the latter part of Decem- ber, 1865, Rev. Bernhard Baumeister suc- ceeded to the pastorate. He was a native of Muenster in Westphalia. After him
came, in the year 1873, Rev. George Pape, born at Warendorf, Westphalia, who built the present church in the year 1884, and resigned in the fall of 1889, on account of his health and returned to Germany. He was succeeded by Rev. Henry Relt, who was born at Gescher, Westphalia. He bought a residence for the venerable sisters of St. Francis, who teach in the parochial schools, and have in their charge two hun- dred of the children of the parish. Rev. Relt died May 24, 1894, and was succeeded by Rev. Schlueter, the present pastor. The strength of the parish is about two hun- dred families, mostly composed of emi- grants from Franconia, Germany, and their numerous descendants. The Franciscan sisters of whom previous mention has been made, came to the parish November 22, 1 869, during the pastorate of Rev. Pape. The latter had a brick building erected to serve as a school and dwelling for the sisters ; but recently a residence adjoining the rectory has been secured to lodge the sisters.
REV. T. C. BILLHEIMER, professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Sci- ence in the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, Adams county, Pennsyl- vania, is a native of Northampton county, Pennsylvania, where he was bom October II, 1842, the son of Jesse and Julian (Boehm) Billheimer. He is of German an- cestry and is descended from Christian Billheimer, who landed at Philadelphia in 1764 and became a great land holder in early colonial times in the province of Pennsylvania. He had among other sons one named John, who was born in North- ampton county and succeeded his father as a wealthy land owner and farmer.
Jesse Billheimer, the son of John and the father of our subject, was a merchant by oc- cupation and kept a country inn in North- ampton county. He had a common school
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education and was a man of intelligence, pleasant manners and sturdy character. In religion he was a member of the Lutheran church. He died at Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1885 at the age of eighty years. Mrs. Billheimer was a daughter of Philip and Elizabeth Boehm, of Northampton county. She became the mother of 7 children: John O., Martha Ann, Cecilia, Jacob, Stephen, Lucinda and Thomas C. She died in 1842 and Mr. Billheimer afterward married Ly- dia Ann, nee Shaefifer, by whom he had four children: Preston S., Elemina, Josiah and James.
Thomas C. Billheimer received his pre- liminary education in the common schools of Northampton county and in 1 86 1 was sent to Pennsylvania college at Gettysburg, from which he graduated in 1865, with honors. He then entered the Lutheran Theological Seminary in the same town and took the prescribed course of study. After his graduation in 1867, Rev. Bill- heimer was ordained by the Susquelianna Lutheran Synod and accepted as his first charge, the pastorate at Watsontown, Penn- sylvania, where he remained one year. He spent the next 5 years as pastor of theShip- pensburg charge and then went to Pitts- burg, where he remained 4 years and then resigned to accept a call from the St. Mat- thew's Lutheran church, at Reading, Penn- sylvania. His pastoral term at Reading lasted 16 years and in 1893 he resigned to accept a call to the chair of Hebrew and Old Testament Science in the Seminary, a position he has since filled. Rev. Bill- heimer is one of the acknowledged theolog- ians of the Lutheran church and has con- tributed not a little to its growth and wel- fare. He is a stanch believer in the doc- trines taught by Luther, is a pulpit orator of marked ability and eloquence, a force- ful writer and ready debator and possesses that genial spirit, which, if not essential,
has ever contributed so largely to success in ministerial work. During his residence at Reading he was made chaplain of the Fourth Regiment, National Guards of Pennsylvania and achieved an instant and lasting popularity among the guardsmen.
December 31, 1867, Rev. Billheimer married Emma C, a daughter of Rev. Jacob and Anna Mary Ziegler, of York, Pennsylvania. To that vmion were born 5 children: Charles, a resident of Reading; Roland, deceased; Rev. Stanley, a resident and pastor of Washington, D. C. ; J. Ed- ward and Albert.
DR. O. C. BRICKLEY, one of the oldest and most representative phy- sicians of York, is a son of Dr. George and Mary A. (Wingert) Brickley, and was born in Buffalo Valley, Union county, Pennsyl- vania, September 3, 1833. Dr. Brickley is a descendant of an old and honorable family whose original ancestor came from Germany to America at an early day. He married and reared a family, one of whose sons, John, became the grandfather of our subject. John Brickley was a physician by occupation and a Hfe long resident of Union county, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the Lutheran church, a physi- cian of note and attained to considerable prominence among the citizens of that county. He married a Miss Moyer, by whom he had a family of four sons: Daniel, a minister of the Evangelical church, who subsequently located in the State of Ohio; John, a farmer of Indiana county, Pennsyl- vania; Jacob, deceased, and Dr. George, father of Dr. O. C.
Probably no man was more widely or favorably known in his chosen fields of work among the laity in York county than was Rev. Dr. George Brickley, whose memory is still green in the minds of those with whom he labored as pastor and phy-
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sician for more than half a century. En- dowed by nature with an indomitable will and possessed of a tenacious memory he was early recognized by his fellow-men as a worthy leader. Although not a native of York county, the best years of bis life were spent in the ministry and the practice of medicine in this vicinity, and so closely identified did he become with York that he has always been looked upon as one of its worthiest representatives. He was born in West Buffalo township. Union county, Pennsylvania, January 31, 1806. His early days were spent upon the farm, and in the township school he received the educational groundwork which in after years made him a power in the ministerial and medical pro- fessons. Dr. Brickley at the age of twenty- one connected himself with the Evangelical Association, at a time when it had just be- gun to receive recognition at the hands of the other religious denominations, and for twenty years he toiled laboriousl}', with his soul in his work, to further its interests, riding circuits (on horse back) which cov- ered large areas, through the chilly blast; of winter and the withering heat of sum- mer. Throughout his entire ministry, Rev. Dr. Brickley was recognized as one of the strong men of the church, and the honor- able record left behind him attests the fact that he w^as no idler but ever diligent in the advocacy and propagation of his Master's cause.
When the question of providing a pub- lishing house for the purpose of dissemina- ting church literature was first mentioned, he was one of the first movers in the enter- prise and was largely instrumental in bring- ing about its ultimate success. Ill health and other reasons, however, compelled his retirement from the active ministry while serving on the York circuit, in 1846, and he afterward devoted his entire attention to the practice of Allopathic medicine, the
study of which he had begun ten years before under the supervision of Drs. Tay- lor and Powers, of Williamsport, Pa.
In 1839, through the instrumentahty of Dr. Ignatius Brugger, a graduate of one of the German Universities, he was led to in- vestigate the merits of the new school of medicine — Homeopathy — which, being an Allopath of a most pronounced type, he did with much incredulity and prejudice. After a careful investigation covering a period of seven years, he emerged from his laborious conflict with his old views, a tine and faithful disciple of Hahnemann, nor was he ever afterward known to revert in any way to his former methods of practice. In those days it required courage of the highest order to be a Homeopath, when Homeopathic practitioners were reviled by their Allopathic brethren even as they walked the streets, were looked upon as fa- natics, and those of the laity w^ho permitted themselves to be treated by the new system were regarded as little less than voluntary suicides. Possessed of keen powers of observation. Dr. Brickley became eminent in the field of diagnostics and was almost equally successful in his prognosis of dis- ease. He began the active practice of medicine in York in 1846 and received the honorary of Doctor of Aledicine from the Hahnemann Medical Institute of Philadel- phia, in the year 1855, as a recognition of his qualifications and success as the pioneer of Homeopathic medicine in the county and city of York. He continued in active practice until 1887, w-hen he was stricken with paralysis, a second attack causing his death in March 17, 1889.
In May, 1827, Dr. Brickley was united in marriage with Mary A. Wingert, a daughter of Dr. Henry Wingert, of Lan- disburg. Perry county, Pennsylvania. This union resulted in the birth of six children, three sons and three daughters.
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Dr. O. C. Brickley was educated in the public schools and at York County Acad- emy. Upon the completion of his educa- tion he read medicine with his father and in the Spring of 1855 was graduated from Hahnemann Medical College, Philadel- phia. Immediately after receiving his de- gree he began the practice of his profes- sion in York, where in future years he reached a most commendable degree of success. He was physician to the York County Prison for two years, physician to the York County Hospital and to the Alms- house and served three terms as coroner of York county.
In political affiliation Dr. Brickley is a Jacksonian Democrat, has always manifes- ted an intelligent interest in political meas- ures and policies, and is also a member of the Masonic Fraternity in high standing.
On September 30, i860, Dr. Brickley was joined in marriage with Charlotte A. Willey, a daughter of Lewis Willey, a na- tive of the State of Delaware, but late of the city of York. By this marriage one son was born, Dr. Edward Willey. The latter was graduated from Plahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, in 1883, is now a rising young physician of his native city and present coroner of York county. Mrs. Brickley died in 1897 and is interred in Prospect Hill cemetery. She was a wo- man possessing many Christian virtues, a charitable disposition and was interested in many forms of humanitarian and phil- anthropic work.
In his school of medicine, Dr. Brickley stands with the best in his profession. He is amply read, has had a wide and varied professional experience and is a skillful and intelligent practitioner. Personally he is notable for his public spirit, civic pride and patronage of all movements having for their end the betterment of his com- munity.
REV. MORGAN A. PETERS, pastor of Zion Reformed church, of York, Pennsylvania, was bom in Stettlersville, Lehigh county, Pennsylvania, on March 4th, 1864. He is a son of Morgan and Maria E. (Kemerer) Peters, both natives of Lehigh county. Mr. Peters is a descend- ant of German ancestors who came from Germany about the middle of the i8th century and settled in the county of his birth. His father, Morgan Peters, who was a merchant by occupation, and after whom he is named, died at the early age of 29 years, leaving a widow and three sons, to mourn his early departure. At the time of his death the subject of this sketch was a babe of but 8 months old.
At a very early age in life Mr. Peters learned to help and depend upon himself. At the age of 12 years he worked for thir- ty-five cents per day, and walked over two miles to the place of his toil. At the age of 16 he was unable to procure work in the country village where he was reared, Fog- elsville, Lehigh county, and consequently he set out to learn the trade of cigar mak- ing in Allentown, Pennsylvania. He pur- sued his trade assiduously for the period of four years, and then decided to enter the Holy ministry. He accordingly entered Ursinus College, CoUegeville, Pennsylvania on January 11, 1885, fully determined to enter the ministry of the Reformed church. From this institution he was graduated in the classical course. Subsequently he en- tered the Theological Department of Heid- elberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, whose course of study he completed in the year 1891. He usually spent his vacations in the hay and harvest fields, in selling books, teaching school and various other avoca- tions, in fact, strictly speaking, they were not vacations but merely periods of change from the routine of arduous study. On May 22, 1891, he was licensed to preach by
^'"W-yt^ ^aM>^ Ui. Ly^o^i^.
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Tiffin Classis, Synod o*f Ohio, of the Re- formed church in the United States and at the time of his examination he had calls to two pastorates, one from Ada, Ohio, and another from Carroll, in the same State. Being undecided which one to accept, he declined both, and accepted an invitation from the Weissport charge. Carbon county, Pennsylvania, to preach trial sermons. This done, he received a unanimous call and accepted the same, beginning his la- bors July 1st, 1891. This charge had two congregations, Weissport and Mauch Chunk. The latter congregation soon felt dissatisfied with services every alternate Sunday and this dissatisfaction soon neces- sitated a change in the pastoral relations. The East Pennsylvania Classis consequent- ly separated the charge on November 1st, 1891, and Mr. Peters received a call from both congregations. He accepted, however, the call from the weaker charge, Mauch Chunk, and labored faithfully with this body until March 31, 1894, when he resigned to accept a call to Zion Reformed church, York, Pennsylvania.
During his pastorate at Mauch Chunk, the membership of that church more than doubled itself, and the Sunday school treb- led itself. Rev. Mr. Peters was also instru- mental in building for the people at Mauch Chunk, a very handsome two story brick edifice, the first the congregation ever owned, for their individual use. At a special meeting of the consistory of the First Reformed Church, Mauch Chunk, held March 24, 1894, a set of resolutions were adopted and afterward presented to Mr. Peters, expressing deep regret in part- ing with his services and extoling the re- sults of his effective preaching. The Daily News and Daily Times of the same place also joined in expressions of general regret and commendation.
Since accepting the pastorate of Zion Re-
formed church in York its membership has been largely increased and its Sunday school has fully doubled in attendance and a new Sunday school room has been erected to accommodate the increase. This notable increase has been largely due to the aggressive and energetic efiforts of the pastor in his new re- lation. Through his coming a new impulse has been imparted to the cause of the church with which he is iden- tified and a new future with ever widen- ing prospects, is in constant and steady view. The crowds that regularly gather in his church speak well of his power in the pulpit. Mr. Peters is a young man of ample scholarship, filled writh religious zeal, a pulpit orator of no mean excellence, and these, coupled with a tireless energy, prom- ise bright results for the church which has honored him in calling him to be its spir- itual leader and adviser.
Mr. Peters is a member of the Independ- ent Order of Odd Fellows, Junior Order of American Mechanics and the Knights of Malta, of which latter organization he is the Supreme Representative to the Su- preme Lodge of the United States. He is also Grand Prelate of the Grand Com- mandery of the State organization of the Knights of Malta. He firmly believes that ministers should belong to secret orders.
On March 27, 1894, Rev. Peters mar- ried Emma J., the only daughter of ex- Burgess Charles Graver, of Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Peters is a woman of unusual refinement and grace and was for- merly an active worker in the First Re- formed church of Mauch Chunk, Pa.
ALEXANDER DALLAS BACHE SMEAD is the seventh and young- est child of the late Captain Raphael C. Smead, of the United States Army, and his wife Sarah, who was a daughter of John
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Radclifife, Esq., of Rhinebeck, New York. He was born in Carlisle in 1848 and edu- cated in the public schols and at Dickinson College. On graduating from the latter, in 1868, he entered the regular army, in which he rose to be First Lieutenant and Regimental Adjutant of the Third U. S. Cavalry. After some years of active ser- vice among the Indians of our Western Territories he studied law, resigned in 1879 his military commission and has been en- gaged in legal practice since then except during time spent in foreign travel and study. On February ist, 1888, he was married to Miss Jennie Stuart, daughter of the late James T. Stuart, of Cumberland county. They have one child, Jane Van Ness Smead.
The Smead family came from Wales more than two centuries and a half ago but intermarried for generations with fam- ilies of English Puritan stock in Great Bri- tain, in Massachusetts and in New Hamp- shire. None of these came to America la- ter than the year 1640.
One of the most prominent of the early colonists of New England was Colonel Is- lael Stoughton, of Dorchester, Massachu- setts. Arriving from England on May 30th, 1630, he played an active part in Colonial affairs for the next fourteen years. He was cliosen, in 1634, Selectman of Dorchester, represented his town for several terms in the Legislature of the Colony, was sent, in 1641, as Commissary to govern the Terri- tory of New Hampshire, and for several years was assistant Governor of Massachu- setts. In the military service of his colony, he was successively Ensign, Captain, and Colonel commanding the Massachusetts troops in war against the Indians. When the Civil War between the English King and Parliament broke out he headed a group of New Englanders who returned to the mother country to aid the cause
of liberty, and he served as a Lieu- tenant Colonel of the Parliamentary Army until his premature death. While residing in Massachusetts he was joined in 1835, by his widowed sister, Mrs. Judith Smead, who brought with her her young son William Smead and other children. When this boy grew up he married, December 31st, 1658, Eliz- abeth Lawrence, daughter of Thomas Law- rence, of Hing-ham, and granddaughter of another early settler and legislator, James Bates, of Dorchester. From them have descended all the New England Smeads of whom we have any knowledge. Wm. Smead and his sons took part in the Indian wars of his time, and after his death his widow was killed by Indians on February 29th, 1704. In the fifth generation from Judith was Selah Smead, who married Eliz- abeth Cummings, of New Hampshire, a de- scendant in the fifth generation from Isaac Cummings, of Topsfield, ilassachusetts, a colonist from Yorkshire, England. One of their sons was Raphael Cummings Smead, born November 22nd, 1801, who went to the Military Academy from Genesee County, New York, graduated there in 1825 and married in 1829.
The first American Radclifife came to Albany, New York, from England and there married a New York Holland Dutch wife. All the other ancestors of Mr. Smead's mother were New Yorkers of Hol- land descent, of families settled in the Col- ony from 1630 to 1642.
Mr. Smead's wife is of unmixed Scotch- Irish descent. Pier forefathers came to Pennsylvania from 1720 to 1784, The Stuart family removed from Argyleshire, Scotland, to County Antrim in Ulster, and from there Hugih Stuart emigrated to Cum- berland county, where he married Ruth, a grand-daughter of William Patterson, of Bonny Brook. They were the parents of
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Judge John Stuart, of South Middleton township, and the latter's son, James, mar- ried Miss M. J. Woods, of West Pennsboro township, great-great-granddaughter of Nathan Woods, of Donegal, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, whose sons William and Samuel removed to the Cumberland Valley before the organization of Cumber- land county. Mrs. Smead belongs to Wil- liam's branch of the Woods family.
SAMUEL C. FREY, ESQ., joint editor of the York Daily, and the efficient Secretary and Treasurer of the York Daily Publishing Company, is a son of Samuel A. and Delia (Gallatin) Frey, and was born in Spring Garden township, York county, September 9, 1857. Samuel A. Frey was born 1821, died 1886 and was a life long resident of York county. He was a farmer of well known integrity and ranked among the prominent business men of his com- munity. Politically he was a nominal Re- publican and held himself aloof from active participation in political affairs, though he always exercised an intelligent and dis- criminating ballot. He was devoted to his vocation, was industrious and frugal and a strong churchman, having throughout life been connected with the Lutheran de- nomination. His marital union with Delia Gallatin resulted in the birth of 15 children of whom 6 died in infancy. Among those who grew to maturity were; Alexander, killed at the battle of Antietam ; Albert, also a veteran of the late Civil war, and a mer- chant in Baltimore, who died in December, 1896; Samuel C, subject; Mrs. Lewis Small, of the City of Baltimore; Mrs. D. D. Ehrhart and Mrs E. D. Michael, of Han- over; and Mrs. H. S. Spangler, of York.
Samuel C. Frey was brought up on a farm during his early years, received his education in the common schools of the county and at 14 years of age became an
apprentice in the office of the York Daily to learn the "Art preservative of all arts." .Vt the end of his apprenticeship, he turned his attention to the study of law, and in 1879 was admitted to the Bar of York County. After his admission he prarticed for two years, and then in conjunction with E. W. Spangler, Esq., and J. B. Moore, Esq., purchased the York Daily, which had been established in 1871. He was elected secretary and treasurer of the newly form- ed company, and being a practical printer, was enabled from the start to exercise in- telligent supervision over the printing in all its details. The new company at once, after taking possession, began to modify and im- prove their newspaper and printing plant so as to make it compare favorably with any similar plant in the State outside of the large cities. They are now thoroughly equipped to do all kinds of first class book and job printing. Aside from the mechan- ical features of the establishment, the Daily itself has undergone improved alterations and has reached the largest circulation in its history.
On December 25, 1880, Mr. Frey was united in marriage with Lillie L Shaefifer, a daughter of George H. Shaefifer, of York county. To this union three children have been born, two sons and a daughter: Ed- ward S., Robert S., and Hazel V.
In politics Mr. Frey is a Republican and has always given his party an intelligent and sympathetic support. He is a good citizen, alive to the public issues touching his municipality, county or State, and has always placed himself upon the side of the moral progress and common welfare of his community. He is a member of St. Paul's Lutheran church, and also connected with York Conclave, No. 124, Improved Order of Heptasophs.
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PROFESSOR W. H. PATRICK, prin- cipal of Patrick's Business and Short- hand college, of York, was born at Bow- mansville, Erie county, New York, 1857, and is one of the leading business educators of Southern Pennsylvania. ConcerningPro- fessor Patrick's business career before com- ing to York in 1893, we quote from the Western Pennman, of June, 1890, the fol- lowing:
"His early education was secured in the district school of his native town, and was supplemented by a college preparatory course in the high school, at Clarence, New York. During i875-'76 he attended the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary located at Lima, New York, where he studied book- keeping and took lessons in penmanship, making unusual progress in the latter branch, and acquiring taste for the com- mercial brandies and a desire to become a commercial teacher that directed his sub- sequent action and gave the trend to his life which resulted in his present high standing as a teacher.
He began his teaching of Penmanship, as hundreds of the best teachers of the country did before him, by traveling about and or- ganizing classes for short courses. This experience seemed to stimulate his ambi- tion, and in the Spring of 1877, he applied for and secured an appointment as special teacher of penmanship in the public schools of Lyons, New York. This soon appeared to him too small a field. His ambition pic- tured to him a wider field of usefulness, and encouraged him, that with greater oppor- tunities Would come added capabilities; hence in the spring of 1878, he resigned, after a most successful engagement of one ye'ar, and left Lyons to complete his com- mercial training in the Rochester Business University. After pursuing a course in this institution he was retained as a teacher of penmanship and the theory of bookkeeping
in which position he gave great satisfac- tion and made a host of friends. He re- mained in Rochester about two years, when he was tendered the superintendency of the penmanship department of Bryant and Stratton's Business College, Baltimore, Maryland. Before entering upon his duties in Baltimore he spent a short time with Professor P. R. Spencer, in Cleveland, O., perfecting himself in some features in pen- manship. Mr. Patrick remained in Balti- more as teadher of a large school for four- teen years. His retention these many years in so important a position affords abundant proof that he has become, as a teacher, just what his ambition encouraged him to hope, and just what his friends saw every reason to expect. His fidelity to the pupil's wel- fare, abiding faith in the value of training for commercial life, and his efficiency as instructor constitute a rare combination of qualities which go far to commend Mr. Patrick in any community."
Professor Patrick resigned at Baltimore in July, 1893, and in that year came to York, where he established Patrick's Busi- ness and Shorthand College, in Small's building, opposite the court house.
His success here was pronounced from the beginning, and at the end of the first year he 'had enrolled 109 students which increased to 135 the second year, and reached an aggregate of more than 140 the third year. His scliOol already stands uni- que among commercial institutions in point of management and method. His course of instruction includes single and double entry bookkeeping, business law, grammar, arithmetic, letter writing and penmanship, orthography, and a number of special subjects to meet the requirements and special needs of individual pupils. In his shorthand and typewriting department he aims to send out efficient and competent graduates to fill important posts in profes-
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sional and business life. He has adopted what is popularly known as the actual busi- ness method which precludes to a large ex- tent the use of text books and other artifi- cial aids which usually result in a perfunc- tory and impractical training.
On October 3, 1897, Professor Patrick married Rose Agnes Niblack, a daughter of Alonzo Niblack, of Rochester, New York. To their union have been born seven children, of whom five are living: Florence N., Maud A., Pauline E., Ralph Edward, and Walter Douglass.
Professor Patrick is a member of the West Street Methodist Episcopal church, of whose Sunday school he is superinten- dent. He is also a member of the frater- nal organizations. Knights of Malta and Junior Order United American Mechanics. He has passed beyond the realm of experi- ment as a teacher and director of business education and presents to his patrons well tested and practical courses. His ideas of the new business education are best pre- sented in his own language in what he calls "Our Creed:"
"We believe fathers should spend as much money in training their sons and daughters for practical business life as they spend in training their colts for a contest of speed at the county fair.
We believe mothers should make as great sacrifices for the proper education of their boys and girls in the activities of life as they make in contributions of time and money for the heathen.
We believe every man and woman, re- gardless of present financial circumstances, whether rich or poor, should secure a first- class business education.
We believe in the New Education, with its motto of Learning by Doing, and thajt its two-fold method of combining practice with precept, and leading the student in-
stead of pushing him, is the only correct plan of teaching.
We believe in the Patented System of actual Business Practice, and have adopted it as the best practical system of teaching bookkeeping and the art of accounts.
We believe, as business educators, that it is our duty to prepare our pupils for the practical affairs of business life.
We believe in performing more than we promise, and in building a reputation on acts rather than words.
We believe this institution offers to the young men and women of this community unequaled advantages for obtaining a first class business education."
HENRY C. NILES, ESQ., one of the most prominent common pleas and corporation lawyers of the York county bar, is a son of Rev. Dr. Henry E. and Jennie (Marsh) Niles. He was born at Angelica, Allegany county. New York, on Tune 17th, 1856. In 1864, Rev. Henry E. Niles, D. D., was called to the pastorate of the First Presbyterian church in the city of York, with which church he has been since conspicuously identified, and hence the major portion of the boyhood of Henry C. Niles was spent in that city. He received his education in the York High School, the York County Academy and the York Col- legiate Institute. In 1875, and immedi- ately subsequent, he spent diree years as a clerk in the First National Bank, of York, and then in 1878, having determined upon a professional career, entered Columbia Law School, New York city, from which institution of note he was graduated in 1880 with the degree. Bachelor of Laws. During the last year of his law course he was a student and clerk in the celebrated firm of Miller & Peckham, of New York city, the latter of whom, is now Justice of the Court of Appeals, of New York, Im-
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mediately after graduation, Mr. Niles re- turned to York, Pennsylvania, and began the active practice of his profession. He rose rapidly to a commanding position in the legal fraternity of York county, and in 1884 formed a law partnership with Hon. W. F. Bay Stewart and George E. Neff, Esq., under the firm name of Stewart, Niles & Nefif. This firm soon came into promi- nence as the leading law firm in York county, and continued in force for eleven years, or until the year 1896, when Mr. Stewart was elected to the bench. Upon the election of the latter, a re-organization of the firm took place through the elimina- ton of Judge Stewart, and a new partner- ship was formed by Messrs. Niles & Nefif. This partnership has been maintained down to the present time. The high standard of the original firm has been amply sus- tained, as well as its large and lucrative practice, which is mainly confined to com mon pleas and corporation business.
Mr. Niles, during the active years of his professional career, has been a close stu- dent of the law and has been identified with many intricate and important cases. He is joint counsel for the Edison and West- inghouse Electric Light companies of York, the Security Title and Trust com- pany, the York Southern Railroad com- pany and a number of other corporations and concerns, whose combined capital rep- resent vast sums of money. Aside from strictly professional business he is identi- fied with varied business interests of his adopted city, and has always been among those most solicitous for its material im- provement and development. He is vice- president and stockholder in the York Se- curity Title and Trust company, and also a member of the Hubley printing company. He was admitted to practice in the Supreme and other higher courts in Pennsylvania,
in 1882, and since that time has frequently appeared before those tribunals.
In politics Mr. Niles is a pronounced Republican, and has always been one of its ablest and most active leaders in York county, and formerly served as chairman of the Republican county committee. On different occasions he was delegated to rep- resent his party in the State conventions and has done effective work in all the im- portant campaigns since his entrance into public life. He is a Master Mason and in in his religious affiliations is a communi- cant of the First Presbyterian church.
On February 17th, 1886, Mr. Niles was united in marriage with Lilian Schall, a daughter of Michael Schall, of York. They have one child, a son, named Michael Schall.
The professional career of Henry C. Niles has been one of close application and well directed activity. He is widely read in the literature of the law, a man of good judgment and large discretion, a skillful tactician and an advocate of unusual force and skill. Outside of his more purely legal acquirements he is a man of good mental endowment, literary tastes and an orator possessing unusual gifts.
ISRAEL F. GROSS, president of the Drovers and Mechanics National Bank, of York, was bom in Dover town- ship, this county, on March 4th, 1832. He is a son of Samuel and Susanna (Smyser) Gross.
On both the paternal and maternal side, Mr. Gross is a descendant of old and promi- nent families — the former of French and the latter of German lineage. For more than one hundred years both families have been identified with varied interests in York county. Samuel Gross, father of Israel F., was born in York county, Dover town- ship. May 1st, 1807, died June 26th, 1874,
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and was interred at Strayer's church burial ground. Grand-father George Gross, was born April 4th, 1779, and died February 8th, 1858, and great-grandfather, Samuel Gross, was born April 25th, 1750, in the same county, and died on February 13th, 1831.' The former, George, was married to a daughter of John Felker (born 1756, died 1847) who came from Germany to America ait the age of fourteen years and settled in York cotmty near Lewisberry. Mr. Felker in early manhood learned the trade of a tanner and at the time of his death was a resident of State Line.
Samuel Gross was a farmer by occupa- tion and was esteemed as a man of thrift, economy and good civic qualities. He was the parent of twelve children, two of whom died in infancy. Those still living are: Israel Felker, subject; Louisa, widow of Wm. F. Julius; Caroline E., intermarried with Henry Menges; Edwin S. ; George W.; Dr. Jacob M. ; Benjamin F. ; Sarah A., wife of Edward Fickes; Samuel L. and Mikon H.
Israel F. Gross was brought up on his faither's farm in Dover township, educated in the common schools and when he reach- ed his majority engaged in the milling business, in which he continued success- fully for a period of ten years. Subse- quently, he became proprietor of the Hot- ter House, in the city of York, and re- mained in possession of that well known hostelry for some twenty years.
Under his management the hotel ac- quired a well deserved popularity, and his long years of proprietorship resulted in considerable financial profit. At the end of this time, Mr. Gross retired from the hotel business and devoted considerable time to the stock and cattle trade. This has continued uninterruptedly down to the present time. In 1889 he was elected one of the Commissioners of York county, and
served with credit and dignity for a term of three years. Prior to this, however, in 1866, he was the nominee of the Republi- can party for the office of sheriff, and re- duced the majority of the opposition, which was strongly Democratic, more than five hundred votes. In both the above named instances, as well as his candidacy for chief burgess of York, Mr. Gross was never an active office seeker, but was pushed for- ward by his party on the basis of his pop- ularity and well known integrity. In 1889 he was elected president of the Drovers and Mechanics Bank of York, of which financial institution he was one of the orig- inal promoters and organizers. He held a directorship in the bank from the time of its organization until his election as presi- dent. In connection with his duties as chief officer of the bank he still continues to deal extensive in livestock, George W. Maul being associated with him.
Mr. Gross has a wide and varied busi- ness experience, as well as a large ac- quaintance with men and affairs. He is aggressive, liberal minded and unostenta- tions and has always been accounted by his fellow citizens as a man of the strictest in- tegrity.
In January, 1854, Mr. Gross was joined in wedlock to Malinda, daughter of Philip Hantz, of York county. They have one son, George W., who is the present prin- cipal of the York County Academy, a sketch of whom appears elsewhere in this volume.
Mr. Gross is a member of the Masonic fraternity in high standing and a staunch Republican in politics.
REV. H. H. WEBER, General Secre- tary of the Board of Church Exten- son of the General Synod Lutheran Church was born in the city of Philadelphia, Pa., on August 4th, i860. His parents were
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Germans. His early education was re- ceived in the German parochial schools of Philadelphia and in 1868 he was sent to Wacker's private German and English Academy in Baltimore, Md. After gradu- ating there he attended the public schools of Baltimore, and in 1873 received the prize from the Vienna, Austria, Exposition, as the best boy writer in the public schools of Baltimore. He next attended Balti- more City College, after which he was in the wholesale dry goods and notion busi- ness for four years. In the the fall of 1878 he entered Pennsylvania College, Get- tysburg, Pa., and graduated with second honor in 1882. He received honorable mention in connection with the Freshman prize, was librarian of Phrena Society, ora- tor for the anniversary, and delivered on graduation day the German oration. He pursued a three year course at the Theo- logical Seminary in Gettysburg and grad- uated in 1885. During his Seminary course he supplied for a time the pulpits of Zion's Lutheran church, Newville, Pa., and Trinity Church, Hagerstown, Md., which today owns the fine stone structure on Third Avenue and Roland Avenue. Upon graduation he was sent again by the Board of Home Missions to Baltimore, Md., and after a short time organized Grace English Lutheran church on Broadway. During his stay of four years there, the congregation grew to a membership of over six hundred, a Sunday school of over seven hundred, and a property worth sixty thousand dollars. The congregation is to day the largest in the Synod of Maryland, and also one of the most liberal. In 1889 he was called by the Board of Church Extension to the General Secretaryship and has served in this capac- ity with marked success for the past eight years. The finances are in good shape and the systemized work of the Board has been a model for that of many other similar or-
ganizations. Mr. Weber has almost phe- nomenal success in securing money, espe- cially at the dedication of churches. A minister who is very close to him and knows his work, says that in eig'ht years of his Secretaryship he secvired for churches and the Board all told nearly one million dollars. Mr. Weber was married in 1890 to Miss Emma Crist, of Baltimore, Md., and their married life has been one of great joy- Mr. Weber is business manager of The Lutheran Missionary Journal, having a cir- culation of thirteen thousand, and The Children's Missionary, having one of eleven thousand. He has been a large contribu- tor to all the weekly church papers, having perhaps furnished more matter than any one connected with the papers, except the editors. He is a proHfic gatherer of church news and personals.
Mr. Weber is also largely interested in business enterprises. He is a director in The Security Title and Trust Co., and a member of its finance committee, he is a director and vice president of The Security Building and Loan Association, a director in the York and Wrightsville Electric Rail- way Company and the York and Dover R. R. Co. He with Messrs. D. F. Lafean and Geo. E. Nefif, is interested also in the real estate business He was Secretary and Treasurer of the old York Brick, Stone and Lime Manufacturing Co., which in its day did the largest business in Southern Penn- sylvania.
JACOB D. SCHALL, President of the First National Bank and a financier of recognized ability, of York, Penn- sylvania, is a descendant of an old and hon- orable Pennsylvania family. His ancestry on the maternal side were of Revolutionary stock whose lives and efiforts are bound up with the early history of this State.
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Jacob D. Stfhall was educated in the pub- lic schools and York County Academy. Shortly after the completion of his educa- tion he engaged in the stove and house furnishing business and from 1847 until 1895 was prominent and well known in the retail business circles of York. In con- nection with this business he instituted a plumbing and gas fitting department about the year 1850, and this henceforth became an important part of his original enterprise. Both branches of his business met with a creditable degree of success and before the lapse of many years Mr. Schall was in pos- session of a handsome competency. His business for many years was located at No. 9. West Market street, York, and is re- membered by the citizens as one of the old- est and best established business empor- iums in their city. In 1864, Mr. Schall be- came one of the organizers and a director of the First National Bank of York, with which he has been identified during its en- tire existence. He continued in its direc- torate until April, 1895, w^hen upon the death of Z. K. Loucks, he succeeded to the presidency. Prior to that time, he had acted in the capacity of vice president for about two years. In addition to his con- nection with the First National Bank, Mr. Schall is a large real estate owner in York and vicinity and is interested in a number of minor projects. His residence, located on West Market street, in the residential portion of the city, is one of York's hand- somest and most imposing structures. In 1 85 1, Mr. Schall was married to Catharine D., a daughter of Daniel B. Weiser. This union resulted in the birth of five children, four of whom are still living: Daniel W., Jacob H., Elizabeth M., wife of R. Hatha- way Shindel, cashier of the City Bank, of York, Margaret M., wife of Horace Smith, of the wholesale drug firm of William Smith & Co., of York, and one deceased.
In politics Mr. Schall has always been a staunch Republican, active in the interests and councils of that party and at one time served as a councilman during the period Vvrhen the City of York was still in its bor- oughhood. He is a member of St. John's Episcopal church, and one of the promi- nent members of its vestry, as well as ac- tive and influential in the various move- ments for extending the power and fruit- fulness of the church's mission. Fratern- ally he is a member of the Lodge, Chapter and Commandery of the Masonic Order, one of the oldest initiates of the Indepen- dent Order of Odd Fellows and is also connected with the Independent Order of Red Men.
In his ofticial capacity as president of the First National Bank, Mr. Schall is recog- nized as a conservative, painstaking incum- bent, possessing the highest integrity. He is well and favorably known through his long connection with the business interests of York as a man of good executive ability, sagacity and carefulness, while on matters of finance he adheres to a sound and judi- cious policy.
PAUL J. BECK, cashier of the First National bank of Glen Rock, is des- cended from sturdy and highly respected German ancestry. His ancestors on both sides had settled in this county before the Revolutionary War. The family has long been located in this country and the Beck's have become prominently identified with York county. The paternal grandfather of our subject was John Beck, a carpenter at York; afterwards he kept a hotel at Logan- ville, Pa. His father's name was George Beck, of Manchester, York county. He married Mary Fahs, daughter of Joseph Fahs and Barbara (Lanius) Fahs. They had nine children, four living; Sarah, widow of Peter Goodling; Emma, widow
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of John Bahn; Mary, wife of John Tyson, and John. The elder discontinued the ho- tel business at Loganville, and later in life, upon the death of his wife in 1864, moved to York, where he died 1879, aged 80 years. Jo'hn, father of our subject, was born in the city of York August i6th, 1829. In early life he moved to Spring- field township and began farming which he continued until 1889. He took a strong in- terest in politics and in 1884 received the Republican nomination for county com- missioner, resulting in his election as the minority member of the board. He also served as a schcol director, auditor and in other offices of Springfield township. In religion he was a Moravian, but later in life changed to Lutheranism and be- came a regular church attendant. In 1852 Mr. Beck married Matilda, a daugh- ter of Joseph and Catharine (King) Leader. The father of Joseph Leader, Frederick Leader, served 7 years in the Revolution- ary war. They had nine children: Mary C, married to Zacharias Reigart, of York; Charles F., a Springfield township farmer; Milton G., of York; Franklin J., Logan- ville, stageman ; Paul J., our subject; Emma A., wife of Alex Diehl, of York; Harry C, State of Washington; Martha J., married to Charles Fahs, of Jacobus, and Harvey G., a young physician of Baltimore, who has graduated with high honors and is now taking post graduate studies in foreign hospitals.
Our subject was born in Springfield township January 24, i860, attended the common schools and for three sessions was a student at a summer normal school con- ducted in York. He began teaching school in Springfield township, where he filled one term in 1876-77. He then taught six terms in Manheim township, after which he went to Carroll county, Maryland, and taught eight terms. At this time he was offered
and accepted the cashiership of the First National bank at Glen Rock and therefore discontinued his educational work and moved back to Pennsylvania, assuming his position in October, 1892. Mr. Beck is also treasurer of the Glen Rock Wire Cloth Company and Borough treasurer; is a Re- publican in politics and was one of the cen- sus enumerators of Carroll county in 1890. He is a Lutheran in religion and takes an active part in religious work in his com- munity, being at the present time a deacon and a Sunday school teacher and treasurer. In 1889 he married Annie C. Hoover, daughter of George and Mary A. (Shutt) Hoover, of Springfield township.
/~*APTAIN JOHN P. BRINDLE, a V_^ veteran officer of the Army of the Potomac, is a son of George and Elizabeth (Duey) Brindle, and was born at Carlisle Springs, Cumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, April 8, 1825. His paternal grand- father, Marks Brindle, was a native of Ger- many, and settled in Cumberland county about the time of the Revolutionary war. He was a member of the Reformed church and his son, George Brindle, was born June 21, 1791. George Brindle was reared on the farm and learned, with his brother Jacob the trade of miller, which he followed until his marriage. He then removed to his father-in-law's farm at Carlisle Springs, where he died on July 8, 1867. He was a substantial farmer, held several township offices and served one term as director of the poor of Cumberland county. He was a member of the Reformed church, served in the State Militia, and married Elizabeth Duey, whose father, Peter Duey, served under Washington and was at Valley Forge. Mrs. Brindle died January 30, 1864, aged 63 years, 11 months. Mr. and Mrs. Brindle reared a family of four sons and two daughters: Captain John P.,
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Margaret E., William D., and Andrew J., who both died young; David P., a farmer; and Catharine, who wedded Hezekiah Chandler and is dead.
Captain John P. Brindle was reared on the farm, received a common school educa- tion, and assisted his father in farming un- til 1850, when he worked at carpentering until 1862, when on October 3rd, of that year he enlisted in company G., 84th Regi- ment, Pennsylvania volunteer infantry. He participated in the battle of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Wapping Heights, Thor- oughfare Gap, Freeman's Ford, Bristow Sta- tion, Kelly's and Jacob's Fords, Locust Grove, Mine Run, Morton's Ford, Wilder- ness, Spottsylvania, Pamunkey River, North Anna River, Tolopotomy, Hauses Shops, Pleasant Hill, Cold Harbor, Peters- burg and Weldon Railroad. He was raised from a private to first lieutenant, October 17, 1862, promoted to captain August 15th, 1863, and discharged for disability in the field in front of Petersburg, Va., on July 1 6th, 1864. His disability was brought about by a severe attack of typhoid fever, and after returning home he worked some little at carpentering for a couple of years. In 1866 he was elected prothonotary of Cumberland county and served in that office for three years. He then followed contracting and building until 1872, when he accepted the office of deputy prothono- tary, which he held until 1875, in which year he resumed contracting and building. Ten years later he was elected justice of the peace and at the close of his term was re-elected. His second term of five years expired in May 6th, 1896, and on May 6th, of that year, he was appointed as notary public by Governor Hastings. Captain Brindle's record as a soldier is one of pri- vation, suffering, and of hard fighting on twenty-seven battlefields of the Republic; while his career as a county and borough
official has been distinguished for efficiency and usefulness. He is a Democrat in poli- tics and a member of the Reformed church. He is a charter member of Capt. Colwell Post No. 201, Grand Army of the Republic, of which post he has been com- mander for eight years. In connection with his work as notary public he does a large amount of pension business, in which he has been quite successful.
On May 9, 1850, Captain Brindle wedded Amanda R. Cornnian,a daughter ot David Cornman, of Carlisle Springs at the time of marriage. To their union liave been born seven children: Charles W., Mary E., David E., and Albert N. Anna and John P. both passed away in child- hood and Minnie C. Chas. W. died aged 12 years, Mary E. died aged 7 years and 8 months. David E., Albert N. and Min- nie C. are living. Amanda R., wife, died March 21st, 1894, aged 64 years, 10 months and was born May 23rd, 1829. J. P. Brin- dle served as a member of town council, two terms as chief burgess and also as cor- oner of the county for six years.
JOHN AHL, M. D., one of the oldest and most prominent physicians of York, is a son of Peter and Mary (Stroman) Ahl, and was born in York bor- ough April 15th, 1822. The Ahls are of German lineage, and came to this country prior to the Revolutionary war. Dr. Peter Ahl, the paternal grandfather of John Ahl, served as a sergeant in the Continental army. He was also a minister in the Ot- terbein church, and but little record is pre- served of him beyond the fact that he was a good physician and led rather an itinerant life. His remains rest in the cemetery at Baltimore, Maryland. His son, Peter Ahl, was born in Virginia, learned the trade of hatter here and for a number of years car- ried on that business in the city of York,
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in which latter place he died at the age of 82 years and 8 months. He wedded Mary Stroman, a daughter of John Stroman; both are deceased, and left surviving them six children.
Dr. John Ahl, grew to manhood in the city of York, received a good rudimentary education in the public schools and then pursued a literary and scientific course at the York County Academy. When nine- teen years of age, he commenced to read medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. William Mcllvain and at the conclusion of his course entered Washington University, now the School of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, Maryland, from which medi- cal institution he graduated in the class of 1845. After graduation he practiced in York for six months and then removed to Dover, where he remained up to 1875. In that year he returned to York, where he has since been located, rapidly built up a large and successful practice, and now holds a respectful and afifectionate regard in the hearts of his fellow townsmen.
Dr. Ahl married Elizabeth (Nes) Cole- man, widow of Morgan Coleman, of Balti- mc re, and daughter of Nes, of Bal- timore. Dr. Ahl reared and educated Dr. John H. Seififert, now a successful practic- ing physician of Chicago, Illinois.
In public life. Dr. Ahl has always been averse to holding any strictly political office, and has been persistent in adhering to the ethics of his profession. For twelve years he served York county as its coroner, has been physician to the county home by appointment for several years, and was health officer of his native city for three years. He was a member of the school board of Dover township, when he resided at Dover, and where also, by solicitation, he served several terms as chief burgess of the village. He has always been unswerv- ing in his support of the Democratic party,
though he has firmly stood aloof from par- tisan politics. Fraternally Dr. Ahl is con- nected with the Masonic Order, with which he has been connected for over 45 years, is a member and the examining physician of Keystone Lodge No. 12, Improved Or- der of Heptasophs. He was among the earliest members of the York County Med- ical Society ,and during his period of prac- tice extending over half a century, has been identified with all the important interests of his profession since its organization.
TBEUCE BIRCH, professor of Latin • in Irving College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, is the son of Richard and Ruth (Edwards) Birch, and was born at Bloomsburg, Columbia county, Pennsyl- vania, September 11, 1866. Mr. Birch is of English origin, his father having been born near Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Eng- land. While yet a young man he came to America and located at Bloomsburg, where in his capacity as a mining engineer, he se- cured charge of iron ore mines in that locality which were under contract to sup- ply the neighboring furnaces. Shortly after coming to this country Mr. Birch married Ruth Edwards, a native of his own shire in England, who was born within three miles of his birth place. This young woman emigrated to America with her brother, Richard Edwards, who also located at Bloomsburg. Two sons were born to the Birch family: Joseph Henry, residing at Bloomsburg, and T. B. The elder Birch was a man of considerable musi- cal talent, a good singer and in his English home had served in the capacity of choir master. Fraternally he was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He died October 11, 1867; the wife sur- vives, still residing at Bloomsburg, at the age of fifty-seven. She is a regular wor-
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shipper in and active member of the Luth- eran church.
T. Bruce Birch began his education in the public schools of Bloomsburg, from which he graduated at the age of 17. He then entered the Bloomsburg State Nor- mal School, where he graduated in 1885, and this equipped him for educational work. He began teaching at Vicksburg, Union county, Pennsylvania, where he re- mained two years. This secured for him a second diploma from the normal school. In 1880 Mr. Birch entered the junior class at Missionary Institute, Selins Grove, now Susquehanna University, and in the fall went to Pennsylvania College, at Gettys- burg, as a junior, graduating from the lat- ter college in 1891. His object being to enter the Lutheran ministry, in the fall of his graduating year he enrolled as a student of the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, and after three years of study and tutoring in the preparatory depart- ment of Pennsylvania College, graduated in May, 1894, and was ordained by the Susquehanna Synod, at Milton, Pennsyl- vania. The only charge he supplied was Boiling Springs. There he remained until September i, 1896, when he was elected to his present position. For this chair his thorough training and his experience in the work of teaching have admirably equipped him. September 15th, 1894, he married Sarah, daughter of Geo. W. and Elizabeth (Slear) Himmelreich, of Cowan, Union county, a union in which there was added adaptability from the fact that Miss Him- melreich was a graduate of the institution in which her husband now teaches and in whose fortunes both are, therefore, highly interested. They have one son, George Henry.
Mr. Birch is a member of St. John Lodge, No. 267, Free and Accepted Ma- sons, Carlisle.
LILIAN R. SAFFORD, M. D., of York, who enjoys the distinction of being one of the first women to practice medicine in Southern Pennsylvania, is a daughter of Rev. Dr. Jefferson P., and Cornelia M. (Ray) Safiford, and was born in Ohio. She received her literary educa- tion at Putnam Seminary, Zanesville, O., from which she was graduated in 1881. After leaving the Seminary and surveying the different avenues of life open to human efifort. Miss Safford made selection of med- icine, then a field in which woman had but barely established her right to an equal footing with man. Consequently, she en- tered the Women's Medical College of New York city, from which she was graduated in the class of 1885. Immediately after graduation. Dr. Safiford took a post-gradu- ate course in gynecology, pathology and diseases of the throat and chest. At the close of her post-graduate studies she be- came physician in charge of her uncle's, Dr. Strong's sanitarium at Saratoga Springs, New York, where she remained from 1885 to 1889. During this period, however, she made two visits to Europe, where she stud- ied the treatment of various diseases in dif- ferent continental hospitals. Leaving the sanatarium in 1889, Dr. Safiford came to York, where she opened an office and has since continued to practice. She is a gen- eral practitioner, but makes a specialty, to some extent, of gynecology and diseases of children. Dr. Safiford is broad minded and liberal, and studies her profession out- side of the prescribed standard of any par- ticular school, being well acquainted with the Allopathic, Homeopathic, Eclectic and other systems of medicine.
The Safifords are of Puritan stock and New England descent, many members of the family having been prominent and in- fluential in the communities where they re- sided. Tracing Dr. Safford's genealogy
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back three generations we find that her grandfather, Henry Safford, was a native of Vermont, and in the early history of Ohio settled at Zanesville, in that State, where he was engaged as a jeweler for a number of years. He married Patience Van Horn, a native of New England, and a relative of Major Van Horn, of Revolu- tionary fame, by whom he had seven chil- dren: Professor James, State Geologist, and a member of the faculty of Vander- bilt University, Tennessee; Isaac Van Horn, a mine owner and civil engineer, of California, now deceased; Mary, deceased; Mrs. Annie Triplet, Rev. Dr. Jefferson P., Mrs. Bessie Barney.
Rev. Dr. Jefferson P. Saflford was born at Putman, Ohio, September 22, 1823, and ended his labors of life on July 10, 1881. He was graduated from the University of Ohio, at Athens, in 1843, ^"d served suc- cessively as principal of Dry Creek Acad- emy, Covington, Kentucky; superinten- dent of the Indianapolis Academy, and pro- fessor of mathematics in the Theological Institute of Covington, Kentucky. In 1848 he entered Princeton Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated four years later. He then accepted the chair of mathematics in Richmond Acad- emy, Virginia, and on September i, 1855, was ordained to the ministry of the Pres- byterian Church by the Presbytery of Lex- ington, Kentucky. His pastorates were at Frankfort, Kentucky; Piqua, Ohio, and New Albany, Indiana. In 1867 he retired from active service in the ministry to be- come Secretary for the States of Ohio and Indiana, which position he held until his death in 1889. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred on him in 1877 by Washington and Jefferson College, Penn- sylvania.
On August 31, 1852, Rev. Safford wedded, at Indianapolis, Cornelia M. Ray,
a daughter of James M. Ray, who was of Scotch descent. Rev. Doctor and Mrs. Safford had five children: Cornelia M., in- termarried with T. A. Mills, Ph. D., of Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania; Harry P., M. D., now deceased; Dr. Lilian R., J. Ray, of New York city, and Anna T.
JOHN R. BAKER, a builder of fine car- riages and buggies at Shiremanstown, is a native of Upper Allen township, having been born at Shepherdstown, Octo- ber 25, 1845, the son of John S. and Mary (Rinderknecht) Baker. The Bakers are of German extraction. Jacob Baker, grandfather of our subject, was a black- smith near Dillsburg, York county. His son, John S., father of our subject, was born in Chanceford township, in the lower end of York county, June 8, 1814, and came to Cumberland county when his father moved into Upper Allen about 1820. The elder Baker died aged 70 years. Tbe son became a farmer and also engaged to some extent in butchering. He was an old line Whig and naturally became identi- fied with the new Republican party at its inception. He lived on his farm near Shepherdstown for fifty-four years and having removed to near Shiremanstown, he lived about two years, dying December 7, 1896. His wife was Mary, daughter of Henry Rinderknecht, a native of Germany, who came to America about 1816, and lo- cated in Lancaster county, later com- ing into Cumberland, where he lo- cated in Upper Allen and followed farming. There were three sons and two daughters born to Mr. and Mrs. Baker: Elizabeth, wife of Isaac Bell, of near Eberly's Mills; Henry R., carriage maker of Harrisburg; John R. ; William, a York county farmer. Our subject was reared on his father's farm and educated at Mt. Allen school. At the age of nineteen he was apprenticed to
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John Palmer, of Mechanicsburg, to learn carriage making. That trade acquired he started to build carriages with his brother, Henry R., a business they conducted seven years, down to 1881, when Mr. Baker came to Shiremanstown and suc- ceeded Daniel Rupp in the carriage build- ing business. This business he expanded and enlarged and now manufactures a large full line of vehicles. The plant is one of very respectable proportions and well- equipped; being a two story brick, 35x40 with two frame buildings in the rear 30x35 nnd two stories high. There is an ample blacksmith shop attached and from six to ten mechanics are constantly employed. Mr. Baker has a commendable war record and was a member of the famous 87th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers. He enlisted April 2, 1862, in Company E., First Regiment, and participated in the heavy fighting during Grant's advance be- yond the Rapidan and in Sheridan's brief but brilliant campaign through the She- nandoah Valley. Returning home at the expiration of his term of enlistment, he ap- plied himself to his trade. Mr. Baker is a member of the Reformed Mennonite church.
May 30, 1868, he was married to Annie, daughter of Simon Dean, a citizen of Me- chanicsburg. They had twelve children, of whom nine are living: Noreen L., wife of Harry Wingert; Minnie, wife of A. A. Mumma; Grace, wife of Elmer Stone; James, a carriage painter; Samuel, a car- riage painter; Mary, Romaine, Dean and Ralph, all at home. The family all reside in Shiremanstown.
PROFESSOR MARTIN S. TAYLOR, a well-known educator of Shiremans- town, Pennsylvania, is the son of George M. and Martha (Hammond) Taylor, and was born at Spring Run, Franklin county,
this State, on April i, 1847. The family is of German origin. John Taylor, the great- grandfather, and his son Casper, the grand- father of the subject, were farmers, and kept a summer resort in Amberson's Valley, in the northern part of Franklin county. He died at his home November 30th, 1848. He married Isabel Matthews April 30th, 1776, by whom he had five sons and two daugh- ters; John, dead, late a farmer near Spring- field, Ohio; Isabel, widow of Elias Grover, now residing at New Bloomfield, Penn- sylvania; George H. ; Nancy, dead, who
was twice married, first to Carothers,
and next to Samuel Shearer; Andrew Jack- son, dead, who was a saddler by trade and passed most of his life at Fort Littleton, Fulton county, Pennsylvania; William, dead, late a millwright, near Spring- field, Ohio; Samuel, dead, late a farmer of Mowersville, Franklin county, Pennsylvania. George M. Taylor, father of subject, was born at the first home- stead in Amberson Valley, May 16, 181 1, and died on March 24, 1896, at his home near the scene of his birth. He was a farmer and woolen manufacturer, own- ing and operating a woolen mill near his home at Amberson Valley. He was quite an active business man and was eminently successful. He was a Christian man and a member of the Presbyterian church. In politics he was a Republican and held the position of school directorforseveral terms. He married Martha Hammond, a daughter of Laurence Hammond, who was of Ger- man descent and a farmer and stock dealer of Spring Run, Franklin county. There resulted from this union six daughters and three sons: Mary B., wife of Noah M. Laughlin, a farmer and stock dealer of near Newburg, Cumberland county ; Frank- lin, a farmer near Spring Run, who was a gallant soldier in the late war. He enlisted in August 1862, in Company F, 13th Regi-
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merit, Pennsylvania Volunteer Cavalry, served in the Army of the Potomac, partic- ipated in the last day's fight at the battle of Gettysburg, and was taken prisoner at Jefferson, Virginia, October 13, 1863. He was confined eighteen months in Libby and the Pemberton prisons and Belle Isle, and for thirteen months endured the hor- rors of Andersonville, being liberated only at the close of the war. Margaret A., of Path Valley, Franklin county; Martin S., the subject of this sketch ; Emma, the wife of David A. Nonsbaum, a farmer of near Newburg, Cumberland county; Ida M., wife of Wilbur W. Skinner, from near Dry Run, Franklin county; Hannah F., wife of George Rine, a farmer of Amberson, on the old homestead, and another sister who died in infancy.
Martin S. Taylor, of whom we write, was brought up on the farm and received his education in the public schools, Shippens- burg Normal school and Spring Run and Dry River Academies. When the war of the Rebellion broke out, he was a mere lad, attending the public schools and work- ing about the farm. In August 1864, he enlisted in Company I, 198th Regiment, Pennsylvania Infantry and served in the Army of the Potomac in the first brigade, third division, fifth army corps. He parti- cipated in the engagement of Peeble's farm, near Richmond, on October 2nd, 1864, where he received a bullet wound in the left hand that cost him that member, it having been amputated the same day near the place of engagement. He was sent to Lincoln hospital, Washington, D. C, where he was discharged from service on January 20, 1865. When he returned home he entered the academy at Spring Run and Dry Run, and in 1868 com- menced teaching school, which profession he has followed continuously during the winter. In 1880 he entered Shippensburg
Normal School which he attended during summer and from which he graduated in 1884. He taught in country schools until 1880. He then taught the grammar de- partment in Shippensburg for nine years, and for six years of that time was assistant principal of the High school, and in 1895 became the principal of the Shiremanstown High school. He is a member of Corporal McClain Post, No. 423, Grand Army of the Republic, of Shippensburg, and has served as adjutant and treasurer of that post. He belongs to Lodge No. 207, Ancient Order United American Mechanics and is a past officer. He is a member of the Royal Ar- canum of Shippensburg, a member of the Church of God and belongs to its council. In politics he is a Republican and has filled several of the minor local offices. On June 16, 1870, he married Mary M. Hoch, daughter of Abraham Hoch, a Pennsyl- vania German and a farmer of Mowers- ville, Franklin county. The subject is the father of six children living and three dead, Phoebe E., wife of A. L. Stevick, of Har- risburg, Pennsylvania; Lena A., wife of A. S. Fitz, a teacher living in Waynesboro, Franklin county; Hulda G., who resides at home; Martha E. (dead); Jessie A., (dead); Raub, at home; Bayard, at home; Annie B., at home, and Georgia (dead).
REV. IRA FRANKLIN BRAME, pastor of Plainfield, Lower Frank- ford and Carlisle Springs Lutheran churches is a son of Daniel and Mary (Arnold) Brame, and was born five miles west of York Springs, Adams county, Pennsyl- vania, November 12, 1859. His great- grandfather, Brame, came from
Germany to Adams county, where his son, Daniel Brame, Sr., was born and lived, a devout Lutheran and an honest man. Dan- iel Brame, Sr., married and reared a family and his son, Daniel Brame, was born Sep-
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tember 1803. This Daniel Brame, the younger, was a successful farmer, a pro- nounced Lutheran and a strong Republi- can. He held various local offices and died on the Brame homestead, August 12, 1877, at the advanced age of seventy-five years. His wife Mary (Arnold) Brame, was a daughter of Peter Arnold Brame, and passed away June 12, 1890, aged JJ years. Their family consisted of seven sons and three daughters: Jacob and Ephraim, far- mers of Adams county; Edwin, who served two years in Company G, 138th Pennsyl- vania Volunteers and was killed at Cold Harbor; Amelia, wife of Simon B. Laban, of Indiana; Daniel, of Dayton, Ohio; Ezra, Emma, Mary and Howard, of Adams county; and Rev. Ira F., whose name heads this sketch.
Rev. Ira F. Brame was reared on the farm and after attending common school and select schools, taught for three years. He then entered Pennsylvania College of Gettysburg and was graduated in the class of 1887. Leaving college he became a stu- dent in the Gettysburg Theological Semin- ary from which he was graduated in 1890, and in July of that year received and ac- cepted a call from the West End charge in Bedford and Somerset counties. He was ordained in Berlin, Somerset county, Sep- tember 7th, 1890, and served on the West End charge until October, 1891, when he accepted a call from the Lower Frankford charge of Cumberland county, consisting of the Plainfield, Lower Frankford and Carlisle Springs Lutheran churches, which he has serv^ed acceptably ever since. Rev. Brame is a theologian of note, a clear rea- soner and an interesting speaker, and ranks as an able and successful minister.
On July 30, 1889, Rev. Brame wedded Nannie E. Meals, whose father, the late William Meals was a marble cutter, and had served as a Union soldier in the late
civil war. Their union has been blessed with four children: Edna, Grace, Emma Lucile, Luther Franklin and Edward Grant.
HENRY N. BOWMAN, justice of the peace of Camp Hill, Cumberland county, is a son of John and Elizabeth (Davis) Bowman and was born in his pres- ent home August 4, 1840. The Bowmans are of German nativity. John Bowman, great-great-grandfather of our subject, was a native of Northern Germany, who came to America and located at Ephrata, Lan- caster county, Pennsylvania, where he be- came one of the prominent farmers of Lower Manor township. He was a mem- ber of the Dunkard church and lived to be ninety-five years of age. Samuel Bowman, great-grandfather of our subject, was born in that township but removed to East Pennsboro, Cumberland county, where he became an extensive land owner and far- mer. Our subject has in his possession the will in which he disposed of his property among his children. Part of this property is located in a part of what is now Perry county. He had two sons, John and Henry. John, the grandfather of our sub- ject, in the division of the property, re- ceived some farming lands in Pennsboro township. This ancestor was a native of Ephrata, Lancaster county, Pa., where he was born in 1768. In 1780 he came to Camp Hill where he accumulated consider- able wealth and property, owning as much as eleven hundred acres of land in Perry county and also a large distillery, beside which he held several hundred acres in East Pennsboro township and kept the Bowm.an hotel at Camp Hill. He was a member of the Dunkard church. By his wife Regina Wolf, who was also a Dunk- ard, he had a family of five children: Sam- uel, a minister of the Dunkard church; John, father of our subject; George, farmer
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of this township, who died in Mount Car- rol!, Illinois, where he moved later in life; Fannie, who married Rev. Simon Dries- baugh; Susan, who married George W. Criswell. John Bowman was born Sep- tember 5, 1805, and followed farming all his life. He was a member of the Church of God and a co-worker with John Wine- brenner, the founder of this body. His death occurred December 4, 1893. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Zacheus Davis, a native of Lancaster county, who came to Shippensburg when a young man and became a carpenter and builder. The Davises were Welsh Presbyterians. The maternal grandmother of our subject was Catherine (Hyer) Davis, a daughter of Lewis Hyer, a veteran of the Revolutionary war. John Bowman had four sons and two daughters: Dr. John D., deceased, late a physician of Harrisburg and a mem- ber of the legislature from Cumberland county in the '6o's; Zacheus, a retired far- mer of Camp Hill; Henry, our subject; George, dentist of Mechanicsburg; Ann E. wife of Dr. A. W. Nicholas, of Camp Hill; and Alice, who died single.
Our subject was brought up on a farm and received his education at White Hal! Academy, after finishing which, he engaged in mercantile pursuits at Harrisburg until 1862, when he entered the First City Troop, of Harrisburg, and took part in the battle of Antietam and minor engagements until mustered out of the service in September 1862. He then came to Camp Hill and conducted a general store until 1878, when he became part owner of the White Hall Soldiers' Orphan school, with Cap- tain Moore, his brother-in-law. In 1888 Captain Moore retired and Professor S. B. Heiges and the present subject conduct- ed the school for two years, at the expira- tion of which time the State took charge of the institution and our subject became
manager, a position he held until the con- solidation of the schools in 1890. Since that time he has been devoting his atten- tion to his farming interests. In politics Mr. Bowman is a stanch Democrat but popular enough, despite his pronounced Democracy, to be elected justice of the peace in a strong Republican district in 1880, and to be re-elected at the expiration of each term ever since. In 1896 he was a Democratic candidate for Clerk of the Courts and Recorder, and though McKin- ley carried the county by eleven hundred plurality, Mr. Bowman was defeated by but two hundred and eighty-three votes. He is a member of Harrisburg Council, No. 7. Free and Accepted Masons; of Pilgrim Commandery No. 11, Knights Templar; Samuel C. Perkins' Chapter, No. 209, Royal Arch Masons, of Mechanicsburg; past master of Eureka Lodge, No. 302, Master Mason, of Mechanicsburg; of Corn Planter Tribe, No. 61, Improved Order of Red Men, of Harrisburg; Robert Kippit Coun- cil, Junior Order United American Me- chanics, of Harrisburg, and of Post No. 58, Grand Army of the Republic, of Har- risburg. He is an active member and elder in the Church of God.
June 14, 1866, he married Jennie M., daughter of Jacob Kline, a merchant of Lower Allen township, by whom he has had three sons and three daughters: Harry J., at home; Allie, wife of E. N. Cooper, of Camp Hill ; Jesse, shipping clerk at Harris- burg; Addison M., attending Shippensburg State Normal school, and Lizzie and Rose, both dead.
Mrs. Bowman's mother was Elizabeth, a daughter of Michael Longsdorf, a farmer of New Kingston, and a soldier of the war of 1812.
R
EV. WILLIAM HENRY WEAVER is the son of John and Hannah
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(Kinter) Weaver, and was born in Frank- lin townsliip, Yorl< county, Pennsylvania, February 23, 1861. His ancestry on the mp.ternal side traces back to his great- great-grandfather, John Kinter, and his wife, Mrs. (Prince) Kinter, who emi- grated to Pennsylvania no later than 1760. They purchased nearly four hundred acres of land from James Graham, who owned an extensive tract of forest country, that was granted by the commonwealth, to the said Graham, August the 20th, 1747, at Philadelphia, at that time a portion of Monaghan township, Lancaster county.
The tract of land sold to John Kinter is located in Franklin township, York county, a portion of which is still owned by des- cendants of this pioneer settler. In 1766 or in 1769, soon after the family located on their newly purchased property, John Km- ter was killed by the falling of a tree and his body was the first interred in the Frank- lin churchyard.
There survived him two sons and one daughter, viz: John, Valentine, and Eliza- beth. John was married to Christiana Hollf- man; Valentine to John's wife's sister, Mary Hoffman; and Elizabeth to a Mr. Kimmel
There were born to Valentine, and Mary Kinter, eight children as follows: Jacob, John, David, Michael, Daniel, Elizabeth, Sarah and Mary. Mary is still living with her son in Dillsburg, at the age of eighty- three years.
Michael Kinter and Elizabeth Miller were married about 1834. To this union there were eight children, viz. : Harriet, Hannah, Mary, Elizabeth, and four died in childhood. Michael Kinter and wife were intensely religious, both were mem- bers of the Lutheran church. For manv years he was a prominent officer in the Franklin congregation. In 1849 when the United Brethren missionary from Littles- town, Adams county, travelled as far as
Franklin township, in York county, this family were the first to receive him. This was a home for him; here he preached and unfolded a simple gospel, and at least par- tially through the influence and aid of this family, the missionary lay the foundations of the U. B. church in these parts. Michael Kinter gave his influence early in favor of the public schools, and was one of the first directors in his district. He was always regarded as a useful and highly respected citizen. He died in 1879.
On the paternal side our subject traces his ancestry back to the great-great-grand- father, David Weaver, who likely emi- grated to Pennsylvania, probably more than one hundred and thirty years ago, and finally located in Reading township, Adams county.
David, a son was born in 1767, and gained a livelihood at tailoring and became a prominent citizen of the county. John, another son located at Burlington, New Jersey, where he acquired considerable wealth. David married Mary Overholt- zcr, about 1789, by whom he had ten chil- dren: Elizabeth, John, Mary, Catharine, Samuel, Benjamin, Sallie, Leah, David and Margaret.
David, next to the youngest of the fam- ily, was born April the 3rd, 1806, married Hannah Kriner in 1834, by whom he had ten children: Sarah, John, George, Wil- liam, Cornelius, Mariah, Henry, Jeremiah, and two that died in infancy. He followed farming for nearly a quarter of a century near Dillsburg, and afterward near Table Rock, until 1872, when his companion died.
He still resides at Table Rock, at the venerable age of ninety-one years. Fifty years ago they both united with the Ger- man Baptist church and were always re- garded as plain, unassuming, conscientious, upright Christians.
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John, the oldest son was born in 1836, and learned the wheelwright trade, which he followed for thirty-five years in Frank- lin township where he now resides on his farm. He married Hannah Kinter, in i860, by whom he had four children, Wil- liam H., Elmer David, a wheelwright of Carroll township, Cleasen John, a shoe mer- chant of Dillsburg, died November 9th, 1894, and Cora E., at home.
Our subject, William H., was brought up on the farm, and secured his education, in the public schools, in the Franklintown lo- cal normal, and at the Keystone State Nor- mal, at Kutztown, Pa. He taught six years in the public and select schools of his county. In March, 1886, he entered the itinerant ministry of the "United Brethren in Christ Church." His first charge was in Baltimore county, where he officiated successfull}^ for three years, after which he was assigned to Littlestown, Adams county for two years. He then was sent to Mont Alto, Franklin county, where his labors were crowned with rich success during three years. From Mont Alto, he was as- signed to Dillsburg, in 1894, where his ministerial labors continue at present.
Rev. Weaver was married on the tenth day of June, 1884, to Ida E. Heiges, a na- tive of Clearfield county, and daughter of Abram and Henrietta (Rishel) Heiges. They have two children, a son and daugh- ter. Alvin La Verne, was born at Littles- town, Adams county, Sunday, August 24th, 1890. Elta Marie, was born at Dillsburg, York county, Thursday, September 20th,
BENJAMIN PLANK, a lineal repre- sentative of an old and respectable Pennsylvania family, is a son of Samuel and Sarah (Bechtold) Plank, and was born in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, Octo- ber 17th, 1827.
Nicholas Plank, great grandfather of Benjamin, was a native of one of the Ger- man Swiss provinces and in company with some of his brothers came to America some time prior to the War of the Revolu- tion, locating in Cocalico township, Lan- caster county, this State. Here he obtained possession of a tract of land, engaged in agricultural pursuits and rose to a degree of considerable prominence among the far- mers of that county. He died and is bur- ied in the township of his adoption. He reared a large family of chddren who grad- ually diffused throughout Berks, Chester and Lancaster counties, one son, Nicholas, being an exception. This latter son re- mained on the old homestead in Lancaster county where he passed his life amid very similar scenes and pursuits that had en- grossed his father. Two of his sons, Sam- uel and Jacob, after attaining their major- ities removed to Cumberland county and located in South Middleton township, where Jacob carried on an establishment for the manufacture of wagons and plows. Here he became the inventor of the Plank Plow Wheel, which, with a few slight changes, has been in constant and success- ful use for a period of sixty years. Sam- uel learned the trade of blacksmithing, which trade he pursued for some time prior to his removal to Cumberland county in 1830. Subsequently, for a period of ten years, he followed his trade in South Mid- dleton township, after which he engaged in farming and so continued until the year i860. In 1865 he retired from active busi- ness pursuits and removed to Carlisle where he died. He was married to Sarah Bechtold, of Dauphin county, by whom he had nine children, five sons and four daughters: John; David, a resident of the State of Il- linois; Mary, deceased, wife of Leonard Wise; Benjamin, subject; Jacob, retired,.
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living in Illinois; Peter, resident of Me- chanicsburg, Pa.; Sarah, wife of Daniel Stambaugh; Annie, deceased, wife of Henry Pressel.
Benjamin Plank, our subject, was brought up in his boyhood to the trade of blacksmithing and from the age of seven- teen to twenty years was his father's assis- tant in the latter's shop. He then ob- tained a clerkship in a store which he re- tained for some three years, at the expira- tion of which time he removed to Barnitz, Dickinson township, and engaged in a gen- eral mercantile business which he contin- ued for thirteen years. In 1865 he disposed of the store in Dickinson township and re- moved to Carlisle where he opened a boot and shoe store. This business remamed in his possession until 1872, since which time Mr. Plank has been practically retired from active business concerns, devoting his time exclusively to looking after his real estate in Carlisle and his farm in Dickin- son township. Mr. Plank is a Republican in politics and has always shown a laud- able and intelligent interest in the issues and welfare of the party. In 1872 he was elec- ted Justice of the Peace and served con ■ tinuously for a period of ten years. In all his relations Mr. Plank has exhibited the qualities of a good citizen and broad- minded man. He is careful, frugal and de- voted to every cause which has for its pur- pose the up-building of the home and the community. In these respects he has won the unqualified confidence and esteem of his fellow townsmen. He is an attendant at and liberal contributor to the Methodist Episcopal church.
On March 4th, 1851, Mr. Plank married Mrs. Mary Zug, daughter of John Wolf, of South Middleton township and widow of John Zug. By this union three children were born: Sarah Anna and Harry Bech- told, both deceased in infancy; and John
W., whose sketch appears elsewhere in this work. Mrs. Plank is still living at the ad- vanced age of seventy years.
JOHN W. PLANK, the leading dr\' goods merchant of Carlisle, Cumber- land county, Pennsylvania, is a son of Benjamin and Mary (Wolf) Plank and was born in the afore mentioned county on Jan- uary 28th, 1859. His career has been marked by unusual success in his particular sphere and is due to his characteristic en- ergy, pluck and business management. He started in life with no other capital than a good education obtained in the Carlisle public schools from which latter he was graduated in 1875. Shortly after this date he indentured himself to learn the printing trade in the Herald Publishing office of Carlisle, and six months after finishing his apprenticeship he began an independent career in the general merchandising busi- ness at Boiling Springs as a member of the firm of D. B. Shelley & Company. This connection he maintained for a period of three years when he returned to Carlisle and opened a dry goods store in his father's building on North Hanover street where he remained in business until 1887. This year Mr. Plank purchased the residence on South Hanover street, formerly owned and occupied by ex-Judge Graham, deceased, and made extensive additions and altera- tions. What is now known as the Plank building was then erected and since i88g constant enlargements have been made to meet the growing exigencies of business expansion. The present building occupied by his various interests has a frontage of sixty feet and depth of one hundred and sixty feet. From very modest beginnings his business has rapidly gained both in im- portance and volume until it now covers every important branch of the dry goods and notion trade. Mr. Plank carries a
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stock of from $50,000 to $75,000 and the gross sales aggregate about $100,000 an- nually. In 1893, in addition to his mer- chandising business, Mr. Plank organized the John W. Plank Wrapper Company, Lt'd, a substantial and progressive concern devoted to the manufacture of wrappers and other standard articles of raiment for women and children. From the very be- ginning the enterprise gave emphatic signs of success and under its skillful manage- ment it now stands among the first indus- tries of Carlisle. In 1896 it became a lim- ited stock company, with John W. Plank as president and directing head.
Mr. Plank's business success has been little short of phenomenal. Starting in 1883 with a borrowed capital of $3,000, he has risen step by step through inherent en- ergy and perseverance to his present posi- tion of prominence among the business men and interests of his native county. He is a man thoroughly awake to the demands of the times and has seized with wonderful alacrity upon such modernized methods as seemed to him most likely to result in a proper expansion of his business interests and at the same time give additional zest and stability to the community with which he has identified himself. His general fa- cilities, courteous demeanor, quality of mer- chandize and fairness of dealing have com- manded John W. Plank to the public in an unusual degree. In his religious afifilia- tions he is a member and oflficer of the Lutheran church and in politics a votary of the Republican party.
On February 12, 1885, Mr. Plank was united in marriage with Annie M. Miller, daughter of David Miller, deceased, of Me- chanicsburg. Pa. To this marriage union two children have been born: Benjamin Leroy and John Forney, aged 10 and 3 years respectively.
DR. ELBRIDGE H. GERRY, a phy- sician, of Shrewsbury, York countv Pennsylvania, is a native of that borough, and was born October 18, 1836, a son of James and Salome (Hoxman) Gerry. He is of Scotch origin. His grandfather, James was a citizen of Cecil county, Maryland, and a native of Scotland. He was a farmer but took great interest in the public affairs of his State, serving at one time as a mem- ber of the House of Delegates.
The father of our subject was born in Maryland in 1796, was educated at West Nottingham Academy and was principal for three years, studied medicine in the Univer- sity of Maryland and afterward located in Shrewsbury, where he spent the remainder of his life, having practiced medicine for over fifty years. He was prominent in the Methodist Episcopal church and in the pol- itics of his State and county, and a member in national. State and county conventions, serving two years in Congress to which he was first elected in 1838. His children were: Lydia Ann, Mary, E. H., James and Susannah. He died in 1873, thirty-one years after the death of his wife.
Our subject secured his earlier education in the public school of Shrewsbury and at the town academy. Afterward he attended Dickinson College, at Carlisle, Pa., where he graduated in the class of '61. He then taught school for three years and entered upon the study of medicine which he fur- ther pursued at the University of Mary- land, graduating in 1867. He was associa- ted with his father in practice at Shrews- bury until 1870 and then with his brother James until 1888, when the partnership was dissolved and the doctor continued to practice alone. He has a large and lucra- tive clientele in the town and in the ad- joining country and has the reputation of being a skilled physician and surgeon. The doctor is a very active Democrat and has
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attended many county and State conven- tions as a delegate, was also a member of the State Central Committee and served in most of the borough offices, and as director of the Shrewsbury Saving Institution.
He is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church having served as lay delegate, S. S. superintendent, class leader, steward and trustee and is also a member of the Masonic fraternity, being connected with Shrewsbury Lodge, and York Com- mandery. Knights Templar.
In 1868 he married Anna, daughter of Ezekiel and Sarah (Mitchell) Scarborough, of Baltimore. She died in February, 1871, and in 1873 the doctor married his second wife, who was Arabella, daughter of Wil- liam and Mary (Beck) McAbee, of Shrews- bury. They had four children: Elbridge B., in the revenue service at Lancaster; James J.; William, deceased; and David M.
LEWIS K. STUBBS. Thomas Stubbs emigrated from England to Amer- ica 1718. Mary Minor came from Ireland about the same time, a descendant, how- ever, of English parents. Both were sin- gle, but in 1720 they were married in Chester county. Both were Friends. Their children numbered nine: Daniel, Esther, Thomas, John, Joseph, Mary, Elizabeth, Sarah and Ann. Of these children, Daniel was the lineal ancestor and great-great- grandfather of L. K. Stubbs. His son Vincent was a native of Chester county where he was born March 17, 1753, and died May 12, 1821. He was a farmer by occupation and in his time was greatly de- voted to the chase. His habits were rigid- ly temperate. He never visited a tavern, nor would he permit his sons to do so. He married Priscilla Cooper, a daughter of John and Hannah (Wheeler) Cooper, and had a son also named Vincent, who was the grandfather of our subject. He was
born March 6, 1797. He died April 8, 1875. This ancestor married Mary England Haines, of Cecil county, Maryland, July 14, 1802. This lady was the daughter of Jos- eph and Rebecca Haines. The family lived during the greater part of the father's life in Lancaster county, where they car- ried on farming. Vincent Stubbs was a Whig in politics. He had ten children: Joseph H., Rebecca, Thomas, Elizabeth, Verlinda, Hannah, Sophia, Priscilla, Mary, and a son who died in infancy.
L. K. Stubbs, our subject, is the son of Thomas and Mary (Brinton) Stubbs. Tho- mas Stubbs, his father, was born in Lancas- ter county, July 14, 1826, and died April 3, 1896. The homestead where he was born was occupied by the family over 150 years and with the advent of Thomas into the world the house in which he was born saw the birth of the third generation within its walls. The elder Stubbs remained a far- mer all his life. He was an active Republi- can and took a prominent part in local pol- itics.
His religion was that of the great founder of the commonwealth, as that of his father before him had been. He mar- ried Isabella Scott and had no issue. His second wife was Mary Brinton, by whom he had two children, twins: Our subject and Slater Russell, who lives in Millville, New Jersey, and is a supervisor on the West Jersey railroad. Lewis was sent to the public schools where he obtained his preliminary education, and afterward to the West Chester State Normal School. Leav- ing that institution he engaged in banking at Oxford, being employed as teller in the Farmers' National bank for five years. In January, 1890, he came to Delta, and hav- ing helped to organize the First National bank there in 1889, he became its cashier. January i, 1890, the institution opened for business with a capital of $50,000. Mr.
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Stubbs is also identified with the civic in- terests of Delta. He is a town covmcilman, treasurer of the borough, secretary of the board of trade, director of the Delta Elec- tric Light company, president of Delta Tel- ephone company and director and treasurer of the Delta building and loan association. Mr. Stubbs has been honored in public ot- fice more because of his fitness and integ- rity than for any other reason. Neverthe- less he has always been elected as a Re- publican. He has always clung to the re- ligion of his fathers and is a member of the Society of Friends. In September, 1890, he was married to Sophia Duffield Hodg- son, daughter of Mark A. and Margaretta (Cann) Hodgson, of Oxford, Chester county. They have one child, Margaret Elizabeth born 1893. Mr. Stubbs is rec- ognized throughout the whole lower End of York county as a shrewd business man. He has inherited those excellent traits of character which made the Quaker people, despite their austere religion, a liberal minded, industrious and thrifty class of citi- zens, law-abiding, intelligent and philan- thropic.
WILLIAM B. McILHENNY, deputy sherifif of Adams county, is a son of Jacob G. and Sarah A. (Lott) Mcllhen- ny, and was born at Knoxlyn Mills, Adams county, March nth, i860. He is of Scotch-Irish origin. His paternal grand- father, Hugh McIIhenny, married Ann Taughinbaugh, followed milling and farm- ing and reared eight children, of whom Jacob G. McIIhenny was the second. In politics Mr. McIIhenny was a Whig and later a Republican. He was a member of the Great Conewago Presbyterian church, which he served as elder up to the end of his life. He died at the age of ninety-one at Gettysburg. His children were: John T., Jacob I., Robert, William A., Mrs.
Martha Majors, Mrs. Margaret Knox, Rosa and Rebecca.
Jacob G. McIIhenny was born February 19, 1830, and was reared on a farm and ed- ucated in the common schools. He learned milling under his father and for twenty years followed that occupation. During his later years, up to the time of his death in 1895, he devoted most of his time to cul- tivating a large farm located near Hun- terstown which he had acquired by his own exertions. He was active in church mat- ters, served his township as school direc- tor for a number of years, and was elected County Commissioner 1881, and served three years. Mr. McIIhenny was united in marriage in 1854 with Sarah A., a daughter of Henry Lott. Mrs. Mcllhen- ny's paternal and maternal ancestors orig- inated in Holland and were early settlers in Adams county. Prior to her marriage she taught school very successfully in Adams county for several terms. To that union were born seven children: Henrj' Lott, now a practicing physician in the State of Kansas; William B., our subject; Jacob Harrison, now located in Chicago; Robert Alexander, now a physician in Kansas; John King, who lives at Hagerstown Maryland; Rebecca, deceased; and James Gray, a student at Pennsylvania College. Mrs. McIIhenny died in 1893 ; her husband survived her until August, 1895.
William B. McIIhenny was reared on his father's farm and acquired his education in the common schools. He then farmed in Straban township until 1881, when he went to Kansas and worked on a farm for one season. Then he entered the Studebaker wagon works at South Bend, Indiana, and worked there for one year and a half. He then returned to Adams county and worked on the farm of his father until 1887, when through his identification with poli- tics, he received the appointment of deputy
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sheriff. This position he held for six years, when he himself became the candidate, and was elected high sheriff of the county in 1893. At the expiration of his term of three years. Sheriff Miller, his successor re- appointed him deputy, and he still retains that position. Mr. Mcllhenny is a Repub- lican in politics, and has been secretary of the county committee for a number of years, and has been in the forefront of every political battle in the county for the past ten years. He owns and operates suc- cessfully two large farms (460 acres in Straban township). Mr. Mcllhenny is a Republican in politics. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He is a director and was active in the organization of the Adams county telephone company, and takes a praiseworthy interest in the de- velopment and growth of every interest of the town of Gettysburg. He is very popu- lar and is regarded as one of the best citi- zens of Adams county. Mr. Mcllhenny is unmarried. He was a delegate to State convention i8q6.
DR. JOHN W. BOWMAN, comes of worthy German ancestry. He is the son of Samuel and Susan (Koons) Bowman and was born in Wormleysburg, Cumber- land county. Pa., December 20th, 1846. The family in the time of the subject's grandfather were located in Lancaster county at Ephrata and Christian Bowman was born and reared there. He was mar- ried to Mary Mohler, daughter of John Mohler, of the same place. They moved to Cumberland county near Boiling Springs, where they engaged in farming, and for a time were engaged in the grain and flour business. About 1827 he bought a farm in East Pennsboro township, Cumberland county, where he was engaged in farming
until 1841, when he sold his farm and bought another near Harrisburg on the Jonestown road, where he lived until 1856, when he sold this farm and moved to Miami county, Indiana, where he lived until the time of his death which occurred at the ad- vanced age of 92 years. He had 3 sons and 2 daughters all of which grew to ma- turity. Mollie, was married to John Lon- genecker. They were engaged in farming in East Pennsboro township, Cumberland county, Pa., until 1856 when they removed to Randolph county, Indiana, where she died at the advanced age of 80 years. John married Katie Longenecker, but died at the age of 29 years, leaving a widow and 3 sons. Samuel, father of our subject; Annie mar- ried Rev. Daniel Balsbaugh. They resided in East Pennsboro township, Cumberland county until 1856, when they removed to Miami county, Indiana, where Mr. Bals- baugh became a noted preacher in the Ger- man Baptist church. Christian Bowman married Susan Brightbill, daughter of Henry Brightbill. They are living near Harrisburg, Dauphin county. Pa., where they own a fine farm, and for several years he was steward at the Dauphin county home.
Samuel Bowman was born near Boil- ing Springs in Cumberland county, on the 13th of May, 1820. He was reared on the farm and learned the trade of cooper, which he followed for six years, when he engaged in farming in East Pennsboro township, where he still lives. He has always been an ardent Republican. He married Susan Koons, daughter of Jacob Koons, a native of East Pennsboro township, and a son of George Kuntz, who came to America from Baden, Germany, in the year 1764. The elder Kuntz married a daughter of Daniel Snyder, a niece of Governor Snyder. Samuel and Susan Bowman had five sons and three daughters: John W.,
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our subject; Mary, died in childhood; Su- san, wife of David Mumma, a farmer in Hampden township; Jacob, who died in infancy; Samuel, a farmer of Cross, Okla- homa; George, Katie and Christian, all three at home yet.
Our subject was reared on the farm and educated in the public schools, and at White Hall Academy. In 1869 he engaged in the mercantile business. In 1873, commenced the study of medicine with Dr. J. D. Bow- man and J. T. Criswell as his preceptors. In 1875 he entered Jefferson Medical Col- lege, graduating in 1877, when he immed- iately located at Hogestown, Cumberland county. Pa., where he succeeded the late Dr. Joseph Crain and succeeded in build- ing up a large practice. He remained here until April 1st, 1 88 1, when he moved to Camp Hill where he enjoyed a large practice for 12 years, 8 of which he was physician to the White Hall soldier's or- phan school. April ist, 1893, he moved into his present home in Riverton. Dr. Bowman is physcian to the Northern Cen- tral railroad. He has been a member of the Cumberland county Medical Society since 1878, and in 1896 was its president. He is also a member of the State and of the American Medical Associations; of Eu- reka Lodge, No. 302 Free and Accepted Masons of Mechanicsburg, Pa. ; and an el- der in the Christian church at Riverton and an active Sunday school worker. At present he has a large and lucrative prac- tice.
June 28th, 1871, he married Annetta Oy- ster, daughter of the late George Oyster, of Camp Hill, Pa. They have two children: David G. Bowman, a druggist, but at pres- ent a motorman on Harrisburg and Me- chanicsburg electric railway. He is also a member of the firm manufacturing wall plaster at Riverton. He married Mary, youngest daughter of Dr. A. W. Nichols.
William C. Bowman, a graduate of Ship- pensburg Normal School, is Principal of the Riverton schools and is also engaged in the insurance business.
MAJOR WILLIAM M. ROBBINS. the southern member of the Get- tysburg National Park Commission, is a native of Randolph county, North Caro- lina, and was born October 26, 1838, the son of Ahi and Mary (Brown) Robbms. He is of English and Irish ancestry, with a strain of French Huguenot. His pater- nal grandfather, Joseph Robbins, was a prominent planter of Randolph county. North Carolina, in ante-bellum days. He was the father of five sons and five daugh- ters.
Ahi Robbins, the father of our subject, was educated in the public schools of his native State and became one of the wealthy planters of North Carolina. He was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church and always manifested an active and com- mendable interest in religious matters. Mr. Robbins married Mary Brown, a union which resulted in the birth of six sons and three daughters. The sons were: William, Julius, James, Frank, Madison and Ros- well, all of whom, except William and Frank were killed in battle in the civil war. Mr. Robbins died in June, 1886, at the age of eighty-eight years.
Major Robbins received his primary ed- ucation in North Carolina, and in 1857 graduated from Randolph-Macon College in Virginia, with first honors. He then read law and was admitted to the bar in the State of Alabama, where he practiced until the outbreak of the war, when he enlisted as a private soldier in the 4th Alabama in- fantry and served throughout the war. His gallant service in behalf of the lost cause won him promotion and at the close of the war he retired with the rank of Major. In
REV. ANDREW N. HAGERTY.
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several of the battles in which he partici- pated he was slightly wounded and at the Battle of the Wilderness, May 6, 1864, he suffered a severe and serious wound. The record of his battles is a long and honora- ble one and proves him to have been a brave and valorous son of the South. The war over, he settled in North Carolina, his native State, and took up the practice of his profession at Salisbury. In 1868, against his wishes, he was drawn into pol- itics and elected to the State Senate of North Carolina, where he served four years. The four years' service in the State Senate represented two terms. In 1873 he was elected to the National House of Representatives and served three suc- cessive terms, from 1873 to 1879. In the latter year he retired and resumed the prac- •tice of his profession at Statesville, North Carolina, which is now his home. In March, 1894, Secretary of War Lamont, without Major Robbins' knowledge, ap- pointed him one of the Gettsyburg Battle- field Commissioners and since that time he has spent most of his time at Gettysburg, where, incidental to his duties and resi- dence, he has made many warm friends.
Major Robbins has been twice married. He has five living children, of whom his only son Frank Lee Robbins after his ed- ucation had been completed, was pur- suaded by his father to acquire a knowl- edge of the business of cotton manufac- turing, for which Major Robbins saw there was a large and profitable field in the South. The son followed his advise and started as a laborer in the lapper room. From that department he worked his way up until every detail of cotton manufac- turing was familiar to him. At present he is superintendent of one of the largest cotton spinning establishments in North Carolina, receives a handsome salary and
is known all over the State as a successful and clever young business man.
REV. GERNY WEBER, A. M., pas- tor of the Glen Rock charge of the Reformed church, is a son of Joseph Karl and Rebecca (Hockman) Weber, and was born at Rebersburg, Center county, Pa., September 14, 1868. He is descended from a German ancestry. Joseph, the father of our subject, was born at Rebers- burg, January 7, 1822. He received a common school education, and besides en- gaging in farming followed wagon making and the manufacturing of farming imple- ments. In politics he was a Democrat, but held no public positions beyond those of clerk and tax collector. He died Sep- tember 14, 1891, a deservedly esteemed and worthy citizen, and a consistent Chris- tian, having outlived his wife over twenty years.
Our subject secured his rudimentary education in the public schools and in a private academy at Rebersburg. He ob- tained his college training in Franklin and Marshall College and graduated in the class of '92. Having taken this course with a view of entering the ministry in the Reformed Church, he at once entered the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church located at Lancaster, and gradu- ated three years later in the class of '95. This same year the trustees of the Collegv' conferred upon him the degree of Master of Arts.
June 15, 1895, he was called to the pas- torate of the Glen Rock charge, and has been there since.
REV. ANDREW NEEDY HAG- ERTY, pastor of the First Presby- terian church, Carlisle, Pa., is an earnest and successful minister, of ability and thorough education. He is a son of Wil-
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liam A. and Mary Ann (Herron) Hagerty, and was born near West MRldletown, Washington county, Pa., March 27th, 1852.
His father and grandfather Hagerty were members of the old Seceder church of Mount Hope, his grandfather being an elder in that church for over forty years, and his father having organized the first Sabbath school ever held in it. He was superintendent for nineteen years.
Mary Ann Herron was the daughter of Capt. Andrew Herron, of Buffalo village, Washington county. Pa. He was for many years a ruling elder in the Presbyterian church of Buffalo. He was a cousin of the Rev. Francis Herron, D. D., who was one of the most prominent figures in the early history of Presbyterianism of West- ern Pennsylvania. He was pastor of the First Church of Pittsburg for about forty years, and it is to him more than to an\ other man that the Western Theological Seminary of Allegheny owes its existence. Wm. A. Hagerty and Mary Ann Herron were married March 21st, 1848, and to them were born Thomas A., Andrew N., Rankin J. R., Elizabeth A., Mary S., and Wm. H., all of whom are living.
Andrew Neely Hagerty, the subject of this sketch, was the second son. He made public profession of his faith in Christ at the age of sixteen, uniting with the United Presbyterian Church of West Alexander, Penna., near which town the family had moved in 1868. At the age of seventeen he became convinced that his life's work must be in the ministry. He was in no hurry, however, but taking Jesus as the Supreme example in this as in every line of life, deliberately planned that he should not enter the active duties of his life's work before he "began to be about thirty years of age." He remained on the farm, helping his father, until in his 21st year.
In the autumn of this year, 1873, he en- tered the academy at West Alexander, an mstitution of the old school, from whose limited dimensions have gone many men whose names have become famous and whose lives have blessed the world.
The school had for its head Prof. John Cross Frazier, a most excellent instructor, who devotedly loved a diligent student, but as religiously hated a lazy one. The fact that the young student was a peculiar favorite with his instructor, indicates the character of his first year of study. The next two winters he taught in the public schools in the vicinity of his home, studied and recited in the evenings and helped on the farm in the summer. In the spring of 187s he went to Waterford, Erie county. Pa., to become the assistant to his brother Thomas, who was the head of the academy at that place. Here he completed his preparation for college in addition to teaching the mathematics of the academy. In 1877 he entered the Freshman year in Lafayette College, at Easton, Pa., and was graduated from it in the classical course in 1881. He entered the Theological Seminary of the United Presbyterian church in Allegheny in the fall of the same year, graduating on March 27th, 1884, his thirty-second birthday, thus carrying out his purpose formed when he chose his pro- fession. Mr. Hagerty's education having been completed, he was licensed by the Presbytery of Chartiers, in the Mt. Pros- pect United Presbyterian church, April 8th, 1884. The field chosen for the first years of his ministry was the West. Ac- cordingly he received appointments by the Committee of Missions, for the year following, in Illinois, Kansas and Iowa. His first preaching was in the church at Hanover, Jo Daviess county, during the month of September. From there he went to Olathe, Kansas, preaching there
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on the first Sabbath of October. A few weeks later the congregation gave him a unanimous call to become their pastor, which was accepted, and on the 19th of January, 1885, he was ordained and in- stalled pastor of the church. This con- gregation had for a number of years been the victim of bitter internal dissensions, which had greatly weakened it. They however, rallied around their new pastor with enthusiasm, and during the short pastorate of a little less than three years, a handsome new church was built, and the membership more than doubled.
In July, 1887, Mr. Hagerty was asked by the Board of Home Missions to take charge of a new mission in Castroville, California, which he accepted and entered upon the work in September. His people were strongly opposed to his leaving them, unanimously refusing to accept his resignation when first ofifered. Mr. Ha- gerty remained less than one year in this charge, but during that time a small con- gregation was organized from the Scotch Canadians who occupied the farms of the valley, the people of the town being almost wbolly Roman Catholics. This was the first Protestant church of the town.
In May, 1888, Mr. Hagerty was called to become the missionary pastor of the Second United Presbyterian church of Kansas City, Mo., which he accepted. This was a new organization, he being the first minister. They were about twenty-five members strong, worshipping in a dance hall in the eastern part of the city. The people were enthusiastic and united and went to work earnestly with their mission- ary. He remained with them until July, 1891, during which time a handsome chapel was built at a cost of about $10,000, and the membership grew to 125.
For some years Mr. Hagerty had been weighing the matter of passing from the
United Presbyterian Church into the larger and more liberal body of the Pres- byterian Church. This purpose he car- ried out, by placing his letter of ministerial standing with the Presbytery of Pittsburg, of the Presbyterian Church, at a meeting held by that Presbytery in the Mt. Wash- ington church, October 6th, 1891. After spending some months in visiting relatives in his native county, in February, 1892, he with his wife, made a visit to Philadelphia, intending only a stay of two or three weeks, then expected to return to the west, for settlement, where he had some open- ings in view; but being invited to supply a number of prominent pulpits of Philadel- phia, during the summer, and not having any positive calls elsewhere, he remained until November ist, when he was asked to supply the church at Hagerstown, Md., during the winter. On January 22nd and 29th he preached in the First Presby- terian church, of Carlisle, Pa., and on the 22nd of February a hearty and unanimous call was extended, which he accepted. The church at Hagerstown also extended hiin a call which he declined. Mr. Hagerty entered upon the duties of his pastorate in Carlisle on the i6th of March, preaching his first sermon on the 19th. He was in- stalled by the Presbytery of Carlisle on the 27th of April following. During the almost five years of his present pastorate there has been a steady, healthy growth in every line of the church's work.
The First Church of Carlisle is one of the oldest as well as one of the most inter- esting and important of the churches in this section of the country. It has always been strong both in the number and char- acter of its membership, which strength is still retained, while some of the most dis- tinguished clergymen of the Presbyterian church have been its pastors, such as Dr. Nisbet, two Duffields, and Dr. Wing. The
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fine fortress-like stone building, now about 140 years old, stands as silent witness to the strong character of the men who laid the foundations of Presbyterianism in the beautiful valley of Cumberland. Built before our country's natal day, it was the rallying point for the men who pledged their lives and fortunes for that liberty which has become our precious heritage. Well may it be called "Mizpah." For to its sacred walls were whispered vows of deadly earnestness in ferved piety, and it stands as the watch tower of the Fathers over the faithfulness of the children.
On December 7th, 1876, Mr. Hagerty married Sarah Jane Smith, the daughter of Wm. Smith, a prominent farmer and citi- zen of Washington county and an elder for many years in the Pigeon Creek Presby- terian church. She had received her ed- ucation in the Washington Seminary, and was in full sympathy with her husband's purposes of entering the ministry. Coming of Godly parentage and ancestry that for generations had been devoted to the church, she was eminently qualified for the important place she was called to occupy. Through all the years of preparation and subsequent labor she has proven herself worthy of the call into the ministry with her husband.
Mr. Hagerty has been twice a commis- sioner to the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church, and an equal number of times a member of the Com- mittee of Missions of the same church. He has been one of the Executive Council of the Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip of the Presbyterian church since its organiza- tion in 1893. He is a clear and logical thinker and writer, a forcible speaker, us- ing no manuscript in the pulpit,and perfect- ly frank, as well as fearless in the treatment of all subjects that he discusses in his ser- mons. He has won the respect and esteem
of all who know him, and lives in his work to which he is entirely devoted.
MAJOR CALVIN GILBERT, a pro- minent foundry and machine man of Gettysburg, was born in that borough April 8, 1839, the son of Daniel and Eliza- beth (Rice) Gilbert. The Gilberts are of English origin, Leonard Gilbert, the pater- nal grandfather of our subject, was a farmer of Straban township, through- out life, and was a Whig in politics. Daniel Gilbert, the father of our sub- ject was born in Straban township February 2, 1810, and after obtaining a common school education learned the trade of coach-making, which he fol- lowed most of his life at Gettysburg. He was a Whig in politics and once held the office of assessor of the borough. Mr. Gilbert served one year in Company K, loist Regiment, Penn. Vol. Infantry. He married Amy E., daughter of a Mr. Rice. They had eight children: Calvin, our sub- ject; Henry S., Daniel, Perry, Arabella E., Jennie, Anna and Mary. Mr. Gilbert died December 3, 1882; his wife still survives.
Calvin Gilbert acquired a common school education and then learned the trade of coach making under his father. This oc- cupation he followed until the breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in Com- pany F, 87th Pennsylvania Regiment and served about sixteen months with that or- ganization as a private soldier. He then entered the commissary department and served in that capacity until October 26th, 1865. He was comissioned as captain and, by brevet, as major, gaining both promo- tions for the excellent record he made as a soldier. After the war Major Gilbert lo- cated in Chambersburg, Franklin county, Pa., and engaged in mercantile pursuits for three years. He then went into the foun- dry and machine business and retained his
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connection with that business in Chambers- burg until 1885, when he came to Gettys- burg and estabhshed his business there. The Major takes a marked interest in agri- cultural matters and is the owner of three farms near the town of Gettysburg. His business has been most successful owing to the intelligent methods upon which it has been conducted. Major Gilbert is a Re- publican in politics. During his residence in Chambersburg he was leader in every movement for the business interest of the town and for eighteen years a director of the public schools of that borough and since his removal to Gettysburg has served in a similar capacity and in addition as a member of the town council. In his party his position is one of influence and promi- nence. He has been a delegate to numer- ous county and State Conventions and at present is serving as a member of the State Committee. Mr. Gilbert is a member of several fraternal secret orders. He is a member of Good Samaritan Lodge, No. 336, Free and Accepted Masons; of Post No. 9, Grand Army of the Republic; of the Loyal Legion; and Independent Order of Odd Fellows. In religion he is a Luth- eran. He attends church regularly and takes an active interest in its affairs.
March 12, 1862, he married Lavina L., daughter of William and Mary Rex, of Adams county. To that union have been born five children: Minnie, wife of Dr. L. F. Suesserott, of Chambersburg; Ida B., wife of Rev. G. Reen, of Mansfield, Ohio; Kate; Calvin K., and William D.
Major Gilbert is one of the most popu- lar men in Gettysburg and Adams county. He has a large following of friends and is highly esteemed for his probity and genial- ity.
M
AJOR H. S. BENNER, a prominent veteran and ex-postmaster of Get-
tysburg, is a son of Christian and Susan- nah (Snyder) Benner, and was born in Straban township, Adams county, October I, 1830. The Benners are of German ex- traction. Christian Benner, grandfather of the Major was among the pioneers of this section of the State and came to Adams county in 1752. He was a farmer by oc- cupation. Christian Benner, father of our subject, was born in Adams county in 1807. He was also a farmer and followed that oc- cupation all his life. In politics he was a Democrat. In religion he was a member of the Reformed faith and was an active worker in the church at Gettysburg. He had five children, of which our subject was the oldest: H. S. ; Sarah Ann, who married William E. Biddle, of Baltimore; Julia S., who married W. F. Walter; Simon C, who lost his life in the war of the Rebellion in 1864; and Oliver F., a farmer; Mrs. Ben- ner, the mother of our subject, died April I, 1893.
Major Benner received a fair education in the schools of his community and those of Gettysburg. After leaving school he was apprenticed to learn stone cutting and having acquired that trade, he followed it until 1856. After that he was employed as agent for the Western Maryland rail- road, but at the out-break of the war he ex- changed the pen for the sword and entered the service as first lieutenant of Company K, loist Regiment, Pennsylvania Volun- teer Infantry. He served out the full term of his enlistment and February 5, 1863, re- cnlisted in the same company and regiment. For meritorious action in battle he was promoted to the captaincy of his company in 1864, and shortly afterward was com- missioned Major of the regiment, the rank with which he retired at the expiration of his term of service and the close of the war in 1865. During ten months of the war he was a prisoner in the hands of the Con-
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federates, having been captured at Plym- oth, North Carolina, April 20, 1864. He was also twice wounded during the battle of Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862. Returning to Gettysburg at the close of the war. Major Benner engaged in the produce business, until appointed postmaster during the first term of President Cleveland. Upon retiring from that ofSce he engaged in the grocery business which he has since conducted upon a large and successful scale. In poli- tics he is a Democrat and for three years was chief burgess of the borough of Get- tysburg. He is a member of the Presby- terian church and takes an active interest in its welfare. He is a member of Good Samaritan Lodge No. 336, A. Y. M.; of Good Samaritan Chapter, No. 266, Royal Arch Masons; Gettysburg Lodge, No. 124, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; of Un- ion Encampment, No. 136, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and Post No. 9, Grand Army of the Republic of Gettysburg. November 15, 1870, Major Benner mar- ried Mrs. Sophia R. Shriver, nee Yount.
REV. A. W. LILLY, D. D., for over 40 years the honored pastor of Zion Evangelical Lutheran church, of York, is a son of George and Catharine (Walter) Lilly, and was born at Turbotville, North- umberland county, Pennsylvania, Decem- ber 3, 1822. On the paternal side. Dr. Lilly is of English descent, while on the maternal side he is of German origin. Both families, however, were among the early settlers of Pennsylvania, and contributed their share of brawn and vigor towards its development. George Lilly, Sr., the pater- nal grandfather of Rev. Dr. Lilly, was a na- tive of Bucks county, this State, and his son George, father of our subject, was born in the initial year of the present century. He died in August, 1892, a nongenarian, whose years and experience are reached by
but few. His early life was passed within Northumberland county, where he wedded Catharine Walter, a daughter of Jacob Walter, of Lehigh county. By this mar- riage he had a family of 9 children.
After attending the early common schools and receiving some private in- struction by way of preparation, Mr. Lilly entered Pennsylvania College at Gettys- burg, and was graduated from that time- honored institution in the class of 1848. He then became a student in the Theolog- ical Seminary of the Lutheran church at the same place, whose course he finished in 1851. In 1851 he was ordained to the Lutheran ministry, and received a call to the Third Lutheran church of Baltimore, which he served as pastor from 1851 to 1855. In the latter year he was invited to accept the pastorate of Zion Lutheran church, of York, which had been organized in 1847, 3-"d whose first church edifice was dedicated in 1852. Coming to York in 1855, he entered upon his long and success- ful pastorate of Zion church, which has be- come an integral part of his life.
These many years have been filled with earnest labors and solicitous cares; for the true growth of a church is founded on the deepest and broadest foundations of true sacrifice and courageous self-denial. Under Dr. Lilly's ministrations the membership of Zion's church has increased from 125 to 500 souls, and the Sunday school has been easily doubled. In addition to this signifi- cant evidence of growth, the church edi- fice situated on South Duke street has been constantly enlarged and beautified until it now has a seating capacity of 700, and comports well with any other similar struc- ture in the city of York.
On November 4, 1851, Rev. Dr. Lilly was united in marriage with Margery A. Herman, a daughter of Martin Herman, of Cumberland county, and to their union
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have been born seven children: Walter H., deceased, in 1892; Mary E. ; C. Foster, a druggist of Peoria, Illinois, wedded to Mary Waddell; Ellen C, wife of John M. Finley, of York county; Anna M., wife of Rev. Charles R. Trowbridge, a Lutheran minister, of Baltimore, Maryland; Martin G., deceased in 1895; and Margery D. H.
Rev. Dr. Lilly in point of service is the oldest Lutheran pastor in the city of York, having served for nearlj' 42 years contin- uously as the spiritual head ot Zion church. He is a sound theologian, a good organizer, a vigorous worker, and a pulpit orator of well recognized force. In 1885, he re- ceived the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Pennsylvania College, his alma mater, in attestation of his well known attain- ments. His sphere has not been confined entirely to his pastoral duties, but for a number of years he has served as a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of the Luth- eran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, and also as secretary and presiding officer of his Synod at different times. For a per- iod of 14 years he was a member of the Board of Home Missions, and acted as president of the Board of Church Exten- sion from 1874 to 1891. Dr. Lilly is ener- getic and persistent in whatever he under- takes, and has been a tireless and faithful worker in the vinej'ard of his Master.
DR. JACOB D. HEIGES, the oldest dentist in point of practice, and one of the most prominent, in the City of York, Pennsylvania, is a son of Jacob and Eliza- beth (Mumper) Heiges, and was born at Dillsburg, York county, Pennsylvania, Sep- tem.ber 18, 1833. He was reared at the above mentioned village, received his edu- cation in the common schools, and in 1854, commenced the study of dentistry with Dr. Behne, then a leading dentist of Mechan- icsburg, Cumberland county, Pa. He re-
mained under his preceptorship until Sep- tember 18, 1857, when he removed to York and began practice under the instruction of Dr. Tyrrell and also took a two years' course at the Baltimore Dental College from which he was graduated in 1863. He afterward remained with Dr. Tyrrell until the death of the latter. May 10, 1861, when he became his immediate successor, and has continued it successfully to the present time. Dr. Heiges is a master of the me- chanical and operative branch of his pro- fession, has made a special study of the anatomy of the teeth and head, and is re- garded as among the most skillful practi- tioners in his profession. He is a mem- ber of the Harris Dental Association of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, of which he for some years was the president; of the State Dental Association, and is identified with other bodies of a professional nature.
He is a disciple of the principles taught in the Democratic party and has always been an active and ardent suppr^rter of his party and a liberal contributor to its insti- tutions. He has for more than 30 years been a member of St. John's P. E. church, and was many years a vestryman of the church. He is also a member of Continen- tal Assembly, No. 24, Artisans' Order of Mutual Protection; a member and Past Master of York Lodge, No. 266, Free and Accepted Masons; member and past High Priest of Howell Chapter, No. 199, Royal Arch Masons; a member and Past Com- mander of York Commandery, No. 21, Knights Templar and a Grand Perfect elect, and Sublime Mason of Harrisburg Lodge of Perfection, 14th degree. In 1865 he be- came connected with the York County Agricultural Association, being a life mem- ber thereof of which he was a manager for several years and of which he has been cor- responding secretary since 1887.
On September 18, 1867, Dr. Jacob D.
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Heiges was united in marriage with Miss Annie C. Smith, a daughter of Wilham and Mary E. (Boyer) Smith, of York. They have eight children: WilHam S., a drug- gist, of York; Thomas T., a draughtsman; Charles, superintendent of the York Ice and Refrigerating Company; Philip B., a student of architecture; Horace M., an electrician; J. Clifford, Aniee E. and Robert R.
Dr. Heiges has paid some attention to the rearing and breeding of standard bred horses, and has to his credit reared some fine stock with which he has gained suc- cessful competition at county fairs, &c. He has built and improved a fine residence at 125 East Market street.
MICHAEL SCHALL, the enterpris- ing proprietor of the Keystone Farm Machine Company, of York, Penn- sylvania, is a son of Michael and Charlotte Virginia (Connelee) Schall, and was born in York in December, 1869.
The Schall family which is an old and honored one in Pennsylvania, is of German lineage, the York county branch of which started from James Schall, grandfather of Michael, who settled near Wrightsville at an early date. He was a hotel keeper and general business man, lived in that section of the county for many years, and reached the age of 68 years. Some years prior to his death he removed to the city of York where his death occurred in 1865.
His son Michael Schall was born in York on October 8, 1828, and passed away on September 31, 1893. The latter received an academic education in the York County Academy, and started in life as the purchas- ing agent of P. A. & S. Small, of York, with whom he continued up to the year i860. About this time he purchased the business of Ilgenfritz & White, car manu-
facturers, and continued that business until the time of his death. In addition to his plant in York he also had similar plants at Middletown, Glen Rock and Dauphin, Pennsylvania, all of which in their day proved successful projects. Besides these manufacturing interests he was associated with the Susquehanna Iron Company, at Columbia, the rolling mill now conducted by Steac}' & Denney, of York, and with the Columbia rolling mills. About the
year in conjunction with James
Danner he established a banking house in his native city under the firm name of Schall and Danner, bankers and brokers, which was conducted until the year 1892. In ad- dition to the above mentioned business re- lations, Mr. Schall was also a large real es- tate owner in York city and county and was an active promoter of many minor projects looking to the material and industrial de- velopment of his native city. He was a man of business foresight, good executive ability and possessed unusual sagacity in the conduct of his affairs. Politically he was an active Republican and for a period of eight years served as chairman of the Republican county committee. During the Garfield Presidential campaign he was made an elector from the State of Pennsyl- vania and cast his vote in the electoral col- lege of the United States for that honored and martyred President. In religious affil- iations, he was an Episcopalian, and was connected for a number of years with St. John's Episcopal church of York, as ves- tryman and for over half a century was sup- erintendent of the Sunday school connected with that body. He was united in marriage with Charlotte Virginia Connelee, a daugh- ter of Edmund Connelee, of Virginia, by whom he had the following children : Maria v., deceased; Sarah E., wife of Horace Keesey, attorney at law, of York; Lilly K., wife of Henry C. Niles, Esq., of York, Isa-
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belle, wife of Charles H. Mayer, of York; James H. and Michael, subject.
Michael was educated in the York County Academy, and the Cheltenham Mil- itary Academy, of Philadelphia, graduat- ing from the latter institution in the year 1890.- Immediately subsequent to his grad- uation he returned to his home and was employed in the car works with his father up to the year 1893. In that year he pur- chased a one-half interest in the Keystone Farm Machine works and later became the sole owner of that business. After becom- ing proprietor of this well-known industry, valuable improvements were made in mat- ters of equipment and capacity, placing it upon a firm footing and in a fair position to do competitive work with other and larger concerns of a similar nature. The Keystone works necessitate the employ- ment of from 125 to 150 men, the products of whose labor are sold in various parts of the United States in addition to large ship- ments to foreign countries.
Mr. Schall is a Republican in politics but does not take an active interest in his party beyond the judicious exercise of his right of suffrage. He is a member of St. John's Episcopal church and is also connected with Harmonia Lodge, No. 853, Indepen- dent Order of Odd Fellows. Among the younger business men of York he takes a first rank in point of enterprise, executive capacity and integrity. He is a young man of most creditable mental equipment, culti- vated tastes and good social standing whose characteristics as a business manager place him among the successful business men of his native city.
HENRY C. BRENNEMAN, ESQ., a successful lawyer of the York County Bar is the eldest son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Berkheimer) Brenneman, and was born in Washington township, county
of York, Pennsylvania, January 14th, 1858. His parents were of German extraction and belong to the sturdy class of citizens that have done much toward the industrial and material progress of Southern Pennsyl- vania. His father, Jacob Brenneman, in early life was a manufacturer of woolen goods and afterward turned his attention to farming. He was born in 1833 and died in the year 1886, while his wife was demised in 1893. Three sons still survive: Henry C, Martin L., and Andrew J.; an only daughter Mary J. died in infancy.
Henry C. Brenneman left the public schools at 16 years of age, and after attend- ing Central Pennsylvania College, at New Berlin, Union county, Pa., one term, en- tered the State Normal School at Millers- ville, Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated in the class of 1880. He then took a post graduate course at Millersville and became principal of the Adamstown public school, Lancaster county, which po- sition he acceptably filled for one year. At the expiration of this time he was elected vice principal of the York High School, in which he taught mathematics and history for a period of six years. In 1887 he be- came a candidate for and was elected to the superintendency of public schools in York county, and his conduct of educational af- fairs during his first incumbency was such that he was unanimously re-elected in 1890.
Toward the close of his second term as county superintendent he concluded to leave the educational field in which he had been successful as teacher and superinten- dent, to take up the profession of law. He registered as a law student in the office of N. Sargent Ross, Esq., and was duly ad- mitted to practice in August, 1895. Short- ly after his admission, a partnership was formed with his former preceptor, Mr. Ross, which resulted in the present legal firm of Ross & Brenneman — one of the leading
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law firms of York county. A few months after entering into practice, Mr. Brenneman was appointed county solicitor, a position which he still holds. Politically he is a Democrat, and has been identified with the active work of his party. He is a member of the York Social Club, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Improved Order of Heptasophs, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Knights of Pythias, and is a high degree Mason. He is a member and past officer of York Lodge 266 Free and Accepted Masons; Howell Chapter, No. 199, Royal Arch Masons; York Comman- dery. No. 21, Knights Templar; Harris- burg Consistory, and Lulu Temple, An- cient Order of Arabic Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, of Philadelphia.
On May 21, i8gi, Mr. Brenneman was united in marriage with Ida Lee Sanks, daughter of Rev. James Sanks.
CHARLES FREDERICK SPANG- LER, M. D., one of the youngest successful physicians of the city of York, is the son of Harrison and Mary (Sechrist) Spangler, and was born in York, Pennsyl- vania, December 30, 1859. The Spanglers are of German lineage, and the name is of frequent occurrence in the medical and other leading professions of this county. Dr. Spangler was reared in his native county, received his academic education in the York schools and in July, 1876, began the study of medicine under the preceptor- ship of the late Dr. Charles M. Nes, who at that time was one of the most eminent phy- sicians of the county.
In 1879 he entered Jefiferson Medical College, of Philadelphia, from which insti- tution he was graduated with honor in the Class of '81. Being an ardent lover of his profession, studious and a hard worker his association with that institution was at- tended by marked distinction. His qualifi-
cations invited the confidence of the faculty to a degree that responsible duties were as- signed to him, affording exceptional op- portunities for acquiring practical knowl- edge. His acknowledged thorough mas- tery of the various branches of the science, with a comprehensive manner of imparting information to his associates, gave him a foremost position in a class of six hun- dred and twenty. Immediately after grad- uation he returned to York, where he opened an office and took the initial steps in the practice of his chosen profession. In addition to a large general practice Dr. Spangler has devoted special attention to the diseases peculiar to women and in this particular department of medicine has been favored by more than ordinary success.
He has been in active and continual prac- tice the past sixteen years. He has been a contributor to a number of the leading medical journals of the country resulting in an extensive professional correspond- ence. During the past year, he has been taking special instruction in Gynaecology and Clinical Microscopy in the Johns Hop- kins University. He is a member of the York County Medico-Pathological Society, the York County Medical Society, the American Medical Association, and a mem- ber of the Association of Directors of the Poor, of Pennsylvania. He was physician to the York County Hospital for five years, and enjoyed the distinction of being Coro- ner of the county from the year 1884 to 1888 and from 1892 to 1895 inclusive, serv- ing in both positions with honor and credit. During his first term of office the Doctor continued in the custom of his predecessors in office, a custom that had been in vogue since the erection of the county, that of holding inquests in all cases of sudden, vio- lent, or accidental deaths, in accordance with the old English Common Law; there not having been any special legislation
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enacted defining the duties of the Coroner for York county. Doctor Spangler having been seriously impressed with the embar- rassing features of holding inquests indis- criminately, determined to interpret and carry into effect the modern conception of the meaning of the law, that of holding in- quests only when cause of death was sur- rounded by suspicious circumstances; this rule was so rigidly adhered to that but thirty inquests were held during the three years of his second term.
He thus established a precedent as a guide for future administrations that serves to dispel the feeling of dread hitherto as- sociated with that functionary and virtually reducing the emoluments of the office to that of a sinecure.
He was one of the first directors and original promoters of the Westinghouse Electric Light Company, and assisted ma- terially in the substantial establishment of that institution here.
He was also actively interested in the or- ganization and promotion of the Eastern Market.
In politics Dr. Spangler is of Democratic proclivities and has always taken an active and intelligent interest in the principles and success of the party with which he has affil- iated, and presumably an evidence of his popularity is noticeable in the Presiden- tial election of 1884, when he ran several hundred ahead of the ticket and carried the Second ward which has always been the strongest opposition district in the county.
He has been a member of St. Paul's Lutheran church since early life. In 1880 he was married to Frances H. Wilson, of Franklin county, to which union two chil- dren were born Joseph H. and PVederick C.
WILLIAM A. KEYWORTH, cashier of the First National Bank of York, Pennsylvania, is a son of Charles A., and
Mary J. (Castor) Keyworth and was born in York, on June 22, 1868.
Charles A. Keyworth, father of our sub- ject, was born in York, on February 27, 1837 and died in the same place, February 22, 1876. He was educated in the public schools of his native city and at the York County Academy, but the more important part of his education was obtained through self tuition and attrition with people and places. He was a wide ana diverse reader of literature, refined tastes and safe busi- ness instincts. He succeeded his father in the jewelry business at No. 8 East Market street, York, which he conducted success- fully until the time of his death. In addi- tion to his duties in connection with his main occupation, he invested largely and judi- ciously in real estate, which in after years yielded a comfortable legacy in itself. He was a director in the York County National Bank in whose afifairs he always manifested an active and intelligent interest. He was also president of several Building and Loan Associations, was one of the first promot- ers of the Peach Bottom railroad and the York and Chanceford turnpike, and sus- tained important relations to a number of other industries in his native city and its environs. Politically he was a Republican, served for some time as a member of the school board and took a very general in- terest in the educational afifairs and the moral improvement of the community. He was a member and officially connected with Zion Lutheran church throughout the greater portion of his life. He was united in marriage with Mary J. Castor, a daugh- ter of Peter Castor, of Philadelphia, by whom six children were born: Mary Leah, wife of Dr. Niles H. Shearer, wholesale druggist of York; Bessie Anna, deceased, in 1884, at the age of eighteen years; Wil- liam A,, subject; Edward Thomas, an ar-
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chitect with J. A. Dempwolf, of York; S. Louise and Charles A., an architect of York.
William A. Keyworth was educated in the public schools, and at York Collegiate Institute. Subsequently he was employed for a period of six months by the A. B. Far- quhar Company (Limited). He then en- tered the First National Bank as assistant to the cashier, which relation he sustained for two years. At the end of this time he was made discount clerk and for a period of nine years performed the duties of that position with efificiency and integrity. In 1896, upon the retirement of Mr. J. J. Frick from the cashiership of the First National Bank, Mr. Kej'worth was named his im- mediate successor and has continued to act in that capacity ever since. He is a careful and painstaking official, ample business and financial training and possesses in a verv large measure the confidence and respect of the bank's patronage. Fcr some years past Mr. Keyworth has operated consider- ably in real estate, but since his elevation to his present post has devoted his entire time and attention to the onerous and ex- acting duties of his present position.
Mr. Keyworth is a Republican in politics and thoroughly devoted to the principles of that party but does not take an active inter- est in its councils or organizations. He is a member of Zion Lutheran church, and a Mason in high standing.
On November 5, i8q6, he was united in marriage with Bella Weiser Carl, a daugh- ter of Jere Carl, of York, whose sketch ap- pears elsewhere in this volume.
Mr. Keyworth is a young man of proper energy and ambition, good business quali- fications and unquestioned fidelity to the in- terests of those he serves. In manner he is affable, in his business relations alwavs courteous and in private and domestic life
manifests a high degree of culture and re- finement.
For five years he was a Director in the Young Men's Christian Association.
T OHN A. HOOBER, ESQ., a promi- nent young member of the York county bar, is the only son of Henry and Malinda (Holtzapple) Hoober, and was born at Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, January 27, 1867. His parents were both of German descent, natives of York county, and members of old and highly respect- able families. Henry Hoober, his father, was born in 1839, and died in 1869, and at the time of his death was a resident of Wrightsville. He was active in religious affairs, and a member of several fraternal orders. His marriage with Malinda Holtz- apple, a daughter of William Holtzapple, was celebrated in 1866, and resulted in the birth of one son, John A., the subject of this sketch.
John A. Hoober was bereft of his father when under three years of age and conse- quently was compelled to begin life single- handed even in boyhood. He attended the public schools of York and entered the York Collegiate Institute in 1885, from which he was graduated in 1887. In the Fall of 1887 he became an attache of the York Gazette, and for two years was cor- respondent for the press of Pittsburg, Phil- adelphia, New York and other cities. At the expiration of this time, in 1889, he en- tered the Law Department of Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, Connecticut, from which he was graduated with the degree. Bachelor of Laws, in 1891. Subsequent to this time he pursued a two years post- graduate course in the Yale Law and Academic schools, receiving the degree of Doctor of Civil Law in 1893, during which two years he filled an instructorship in the Law School, Returning home in 1893,
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he was admitted to the bar of York county, and since that date has been in active and successful practice. In addition to his professional duties, he is also a lecturer on patent law at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, a lectureship for which he is well qualified, both by reason of natural ability and special study in this direction under ex-United State's Commissioner of Patents, Hon. W. E. Simonds, and Hon. William Townsend, of the United States District Court of Connecticut and Southern New York.
Mr. Hoober is a Democrat in politics, an ex-president of the Young Men's Dem- ocratic Society, of York, and a member of the Union Lutheran church, in whose Sun- day school he has been a teacher for a num- ber of years. He is a director and secre- tary of the Board of Managers of the Young Men's Christian Association, of York, and is president of the Alumni Society, of the York Collegiate Institute. Aside from professional duties, he is an in- terested observer of current events, and a frequent contributor to leading legal maga- zines and journals. He is a clear, facile and attractive writer, as well as a trust- worthy and competent lawyer.
At college Mr. Hoober was elected grad- uate editor of the Yale Law Journal, and was made the Wayland prize speaker of 1891. Some of his energies were spent in other lines — in filling his duties as vice president of the University Young Men's Christian Association and in active partici- pation in field and track athletics.
VINTON HENRY RITCHEY, a suc- cessful druggist of Carlisle, Penn- sylvania, is the son of Josiah and Emily Jane (Seavers) Ritchey. He was born in the town of Bradford, Pennsylvania, Oc- tober 26, 1 85 1. The Ritchey s are of Eng- lish origin and were among the early set-
tlers of Bradford county, where they were agriculturalists. Jacob Ritchey, great- grandfather of our subject, was a native of Bedford county and an extensive farmer, owning a large tract of land near Bedford. He was also a distiller and miller, traded in grain and shipped a great quantity of cereals and produce to Baltimore and Phil- delphia. He was quite an esteemed and enterprising man in his day and was a member of the Reformed church. He died on his farm, aged eighty years. He reared a family of four or five children whose descendants are scattered over the State of Pennsylvania. Three of them are still living. The grandfather of the sub- ject was also a native of Bradford county and succeeded to his father's various busi- ness interests. He was a member of the First Reformed church and died on the farm. He married and had five children: Rebecca, who married Richard Siller, of Bedford; Maggie, who married John Yont, of Bedford; Eliza, who married John Fenny, of Altoona, Pennsylvania; William, who died, a carpenter of Altoona, a first- class mechanic, contractor and builder. He erected some of the best business blocks and large buildings in the city of Altoona. Josiah Ritchey, father of our subject, was a third child and was born on the homestead in Bedford county, 1826. He succeeded his father in the milling, distilling and farming business, which he conducted for a period of about twelve years. He sold out about i860 and removed to Morrison's Cove, Bedford county. Pa., where he was en- gaged in farming until 1893, when he dis- posed of his farming interests in Bedford county and removed to Carlisle and re- mained one year. He then established himself at Harrisburg to look after his property interests in that city, where he still resides. By trade he was a tailor, but never followed that vocation. He was a
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man of large business experience, has been very successful in his financial ventures and always retained the confidence of his friends and acquaintances. In religion he is a member of the Reformed church, in which he takes a very active interest. He i.s also a member of the Independent Order Odd Fellows. He married Emily Jane, daughter of Jacob Seevers, who still sur- vives at the age of sixty-nine years. Her father was of German descent and a farmer of Cumberland county. They had nine children: Dr. M. M., of Harrisburg; the subject, V. H.; John, Pennsylvania rail- road carpenter, of Altoona; Clara, wife of John Garn, of this county; James, busi- ness manager of a manufactory, of Harris- burg, and Dr. Frank, of New Kingston.
C^ur subject received his education in the Morrison Cove common school, Mar- tinsburg Academy and Dickinson Semi- nary at Williamsport. At the age of 19 he began the study of the drug business with Jacob Biddle, of Loysburg. Soon after he went to Altoona, where he re- mained two years, then to Philadelphia, where he spent two years and came to Car- lisle January 20, 1879. He started the drug business in Carlisle, which he has fol- lowed ever since, carrying a full line of all kinds of drugs, stationery and toilet arti- cles. Religiously he is a member of the Lutheran church. December, 1879, he was married to Martha Ellen, a daughter of Jacob C. and Catharine Lehman, of Boiling Springs, by whom he has had four children: Catharine, deceased, died at the age of 2 years, 7 months and 13 days; George, Jacob, C. L. and Irene Constance.
JOSEPH R. STRAWBRIDGE, ESQ., district attorney of York county, and a member of the law firm of Geise & Strawbridge is a son of John and Grizella (McDonald) Strawbridge, and was born in
Fawn township, York county, Pennsyl- vania, July 25, 1858.
On his paternal side Mr. Strawbridge is descended from an English ancestry, while on the maternal side his progenitors were of Scotch lineage. John Strawbridge, grandfather, was a native and life-long resident of Fawn township, where he was engaged in agricultural and kindred pur- suits until the time of his death. He mar- ried Rachel Alloway, of York county, who bore him three sons and one daughter: John, Joseph, James and Sallie, all de- ceased. His maternal grandfather, Aquila McDonald, was a native of York county, also a farmer by occupation.
John Strawbridge, father of our subject, was a well-known farmer and merchant of southern York county, was born in Fawn township in 1806, and died in March, 1878. His wife preceded him to the grave in 1877, at the age of sixty-six years, and is interred with her husband in the cemetery of Center Presbyterian church, in his native town- ship. During President VanBuren's ad- ministration the elder Strawbridge was ap- pointed postmaster at Strawbridge, now known as New Park, and continued in that position down to the election of President Grant. He was a Democrat in politics, filled many local offices in his vicinity and was a familiar figure in political and busi- ness circles of his community. He was a man of commendable habits and com- manded the intelligent respect of all those with whom he came in contact. His mar- riage with Grizella McDonald resulted in an issue of five sons and four daughters: John C, a farmer of Hopewell township, York county; Mary, not married, a resident of Baltimore, Maryland; Rachel A., wife of Richard W. McDonald, of Harford county, Maryland; Aquila M., a resident of Fawn township; Richard A., a resident of Mary- ville. Mo,; Sallie J., Franklin P.; Louisa
^fJ^^^^^OC^^^^^J^,
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M., wife of John C. Wiley, of Fawn town- ship, and Joseph Ross, subject.
Joseph R. Strawbridge was brought up on the farm and received his elementary education in the public schools of Fawn township. He subsequently studied at Fawn Grove Academy, Stewartstown Eng- lish and Classical Institute and the York Collegiate Institute, from which latter he was graduated in 1880, and was made the valedictorian of his class. Subsequent to graduation here he entered the junior class of Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, and received his degree in 1882. In the interims of his school life he taught in Adams county, Illinois, and in Fawn Grove Academy, York county, Penna., where he was formerly a student. In 1882 he en- tered upon the study of law with Captain Frank Geise, of York, his present legal partner, and was admitted to the bar of York county September i, 1884, and has since continued in the active and success- ful practice of his profession. He has been admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the State and has already argued several important cases before that court. In 1885 he was made counsel for the county commissioners of York county and served in that capacity at different times for a period of five years. In 1895, after a spir- ited contest, he was elected district attorney for the same county by a majority of 2,054 and continues in the discharge of the im- portant functions of that office.
Mr. Strawbridge is a Democrat in poli- tics and has been intelligently identified with the activities of that organization. He is a law)'er of recognized ability and in- tegrity, possesses ample equipment and ranks with the successful members of the legal fraternity. He is a member of the First Presbyterian church, of York, and teaches a class of men in its Sunday school.
On November 9, 1887, Mr. Strawbridge
was united in marriage with Elizabeth Smyser, a daughter of Lewis E. Smyser, of York. This union has been fruitful in the issue of three children: Mary S., born Sep- tember 20, 1890; Elizabeth M., born Au- gust 26, 1893; and Edwin S., born Julv 5, 1896.
MILTON B. GIBSON, president of the Weaver Organ & Piano Com- pany, of York, Pennsylvania, is a son of Francis F. and Catharine (Baker) Gibson, and was born at Landisburg, Perry county, Pennsylvania, June 8, i860.
The Gibson family is one of the oldest and most notable in Pennsylvania and has reflected credit upon a race of pioneers no less distinguished in citizenship than the Scotch-Irish. His great-great-grandfather, Col. George Gibson, son of George Gib- son, Esq., of Lancaster, Pa., was one of the early martial figures in the history of our country. As a young man he was en- gaged in the trade to the West Indies and afterwards was a trader with the Indians at Fort Pitt. Returning to the East he bought a farm and settled at Gibson's Rock, Perry county, then a part of Cum- berland. During the Revolution he en- listed at Fort Pitt a company of one hun- dred daring men, who were sharp shoot- ers and known as "Gibson's Lambs." He was commissioned Colonel of the First Virginia regiment, joined Gen. Washing- ton before the evacuation of New York and took part in many of the leading bat- tles of the Revolution. In 1791 he took command of a regiment under Gen. St. Clair in his campaign in Ohio against the Indians of the North West Territory, and lost his life at the battle of Miami Village, dying at Fort JefTerson, Ohio, December 14th, 1791. He left surviving three sons, John Bannister Gibson, who became chief justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsyl-
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vania, occupying the bench from 1816 to 185 1, and was one of the most distinguished jurists of the State. Another son, Briga- dier General George Gibson, was chief of the commissary department for a period of forty years. The third was Francis F., great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, who also entered the army and filled several civil positions with honor and fidel- ity. A proximate relative of these, whose name was also George Gibson, was a pres- iential elector in 1789, and voted for the first President of the United States, while other relatives and ancestors of Robert Gibson, grandfather of Milton B., held im- portant and responsible positions under the State government. Grandfather Gib- son was a native and resident of Perry county, Pennsylvania, and was familiarly known as 'Squire Gibson. He was ap- pointed justice of the peace by Governor Pollock and served continuously in that office for a period of thirty-seven years. He was united in marriage with Hannah Kreamer, who bore him three children, whose names are as follows: Francis F., George A. and Mary Gibson. His son, Francis F. Gibson, was a surveyor by pro- fession, but during the latter part of his life followed a general mercantile business near Landisburg, in Perry county. Pa., where he died in 1867, when but thirty-seven years of age. Francis F. Gibson married Mary Ann Sheibley, of Perry county, who died, leaving a son, Francis S. Gibson. Several years after he married Catharine E. Baker, grand-daughter of the late Con- rad Holman, of Perry county. This union resulted in the birth of two children: Mil- ton Buchar and Walter Spotts, the latter of whom died in infancy.
Milton B. Gibson, at the tender age of 7 years, was bereft of his father and grew to manhood, lacking the protecting care that a kind and afifectionate father can exercise.
He received his elementary education in the common schools, completed his academic studies at Bloomfield Academy in his na- tive county and taught successfully for three years. He then in 1881 purchased his father's property near Landisburg, en- gaged in mercantile pursuits for several years, during which time he became inter- ested in the Weaver Organ & Piano Com- pany, who were building their present fac- tory at York. He first became a stock- holder and then being successful as a re- tail salesman of their instruments, he was speedily appointed State representative of the Company in Pennsylvania. In 1885 he removed to York, which has been his place of residence ever since. In 1886 he was elected secretary of the Company, and in September, 1890, after the death of Mr. J. O. Weaver, the founder of the Com- pany, he was made treasurer and general manager in addition to the secretaryship. In 1896 he was elected to his present posi- tion as president of the Company.
The Weaver Organ & Piano Company has a large and well equipped factory, in which they employ a force of over 100 skilled workmen. The yearly output is from 2500 to 3000 instruments, which compete fairly with any similar instruments manu- factured, and the sale of which extends to all sections of the United States and the civilized world. The company has a work- ing capital of over $150,000 and operates a number of branch houses in other cities. Milton B. Gibson, on April i8th, 1882, married Elizabeth Shumaker, daughter of Samuel Shumaker, of Harrisburg, Pa. They have four children: Holman S., Edith B., Catharine Blanche and Marion E. Mrs. Gibson's father was also formerly of Perry Co., where he was active in public and business aflfairs.
In politics Mr. Gibson is a Republican, but in no sense a politician. He has never
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been a seeker for office, though no one has been more zealous in support of the meri- torious men and principles of his party. He is a member and one of the organizers of Heidelberg Chapter, No. 38, Brother- hood of Andrew and Philip, a religious or- ganization. He is also a member and past Chancellor of Chrystal Lodge, No. 248, Knights of Pythias. Religiously he affil- iates with the Reformed Church, being a member of Heidelberg Reformed Church, in which he is an Elder, and of whose Sun- day-school he has been the acting Super- intendent for several years. He is a Di- rector of the Young Men's Christian As- s relation, of York, and a member of its important committees. Mr. Gibson is a representative business man, and to the im- portant company, over whose concerns he is presiding, he has given a number of years of his best energies with successful results. He was one of the organizers of the York Card & Paper Co., and was a Di- rector and Vice President of the Com- pany for several years. He is a member of the International Advisory Board of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum and was a delegate to the congress of dele- gates from North and South America, which met in Philalelphia, Jvine ist to 5th, 1897, to dedicate the Museums and trans- act business of international import. He is still a young man and his future career as an energetic business man is a bright one.
BENJAMIN HALLOWELL FARQU- HAR, was born in Montgomery county, Maryland, July 27, 1840. Of his distinguished and honorable lineage the am- pler sketch of his brother, Arthur B. Far- quhar, treats at length. He was reared on his father's farm and educated in the pub- lic schools and at Benjamin Hallowell's select school for boys at Alexandria, Vir-
ginia. The latter was a thorough institu- tion and here young Farquhar obtained a good practical education. Leaving school in 1857, at the age of 17, he engaged in farming up to the time of the late civil war, and on May 23, 1863, entered the United States mail service, having charge of the mails between Washington and New York. He continued in this service until 1882, when he retired and came to York, where he subsequently became associated with his brother, Arthur B., in the manufacturing industry. When the Farquhar's formed a stock company in 1889 to assume charge of and conduct their vast manufacturing interests, B. H. Farquhar became treasurer of that concern and has retained that po- sition ever since.
Mr. Farquhar is and always has been a Republican in politics. He served as a member of the common council for two years from the 2nd ward of his adopted city and in 1893 was the nominee of his party for the city treasurership. Although the city was strongly Democratic Mr. Farqu- har lacked but forty odd votes of being the successful candidate, — a showing which at- tested the confidence of a large number of his political opponents in his entire fitness for the position. In his religious affilia- tions both by heredity and conviction he is a Quaker although in the absence of any religious order of Friends in this commun- ity, he is an attendant and pew-holder of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran church.
On June 2, 1870, Mr. Farquhar was uni- ted in marriage with Martha Lippincott, of Philadelphia. To this union have been born two sons, only one of whom survives, Thomas L., a graduate of the York Col- legiate Institute, and at present engaged in the fire insurance business in Philadelphia. The deceased son was named Lewis C.
In his business relations Mr. Farquhar is regarded as a careful and conscientious
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manager with an exceptional mind for de- tails and of the strictest integrity. He gives scrupulous and thoughtful attention to the duties of his position in connection with the Pennsylvania Agricultural Works, is well informed upon all questions of finance and economic policy and exhibits a lively interest in all public questions touching the business and industrial features of the county's growth. He is a man of fine in- tellectual culture, rather domestic in his tastes apart from business, but at the same time keeps in close touch with the more prominent social, literary and religious movements of the city.
JOHN J. SNYDER, M. D., was born October 8, 1869, at Two Taverns, Adams county, Pa. He is the second son of Baltzer and Mary (Schwartz) Snyder. His great-great grandfather, Conrad Sny- der, emigrated to this country from Ger- many and settled in Pennsylvania colony, where he followed farming and weaving. His son, Conrad, born in 1764, served in the last years of the Revolutionary war in which two of his brothers were killed.
He came to York county after the war or rather to Adams county, then a part of York county, where he married Eve Knouse, and buying a farm near Bonneauville, Adams county. Pa., he farmed until his death in 1836. His chil- dren were: George, the grandfather of the writer, married to Susan Fair; Henry mar- ried to Eliza Wolford; Daniel, died young; Baltzer, married to a Miss Houck; Conrad, married to Catharine Fisher. The daugh- ters were: Sarah, married to Mr. Hassler; Katie, married to John Norbeck; Susan, married to Christian Benner; Elizabeth, married Cornelius Brinkerhofif; Mary, mar- ried John Sheely; Julia, married John Diehl; and Lydia, married Mr. Hersh. George Snyder was born at Bonneauville,
Pa., served in Capt. Lindsay Sturgeon's company (regiment not recalled) during the war of 1812. He farmed in Mt. Pleasant and Mt. Joy townships, kept tavern, and finally lived a retired life. He married Su- sannah Fair and their children were five in number: Catherine, married to Jacob Ben- ner; Baltzer, married to Mary Schwartz; Daniel, married to Mary Deardorfif; Susan, married to Wm. Ruflf, and Lydia, all of whom are dead except Daniel, now living at McKnightstown, Pa., and Susan living in Gettysburg, Pa.
Baltzer, father, was born February 22, 1820, near Two Taverns. By trade, he was a mason and contractor, and having acquired a good education followed teach- ing for a good many years. He also farmed in Mt. Joy township. In the old militia days, he commanded the company, raised in Mt. Joy township. He was married to Mary Schwartz, the oldest daughter of Michael and Leah (Stock) Schwartz, and to them were born six children: Margaret, married to John Fiscel; Elizabeth, married to Allen Fiscel; Henry D., who graduated from the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Maryland in April, 1890, and en- tered the Medical Corps U. S. Army in June of the same year, now ranking cap- tain.
John J. attended the public schools and Littlestown High School. He read medicine under Dr. A. Noel, of Bonneau- ville, Pa., entered the University of Vir- ginia in the session of 1 891 -'92, graduating in Physiology and Medical Jurisprudence at the end of the session, and then entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Baltimore, Md., session of 1892 and '93, graduating from that institution April 19, 1893, receiving "honorable mention" in a class of 179 graduates. He entered upon the practice of his profession at McSherrys- town, Pennsylvania, July 3, 1893, but in
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April, 1894, removed to New Oxford, Pa.
He married April 26,1892, Annie Louise, daughter of Samuel and Mary Wantz, of Silver Run, Carroll county, Md. They have two children: George E., born August 12, 1894; and Helen Louise, born March 17, 1896.
In religion the family has always been Lutheran, while in politics first Whig, and now, with few exceptions. Republican.
George A. is the third son, and is now in the Hospital Corps U. S. Army, serving in Arizona. Wm. Rufif, the fourth son and youngest of the family, is at the West Chester State Normal School.
DANIEL F. LAFEAN, president of the Security Title and Trust Com- pany, is a son of Charles F. and Charlotte (Kottcamp) Lafean, and was born in York county, Pennsylvania, February 7, 1861. As the name would clearly indicate, the La- feans are of French descent, though Charles F. Lafean was a native of York county. He embarked in the coal business at York, which was followed with unusual success until his death on May I, 1895, at the age of 59 years. He married Charlotte Kottcamp, a daughter of Frederick Kott- camp, of York, Pa. They were the par- ents of nine children, six sons and three daughters: Mary V., widow of Frank Wheeler, of Baltimore, Maryland; A. Henry, a druggist of York; Daniel F., sub- ject; Charles F., junior, wholesale confec- tioner; Edward C, druggist; Laura V.; Ja- cob G. ; John R., wholesale confectioner; and Hattie M.
Daniel F. Lafean attended the public schools of his native city and commenced his active business career as a clerk in the notion store of W. L. Plymire, with whom he remained for a few months. At the end of that time he accepted a clerkship in the candy store of Peter C. Wiest with whom
he spent a period of four years. During this time he mastered the details of the candy business as it was then conducted, and conceiving that beneficial and profit- able improvements lay in the line of new methods and increased facilities, he so in- terested his employer in a new departure in 1878 that a partnership resulted under the firm name of P. C. Wiest & Co. The experiment more than fully proved his views to be correct, and on July 16, 1895, a stock company was formed and incorpo- rated under the name of The P. C. Wiest Co., of which Mr. Lafean is president and treasurer. New buildings were erected, skilled workmen employed, and the latest machinery and equipments pertinent to the business provided, and the company en- tered upon a career of success. Year by year an expanding trade called for in- creased facilities and additional employees until at the present writing they have the largest confectionery plant in the State. This plant covers two acres of ground, the buildings are of the most substantial order and necessitates the employment of five hundred hands, and their trade is increasing so rapidly that the employment of 200 hands additional is contemplated in order to keep pace with the demands of a grow- ing patronage.
On December 26, 1882, Mr. Lafean mar- ried Emma B. Krone, whose father Henry Krone is a resident of York. Their union has resulted in the birth of three children: Stewart B., Leroy K. and Robert H.
Although still on the younger side of life's meridian, Daniel F. Lafean, has reached a degree of business success which is not without covet. He is a pioneer in his line of business, as he conducts it, and the success of the company is conceded to be due in a large degree to his business foresight, sagacity and energy. He was one of the organizers and now president of
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the Security Title and Trust Company.
Mr. Lafean is a member of St. Paul's Lutheran church, in which he has served as a deacon for six years. He is a member of Humane Lodge, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and for several years has been prominent in the Masonic fraternity, which latter organization has honored him with the office of Eminent Commander. He has also been an incumbetit of a number of other official positions in connection with the Masonic body, all of which have been filled with eminent satisfaction and dignity. He was a member of City Councils serving as a member of that body for three terms, and acting one year as president of Com- mon Branch.
SOLOMON S. RUPP, ESQ., a lawyer of Shiremanstown, Cumberland county. Pa., is a son of George M. and Elizabeth (Mohler) Rupp, and was born in Lower Allen township, December lo, i860. The Rupps are of German extraction. John Jonas Rupp, an emigrant from his native home in Ruhen, grand-duchy of Baden, Kingdom of Germany, established the fam- ily in this country in 1751, early in the per- iod of colonization of this section of Penn- sylvania. He was born October 23, 1729, and died in Cumberland county May 21, 1801. Farming was his occupation and he carried on this vocation in Hampden township. In the old grave-yard of St. John's near Shiremanstown, his remains lie at rest.
George Rupp, the great grandfather of our subject, was born while the family lived in Lancaster county, that part which is now incorporated within the limits of Leb- anon county, May 21, 1772. Until 1779 he remained and worked upon the farm and then learned the trade of tailoring which he followed until 1795. In that year he took up the trade of carpentering and followed
it until 1801, when he returned to farming for the remainder of his life. He died July 10, 1848. I. Daniel Rupp, the well-known local and Pennsylvania German historian, was his son.
Martin G. Rupp, grandfather of our sub- ject was born in Lower Allen township, this county, April 2, 181 3. Like his father be- fore him, he farmed; but later in life de- voted himself to store-keeping in addition to trucking. He married Susan Buyer, of Shiremanstown, a native of Lancaster, by whom he had one son, George Rupp, the father of our subject, born March 26, 1835, in Lower Allen. Although originally of the Reformed church, the Rupps became Dunkards in the time of Martin, and George grew up in that faith and became an active member of that denomination.
He was a Republican in politics and fol- lowed farming for a living. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Solomon Mohler, a Lower Allen township farmer, and had two sons and two daughters : Mary Ellen, wife of E. H. Zug,a farmer of Lancaster county; S. S., our subject; Austin G., a farmer and trucker of Lower Allen; and Sallie E., wife of J. A. Rupp, carpenter, of Shiremans- town.
Our subject was brought up on the farm and received his education in the common schools, a select school, the Brethren's col- lege at Huntingdon and Shippensburg State Normal school, from which latter he graduated in 1881. He taught during the winters of 1879 ^^'^ 1881, and two terms af- ter graduation. In the fall of 1883, he went to Lafayette College, where he was gradu- ated in the classical course in 1887. Re- turning to teaching he took charge of the Camp Hill school, and subsequently for two years taught in Lycoming county, Pa. During vacation he taught in the Naval Academy Preparatory school at Annapolis. In 1888, he registered as a law student in
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the office of Mumma and Shopp, Harris- burg, and was admitted to the Dauphin county bar in 1891. Shortly after he was admitted to the Cumberland bar also. In Harrisburg he maintains an office at 210 Walnut street. Mr. Rupp is a popular fra- ternity man. He holds membership in Irene Lodge, Knights of Pythias; in Shire- manstown Council, Junior Order United American Mechanics; Eureka Lodge, No. 302, Free and Accepted Masons; Samuel C. Perkin's Chapter, Royal Arch Masons, No. 209, and Pilgrim Commandery, No. 11, Knights Templar of Harrisburg. In relig- ion he clings to the Lutheran faith and is superintendent of the Lutheran Sunday school at Shiremanstown. He is a Repub- lican in politics, is a school director and for- merly served as a member of the town health board.
August 23, 1887, he married Martha J., daughter of David Dietz, of Hampden township. To this union four children have been born: Grace E. ; Elizabeth, who died in infancy; David M. and G. Francis. Mr. Rupp is an agreeable and highly intelligent gentleman. He is building up a substan- tial law practice and is taking a high rank in his profession as a close student and hard worker.
REV. J. J. KERR, a respected and ef- fective Lutheran minister of New- ville, Cumberland county, was born in Sid- donstown, York county, January i, 1836, and is the son of James and Elizabeth (Krall) Kerr. He is of Scotch-Irish and German ancestry. The original American head of the family was William Kerr, who came from the North of Ireland about 1790 and settled in what is now Adams county, Pa. He was a weaver by trade, and his children were: Thomas, William, James, Mary, married to George Burns; Elizabeth, who married James Bryne.
James, the father of our subject, was born in Adams county in 1798. He became a resident of York county, early in life. He taught school a number of years. He be- longed to the Covenanter church. For a number of years he was an officer in the State militia. The mother of our subject was Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Martha (Shirich) Krall. Mr. and Mrs. Kerr had twelve children: Henry, drowned in the Yuba river, California, at the age of 21, in the year A. D. 1850; Barbara, de- ceased ; Catharine, wife of James Hayward ; John, died in infancy; J. J., our subject; Thomas J., of Wellsville; David P., of Erie; James P., of Missouri; Mary, deceased; George W. and Ezekiel C, in Missouri; and Franklin P., died young. Tlie father died at Siddonstown, February 9, 1874. The mother survived him three years dying in November, 1877.
Our subject's life was very similar to that of other boys brought up on farms, but he m.ade the most of his opportunities and ac- quired a good common school education. At the age of 19 he began to teach in the public schools in the winters, and would go to summer school. After a few years thus spent, he entered Tuscarora Academy, un- der the efficient Professor J. H.Schmucker. Here he spent several years, fitting himself for the Junior class in college. After some years under private tutors, he entered the Theological Seminary at Gettysburg, Pa. Just about the time of the closing of the term, June, '63, the Confederates entered the State and their movements, as well as the movements of the Union Army indica- ted trouble for Gettysburg, and history tells what followed. He enlisted subse- quently in the 162nd Regiment, Ohio Vol- unteers, and served to the end of the war, four brothers being in the Union Army at the same time. Before his time of service expired, he came to Rebersburg, Centre
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county, Pa., on furlough, met the Synod of Central Pennsylvania of the General Sy- nod of the Evangelical Lutheran church, underwent a rigid examination in Greek and Hebrew with all other required studies, and was licensed to preach the gospel. This was in the year 1865. He served the fol- lowing churches: Millerstown Mission, Huntingdon, Pa.; Myersville, Frederick county, Md. ; Duncannon, Pa.; Willmore, Pa. In 1 88 1 he removed to Altoona, Pa., and spent between 8 and 10 years in Al- toona where he organized three congrega- tions and built two churches. He removed from Altoona to Brookville, Jefferson county, Pa., where he built a new church. And from Brookville he came to Newville, where he is serving St. Paul's Lutheran church, the youngest but most thrifty church in the place.
He was married December 25, 1866, to Miss Kate A., daughter of J. J. and Cath- arine (Myers) Smith, of near Newport, Perry county. Pa. To this union were born: Minnie Armadale, deceased; Annie Laurie, now married to W. H. Slaugen- haupt, and Homer Trestler, married and living in Buffalo, N. Y.
JOHN E. BAKER, a representative business man of York, is the young- est son of Henry and Rebecca (Duvall) Baker, and was born in Liberty, Frederick county, Md., April 14, i860. His ancestors on the paternal side were German. Henry Becker reached Philadelphia, in the latter part of the year 1741, coming from Lower Palatinate, or the region of the Rhine. Three years later he purchased a farm of 210 acres, situated in what is now known as Linganore District, Frederick county, Md. He called his farm Oak Orchard, and it still retains that name, and remains undivided in the Baker family. On the ma- ternal side Mr. Baker is a direct descendant
in the eighth generation, of a French Hu- guenot, Gabriel Duvall, who at the revoca- tion of the edict of Nantes, left France, af- ter seeing his estates confiscated, and came to America in 1689. He shortly after set- tled first on the Eastern Shore of Mary- land, and later moved to Frederick county. The Duvall family were closely indentified, with the early history of the Colony, fur- nishing two officers of the Revolutionary war, and later a Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Gabriel Duvall.
Henry Baker, the father of our subject, was a man of strong will and decided in all his views. He was for many years actively engaged in the politics of Frederick county. He was a member of the Maryland Consti- tutional Convention in 1864, and later 1867 served one term in the State Legislature. During the Rebellion he was a strong Un- ion man, doing all in his power to help the cause, taught military tactics to the young men of the neighborhood, and helped equip a regiment for service. In 1862 he was cap- tured and held a prisoner by General Fitz- hugh Lee. He was a staunch Republican, and indeed until his death did he tenac- iously cling to his party's platform. The members of the Baker family for a century past, were plain country gentlemen, of the type which has made Maryland's hospital- ity so well known throughout the States.
Mr. John E. Baker received his educa- tion in the public school of his native vil- lage, and at Liberty Academy which latter he left at the age of sixteen, and went to work in his father's tannery. He subse- quently finished his trade about the year 1879 and went to Washington City where he was variously engaged for a period of nearly two years, and during this time com- pleted a commercial course at the Spen- cerian Business College whose sessions he attended at night after the completion of his routine duties. On February 17, 1882,
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he removed to Hedgville, West Virginia, and there engaged in the lumber business. He later moved to Martinsburg in the same State, where he engaged in a similar busi- ness, and afterwards became superinten- dent of Baker & Bros, large lime works, which connection was maintained up to the year 1886, when he removed to Baltimore, and engaged in the wholesale leather busi- ness. Three (3) years later he disposed of his interest there and removed to York, and subsequently organized the "Wrightsville Lime Co." assuming active management of same. This company owns valuable lime- stone quarries, and operates large kilns at Wrightsville, Campbells Station and Bain- bridge, Pennsylvania. These combined plants have a capacity of more than a mil- lion bushels per annum, and in point of quality the lime product is among the best produced in the State. In addition to his connection with the Wrightsville Lime Co. he is also secretary, and treasurer of the Keystone Coal Company which operates large mines in Somerset county, Pennsyl- vania, and ships on an average, a thousand tons of coal per day. This same company is the owner of coal lands in West Virginia, which as yet have not been operated. Mr. Baker brings to all these industries a wide and diverse experience in business manage- ment. He is recognized as a man of good organizing, and executive ability. Politi- cally he is a Republican, and in the year 1896 was elected to represent the Second ward in the Common Council of the City of York. Beyond this, however, he is not a candidate for political preferment, and has always been content to exercise the privileges and duties of a citizen, irrespect- ive of political aspirations. He is a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal church which he has uniformly given active and cordial support. On November 9, 1887, Mr. Baker was
united in marriage with Mary S., daughter of the late Charles Billmyer, of York, Pa. To this union have been born two children, one son and one daughter. Mr. Baker is practically a self-made man. He is a man of good mental equipment, business tact, fertile resources, and tireless energy — qual- ities that have done much toward his pres- ent success. Personally he possesses many commendatory social characteristics, that have placed him in touch with the leading men and interests of his adopted county.
J J. CONRAD, one of the members of • the firm of Ehrhart, Conrad and Company, of Hanover, York county, was born in that town, October 11, 1861, the son of Lewis G. and Charlotte (Noel) Conrad. He is descended from German and French ancestry.
Lewis G. Conrad, father of our subject, was born in McSherrystown, Adams county, on July 3, 1832. He was the son of Jacob Conrad and after finishing his ed- ucation in the common schools, he learned the trade of carpenter and followed contracting throughout his life in Hanover. He did a large business and became the principal contractor of the town. In poli- tics Mr. Conrad is a Democrat of the sound money persuasion but does not display an active interest in party afifairs. In religion he is a member of the Catholic church. In Hanover he married Charlotte, a daughter of John L. and A. Mary Noel, by whom he had seven children: Harry Leo, William F., deceased; Jacob J., Frank A., Edward J., Agnes, wife of L. D. Kelly, and Nettie. Jacob J. Conrad was educated in the common schools of Hanover and at the ter- mination of his school career entered a grocery store in his native town and clerked for three years. He then entered upon the wholesale and retail grocery business upon a small scale, but the business has since
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developed until the present house, Ehrhart, Conrad & Co., and is the leading empor- ium of the town. Mr. Conrad, like his father, is a faithful believer in the prin- ciples of Jefiferson but, of the two Demo- cratic platforms of 1896, that adopted by the so-called Gold Democracy at Indianap- olis is to his reason and judgment the true Democratic doctrine of this period. He is, therefore, a sound money Democrat. In religion he is a member of the Catholic church.
September 27, 1893, Mr. Conrad married Alice, a daughter of Thomas J. and Bridget Bateman, of Philadelphia.
Mr. Conrad is held in high esteem in Hanover, not only among the business men, but by all who know him. He has an excellent reputation for business integrity, probity of character and the enlightened spirit of his citizenship. He is a type of the thinking American citizen who reasons out his own business or professional destiny as well as his proper course in his civic rela- tions, and who, acting entirely upon judg- ment and not from impulse, is inflexible in his convictions and consistent and un- swerving in maintaining and practicing them.
DANIEL K. TRIMMER, ESQ., a prominent member of the York county Bar, who has been in continuous and successful practice for a period of 20 years, is a native of Dover township, York county, Pennsylvania, the date of whose birth was September loth, 1846. His par- ents were Daniel and Elizabeth (Kaufifman) Trimmer, whose ancestors on his father's side were formerly residents of New Jer- sey, but for the past five generations, iden- tified with the life and interests of York county. The first of the name transplanted to York county, of which we have any rec- ord, was George Trimmer, the great grand-
father of William Trimmer, a well-to-do citizen and an adherent of and bishop in the German Baptist church, whose son, Daniel B. Trimmer, was the father of Dan- iel K.
Daniel B. Trimmer was born on April 15, 1809, on the old homestead farm in Dover township, and adopted the occupa- tion and religious faith of his father. He was a Whig, and subsequently, a Repub- lican in politics, and died on October 4, 1873. He married Elizabeth Kaufifman, the representative of an old Pennsylvania family, five generations ago almost entirely confined to Lancaster county. To this un- ion were born 11 children of whom six are living: William, Reuben, Nancy, inter- married with George B. StaufTer, Elizabeth, wife of John R. Altland, Alice and Dan- iel K.
Daniel K. Trimmer, at the age of ten years left his father's farm and lived for some years with his aunt, who resided in West Manchester township. He received his education in the common schools in West Manchester township, and in the York County Academy. Succeeding this, he engaged in teaching in the public schools of his county, to which he devoted himself for eight years. During the latter part of his period of teaching he commen- ced the study of law in the office of Hon. George W. Heiges, of York, and was ad- mitted to the Bar, October 23, 1874. Some years after his admission, Mr. Trimmer ac- quired a large general law practice, but at the present time confines himself largely to orphans' court business, corporation law and real estate. He is solicitor for the York Street R. R. company, counsel for the Bal- timore & Harrisburg R. R. company. East- ern Extension, and besides is acting solici- tor and counsel for a number of other com- panies and corporations. He is a member of the Philadelphia Lawyers' club, and also
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of a similar organization in the city of York.
Aside from an earnest and praiseworthy devotion to the practice of his profession, Mr. Trimmer has always taken an active interest in the material enterprises and projects benefitting his city or county. He was one of the originators of the West End Improvement Company, which has been a powerful factor in developing and beauti- fying the suburban districts of his city. He is vice president of the York Street Rail- way Company, in which he is also a stock- holder, secretary of the York Hotel Com- pany and large holder of real estate., city and farming, which former he has steadily improved.
Mr. Trimmer has always been a staunch Republican in politics, and although lo- cated in a district strongly Democratic, he has frequently been honored with nomina- tions for public official positions, and has always proved a strong standard bearer. In 1877 he was a candidate for district attor- ney; in 1881 his party placed him in nomi- nation for the office of State Senator and in 1892 he was a candidate of the Republi- can party for Congress in opposition to Hon. F. E. Beltzhoover, of Carlisle, Cum- berland county. He served as chairman of the Republican county committee in 1879 and again in 1884, conducting the cam- paigns of those years with efficiency and ability.
Though more often vanquished than vic- tor in his political career, yet Mr. Trimmer has borne defeat with fine spirit, conscious of the fact that the difficulties standing in the way of his election were almost insur- mountable. It has been through just such persistent opposition as that evinced by Mr. Trimmer that the Democratic majority in his native county has been "reduced to a matter merely nominal. He has been a vigorous and intelligent campaign worker.
a speaker of much force, and one of his party's wisest counselors.
In his religious predilections, Mr. Trim- mer is an Episcopalian, while he also holds membership in a number of fraternal or- ganizations, the most prominent of which are the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Masons. '
JO. ALLEWALT, president of the • Penn Milling Company, of Hanover, York county, is a native of Adams county, where he was born July 14, 1836, the son of Solomon and Barbara (HofT- man) Allewalt. He is of German origin. The family located in America two gener- ations previous to our subject, when Ber- nard Allewalt, his paternal grandfather, emi- grated from Germany to America and lo- cated in Adams county. Tliis ancestor followed farming.
Solomon Allewalt, the father of our sub- ject was born in Adams county, secured his education in the public schools of his time and then took up farming as his occu- pation. His farm was located in Berwick township and his entire life was spent upon it. He was one of the most prominent farmers of the county and took a suffic- iently active part in Whig politics to secure his election to local offices, beyond which he never aspired. In religion he was a member of the Lutheran church, and here, too, he was active and held offices. His age at the time of the war precluded active military service and he remained at home as a member of the reserve known as the home guards.
He married Barbara, a daughter of Michael and Barbara Hofifman, by whom he had eight children: Peter, John Q., and George W., Delia, Amanda, Harriet, Lydia, and Sarah. Mr. Allewalt died in 1873 and his wife in 1881.
J. Q. Allewalt received his education in
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the common schools of Berwick township, Adams county, and for several years after engaged in the profession of teaching. He then acquired the trade of carpenter, fol- lowed that five years and then engaged for a similar period in farming near Gettys- burg, Adams county. He then went to Baltimore and engaged in the commission business, which he followed for twenty-one years and abandoned it in 1889 to come to Hanover as a manager of the Penn Milling company. Subsequently he became a di- rector and then president of the company.
Mr. Allewalt has led a rather active life since coming to Hanover. He has be- come identified with many of its leading interests and besides his connection with the Penn Milling Company is a director of the People's Bank, of Hanover, and served in a similar capacity on the board of the Electric Light company. His activity is not confined to the btisiness interests of Hanover, however, for he manifests a com- mendable spirit toward the moral and spir- itual welfare of the town and is superin- tendent of St. Matthew's Lutheran Sunday school and a member and ex-official of the congregation. Mr. Allewalt takes an in- telligent part in politics as a member of the Republican party. His fraternal affilia- tions are confined to Hanover Lodge, No. 327, Independent Order of Odd Fellows.
May, 1859, he married Lauranda Crist, a daughter of Michael and Mary Crist, by whom he has had two children, Emma and Lillie, one deceased. Lillie is still living and is the wife of Charles Sebright.
CAPT. JOSEPH G. VALE, of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, is the son of Elisha and Edith (Griffith) Vale, both residents of York county, and was born June 27, 1837. The Vales are of English descent. Rob- ert Vale, the great-grandfather of Joseph, was born in London, England. He was
the youngest son of a Protestant family who spelled their name Veale. From what is known of him he was a highly ed- ucated man and a graduate of Oxford University, in England. While yet a young man he joined the Society of Friends and emigrated to America September 17, 1744. He located in York county, where he bought a piece of land, parts of which are located in the present townships of Fair- view, Warrington and Washington. After locating he married Sarah Buller, of War- rington township. From that time on he followed farming, teaching and surveying and was the first person to hold the office of constable in Warrington township.
To this union with Sarah Buller were born four sons and one daughter: Robert married Sarah Cook. Anna married Abel Walker and had a large family. Joshua married Elizabeth Cleaver. John was first married to Deborah Thomas and afterward to Deborah Griffith, nee McMillian. Wil- liam Vale, the second son of Elisha Vale and grandfather of our subject, was born on the homestead, near Mt. Top, York county, November 22, 1754. He married Ann Wetherald January 15, 1778, at War- rington meeting, and died January 5, 1834, at his birth place. He is buried in the grave yard adjoining the old Quaker meet- ing house, in Warrington township, where all his brothers except John and his only sister, repose. William Vale was in his day a farmer and school teacher and was a very active member of the society of Friends. He was twice married, his first wife being Ann Wetherald, who was of Irish parentage, and came from county Armagh, Ireland. To this union was born a large family, many of whom died young. Sarah died single in 1863. Isaac, Lydia and Joseph died young. Hannah married Samuel England and left an issue. Ann married Jeddiah Hussey and left issue.
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John, Maud, Lydia, Garrettson. Mary mar- ried Uriah Greist. Phoebe married Eli Cooksin. All these left issue.
Elisha, the father of our subject, was born on the old homestead January 21, 1788, and died in Latimore township, Adams county. May 27, 1855. Like his fathers before him he followed surveying, teaching and farming and for many years was superintendent of the York, Susque- hanna and Baltimore Turnpike Company. He was an active member in the Society of Friends. December 27, 1813, he mar- ried Martha, a daughter of Jacob Kirk, of York county, by whom he had eight chil- dren. John and Maria died in infancy. Jane married Robert Raymond. Ruth Ann married William Raymond. William E. married Mary Skeels,and is living near Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson county, Ohio. Ann married Jesse Patterson. After the death of his first wife Mr. Vale married Edith Griffith, daughter of Joseph and Rebecca Griffith, of Warrington township, by whom he had six children: Erastus, Caroline, Re- becca, Joseph G., Guilielma and Josiah. Josiah M. is an attorney of Washington, D. C, and has one son. Guilielma, now Mrs. William Spangler, resides in Ross- ville, York county.
Joseph G. Vale, our subject, was reared upon the farm and acquired his education in the common schools of Adams county and at White Hall Academy. He then taught from 1854 until 1861, when the out- break of the war induced him to become a member of Company K, Seventh Penn- sylvania Cavalry, under Col. George E. Wynkoop, of Pottsville, Pennsylvania. En- tering this organization as a lieutenant he by meritorious service won promotion to the captaincy of Company M, May I, 1863. In the battle of Gallatin, Tennessee, Sep- tember 21, 1863, he was wounded in the left leg and taken prisoner. He remained
in confinement for a few weeks and then was liberated on parole and sent to Ann- apolis, Maryland. He returned to his company in time to take part in the charge at Stony Run , Tennessee, January 13, 1863, where Bragg's Army was defeated. He fought under General Rosecrans and other commanders of the Army of the Cumberland in the memorable engage- ments of 1863 and 1864, which preceded Sherman's march to the sea. April 21, 1863, he assisted in the capture of McMinn- ville, Tennessee, where he received a saber wound in his right hand. August 17, 1863, he participated in an attack on Foret's command at Sparta, Tennessee, in which he was wounded in the right shoulder by a ball. The remainder of Capt. Vale's military record, which is most honorable and illustrious, and shows him to have been a gallant and able soldier, was made in the memorable advance on and capture of Atlanta, Ga., in 1864, under General Sher- man. September 26, 1864, he left the army by reason of disability and returning home engaged in teaching in White Hall Academy until that institution became a soldier's orphan school. He then became a member of the faculty upon its organiza- tion for the care and education of soldier's orphans. In 1870 he withdrew and resumed the study of law, which'^ the war had inter- rupted and was admitted to the bar in Har- risburg in 1871. In 1872 he came to Car- lisle and has practiced his profession there ever since. Capt. Vale is a member of the Church of God and politically is a staunch Republican. He is a member of Lodge 301, Free and Accepted Masons; Chap- ter Royal Arch Masons; Capt. Colwell Post No. 201, Grand Army of the Repub- lic, and a member of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland.
December 27, 1863, while at home re- cruiting, he married Sarah, daughter of
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Thomas Eyster, of Camp Hill, Cumber- land county. To that union were born: Thomas E., a graduate of Dickinson Col- lege, now attorney at law in Carlisle; Elisha Mode, a graduate of Dickinson Col- lege and a professor of languages; Charles S., Robert B., at present managing editor of the New York division of the Philadel- phia Press; Ruby R., professor at Milford Academy, Milford, Delaware; Joseph, who died in infancy, and Grace, a student at Dickinson College. Mrs. Sarah Vale died at Carlisle January 28, 1892, aged 45 years. January 29, 1895, Captain Vale married Annetta, a daughter of William Sadler, of Camp Hill, Cumberland county.
Beside giving active attention to the practice of law, Capt. Vale has found time to enter the field of literature and has writ- ten entertainingly upon a number of sub- jects. Among his works are one on the history of the Second Calvary Division of the Army of the Cumberland. He is also the author of "The Enslavement and De- liverance of the Children of Israel," a Sun- day school work. At present he has in manuscript a history of the development of life as shown in the geological forma- tion of the earth.
DD. EHRHART, senior member of • the firm of Ehrhart, Conrad & Co., of Hanover, York county, was born in Shrewsbury township, York county, Feb- ruary 13, 1849, the son of Henry and Julia (Diehl) Ehrhart. The Ehrharts, as the name, presumably "heart of honor," indi- cates, are of German origin.
William Ehrhart, the paternal grand- father of D. D. Ehrhart, was born in York township, near the town of York and farmed during his entire life. In politics he was a Democrat, and in religion a mem- ber of the Lutheran church, the nearest congregation of which was in the town of
York, and it was to that place that William Ehrhart went, summer and winter, to at- tend worship. Soon after attaining his majority he married, taking as his wife Nellie Runk, a daughter of John Runk, by whom he had six children: Emanuel, Henry, Marie, William, Louisa and Eliza.
'Henry Ehrhart, the father of our sub- ject, was born during the residence of the family in Shrewsbury township, and was reared upon his father's farm. After at- tending the rural schools and securing an education, which in those days required the perfecting influence of experience to render it useful, except in the most ordinary callings, he learned the trade of carpenter and, in connection with farming, engaged in that occupation throughout life. Al- though the Ehrharts were bred Demo- crats, Henry Ehrhart became a member of the Republican party, and the fact that he held local offices is evidence of his activity in public affairs. He grew up a member of the Lutheran church and took an active part in its afifairs, for many years holding the various church offices in the congrega- tion of which he was a member.
In 1848 he married Julia, a daughter of Adam and Catharine Diehl, who became the mother of our subject and five other children: Charles, Samuel, Louisa, wife of H. A. Young; Elsie, wife of W. D. Bort- ner, and Millian Ann, wife of John Bowin. Mr. Ehrhart died in 1877, his wife still sur- vives.
Daniel D. Ehrhart spent his earlier years on his father's farni in Shrewsbury town- ship and secured his education in the pub- lic schools and the Shrewsbury Academy. He left school at an early age and worked for a few years on a farm. At the age of nineteen he entered upon the profession of teaching and for six years taught in the schools of York county. He then located in Hanover and engaged in the retail gro-
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eery business, which in 1883 was enlarged into a wholesale business now conducted by the firm of Ehrhart, Conrad & Com- pany. Since his location in Hanover Mr. Ehrhart has risen to prominence in that town, partly through his business relations and partly through his activity in politics and public affairs. He is a Republican and votes at every election. For eight years he was a member of the school board of Elanover. At present he is a trustee of St. Matthew's church and teacher in the St. Matthew's Lutheran Sunday school and an active member of the congregation of the same church. He is a member of the Hanover Building and Loan Association and has done much to make that institu- tion a success. Mr. Ehrhart is connected \nth three of the secret societies of Han- over, being a member of McCallister Council, No. 980, Royal Arcanum; of Washington Camp, Patriotic Sons of America; and of Minnewaukuri Tribe No. 250, Improved Order of Red Men. Mr. Ehrhart is one of the most popular men of Hanover and has attained the esteem of his fellow townsmen not only through his business, fraternal, religious and civic asso- ciations but through that display of enter- prise and energy which has done so much to encourage the growth of the town and foster the splendid civic spirit for which Hanover people are noted. Once the able and experienced teacher, he is now the superior and trained man of business. In his personality he is agreeable, his in- tegrity is conceded and his character and reputation are alike of a high order.
February 11, 1872, Mr. Ehrhart married Martha, a daughter of Samuel A. and Delia Frey, of York, by whom he has had four children: Harry Samuel and Robert Leroy living, and Alma B. and Donald Frey, de- ceased.
J LAWRENCE WILLIAMS, a promi- • nent young attorney of Gettysburg, was born Nov. 19, 1869, at Gettys- burg, the son of M. F. and Sarah (Utz) Williams. He is of Welsh ancestry on his father's side and German on his mother's
About the year 1680 three Williams brothers emigrated from Wales to America. One settled in New York, one in Chester county, Penna., and the other in South Carolina. Lawrence Williams is a de- scendant of the New York branch of the family. His paternal great-grandfather, John Williams, was born in Vermont; his maternal great-grandfather was Robert Meader. John Williams, his paternal grandfather, was a sea captain and was lost with his vessel on Lake Michigan when he was about 50 years of age. His children were Charlotte, Josephine, Law- rence, Hallock, Marion F. and John. The first three boys served in New York regi- ments during the civil war, Hallock and Marion F. being wounded.
Marion F. Williams, the father of our subject, was born at Plattsburg, New York in 1844. He received a common school education which he supplemented by a course in the Commercial College at Bing- hamton, N. Y. Before he could engage in any profession or pursuit, however, the war broke out and he enlisted in the i6th New York Infantry regiment, taking part in thirteen hard fought battles, beginning with the first at Bull Run, and was wounded seven times at Gaines' Mill June 27th, 1862. After his discharge from the hospital he secured a clerkship in the War Department at Washington and served until July, 1863, when he was appointed ambulance driver for the Gettysburg cam- paign, and was then recalled to his clerk- ship from which he was discharged for par- ticipating in a McClellan — his corps com- mander— parade during the political cam-
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paign of 1864. He was then appointed a war postmaster and served at the "drafted rendezvous" at Gallop's Island, off the Massachusetts coast, at Hartford, Conn., and at New Haven, Conn. Upon his re- tirement from the Government service he located at Gettysburg, Penna., and has lived there ever since, farming and com- pounding patent medicines. In politics he is a Democrat and has held township offices. In religion he, as also his wife, is a member of the German Baptist Brethern (Dunkard) faith.
On September 17th, 1865, he married Sarah, a daughter of Henry and Margaret (Cocley) Utz, and to that union have been born thirteen children: Harry G., Marion F., Jr., J. Lawrence, Charles A., Maud B., Emory C, Ada A., Annie M., Maurice E., Samuel U., Efifie G., Amos E. and Meader.
J. Lawrence Williams, the subject of this sketch, was graduated from the Gettysburg High School, and after receiving private lessons, took an academic course in Penn- sylvania College, Gettysburg. Having chosen law as his profession he began read- ing under J. A. Kitzmiller, Esq., a well- known Gettysburg attorney, and after fin- ishing his legal studies as required was ad- mitted to the bar of Adams county April 12, 1892. Mr. Williams has already won for himself a prominent place at the bar and in Adams county politics. He is a member of the Democratic party, and is serving his second year as secretary of the Democratic county committee. He is president of the Magnolia — social — club at Gettysburg. Not the least valuable of Mr. Williams' experiences was his connec- tion for two years as assistant editor of the Gettysburg Compiler, a leading Demo- cratic weekly of the Nineteenth Congres- sional District.
In religion Mr. Williams is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church.
HON. STEPHEN G. BOYD, promi- nent in York county as an educa- tor, jouralist and lawyer, well-known in tlie State as a legislator and now an ac- cepted authority on Indian local names, is the gentleman, whose name heads this sketch.
He is probably best known as the origi- nal projector and one of the most active promoters of the York Southern railroad. Stephen G. Boyd is a son of John C. and Martha (Farmer) Boyd, and was born in Peach Bottom township, York county, Pa., December 6, 1830. The Boyds are of Scotch-Irish origin and the Pennsylvania branch of the family was founded by Sam- uel Boyd, who married Margaret Campbell in county Antrim, Ireland, and in 1736, settled at Chestnut Level, in Lancaster county, where he followed farming. He reared a large family and one of his sons, Samuel, Jr., served in the Revolutionary war, while another son, John, who was born in Ireland, wedded Alice Cooper, by whom he had several sons and daughters. Pie spent his life as a Lancaster farmer. His son, 'Squire John Boyd, was a justice of the peace for many years in Peach Bot- tom district, York county, and died Oc- tober 23rd, 1831. He married Nancy Sample, daughter of Cunningham Sample, of Welsh origin and a wealthy farmer of Peach Bottom township, York county, and reared a family of two sons and five daughters. The sons were Stephen, who died in 1854, and John C, who was born May 10, 1798, in Peach Bottom township, where he lived the life of a farmer and died in 1873. John C. Boyd wedded Martha Farmer, who passed away October 14, 1882. She was a daughter of Richard Farmer, a native of Shropshire, England, and a thrifty farmer of Harford county, Maryland. Mr. and Mrs. Boyd had several children, among them Stephen G., George, William, a law-
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yer, who died, in 1873; Nathaniel W., an inventor; John C, George W., and Jane. Stephen G. Boyd, the subject of our sketch was born in Peach Bottom town- ship, on the sixth day of December, 1830, and was reared on his father's farm, re- ceived his education in the common schools, a York private school, Bryansville and Whitehall academies, and the Millers- ville State Normal school, which latter was, at that time, under the charge of Hon. James Pyle Wickersham. At 22 years of age he commenced teaching, which he fol- lowed for fourteen years, being employed first in the common schools and afterward as principal of the Wrightsville, Pa., schools, and as associate principal, with Professor S. B. Heiges, of a Summer Nor- mal school, at York, Pa. In 1866, Mr. Boyd was elected by the Democrats to rep- resent York county in the legislature, and in the session of 1867 took an active part in the educational legislation of the State. He framed and secured the passage of the bill incorporating the York and Chance- ford Turnpike Company, of which he served as a director for several years. He also sat in the legislature of 1868, and framed and secured the passage of the bill incor- porating the Peach Bottom, now York Southern Railroad Company, whose or- ganization he assisted in bringing about in 1871. He served as president of this road from its organization until 1877, when he went to Maryland and helped to organize the company which built the present railroad from Delta, York county, to Baltimore, and remained with that company until it went into the hands of a receiver in the autumn of 1884, serving in tlie capacity of general superintendent and general freight and ticket agent. Return- ing home he devoted his time to literary and educational work at York, where he published his work entitled "Indian Local
Names," which is the largest collection of Indian local names and their signification that has yet been given to the public. Two years later he purchased an interest in the York Gazette, which he edited until 1890, when he disposed of his interest to take up the study of law which he prosecuted suc- cessfully. He was admitted to the York county bar in February, 1893, and has practiced actively ever since.
On December nth, 1856, Mr. Boyd married Rebecca M. Powers, who was a daughter of Robert Powers, of Lancaster city, and died May 16, 1876, leaving three children: Guy H., of the firm of Dale, Hart & Company; Stephen, of Pittsburg; and Jennie A., a teacher. For his second wife Mr. Boyd on July 28, 1880, wedded Mrs. Ozella L. Hodnett, of Baltimore, Maryland, a daughter of Alfred T. Pettit.
In politics Mr. Boyd has uniformly been a Democrat, but gives most of his time to his professional labors and to other allied projects. During the period of his struggle to secure the construction of the York Southern Railroad he was elected county superintendent and served in that capacity from 1869 to 1872. His admin- istration was marked for the beneficial re- sults accruing to an intelligent and judi- cious superintendency. During his in- cumbency Manheim township, in York county, accepted the free school system, the city schools of York were reorganized and their courses of study expanded and a general institute system adopted through- out York county. Mr. Boyd is a mem- ber of no church, but holds to the teach- ings and general freedom of Unitarianism. Active, energetic and useful, he fittingly represents the great race from which he sprung. He possesses unusual vigor, both physical and mental, and is noted for his capacity to dispatch professional or other business. A writer who is well qualified
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to speak says: "The citizens of York county give to Mr. Boyd the credit of being the originator of this enterprise (speaking of the York Southern Railroad), and they feel that for the good work he accom- plished by which the older generation re- ceived untold benefit, and the younger will have greater opportunities afforded them, he will live in the hearts of a grateful peo- ple as long as they survive."
CHARLES I. NES, a prominent busi- ness man of York, is a descendant of one of the original and most influential families of York county and is of German extraction. Tlie family located in York county in pre-Revolutionary times, when twin brothers emigrated from Germany and came to this country, the one settling in York and the other in the southern end of the county. From the former of these brothers Dr. Henry Nes, the grandfather of our subject, descended. The doctor was a native of York, where he was born in 1799. His parents gave him a liberal education in the best schools of the day; and having decided to enter professional life, he studied medicine at Jefiferson Med- ical College, Philadelphia, graduated from that institution and began to practice in York. His tastes and talents were, how- ever, for politics, and he gave as much of his time as he could spare from the active prosecution of his profession, to the pur- suit of public and party affairs. In this way he became one of the most prominent citizens and political leaders of Southern Pennsylvania. The Congressional dis- trict of which York county was then a part \\/as strongly Democratic; but despite this circumstance. Dr. Nes became an aspirant for the seat to which it was entitled in the National House of Representatives, and, as an independent, defeated Dr. Alexander Small, his Democratic opponent, by over
six hundred votes. He served in the 28th Congress from December 4th, 1843, to March 3, 1845. He was elected to the Thirtieth Congress as a Whig, and was re- elected to the 31st Congress by a slightly increased majority, defeating J. B. Danner, the Democratic candidate. Dr. Nes served in these Congresses from December 6, 1847, to December 10, 1850, when he died in York. He was a personal friend and great admirer of Thaddeus Stevens, Daniel Webster and John Q. Adams. He was a member of the House of Representatives when the latter received a stroke of apo- plexy and fell from his chair; and was one of his attendant physicians in the illness which led up to his death. The doctor was a man of remarkable popularity and at- tractive personality, to both of which attri- butes he owed in a great measure his elec- tions to Congress. He enjoyed the dis- tmction of being the only Whig who ever represented this district at Washington. His wife was Elizabeth, a daughter of Ben- jamin Weiser, and was born January 19, 1806; died April 29, 1845. They had two sons and three daughters: Chas. M., Ara- bella, Frederick F., Margaret and Ada E. Frederick F. Nes, the father of our sub- ject, was born in York on October 23, 1832, and died there July 2, 1879. He was educated at the York County Acad- emy and at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. After resigning from the latter institution, he v^as assigned to the United States coast survey, attaining the rank of captain in the navy, and was connected with that bureau all his life. At the breaking out of the war, he was the second ofificer in the Uni- ted States civil service to volunteer his ser- vices to the Government for military duty and was assigned to the command of a blockading vessel. Before he could as- sume command, however, sickness inter-
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vened and prevented him from serving as he had volunteered. He was then assigned to the United States Secret service and was stationed at Key West, Florida. He mar- ried Agnes, a daughter of Thomas Fulton, a native of Ireland who had settled in Bal- timore in the early part of the 19th cen- tury and had built and successfully con- ducted the cotton works at Phoenix, Mount Washington and Baltimore. To that union were born nine children, six of whom died in infancy and one in maturer years. Those living are our subject and his sister Agnes Fulton, wife of Robert F. Irvine, of Zanesville, Ohio.
Charles I. Nes was born at York, Jan- uary 25, 1863. He received his educa- tion at the York Collegiate Institute, being one of the first students to enter this insti- tution at its opening, from which he grad- uated at the age of sixteen, in the class of '79. Having very practical ideas, he learned the carpenter trade and then taught for a time, though not with the intention of fol- lowing either of those callings perma- nently. He served one season in the United States coast and geodetic survey doing primary triangulation in New York State. In 1882 he became bookkeeper and cashier with the Billmyer & Small lumber com- pany and continued in the service of that firm for three years. He then clerked in the York National Bank for a year, af- ter which he connected himself with John C. Schmidt, under the firm name of John C. Schmidt & Company, and engaged in the manufacture of chains. The business was continued for three years, Mr. Nes serving as managing member of the firm. At the end of that time the partnership was dissolved and each member of the firm established a manufacturing plant of his own. Mr. Nes associated with him- self his brother, David S., who had been an ensign in the United States navy, but who
retired on account of ill health and died August 14, 1893, in New Mexico. The business is conducted under the limited title of Nes Chain Manufacturing com- pany. Mr. Nes is a director in the Se- curity Title and Trust company; vice pres- ident of the Central Market company; vice president of the York Milling company, and a director of the York Southern Rail- way. He is past master of York Lodge, No. 266, Free and Accepted Masons; High Priest of Howell Chapter, No. 199, Royal Arch Masons, and Generalissimo in Geth- semane Commandery, No. 75, Knights Templar.
June 6, 1893, he married Lucy D., a daughter of J. A. Brown, D. D., LL. D., deceased, late president of Gettysburg Theological Seminary. They have one child, Mary E.
REV. PIENRY N. FEGLEY, of Me- chanicsburg, Pennsylvania, is the son of Stephen and Levina (Neidig) Feg- ley, and was born near Boyertown, Berks county, Pennsylvania, on November i8th, 1848.
The family is an old one in Berks county, his great-grandfather, a German, having located in that county in its early history. He was an agriculturalist and a devout member of the Lutheran Church. Peter Fegley, grandfather of Rev. Henry, was likewise a native of Berks county, a farmer by occupation and a consistent member of the Lutheran Church. Stephen Fegley, father of our subject, like his pred- ecessors, was also a native and farmer of the same county and a member of the same church. He died September 1st, 1885, where he had lived a number of years, in Montgomery county, aged sixty-two years. He was twice married, his first wife being Levina Neidig, daughter of Conrad Nei- dig, of Montgomery county. By her he
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had three children, the subject and Mes- dames Sarah Ackerman and Catharine Moyer. His second wife was Mrs. Leah Umstead.
The subject of this sketch was reared on the farm until he was nineteen years of age. He received his primary education in the public schools and then attended Frederick Institute and Boyertown Acad- emy. In 1866 he entered the University of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1869, with the degree of A. B. 'He then entered the Lutheran Theological Seminary, of Phil- adelphia, now Mount Airy Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in 1872, receiving also the degree of A. M., September 2nd, in the same year, from his alma mater, the University of Pennsyl- vania.
Immediately upon his ordination to the holy office of the ministry in the Lutheran Church, by the Ministerium of Pennsyl- vania, he moved to Mechanicsburg and became pastor of St. Mark's and St. John's parish. He filled this position until 1896, v>hen he ceased to serve St. John's charge and retained St. Mark's, which was but one year old when he first took charge twenty-five years ago, in June, 1872. He had received the call six months before he had completed his theological education. In 1892 he was called to the chair of mental and moral science at Irving Female Col- lege, in Mechanicsburg. In 1894 he also became professor of German in the same institution. He has for the last sixteen years been a regular contributor to The Helper, of the Lutheran Church, a Sun- day school teachers' journal, which he had to relinquish on account of his labors in connection with the college.
On April 13, 1885, he married Belinda Cecilia Reichard, of Allentown, Pennsyl- vania, by whom he has two children:
Charles Krauth and Edith Elizabeth, both of whom are now pursuing classical courses of study, one at Muhlenberg Col- \fge, Allentown, Pa., and the other at Irv- ing Female College, to fit them for some of the learned professions.
In May, 1897, he celebrated, in St. Mark's church, Mechanicsburg, the double silver jubilee of his ordination to the gos- pel ministry, and of his pastorate in St. Mark's.
WILLIAM S. BOND, secretary and treasurer of the Weaver Organ & Piano Company, of York, Pennsylvania, was born in York, May 9, 1863, the son of William H. and Elizabeth (Slagle) Bond, both natives of York county. On his father's side Mr. Bond is of Scotch and Welsh, and on his mother's side, of Ger- man, ancestry.
William H. Bond, in his younger days was a popular and highly esteemed teacher in the rural public schools nearby York, and after teaching for several years opened a general merchandise store in Bottstown, which is now a part of the city of York. The store is still in existence, though its owner, Mr. Bond, has passed from life, and it is now kept by one of his sons, Frank Bond. Here Mr. Bond resided for many years and his store became a popular place among the farmers from the section north- west and west of York who came to town to attend the markets and at the same time lay in a store of household supplies. They made it a distributing place for their mail, frequently met there to transact bus- iness and in the winter evenings it became the forum where the local philosophers met for an interchange of views and the discussion of the topics of the day. Mr. Bond, the proprietor, was one of those rare kindly, genial and unostentatious men, who have almost become extinct in these
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fin de siecle days of business. For many years he served as superintendent of the Union Lutheran Sunday school and as deacon and elder in the congregation. He was also leader of the church choir and manifested an active interest in everything that pertained to religion, especially if it affected his own particular faith and church. In politics Mr. Bond was a Re- publican, but he never flaunted his opin- ions in the face of others and in this as in all other relations of life he was of a quiet, peaceful nature. In 1855 he married Eliza- beth, a daughter of William and Elizabeth (Lichty) Slagle, of West Manchester town- ship, by whom he had seven children: Emma J., became the wife of Charles Len- hart, D. V. S., of Dover, York county. Allen became a member of Bender, Bond & Com- pany, one of the leading grain, flour and feed firms in the city and after a successful career of several years in this business his useful and Christian life was cut short By death, at the age of thirty years. He was a young man of noble and generous quali- ties of heart and mind and his memory is revered by all who knew him. Charles died in infancy. Frank clerked in his father's store until the time of the latter's death, when the business was transferred to him and he is conducting it at the pres- ent time. Luther is a machinist in the employ of the York Manufacturing Com- pany. Bertha E., is the wife of John Rosenfield, of York.
William S. Bond attended the common schools of Bottstown, where he obtained his preliminary education, and then entered the National Normal University, at Leb- anon, Ohio, where he took a business course and graduated in 1882. Prior to this he had taught school two terms in York county, and after returning from the college, at Lebanon, he taught another year in the Bottstown school. After qual-
ifying himself for business pursuits he be- came bookkeeper for the York Daily Pub- lishing Company, and remained in the em- ploy of that newspaper for two years. In partnership with J. Wesley Link, Mr. Bond then went into the piano, organ and music business, under the firm name of Link & Bond. The business was conducted four \ears, when Mr. Link's death occurred, in 1889, and for two years subsequent Mr. Bond continued the business alone. About that time he became interested in the Weaver Organ & Piano Company and was made treasurer of the corporation. After holding that office for five years he be- came, in addition, the company's secretary and has held both positions up to the pres- ent time. In his official capacity Mr. Bond has done much to develop the com- pany's interest and to-day there is prob- ably not another establishment in York whose goods enjoy a wider geographical distribution than those of the Weaver Or- gan & Piano Company. About 100 men are employed in the factory and from 2500 to 3000 instruments are produced annually. The company has a large export trade to Europe, South Africa, New Zealand and -Australia.
Mr. Bond is a member of the Union Lutheran Church, where for fifteen years, he has been organist and musical director and a leading member of the congregation and Sunday school. He takes an active in- terest in religious affairs and for many years has been connected with the Young Men's Christian Association and its work. This organization has repeatedly re- quired his services on its board of directors and as its treasurer. Mr. Bond ir, also a member of the Weaver Organ & Piano Company Beneficial Society, an or- ganization maintained among the working men both for fraternal and beneficial pur- poses. In politics he is a Repub-
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lican, but exercises his right of opinion and suffrage so as to respect the convic- tions of others. Personahy he is modest, unassuming and agreeable. His mind re- flects intelligence and his heart is a store house of domestic, moral and Christian virtues.
In 1888 Mr. Bond married Sally S., a daughter of Franklin and Mary (Smyser) Loucks, of York. Four children have been born to that union: Walter L., Urban S., Mary J. and Annie E.
J ELMER MUSSELMAN, a well- • known young banker of Gettysburg, was born at Fairfield, Adams county, March 28, 1882, the son of Adam C. and Lucinda (Nunnemaker) Musselman. The Musselman's are of German origin.
John Musselman, the paternal grand- father of our subject, was born near Fair- field, Adams county, and received a com- mon school education in the public schools of his neighborhood. During the greater part of his life he was a farmer. Being a man of intelligence with a taste for politics he became prominent in public affairs and as a Whig was elected a member of the State Legislature from Adams county. In leligion he was a member of the Lutheran church, an active Christian and a man of good works. He married Susan M., a daughter of Adam Myers, by whom he had two sons and six daughters: Adam C, Amos S., Susan, who married M. P. Shields; Mary E., who married James E. McCreary; Laura, who married E. M. Yount; Alice, who married A. S. Sudler; Fannie, deceased, wife of Rev. S. E. Smith, and Amanda, wife of Wilson McCleary, both deceased.
Adam C. Musselman was born at Fair- field, Adams county, received his educa- tion in the common schools of his native township and then attended Pennsylvania
College for a short time. After complet- ing his education he engaged in farming for a short time in Hamilton ban township and later became a merchant at Fairfield. In politics he was a Republican and as such was elected for five consecutive terms as justice of the peace of Hamiltonban township. He was a firm follower of Martin Luther and as a member of the Fairfield Lutheran church took an active part in religious work and held various church offices. He was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, first of the Gettysburg lodge, and later by transfer to the lodge at Fairfield.
In 1859 he married Lucinda, a daughter of John and Rebecca Nunnemaker, by whom he had eleven children, only five of whom are living: J. Elmer, Howard A., Carry L., Morris M. and Alice. The others died in infancy. Mr. Musselman lived until December 9, 1892; his wife is still living at Gettysburg.
J. Elmer Musselman obtained an ordi- nary English education in the public schools of Fairfield, Pa., and then entered Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg, where he graduated in the class of '83. On the 21 St of March, 1884, he entered the First National Bank of Gettysburg as a messenger, from which position he was promoted to that of teller and has been connected with the institvUion in that ca- pacity ever since. In politics he is a Re- publican. He was elected treasurer of the Gettysburg school board in 1889, and held the same office until 1897. He was ap- pointed treasurer of the Adams County Mutual Fire Insurance Company in 1896. Although yet a young man, Mr. Mussel- man is numbered with the leading citizens of Gettysburg. He is a man of energy and has worked his way up step by step in the confidence and esteem of the com- munity, so that to-day he is looked upon
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as one of the most substantial citizens of Gettysburg. In religion he is a devout and consistent member of the Lutheran church.
May 7, 1889, Mr. Musselman married Euphemia, a daughter of Washington C. and Alice Rogers, of Fairfield, Adams county. To that union have been born four children: Roger, Amos S., Mary R. and Luther K.
EDWARD J. GARDNER, a young manufacturer of Carlisle, is the possessor of good business capacity and has had a successful career. He was born on July II, 1851, the son of Franklin and Sarah Jane (Abrams) Gardner. Mr. Gard- ner received his education in the public schools of Carlisle and at Dickinson Com- mercial College. After he graduated he took a very practical course acquiring a knowledge of the business in which he later engaged, by learning the trade of machin- ist in the works of his father, operated un- der the firm name of F. Gardner & Com- pany. He remained in the employ of this firm until 1880, when he became a partner in the business and the firm name changed to F. Gardner & Sons. Mr. Gardner was by this time thoroughly ac- quainted with the business, having risen and passed through all grades of employ- ment in the works. In 1871, at the age of twenty he became foreman, a position which he held until 1880 upon becoming a member of the firm, and its bookkeeper. In 1882 the Gardners organized the Car- lisle manufacturing company, of which he became assistant superintendent. When his father retired in 1884 he assumed the position of superintendent for the company and soon after was made treasurer, thus coming into positions which he held until 1887, when he resigned to accept the posi- tion of manager of the Huntingdon Car
Manufacturing works. In 1884, F. Gard- ner & Sons organized their axle works and in the management of this new venture Mr. Gardner proceded to assume an active part on February i, 1893. He resigned his position with the Huntingdon company in order to devote himself to the new in- dustry and from his close attention and wise management a successful and flourish- ing business has resulted. August i, 1896, F. Gardner, the senior member, re- tired and the firm is now F. Gardner's Sons. A further evidence of Mr. Gard- ner's position, influence and popularity in the community is afforded by his secret society affiliations. He is a member and Past ]\Iaster of Cumberland Star Lodge, No. 197, Free and Accepted Masons, a Past High Priest of St. John's Chapter, No. 171, Royal Arch Masons, Past Eminent Commander of Commandery, No. 65, K. T., of Huntingdon, Pa., a member of True Friends Lodge, No. 56, Knights of Pyth- ias, of Carlisle, and a member and Past Grand of Carlisle Lodge, No. 91, of Odd Fellows. Politically Mr. Gardner is an enthusiastic and firm believer in the prin- ciples of the Republican party. Relig- iously he is firmly inclined to the Pres- byterian faith and is a member of the Sec- ond church.
His wife was Harriet Lindsay, a daugh- ter of Alexander Lindsay, of Carlisle They were married December 2, i875> and have two daughters: Bessie Lindsay and Sarah Bell.
CHARLES J. DELONE, a promi- nent j'oung attorney of the York county bar, is a native of Hanover, York county, Pennsylvania, where he was born February 9, 1863, the son of Joseph and Maria (Hilt) Delone.
The Delones are of French origin and emigrated to this country from Alsace
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about 1748. The earlier members of the family located in Lancaster county and subsequently Nicholas Delone removed to and located in Paradise township, York county, where, on a large tract of land which he took up, Peter Delone, the pa- ternal grandfather of our subject, was born. He received his education in the subscription schools of the neighborhood and throughout life followed the occupa- tion of farmer and stone mason. In pol- itics he was a Whig and in religion a mem- ber of the Roman Catholic church. He married a Miss Leib, who died in 1855, ^ year previous to his own death. They had seven children: Henry, Joseph, Peter, Lewis, Elizabeth, who became the wife of Albert Stoner, and Matilda, who became the wife of Michael Strubinger.
Joseph Delone, the father of our subject, was born in Paradise township, York county, educated in the common schools and learned the trade of milling, but never followed it to any extent, preferring the more profitable live stock business, in which he engaged for many years. He was a man of broad mind and considerable intelligence which, coupled with his interest in local affairs, induced him to start the publica- tion of a paper in the town of Hanover, known as the Hanover Citizen. Prior to this event Mr. Delone had been elected a member of the Legislature and he was a very prominent figure in the Democratic party of York county at the time the Citi- zen was founded. The paper at once be- came a success. It was published weekly, and its editorial policy was Democratic. Mr. Delone remained in charge for many years and continued in active politics up to the time of his death in 1883. He held local office in the borough and was one of the leading factors in the growth and up- building of Hanover. He was a devout and consistent member of the Catholic
church and worshipped with the Hanover congregation.
He married Maria, daughter of Jacob Hilt, by whom he had twelve children, of whom eight are living: Alice, Martha, Leona, Plarry O., Mary, Emma, Charles J., and Jacob P.; four having died very yoimg.
Charles J. Delone received his prelimi- nary education in the common schools of Hanover and then prepared for college un- der the tutorship of Prof. L. R. Baugher. In 1883 he entered the Freshman class of Harvard University and graduated in 1887. He then entered the law department of the University and graduated in 1890. After locating and practicing in New York city one year, Mr. Delone came to Hanover and opened an office there for the practice of his profession in York county. At pres- ent he has offices in both York and Han- over and has a thriving practice from his native section of the county. He is a Democrat in politics and takes an active part in the afifairs of his party.
GEORGE W. HOOVER, a leading carriage and wagon manufacturer of York, is a son of Joseph and Margaret (Bubb) Hoover, and was born in Lancaster city, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, De- cember 19th, 1840.
Among the many old and well-known families of eastern and southern Pennsyl- vania, the Hoovers are eminently worthy of notice and record. They were among the early settlers of Lancaster and York counties, and many of them served as sol- diers in the Continental armies during the Revolutionary war. Patrotic and ener- getic they became the best of citizens un- der the government of the new formed Re- public, and these commendable traits of character seemingly by inheritance passed down through succeeding generations.
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Frcm the emigrant ancestor, who came from Germany, is descended Joseph Hoover, the father of the subject of this sketch. Joseph Hoover was born in Lan- caster count}', Pennsylvania, in the year 1812, and has been a carriage manufacturer in Lancaster city for over sixty-five years. He is an industrious man of quiet disposi- tion who gives but little heed to politics and has been a consistent member of St. Mary's Catholic church for many years. He married Margaret Bubb, a daughter of William Bubb, and to their union were born eight children: John J., Sophia, who died in infancy: Annie, wife of James Flem- ing; George W., subject; Henry C, Mich- ael, Mary, who died in infancy, and Martha. George W. Hoover received his educa- tion in the schools of Lancaster city and at fifteen years of age became an apprentice in his father's factory, where he remained until 1858, when he entered the carriage factory of David M. Lane, of Philadelphia, with whom he worked until i860. In the following year, 1861, he attempted to en- ter the Union service, but was rejected as a soldier by the examining surgeon upon the grounds of physical disability. He sub- sequently was accepted as a clerk and serv- ed in that capacity and as orderly to Captain Barton, of the First Pennsylvania Re- serves for about eighteen months. He af- terward made application for enlistment in the 79th Pennsylvania, but was rejected on examination and then went to work in the carriage factory of A. B. Landis, of Mt. Joy, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, where he remained from June, 1863, until 1865. Subsequent to this he was succes- fully engaged at his trade in Lancaster for about a year, when he removed to York and connected himself with Phineas Pal- mer's carriage factory with which he was identified until January, 1872. After sev- ering his connection with this concern he
engaged in the patent-right business in Lancaster county for a period of three years and then conducted a carriage factory at Goshen, Indiana, for an equal length of time, and subsequently another factory at Loup City, Nebraska, which latter he closed in 1880 to engage in farming. He relinquished his farming interests in 1882 and returned to York, where he worked six months for the Weaver Organ & Piano Company and afterward was engaged in manufacturing soap up to 1884, when in June of that year the flood destroyed his works. For one year he represented the soap firm of Vandersloot & Elliott, as a traveling salesman, and then opened up a wholesale and retail grocery emporium which he disposed of in 1886 to establish his present carriage factory in York, which he has been compelled to enlarge from time to time in order to accommodate an in- creasing volume of trade. Mr. Hoover began his present business upon a modest scale, but it has been attended with almost phenomenal success, the output of his es- tablishment averaging more than $75,000 worth of work annually. His plant is lo- cated on Philadelphia street, near George street, and the main factory building is a four-story structure, 35x250 feet in dimen- sions. He gives employment to fifty men and finds ample market for his goods in all the States intervening from Maine to Texas. Beside his carriage manufactur- ing business, Mr. Hoover is a large owner of real e.state and has also been identified with a num.ber of other industrial enter- prises in his adopted city. Politically he is a Republican, and together with his fam- ily, attends the services of the Reformed Church. He is a man of energy, business tact and foresight and has been signally successful in his present business. Prac- tically he has been the architect of his own fortune. Starting upon a very modest
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foundation, and with very unsubstantial support outside of his inherent energy and tact, he has slowly rounded the ladder of business success and has reached a position of commendable prominence among his business associates. He is a careful, shrewd business manager, possessing a large degree of business energy and owes his final success to unquestioned methods and strict fidelity to the interest of his patrons.
WILBUR J. BRESSLER, D. D. S., a leading dentist of York, Penn- sj'lvania, is a son of Dr. Charles Huston and Sarah A. (Tonner) Bressler, and was born in the city of York, York county, Pa., April 30th, 1858.
Four generations back in the direct an- cestral line of Dr. Bressler, was John Bress- ler, a native of Strasburg, Germany, who married Eve Kendig, a daughter of Rev. Jacob Kendig. Among his sons was one George Bressler, who became a merchant, located in Philadelphia, and was lost at sea while on his v/ay to Europe in quest of merchandize. He married Frances Herr, a daughter of Francis and Christiana Herr, whose other children were Mary Ferree, Catharine Wilson, Elizabeth Hartman, Re- becca, Frances Herr, Charlotte Barnet and Harriet Miller. George Bressler had sons, one of whom, George Bressler, Jr., left Lancaster county, to become a merchant in Philadelphia, where he held at one time an office in the Custom House. He after- ward went to Mill Hall, Clinton county, where he was engaged in milling, mer- chandize and operating an iron furnace. He died in 1864, aged 76 years. He wedded Elizabeth Dornick, and their children were Elizabeth Frances, died in childhood Sarah Ann, wife of Dunlap McCormick George, retired merchant: Dr. Chas. Hus- ton, Hon. Henry Clay, of Lock Haven,
who served in the State Legislature, and is now dead; John J., who went to Flem- ington, this State, engaged in business, and is also deceased; Catharine Wilson, Daniel Webster, a retired business man of Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Huston and Charlotte, of Mill Hall.
Dr. Charles Huston Bressler was born in Clinton county, February 4, 1821, and died in York, February 22, 1894. He re- ceived his education in common and se- lect schools, studied dentistry and medi- cine under Dr. Eli Perry, of Lancaster city, and then entered Pennsylvania and JefTerson medical colleges, graduating with honor from the latter institution in March, 1844. He practiced dentistry at Belle- fonte, Lancaster and York, and in 1849, with Dr. Perry and others secured the charter for the first Dental College in Pennsylvania. He was a Republican in politics, served part of a term as sheriff of York county, and was twice the candi- date of his party for Congress. In re- ligion he vi'as a Methodist, and fraternally a member of York Commandery, No. 21, Knights Templar. In 1849 he married Sarah A. Tonner, a daughter of Rev. John Tonner, of Bellefonte, this State. To their union were born eight children. Dr. John T., a dentist, of Shepherdstown, Cumber- land county. Pa.; George B., an alderman of Lancaster city; Emma B.; Charles H., deceased; Clara V., a teacher; Dr. Wilbur C, subject; A. Curtin, a printer of York, and Ella M.
Wilbur C. Bressler attended the York public schools and High school, studied dentistry with his father and entered the Dental Department of the University of Maryland, from which he was graduated on March, 14th, 1884. After graduation he re- turned to York, where he has practiced den- tistry ever since. In the practice of his profession he has met with success, keeps
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thoroughly abreast of the advances in his special vocation and is regarded by his friends and neighbors as a citizen of pro- gressive spirit. In 1885 he became a part- ner with George E. Smyser in the coal busi- ness, but nine years later disposed of his interest in their coal property and yard. He is a stanch Republican in politics and a member of the Beaver St. Methodist church. He also holds membership in York Lodge, No 266, Free and Accepted Masons, and is a director in two Building and Loan Associations of his native city.
On December 26, 1889, Dr. Bressler mar- ried Mary J. Smyser, daughter of George E. Smyser, a well known business man of York. Dr. and Mrs. Bressler have two children living: Wilbur Huston and Clark Smyser. Those deceased are Juliet R. and an infant.
SNEVIN HENCH. York being es- • sentially a manufacturing town, it is to the numerous mills and factories that its citizens must look for the continuance of the growth and prosperity that has mark- ed the last decade of the city's history. To the number of these there has been a large accession in that period. Among other firms which have gone extensively into manufacturing here, thereby constituting themselves worthy and enterprising citizen^ who subserve the interests and promote the welfare of the city, is that of Hench & Dromgold, the junior member of which is the subject of this sketch.
S. Nevin Hench is a son of George Wash- ington and Frances (Rice) Hench. He was born on June 27, 1854, in Saville, Perry county, Pennsylvania, and his ancestry is of French descent. His grandfather, Samuel Hench, was a native of the same county, and died in the vicinity of Saville. He pur- sued the dual occupation of black- smith and farmer and married Eli-
26
zabeth Yohn. Five children of which the subject's father was the young- est, were born to this union. The father was born on the old homestead farm in the same vicinity, Feb. 28, 1828, pursued the occupation of farmer and is still living, though in practical retirement from all ac- tive business pursuits. The elder Hench is a Democrat in politics and an active member and elder of the German Reformed church. He united in marriage with Fran- ces Rice, a daughter of Samuel Rice, a na- tive of Perry county, by which alliance he had twelve children, five sons and seven daughters, eleven of whom are still living. S. Nevin Hench was educated in the common schools and remained on the farm until he had passed his majority. His father had a small work shop and the son being of a mechanical turn of mind, gave much of his time to devising and improving farm machinery. At the age of sixteen or eighteen years he had invented, patented and placed on the market riding corn culti- vators, corn planters and similar agricul- ture implements. In this way he accumu- lated sufficient capital to set up a small manufacturing business, which was begun in 1878. This enterprise was continued for twelve years, when Mr. Hench and Walker A. Dromgold, who had become associated with him, built a large establishment in the West End of York for the the manufacture of their patented implements. The plant which has had a most creditable career and has reached quite extensive proportions, at the present time covers two acres along the Western Maryland railroad and furnishes employment for about 125 hands. The manufactured output of the concern con- sists of spring tooth harrows of various kinds, circular saw mills, engines, spike tooth harrows and improved corn planters, shellers,, cider-mills, and other farm ma- chinery and implements which the combin-
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ed inventive genius of Mr. Hench and Mr. Dromgold has produced. The firm also operates a large lumber plant near Pied- mont in Mineral county, West Virginia.
Mr. Hench is a director in the York Trust Real Estate and Deposit Company, and is also a member of the firm of Hench, Dromgold & Stagemyer, brick and tile manufacturers, which owns and operates a large plant for the manufacture of a super- ior quality of brick and tile, near Emigs- ville, York county. Unlike his father Mr. Hench is a Republican in politics and his party appreciating his intelligent support and participation in its local affairs, elected him a member of the school board from the Eleventh ward, in which capacity he has served during the past two years. He is a member of Grace Reformed church, in which he is an elder and of whose Sunday school he has been assistant superintendent for eight years. He is also a trustee of the Theological Seminary of the Reformed church at Lancaster, Pa., and was a mem- ber of the Building Committee for the new Seminary building; a member of several fraternal organizations, chief among which are: Howell Chapter, No. igg, Royal Arch Masons; Gethsemane Commandery, No. 75, Knights Templar; and Willis Council, No. 508 RoA'al Arcanum. Mr. Hench is a first class business m.an, public spirited and progressive and ranks am.ong the success- ful manufacturers of York. He is a man possessing more than ordinary civic pride, is a liberal supporter of all worthy educa- tional and social movements and commands the esteem of his fellow-townsmen.
On June 11, 1885, Mr. Hench was joined in marriage with Emma Flinchbaugh, a daughter of Frederick Flinchbaugh, of York. They live in a handsome residence on Linden avenue, where flowers, beauti- ful shrubbery, cordial hospitality and the interior adornment of their home give evi-
dence of the refined tastes of the owners. To their union have been born four chil- dren: Nevin F., Francis R., G. Harold, and Adele M.
EUGENE A. GROVE, M. D., retired physician of Carlisle, was born at Bowmansdale, Cumberland county, Pa., February 4, 1850. The family came origin- ally from Switzerland, Hans Groflf, or Graf, (as it was then spelled) emigrated from that mountain-walled Republic to Alsace, France, in 1676, on account of the religious persecution of the Menonites, to which religious persuasion he belonged. After a stay of nearly twenty years in Al- sace, he came, in 1696, to the newly found- ed city of Philadelphia, and, visiting the Pequa valley he pushed into Lancaster county until he reached a spot which is fa- miliarly known as "GrofT's Thai" (Grove's Spring), within the limits of what is now West Earl township, and where he settled upon the stream which bears his name. While in pursuit of his strayed horses he found this spot, and its beauty so "impress- ed him that he determined to settle upon it, which he did a few years subsequently. Here he took up one tract of 1150 acres of land (surveyed October 4. 1718) and later a tract of 2,500 acres, which were pur- chased from William Penn. This original Hans (or Henry) GrofT was the paternal ancestor of the subject of this sketch by the sixth generation. He was a wealthy and prominent man in that section of the pro- vince, and is mentioned by Rupp in his history of Lancaster county, and in the Colonial Records. Not only the run on which he settled and the "GrofFs Thai" but the township was named after him, the English word "earl" being equivalent to the German word "graflf" or grove. He was one of the persons selected to lay out in 1733 the "King's Highway" from Lancas-
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ter to Philadelphia, then the largest city in the United Colonies. He died in 1746. Six sons survived him: Peter, David, Hans, Jr., Daniel and Samuel, who was known as Graaf (der jaiger), the hunter. As soon as his six sons were grown up he turned his attention to dealing in blankets for the In- dians and other merchandise which he pur- chased at Philadelphia and took to Harris ferry (now Harrisburg) on the Susque- hanna.
Hans Groff, Jr., was the father of Jacob, Henrich and John, and Henrich married Anna Maria Stadtler, and left five children: Jacob, Catherine, Elizabeth, George and Henry, Jr., who were all born in his York county home. His will of August 20th, 1780, gives his name as Henry Grove, but his signature to the same is Henrich Grofif. Henry Grove, Henry Grove, Jr., married Catherine Hake, daughter of Andrew Hake, of York county, and in middle life re- moved to Yellow Breeches creek where he purchased the Quigly mill and property. He died May 1859, and his widow lived until October 25, 1877. They had two children: Henry Hake and Susan C, widow of Rev. John Ulrich and now a resident of Baltimore. Henry Hake Grove was born in Baltimore city, April 21, 181 7, and died in Carlisle, March 21, 1876. He was an active business man. He conducted lime quarries at Bowmansdale, on Yellow Breeches creek until 1859, and then remov- ed to Baltimore where he was successfully engaged in the coal, commission and gro- cery business but being a Union man was compelled to remove in 1862 to Carlisle. He there followed photography and the manufacture of paper sacks until his death. He was a member of the Lutheran church and in May 1841 wedded Eliza Ann Beltz- hoover, eldest daughter of Michael G. and Mary (Herman) Beltzhoover. Mrs. Grove died March 21, 1876, aged 55 years. To
Mr. and Mrs. Grove were born two chil- dren: Henry B. and Dr. Eugene A. The eldest son, Henry B. Grove, a highly re- spected and esteemed youngman,was foully assassinated in his own picture gallery in Baltimore city, Md., on October 29, 1865. While finishing a picture he was shot through the back of the head and instantly killed by a pretended friend and robbed of one hundred and twenty-five dollars, and a gold watch, chain and ring. The assassin fled but was apprehended under a reward of five hundred dollars offered by the mayor, and after trial and conviction for murder escaped through some legal techni- cality. But the murderer met his deserved fate in 1896 when he was shot while com- mitting burglary and died in a New York hospital from the effects of the wound.
Dr. Eugene A. Grove received his liter- ary education in Dickinson college. He read medicine with Dr. S. B. KiefTer, of Carlisle, was graduated in 1870 from the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- vania, with the degree of M. D., and prac- ticed in Carlisle until 1876, when he gave his entire attention to mining iron ore at Hunter's Run and operating a charcoal fur- nace in Adams county. Five years later he resumed the practice of medicine in Car- lisle, but owing to large monetary interests which devolved upon him, he retired in 1890, and has not since resumed the prac- tice of his profession, which, until it was interrupted, was one of growing and recog- nized success.
On April 12, 1894, Dr. Grove wedded Zuleime Kieffer, a daughter of Benaville J. and Sarah M. (Bixler) Kieffer, the former of whom was at one time a prominent druggist of Carlisle.
WH-LIAM CLARENCE SHEELY, ESQ., of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, is a son of Aaron and Lucy A. (Deardorff)
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Sheely, and was born January 29. 1863, near this historic city. He is of German origin. His paternal grandfather, Jacob, was born in Adams county. He received a common school education,, was a popular and esteemed citizen of Mount Joy town- ship and a worthy member of the United Brethren church. He was the father of seven children. The father of the subject of this sketch was born in Mount] oy town- ship, Adams county. He received his ele- mentary education in the district school and subsequently attended Pennsylvania Col- lege at Gettysburg. Leaving that institu- tion he engaged in teaching school, in which pursuit he was eminently successful, for a number of years. In 1864 he was elected superintendent of the schools of Adams county, and the satisfactory manner in which he filled the ofifice may be con- ceived from the fact that he held that posi- tion for twentj'-four years, when he volun- tarily retired. He is still living, an honored and esteemed citizen of Gettysburg, re- vered by all who know him. He owns a large am.ount of real estate and devotes his entire attention to these interests. Politi- cally he is a Democrat. His children were, William Clarence, the subject of this sketch, Ella M., Annie B., Sadie M., Minnie H., and Harry M.
W. C. Sheely passed his youthful years attending the public schools of Gettysburg and was graduated from Pennsylvania Col- lege in 1882. He took first honor in his class and all the prizes in the college course, the second time in the history of the Col- lege that this was done by one man. After leaving college he read law with R. G. Mc- Creary, Esq. and after his death, with Geo. J. Benner, Esq. He was admitted to the bar of Adams county in August, 1887, re- maining in the office of Mr. Benner for three years. Since then he has pursued his profession by himself and has acquired a
large and lucrative practice. He is a mem- ber in good and regular standing of Good Samaritan Lodge, No. 336, Free and Ac- cepted Masons. In politics, like his father, he is a Democrat. On June 24, 1891, he married the accomplished daughter of Nathan Hanna, of Linganore, Maryland, Miss Eugenie H. Their children are Fran- ces M. and Marion J. Heisthe authorof "TTie Pennsylvania Lawyer," a subscription book, containing abstracts of the laws of Pennsyl- vania, and the postal, patent, copyright and pension laws, with legal and business forms for all transactions, which has had a large sale in this State.
DR. M. L. BARSHINGER, son of H. S. and Mary (Geesey) Barshinger, was born in Dallastown, March i6th, 1867. He came of reputable and sturdy stock of Swiss ancestry. The first of the family to come to America being Andreas Bersinger, a native of Switzerland, who emigrated some time between 1727 and 1735. Since then the name has undergone modification into its present form. The doctor's grand- father, Henry Barshinger, was born near York and farmed all his life. He was a Re- publican in politics and a Lutheran in reli- gion. The grandmother was Susan Stab- ley. They had seven children : George, lives at York; Kate, wife of John Strevig; Andrew, deceased; Jacob, resident of Wind- sor: Emanuel, of Windsor; Susan, de- ceased; Benjamin; and Joseph, deceased. The father of our subject was born near York, October 31, 1840, and was educated in the common schools. He engaged in the general mercantile business at Dallastown and afterward came to York and opened a fire insurance and fertilizer agency. Novem- ber 8, 1862, he enrolled in the i66th Penn- sylvania Regiment and served until July 28, 1863, retiring with the rank of sergeant. He was 3 Democrat in politics and of the
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Lutheran faith in religion. Through the insurance business he became secretary of the Southern Mutual Fire Insurance Com- pany. He died May 19, 1885, survived by a widow, his son and a daughter, Sallie A., all of whom continued to reside at their home, 417 South George street. On the maternal side the doctor is descended from another old and prominent York county family. His grandfather, Jonathan Geesey, was born near York, the son of Jacob Geesey, a Revolutionary soldier. He farmed all his life and in later years retired and lived in Dallastown. He was a Democrat in politics and a member and elder of the Lutheran church. His children were Amos, Charles, John F., Mary A., Adam F., ex- County Treasurer, ex-Democratic County Chairman and ex- Revenue Collector; Jona- than, Pius E., Martin, Sarah and Emma. He died in 1877, aged sixty-six. His wife, Sarah (Flinchbaugh) Geesey, survived him twenty years, dying in 1897, at the ad- vanced age of eighty-seven years, three months and twenty-five days.
Our subject secured his early education in the public schools and his professional training at the University of Pennsylvania.
In preparation for his calling, he attended Philips Exeter Academy at Exeter, New Hampshire, for one year and Pennsylvania college, Gettysburg, from 1888 to 1890, taking a special course in the latter institu- tion preparatory to the taking up of the study of medicine. He was one of the most active students, becoming president of his class, a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, a member of the base ball team and the leading athlete of the college. On field day he won the first prize, a gold medal, taking six events, the hundred yard dash, standing broad, running broad, stand- ing high and running high jumps and the hop step and jump. In 1890 he entered the University of Pennsylvania, where he made
a notable record as one of the oars of the varsity crew of '91. He graduated in 1893 and the same year began active general practice at his home. The doctor is a pleas- ant and agreeable gentleman to meet, takes more than ordinary interest in his profes- sion and is alive to the topics and move- ments of the times. Though he has never sought office, his friends because of his popularity have urged him several times to enter the lists and his name was, without his knowledge, brought forward for nomi- nation to the office of coroner in the Demo- cratic county convention of 1896, where he received a flattering vote though no can- vass was made by hirn. January 4, he was appointed physician to the jail by the board of county commssioners. He is also a mem- ber of the city board of health and of the York County Medical Society. The doctor is like his people before him, a member of the Lutheran church and at present a dea- con in Christ's congregation. He was mar- ried September 11, 1894, to Emmelyn Greacen, daughter of Stephen Bailey and Hesse (La Monde) Greacen, of Perth Am- boy. New Jersey. Mr. Greacen is a naval engineer.
Dr. and Mrs. Barshinger have one child, Henry Stephen Barshinger, born April 10, 1897. They reside with Dr. Barshinger's mother and sister, and one of the most agreeable family circles in the city is that which gathers about the Barshinger hearth.
EPHRAIM ADAMS S H U L E N- BERGER, D. D. S., a successful dentist of Carlisle, is the eldest son of Jno. Beatty and Martha (Adams) Shulenberger, and was born near Newburg, Cumberland county. Pa., November 2, i860. The Shu- lenberger family is of German descent and traces its New World ancestry back to Vir- ginia in the early part of the last century. Lewis Shulenberger came from Jamestown.
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Va., to Strausburg, Franklin county. To him was born three sons: Lewis, who went to New York State; Frederick, who went to Ohio, where some of his descendants are still living, and Benjamin, who married a Miss Shomaker and removed to near New- burg, Cumberland county. Here on a farm he had purchased before coming, he reared his family. He was a member of a militia company that marched to take part in the Whiskey Insurrection, but by the time they reached the scene of conflict it was over. His family consisted of three sons and one daughter: Adam, who lived and died on the homestead; Katie, (Mrs. John Hoover); John (grandfather of Dr. Shulenberger), and Samuel.
John was born in i8i2. He married Miss Jennette Beatty. He was a farmer and be- came the owner of considerable real estate in the western part of Cumberland county, where he was known as a man of sterling integrity and influence; a member of the Reformed church at Newburg and an elder in the church for many years. He died in 1876. His family consisted of eight sons and one daughter: Benjamin, who was a farmer and is now dead; Samuel W., a teacher and principal of the schools at Peoria, 111., for a number of years; John Beatty, William C. B., a minister in the Reformed church and preaching at Em- niettsburg, Md. ; Elizabeth, who married Mr. Adam Heberlig, and is now dead; Adam A., teacher and farmer in Missouri; Robert E., a farmer, veterinary surgeon and justice of the peace in Upper Mifflin township, Cumberland county; Anthony, a Reformed minister, preaching at China Grove, North Carolina, and David S., a strne cutter and monument dealer at Ship- pensburg.
John Beatty Shulenberger was born about three miles northeast of Newburg in Upper Mifflin township on December 1st,
1835. After receiving a liberal education he spent a number of years in teaching and afterward followed farming for some years, and is now living retired in Shippensburg, Pa. He was a member of the 158th Regi- ment, but shortly after entering the service was stricken with typhoid fever, from which he suffered for months and was never able to enter the active service before the war cltsed.
He is a Democrat in politics and served two terms as director of the poor. He has been an elder for twenty years in Newburg Reformed church. He married Martha Adams, whose father, Ephraim Adams, was a native of Perry county and a merchant and farmer for some years in the western part of Cumberland county. Mr. and Mrs. Shulenberger had six children, five sons and one daughter: Dr. Ephraim A., J. Clark, engaged in the creamery business in Ship- pensburg; Robert B., a contractor and builder of Shippensburg; Professor A. Lee, a graduate of Franklin and Marshall Col- lege, and now engaged in teaching; Elsie and Mark C, now attending school.
Dr. Ephraim A. Shulenberger received his education in the Newville Academy and after teaching from 1880 to 1883, com- menced the study of dentistry with Dr. D. S. McCoy, of Newville, this State. Com- pleting his office course of reading and study, he entered the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, from which he was graduated in the spring of 1885. Immedi- ately after graduation and on April i, 1885, he came to Carlisle, where he has practiced his profession successfully up to the present time. He is a Democrat and a member and elder of the First Reformed church and a member of Carlisle Castle, No. iio,Knights of the Golden Eagle.
On March 17, 1886, Dr. Shulenberger married Lillie Mickley, the only daughter of Rev. J. Marion Mickley, a minister of the
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Reformed church and now residing at Mc- Knightstown, Adams county.
HORACE M. ALLEMAN, M. D., a progressive and enterprising phy- sician of Hanover, is a son of Dr. Horace and Rebecca B. (Winnemore) Alleman, and was born at Hanover, York county, Penn- sylvania, February 19, 1863. He received his early education in the public schools, fitted for college at Baugher's Academy, and in 188 1, entered Lafayette College of Easton, this State, from which he was graduated in the class of 1885. Shortly after graduation, and in the same year, he entered the medical department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated three years later in the class of 1888, and immediately returned to Han- over for the practice of his chosen profes- sion. He was successful from the start, has kept up with the medical advancement of the times, and now enjoys a very enviable practice. He is a member of St. Mark's Lutheran church, and Hanover Lodge, No. 327, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and has always been an active supporter of the Republican party and its principles. He is interested in politics, yet no politician, active in working for the supremacy of his party, but no office seeker. He takes a spe- cial interest in the schools of Hanover, like his father before him, and when elected as school director in 1896, he accepted and has been serving in that capacity ever since. He is now its president. Devoted to his pro- fession, he is progressive and enterprising, a man abreast of the times and in touch with the medical spirit of the age. Is a member of York County Medical Society and also of the American Academy of Med- icine.
In 1891 Dr. Alleman wedded Cora Young, a daughter of W. J. Young, of
Hanover. Their union has been blessed with one child, a son, Winneman.
Dr. Horace Alleman, the father of the subject of this sketch, was one of the old physicians of Hanover where he practiced for nearly thirty years. He was born Janu- ary 19, 1824, in Lancaster county, this State, and was a son of John arid Eliza- beth (Mackert) Alleman, the former a na- tive of Dauphin county and the latter of Lancaster county. The Allemans are of German descent and were among the early settlers and prominent people of Dauphin county, where John Alleman was born in 1792. He settled near Elizabethtown in Lancaster county and died there in 1866, and his wife, who was born in 1797, pre- ceeded him to the tomb by one year. Dr. Horace Alleman was reared on his father's farm, received his education in the Emaus Institute and Pennsylvania College and read medicine with Dr. Nathaniel Watson of East Donegal township, Lancaster county. He was graduated in the class of 1848, from the Pennsylvania Medical Col- lege, now the University of Pennsylvania, and practiced from 1848 to 1859 at Eliza- bethtown and Safe Harbor in his native county. In the last named year he came to Hanover where he soon obtained a good practice, and where he died January 14, 18S7. He was an Odd Fellow and a mem- ber of St. Mark's Lutheran church, and in politics was successively a Whig and a Re- publican. At the time of his death he was burgess of Hanover, in whose advancement he took a great interest, especially in the public schools, having served for many years as a school director. Dr. Allemac was recognized as one of the leading phy- sicians of the county and had a lucrative and extensive practice. In 1847 he married Rebecca B. Winnemore, a daughter of Thomas Winnemore, of near Elizabeth- town, Lancaster county, and of the ten chil-
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dren born to them six grew to maturity: John H., cashier of the First National bank of Hanover; Agnes, a teacher in the public schools; Jennie, wife of J. J. Rohrbaugh, of Helena, Montana; Louise, wife of Edward Wentz, and Dr. Horace M., whose name heads this sketch. Mrs. Alleman survived her husband two years, dying January 14, 1889, aged 65 years, and the remains of both rest in Mt. Olivet cemetery.
J FRANK SMALL, M. D., a leading • physician and present City Health Officer of York, Pennsylvania, is a son of David Etter and Mary Ann (Fulton) Small. He was born in the city of York, July 6, 1865. Dr. Small is a descendant of one of the oldest and most distinguished Pennsylvania families. In boyhood he re- ceived a thorough literary training in the public schools of York and the York Col- legiate Institute. He subsequently in 1886 entered the Medical Department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, at Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in the class of 1889. Immediately after graduation he was engaged for two years in the wholesale drug business at York, in conjunction with his twin brother, J. Hamilton Small, now a dealer in mill supplies. Upon the disso- lution of this partnership he made an ex- tensive European tour, during which time he took a post graduate course in the Lon- don hospitals, and was interested in other professional observations on the continent and elsewhere. Returning from his Old World trip in 1893 he opened an office in York, where he rose rapidly in his profes- sion. He is learned in medical literature, keeps fully abreast of medical advancement, and withal is a man of fine intellectual cul- ture and taste.
Dr. Small has always been a stanch Re- publican, and is a charter member and ex- president of the Young Republicans of
York, and has frequently represented his party in caucus, local and State conven- tions. He served his city as President of the Board of Health in 1894, and was elect- ed health physician in 1895, and re-elected in 1896. He is a member of the York county and Pennsylvania State Medical Societies, and has taken an active interest as a member in the American Medical As- sociation and the Pan-American Medical Congress. For one term he presided over the York County Medical Society and served at different times on various im- portant committees in State and National Medical organizations.
Dr. Small, for a number of years, has been prominent in fraternity circles. He is oflicially connected with Alpha Mu Pi Omega Medical fraternity of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Junior Order of American Mechanics, Patriotic Order Sons of Ameri- ca, Artisans Order of Mutual Protection and the Royal Arcanum, for which latter he is medical examiner. He is also one of the highest degree Masons in the United States, having passed through the lodge, chapter, conimandery and consistory.
SAMUEL S. LONG, a well known citi- zen of York and a member of the drug firm of Dale, Hart & Company, was born at Carlisle, Pa., July 13, 1850, the son of Christian M. and Ann (Shrom) Long. The Lcngs are of Swiss origin and their name was formerly written Lang.
Philip Long, born Sept. 20, 1784, the pa- ternal grandfather of Samuel S. Long, was born near Manheim, Lancaster county. Pa., and married Elizabeth Springer, who was born Sept. 21, 1874. He was a wheelwright by trade and also farmed in Columbia county. Pa. In politics he was a Whig but did not take an active part in public affairs. His children were John, Joseph,
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George, Dr. Philip, Christian, and Dr. Samuel; Catherine, who married Philip Dieffenbacher; Elizabeth, who married Charles Howell; Sarah, who married Philip Kieffer; Mary, married Jonathan Shultz, and Susan, who married Dr. George W. Fulmer. Subsequent to his residence in Columbia county, Mr. Long removed to Mechanicsburg, Cumberland county, where both he and his wife died and are buried.
Christian M. Long, the father of our sub- ject, was born near Washingtonville, Co- lumbia county, Pennsylvania, Aug. 14 1822. During his earlier years he attended the common schools and worked on his father's farm near Washingtonville. When he had reached years of maturity he learned the trade of carriage maker and followed that occupation for many years. In religion he was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. He believed in those political prin- ciples which gave rise to the Whig and Republican parties and voted for the candi- dates who proclaimed them. By his mar- riage to Ann, a daughter of Joseph and Ann (Flemming) Shrom, he had three chil- dren: Alice, wife of Anson Low, a Chica- go grain dealer and dredger; Susan, who died in infancy; and Samuel S., who forms the subject of this sketch. Mr. and Mrs. Long died and are buried in the old grave yard at Carlisle, Pa. Mother died August 10, 1857, and the father lived until April 1894.
Our subject's maternal grandfather was Joseph Shrom, who was born in Carlisle and followed tanning very extensively in the latter town. He was a Whig in politics and was a communicant of the Reformed church. His wife was Ann Flemming. To that imion were born five children: Rebec- ca, deceased, who was the wife of James Culbertson; Barbara, wife of Ephraim Cornman, both deceased; Margaret, wife of Joseph Weibley; and Frances, deceased,
who was the wife of Wilson McKim and Ann, the mother of our subject. The grandfather was a son of Joseph Shrom, who was a native of York county and is buried in Ashland cemetery at Carlisle.
Samuel S. Long devoted his earlier years to his education which was acquired in the public schools in Carlisle. When his school days were over, he entered the El- liot drug store, September 1866, and re- mained there for six months. He then en- tered the drug store of Dr. John T. Nicho- las, at Williamsport, Pennsylvania. There he remained for two years, when he re- turned to Mechanicsburg and for six months worked at carriage making under his father. In February, 1869, Mr. Long was called into the employ of Dale & Hart, of York, and remained there until Septem- ber in the following year. He then went to Philadelphia as a student of the Phila- delphia College of Pharmacy, from which he was graduated March 15, 1872. Subse- quently he went to Saginaw, Michigan and to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and clerked in drug stores there. Returning to Mechanics- burg he remained at horn^^ short time and then took up the drug business with Dr. J. H. Boher, at Harrisburg, Pa. His stay in Harrisburg was brief, however, as Dale & Hart sought his services and in 1873 he again entered their employ, continuing with the firm until 1885, when he was made a member. During the greater part of these years he served as traveling salesman for the firm. In politics Mr. Long is a pro- nounced Republican and in religion he and his family are members of Grace Reformed church.
On November 21, 1883, he married Clara R. Matlack, a daughter of Enoch and Sophia (Rife) Matlack, of Hummelstown, Pennsylvania. Mr. Matlack was a tanner by trade and in later life a farmer. Mrs. Long's parents are both deceased. To this
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union have been born two children, Marie and Lawrence Matlack.
SAMUEL SMYSER, an equally unpre- tentious, useful and public spirited citizen of York, is a member of one of the oldest and most prolific families in South- ern Pennsyvlania, dating back in an honor- able line to the Revolutionary era of our country. He is a son of Mathias and Eli- zabeth (Eyster) Smyser, and was born on the old Smyser homestead, known as "Rugelbach," located three miles west of the City of York, in West Manchester township, York county, Pa., October 29, 1813.
Near by the historic and pleasant little village of Rugelbach in the Kingdom of Wurtenberg, Germany, lived Martin and Anna Barbara Smyser (or Schmeisser, as it is spelled in German), industrious peas- ants and pious Lutherans. Martin died, and his widow and two sons, Mathias and George, emigrated to the United States in 1731, in the ship Brittania, and shortly after their arrival located in Pennsylvania. Mathias Smyser was born February 17, 1715, and took up his first place of resi- dence near Kreutz Creek, York county, where he became a farmer and weaver. Subsequently, he removed to Spring Grove, but impoverishing himself by open-handed hospitality and warm-hearted generosity he removed, on May 3, 1745, to the farm now owned by the subject of this sketch, where he died in 1778. He left three sons. Col- onel Michael, Hon. Jacob and Mathias, Jr., who resided on the mansion farm. Mathias, Jr., married Louisa Schlegen, and their five sons were George, Jacob, Mathias, Philip and Henry. Mathias Smyser was a farmer, and so continued until his death in 1842 or 1843. He married Elizabeth Eyster, and passed away in the year 1848 at the age of about 73 years. They had four children:
Elizabeth, Sarah, Joseph and Samuel. Eli- zabeth wedded George Loucks, and Sarah became the wife of Jacob King.
Samuel Smyser was reared on the home farm and trained to habits of usefulness and industry. He received the customary edu- cation of his day, and during the early part of his life adopted the traditional occupa- tion of the family, farming, which he fol- lowed assiduously and successfully up till 1863, in which latter year he removed to York and became profitably interested in quite a number of building operations. A vast deal of general interests beside the management of his farm, claimed a fair share of his attention. This farm, Rugel- bach, has been in the unbroken possession of the Smyser family for more than one hundred and fifty years, and on 3rd of May, 1846, an interesting and notable reunion and centennial celebration of the family was there held, at which a large number of the 1 162 descendants at that time of pioneer Mathias Smyser, were present. Samuel Smyser has built over 40 houses and several business blocks in the city of York, besides improving several other city properties. His present residence on West Market street was erected in 1868, and is a substantial three story structure, comfortably and thor- oughly furnished.
Mr. Smyser is an active member of the Lutheran church, and in politics is a sup- porter of the Republican party. He is noted for his public spirit, kindness of heart and pronounced charity wherever suffering and want exists. He has been active in many measures and projects for the material im- provement and advancement of his com- munity, and has been an exemplary citizen, without reproach. He lives at an ad- vanced age in a quiet and unostentatious manner, enjoying the contentment of a life full of arduous service and good deeds, as
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well as the confidence and respect of his fellow townsmen.
On September 22, 1865, Samuel Smyser was united in marriage with Rebecca M. Lewis, a daughter of Dr. Robert Lewis, of Dover, York county. Mrs. Smyser was a zealous and active member of the Lutheran church, and passed away in 1889. Her re- mains are entombed in a pleasant spot in Prospect Hill cemetery, of York, and on the marble shaft rising above her grave is the following inscription: Rebecca M. Smyser, departed this life July 11, 1889, aged 65 years, 10 months and 3 days.
"Religion filled her soul with peace.
Upon her dying bed;
Let faith look up, let sorrow cease ;
She lives with Christ o'erhead.
Yes faith beholds where she sits, With Jesus, clothed in white. Our loss is her eternal gain; She dwells in cloudless light."
RICHARD REES, a resident of Delta, Pennsylvania, and a slate operator of the Peach Bottom district, is a son of Rob- ert and Jane Rees, and was born in Carnaer- vonshire, in the North of Wales, March 13, 1835. His parents lived and died in that country and Richard came to the United States in 1855. He obtained his education privatelv in Wales, where he also acquired a knowledge of the slate business. On ar- riving in this country he located in Delta and worked in the slate quarries for a time, afterward engaging in the business for him- self in the Peach Bottom district. In 1862 he enlisted in Battery A, Third Pennsyl- vania heavy artillery, and served two years and three months until discharged from the hospital on account of disability contract- ed in the service. He served under General Graham, and on the gun boats during an engagement on the Appomatox river in
June 1864, in which the boat, General Brewster, was destroyed. After returning from the war he took up the manufacture of slate in Peach Bottom district, Harford county, Maryland, which business was con- ducted under the firm name of the Peach Bottom Slate Company, of Harford county, from 1868 unto the present time, and in 1886 it was incorporated as such. Mr. Rees is president and superintendent, W. H. Harlan, of Belair, Md., secretary and treas- urer. They employ fifty-five men and are now opening another quarry which will require a large increase in their force. In politics Mr. Rees is a Republican and takes an active interest in public affairs. For three terms he has been a school director and also school treasurer of his district. For one year he served as burgess of the bor- ough, being the second citizen of the town to hold that office. Besides holding these public offices he has on a number of occa- sions served his party in conventions in the capacity of delegate. He is a member of the Welsh Presbyterian church in which he has for a number of years filled the posi- tion of deacon. He is also a member of Corporal Bear Post, Grand Army of the Republic.
July 31, 1865, he married Miss Winifred E. Parry, of New York City, and daughter of Robert and Gwen Parry, of Dolgelhy, Wales, a Welsh lady, and they have a fam- ily of four children: Robert E., a professor of music of Delta and graduate of Peabody Conservatory, of Baltimore. He married Mary, a daughter of a Mr. McGonigal. Harry P., is a book-keeper in the employ of the Peach Bottom Slate Company. Richard, Jr., is employed in the quarry. Mrs. Rees died August 27, 1896, aged fifty- eight years. Mr. Rees is a highly esteemed citizen of his community and is a popular employer.
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REV. A. M. HEILMAN, a prominent young clergyman of the Lutheran church, of Shrewsbury, was born in Para- dise township, York county, February 27, 1867, the son of P. W. and DeHah (Moul) Heilman. He is of sturdy Pennsylvania German ancestry. Peter Heilman, grand- father of our subject, came from Lebanon county and settled in Paradise township, where the two succeeding generations of the family were born and reared. Mr. Heilman farmed all his life. He was the son of a Revolutionary soldier. In politics he was a Republican and in religion was of the Reformed faith. By his wife he had four children: Mrs. Peter Grim, Elias P., W. and Daniel.
P. W. Heilman, the father of our sub- ject, was born in 1836. He followed farm- ing and carpentering during his entire life, in Paradise township. In politics he was a Republican and in Religion a member of the Reformed faith. Mrs. Heilman was a daughter of Solomon and Rebecca Moul. She was of the Lutheran faith and was the mother of ten children, seven of whom are living: Rev. PI. M., located at Altoona; J. M., a farmer at Abbottstown; Emma J., wife of C. A. Little; Sarah A., wife of John Q. A. Mummert; C. M., a farmer of Para- dise township; Rev. A. M., our subject; and P. M., carpenter at Hanover. Mr. Heilman died in 1885. His wife survives and has her home at Hanover.
Our subject received his education in the common schools and then took a course in a local normal school at New Oxford, Adams county, after which he taught for two years in North Codorus and Paradise townships. He had, however intended that his con- nection with the profession of teaching should merely serve as a stepping stone to another of the higher professions and he now terminated his educational career.
In 1885 he prepared to enter the ministry
by taking the classical course in Pennsyl- vania College at Gettysburg, from which institution he graduated with honors in the class of '89, delivering the Latin salutatory. From the college he went to the Theologi- cal Seminary the succeeding fall and spent three years in the study of the Lutheran faith and theology, graduating in 1892. He was ordained at the meeting of the West Pennsylvania Synod at York, having al- ready accepted a call to the pastorate of the Lutheran church at Dallastown, York county, where he remained for three years. His reputation as an able thinker and a pulpit orator of no mean ability was soon m.ade and as an evidence thereof he received a call from the Shrewsbury charge in 1894. He accepted the call and has been stationed at Shrewsbury ever since. Rev. Heilman is a speaker of considerable eloquence and during his career in the ministry has de- livered many addresses besides his regular sermons. He is to-day one of the rising young clergymen of the West Pennsylvania Synod. In the York County Conference, with which his connections are more inti- mate, he has served several terms as secre- tary of the body.
July 14, 1892, he married Anna C, a daughter of Frederick and Margaret Wecker. To that union have been born two children: Albert H. M., and Paul M.
WILLIAM M. HENDERSON, JR., a well known citizen of Carlisle, a civil engineer by profession, is a native of that borough and was born January 21, 1864, the son of James Wilson and Jane Byers (Alexander) Henderson. He is of Sec tch-Irish ancestry on both his paternal and maternal side. His paternal grand- father, after whom he was named, was a native of Perry county, but in early life settled in Cumberland county and became actively engaged in milling and agricul-
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tural pursuits, and after a long and success- ful career died at the homestead "Oakland," near Carlisle, in 1886, aged 92 years.
James Wilson Henderson, father of our subject, was born on the old homestead, before referred to, October 22, 1824, and died March 25, 1880. In early manhood he and William Reed engaged in the grain and commission business in Carlisle, besides which he gave considerable attention to his large farming interests. The mother of our subject was Jane Byers Alexander, daughter of General Samuel Alexander, who, during his life was a distinguished and prominent member of the Cumberland county bar and Major General in the State volunteer service in the district. His wife, the maternal grandmother of our subject, was Ann S., a sister of Hon. James G. Blaine's father, an aunt of that distinguish- ed statesman.
Wm. M. Henderson, Jr., was educated at the Pennsylvania Military College at Ches- ter, Pennsylvania, graduating there in 1885. He has been for a number of years con- nected with the National Guard of the State of Pennsylvania. After serving seven years as a member the the "Gobin Guards," Co. G, 8th Regiment, N. G. P., he received his present commission. Battalion Adjutant of the same regiment.
REV. ANDREW EDWARDS TAY- LOR, pastor of the Methodist Epis- copal church of Mechanicsburg, is a na- tive of Rockbridge county, Virginia, where he was born November 26, 1833, the son of Rev. Stewart and Martha E. (Hickman) Ta3'lor. The Taylors are of Scotch-Irish origin, James Taylor, grandfather of our subject, having been a native of County Armagh, Ireland. He was one of five brothers who came to America about one hundred and thirty years ago and who, upon their arrival, invested the money they
brought with them in land and slaves in Rockbridge county, Virginia. John was killed in the French and Indian war, during the ill-fated Braddock expedition; Can- foiild was a prisoner for a year or two. He was liberated by the birth-throes of the new mtion.
George and James married daughters of Captain Audley Paul, who was also of Scotch-Irish stock and was a fellow-lieu- tenant with George Washington in the Braddock campaign. They were all hardy, energetic, Scotch-Irishm.en of the old Cov- enanter stock; and fought gallantly for the freedom of America in the war of the Revolution. James Taylor had a family of fourteen children, one of whom was Rev. Stuart Taylor, father of our subject, born in Rockbridge April 4, 1796. He was a farmer and tanner. Impressed with the evils of slavery, he became an anti-slavery man and as fast as his slaves had earned what their purchase had cost him he liber- ated them. During the war he was a staunch union man and acted as agent of the so-called "under ground R. R.," to aid deserters; feeding from 5 to 90 one night and giving them directions how to proceed and where to get their next sup- plies. Being union all through he was able to take the "iron-clad oath" to help in the work of reconstruction. He was for many years a local preacher in the Metho- dist Episcopal church.
His wife was Martha E., daughter of William Hickman, a farmer and stock raiser of Bath county, and of English des- cent. To that union were born five sons and six daughters: William, now Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church in Africa; Mary, deceased, wife first of John McHenry and then of C. A. Harrison; John, who died at Mound City, Illinois, while in the Union service; Christia A., married J. W. McCowen, of Illinois; Rebecca, deceased;
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Rachel V., who was married to George Peterson, of Florida; Eliza, wife of Thomas Kirkpatrick, of Virginia; James, farmer of Georgia; Archibald minister of the Metho- dist Episcopal church, now of Georgia; Andrew E. ; and Huldah, wife of George Miller, of Virginia.
Our subject was brought up on the farm and worked in his father's tannery when not actively engaged in securing his earlier education. Brought up in a devoutly reli- gious family his mind turned toward the ministry as the calling he would prefer to pursue and with this idea in view he enter- ed Dickinson College, where he remained for some time but was unable to complete his course on account of ill health. In 1856 he entered the Baltimore conference of the Methodist Episcopal church and has been actively engaged in the work ever since, losing but two or three Sundays and then on account of sickness. When the confer- ence was divided in 1857 he became a member of the East Baltimore Conference, and in 1868 when another division took place, he became a member of the Central Pennsylvania Conference. He spent about twenty- five years in the Williamsport dis- trict and came to Mechanicsburg in 1894. Rev. Taylor is a member of the Masonic body. I
January 3, i860, he married Cleopatra F., daughter of Captain Frederick Diehl, of Cashtown, Adams county. Pa., by whom he had five sons and two daughters: Rollen Stewart, a minister of the Methodist Epis- copal church at Central Pennsylvania Con- ference; Frank W.; William L. ; and Olin W., deceased; Jennie M., a physician and dentist, practicing her profession in the Angola district. South Central Africa; Charles Diehl, a minister of the Baltimore Conference; and Olive C, a stu- dent of Irving College.
WILLIAM H. PEFFER, the present postmaster of Carlisle, is a son of Hon. Henry K. and Jane M. (Weakley) Peffer, and was born at Monmouth, War- ren county, Illinois, January 4, 1857. He was reared at his native place and in Car- lisle, where he received his education in the common schools and learned the trade of printer in his father's newspaper office. In 1889 he became editor and proprietor of the Daily and Weekly Sentinel, and served in that capacity up to August, 1894. He has conducted the postoffice very creditably and his term will expire in 1898. Mr. Peffer is a working Democrat, who is ever active in the interests of his party. He is a pleasant and congenial gentleman, and has been a member for some years of the Second Presbyterian church of Carlisle. He is also a successful and practical business man, owning the Carlisle opera house building and a large dairy and stock farm adjoining the borough, besides being inter- ested in other remunerative enterprises. In 1882 he founded the first daily paper in Cum.berland county.
On May 30th, 1883, Mr. Peffer was united in marriage with Eleanor Hoffman, a daughter of the late Leonard Hoffman, of Carlisle. Their union has been blessed with two children, a son and a daughter, nam.ed Henry K., and Edith.
The Peffer family is of German lineage and has been identified with Cumberland county for several generations. The immi- grant ancestors came from Germany to what is now South Middleton township, where his son, Adam Peffer, was born and reared. Adam Peffer married twice, first to Mary Kerr, of Scotch descent, and after her death to Elizabeth Delancy, by whom he had several children. The only child by his first marriage was Hon. Henry K. Pef- fer, who was born January 13, 1827, and died in Carlisle, April 13, 1891. At twenty-
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four years of age he removed to Warren county, Illinois, where he followed farming for ten years, and then became a law part- ner of Colonel J. W. Davidson, of Mon- mouth, that State, for three years. During that time in 1862 he was elected in a Re- publican district to the Illinois legislature, in which he served with Hon. Melville W. Fuller, the present chief justice of the United States. He afterward received the unanimous nomination of his party for State Senator, and was one of the Presi- dential electors on the McClellan and Pend- leton ticket. During 1865 he visited Texas and the Southwest, and in 1866 permanent- ly located in Carlisle, where he was a lead- ing journalist and prominent factor in poli- tical affairs of the county until his death. In 1871 he was nominated for State Sena- tor but was defeated with the rest of the Democratic ticket of that year. In the en- suing year he was admitted to the Cumber- and county bar, shortly afterward took charge of the Valley Sentinel, of Shippens- burg, and two years later purchased and removed that paper to Carlisle, where he issued it as an Independent Democratic v/eekly and was its editor and proprietor until succeeded by his son, W. H., in 1889, when he was appointed postmaster of Car- lisle by President Qeveland. Mr. PeflFer lived an active and useful life, was honest and energetic, and was a consistent mem- ber of the Second Presbyterian church of Carlisle, of whose Sunday school he was superintendent for many years. In 1848 Mr. Pefifer married Jane M. Weakley, a daughter of Nathaniel Weakley, who was a farmer and a member of the old Weak- ley family of Cumberland county. To their union were born four children, three sons and a daughter: William H., Charles A., publisher of the Battle Creek Times, of Battle Creek, Iowa; Adam F., a merchant
of Monmouth, Illinois; and Mary, who married Milton A. Sprout, and is deceased.
PROF. GEORGE W. GROSS, Sc. D., the present efficient principal of the York County Academy, is a native of Jack- son township, York county, Pennsylvania, and was born on January 17, 1856. He is a son of Israel F. and Malinda (Hantz) Gross. Mr. Gross received his elementary education in public and private schools. He fitted for college at the York County Aca- demy, then under the direction of Prof. George W. Ruby, Ph. D., and subse- quently entered Pennsylvania College, Get- tysburg, in 1873, from which he was grad- uated four years later. Subsequent to his graduation he entered the law ofSce of Henry L. Fisher, Esq., and in 1879 was ad- mitted to the Bar of York county. He then opened an ofifice and practiced about six months at the expiration of which he was elected to the principalship of the York County Academy. This position he held for a period of five years, at the expiration of which he resigned on account of ill health and was leisurely occupied in private tutor- ing and other quiet pursuits until the year 1892. In the latter year he was again elected head of the famous old academy and has so continued up to the present time. In 1880 Prof. Gross received the de- gree of Master of Arts from Pennsylvania College and later the degree of Doctor of Science, from sam.e institution. He is a man of fine intellectual culture, unquestion- ed scientific attainments and under his ad- ministration as its executive head the York County Academy has maintained a high standard of efficiency. He is a Republican in politics, but takes only an indifferent part in the activities of that party. Reli- giously he is a member of the Lutheran church and fraternally a member of the Phi
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Kappa Psi, Greek letter organization of Pennsylvania College.
In December, 1896, Prof. Gross was united in marriage with Gertrude Merriken.
REV. W. J. HOUCK, pastor of Grace United Brethren church, of Carlisle, is a son of John G. and Genivieve (Faeth'i Houck, and was born in York, York county, Pennsylvania, April 20, 1855. John Houck was a native of Bremen, Germany, where he learned the trade of miller. He came to Baltimore about 1843, but soon re- moved to York, where he spent the re- mainder of his life, excepting the three years from 1866 to 1869. He quit milling on account of his health and sought other and to him more healthful occupations. He was born September 20, 1807, and died October 14, 1878. He was a member of the Catholic church and wedded in Balti- more Genivieve Faeth, who had come over from Germany in the same ship with him and was of the same religious belief. Mrs. Houck was born Christmas 1814 and died May 25, 1881. They had seven children: John A., a tinner, of Baltimore; Mary, wife of William Davis, of Reading, this State; Josephine, married William H. Spangler, of York city; Rev. W. J., and three, which died in infancy.
Rev. W. J. Houck was reared at York, received his education in the Catholic pa- rochial schools of that place and Baltimore, Md., and was intended by his parents for the priesthood. He was, however, con- verted to the faith of the United Brethren church, and instead of taking orders in the Catholic church he engaged, in 1875, in the mercantile business at Hellam, York county, where he served as a justice of the peace for ten years. In the meantime the subject of the ministry had been frequently called to his attention and on January 26, 1889, he was granted quarterly conference
license. A year later, on February 28, 1890, after passing a thorough examination, he was granted annual conference license at Chambersburg by Bishop J. Weaver, the senior bishop of the United Brethren church; and after completing the required course of five years reading and examina- tions he was ordained by Bishop N. Castle, at Harrisburg, February 25, 1893. He was appointed in March 1890, to his first charge, which was at Newburg,Cumberland county, where his labors were blessed by an in- crease of 152 in membership, and the finan- cial reports showed an equally increased and healthy condition. Here he remained until March, 1893, when he came to Car- lisle and took charge of the interests of the denomination and built Grace church and parsonage, with which he has labored most faithfully ever since, having the class in- crease in membership from 15 to 250 at present time.
On February 20, 1875, Mr. Houck mar- ried Mary A. Cramer, daughter of Charles Cramer, of York city. They have six chil- dren, sons and daughters: W. J., with the Bedford Shoe Company; Charles E., a salesman in Hefifelfinger's clothing estab- lishment; Fannie L., Grace V.; Henry Ot- terbein, at school, and Mary Ruth.
The United Brethren in Christ are dis- tinguished by no new d':ctrines but are an organization in which the ministers and the people, in the main, have an equal propor- tion of power, and the rulers hold office only by the authority and consent of the governed. The present membership of the denomination is 238,782, having 15 educa- tional institutions, and operate missions in Africa, China, Japan, Canada and Germany.
PROF. JOHN E. BAHN, headmaster of Eichelberg Academy, at Han- over, Pa., is a native of Germany, where he was born on June 24, 1841, the son of
PROF. JOHN E. BAHN.
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Charles and Sophia (Schaarschmidt) Bahn.
Charles Bahn, father of the subject of this sketch, was born in Havelberg, Ger- many, in 1806, and died in 1849. He was a surgeon in the Prussian army and practiced medicine all his life. In religion he was a member of the German Lutheran church. He was the father of ten children: Paul, who served as captain in the Franco-Prus- sian war and was decorated with the high- est honors of that war, died in 1885; Charles and Otto, whose birth preceded that of our subject are dead; Anna is the wife of C. J. Little, D. D., president of Gar- rett Institute Evanston, Illinois; Rosa is dead; Regina, resides in Berlin, Germany; Max is dead; Marie lives in Berlin, the Ger- man capital ; and Charles is a colonel of ar- tillery and chief of the technical bureau of the war department at Berlin. Mrs. Bahn is still living at the advanced age of eighty- one and has her home with her children in Berlin.
Prof. John E. Bahn was born at Stolpe, Kingdom of Prussia, and received his edu- cation at the Werder Gymnasium in Berlin and another Gymnasium at Zullichau. He then entered the German army and subse- quently was graduated from the military college at Erfurt. In 1861 he was made an officer of the line and served three years. At the expiration of his term of service in 1864 he left Germany and came to America. The war of the Rebellion was then in pro- gress and having been trained as a soldier, Mr. Bahn enlisted in the Union army and served until the close of hostilities. After the war he went to Williamsport, Pennsyl- vania, and engaged in private teaching. In 1870 he was called to the chair of languages in Dickinson Seminary at Williamsport, Pa., and taught there eight consecutive years. Subsequently he left Williamsport and removed to Maryland, where he bought a country home. He soon afterward became
principal of the Stewartstown, York county, Academy. When the Glenville Academy was built and opened he became principal of that institution. Since 1896 he has resided in Hanover and has been prin- cipal of Eichelberg Academy, an institu- tion which had its inception in Glenville Academy. Under Prof. Bahn the new in- stitution is in thrifty condition and has a well established reputation for excellence. Students are prepared for college in the classical department and in the normal de- partment professional training is given to those who intend to enter the profession of teaching. Prof. Bahn is a popular instruc- tor among students and teachers. He has splendid abilities and his cultured and scho- larly mind is a store house for a vast and unusual accumulation of knowledge gained from experience as well as from books and nature. He is thoroughly conversant with the principles of teaching and is thereby enabled to transmit by well directed and skillful methods the knowledge of which he himself is a master. In his manner he i? affable, courteous and refined; and no ed- ucator in York county is more highly es- teemed than he.
In religion Prof. Bahn is a member of St. Mark's Lutheran church at Hanover. He has charge of the teachers' class in the Sun- day school and is active in many good works, which inure to the benefit of the church and Sunday school.
January 19th, 1866, Prof. Bahn married Ellen, a daughter of Jonathan and Susanna Paily, of Baltimore county, Maryland. To that union have been born six children: Eugene, married to Havanna Harbold; El- sie, wife of Charles Hoffheiser; William, Rosa, Ella, and Maud.
DR. MILTON M. DOUGHERTY, a rising young physician of Mechanics- burg, Pennsylvania, is the son of William
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Harrison and Sarah A. (Maust) Dough- erty. He was born at Shepherdstown, Cumberland county, November i8, 1869. The Doughertys are of Scotch-Irish origin. George Dougherty, the grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was a native of this county and the family is among the oldest. One of its members, Matthew Dougherty, served in the Continental army from 1777 to 1779. The doctor's grand- father was a tenant farmer. He died in 1852 while comparatively a young man. He was married to Annie Stallsmith, by whom he reared a family of nine children. William H. Dougherty,the father of Dr. Dougherty, was the next to the youngest son. He was born in York county, near the town of An- derson, on August 5, 1840, and is by occu- pation a carpenter, contractor and builder, in Mechanicsburg, this State, where he has resided for twelve years. He is a success- ful business man and has in an eminent de- gree the confidence of the community. He erected the two highest buildings in the town, the High school and First National Bank, and has built many of the better pri- vate dwellings there. In politics he is an ardent Democrat and a member of the school board, having been elected in a largely Republican ward. He is a Knight of St. John's and of Malta and of the Star of Bethlehem. During the war of the Re- bellion he was in the employ of the gov- ernment.
Sarah (dead) was the oldest of his fath- er's sisters. She was married to William Cline. John B. was a soldier during the late war and was wounded on the eighth of Au- gust, 1862, in one of the engagements of the Peninsular campaign. Mariah, another sister, was the wife of John Bear. The other members of the family are Annie, the widow of John B. Floyd; George, a stone mason, o' Bowmansdale, a soldier of the late war,
wounded at the battle of Antietam; Wil- liam H., the venerable father of the subject; Emily Jean, wife of Adam Beelman, of Chicago Junction, Ohio; Rachel, wife of Jerry Marret, a hotel-keeper of this place; and Thomas Latimer, a farmer of the State of Kansas. The father of Dr. Dougherty married Sarah, a daughter of Daniel Maust, who was originally of Lancaster county and a tailor by trade. The Mausts were an old and respected Lancaster German family. To that union there were born but one son, the subject. He received his primary education in the common schools and graduated from the High schoool in 1886. He then studied pharmacy and became a registered phar- macist, which profession he pursued for several years in Mechanicsburg. In the year 1888 he commenced the study of med- icine with Dr. J. H. Boyer, of Mechanics- burg. He graduated at the JefTerson medi- cal college, of Philadelphia, in 1891. Re- turning to Mechanicsburg he established himself in the practice of his profession which he has pursued ever since. He has built up a good and lucrative practice and has established an enviable professional reputation. He is a prominent member of the National, State and of the Cumberland County ATedical Society, being vice presi- dent of the latter. He is an esteemed mem- ber of the Patriotic Sons of America, a past officer of the Knights of St. John and Mal- ta, of the Star of Bethlehem, the American Mechanics and an F. & A. Mason. In poli- tics he is a Democrat, and was secretary of the Cumberland county committee in 1891- 1892. He was a member of the Board of Health in 1895, which position he resigned to accept the office of council- man of the city of his residence in 1896. On June 6, 1893, Dr. Dougherty was married t'T Gertrude M. Ritter, daughter of John H. Ritter, a merchant tailor, of Philadelphia.
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HOWELL WILLLA.MS, a member of the Welsh colony at West Bangor, is a son of William Richard and Mary (El- lis) Williams, and was born August 27, 1825, in Talyllyn parish. North Wales. He came to America in 1849. In his native country he had already acquired a thor- ough knowledge of every detail of the slate business and soon after his arrival in the United States he united himself with the Welsh colony at West Bangor and engaged in that business. He was first, however, located at Cincinnati. Shortly after his arrival at Delta he entered the employ of John Williams, a countryman who owned a slate quarry at West Bangor. Remain- ing in his service for a few years, he severed his connection with Mr. Williams, and with a number of other miners operated a quarry under contract for five years. With eight others he then formed a partnership under the firm name of John Humphrey and Company and engaged largely in the manu- facture of the slate of commerce. This business was continued 25 years and part of the product was regularly furnished to the Pennsylvania railroad company under contract, to whom they sold the quarry. All of the members of the firm are now dead except Mr. Williams. In a few years he and John Humphreys and Hugh C. Roberts bought the quarry back which they afterward sold to William C. Parry, when Mr. William.s retired from business, twelve years ago. Mr. Williams owns an interest in the Harford county quarry known as the Peach Bottom and Harford slate quarry.
In politics our subject is a Republican and has served several terms as burgess of Delta. Besides holding that important of- fice he has filled several terms as council- man. Like most of the Welsh people of the Delta district, he is of a Presbyterian faith and is a member of the Welsh Calvin- istic Methodist church in which he is an
elder. Mr. Williams is a fair type of his race, intelligent, industrious, prosperous and devoted to the cause of morals and Christianity.
December 8, 1869, he married Eleanor, a daughter of John and Elizabeth Thomas, natives of North Wales who came to the United States in 1849 and settled in Wau- kesha county, Wisconsin, where both died. Mr. and Mrs. Williams have two daughters living, Mary and Jennie, both at home.
SAMUEL GOTWALT, a representative of two old families of York county, was born in York, January 10, 1825, the son of Daniel and Susan (Rupp) Gotwalt. By both his paternal and maternal ancestry he is of German origin. His grandfather, Felix Gotwalt, was born in Conewago township, but died in Spring Garden town- ship, near York in 1819, aged 55 years. He was a farmer all his life. His wife was Christiana Wilt, who survived her husband forty years and died in Spring Garden township at the venerable age of ninety- five. They had a family of four sons and one daughter.
One of these sons was Daniel Gotwalt, the father of our subject. He was born in Manchester township, near York, Septem- ber 24, 1796, and died on the Plank Road farm in Spring Garden township, in August 1886, aged nearly ninety years. At the age of eighteen he began learning the carpenter trade with Peter Small, of York. This oc- cupation he followed until thirty-five years of age, when he began farming in Spring Garden township and continued that calling until old age compelled him to cease hard labor. He was a Lutheran in religion and for many years was elder of Christ Luther- an church. In politics he was a Whig as long as that party existed; and when it dis- solved he became a Republican. In Decem- ber, 1819, he married Susanna, a daughter
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of Christian and Christiana Rupp, a native of York county, by whom he had thirteen children: George F., Samuel, Daniel, David R., Benjamin, John J., Mary, and Susan- nah, eight of whom survived him.
Samuel Gotwalt, the subject of this sketch, was reared on his father's farm and educated in the common schools. Leaving school, he farmed for a few years and in 1842 took up carpentering and followed that occupation as a journeyman until 1872, when he became a contractor and builder and erected quite a number of houses while he pursued that business. He retired in 1893. Mr. Gotwalt is a director in the York County bank and has been connected with that institution in that capacity for over twenty years. In politics he is a Re- publican. He served one term of two years in the York Common Council, to which he was elected to represent the Fourth ward, a strong Democratic bailiwick. He is a member of Zion's Lutheran church and has served terms as deacon and warden. He has been a member of Mt. Zion Lodge, No. 74, L O. O. F., since 1846. He is also a member of Mt. Vernon Encampment, No. 18, of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- lows, and is now one of the oldest members of that organization in York.
November 3, 1851, he married Mary D., a daughter of Charles and Sarah Shultz Spangler, of York, by whom he had three sons and one daughter: Ida K., at home; Milton Spangler, a compositor in the Daily office; S. Horace, a druggist in the employ of Dr. Shearer; and Arthur C, a painter and paper hanger of Baltimore, Maryland.
JOHN McCOY, vice president of the York Card & Paper Company, is the son of Robert and Elizabeth (Wentz) McCoy, and was born in Philadelphia, Sep- tember 15, 1856. The McCoys are of Scotch-Irish ancestrv and came from the
north of Ireland. John McCoy, grand- father of our subject, emigrated to America from that section in 1830 and located in Philadelpha, where he died December 12, 1874, aged 75 years. He was a gardener and florist by occupation all his life. He took an active interest in both politics and religion — as a Whig and then a Republican in the former sphere and as a member and trustee of the First Presbyterian church in the latter. He married Miss Margaret Mc- Cay, and reared a family of 3 sons and a daughter.
Robert McCoy, father of our subject, was born in Philadelphia, December 3, 1838, and has always lived in that city, a plumber by occupation, a Republican in politics and a Presbyterian in religion. He married Elizabeth Wentz in May, 1855, and reared a family of four sons and four daughters. Two other daughters died 3'oung.
John McCoy obtained a good education in the ptiblic schools of Philadelphia, and then entered the mill of Howellin Brothers, Philadelphia, wall paper manufacturers, where he learned the business and remained twelve years. From this place he entered the employ of Janeway & Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey, as foreman and remained with that firm five years. Return- ing to Philadelphia he assumed charge of a similar business for A. A. Yerkes. Two or three years afterward he was transferred to York by Mr. Yerkes to take charge of his mill here, which he did in 1889. When Mr. Yerkes removed his business from York, Mr. McCoy remained and organized the York Card & Paper Company, becoming vice president and manager,- — positions which he has held ever since in connection with the flourishing business which has been built up. The plant of the company has become one of the largest in the coun- try. It employs 220 workmen, many of them skilled, and turns out about 14,000,-
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000 rolls of wall paper yearly. The capital stock is $100,000. Its product is shipped t(; all parts of the United States. Besides his connecticn with this business, Mr. Mc- Coy is interested in a clay mine operated by the York clay company, of which corpora- tion he has been secretary since its organi- zation in 1895. Mr. McCoy has followed in the footsteps of his fathers in politics and religion, being a Republican in one- faith and a Presbyterian, in the other.
In February, 1878, he married Miss Catharine Wallace Smith, a native of Scot- land, who came to America and became a resident of Philadelphia. They have three children: John Smith, attending Mercers- burg college in preparation for the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania classical and law courses; Elizabeth Wallace and Robert Douglas, students at the York Collegiate Institute. Mr. McCoy is distinguished for his thorough knowledge of the wall pa- per business and for the mastery of its details. In his home life he is social and genial and in his adopted town, in the few years he has lived there, he has made a most favorable impression upon the people who have come in contact with him.
ARTIN LUTHER EBERT, a re- tired business man of York, Pennsyl- vania, is a son of Henry and Sarah (Smy- ser) Ebert, and was born in the city in which he now resides on April 4, 1848.
The Ebert family is of German descent, Michael Ebert the original ancestor of the family in the United States, having emigra- ted from Wurtemburg, Germany, about the year 1742. Shortly after his arrival he came to York county and took up between six and seven hundred acres of land along the Codorus creek, starting from, or near what is known as the High Rock. The farms of Charles Smyser, Allen Ebert, Mar- tin Ebert, Martin Hoke and Albert Light-
ner all were originally incorporated in that tract. Michael Ebert had six sons and three daughters, whose names are as follows: Michael, Jacob, Jonas, Philip, Martin, Su- sanna, Anna Maria and Eve. Upon the death of Michael Ebert, senior, his eldest son, Michael, purchased two tracts of land at the appraised value of twelve thousand dollars, which a few years later he sold to his youngest brother Martin and with his family removed to Chambersburg, Frank- lin county. Pa. Philip lived on the farm now owned by Charles Smyser and at his death Martin bought the farm and became the owner of the whole tract. John moved up the river but subsequent history reveals nothing of his future movements. Jacob or Jonas, their is an uncertainty which, was accidentally killed while cutting timber. Martin married Anna Maria Smyser, a daughter of Mathias Smyser, by whom he had five sons and three daughters: George Martin, Daniel, Adam, Michael, Susanna, Anna Maria, and Helena. Adam, the grand- father of our subject, married Elizabeth Eyster and had two sons and two daugh- ters: Henry, Martin, Elizabeth and Sarah, the first born of whom is the father of Martin Luther.
Henry Ebert was born in the vicinity of York February 12, 1809, and died on March 28, 1884. He was a large farmer by occu- pation, a Republican in politics and a mem- ber of the Lutheran church. On February 12, 1835, he was joined in marriage with Sarah Smyser, a daughter of Jacob Smyser, by whom he had live children: Charles, Anna Maria, Henry A., Martin Luther and Sarah Jane. Charles A., married on No- vember 16, 1864, Laura Hofifman, of Bucyras, Ohio, and at present resides in Kansas City, Kansas. Anna Maria lives in '^ifork; Sarah Jane, the youngest, married Rev. Charles C. Lanius March 19, 1874, who died January 3, 1897. Henry A. mar-
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ried Mary A. Sceller, of Mount Joy, Pa., en June 17, 1870, and resides in York.
Martin Luther Ebert was reared in the vicinity of York on his father's farm and re- ceived his education in the York County Academy and at the Pennsylvania State College. At the age of twenty-two years he engaged in merchandising and remained in that business until 1884, at the end of which time he practically retired from ac- tive business. He now gives his attention to his real estate and other interests in the city of York and its immediate vicinity. He is president of the Standard Building and Loan Association, a director of the Central Market house and is connected with a num- ber of other minor projects. He is a Re- publican in politics, a member of the Luth- eran church and also of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, in which latter or- ganization he has been variously honored.
JOHN H. YEAGLEY, M. D., who has been a successful practitioner in York for over nineteen years, is a son of Dr. Henry and Sarah Dibert Yeagley and was born in Johnstown, Cambria county. Pa., October 13, 1852. He completed his liter- ary education in Victoria College, Coburg, Ontario. He was engaged in the drug busi- ness for five years, read medicine with his father, and entered Hahnneman Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1876 from which he was graduated in the class of 1878. Shortly after graduation he came to York, rapidly acquired a good practice, and has since continued to reside in that city. He is a practitioner of general medicine, has reached a creditable degree of prominence in his profession, and at the present writing is one of the leading physicians of the homeopathic school in York county. He holds membership in the Beaver Street Methodist Episcopal church, with which he has been connected for many years. On
April 29, 1891, Dr. Yeagley was joined in marriage with R. Elizabeth Buckingham, a daughter of John W. and Rebecca Buck- ingham, descendents of some of the oldest families of York and Adams counties.
Henry Yeagley, the grandfather of John H., was an early settler and farmer near Uniontown, Fayette county, Pennsylvania. He afterward moved to Connellsville, where he died. His son, Dr. Henry Yeagley, was born on the farm near Uniontown, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, his parents having moved there from New Jersey a short time before his birth. He inherited the German element from his father's side of the house, while on his mother's side the line of des- cent was English. His maternal grand- father bore the honored name of Lincoln, a descendant from the same stock from which the lamented President sprung. He practiced medicine for many years at Johnstown, and there associated with him- self in practice his two brothers, Benjamin and Andrew.
The following characterization of Dr. Henry Yeagley is taken from a well known medical journal: "Among the honored names of early and successful eclectic medi- cal men of recent times, that of Dr. Henry Yeagley is worthy of a conspicuous place. The popularity of eclecticism now in the section of the country where he labored in its interests, is an evidence of the success- ful manner in which he discharged the du- ties of a reformer. Thus it will be seen he was one of the pioneers in disseminating the principles of liberal ideas in the medical world. It must be remembered when he began to practice in 1848 the dominant school was using calomel and bloodletting, ad libitum, with results familiar to all with memories dating back that far. This irra- tional treatment has long since been aband- oned, and the credit of this and many other reforms is largely due to the leavening in-
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fluences of the homeopathic and eclectic schools of medicine." In 1876 he became a resident of Lancaster city, where he still continues the practice of his profession. He was appointed member of the State Eclectic Medical Examining Board by Governor Pattison, and reappointed by Governor Hastings. He is a Methodist religiously, and wedded Sarah Dibert, a daughter of John Dibert, of Johnstown, Pa. To Dr. and Mrs. Yeagley were born five children, John H., subject, Elizabeth, wife of John Shaub, shoe merchant of Lancaster, Pa.; Dibert Lincoln, farmer, of Kansas ; Rella, who was n'arried to Finley H. Torrens, of Pittsburg, Pa., and Dr. James M., now practicing with his father in Lancaster.
DR. JOHN W. DEHOFF, one of the most skillful and prominent physi- cians of York, is a son of John and Susan (Shamberger) DeHoff. He was born near Manchester, Carroll county, Maryland, on June 20, 1848. The Maryland branch of the DeHoff family is of French Huguenot des- cent, but for four generations its descend- ents have been identified with the history of York county. John DeHofif came from France prior to the Revolutionary war, in which latter he served as a brave and faith- ful soldier, and in the year 1800 built the house still standing on the old homestead farm in Carroll county, Maryland. Here he passed the waning years of his life. His son, Samuel, was the father of John De- Hofif, whose son, Dr. John W., is the sub- ject of this sketch. John DeHofif, like his father and grandfather before him, was a practical and successful farmer. He took unusual pride in educating his son, was a man of fine public spirit, and died at the age of 45 years. His wife survived him.
Dr. John W. DeHoff spent his boyhood days on the farm, received his education in Manchester Academy and Irving College,
and afterward pursued a business course at the Bryant and Stratton Business College, Baltimore, Maryland, from which he was graduated at the close of his course in the year 1867. Subsequently, he taught in the public schools of his native county for five years, and at the end of that period com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. Charles A. Geiger, of Baltimore. After completing the required course of reading he entered Hahnnemann Medical College and Hospital of Philadelphia, graduating in the year 1876. He first located, after re- ceiving his degree, at Union Bridge, Carroll county, Maryland, where he re- mained 14 years in the enjoyment of a lu- crative practice, and rose to a commanding position in his profession. In 1890 he de- cided to leave Union Bridge in order to secure better educational advantages for his children than were affo:ded at that place, and consequently came to York, whose in- stitutions of learning offered the advantages he sought. His success in York as a prac- titioner was equally pronounced and last- ing, and at the present time he is accounted one of its best citizens and most successful practitioners.
On May 26, 1870, Dr. DeHoff married Charlotte E. Shower, a daughter of Hon. Adam Shower, formerly judge of the or- phan's court of Carroll county for many years. Dr. and Mrs. DeHoff have four children: Dr. John Edmund, a graduate of Franklin & Marshall College, of Lancas- ter, Pennsylvania, and also a graduate of the Southern Homeopathic Medical College, Baltimore, Maryland, Mary Helen, (de- ceased), Leonora Kate, and George Wil- liam.
Dr. DeHoff is independent in politics, an elder in Grace Reformed church, of whose Sunday school he is superintendent, a mem- ber of the Masonic fraternity, and exhibits a marked degree of interest in all educa-
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tional, moral and religious afifairs. He is a member of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, has given special attention to the subject of gynecology, and is a thorough student of medical literature. He is a man of unusual courtesy and gentleness of manner, commanding personality and unblemished character.
CAPTAIN A. W. EICHELBERGER, one of the public-spirited citizens of Hanover, is a worthy representative of the old and honored Eichelberger family that has been resident in Pennsylvania for near- ly one hundred and fifty years. He is a son of Jacob and Maria (Wirt) Eichelberger, and was born at Hanover, York county, Pennsylvania, December 6, 1819. Captain Eichelberger is a descendant in the fourth generation from Philip Frederick Eichel- berger, who was a son of John and Maria Barbara Eichelberger, and was born April 17, 1693, at Itlingen near Sinsheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden afterward a state in the Confederation of the Rhine, and now a part of the German empire. He was mar- ried on November 11, 1714, to Anna Bar- bara Dorners, and upon preparing to leave Germany received from the au- thorities of Itlingen a testimonial of his good character and honorable standing which is dated May 11, 1728, and has been for several years in the possession of Edwin -S. Eichelberger, a great-great grandson and resident of Frederick, Maryland. Philip Frederick Eichelberger with his wife and four children and thirty Palatinate families, amounting in all to one hundred persons, on June 22, 1728, embarked at Rotterdam in the good ship "Albany" whose captain or shipmaster was Lazarus Oxham, and landed at Philadelphia, September 4, of the same year. For the next fifteen years there is no record to be found of Mr. Eichelber- ger but it is to be presiuned that he was
working at various places to procure the money with which on September 13, 1743, he purchased a land warrant from the Penns for 175 acres of land in Manheim township, Lancaster county, on which he settled, built a house and cleared out a good farm. Two years later he purchased 140 acres additional, and on April 28, 1761, pur- chased of Leonard Low, a land warrant for 220 acres in Manheim township, York county, on which he lived for a number of years. He died September 19, 1776, at Hanover aged 83 years, five months and two days. His remains now slumber in the old historic burying ground about one mile north of Hanover. Philip Frederick Eich- elberger was twice married, and the chil- dren by his first marriage were: Martin; Frederick ; Anna Margaret, married to Vin- cent KeifTer; Barbara, wife of Andrew Hoke; and Elizabeth who wedded Jacob Smyser. Martin, the eldest son, was prom- inently identified with the early history of York, being present when it was laid out and commissioned a court justice in 1760 under George III, in the first year of his long reign, and a justice of the peace under the State Constitution of 1776. He held lot No. 120, was an original member of the First Lutheran church at York, married, and died in 1781, leaving seven children: George, who was a high sherifif of York county from 1768 to 1771, served as a quar- ter master of the York Militia, was a mem- ber of the Provincial Convention of 1776, and died about 1781 ; Frederick was a large land holder, who died in 1824, at 84 years of age, leaving eight children: John, Thomas, Daniel, George, Bernard, William, Charles and Sarah; he served in the Revolu- tionary vi'ar, and was elected sheriff of York county in 1804, and afterward removed to Reisterstown, Maryland, where he died in 1832, aged eighty-nine years; Bernard of whom we have no account; Martin, served
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in the Revolutionary war, riding to Boston at 18 years of age, commanding the com- pany raised by Captain Nicholas, and serv- ing in the Wyoming campaign with credit and distinction; was weigh-master for 45 years at Baltimore where he died October 2, 1840, aged eighty-two years, leaving sev- eral children of whom Jesse was killed at Fort McHenry in 1814, and Otho W., was a prominent merchant of Baltimore, on Howard street, for over fifty years; Susanna became the wife of Daniel Barnitz ; and Mary who married William T. Coale. Of Frederick Eichelberger, the second and youngest son, and of Philip Frederick, the immigrant, nothing is known after his com- ing to this country with his father.
By the second marriage of Philip Freder- ick Eichelberger were born four children: Captain Adam, Leonard, Jacob Sr., (grand- father) and Lewis. Captain Adam Eichel- berger, commanded a company of York county associates during the Revolution, came into the possession, in 1776, of the homestead farm and mill in Manheim, now Heidelberg township, three miles east of Hanover, married Magdalena Bechtel, and died in 1787 aged forty-eight years, leaving eight children: Frederick, Michael, Sam- uel, Adam, Joseph, Salome and Magdalena; Leonard was a farmer, married Elizabeth Smyser and their children were: John, Mary, (Mrs. Barney Welty), Sarah (Mrs. Frederick Welty), Susan (Mrs. Lewis Shearer), Lydia (Mrs. Daniel Daily), and Elizabeth (Mrs. H. Richenbaugh) ; Hon. Jacob was a justice and ex-sheriff of York county, served in the legislature in 1807 and left three daughters: Eliza (Mrs. Dr. G. L. Shearer), Maria (Mrs. James McCosh), and Catharine (Mrs. Enoch Young); Hon. Frederick was a farmer and resident of Frederick City, Maryland, served in the Pennsylvania legislature from 181 5 to 181 7, and in the State Senate in 1819; married
Catharine Baker, and died leaving no chil- dren: George removed to Frederick county, Maryland, of which he was register of wills for thirteen years, married Sarah Grayson, and his sons were: Miles, Hon. Grayson (a State Senator and Secretary of State under Governor Grayson), Henry and Allan; Hon. John, was a farmer and justice of the peace, who served in the Pennsyl- vania legislature in 1825, and left two sons: John and Alexander. Jacob Eichelberger, Sr., was the grandfather of the subject of this sketch; Lewis Eichelberger lived and died in Adams county and left four chil- dren: Adam, and three daughters who are dead.
Jacob Eichelberger, Sr., was a farmer and hotel keeper of Hanover. He died in 181 1 and his remains were first interred in St. Matthews Lutheran graveyard from which they were subsequently removed to Mount Olivet cemetery. He married Anna Maria Reiniker. They had but one child, Jacob Eichelberger (father) who was born in 1775. He was a farmer,merchant and hotel keeper at Hanover for many years, and became ac- tive and prominent in the affairs of the bor- ough, and many leading enterprises of the county. He was the first president of the Maryland Line Turnpike company, and took an active part in organizing the Han- over Savings bank of which he became president in 1835. He was a careful and pru- dent business man, served ver)' acceptably as a bank president, and died in 1843, in the 68th year of his age. He was twice mar- ried. His first wife was Elizabeth Nace, who died and left three children: Louisa, wife of George Trone; Maria, married Ja- cob Young; and Elizabeth, who wedded ;\richael Barnitz. For his second wife he wedded, in 1806, Maria Wirt, who was a daughter of Christian Wirt, of Hanover. By his second marriage he had eight children: iMatthew, Jacob and Henry, who are de-
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ceased; Catharine; Maria, who wedded S. A. McCosh, and died in Georgia, in 1868; Captain A. W. ; Rufus, deceased, who was president of the Hanover Savings Fund So ciety ; Amanda, married A. F. Gitt, and died in 1871 ; and Amelia.
Captain A. W. Eichelberger was reared at Hanover received his education in the public schools, and served a three years ap- prenticeship to the carpenter trade with Conrad Moul, of Westminster, Maryland. He afterward, in 1843, paid a visit to his brother Jacob in Georgia, and while there arranged for the shipment of carriages and damask coverlets to that State, which busi- ness he continued for several years. He and his brother subsequently purchased the Wehadkee flour and saw mills of Alabama which were confiscated by the Confederates in 1861, but returned to him after the war. From 1845 to 1852 he spent his winters in the South looking after his business inter- ests there, and his summers at Hanover, where he had the supervision of his moth- er's property.
During this period he was elected captain of an infantry company of citizen soldiers called the "United Blues" which he drilled with great care. He also drilled a cavalry company known as the "'Fourth Dragoons." As a military officer he was a general fav- orite. In his early life he was a devoted Whig and in the political campaigns of 1844 and 1852 he went on the stump as a speaker. He is now a Republican. He is a regular attendant on the services of St. Mark's Lutheran church and a liberal con tributor to all objects of benevolence and charity. He is unmarried. Captain Eich- elberger, with three other public spirited citizens in 1872, presented to Hanover the beautiful fountain which adorns Centre Square and adds so much to the attraction of the town. He also with others has founded and made self-sustaining two acad-
emies, one of which bears his honored fam- ily name. Devoted during life to the dis- interested support of the right as God gives him to see the right, he is always to be found in the front rank of those who labor for the good of mankind. He takes a lively interest in the welfare of his native town, and is unqualifiedly popular among his neighbors and fellow-citizens.
r^ OL. JAMES A. STAHLE, late repre- V_y sentative of the 19th Congressional district in the National House of Represen- tatives, is a native of West Manchester township, where he was born January 11, 1830, the son of John and Sarah (Small) Stable, the latter a daughter of Major Ja- cob Small. Both the Stable and Small families are of German origin and for years have been very conspicuously identified with the counties of York and Adams.
John Stable served two terms as Register of York county and for many years as justice of the peace. He had twelve children: Jacob S. Stable, lawyer, dead; Hon. Ednian W. Stable, edi- tor, living; Catharine Stable, dead; Sarah Stable, living; James A. Stable, living. Henry J., who with our subject learned the trade of printer during an apprentice- ship of three years in the office of the York Gazette, and who at the age of twenty-one, bought the Gettysburg Compiler, which he conducted for about fifty years at the same time becoming very prominently identified with Democratic politics in Adams county and in the State; Wm. Stable, druggist, dead; Isabella Stable, dead; Mrs. Ellen Crawford, dead ; Virgnia Stable, dead ; Mrs. Franklin S. Weiser, dead; Henry I. Stable, dead.
Col. Stable acquired his education in the common schools and at the York County Academy, then under the leadership of Rev. Stephen Boyer, a prominent Pres-
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byterian minister and noted local edu- cator of his day. In 1847 Mr. Stable be- came an apprentice in the tailoring trade with Joseph Hursh in Rupp's building, Centre Square, and later became a member of the firm, which was known as Hursh and Stable. For several years they success- fully conducted a merchant tailoring estab- lishment on West Market street.
In 1858 Mr. Stable became the agent of the Adams Express company, at York, a position he held until his country called on him to take up arms in defense of the flag and for the preservation of the Union. Years of training in the Famous Worth In- fantry, a local military company, so thor- oughly drilled that it is said its peer was not to be found throughout the entire country, had eminently equipped our subject to take the active and distinguished part which he did from the outset almost to the close of the war. During the summer of 1861, when the full extent and gravity of the secession movement began to dawn upon the admin- istration, and it became evident to the mili- tary authorities at Washington that the struggle between the two sections would be bitter and prolonged, Thomas A. Scott, president of the Pennnylvania railroad com- pany and Assistant Secretary of War, in- spired the organization of a regiment re- cruited in the counties of Adams, Cumber- land and York, which at first was known as the Thomas A. Scott, but later as the 87th Regiment of Pennsylvania Infantry. Mr. Scott's purpose in organizing this regi- ment was to provide an adequate military body for the defense of the Northern Cen- tral railroad, which was an important line of communication and transportation be- tween the north and the City of Baltimore. The regiment was mustered into the ser- vice on August 24th, 1861, and at once pro- ceeded to guard duty along the Maryland end of the road.
After several month's service along the Northern Central railroad the regiment was transferred to the Army of West Virginia, where it remained during the summer and winter of '62, rendering able service in sup- pressing the guerillas under Imboden,Mos- by and other Confederate chieftains; and up until the advance of Lee's army north- ward in the invasion which culminated in the battle of Gettysburg. During that ad- vance the regiment took a conspicuous part in the engagements at Winchester in June,
1863, between the seven thousand Union troops under command of General Milroy and the Confederate division of forty-five thousand m.en under General Johnson. La- ter on the regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac and participated in Grant's campaign agamst Richmond. Capt. Stable had meanwhile become major and then lieutenant colonel of the regiment. He fought in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor, Bermuda Hun- dred, Weldon railroad, Wopping Heights and numerous minor engagements of this campaign. After this eventful career he was, with his regiment, transferred to Washington; and on the ninth day of July,
1864, engaged in the battle of Monocacy. The nineteenth day of September found him fighting gallantly in the battle of Opequan under the brave and dashing Sheridan. La- ter he was in the battle of Fishers' Hill, after which the regiment marched as far as Woodstock, Virginia, and thence to York, where, on October 13, 1864, Col. Stable and his comrades in the regiment were honor- ably discharged after a continuous and ac- tive service of three years and two months. At one period of his service the Colonel was temporarily in command of the 67th regi- ment Pennsylvania volunteer infantry, and also in charge of the brigade with which his regiment was connected.
Since the war the Colonel has become
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actively identified with the Grand Army and when the grand review took place at Wash- ington in 1892, he led his post, General John Sedgwick, No. 37, in the parade, as its commander. He is also a prominent mem- ber of the Union Veteran Legion and was Colonel of the York Encampment for one year.
His integrity as a man and his business ability were quickly recognized by the ad- ministration of the now lamented Lincoln, under whom he served as deputy collector of internal revenue for the Ninth district, which office he continued to hold through the admnistrations of Grant, Hayes, Gar- field and Arthur. In 1894, despite his ex- treme disinclination to abandon the quiet, domestic and tranquil life he led amid the peaceful surroundings of his country home near Emigsville, he was prevailed upon to accept the nomination for Congress on the Republican ticket. Identified as he had been with the preservation of the Union and equally as conspicuously with the church and agricultural interests of the dis- trict, there were few men who had the friends he could boast; and his nomination was followed by a great wave of enthusiasm which swept many of his political oppo- nents into earnest and avowed support of his candidacy. Though the district had frequently cast as high as five thousand Democratic majority, his popularity was so effective as to turn this into a Republican majority of two thousand five hundred.
The policy of the. Fifty-fourth Congress, it will be remembered, was intended to be from the outset one that would not need- lessly irritate the country's business inter- ests by the agitation of certain legislation which had marked the career of previous Congresses. Hewing close to the lines laid down by Speaker Reed at the beginning of the session, both as a code of dicipline and a policy for the majority. Col. Stable
took a quiet, yet thoroughly able and intel- ligent part in the deliberations and actions of its sessions. He was particularly court- eous in his attitude toward his constituents and despite the numerous demands made upon his time and services, he gave dili- gent attention to such interests as they en- trusted to his care or in which they soli- cited his assistance. His record was such, coupled with his popularity and the desire of the people of the district, as to have commanded his re-nomination; and his county took steps to accomplish that by enthusiastically endorsing him and accord- ing him the privilege of selecting the dele- gates to the district conference. This was a time, however, of great confusion in Re- publican State politics, the ramifications of which extended into every school district in the State and produced conditions which, though in no sense personally prejudiced to the Colonel, made it impossible for his friends to control a united or harmonious conference and accomplish his nomination. Besides, the district had a fight of its own upon the basis of apportioning delegates among the several counties and this served to further complicate matters. Therefore, when the conference met at Hanover, 1896, it hardly opened before a split occured. The delegates of Adams and Cumberland held a separate session, refused to partici- pate with those from York, and nominated Frank A. Hollar, who was recognized by the State department as the regular nomi- nee. Colonel Stahle's friends were not sat- isfied that the outcome was the most de- sirable or that their candidate's rejection was entirely honorable, in view of his rec- ognized availability; and shortly after steps were taken to place him in the field as an independent candidate. This was accom- plished by circulating nomination papers which were very numerously signed by the Republicans, particularly of York county.
Eng'dved D^ J R Rioe 5 Sons
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and in portions of Cumberland where they were circulated. After remaining in the field for some time and as it became appar- ent that the differences between the two ends of the district could not be harmon- ized, Col. Stable came out in a letter of withdrawal in which he stated that he thought it best to afford the friends of sound mone)' an opportunity to unite and preserve the district to that cause. He himself did all he could toward that end; but in the succeeding election the district was carried by the Democratic candidate.
Mr. Stable is and has been for the past twenty-five years an active member and earnest worker in the United Brethren church. He was one of the originators of the Emigs' Grove Camp-meeting Asso- ciation and of its successor, the Penn Grove Association. He was for several years a trustee of Lebanon Valley College, at Ann- ville; and is at present a trustee of the Aged Peoples' Home of the United Brethren church, at Mechanicsburg. He has been actively engaged in Sunday school work for years and is president of the Sun- day School Union of the townships of Con- ewago, Dover, Manchester, West Man- chester and East Manchester and of Man- chester borough. In the past twenty years he has in his Sunday school work traveled more miles than would be required to girdle the earth. Mr. Stable was instru- mental in the building of the United Breth- ren churches at Manchester and Hellam: and the Centre Square church in Manches- ter township is an outgrowth of a Sunday school organized by him.
The Colonel has always been interested in agricultural and horticultural pursuits. His ability has been recognized by the foremost men in the agriculture of the State, who have caused him to use pen and tongue in demonstrating the benefits of farming by improved methods. At present
he is a member of the executive board of the Mount Gretna Agricultural and Me- chanical Association; is a life member of the York County Agricultural Society, of which he has twice been an officer for sev- eral years; and was twice honored by Gov- ernor Pattison with appointments as dele- gate to the National Farmers' Congresses which met at Savannah, Georgia, and at Parkersburg, West Virginia. He has always been in close touch with the State Board of Agriculture. Colonel Stable is still the possessor of the honorable title, "tiller of the soil," and daily manages his farm in Manchester township. Personally he is one of the most agreeable men in York county, hospitable to an unusual degree and always full of reminiscences of earlier times, politics and war which could find no more delightful narrator than he. His friendship is cherished by those to whom it is accorded and no man in the district pro- bably has a larger or more devoted follow- ing than Col. Stable. At the present time, when speculation is already rife concern- ing the next Congressional nomination, his name is prominently mentioned for the honor.
Mr. Stable was married three times. His first wife was Mary, daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth Spangler. They had five children; Mrs. Stable died in July 1865. Mr. Stable's second wife was Catharine Beltz, daughter of Charles Beltz, and by whom he had three children; Mrs. Stable died in June 1890. In december 1894 he married Anna, daughter of the late Jacob Gartman. To that union has been born one child, Cornelia Anne Stable.
TOHN LINDNER, JR., the head of the large and prosperous Lindner Shoe Company interests, is a native of Newark, New Jersey, where he was born November 22, 1857. He is the son of
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John, St., and Sophia M. Lindner; and is of German ancestry.
Mr. Lindner's father is a native of Ried- enhausen, Ober-Franken, Germany, and was born in 1820 at the old family resi- dence in that town where generations of sturdy old burgers of the Stadt had pre- ceded him. He was a son of Henry and Elizabeth Lindner, who were natives and life-long residents of Riedenhausen. The former was employed in the Government postal service of Unter-Franken all his ac- tive life, having entire charge of the postal service of the provinces.
John Lindner, Sr., was educated in the subscription schools of his native town and upon the completion of his education, en- tered the employ of his father in the capa- city of a clerk. Subsequently he became treasurer of the Beickeburg Brewing Com- pany, a position he filled until 1848, when he married and emigrated to America. Mr. and Mrs. Lindner located in Newark, New Jersey, where they still reside enjoying the comforts and ease of a well-spent life, the former in his seventy-eighth and the latter in her seventy-seventh year (1897). Here Mr. Lindner engaged in the manufacture of clothing and attained an eminent degree of success in the calling. Politically, in his adopted country, he affiliated with the Re- publican party: in religion he was a Luth- eran. His marriage with Sophia M.. a daughter of Adolph Dormhurst, of Beicke- burg, resulted in the birth of three chil- dren: Frederick W., a furniture dealer of Louisville. Ky. ; Elizabeth B., the wife of Frederick Heilman, superintendent of the Waltham Manufacturing Company, Walt- ham, Mass.; and John W., our subject.
John Lindner, Jr., now a resident of Carlisle, Pa., where the Lindner Shoe Works are located, was born in the resi- dence where his father, long since retired from active business, has resided ever since
he came to America. His education, con- sisting of a general knowledge of the vari- ous branches of study and a business train- ing, was acquired in the public schools of Newark, and in the New Jersey Business college. After abandoning his studies he entered the employ of Bannister & Tich- ner, shoe manufacturers, of Newark, N. J., where he successfully acquired a thorough practical knowledge of all the details of the shoe business. In 1882 he connected himself with the firm of Reynolds Broth- ers, Utica, New York, and later managed successfully the Port Jervis, New York, factory for the same firm. Six years later he came to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, as gen- eral manager and superintendent of the Carlisle Shoe company. His management was very successful and demonstrated his eminent capabilities in this department of manufactures. From a small factory, making two hundred pairs of shoes a day, after being established about twenty years, Mr. Lindner, in three years' time, devel- oped it to a point where its output was in- creased seven fold and made it at the time one of the largest and best paying shoe factories in the country. In 1892 he or- ganized the Lindner Shoe company, of which he is the head and general manager. He made his company the most successful industry in the Cumberland Valley and the largest in Cumberland county, employing three hundred hands all the year round and paying its stockholders nine to ten per cent, each year. Mr. Lindner's policy has always been to protect the interests of the stockholder wherever he is interested. He has no love for the methods generally em- ployed by corporations. Mr. Lindner is an expert judge on raw materials and finished products and personally superintends the selection of stock as well as the details of the ofifice and mechanical departments, and it is mainly to him, his energetic efforts
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and practical experience that the unparal- leled success of the company is attribut- able. The management is creditable and commendably liberal in its policy toward its employees; creditable, from the circum- stance that it is managed so as to secure to its employees work and wages the year round, through dull seasons as well as busy; liberal from the fact that of its three hundred employees, all but a few errand bo)'s and messengers are adults and receive a just and fair compensation. The factory is one of the best equipped in the country, and is so constructed as to conserve the comfort and health of the employees as fully a? possible. Its output is from one thousand to twelve hundred pairs per day. The goods produced are hand-turns and welts, Goodyear turns and welts and Mc- Kay sewed shoes and Oxford ties and all the latest styles of lasts and colors.
Mr. Lindner is one of Carlisle's best known, most popular, progressive and public spirited citizens and in politics is a Republican, though not in the general ac- ceptation of the term a politician; nor has he ever been an aspirant for political honors or preferment. But he has always taken a prominent and intelligent interest in pub- lic affairs and good government in local, State and national administrations. He is a believer in protection principles, is an enthusiastic member of the Manu- facturers' Qub, of Philadelphia, and an ar- dent adherent of President AfcKinley. Be- ing a native of Newark, New Jersey, he is quite well acquainted with Vice President Hobart and during the campaign which re- sulted in the election of the present admin- istration he organized and equipped the Lindner Light Guards, who carried oiT the honors for their fine appearance in the various towns where they participated in parades.
Mr. Lindner at the present time is serv-
ing as president of the Mechanics' Build- ing and Loan Company, where all the pro- fits go to the poor man who borrows money to build a home, the non-borrowers receiving legal interest instead of giving the non-borrowers all the profits made bv borrowers. This institution has been in ex- istance for about twenty years and is oper- ated very successfully.
In 1884 Mr. Lindner was married to Ma- tilda B., a daughter of C. W. Metz and Ma- tilda B. Metz, by whom he has had one child, J. Austin. Mr. and Mrs. Lindner are both members of the Lutheran church. Their home is in a beautiful residence, sur- rounded by trees, shrubbery and flowers, on corner of Louther St. and College Ave. In it are copies of a number of rare and valuable paintings, masterpieces of many of the most celebrated artists of ancient and modern times, and evidences of cultivated taste, culture and refinement.
TACOB HAY, M. D., one of the oldest and most honored physicians of York, is a son of Dr. Jacob Hay, Sr., and Sarah (Beard) Hay, and was born in the city of York, Pennsylvania, August 3, 1833. The Hay and Beard families were among the original colonial settlers west of the Susquehanna river and have been both prominent and conspicuous in the early and more recent history of the State. The Hay family is of Scotch origin, and the derivation of their name is attributed by ClifTord Sims in his "Origin and Signifi- cance of Scottish sirnames" to an incident which transpired about the year 980 and in the reign of Kennett III. of Scotland. The Danes having invaded Scotland were encountered by Kennett near Clancarty, in Perthshire. At the first clash, the Scotts gave way and fled through a narrow pass where they were stopped by a countryman of great courage and his two sons, who
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had no other weapons than the yokes of their plows. The old man upbraided the fu- gitives for cowardice and rallied them so that, turning upon the Danes they defeated them and compelled them to fiy. After the victory the old man was found lying on the ground and wounded, crying "hay! hay!" which became the sirname of his poster- ity. As a reward for his service the King gave the brave old Scotchman a portion of the best land in the country. The extent of this tract was to be as much as a falcon should fly over before alighting on the ground. The bird that was released flew over an extent of ground six miles in length and alighted on a stone which con- tinues to this day to be known as the Fal- con Stone. As a further reward the King ennobled the familyand assigned as its arms a device of three shields or escutcheons, signifying that the father and two sons were three fortunate shields for Scotland.
The land referred to was in the famous Cowrie district, the very garden spot of Scotland. It has been said that "none of the name have ever been known to submit gracefully to a defeat, except when they could not help it." Certain it is, that pluck fortitude, gallantry and other noble quali- ties have often in succeeding generations exemplified the striking characteristics of the family.
John Hay, great-great-grandfather of our subject, was born in Alsace, then in France, about 1733. He emigrated to America and was naturalized, 1760, in the county of York. He was one of the pro- vincial magistrates; a commissioner of the county from 1772 to 1775: a member of the committee of correspondence to send aid to the people of Boston in 1774! was chosen a member of the committee of safe- ty for York county, December 16, 1774; was made treasurer of that committee and was re-elected a member for one year on
November 3, 1775; and was a delegate to the provincial convention held in Philadel- phia, January 23, 1775. During the war between the colonies and the mother coun- try he served as first Jieutenant of the In- dependent Light Infantry Company, com- manded by Captain George Irwin, which was a part of the first battalion of York county, and of Colonel James Smith's bat- talion of Associators. He was elected a member of the State convention in 1775, and was a delegate to the provincial con- ference to form an independent govern- ment which met at Carpenter's Hall, Phil- adelphia, June 18, 1776; and also to the convention of July 15, 1776, which met at Philadelphia to frame the first constitution of that city. In 1776 Mr. Hay served as first lieutenant of Captain William Baily's company and marched with his comrades to form the flying camp in Eastern New Jersey. He was appointed sub-lieutenant for York county, March 12, 1777, and re- signed to accept the office of treasurer in 1778, a position which he filled almost un- interruptedly until 1801. During the years of 1 779- 1 782- 1 783- 1 784, he served as a member of the Assembly of Pennsylvania. Subsequent to 1776, he had been appoint- ed sub-lieutenant of York county with the rank of lieutenant colonel and, as resi- dent military officer in the continental ser- vice, he had charge of the organization, equipment and destination of the York county troops. His name appears in the list of those entitled to pay for service in the militia. He died in April 1810. His son, Jacob Hay, grandfather of our subject, was born in Scotland, and during the Rev- olution, served as a corporal in Moylan's cavalry regiment. He became a successful merchant and justice of the peace at York. His son, Dr. Jacob Hay, Sr., was a gradu- ate of Princeton college, read medicine with the celebrated Dr. John Spangler,
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and after graduating at the University of Maryland, in medicine, practiced his pro- fession for more than a half century in York county. He was active and promi- nent as a citizen as well as successful and influential as a physician. He served as president of the York bank for a number of years, was a devoted friend of education and for a long term of years was a trustee of the York County Academy. The date of his birth was 1801 and of his death April 29, 1874. He married Sarah Beard, a daughter of George Beard, who in early days settled in Spring Garden township, where he secured his title to a large tract of land through the exchange of a pick and shovel to the Indians then dominant in this section of the county. He subsequently fol- lowed farming and milling to good advan- tage and with profitabe results. Mrs. Hay died July 24, 1874, aged 70 years, leaving to survive her a family of eight children: Dr. John, deceased; Mary E., widow of Rev. J. A. Brown, D. D., one time presi- dent of the Lutheran Theological seminary at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Caroline; Louisa, widow of W. H. Davis; Dr. Jacob, subject; William, a graduate of Pennsyl- vania college, and member of the York County Bar, deceased; Henry and Sarah, both deceased.
Dr. Jacob Hay grew to the years of ma- turity in York, obtained his literary educa- tion in the York County Academy, and at 19 years of age, after the usual preliminary preparation, entered the medical depart- ment of the University of Maryland, Bal- timore, from which he was graduated in the class of 1854. After his return from Balti- more he commenced the practice of his profession and soon advanced himself to a position of respect and prominence in his fraternity. This position has been emi- nently sustained through his subsequent professional career. No one is held in
higher esteem either as a citizen or medical practitioner than is Dr. Hay. He is a member of the County, State and National Medical Associations, in each of which he is held in regard as a valued member. He is president of the York and Susquehanna Turnpike Company, and for the past 18 years has served as director in the York National Bank. When the city of York was still in its boroughhood, he was elected a member of the school board, and to a place in its council, and when tTie honors of cityhood came, he was still retained as an advisor of unusual wisdom and care in the educational and municipal affairs of the community. Dr. Hay is a Knight Templar Mason and in politics has long been an in- telligent supporter of the Republican party. He is a member of St. Paul's Lutheran church, is philanthropic in spirit and was one of the first advocates of the establish- ment of the York City Hospital and Dis- pensary.
In 1865, Dr. Hay married Catharine Louisa Elizabeth Smyser, a daughter of Joseph Smyser, and a descendant of Ma- thias Smyser, who came from Wurtenberg, Germany, in 1731. The Smyser family is one of the noted historic families of York county, and has been fully traced in connec- tion with other sketches in this volume. Dr. and Mrs. Hay, have five children: Sarah Ellen, wife of Francis A. Stevens, of New York city; Lucy Kate; Catharine Smyser; Joseph Smyser and Jacob.
SS. NEELY, Attorney-at-Law and a • citizen of Gettysburg, is a son of J. Cassat and Alice (Schmucker) Neely, and was born in that borough on April 7th, 1866. He is of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His paternal grandfather was Col. James L. Neely, who was born in Tyrone township, Adams county, Pa., February 20th, 1801. His great-grandfather, James Neely, was
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born in Adams county and was a farmer throughout life. His great-great-grand- father, Samuel Neely, came from the North of Ireland and settled in Adams county in 1730. He took up a large tract of land and named it Tyrone, after his native county in Ireland. S. S. Neely's paternal grandfather's children were Mary J., Mar- garet, Josephine, J. Cassat and J. Upton. On his maternal side the grandfather was Rev. Samuel S. Schmucker, D. D., first president of the Theological Semin- ary at Gettysburg, who continued to be President for nearly 40 years, and was, for many years, at the head of the Lutheran Church in the United States. Col. James L. Neely was a candidate for the Legisla- ture in 1854, but was defeated by the Know Nothing movement. J. Cassat Neely was educated at Pennsylvania College; gradu- ated in 1856; studied law with Hon. D. McConaughy, and was admitted to the Bar in 1859. He was in continuous practice until the dav of his death. May 2Tst, 1894. In poh'tics he was a Democrat. He served as District Attorney for 6 years for Adams county, and was Internal Revenue Collec- tor during President Jackson's Adm.inistra- tion. He was a gentleman of high char- acter: a consistent member of the Presby- terian church of Gettysburg, and one of its trustees for a num.ber of years. He was highly and honorably esteemed by all who knew him. His children were S. S., our subject; James L. ; deceased; Mary C, and Sarah C. His wife is still living. He and our subject were in partnership 6 j'ears be- fore he died. He was very obliging and had a multitude of friends and left behind him a reputation of which his descendents may well be proud. S. S. Neely, the sub- ject of this biography, was educated at Pennsylvania College in Gettysburg and was a member of the Class of 1885. He read law with his father and was admitted
to the Bar April 7th, 1888, entering at once into partnership with his father and remain- ing with him until the latter's death. Since that time he has conducted the practice alone. In politics he is a Democrat. He was appointed State Statistical Agent for the Department of Agriculture in May, 1892, and is now agent for the States of Penn- sylvania and New York. He was married to Agnes White Chaney of Allegheny, Pa., May 15th, 1894. They have one child, Martha Booth. Mr. Neely is a member of Good Samaritan Lodge, No. 336, F. & A. M., of Gettysburg, Pa.
HON. SAM'L McCURDY SWOPE, President Judge of the Adams-Ful- ton judicial district and a resident of Get- tysburg, .Adams county, was born in the latter borough October 4, 1850, the son of John A. and Nancy fMcCurd}') Swope, both natives of Adams county. On his father's side he is of German ancestry and on his mother's side of Scotch-Irish des- cent. .Adam Swope, grandfather of our subject, was among the early settlers of Adams county and by occupation a tanner. Mr. Swope's father, John A. Swope. was born in Gettysburg and received an ordin- ary school education. Being a man of nat- urally strong and bright mind and a great reader, he became an intelligent and promi- nent citizen of Gettysburg, where he follow- ed the business of saddle-tree making. Dur- ing the anti-slavery agitation he became one of the original abolitionists in Adams county, and a bitter opponent to that bale- ful institution. He died in Gettysburg in October 1880, at the age of sixty-five years. His wife was Nancy McCurdy, a daughter of James McCurdy and Martha (Moore) McCurdy, and their marriage resulted in the birth of four children: James Adam, Lydia Jane, Samuel McCurdy and John Franklin.
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Our subject was the third child. He grew to manhood in Gettysburg, mean- while passing through the public schools of the town. With the intention of entering the legal profession he became a student at Pennsylvania college, at Gettysburg, and there graduated in the class of 1872. Two years afterward he entered the office of Hon. David Wills, of Gettysburg, with whom he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1876. Two years later he was ad- mitted to practice before the supreme court of the State.
Mr. Swope twice filled the office of dis- trict attorney before becoming judge. The first time in 1879 and the second time in 1882. Although a candidate of- the minority party, the Republican, he was not only twice elected, but the second time without opposition. In 1894 he was nomi- nated on the Republican ticket for judge of the Adams and Fulton district and was elected by a large majority, thus on three occasions establishing evidence of a pro- nounced and unusual popularity. In reli- gion Judge Swope is a Presbyterian and holds the office of elder in the Presbyterian church at Gettysburg. In 1876 he mar- ried Anna Kate, a daughter of William and Mary Bentz Stair, of York, Pennsylvania, and to that marriage have been born four children: Marion, James Donald, Mary Stair and Amy McCurdy, the latter three of whom are now living.
JOHN W. HELLER, a leading attor- f ney-at-law and a politician of promi- nence in York county, was born at Franklin, Pendleton county, Va., October 24th, 1838. His parents were Rev. Jeremiah and Eliza (Fisher) Heller. The Hellers trace their American ancestry back into colonel times when members of the family came hither from Germany. The father of Jeremiah Heller was an Adams county far-
mer who reared quite a large family. They have all been people of medium size, of hardy constitution and long lived; and have engaged in a wide range of pursuits.
John W. elected to be a lawyer and laid the foundation of his education in the schools of Ohio and Pennsylvania. It was in the former State that he studied law and in 1863 he was admitted to the Bar in Fre- mont, Ohio. He served three months in the late civil war as a member of Company F., 8th Ohio Volunteers. In 1865 he came to York county and was admitted to the Bar February 13th of that year, from which time he has resided here and has built up a large and lucrative practice. He served one term as district attorney and has been at various periods counsel to the County Commissioners, the board of poor directors and the county auditors. He is a member of the Improved Order of Red Men and of the Heptasophs. Mr. Heller is a very ac- tive member of the Democratic party and has been a familiar figure in its county conventions and standing committees. He m.arried Ella J., daughter of Jesse Engle, deceased, and has reared four sons and two daughters: Thomas E., clerk; George, a machinist: John W., law student; Harry T., telegraph operator; Sallie E., and Fran- ces Louise.
Thomas Engle Heller is at present serv- ing his second term as clerk to the commis- sioners of York county. He was born in 1868, grew to manhood and obtained his education in the public schools, supple- menting this with a business training at the National College of Commerce, Phila- delphia. He has been largely identified with clerical work, principally in the county offices. His present is the only elective public office he has ever held and he ob- tained his second nomination to it unop- posed. He has been a firm believer in the principles of the Democratic party and has
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served with distinction in the councils of his party. Upon the organization of the Young Men's Democratic Society he ident- ified himself with it and has worked vigor- ously for the advancement of its interest ever since, serving one term as its presi- dent. He holds membership in York Lodge, Benevolent Protective Order of Elks; Crystal Lodge, Knights of Pythias; Keystone Conclave of Heptasophs; Chosen Knights Commandery, Knights of Malta; and the Rex Hook and Ladder Truck Company. Mr. Heller is affable, courteous and industrious in the discharge of his dut- ies and has won deserved popularity in and out of office.
HON. JAMES W. LATIMER, one of the leading lawyers of the York County Bar, and former law judge of the courts of York county, was born in West Philadelphia June 24, 1836. He is of Scotch-Irish and French Huguenot des- cent. His great-grandfather and two sons were soldiers in the war for Independence and the British commanders offered a re- ward for their capture, dead or alive. When Mr. Latimer was but two years of age his parents removed to York county, and he was consequently brought up and educated in his adopted county. He attended the York County Academy under the princi- palship of Professor George W. Ruby, Ph. D., and Professor Daniel M. Ettinger, and after the completion of a good English and classical education began the study of law with the late Edward Chapin, Esq. He was admitted to the bar of York county on July 5, 1859, and has been in the active practice of his profession since that time with the exception of ten years as incumbent of the law judgeship of York county.
Mr. Latimer was united in marriage with Anne Helen Fisher, a daughter of the Hon. Robert J. Fisher, of York.
Politically Judge Latimer is a stanch Re- publican and has always given his party in- telligent and substantial support but has persistently held himself aloof from parti- san politics. On October 13, 1885, he was elected additional law judge ofYork county and served with entire capability until Jan- uary 1886, when he was succeeded by Hon. W. F. Bay Stewart. He is now the senior partner in the well known legal firm of Latimer & Schmidt.
HON. HARVEY W. HAINES, mem- ber of the State Senate, from the Twenty-eighth Senatorial District (York county) is a resident of Windsor township, York county, Pa., but by birth a native of Columbiana county, Ohio, where he was born October 11, 1838, the son of Charles and Barbara (Funk) Haines. The Senator is of German origin.
Henry Haines, who was the grandfather of Harvey W. Haines, was a native of Phil- adelphia, where he was born in 1785. He remained in the city of his birth until 1814, when he removed to Windsor township, York county, and began farming, an oc- cupation which engrossed his time and at- tention up to the time of his death in 1850. Previous to his removal from Philadelphia Mr. Haines married Phoebe Trautman, an estimable young German woman, who had emigrated to America with her parents from the Fatherland. This excellent lady bore him ten children: Charles, the father of our subject, being born in Windsor township in 181 5. The elder Haines was a man of pronounced judgment. In poli- tics he was one of the most active men, locally, in his party, the Democratic; but he never aspired beyond the minor, yet honorable positions of trust with which the people of the community honored him. He was a fervent Qiristian and of the Meth- odist faith.
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Charles Haines, the father of our sub- ject, was reared on his father's farm in Windsor township and when old enough, was apprenticed to learn carpentering, which he followed for many years with great success. In 1835 he married Barbara, a daughter of Martin Funk, of Lancaster county. Pa., and moved to Ohio, where Harvey W. was born. Life in the Buck- eye State did not prove as congenial, how- ever, as York county could make it, and Mr. Haines returned to his old home about 1840. He settled down to farming in 1852 and made that his occupation ever after- ward. He is still living on his farm in Windsor township; but Mrs. Haines has been dead for some time. In politics he is a Democrat and the campaigns in which he contributed actively to that party's cause would make a long list. Religion has also found him active in response to its de- mands. He is a member of the Evan- gelical Church. Mr. Haines is the father of four daughters and three sons: Mary A., deceased; Harvey W., our subject; Sarah J., who married J. B. Baughman, of York; George W., of Chicago; Louisa, de- ceased; Charles F., of Philadelphia; and Agnes, who married Dwight Lee, of Col- orado.
Harvey W. Haines was educated for the profession of teaching, first pursuing the ordinary common school course in his na- tive township, and then a professional course at the Millersville State Normal School. Leaving the latter institution he began teaching at the age of 18 and for twenty- five years followed that calling in York and Lancaster counties and in Baltimore, Md. In 1880 he relinquished teaching and located in Windsor township on the farm which is his present home. It is a fine tract of fertile land of one hundred acres extent and Mr. Haines has put it in a high state of cultivation. Besides being
thoroughly practica.l in his methods he possesses a fair knowledge of the scientific aspect of farming and utilizes it judiciously in the production of fine crops.
In politics Mr. Haines is recognized as cne of York county's sturdiest Democrats. He is always active in behalf of his party's candidates and measures and has been re- warded several times by election to lead- ing offices. His first election to the Leg- islature was as a representative in the House in the session of 1889-91. There he made a record for honest and intelli- gent service. Taxation was one of the leading subjects considered at that session and Mr. Haines gave the matter of equal- izing its burdens serious and thoughtful attention. He advocated the measure drafted under that title with the design of effecting the desired reform; and gained quite a reputation through his earnest ef- forts. Mr. Haines was well placed in the matter of committees, by being assigned to those on agriculture and education. Upon the expiration of his term he re- turned to farming. In 1895 he was elected to the State Senate by his party, being one of the six successful Senatorial candidates to be elected that year by the Pennsylvania Democracy. In the sessions since his election, the Senator has taken a conspic- uous and able part in legislation and today he is one of the leading men of the party in the State. In his personal bearing, the Senator is affable and companionable, his integrity is strict and incorruptible, and he is looked up to with respect and esteem everywhere through York county.
In 1871 Mr. Haines was married to Mary E., a daughter of David and Anna Mary Leber, of Windsor township. Mr. Leber and wife are both dead. They have five children living: Reuben M., married to Mary Bentz, of York; Charlotte A., wife of Reuben Hengst, of Baltimore; Melinda
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E., wife of Alfred Hauser, of Hellam town- ship; Sarah Jane, wife of Eli Strickler, of Wrightsville ; and Mary E., the wife of Sen- ator Haines.
Senator Haines and wife have two chil- dren: Florence L. and Horace B. Flor- ence L. is home with her parents and Hor- ace B. is away at school. Senator Haines is a member of the F. and A. M.
REV. JACOB O. MILLER, D. D., the venerable and honored pastor of Trinity First Reformed church, of York, is a son of Jacob and Anna Mary (Ott) Miller, and was born in Woodstock, Shenandoah county, Virginia, December 30, 1822. He is a member of that sterling German Pro- testant element infused into the eastern part of Pennsylvania through religious per- secution in Europe during the 17th and i8th centuries. One of the refugees from religious persecution in Alsace, France, was Jacob Mueller, the ancestor of our subject. He first fled from Alsace in France, and was driven by the Huguenot persecutions to seek a home more in harmony with his religious ideals. He found a home tempo- rarily beyond the Rhine, by the Hartz Alountains. The grandfather of our subject came to this country, locating in Berks county, Pennsylvania, where he lived and died in Reading. By occupation he was a miller, and during the Revolutionary war served under Washington as a brigade commissary, and at one time had charge of supplying the garrison at Mineral Springs, near Reading, where some of the Hessian prisoners, taken at the battle of Trenton, were kept in surveillance. He was a mem- ber of the Reformed church, and married Miss Hallacher, of Germantown, Pennsyl- vania, who, sometime prior to their nuptials, came from Germany. Their family con- sisted of two sons and four daughters. One of the sons, Colonel John Miller, represen-
ted Berks county in the State Senate, and the other Jacob H. Miller, the father of Rev. Dr. Miller, was a hatter by trade and carried on his craft successively at Read- ing, Hagerstown, Maryland, and Wood- stock, Virginia. From the latter place he returned to Reading in 1827, and retired from active business in 1830. During the war of 1812 he had served as orderly ser- geant of a company of riflemen, and during the period of his service was detailed for duty at the defense of Richmond, Virginia. He was bom February nth, 1775, and died i860, and his remains now rest in the Charles Evans cemetery of Reading. He was officially connected with the Reformed church and united in marriage with Anna Mary Ott, in Hagerstown, Md., July 30, 1797, by whom he had 11 children: John; William, one time assistant United States Marshal at Philadelphia; Philip; Colonel Alexander, connected for several years with the treasury department at Harris- burg, and afterward prominent in the poli- tics of the State of Ohio; Howard; Rev. Jacob O. ; and two sons who died in early life; the daughters were Elizabeth, Matilda and Caroline, all of whom grew to maturity and were married.
Rev. Jacob O. Miller spent his early boy- hood at Woodstock, Virginia, and Read- ing, Pennsylvania, being but five years of age when his parents returned to the latter place. He received his elementary educa- tion in the common schools, and at the age of 16 years began life as a teacher. After teaching a couple terms, he prepared him- self for college in private schools, and in 1845 entered the Sophomore class in Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pennsyl- vania, from which institution of learning he was graduated in 1848. He was valedic- torian of the largest class in the history of the college. Immediately after graduation he entered the Reformed Theological Sem-
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inary at Mercersburg, finishing his course in philosophy and theology in 1850. Oc- tober 13, in the same year, he was Hcensed to preach, and ordained to the ministry of the gospel in the Reformed church at Mar- tinsburg, Virginia. He received his first call to the Reformed church of Winches- ter, Virginia, as a missionary and remained its pastor until January i, 1853, when he received and accepted a call to the First Reformed church of the city of York, the title of which was changed some years later to that of "Trinity First Reformed church." Under Dr. Miller's long and useful pastor- ate his church has increased greatly in nu- merical strength, as well as widened its field of Christian effort, by organizing out of its membership other congregations.
On August 30, 1854, Rev. Dr. Miller was married to Augusta Virginia L. Mc- Chesney, a daughter of Dr. John McChes- ney, a prominent physician, of Augusta county, Virginia. To their union have been born four children: William A., a lawyer by profession, and ex-District At- torney, of York county; Taylor McChes- ney; Mary O., intermarried with Clayton J. Wallace, a wholesale shoe merchant of York ; and a son, John, who died in infancy.
Rev. Dr. Miller has been a life-long Democrat, but has never exhibited undue activity in politics. He takes a deep inter- est in educational affairs, and was among the earliest advocates of industrial improve- ment in the city of York. He has been a trustee of Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pa., for more than a quarter of a century and is chairman of its commit- tee on instruction. He is also president of the board of home missions of the Re- formed church in United States and served with distinction in the year 1871 and 1873 and again in the year 1893 as president of the Synods of the Reformed church in the United States. Beyond this his life has
been a pastoral life, filled with the cares of his church and his people. In 1870 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Franklin and Mar- shall College in recognition of efficient ser- vices in behalf of Christian progress, and well-known literary attainments.
HON. JAMES L. YOUNG, an attor- ney of Mechanicsburg, Pennsyl- vania, is the son of C. B. and Annie Louisa (Swisher) Young, and was born in Wash- ton, D. C, in 1867.
His ancestors on his father's side, who were of German- English origin, were among the early settlers of Cumberland county. C. B. Young, father of our sub- ject, and the oldest son of Jonathan Young, was born in Ohio, where his father re- sided for a few years, returning again to Cumberland county. He started in life as a teacher in the public schools, having been educated in the Cumberland Valley Institute, of Mechanicsburg, now a defunct institution. He followed this profession for several years and during President Lin- coln's last administration received an ap- pointment to a clerkship in the United States Treasury Department, at the Na- tional Capital, which he subsequently re- signed on account of failing health. He then returned and settled near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, where he has ever since re- sided, engaged in agricultural pursuits. He married Annie Louisa, a daughter of Jacob Swisher, of Adams county, a farmer of German origin. To that union were born three sons and one daughter: Harry F., a painter and paper hanger and propri- etor of a cigar store in Gettysburg; the subject, James L. Young; Charles Morris, a very successful artist with studios in Gettysburg and Philadelphia. The latter spent several years in the Academy of Fine Arts of Philadelphia, and is now an in-
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structor in one of the art schools of that city. His work is principally confined to oil and water colors, in which he has al- ready established quite an enviable reputa- tion with the promise of greater excellence. His sister Bessie resides with her parents. Hon. James L. Young was brought up on his father's farm and educated in the public schools until he was seventeen years of age, when he began teaching, utilizing all the funds thus obtained in the acquirement of a liberal education. Con- tinuing his studies he graduated from the Cumberland Valley State Normal School with distinguished honors in 1887. After graduation he continued teaching for two years. In 1888 he commenced reading law with Hon. William Penn Lloyd, of Me- chanicsburg, and was admitted to the Cumberland County Bar June 13, 1891. He at once began the practice of his profes- sion in which he has been eminently su,'- cessful and has established a select and lu- crative practice. In politics he is a pro- nounced and active Republican. He has been justice of the peace, to which posi- tion he was appointed by Governor Patti- son, in September 1891, and the following spring was elected to the same position without opposition. He resigned this office to accept a seat in the House of Repre- sentatives of the State Legislature, to which he had been elected on the Republican ticket in 1894. He served during the ses- sion of 1895 on the Judiciary General, the Elections, the Retrenchment and Reform, and Bureau of Statistics Committees. Upon the expiration of the session he returned to his law practice at iMechanicsburg. He is a member of the Church of God, is assistant superintendent of the Sunday school, and president of the Young People's Christian Endeavor Society. He was married to Catherine Grace Miller, daughter of J. C. IMiller, D. D. S., of Mechanicsburg, on
September 28, 1893. Mr. Young is de- servedly popular and one of the most high- ly esteemed and public spirited citizens of the community in which he has so long re- sided.
JACOB A. MAYER. In 1840 an incom- ing vessel from the port of Bremen landed, among others, at Baltimore, an humble family of Bavarian emigrants, whose lot it was to become inseparably and honorably associated with the growth and development of the city of York, Pennsyl- vania, to which, soon after their arrival in America, they removed and located perma- nently. This was the Mayer family, con- sisting at the time of John Adam Mayer, his wife, Catharine (Goebig) Mayer, two sons and a daughter: John G., born July 10, 1833; Susan, June 6, 1835; and Adam, February 21, 1838.
The Mayers came from Heinrichstahle. Kingdom of Bavaria, where the father fol- lowed weaving as a trade and music as a profession. The elder of these sons, John G., was the father of the subject of this sketch and became a notable citizen in his time of the city of York, aiding as a busi- ness man quite materially in the expansion of its limits, the encouragement of its commercial importance and the develop- ment of its civic growth.
John Adam Mayer, the Heinrichstahle weaver, who established the family in York, had also two other brothers in this country, one living in Baltimore and the other in Washington, D. C. The Wash- ington brother died in the Ameri- can Army of yellow fever while serving as a musician. John Adam Mayer in this country was identified with the rope-mak- ing industry and also hotel-keeping on South George street, nearly opposite the present site of the Rescue Fire Company's
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building. He died in 1876, his wife having preceeded him in 1857. Both died firm in the faith of the Roman Catholic church and as regular communicants of St. Mary's church, of York.
The family which survived grew to re- spectable manhood and womanhood. Su- san married Peter Selak, of York, and reared quite a family ; Adam never married ; Sebastian, a third son, was born in Balti- more; John G., the oldest son, grew to manhood in York and learned and worked at rope-making. He subsequently kept ho- tel for several years. He was keeping the Stag Hotel at the corner of Market and Water streets, when he enlisted towards the close of the war in First Brigade Band, Third Division, 9th Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, and served as drum major of the Brigade band. About the time of Gen- eral Lee's surrender he contracted bronchial trouble and was confined to the Alexandria, Virginia, hospital for a time. He suffered from this trouble after the war and his death, March 26, 1892, was due to this af- fection. June 14, following, his generous, kind and beloved wife Catharine (Boll) Mayer followed him to the grave. Their remains rest in St. Mary's cemetery, and an imposing monument marks the spot.
Mr. Mayer was always an active business man and citizen. After the war he was identified with the coal business in York, which he prosecuted actively until 1875, when he retired. His son Jacob A., the subject of this sketch, had already com- pleted a thorough knowledge of the cigar business and the father encouraged the son to enlarge his meager and limited facili- ties, himself going so far as to enter into partnership with him in the leaf tobacco and cigar manufacturing business. From that time on the name of Mayer has been actively identified with the business here and the products of their large factories
go into almost every section and portion of the country. The elder Mayer retained his connection with the industry until the time of his death and from prosecuting his ovvfu business with great diligence and suc- cess, became an encourager and friend of other interests calculated to foster and pro- m.ote the public good. He had abundant opportunity to extend the hand of good- fellowship to new ventures, for his advise was frequently sought and cherished and followed for the sound business sense with which it abounded. In politics Mr. Mayer was an ardent disciple of the Democratic faith and on different occasions was honor- ed by his party in election to positions of trust and respect. He sat as a member of town council for two terms.
He was president of St. Patrick's Bene- volent Association for a period of ten con- secutive years from its organization, in which he had been an active and principal mover. He was also organizer and served as president of the Penn Mutual Life As- sociation for several years and incidents in the history of other local movements and institutions, attested his activity in good works.
As already indicated, Mr. Mayer had contributed largely to the city's growth and improvements, partly through the conduct of his business, but also through the build- ing of many residential and business structures, especially in the South End. He had for some time conceived and con- sidered the idea of purchasing the land at the present time constituting the site of the flourishing suburb, Mayersville, and in 1888, in order to carry into efifect the de- sign he had in view, bought sixty-three acres, erected a large cigar factory, began the improvement of the site and founded the town bearing the name of the family. This proved the crowning work of his life. The town grew at once. Mr. Mayer erected
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his own water works and organized the Mayersville Water Company, serving as the president of the corporation. At his death he had the pleasure of seeing his project not only underway, but far ad- vanced toward ultimate realization. A fine and thriving town had grown up around him, its people thrifty and frugal and its prospects for the future bright. The wife of Mr. Mayer was a daughter of Jacob Boll, a shoemaker by occupation and also a native of Bavaria. Both of them died in the Roman Catholic faith and as full com- municant members of St. Mary's church. They have a family of twelve children, eight sons and four daughters: Jacob A., the subject of this sketch; Mary J., wife of John McGraw, of Baltimore, Maryland: John Joseph, who died October 21, 1892, leaving a widow, two daughters and a son, residents of Marietta, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania; William A., of Gettysburg, who has one daughter; Clara Elizabeth, wife of David C. Brinkerhoff, of Gettys- burg, who has three sons and two daugh- ters; Geo. S., of the firm, Jacob A. Mayer & Brother, who has two daughters; Charles Edward, who died in infancy; Frank W., of the firm, who has one son; Lawrence P., of York, who has two daughters and is engaged in the grocery business; Gertrude C, wife of John McDade, of York; Ber- nadette C, wife of C. Roswell Ertter, of Gettysburg, and Vincent A., now a stu- dent at St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, Maryland.
Jacob A. Mayer, the head of the firm of Jacob A. Mayer & Brothers, was born July 3, 1856. He grew to manhood here and obtained a good public school education, supplemented by a thorough training in the High school. At the age of seventeen he had completed the trade of cigar making and at eighteen embarked in the business which in course of time grew to its pres-
ent extensive proportions. Originally the business was very modest in proportions and output, but during the twenty-two years of its existence has become one of the largest factories of the kind in this dis- trict and gives employment to two hun- dred and fifty skilled work people. Mr. Mayer was married in Columbia, May 8, 1883, to Miss Antoinette Vogel, daughter of Sylvester and Matilda (Smith) Vogel, the former a Barvarian by nativity, and the latter of American birth. Six sons and two daughters have been born to them; Syl- vester, Serena, Walter, Leah, Earl, Jacob, Gerald, and Paul.
Mr. Mayer has inherited many of the traits of his father. He is full of energy, which the successful conduct of his busi- ness attests. He is keen in his business calculations, deliberate in his judgment and active in extending the interests and pro- jects which his father founded, but with which death terminated his connection and encouragement. He is a prominent mem- ber of St. Patrick's congregation in this city, with which his people have all been connected. He stands high in the com- munity and his support of public move- ments is always hailed with satisfaction.
HON. JOHN W. BITTENGER,presi- dent judge of York county, is a descendant of old Pennsylvania ancestry and was born at York Springs, Adams county, Pennsylvania, November loth, 1834. He is a son of Henry and Julia A. (Shefifer) Bittenger, both natives of Adams county. His paternal great-grandfather, Capt. Nicholas Bittenger, a native and resident of Adams county, then a part of York county, was a soldier in the Revolu- tionary war and one of the worthy pioneers of York county. His son Joseph was the paternal grandfather of the Judge. On the maternal side of his ances-
HON. JOHN. \V. BITTENGER.
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try, Judge Bittenger is a descendant from Henry Sheffer, who was also a Revolution- ary patriot and was his great-grandfather. His grandfather was Hon. Daniel ShefTer, a native of York county, who in early life was a physician, subsequently associate judge of Adams county and in 1836 was elected to represent Adams and Frank- lin counties in the United States Con- gress. He attained distinction as a politi- cal leader and lay jurist and was one of the prominent figures in political and public circles in his day. Henry Bittenger was united in m.arriage with Julia A. Sheffer, who bore him three children: Mrs. George C. Barnitz, of Middletown, Ohio, Mrs. Reuben Young, of Hanover, and John W., whose name heads this sketch.
John W. Bittenger received his element- ary education in the public schools, at the Academy of Strasburg, Pennsylvania, and Rockville, Maryland, which was supple- mented by a partial course at Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg. Simultaneous with his period of study at Pennsylvania College, he registered with the Hon. Moses Mc- Clean, of Gettysburg, as a student of law. He subsequently went to Rockville, Mary- land, where he finished his legal studies in the office of Hon. W. Viers Bouic, subse- quently judge of the circuit court of that county, and was admitted to the bar of Montgomery county, Maryland, in 1856. In the same year Mr. Bittenger entered Har- vard Law School at Cambridge, Massachu- setts, and vi'as graduated in the year 1857. He then went to Lexington, Kentucky, and entered upon the practice of his pro- fession, remaining in that State three years. In i860 Mr. Bittenger removed to York, Pennsylvania, with whose bar and judiciary he has since been identified. In politics Judge Bittenger has always been a Demo- crat. He became prominent in party coun- cils years ago and until his election to the
bench was one of the most energetic lead- ers and campaign orators in the party con- tests of York county. In 1862 his official ca- reer began with the nomination for and election to the District Attorneyship of the county. Through re-election he served for six years. Upon retiring from the office he entered upon the vigorous prosecution of what grew to be a very large and lucrative practice and at the time of assuming the judgeship was a leading member of the bar. In 1888 Mr. Bittenger represented his party in the National Democratic Convention at St. Louis. In November, 1890, he was ap- pointed by Governor Beaver to fill the va- cancy occasioned on the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial District — York county — by the death of Hon. John Gibson. The same year Judge Bittenger became the nominee of his party for the judgeship and was elected at the November election. Since 1895 he has served as president-judge of the York county courts.
As a lawyer. Judge Bittenger was recog- nized as a man of ability, energy and super- ior legal attainments. As a judge he has been a capable official, bringing to that high post an ample intellectual equipment, a ju- dicial temper, discriminating judgment and a high sense of integrity.
The Bittenger family includes, besides the judge, a wife and five children. They are members of Trinity Reformed church, of York.
HON. GEORGE J. BENNER takes a position of prominence among the people of the Nineteenth Congressional Dis- trict, Pennsylvania, not only as their repre- sentative in the National House of Repre- sentatives, but as a descendant of one of the sturdy pioneer families of Adams coun- ty. His lineage is German ; and in him are worthily preserved the deeper and more pronounced traits which gave the thrifty
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and industrious pioneers from the Rhine- land a character dominated by strong phy- sical and moral elements, interwoven with simpler, yet equally as sturdy, intellectual fibre. Mr. Banner is a type of the modern Pennsylvania German, evolutionized by en- vironment and by the rapid advancement of modern life, eager in the pursuit of intellec- tual attainment and given to the refinement of life which his progenitors, struggling with a stubborn soil for scanty subsistence, if not for the equally pronounced circum- stance of their simple tastes, would have contemplated with indifference or avoided entirely.
The Benners settled in Adams county, then a part of the recently erected York county, in 1752, in the generation of George J. Banner's great-great-grandfather. They began life as tillers of the soil and this oc- cupation ran its course through several generations of the family. Here and there they contributed a soldier to their coun- try's defence; a councillor to the local gov- ernment; or a student to the liberal pro- fessions; but in the main their life was one of simple content and vigor.
George J. Benner was born April 13th, 1859, the son of Jacob and Catharine (Sny- der) Benner. His father was for many years a farmer in Adams county and was active in Democratic politics. He held the office of treasurer of the poor board for one term. In religion he was a strict member of the Lutheran church. Three sons and Tree daughters were born of his marriage to Catharine Snyder: Daniel J., enlisted in the Fifteenth Illinois Regiment and served until 1865 in the Western Army; another son enlisted in the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. The three daughters vyere Lu- cinda, Mary and Sarah. After finishing a common school education in Gettysburg, George J. Benner entered Pennsylvania College and graduated with honors in 1878.
Subsequent thereto he taught for a time at his alma mater and then became principal of the High school at Catasauqua for two and a half years. Meanwhile he entered upon legal studies in the office of W.A.Dun- can, Esq., and succeeded in attaining mem- bership at the Adams County Bar Decem- ber 31st, 1881. Entering upon the practice of his profession he soon rose to promi- nence and easily made his way to the front in political leadership in the Democratic party. In time he received his first recog- nition by being chosen attorney for the county commissioners. He filled the office with ability and honor and in 1896 his friends urged and insisted that he stand for the Congressional nomination. The sit- uation in the Democratic ranks at the time required a most determined fight, for Mr. Benner was not only opposed by the York end of the district, but by old and tried leaders in his own county. The party pri- maries vindicated his cause efifectually and Mr. Benner afterward was chosen by the district convention. At the November election following he defeated his Re- publican opponent and restored the dis- trict to the Democratic ranks from which Colonel Stable, two years pre- vious, had carried it. In March fol- lowing, when the special session was called, Mr. Benner assumed his duties in Congress. Since then he has borne himself modestly and with credit in the distinguish- ed body of national lawmakers.
Mr. Benner is a gentleman of fine per- sonal appearance, charming in his manners and agreeable and entertaining in his con- versation. He possesses considerable abil- ity as a speaker and keeps well informed on the topics of the day. He is thoroughly popular at his home and is becoming very favorably known throughout the district. He is a member of the Masons and Red Men.
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GRIER HERSH, ESQ., President of the York National Bank, is a worthy representative of two of the oldest and most prominent families of Southern Pennsylvania. He is a son of Samuel S., and Margaret J. (Lewis) Hersh, and was born in York county, Pa., January 29, 1863.
The Hersh family is of German descent, the American progenitor of which settled in Lancaster county in 1742. John Hersh, one of the sons, and great-grandfather of Grier Hersh, was a Revolutionary soldier. After the close of that his- toric struggle members of the fam- ily settled in Adams and York coun- ties, where they were active in the var- ious vocations of life and became promi- nent socially and financially. In the pater- nal line were Capt. William McClellan and William McClellan, Sr., who took part in the "Marsh Creek Resistance." Through succeeding generations the family uni- formly maintained its position of promi- nence, importance and usefulness.
The Lewis family is also one of the old and substantia! families of York county. It is of ancient lineage and of Welsh ori- gin. Ellis Lewis emigrated in 1708 to Chester county, Pennsylvania, and his son, Ellis, to Newberry township, York county, in 1731. One of the sons of the latter was Major Eli Lewis, of the First Battalion, York County Militia, 1777. Major Lewis' son, James, became a lawyer of distinction and also served as president of the York Bank. He married Jane, daughter of C. A. Barnitz. member of Congress and for many years president of the York Bank. Through this ancestral line Mr. Hersh is descended from Ensign Jacob Barnitz, Ar- chibald M'Lean, Col. David Grier and Col. Robert M'Pherson.
Th e maternal grandf ath er and great-grand- father of the subject of this sketch served
as presidents of the York National Bank, and were recognized as financiers of ability and experience. Samuel S. Hersh was born in Adams county. Being a man of large means and preferring the enjoyments and pleasures of a retired life, he never took an active part in politics or business, although he served as a director of the First National Bank of York. He was a man of observation and general information and took interest in all the movements of so- ciety and the leading questions of the day. He wedded Margaret J. Lewis, a daughter of James Lewis, at one time president of the York National Bank.
Grier Hersh attended the York County Academy and the York Collegiate Insti- tute, and then entered the Pennsylvania Military College of Chester, Delaware county, from which he was graduated in 1880. Leaving the military college he en- tered Princeton University, New Jersey, from which time-honored institution of learning he was graduated in the class of 1884. Returning home he entered actively into business life and has been variously interested and engaged in financial, real es- tate, railroad and other commercial enter- prises. He is a director in York Gas, Water and Street Railroad companies, and the Baltimore and Harrisburg Railroad com- pany. He is also a stockholder and director in the York Trust, Real Estate and De- posit Co., the York and Gettysburg Turn- pike Co., and has served for some time as president of the York Gas and York & Maryland Line and York and Liverpool companies. Mr. Hersh has always taken a deep interest in financial afifairs. He has served for a number of years as a director of the York National Bank, of which he was elected president in September, 1895, to succeed his uncle, G. Edward Hersh, who died in that year. The York National Bank is the oldest of the banking institutions
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of the place being organized in the year 1810. This bank has done much for the industrial and commercial growth of York, by a wise spirit of accommodation to those worthy of confidence. The policy of the bank is conservative but progressive, and is the result of the management of its past presidents C. A. Barnitz, James Lewis, G. Edward Hersh and others, all of whom were excellent business men and good financiers. The present president aims to conduct the bank upon the same wise, economic and safe business principles which have given it success and high standing, and has so far managed and directed its afifairs in a manner worthy of public confidence and indicative of finan- cial ability.
In 1887 Mr. Hersh was united in mar- riage with Julia Mayer, a daughter of John L. Mayer, Esq., who was one of the most prominent lawyers of York county. To their union have been born two children, named Helen and Margaret.
The residence of Mr. Hersh, "Springdale," part of which property was once owned by James Smith Seguer, and called "Peacock Hall," was practically built by his great- grandfather, C. A. Barnitz, and here were entertained many men of eminence and dis- tinction in the early times.
In politics Grier Hersh is a Republican, but takes no decidedly active part in poli- tical afTairs. He finds time from the various duties of his varied business inter- ests to give some attention to literary mat- ters, and has written an able and exhaustive historical article on "The Scotch-Irish of York County," in which the many sterling qualities of that race are clearly portrayed in connection with the story of the emigra- tion, settlement and growth of the Scotch- Irish element in York county.
REV. CHARLES M. STOCK, pastor of St. Mark's Lutheran church of Hanover, Pa., is a native Pennsylvanian, a son of Rev. Samuel Stock and was born March i6th, 1855. The progenitor of the Stock fam.ily in this country was Frederick Stock, a Revolutionary soldier who settled in Lancaster county and afterward moved to the immediate vicinity of New Oxford, now in Adams county. Frederick Stock had a son named William who passed all his life at New Oxford and became a large land-holder. William had five children, three sons and two daughters. One of these sons was Rev. Samuel Stock, who was born at New Oxford. He received his education at Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg and fitted himself for the Lutheran ministry at Gettysburg Seminary. His pastorates were for many years in the counties of Blair, Bedford and Cumberland ; and when he re- tired from the active work of the ministry he removed to Hanover, where he has con- tinued to reside up to the present time (1897).
Charles M. Stock, who forms the subject of this sketch, received his early education in the common schools of Bedford county and of Carlisle, Cumberland county. In 1869 he entered Gettysburg Academy, from which he was graduated five years later, in 1874. Leaving the academy he pursued the study of law for one year with his father-in- law, Hon. William McClain, of Gettysburg. At the end of that time, in 1875, he aband- oned the study of law and entered the Lutheran Theological Seminary of Gettys- burg, from which he was graduated in 1878. He was licensed to preach in October, 1877, ordained to the ministry of the Lutheran church in October, 1878, and immediately received a call to the Blairsville church, In- diana county, where he labored until Octo- ber, 1880, when he was called to Bedford, where he remained for seven years.
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He then left Bedford to accept a call, Oc- tober, 1887, to the pastorate of St. Mark's Lutheran church of Hanover, where his efforts and talent have won for him the highest esteem.
In political affiliation Rev. Stock is a Re- publican. He manifests an active and abid- ing interest in the educational institutions of his community and largely through his ef- forts as the co-adjutor of Captain A. W. Eichelberger, Glenville Academy and its successor, Eichelberg Academy, were found- ed and are maintained. In 1882 he was ap- pointed by Governor Hoyt chaplain of the Fifth Regiment, National Guard of Penn- sylvania, and has been reappointed by each succeeding governor since. He is a trustee of Eichelberg Academy, and a member of the Lodge of Students of London, Eng- land.
Mr. Stock is a 32nd degree Mason and has been variously honored officially and otherwise by that body.
COL. CH.ARLES H. BUEHLER. de- ceased, a former well known veteran and m.erchant of Gettysburg, A dams county, was a son of the late Samuel H. and Cath- arine (Danner) Buehler, natives of Leban- on and York, Pa., respectively, and subse- quently residents of Gettysburg. The Col- onel was born in the latter town February 9, 1825, and died there March 23, 1896. He vi'as of German lineage.
Samuel H. Buehler, the father, was born July 12, 1783. and having learned the sad- dlery business in his native town, subse- quently moved to York and married Miss Catharine Danner. For a time he engaged in business there. In 1818 he moved to Gettysburg and opened a drug and book store, which he carried on until his death, in 1856. Mr. Buehler was actively and prominently identified with the interests of the Evangelical Lutheran church and was
largely instrumental in securing the loca- tion of the Theological Seminary at Gettys- burg. He was one of the founders of Christ church, Gettysburg; was a member of the building committee and served as an elder from the organization of the congre- gation until the time of his death. In 1838 Mr. Buehler was elected a patron and also a trustee of Pennsylvania College, Gettys- burg, and in 1839 ^^'^s chosen treasurer of the institution. At the time of his death, September 7th, 1856, he was serving, in addition, as trustee, having held the treas- ureship itself for seventeen years. Mr. Buehler was also the recipient of honors from the General Synod of the Church, serving at one time as its treasurer and for many years as the general agent for its various publications. Four sons and four daughters survived him.
Col. Charles H. Buehler was the tenth of the eleven children born to his parents. His education was obtained at Pennsylvania College, in his native town, which he at- tended until the close of the Sophomore vear, when he withdrew from the institution and began an apprenticeship in the office of the Adams Sentinel. In time he himself em-barked in the newspaper and printing business as associate editor with his brother David A., on the Star. On account of fail- ing health Mr. Buehler was compelled to abandon this business and in 1858 he em- barked in the sale of coal and lumber.
The breaking out of the war of the re- bellion and the evidence of prolongation of the struggle for the preservation of the Un- ion, which confronted the loyal people of the North, stirred the patriotism of Mr. Buehler profoundly and he was at the out- set active in the cause of the Union. He enlisted in the three months service and was given the captaincy of a company. In their brief service he showed most capable military qualities and when, subsequently,
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the Eighty-seventh Pennsylvania Regiment was organized, he was made its major and continued to hold his commission for a year and a half. He was then transferred to the colonelcy of the 165th Regiment and retained that command through the nine months of service for which the regiment enlisted. His record in his country's de- fence is brightened by the twin merits of military skill and soldierly valor.
Upon his return from the war, Col. Bueh- ler resumed his lumber business and in con- nection with that, held the agency of the Adams Express Company for twenty-six years. He was, in politics, a Republican of pronounced type and twice held the office of burgess of Gett)'sburg. At the time of his death he was prominently connected with the war associations of his town, serv- ing for a time as a director in the Gettys- burg Battlefield Memorial Association. He was also a leading member of Post No. 9, Grand Army of the Republic ; a past master in the Masonic Order; and in his time pass- ed through all the chairs in the Odd Fel- lows fraternity.
In i860 Col. Buehler married Anna, a daughter of John Fahnestock, of German extraction. Three sons were born to them, of whom Harry F. Buehler alone survives.
EDWARD G. ECKERT, manufactur- ing chemist and proprietor of the Acme Extract and Chemical works, Han- over, Pa., son of Dr. Henry C. and Sarah (Leas) Eckert, was born February 21, 1856, at Hanover, in which town his ancestors for three generations were influential citi- zens and several members of the family, which came from the Palatinate during the early German emigration to Pennsylvania, have occupied prominent positions of use- fulness in various States of the Union.
David Eckert, his grandfather, was a successful business man, an ardent Whig
and a public spirited citizen of Hanover. Dr. Henry C. Eckert, his father, and the youngest son of David Eckert, after ac- quiring the rudiments of his education in the public schools of his native town, en- tered Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg, where he evinced rare talent and ability, was graduated with honors in the class of 1846, and the same year delivered the an- niversary oration before his college literary society. Having a marked predilection for the study of medicine, he matriculated in the Medical Department of Pennsylvania College, at Philadelphia, and received the degree of M. D. from that institution in 1848. Immediately thereafter he entered upon the practice of medicine and soon acquired high standing in his native town and throughout Southern Pennsylvania for exceptional skill and ability in his chosen profession. Dr. Eckert was a diligent student of medicine all through his suc- cessful career, kept apace with t'he new de- velopments in medical science and wrote many articles on subjects pertaining to his profession, some of which found their way into the leading medical journals of his time. He was an active Republican and an ardent patriot during the eventful years when the civil war was gathering force and during the progress of the war his voice and pen earnestly supported the cause of the Union and the administration of Pres- ident Lincoln. He died in 1867.
Dr. Edward G. Eckert obtained his early education in the public schools of Hanover and then became a clerk in a drug store. Being of an investigating turn of mind he developed a special fondness for experi- mental science for practical and commer- cial purposes. From his twelfth year un- til he arrived at the age of twenty-eight he was a faithful investigator in applied chemistry and during that period acquired a comprehensive knowledge in his chosen
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field of labor. He put this knowledge into practical use by originating in 1882 the Acme Extract and Chemical works, of which he has since been the sole proprietor. He first carried on a large trade with the cigar manufacturers, for whom he made coloring preparations, and then added con- fectioners supplies, consisting of harmless colorings, heat resisting extracts and bot- tlers supplies. He represents two Ger- man houses in the sale of essential oils and is the sole representative of the world in the sale of Chocolatine, a vegetable pro- duct of Mexican origin, and which possesses thirty times the strength of or- dinary chocolate. He obtains the mater- ials for these products and prepares them for the market at his Hanover establish- ment. Through his untiring energy and close attention to his business Mr. Eckert has abundantly prospered in his manufac- turing enterprise. He met with success from the beginning and has since expanded and enlarged his trade until his products now find ready sale to purchasers in nearly every State in the Union. Some of the most extensive manufacturers of this coun- try are his regular customers and he makes frequent shipments to foreign parts.
Mr. Eckert has always taken an active interests in the progress and development of his native town and is an earnest sup- porter of every enterprise intended to pro- mote the public good. He is identified with important real estate operations in Hanover, is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity, is a director in the Home Building and Loan Association and served for sev- eral years as a member of the Board of School Directors of 'Hanover, filling the office of President of that body with ability and credit, manifesting a devoted interest in the cause of public education.
In politics he is an enthusiastic Republi- can and is unswerving in his loyalty to the
policy and principles of the Republican party in which for nearly twenty years he has been an active and influential worker. He has been sent as a delegate to numerous county and State conventions, is widely known throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania by the prominent leaders of his party and on account of his genial nature and generous disposition is univer- sally popular.
Mr. Eckert was married in 1880 to Miss Ida Garber, of Hanover. They have one child, Elizabeth, at present a pupil in the public schools.
CHRISTIAN PHILIP HUMRICH, the eldest son of John Adams and Mary Ann (Zeigler) Humrich, was born in Carlisle, Pa., on the 9th day of March, 183 1, and received his education in the com- mon schools of that place, having entered the primary school taught by Miss Rebecca Wrightman — upon its organization under the free school laws of i834and '36 — on the i6th of August, 1836, graduating therefrom in 1847; snd then entered the Preparatory Department of Dickinson College, from which he was graduated in July, 1852. He then entered the law office of Hon. Robert M. Henderson as a student at law, and was admitted to the bar of Cumberland county at the November Term, 1854, and has since practiced his profession in that, and the ad- joining counties. In addition to his law practice he has given some attention to ag- ricultural pursuits and historical studies, es- pecially the local territory of Cumberland and neighboring counties. In politics he is a staunch Republican, having helped to or- ganize that party in 1856, and has shared its fortunes ever since; and although he has been a candidate for a county office on three different occasions, and received a creditable vote in each instance, yet, the Democratic majority in the county was tOQ
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large to overcome, and he was defeated with others on the same ticket. In local offices he has served as a town councilman and school director.
A leading paper speaking of his services in the educational field says: "On last Monday evening, December 7th, 1896,0. P. Humrich, Esq., entered upon his fortieth year of continuous service as a school di- rector of the borough of Carlisle, having taken his seat as a member of the school board on Monday, December 7th, 1857. He has also served as secretary of the school board since February 6th, i860, and the minutes of the board are in his hand writing. Plis term of service expired on the 7th of June, 1897, having served in that capacity for thirty-nine and one-half years."
On the i2th of May, 1859, he was mar- ried to Amanda Rebecca Zeigler, a daugh- ter of Jesse Zeigler, and granddaughter of Philip Zeigler, of North Middleton town- ship. To this union there were born nine children, of whom six survive, viz.: Charles F., engaged in the insurance business; El- len King, Carrie Amelia, the wife of Jacob Humer; Blanche Zeigler, Mary Ann, and Christian P. Humrich, Jr., all of whom are now residing in Carlisle. Mr. Humrich became a member of the Good Will Hose Company on the 5th of March, 1859, was elected president of that organization on the 15th of April, 1862, and served in that capacity until June 20th, 1889, and is now chairman of the board of Trustees. He as well as his wife and all of his children are members of the First Lutheran church, of Carlisle.
The Humrich family is of German des- cent, the ancestor. Christian Humrich, a na- tive of the Palatinate, emigrated to Penn- sylvania in 1793, and on the 14th of June, 1802, before the Hon. Hugh N. Bracken- ridge, a Justice of the Supreme Court, then
presiding in the Circuit Court sitting in the city of Lancaster, Pa., "he abjured all alleg- iance and fidelity to Charles Theodore Au- gust Christian, the electorate Prince of the Palatinate in Germany" of whom he was a subject, and was naturalized. A saddler by trade, in 1807 he removed with his family to Carlisle, where he conducted that business and owned and kept the Black Bear Inn, until about 1824, when he retired from business and died in 1842 aged about 94 years. He was a successful business man, owning some of the most desirable pro- perty in and about the town; was actively engaged in the public enterprises of that day, and was a member of the building committee that erected the town hall, which stood on the Court House Square; he was awarded a vote of thanks by the Cum- berland Fire Company as appears by their minutes, and served for years as a vestry- man in the Lutheran church. He was mar- ried to Christine Foltz and had children Anna Maria, born 24th of December, 1794 Catharine, born April the i8th, 1795 George Philip, born August the 19th, 1796 Sara Elizabeth, born March the nth, 1798 Johannes, born August the loth, 1799; and John .A.dams, the father of the subject of this sketch, who was born September 3rd, 1800, as appears by the records of Trinity Lutheran church, of Lancaster City, Pa.
The last named, John Adams, was also a saddler by occupation and succeeded his father in business, which he conducted imtil 1830, the year of his marriage, when he engaged in the grocery and provision trade, from which he retired in 1840 and gave his attention to farming and the man- agement of his property until his death in February, 1880. He also was successful in business, a member of the Lutheran church, an old line Whig in politics, an active supporter of Gen'l Wm. Henry Har- rison, subsequently a radical Republican,
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and "an under ground railroad man," but never held an elective office. He was married in 1830 to Mary Ann Zeigler, by whom he was the father of four children: Christian P., John A., Samuel R. and Wm. A. Humrich, all of whom survive, except John A., who died in 1862.
Mary Ann Zeigler was the daughter of Philip Zeigler, whose father, Philip Zeig- ler, St., came from Germany in the year 1753 (as is believed) and located in that portion of Philadelphia, now Montgomery county, known as Upper Salford township, where he lived until his death in 1801. He was a farmer and land owner, naturalized in Philadelphia county in 1763, a warm friend of the Continental cause during the Revolutionary war, and the father of a large family. His son, Philip, married a Miss Dietz, a resident of the adjoining county of Bucks, and in 1801, being then the father of three sons and two daughters born in Montgomery county, Mary Ann being either three or five years of age, the family removed to Cumberland county and settled near Sterrett's Gap, in North Mid- dleton, now Middlesex township, where he resided until his death in 1839. He was a Democrat in politics, largely engaged in farming and the improvement of lands, raised a family of six boys and three girls all of whom married and settled in Cum- berland county, mostly on lands provided by their father, and some of his descend- ants now own and occupy the land their grandfather bought in 1801. The family with one exception, attained advanced years, Mary Ann, the mother of Christian P., dying in 1879, at the age of 83 or 85 years, and the )'oungest, Sophia, the wife of Jacob Wise, of Springville, this county, is still living, active and in the best of health, in her 83d year.
CHARLES E. EHREHART, ESQ., is recognized as one of the success- ful and progressive lawyers of York county, and the greater part of his public career so far belongs to the history of Hanover, where he is not only prominent in legal affairs, but has been intimately connected for several years with the ma- terial development and industrial progress of that old and thriving borough. He is a son of Rev. C. J. and "Martha (Hill) Ehre- hart, and was born at Middletown, Dau- phin county, Pennsylvania, Alay, 1863. Rev. C. J. Ehrehart was a son of Thomas Ehrehart, of Adams county, and received a classical education, being a graduate of Pennsylvania College. Leaving college he entered the Gettysburg Theological Seminary, from which he was graduated, and then became a minister in the Luth- eran church. His pastorates were Sha- mokin, this State; Middletown, Dauphin county, and Gettysburg, Adams county, in which latter place he died in 1868. He was a man of scholarship and culture and served as principal of the preparatory de- partment of Pennsylvania College for sev- eral years before his death. He wedded Martha Hill, and to their union were born four children.
Charles E. Ehrehart was but five years of age at the time of his father's death and subsequent to that event went to live with an uncle in Adams county, where he re- ceived his elementary education in the public schools. He later entered Susque- hanna Institute, from which he was grad- uated in 1880. After graduation he spent two years as a civil engineer in New Mex- ico and Arizona, and in 1882 returned east, locating in Fort Plains, New York, where he read law for two years under the pre- ceptorship of Wendell & Van Dusen. At the end of that time, in 1884, he completed his legal studies with A. W. Potter, Esq.,
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and was admitted to the practice of law in 1885. Immediately after admission to the Supreme Court he came to Hanover, where he has been engaged ever since in the continuous and successful practice of his chosen profession. His reputation as an able and reliable lawyer is well de- served.
In 1886, Mr. Ehrehart married Miss Fisher, a daughter of Michael Fisher. Their union has been blessed with one child, a son, named Charles F.
Politically Charles E. Ehrehart is a Re- publican. He is attorney for Hanover borough, of whose council he has been secretary for some time. He is a member of St. Matthew's Lutheran church. Mr. Ehrehart was instrumental, in 1892, in or- ganizing the Hanover and McSherrystown Railroad Company, of which he was an original director and is the present presi- dent. He was an early advocate of the Hanover Light, Heat and Power Com- pany, of which he is the present secretary and has been a director since its organiza- tion. He was also among the first to urge the formation of the Hanover Im- provement Company, of which he is a stockholder. Of ability and standing in his profession and of prominence and use- fulness in the business life of his borough, Mr. Ehrehart enjoys the respect and es- teem of the public.
HON. WILLIAM H. LONG, a prom- inent m.ember of the York county delegation in the State House of Repre- sentatives, is a son of Henry and Sarah (Funk) Long and was born at Hanover, York county, August 6, 1852. He is of Pennsylvania German descent. His father was born at Marietta, Pa., received a com- mon school education and engaged in shoe- making, hatting and silver-plating trades, conducting business on his own account
in each of these trades and is now con- ducting a shoe and stationery business un- der the firm name of H.Long & Sons. He was an active member of St. Mark's Luth- eran church and in politics is a Democrat. He married Sarah, a daughter of John and Sarah Funk, by whom he had nine chil- dren: Leonard, Elder, Adaline, Elizabeth, Jane, Wm. H., John Luther, George Au- gustus, Albert Clayton, all living but the first three mentioned.
William H. Long received an ordinary common school education in the public schools of Hanover and chose as his occupation the trade of cigar making, which he followed for fifteen years. He then be- came interested in an individual freight line between Hanover and Baltimore. This line has been in existence about thirty-five years and Mr. Long, after being employed on it for a number of years, himself purchased it and conducted the business. Early in life he began to manifest an active interest in politics, like his father, affiliating with the followers of Jefferson and Jackson. His untiring service in the cause of his party, not only won for him local distinction but brought him in touch with the leaders all over the county. In time Mr. Long be- came the most prominent Democrat in his section of the county and it was but nat- ural that when, in 1894, he aspired to give the people of the county the benefit of his service in framing laws at Harrisburg that he should have received a cordial support, not only of the leaders in his own com- munity, but of other portions of the county. His nomination was followed by his elec- tion and his re-election in 1896. Mr. Long has become not only a leader of his own delegation, but of the entire minority rep- resentation in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, being selected the caucus chairman of the Democrats in the House.
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He takes a conspicuous part in whatever legislation is brought before the House and upon several occasions has very ably de- fended the interests of his constituents when they were threatened by inimical leg- islation. This was notably the case during the session of '95 when the representatives of the cities attempted to secure an undue advantage in the provisions of a bill de- signed to furnish a disability fund for the use of the various Firemen's Relief Asso- ciations of the State. Upon that occasion Mr. Long not only made a defense but a fight for the rights of the country asso- ciations and the so-called country element of the House unanimously rallied to the support of his contention, regardless of politics. Mr. Long is serving with even greater distinction in the present legisla- ture, as indicated by his defense of the anti- trust bill, a measure intended to preserve the rights of the people against the mono- poly and trust-power.
Prior to his recent election Mr. Long also served for some time as one of Sherifif Brodbeck's deputies. He has also been a member of the town council of Hanover, having served three terms. At one time he was treasurer and assistant burgess. Sev- eral years ago when the Hanover Advance was founded, he became one of the proprie- tors and editors. The paper had a success- ful career and was absorbed by the Han- over Record when the latter became a daily paper. Mr. Long is a prominent member of the Hanover fire department and an ex- president of the company. He has been its representative in several State Firemen's Conventions. At present he holds the po- sition of chief of the company. He is also a prominent secret society man, holding m.embership in Hanover Lodge, No. 327, Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Eagle Encampment, No. 158, of the same order; of Minnewauke Tribe, No. 250, Improved
Order of Red Men; of Susanna Lodge, No. 247, Daughters of Rebekah; of Warrior Eagle Council, No. 63, Degree of Poco- hontas; of Washington Camp, No. 328, Patriotic Order Sons of America, and of Constantine Castle, No. 142, Ancient Or- der Knights of the Mystic Chain. He has been an active and valued member of St. Matthew's Lutheran church, of Hanover, for about thirty-five years and has uniform- ly placed himself upon the side of all health- ful religious, social and educational re- forms.
In 1877 Mr. Long united in marriage with Mary Jane Warner, a daughter of John and Sarah Warner. To that union have been born four children: Harry War- ner, John Edward, Sarah Irene and Helen Alma, the latter deceased.
DR. MATTHEW J. McKINNON,one of York county's successful physi- cians, besides having placed to his credit a useful professional career, has also found time and pleasure in valued service. He was born in Chanceford township, York county, Pennsylvania, February 18, 1832, and is the son of Michael Whiteford Mc- Kinnon. The latter was a native of the State of Maryland and settled in York county during the early years of his career. He died in the county of his adoption on the 2nd day of March, 1863, at the age of 59 years.
Dr. McKinnon received his preliminary education in public and private schools, and after a thorough preparation, entered Franklin College at New Athens, Ohio. Subsequently, he read medicine with Dr. A. S. Baldwin, of Maryland, and then en- tered the medical department of the Uni- versity of Maryland, from which he was graduated in the class of 1853. In the same year he opened an office and commenced the practice of his profession in Shirleys-
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burg, Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, where he remained until October 1861. On this latter date he enlisted in the Union service, and was assigned to duty at Camp Curtin as a surgeon with rank of Major. He remained there until the following Feb- ruary, when he was sent to Camp Califor- nia, near Alexandria, Virginia, where he became surgeon of the 53d Pennsylvania Volunteers. He served with this regiment through the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac until February 1863, when he was honorably discharged from military service, at Falmouth, Va., on account of physical disability. After leaving the army he lo- cated at Hagerstown, Maryland, where he was appointed surgeon in the hospital, a position he filled with credit until it was removed and abandoned. In this latter year he removed to his father's farm in Chanceford township where he practiced for three years. In 1873 he removed to the city of York, where he has been in active and continuous practice ever since.
On March 7, 1857, Dr. McKinnon wed- ded Amelia J. Schindel, a daughter of Dan- iel Schindel, of Hagerstown, Maryland. To this imion six children have been born: Carrie, wife of I. N. Faust, a merchant and miller, of Mill Creek, Pennsylvania; Annie, deceased, married to William F. Ramsay, of York: Robert Bruce, a civil engineer; John W., a dentist, located in Baltimore, Maryland; Walter Scott; and Margaret H., now of Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
Dr. McKinnon is a Democrat in politics. He served as a member of the school board for a number of years, and in 1884 was elected to the Legislature from York coimty, serving on the Ways and Means Committee of the House, during the ses- sion of 1885. In 1888 he was re-elected to the Legislature, and again served the cause
of legislation in a manner entirely accept- able to his constituents.
Dr. McKinnon is a member of Zarada- tha Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons; John Sedgwick Post, No 37, Grand Army of the Republic and Continental Assembly No. 24, Artisans Order of Mutual Protec- tion. He served for a period of six years as physician to the County Home and has been surgeon to the York City Hospital since its establishment. At the present writing he is also surgeon of the Northern Central railway, and has served in the same capacity for the York Southern railroad since its construction. Dr. McKinnon has an enviable military record and as evidence of the character of his services in the field and the esteem in which he was held for his professional skill, we quote the follow- ing letter from the medical inspector of the Army of the Potomac:
Headquarters Army of the Potomac, Medical Director's Office, May 2ist, 1863. Doctor:
It affords me great pleasure to bear testi- mony of your efficiency as a medical officer. Our relations have been intimate for some time and my opportunities for observation extensive.
I can therefore say with truth that I al- ways considered you one of the most re- liable surgeons in the 2nd Army Corps. No better testimonial of your kindness, zeal, ability, energy and efficiency is required, than the grateful remembrance of the offi- cers and men of the 53rd Regiment, Penn- sylvania Volunteers.
I know the estimation in which you are held by the old regiment, and the knowl- edge that you contemplated returning to the field would be hailed with pleasure by them as well as by your numerous friends in the service.
With much respect. Your Obedient Servant,
J. H. Taylor, Medical Inspector, Army of the Potomac.
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In the various positions of trust which he has held in civil, political, military and professional life. Dr. McKinnon has alvi'ays served with unusual faithfulness, in- tegrity and efficiency. He is a communi- cant of the Presbyterian church and has al- ways manifested a pronounced zeal for the moral and intellectual progress of his com- munity.
The McKinnon family is noted for the large stature and longevity of its members due, no doubt, to the physical prowess and sturdiness of its ancestral stock. The pa- ternal grandfather came to America from Scotland soon after the close of the Revo- lutionary war. He was a sea captain by profession, but upon coming to America adapted himself to agricultural pursuits and settled on a farm in Harford county, Md. He reared two sons and a daughter.
The maternal grandfather was a Matthew McCall, a farmer by occupation, a native of the North of Ireland, who settled in Ameri- ca at a time antedating the Revolutionary war. He settled on the Susquehanna river in Pennsylvania, and at a place now known as McCall's Ferry, where he reared quite a family.
REV. FRANCIS WILLIAM Mc- GUIRE, of Shiremanstown, Cum- berland county, Pennsylvania, is the son of Robert and Harriet (Greenabaum) Mc- Guire and was born near Duncannon, Perry county, this State, on October 11, 1863. The McGuires are of Scotch-Irish extraction, Robert McGuire, father of the subject of this sketch, having been born in county Limerick, near Sligo, Ireland, Feb- ruary 2, 1812. He died near Duncannon, February 6, 1888. He was reared on a farm and at the age of twenty-one came to America in the year 1833. He spent a brief time at Norristown and then for sev- eral years traveled through the States
working at different kinds of labor. In the year 1842 he located on a farm near Dun- cannon, where he remained the most of his life. He married Harriet Greenabaum, daughter of Jonas Greenabaum, a German Jew, whose wife was a German Lutheran. She (Mrs. McGuire) was born on the ocean while her mother was coming to America in September, 1833. Mr. Greenabaum lived first at Hanover and then at Starner's Sta- tion, Cumberland county. He was a mer- chant. TTie subject's father was twice mar- ried. His first wife was Mary Jane Elliot, of Perry county. By her he had two chil- dren, all of whom are dead. By his second wife he had six sons and one daughter: Margaret, wife of Jacob Burger, of Harris- burg; Robert, who is farming on the old homestead; Thomas, a wood-worker, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania; John, a rail- road man of Harrisburg; George, a farmer of Perry county; Charles Andrew, a rail- road employee of Harrisburg, and the sub- ject of this biography.
Rev. F. W. McGuire received his rudi- mentary education in the common schools and then went to Bloomfield Academy. Subsequently he was for a short time a stu- dent at Washington and Jefiferson College. Having thus prepared himself, he taught school for two winters and then, at the age of twenty-three entered the ministry of the Church of God. His first pastorate was the East Lancaster circuit, of which he took charge in April 1887, and in October of the same year he was licensed to preach the gospel at Washington borough and re- turned to the same appointment for one year. The next year he was sent to Ma- tamdos circuit August 22, 1889.
He was married to Alice E. Clark at Smithville, Lancaster county. She lived with her grandfather, Jacob Kepperling, who belonged to the Mennonite church. Her parents live near Safe Harbor, Lan-
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caster county. They went to housekeeping in Elizabethtown in October 1889; in 1891 they went to Churchtown; in 1892 to New- ville, and in 1894 to Shiremanstown. He has charge of the Shiremanstown, Bow- mansdale and Churchtown churches.
Besides preaching he writes considerable for the Church Advocate and for three years edited the Sabbath School Lesson notes for that paper. He also writes for the Herald of the Coming One and other pa- pers.
HENRY McELROY, who is connect- ed with the iron industry of Wrightsville, Pennsylvania, is the son of Edward F. and Elizabeth (Roeth) McElroy, and was born in Lancaster county Pennsyl- vania, December 24, 1837. He is of Scotch- Irish ancestry. His grandfather came from Ireland to America prior to the Revolu- tionary war and located in York county, where he followed the occupation of con- tractor. While engaged in that calling he constructed the turnpike between Harris- burg and Carlisle. For a time he kept ferry boats opposite Harrisburg. He married and had six children: John, William, Henry, Emery, Elizabeth, who married Samuel Heiner; and Susan, deceased.
Edward AIcElroy, the father of our sub- ject, was born in York county in 1805 and died at the age of ninety-one years. He was engaged in carpentering and cabinet making at Marietta, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, all his life and was very suc- cessful in that business. In politics he was a Democrat and in religion a member of the Lutheran church, taking an active part up to the time of his death. He married three times. His first wife was Elizabeth Roeth, by whom he had four children. Susan, wife of John Dickover; Catharine, wife of Emanuel Longenecker; Emiline, wife of George W. Trump; and Henry, our sub-
ject. By his second wife, Elizabeth Sands, he had three children: Edward, Samuel and John. By his third wife he had three children: Elmer, William and Annie, all living.
Henry McElroy obtained his education in the common schools of Marietta and subsequently farmed two years in Cumber- land county., He then was employed with the construction of the State Insane Asy- lum at Harrisburg for one year. Afterward he was employed nine years for E. Halde- man & Company in Lancaster county and seven years at Donegal furnace in the same county. He then located in Wrightsville where he has resided for thirty years. Dur- ing these years he has been connected with the Wrightsville Iron Co. as assistant man- ager, and the Wrightsville Hardware Com- pany as treasurer and manager. He helped to establish the Columbia Embroidery works and the Cemetery Association. In politics Mr. McElroy is an active Republi- can. He has served two terms as burgess, ten terms as councilman, two terms as school director and one term as president of the school board. He is a Mason.
January 2, 1869, he married Mary E., daughter of Charles and Elizabeth Lock- ard, of Lancaster county. To that union have been born seven children: Annie and Mary E., deceased; Harry, a machinist; Ellen, wife of Reuben Kline; Catharine, wife of Howard Keller; Edith, wife of Charles Birnstock; and Hayes, a pattern- maker.
JOSEPH MILLEISEN,a prominent and highly respected citizen of Mechanics- burg, is the son of George Adam and Mary Elizabeth (Fritchey) Milleison, and was born three miles east of Harris- burg, in Dauphin county, September 19, 1813. The Milleisens are of Dutch ances- try and located in this county in the per-
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sons of John Jacob and Christopher Mil- leisen, two brothers, who emigrated from Holland and settled near Philadelphia upon their arrival in America. John Jacob, Jr., was born at his home, from which he after- ward moved to Dauphin county soon after marrying. He first located at Middletown, but later moved to near Harrisburg where he bought a tract of land early in the i8th century and became a man of affluence, owning, at the time of his death, three farms, a mill, distillery and blacksmith shop. He lived to be eighty-three years of age and died in the Reformed faith. His wife was Miss Gearhart, of Phil- adelphia county. They had five children: John, a farmer and blacksmith of Dauphin county, who lived to be seventy years of age; John Jacob, who lived on the old homestead and reached the age of seventy years; George Adams, father of our sub- ject; William, a soldier of the war of 1812, who lived to be .seventy years of age; Eliz- abeth and Catharine, who lived to a good old age.
George Adam, the father of our subject, was born on the homestead in Dauphin county 1779, and died on a farm in 1861, aged eighty-two years. He was a farmer all his life and for thirty years engaged in distilling. In religion he was of the Re- formed faith. He married Mary Eliza- beth, daughter of John Godfrey Fritchey. Mr. Fritchey was a farmer and merchant and by nativity a German. To that union were born three sons and three daughters: John Jacob, late a farmer on the old home- stead, who died in 1895, aged eighty-three years; Joseph, our subject; Alfred William, a retired farmer at Mechanicsburg, aged sixty-five years; Maria Catharine, wife of Samuel Zacharias, who died at the age of fifty years; Elizabeth, wife of John G. Rupp, deceased; Margaret, widow of Simon Hos- tech.
Our subject was brought up on the farm and received his education in the county schools of his day. He remained on the farm until thirty years of age, when he en- gaged in the coal and lumber business at Mechanicsburg and in 1866 took his son into partnership. They carry a full line of rough and finished lumber and all kinds of coal; and do a large business.
Mr. Milleisen became a voter in the campaign of 1840 and cast his vote for Wil- liam Henry Harrison for President. Since the dissolution of the Whig party he has affiliated with the Republican party. He is a member of the Reformed church.
February 22, 1844, he married Miss Bar- bara, daughter of Christian Martin, a far- mer of near Mechanicsburg. They had four sons: George C, partner of his father in the coal and lumber business; John Jacob, of Quincy, Illinois, a railroad man and now general freight agent of the Hoosic Timnel fast freight line ; Alfred Wil- liam, hardware merchant and State Senator of the district, elected in 1894; Martin C, banker of Rudiville, Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania. Eighty-four years is quite a span of life and of itself would inspire re- spect. But Mr. Milleisen deserves the cor- dial esteem with which his fellow citizens honor him for more worthy and substantial reasons than merely his venerable age. His career has been long and successful and the history of the whole family is full of striking traits showing the same sturdi- ness, integrity and good sense which this latter day patriarch has exhibited.
DA. BOLLINGER, President of the • Hanover Milling Company, is a son of Harry and Mary (Baker) Bollinger, and was born near Hanover, May 7, 1856. The Bollingers are of German origin.
Jacob Bollinger, the paternal grandfather of our subject, was a farmer in West Man-
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heim township, York county, all his life. He was a member of the Reformed church and in politics was a Democrat.
Harry Bollinger, the father of our sub- ject, obtained a common school education in West Manheim township and then learn- ed the trade of milling, which he followed near Hanover for a time and then engaged in farming near Littlestown,Adams county. After farming for some time Mr. Bollinger retired from that occupation and embarked in hotel keeping by becoming landlord of the famous White Hall hostelry in Adams county. After conducting this well known inn for four years he went back to farming in Union township, Adams county, and the remaining years of his life were devoted to the quiet and peaceful pursuits of hus- bandry. He died in 1883. In politics Mr. Bollinger was a Democrat of the Jackson school and took an active and intelligent part in the affairs of his party. In religion he was of the Reformed faith and worshiped at the various churches in the neighbor- hoods where he lived. His remains are buried in the old grave yard adjoining the family church. Mr. Bollinger married Mary Baker. To that union were born six children: Jacob, Addison, Henry, Eliza, who became Mrs. John Stewart; D. A., and Franklin. Mrs. Bollinger died in 1878 and was buried by the side of her husband in the old church burying ground.
D. A. Bollinger, the subject of this sketch, received his rudimentary education in the public schools of Adams county, and then attended a normal school at Get- tysburg. With the object of preparing thoroughly for teaching school he attended a professional school at New Windsor, Lancaster county, and then took a com- mercial course in a Baltimore business college. For eight years after completing the latter course he taught in the schools of Maryland, six years in Adams county
and one term in the Littlestown school. School teaching, especially in the rural districts, is notoriously unprofitable, and with a view to bettering his condition Mr. Bollinger set about to learn the trade of milling. Having acquired that he came to Hanover and happening to find a position, kept books for a while and then became sec- retary, treasurer and finally manager of the Hanover Milling company, June 13, 1888. Since that time Mr. Bollinger has labored assiduously in the interests of the com- pany and possibly no element has exerted such influence upon its aflfairs as the suc- cess which he has brought about. In politics Mr. Bollinger is a Democrat, and at present he is a member and president of the Hanover town council. In religion he is of the Reformed faith. He is also a member of the McAllister council. Royal Arcanum.
December 22, 1882, he married Emma, a daughter of Henry Dysart. To that union have been born two children, H. Ellsworth and Carl D.
REV. ELMER W. MOYER, pastor of the First Church of God, of Car- lisle, is the eldest son of WilHam F. and Carolina (Seigfried) Moyer, and was born at Orwigsburg, Schuylkill county, Pennsyl- vania, August I, 1865. The Moyer fam- ily is one of the oldest German families of Schuylkill county, where William F. Moyer was born in February, 1844, and has al- ways resided. He is a son of Daniel Moyer and a grandson of Rev. Philip Moyer, who were life long residents and useful citizens of Schuylkill county. William F. Moyer is a substantial farmer and an active member of the Church of God. He married Caro- line Siegfried, who is a daughter of Israel and Maria Seigfried. To their union have been born ten children, three sons and seven daughters. , ., ^
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Rev. Elmer W. Moyer was reared on his father's farm and received his education in the Keystone State Normal school, Kutz- town, Berks county, and Findlay College, of Findlay, Ohio, from which latter insti- tution he was graduated in class of 1896. He taught four terms in the public schools of Schuylkill county, and on October 13, 1891, was ordained in Altoona, Blair county, Pa., as a minister of the Church of God. He then served the congregations at Newville and Green Springs, Cumberland county, for one year and while at college preachedto different adjacent charges. After graduation, in June, 1896, at Findlay col- lege, he came to Carlisle and on November 1st, 1896, took charge of the First Church of God, for which he has labored continu- ously and profitably ever since. The Car- lisle congregation dates back to 1864, when it numbered but eighteen members. It now has a membership of about ninety and is in the East Pennsylvania annual eldership.
On July II, 1894, Rev. Elmer W. Moyer was united in marriage with Cora M. Kep- ford, a daughter of John Kepford, of Bran- don, Iowa. Rev. and Mrs. Moyer have one child, a daughter, named Esther.
WILLIAM A. HIMES, a prominent and favorably known business man of New Oxford, Adams county, Pennsyl- vania, is a son of William D. and Magda- len (Lanius) Himes, and was born 1851. He is a descendant of an old and substan- tial family which has been resident in Southern Pennsylvania for a number of generations.
He received his elementary education in the public schools, subsequently attend- ed Nazareth Hall at Nazareth, Pa., for one year and then entered the Freshman class of Moravian College, Bethlehem, Penna., remaining during Freshman and Sopho- more years, then entered the Junior class of
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated in 1871. Shortly after graduation he went to Minne- apolis, Minnesota, where he connected him- self with a real estate, abstract and title of- fice, with which he was identified for a short time. Afterward he taught school and be- came manager of his father's important business interests at New Oxford. In 1878 he embarked in the retail lumber and coal business at the latter place and has been actively identified with it down to the present time, in conjunction with which he conducts several farms in the vicinity of New Oxford. In addition to these busi- ness activities he is a director of the York Trust, Real Estate and Deposit company, director of the Adams County Telephone company, was formerly president of the New Oxford Building and Loan Associa- tion and has been variously identified with other business enterprises and projects. During the construction of the system of water works in New Oxford, Mr. Himes was a member and president of the council and contributed much to the success and efficiency of that project. He has been president of the school board of his native borough for a number of years, takes an intelligent interest in the intellectual and moral progress of the community and manifests unusual spirit in all progressive movements. Aside from these rather com- plex business relations he has been ap- pointed frequently as executor in several large estates. In politics he is a stanch ad- herent of the Republican party and has uni- formily taken an intelligent and commend- able interest in the success of his party in all recent county, State and national con- tests. Fraternally he is a member of the Masons in high standing.
On April, 19, 1877, William A. Himes was united in marriage with Katharine W. Gitt, a daughter of A. F. Gitt, of New
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Oxford. To this union have been born four children: Anna Katharine, attending Swarthmore College; Amelia Eichelberger, Helen Magdalena, and William D., Jr.
HON. WILBUR F. SADLER, ex- president judge of the Ninth Judi- cial District of Pennsylvania, and one of the ablest and most prominent lawyers of the eastern section of the State, was born near York Springs, Adams county, Pa., October 14th, 1840, the son of Joshua and Harriet (Stahley) Sadler.
Judge Sadler is of English extraction. Richard Sadler, his great-great-grand- father, emigrated to America about the middle of the Eighteenth Century, and in 1750 took out a warrant for a tract of land in what is now Adams county, where he settled and became conspicuously identi- fied with the pioneer interests of the sec- tion. The tract thus originally acquired by the Sadlers is still in the possession of some of the descendants of Richard Sad- ler. The latter' s death occurred in 1764 and his remains were laid away in the burial ground of Christ church, Hunting- don township, of which church he was an early member. Richard's son, Isaac, wedded Mary Hammersley. Their eldest child, Richard, married Rebecca Lewis and the second, Joshua Sadler, became the father of our subject.
In the year succeeding his birth Judge Sadler was brought to Cumberland county by his parents and his life ever since has been spent there. When he grew old enough, he was sent to the public schools and after finishing a course of instruction there that fitted him for a higher institu- tion, he became a student at Centreville Academy. Subsequently he entered Dick- inson College and graduated therefrom with the degree of A. M. in 1863.
The young student had barely quitted
the class rooms, when Lee's invasion north aroused both feelings of alarm and patri- otism among the loyal people of Southern Pennsylvania and emergency organizations were hastily formed to assist in repelling the invaders. Young Sadler enlisted in a cavalry company and served until the fall of that year, when he was honorably dis- charged. He then turned his attention to law and read under the preceptorship of A. B. Sharpe and J. M. Weakley. Fin- ishing his course of reading he success- fully passed the necessary examination and was admitted to the bar of Cumberland county in 1864. Careful and painstaking in the preparation and presentation of his cases and possessed of more than ordi- nary legal acumen, he soon encouraged a large and lucrative practice, which he re- tained until his elevation to the bench in 1884. Although much absorbed by pro- fessional matters. Judge Sadler found time to take an active interest in politics and he became influential in the affairs of the Re- publican party. In 1869 he was nomi- nated for State Senator in the district then composed of York and Cumberland counties. Two years later he was elected district attorney. He was twice a candi- date before the Republican State conven- tion for the nomination for Supreme Court Justice and on the one occasion came within two votes of securing a place on the ticket. Since his retirement from the bench he has devoted himself assiduously to his profession. He has been admitted to practice in the United States Supreme Court, the United States District Court and the Supreme Court of the State. Both as an attorney and a citizen the judge is exceedingly popular. Aside from his pro- fessional work Judge Sadler has taken a deep interest in educational and business affairs, serving as a director of the public schools, a trustee of Dickinson College,
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a director of several corporations and pres- ident of the Farmer's bank. He was one of the leading spirits in the project which resulted in the establishment of the Dick- inson School of Law in 1891, and has since been professor of law of corporations and practice in the institution.
In January, 1872, the Judge married Sarah E. Sterrett. To their union have been born four children: Wilbur F., Jr., at present superintendent of the Greensburg, Jeanette and Pittsburg street railway; Lewis S., a member of the Carlisle bar and borough attorney; Sylvester B., a graduate of Yale College, and now a stu- dent of Dickinson School of Law, and Horace F., a cadet at Pennsylvania Mili- tary College.
CHAUNCEY F. BLACK. The stock from which Ex-Lieutenant-Gover- nor Black springs needs no introduction to Pennsylvanians. His illustrious father, Jeremiah Sullivan Black, was pre-eminently a Pennsylvanian by blood and birth, by ed- ucation and public service. He unites the ruling types in the rural portions of the State — the sturdy Pennsylvania German and energetic Scotch-Irish. Born in the Glades, Somerset county, his father was of Scotch-Irish ancestry, his mother of Scotch- Irish on her father's side, as her name, Sul- livan, indicates, and of Pennsylvania Ger- man descent on her mother's side. Judge Black's father, Henry Black, was a man of prominence in Southern Pennsylvania; he served in the legislature from 1814 to 1818, was an associate judge for a term, and was a member of the National House of Repre- sentatives when he died. His wife was the daughter of Chauncey Forward, who was a member of Congress and a brother of Wal- ter Forward, secretary of the treasury un- der Tyler. Chauncey Forward Black, who bears his mother's family name, was born
in Somerset county, Penn., November, 1839. His early education was obtained at Monongalia Academy, Morgantown, West Virginia, at Hiram College, in Ohio, and he finished his studies at Jefferson College, Canonsburg. When he was a pupil at Hiram the late President Garfield was a tu- tor there, and the acquaintance thus formed ripened into a personal friendship, which was only interrupted by the president's tragic death. Their political differences were the widest, as illustrated by the scho- larly and irresistible paper, in which Mr. Black took issue with Mr. Garfield's exul- tant boast that the influence of JefTerson is on the wane in our political system. He was admitted to the bar of Somerset, and also of York, but never practiced much, showing early inclination toward journalism and other forms of literary work. From the time of beginning his law studies he wrote for various journals on a wide range of topics, doing a vast amount of effective political work, for which he has trained him- self by study of the fathers of the republic. JeflFerson found in him an appreciative but discriminating admirer, and the Hamilton- ian theories encountered his early criticism and dissent. Study of the constitution and of the discussions over its adoption and con- struction, convinced him that they who had founded our institutions had builded wiser than they knew, formulating a system which could be practicably and profitably applied to every question that arose. Mr. Black, though a student of politics, has never failed to take a laboring oar in the practical work of campaigns. Besides the engagement of his pen for effective work in many quarters, he has been heard upon the stump year after year, and a number of the later platforms of the Democratic State conventions are accredited to his author- ship. In 1879 he represented York County in the State convention, and in 1880 he was
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one of the delegates from that Congres- sional district to the Cincinnati convention, voting on the first ballot for Judge Field, and on the second for Gen. Hancock. Prior to the late State convention, from the time his nomination for lieutenant-governor was first broached, the suggestion was received with popular favor, and he was chosen by a large majority on the first ballot. The se- lection was ratified most heartily not only by the Democratic press of Pennsylvania, but b)' many journals of large influence outside the State.
From his youth up Mr. Black has been a supporter of those principles which he comes to by inheritance and holds by intel- ligent conviction. With ready pen and elo- quent tongue he has steadily maintained them for over twenty years. In all his ut- terances and writings they never found abler nor more fitting expression than in his successful elTorts to revive the Jeffersonian societies and extend the study of Jeflferson- ian principles. To this patriotic task he has applied himself, not because of any retros- pective tendency of his mind, nor by reason of any failure to profoundly appreciate the spirit of true progressiveness and to adapt himself and his political principles to the wonderful development of our national life. He holds that in the JefTerson philosophy are the germs of all political progress.
Since 1873 Mr. Black has been closely and continuously identified with the jour- nalism of the country. He has been uninter- ruptedly an editorial contributor to the New York Sun and other prominent journals of the country, his facile pen being devoted to no special range of subjects, and often wan- dering into the more graceful lines of liter- ature, while his fulminations are vigorous and effective when hurled at political evils. The geniality and native humor of his tem- perament, which make him a social favorite wherever he is known, unmistakably mani-
fest themselves in his literary work, but the sturdy Anglo-Saxon and virile thought of his editorial expression make it recogniz- able.
In November, 1882, he was elected lieu- tenant-governor of Pennsylvania. His ma- jority in York county was one of the larg- est ever received by any candidate, when opposed by the opposite party. In Janu- ary. 1883, he entered upon his duties as presiding officer of the Senate of Pennsyl- vania. His dignified bearing, affable man- ners and courtesy won the admiration of the Senators of both parties, and of the officers, of the various departments,with whom he has had official intercourse.
In 1863 Mr. Black was married to the daughter of the late Hon. John L. Dawson, whose home was at Friendship Hill, Fa- ette county, the former residence of Al- bert Gallatin, and the present residence of Mr. Dawson's widow, which is still in the ov/nership of the family. Mr. Dawson represented the (then) Twenty-first District in Congress with great distinction. He was in reality the father of the homestead law now in force. Of the four children at "Wil- low Bridges," the three boys illustrate their distinguished lineage by the names Jere- miah Sullivan, John L. Dawson and Chauncey Forward. Possessed in eminent degree of those fireside virtues which are the best qualities of public men, Mr. Black has social accomplishments which make him extremely popular with his acquaint- ances. Upon his nomination for lieutenant governor he received the hearty congratu- lations of his neighbors and assurances of their support regardless of party, because of the warmth of feeling which his personal characteristics have awakened for him. No local interest fails to engage his sympathy and his former friends and neighbors are accustomed to count him among those who regard their agricultural concerns with
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community of interest. He was one of the charter members of Springettsbury Grange, No. 79, organized in Springgarden town- ship, York county, Pa., January 4, 1874. by R. H. Thomas, State Secretary. He at- tends the Episcopal church.
On the left hand side of the Northern Central railroad, about a mile southwest of York, Pa., and in the township of Spring- garden, is a beautiful home,bowered among apple trees, which are thickly set on a smoothly kept lawn. Well trimmed hedges run all around this little farm; through them, here and there, grow the osage trees and towering elms, while drooping willows and whispering maples shade the enclosed grounds. The ivy grows over the stone springhouse; Virginia creepers cling to trellises and branching trees and flaunt their graceful foliage in the summer wind. With- in the house which adorns "Willow Bridges," are the signs of solid comfort and refinement. Near by, an office of rustic beauty, furnished with all the facilities for literary labor, is the workshop of Chauncey F. Black.
Inheriting from a hardy race of ancestors a love of nature, he lives here in the coun- try at the foot of Webb's Hill, over which the spacious and highly cultivated farm of his father's estate spreads itself. He breaths pure air, drinks spring water, supplies his table from his own garden, and catches in- spiration from all his surroundings for the vigorous work which he has done in the promotion of a healthy and honest policy for the commonwealth.
EDMUND W. MEISENHELDER, M. D., resident of the city of York, and one of the most prominent members of the medical profession in York county, Pennsylvania, was born in the present bor- ough of Dover, county and State before mentioned, February 22nd, 1843, and is
the oldest son of Dr. Samuel Meisenhelder and Josephine S. (Lewis), his wife.
Dr. Edmund W. Meisenhelder is des- cended, on the paternal side, from a sturdy and highly honorable German ancestry, but the date of the arrival, and the locality first settled by the earliest progenitors of the American branch of this family is uncertain, though thought to have been within the present confines of York, or Lancaster county. It is believed that, and there is a very strong probability that such is the fact, the immigrants, constituting the ori- ginal American stock, came to this country from Meissen, in the Kingdom of Saxony, or from its neighborhood, during the Na- poleonic wars, or immediately thereafter. The composition of the patronymic indi- cates the likelihood that this statement co- incides with the actual facts. The time at which the emigration to this country is sup- posed to have occurred accords with the period during which all Europe was in con- tinual turmoil, and during a large part of which the Kingdom of Saxony was the seat of active warfare, and the spot where in several great battles were fought. The sufferings and privations which this condi- tion entailed upon its inhabitants; the dan- gers to which they were incessantly ex- posed; the wasting of their substance alike bv friend and foe; the prolonged unrest, incident to the changing fortunes of field and forum — these all, doubtless, were active, persuasive, and determining factors prece- dent to the pilgrimage to the New World, whose praises had probably been sung by soldiers returning from our Revolutionary struggle, and, in which, they expected to find peace and plenty, freedom from war's alarms and political and religious liberty.
On the maternal side, the Lewis pedi- gree has been carried back to the seventh century — four centuries before the Nor- man Conquest — and it has been definitely
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determined that the original stock dwelt in Wales, and were of Saxon blood and royai lineage.
Dr. Samuel Meisenhelder, father of Ed- mund W. Meisenhelder, was a native of York county, a graduate of Jefferson Medi- cal College, Philadelphia, and, for many years, a prominent practicing physician in York and Adams counties. Shortly after being graduated he began the practice of his profession in Dover, York county, Pa., where he remained about three years. On the 13th of May, 1851, he removed to East Berlin, Adams county, Pa., where he was in active practice for more than thirty years. He died September 2nd, 1883, after a successful and useful life, devoted to the faithful discharge of his professional du- ties, and to the steadfast observance of his responsibilities as a public spirited citizen. He was a man of great vigor of mind, hardy constitution, and of medium stature; and was always an active worker in the poli- tical and social life of his community. His father Jacob Meisenhelder, was also a na- tive of York county, and resided near Dover, where he died about the year 1840. He was married to Anna Maria, daughter of George and Maria Elizabeth Neuman (Hockin— now Hake). To this union were born two sons and four daughters, as fol- lows: Emanuel, Samuel, Elizabeth, Mary, Catharine and Lavinia.
Dr. Edmund W. Meisenhelder's mater- nal grandfather was Dr. Robert N. Lewis, a physician of note, who practiced for many years in Dover, and died in 1846. He was born in the initial year of the 19th cen- tury, and was a man of professional promi- nence, in his day and generation, and of great personal popularity, wherever known. He was married to Miss Mary Moore, the daughter of John Moore, who resided near Lewisberry, York county, Pennsylvania. At the time of his death he left, surviv'np;
him, four sons and three daughters, as fol- lows: Rush W., Melchinger R., Orfila, Clay E., Josephine S., Rebecca and Mary Ann
The Lewis ancestors came to this coun- try from Wales, after a short sojourn in Ire- land, in 1708, according to records still pre- served in the family, and located in Chester county, Pennsylvania. Another branch of the same family came over in the closing years of the seventeenth century. From the immigrant of 1708 springs the York county stock. They have always been active in public affairs ; have held positions of prom- inence, influence, and responsibility, both before and since the Revolutionary war; and bore arms, on the side of the colonies in that decisive struggle.
Edmund W. Meisenhelder is the eldest of four sons. Of these one died in infancy, and another in early childhood. Dr. Rob- ert N. Meisenhelder, of Hanover, York county, Pennsylvania, is the surviving brother.
The subject of this sketch received his early education in the common schools of the State, and, after a thorough course of instruction in the Preparatory Department of Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, en- tered the college proper in the fall of i860, from which he was graduated, in the year 1864, with the highest honors of his class. During his college course, he divided the Freshman prize for scholarship equally with two competitors, and, in 1863, took the Hassler Gold Medal for proficiency in the Latin language and literature. In June, 1863, along with the great majority of the students at Pennsylvania College, he en- listed in Company A, 26th Regiment Penn- sylvania Militia, in response to the call of Governor Curtin for volunteers to meet the emergency created by the then threatening invasion of the State by General Robert E. Lee, and the Army of Northern Virginia.
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Under that call this company was the first to respond, and to be organized for the de- fence of the State.
College days over, his first inclination was to take up the study of medicine with his father. At this time, however, the Civil War was at its height, and the preservation of the Union, as the matter of supreme moment, justly barred every consideration of a personal or selfish character. With commendable patriotism, Edmund W.Meis- enhelder immediately enlisted in Company D, 2ioth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volun- teer Infantry, and went to the front. Some time after his enlistment as a private, he was appointed Quartermaster Sergeant, and, in February, 1865, was commissioned Second Lieutenant of his company, the du- ties of which position he faithfully per- formed, until honorably discharged at the close of the war. He participated in the battles at Hatcher's Run, White Oak Road, Five Forks, and was present at the surren- der of Lee's army at Appomattox, the crowning triumph of Grant's magnificent campaign before Petersburg and Rich- mond.
After the close of the war, he took up his course of medical preparation; subse- quently entered Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and was graduated in 1868, having reached and maintained a high standing throughout his course. After graduation he located in East Berlin, Adams county, Pennsylvania, where he be- gan to practice, and continued to reside until 1871. In the latter year he decided to change his professional field, and, as a consequence, removed to York, Pennsyl- vania, where he has since continued in the active pursuit of his profession.
On December 22nd, 1870, Dr. Meisen- helder was united in marriage with Miss Maria E. Baughman, daughter of Jacob B. and Lydia (Swartz) Baughman, descend-
ants of old York county families. To this union have been born four children — three sons and one daughter, in the order of age, as follows: Robert Lewis, a graduate of Pennsylvania college, and, at present, a student in the Lutheran Theological Semi- nary, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania; Ed- mund Webster, now a student at Pennsyl- vania College, preparing for the study of medicine; Samuel Baughman, and Mary Elizabeth.
Soon after the commencement of prac- tice Dr. Meisenhelder, through superior professional attainments and skill, advanced himself to an honorable position in his fra- ternity. He is a man of fine intellectual equipment, a thorough student of medical science and literature, and possesses large experience and practical skill.
Personally he is a man of cultivated tastes, fine social instincts, and the high- est character. He is a member of the York County Medical Society, in which he has filled various positions of responsibil- ity and honor. He is also a member of the State Medical Society and of the American Academy of Medicine.
In his political affiliations he is an ar- dent supporter of the principles of the Re- publican party; but, whilst giving it an in telligent and loyal support he despises grosser forms of partisanship and machine politics, toward all of which he manifests the most intense hostility. He is well in- formed upon the political issues of the day, and is always uncompromising in his ad- vocacy of all economic and social reforms, which have for their purpose the betterment of humanity. Dr. Meisenhelder, without being ultra sectarian in his views, is a mem- ber and supporter of the Lutheran church. He also holds membership in General Sedgwick Post, No. 37, Grand Army of the Republic
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IVAN GLOSSBRENNER, receiving teller of the First National Bank of York, Pa., was born in the latter city in 1847, the son of Hon. Adam J. and Char- lotte (Jameson) Glossbrenner. He is a descendant of Peter Glossbrenner, who was born in Germany and came to America during the German emigration in the early part of the eighteenth century.
Ivan Glossbrenner's education was ac- quired at the York County Academy, which he attended during his boyhood and youth. In 1869, at the age of twenty-two he en- tered the Dime Savings institution and for ten years was connected with it as ttiler. In the year 1880 he became connected with the First National Bank. At first he lield the position of disbursing clerk, and later was promoted to the post of teller, which position he still holds. He is thoroughly conversant with banking details and en- joys the full confidence and esteem of the stockholders and directors of the institution.
In politics Mr. Glossbrenner is a Demo- crat, but he takes no active part in party affairs. His role is that of the thoughtful, conservative citizen in business afifairs. Re- ligiously he is an Episcopalian, and a mem- ber of St. John's P. E. church.
In 1869 Mr. Glossbrenner married Annie, a daughter of Henry A. Hantz. To that union have been born five children: Char- lotte L., Adam J., Emily J., Lena and Henrietta.
Although a man of modest tastes and habits and somewhat retiring in disposition, Mr. Glossbrenner has through his connec- tion with the bank come in contact with a large portion of the comnumity and has made many warm friends by his unfailing courtesy and agreeable bearing.
CLAY ELI LEWIS,aprominentbanker and business man of York, Pa., is a son of Robert Nebinger and Mary (Moore)
Lewis, and was born in Dover borough, York county. Pa., April 5th, 1844. He comes of distinguished ancestry, traceable in unbroken procession back to Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, prince of Powys, a native Welsh prince at the time of the Norman conquest of England, who met death by assassination in 1072, or six years after the battle of Has- tings.
The Lewises of a later generation, like many of the Welsh, embraced the Quaker faith. This invited persecution and in 1698 Ellis Lewis (born 1680) emigrated from Radnor, Wales, to Mount Moloch, Ireland, and later, to America. He landed at New Castle, Delaware, then a part of Pennsylvania in 1708; but settled at Haver- ford, in Penn's colony, and later on re- moved to Hennett township. In 1713, old style, on the thirteenth day of the second month, he married Elizabeth Newlin, daughter of Nathaniel and Mary (Menden- hall) Newlin; and on August 31st, 1750, he died at Wilmington, Delaware.
His son Ellis, was born on the 22nd day of the third month, 1719, and died in Feb- ruary, 1795. In 1735, with James Rankin and John Bennett, Ellis Lewis, the second, just referred to, came to York county, crossing the Susequehanna river at the mouth of the Swatara Creek where Mid- dletown is at present situated. They had with them a horse; and finding two ca- noes, they placed the front feet of the ani- mal in one boat and his hind feet in the other. In that way at the imminent peril of their lives they transported themselves and their horse across the stream. Lewis purchased of the Indians a large tract of land in the northern part of the county, on a part of which, Lewisberry, laid out by his son Eli, named in honor of the family and subsequently one of the most important and thriving towns of the county during the colonial period, is at present located.
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Eli Lewis, the founder of Lewisberry, was a distinguished soldier of the Revolu- tion. He was, October ist, 1777, commis- sioned major of the First Battalion of York county militia in active service; and was engaged in the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. The Major was born January 31st, 1750; and died February 1st, 1807. He married Pamela Webster, the daughter of John and Jane (Brinton) Web- ster, November loth, 1779.
Webster, the oldest son of the family and the paternal grandfather of our subject, was born in Lewisberry, October i8th, 1780, and died at New Cumberland, Cr.mber- land county. Pa., May 28th, 1832. He was, by graduation from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa., a physician and practiced in Lewisberry and the surround- ing country. To this calling he also added a knowledge and practice of the law in the courts of York county, in which he was a regularly admitted attorney. He was abreast of his profession here and led in the innovation of growing the poppy and mak- ing the opium which he used in his prac- tice; besides performing the first dental op- erations in the county. July 25th, 1798, Dr. Lewis married Mary.a daughter of Dr. Geo. and Ann (Rankin) Nebinger, of Lewis- berry. They had a family of eight children: Dr. Robert Nebinger, born July 30, 1799; Dr. Andrew, Dr. Eli, Dr. James, Rankin, George W., a tanner and later a farmer and hotel keeper at Diminock, Pa. ; Rebecca and Annie, all deceased. Andrew, Eli and James practiced their professions in the West.
Robert, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born July 30, 1799, in Lewis- berry, practiced with his father for a time and then removed to and located at Dover, where his well spent life came to a close March 16, 1846, aged forty-six years. A Whig in politics, he made himself a power
in the councils of that party. He was an ardent admirer of Henry Clay, and during the great anti-slavery agitation of his time he lent valuable assistance in subduing sla- very by the so-called "under ground rail- way."
On March 28, 1822, he married Mary, daughter of John and Sarah (Pugh) j\Ioore, by whom he had three daughters and four sons.
Our subject was educated in the York County Academy, where, after completing his studies, he assisted in teaching for a year. Business pursuits were, however, more to his taste and he went to Philadel- phia at the end of that term and clerked in the Merchant's hotel. In 1865 he went to Massachusetts, arriving at Springfield on the day Lincoln was assassinated. Mr. Lewis held the position of foreman in the Salisbury woolen mills at Amesbury,Mass., for a year and then returned to York to become book-keeper at the First National Bank. Soon after he was made teller, and in addition to his bank duties, he engaged in the manufacture of shoes with his brother, Rush Webster, and for nine years they conducted a factory here. In 1870 Mr. Lewis retired from the First National Bank and became cashier of the newly or- ganized Western National Bank, a position he still holds. Besides this institution Mr. Lewis is connected with several other cor- porate interests. He is secretary of th.c York and Gettysburg Turnpike companv, treasurer of the York Ice and Refrigerat- ing company, clerk of the Star Build- ing and Loan Association and treasure"- of the Western Cemetery Association of York. The demands which these responsible posi- tions make upon his time, preclude any ac- tivity in politics at present, but neverthe- less Mr. Lewis has seen valuable pub- lic service. As a Republican he was elected to membership in the school boanl
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in 1871 and served as president of the board for one year. He was also at another time secretary and treasurer of the board and borough treasurer in 1879. April 29,i869,he married Ellen Sarah, second daughter of Joseph Smyser and Sarah (Weaver) Smy- ser, highly respected citizens of York, and they have four sons and four daughters: Ellis S., born February 11, 1870, teller of the York Trust company; Joseph S., a druggist; Mabel R.; Sadie M.; Clay E., at Oswego, N. Y., attending school; Nellie K.; Margie W.; Violet and Mv thias S. The family are members of St. Paul's Lutheran church
The record of the Lewis family indicates that they were uniformly conspicuous in the history of York county and their distin- guished traits of character may be traced in what they wrought All the virtues that they exemplified in the irreproachability of their character, their unostentatious and kindly bearing and their devotion to con- science are worthily preserved in their des- cendants to-day, among whom, besides the subject of this sketch, is Ellis Lewis, of Philadelphia, ex-chief justice of the State of Pennsjdvania.
CAPTAIN SOLOMON MYERS, de- ceased, of York, Pennsylvania, was a son of John and Eleanor Myers and was born in Latimore township, Adams county, Pennsylvania, March 14, 1829, and died in York September 14, 1886. He was of Ger- man ancestry and having acquired an ex- cellent education in the public schools and through his own exertions, started in life as a teacher in Adams county. His family removing to York, he came here with them and spent the remainder of his life in this city.
Captain Myers acquired his military title through two terms of service in the late war, the first as a member of Company A,
6th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, which he entered April 26th, 1861, as first lieutenant and from which he retired at the expiration of his enlistment, July 24th, 1861. He then re-enlisted for three years as captain of Company E, 87th Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers and served from August 24th, 1861, until October 13th, 1864, participating with his regiment in about twenty engagements, including those of Grant's advance upon Richmond, and Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah valley. Returning home he became a jus- tice of the peace and held that office for fifteen years. He also conducted a music store for ten years prior to his death. In politics he was a Republican and in reli- gion a Lutheran. His fraternal associa- tions were with Zeradatha Lodge, Free and Accepted Masons, of which he was a mem- ber and treasurer for many years. He was also a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows which he served in a repre- sentative capacity for many years prior to his death, and of General Sedgwick Post. Grand .'^rmv of the Republic, in all of wh'ch he was an active and popular member. He was a director of the Western National Bank from the time of its organization un- til his death; secretary of the Ninth Ward Building and Loan Association for about twenty years and besides encouraging others to secure homes for themselves through the agency of this very substantial institution, was himself a large holder of real estate and assisted conspicuously in the development of his section of the city.
December 8, 1872, he married Margaret A., daughter of John and Nancy Orwig, of Shrewsbury, York county, who, since the death of her husband, has managed the estate and traveled considerably in this countrv and abroad. '
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WILLIAM H. WAGNER, M. D., a well established physician, of York, is a son of Joseph and Levina (Laiier) Wagner, and was born at Dover, York county, Pennsylvania, December 26, 1853. Joseph Wagner, who died in 1884 at the age of 60 years, was a native of Adams county, but subsequently removed to York, where he followed the trade of butcher for a number of years. He mar- lied Levina Lauer, a daughter of Abraham Lauer, of York county. Joseph Wagner was a son of George Wagner, who was a gunsmith by trade, and whose father served as a soldier in the Revolutionary war under Washington. The Wagners are medium sized people, noted for longevity and their strong attachments to the Lutheran and Reformed churches, while the Lauers be- long to the sturdy element in Pennsylvania, known as the Pennsylvania German.
William H. Wagner was reared at Dover, and in its immediate vicinity, and after at- tending the common schools, completed his literary training in the old and celebrat- ed York County Academy, which has been a great educational force in Pennsylvania for over half a century. After leaving the Academy, Dr. Wagner taught in the public schools of his native county for the period of seven years, and then read medicine with Dr. J. R. Spangler, of York, Pa. Upon the completion of the required course of read- ing, he entered the Jefierson Medical Col- lege, Philadelphia, from which he was grad- uated in the class of 1881. Immediately after graduation he commenced the prac- tice of his chosen profession, and has re- mained an assidious disciple ever since. He has been a resident of York since 1876.
On February 15, 1883, Dr. Wagner was united in marriage at Doylestown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, with Martha J. Stewart, of Philadelphia, and a daughter of James and Elizabeth Stewart, natives of
County Derry, Ireland. Mrs. Wagner is a consistent member of St. John's Episcopal church, and also a member of the Woman's Guild, of the same church.
Dr. and Mrs. Wagner have an adopted son, Nevin S.
In politics Dr. Wagner is a Republican, but takes no active part in political affairs beyond an intelligent exercise of the ballot. He devotes his time and attention to the many and exacting duties of his profession, and has been loath to ally himself with any interests which have in themselves a tend- ency to divert his energies from his chosen vocation. He served for two years as a member of the common council of York, but beyond this declined any further public honors. Dr. Wagner is a member of the York County and Pennsylvania State Med- ical Societies, and also of the American Medical Association and takes an active and commendable interest in the proceedings of these bodies. He is amiable and genial in manner, with a high sense of personal honor and devoted to his friends.
HENRY WASBERS, one of the younger business men of York, growing in prominence through association with several new and flourishing interests, is a native of this city, where he was bom, 1862. He is the son of a veteran who lost his life during the late rebellion. His father was Michael Washers who came to America from Germany when a young man and located in York. The mother was Elizabeth (Von Gardle) Washers. The elder Wasbers entered the war as a member of Company C, of the famous 87th Pennsyl- vania Regiment of Infantry and was woimded and died at Washington, D. C, Feb. II, i864,and is buried at Military Asy- lum cemetery, Washington, D. C. He was survived by his wife and two sons and a daughter, who besides the subject of this
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sketch were: Katie, wife of George Martin, of Baltimore, who has no children; and Jacob, a stationary engineer of York, who has a family of two sons and a daughter.
Our subject grew to manhood in York and in early life acquired the barber trade and worked at it for about five years, part of the time as the proprietor of his own shop. About ten years ago he established himself in the laundry business in which he is at present engaged and which during the intervening years has been considerably en- larged, with a corresponding increase and improvement in equipment as the growth of his business demanded. In 1896 he built his present handsome and commodi- ous building which is partially a residential and partially a business structure. Mr. Washers married here, his wife being Lu- cinda Peeling, daughter of James Peeling, at one time sheriff of the county. They have five children: Elizabeth, Mabel, Isa- bel, Dorcas and Pauline.
Mr. Washers is a member of the direc- tory of the Westinghouse Electric Light company and was one of its earliest pro- motors. He is also, besides a director, the honored vice president of the company. Besides this connection, he is one of the manangers of the Penn Wall Paper com- pany, limited, and treasurer of the People's Mutual Life and Relief Association, both York corporations. Mr. Washers is a man possessed of considerable domestic taste, but he does not confine himself entirely to home life and his business. He is known as one of the keenest sportsmen of the city, being an excellent shot, a skillful disciple of Izaak Walton and a lover of fast horses and well bred hunting dogs.
JOHN EDWARD VANDERSLOOT, ESQ., a young and energetic mem- ber of the York County Bar, was born at Glen Rock, York county, Pennsyl-
vania, February 17, 1869, and is a son of Dr. Frederick W. and Sarah G. G. Fife Vandersloot The family is of German lineage, the first progenitor in Pennsyl- vania being the Rev. Frederick W. Von- der-sloot, who was born in Zerbst, a town in Anhalt-Dessau, a principality in Upper Saxony, Germany, in 1743. He had been the only son of Rev. Frederick Wilhelm Von-der-Sloot, and emigrated to Pennsyl- vania in 1782, his wife and family remain- ing in Europe. His first field lay in Allen township, Northampton county, Pa., and became known later as the "Dry land charge.' From 1784 to 1786 he served as German Reformed pastor of the Goshen- hoppen church in Upper Salford township, Montgomery county. Pa. His first wife having died, he married on January 29, 1784, Miss Anna Margretta, eldest daugh- ter of Jacob Reed, Esq., of Hatfield town- ship. He returned to Northampton county, where he died in 1803.
Rev. Frederick W. Von-der-Sloot, Jr., the third, was an eloquent minister. He was born November 11, 1775, in Dessau, Eu- rope. After finishing his education at Heidelberg University he followed his father to Pennsylvania, where he married Catharine D., daughter of Rev. P. R. Pauli, of Reading. From 1812 to 1818 he was German Reformed pastor at Goshen- hoppen church, just mentioned; and also preached in Philadelphia, West Virginia, and other points, but finally settled in York county, Pa., where he died December 14, 183 1, and is buried with his wife, at Holtz- schwam church, his last charge. His eld- est son. Rev. Frederick W. Vandersloot, the fourth, was born in Philadelphia, Janu- ary 8, 1804, and adopted the traditional calling of his ancestors. Like his father, he ranked high as a preacher. His labors were confined almost exclusively to York county, where he was widely known and
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highly esteemed. His charges in York county were numerous, among them being, Sadler's church, Ziegler's, near Seven Val- ley, Blymire's church, Zion's church, Springettsbury, Stahley's church, Lower End. At the latter charge his ministry ex- tended over a period of 44 years. He mar- ried Mary A. Witman and died September II, 1878. Both are interred at Prospect Hill cemetery, York, Pa.
Dr. Frederick W. Vandersloot, eldest son of the latter, was the first in five gener- ations to seek a professional career outside of the ministry of the German Reformed church. Dr. Vandersloot was born in Wind- sor township, York county, Pa., on Janu- ary 30, 1834, and is one of the oldest phy- sicians in York county, having been in ac- tive practice since 1855, in which year he graduated from the University of Mary- land. He married Sarah G. G. Fife, a daughter of Robert Fife, of Shrewsbury. Mrs. Vandersloot was born in Shrewsbury February 21, 1838. The Fife family is of Irish decent. Dr. and Mrs. Vandersloot reared a family of five children, Frederick W., Jr., Anna, intermarried with John F. Kissinger, Robert F., John Edward and Lewis.
John Edward Vandersloot was educated in the public schools. He became a clerk in the Pennsylvania Agricultural Works and later accepted a position as news reporter on the York Dispatch, where he was em- ployed for several years He acquired a knowledge of shorthand and typewriting, and after leaving the Dispatch became ste- nographer and clerk in the chain manufac- turing establishment of J. C. Schmidt & Co., with whom he remained for a period of three years. At the expiration of this time he registered with George S. Schmidt, Esq., as a law student and was admitted to the Bar of York county, October 1893. Mr. Vandersloot's clerical experience, his
knowledge of shorthand and typewriting, as well as his knowledge of law and people, constitute a somewhat unusual equipment for a young man in the legal profession. He has a rapidly increasing law practice.
Mr. Vandersloot has for a number of years been a member of the Duke Street Methodist Episcopal church, in which he holds official position, and with whose ex- tension and moral work he has always been identified. He is a pronounced Republican in politics, gives liberal support to its prin- ciples and policies, and during the Presi- dential campaign did effective campaign work for the national and local candidates. He was recently chosen Chairman of the York County Republican organization.
On June 5, 1895, he was wedded to Miss Carolyn S. Helker, a daughter of D. A. Helker and Emily (Sayres) Helker, of York. They have one child, named Charles Edwin.
JAMES GREENE DURBIN, Civil En- gineer, and at present City Engineer of York, Pa., is a native of Wales, where in the suburbs of Tradegar in Mon- mouthshire he was born September 25, 1856, the oldest son of Joseph W. and Louise (Hewlett) Durbin. His parents are of English birth and ancestry and came from the vicinity of Bristol in Somerset- shire. The father was a shoemaker by oc- cupation, came to America in the year following the birth of his son and arrived in Schuylkill county, later settling in Wil- liamstown, Dauphin county. Pa., where he now resides and is engaged in mercantile and manufacturing business. Coming to America with his parents in his first year, the subject of this sketch was reared and grew to manhood in Dauphin county where he obtained a good common school education. He then attended the Freeburg Academy for a year and half. After which
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he spent two years at the Millersville State Normal school of jMillersville. Pa. He then returned home and spent some six years in his father's general store where he received a most excellent business training. During this time he determined upon civil en- gineering as his profession, always having cherished this desire from youth. During the succeeding four years of his life his previous intellectual training was supple- mented by a special course of training at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute of Troy, N. Y., from which he graduated in 1884. He then spent about three years in professional work in the coal mining dis- trict of West \'irginia, having headquarters at Cedar Grove just above Charleston. About this time a topographical survey of York was started by Engineer Goerke, of Columbia, and Mr. Durbin came here to be his assistant. He spent about two years in this capacity and his capabilities having been demonstrated. Councils elected him City Engineer and he has held the office ever since despite the changes in party con- trol in the city. Since his incumbency he has given the city faithful and efficient ser- vice and his recommendations, whenever followed, have always resulted in satisfac- tory public improvement.
Mr. Durbin married, in Philadelphia, Elizabeth Cordelia Gray, a native of Juniata county, the daughter of Albert and Sarah (Trego) Gray, who were of old and respect- ed Chester county families. They are both memhers of the First Methodist church.
CHRISTIAN DIETZ, of Mechanics- burg, is a son of Daniel and Lydia (Stoner) Dietz, and was born on the old Dietz homestead near Hellam, in Hellam township, York county, Pennsylvania, Oc- tober 3, 1832. The Dietz is an old and highly respected German family of York county, and George Dietz, the grandfather
of our subject, was bom on the family homestead, where he remained a farmer all his life. He was a member of the Re- formed church. Daniel Dietz, the father of our subject, was also born on the old home- stead, on December 13th, 1798, one of ten children. When he grew to manhood he learned the trade of blacksmith and follow- ed it in a shop to the west of the village of Hellam until 1837, when he bought the well known Crother's farm in East Pens- boro township, and there spent the re- mainder of his life, dying January 10, i860. He, however, retired from farming ten years before. He was a member of the Reformed church and a Democrat. He filled several of the township offices. His wife was Lydia, daughter of Christian Stoner, of Hellam township, York county. They had three sons and three daughters: Mary, deceased, was married to John S. Snively, a Silver's Spring township farmer; David farmed on his father's farm and died Feb. 20th, 1884, aged sixty-seven years. He was coimty commissioner for one year and held several township offices; Zachariah died 1875, aged forty-seven years, he was a farmer in Silver's Springs township; Nancy married Alartin Brinton, of East Pensboro township, and Elizabeth died in girlhood.
Our subject was brought up on the farm and for thirty-three years followed that oc- cupation. Pie obtained his education in the public schools. In 1889 he removed to Me- clianicsburg, where he has since resided. Mr. Dietz still owns a fine farm of 305 acres in Hampden township where he form- erly farmed. He is one of the largest tax payers in the township, a stanch Democrat, and for eighteen years served on the town- ship school board. He was, besides, twice township assessor and county auditor from 1865 to 1868. Mr. Dietz has been much sought after to serve as guardian for or- phan children, having acted in that capa-
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city for fifteen minor children; and he has settled half a dozen estates. He is a mem- ber of the Lutheran church. January 24, 1856, he married Elizabeth Wilt, daughter of John Wilt, a farmer of East Pensboro township. To that union were born five children: George, a farmer of Hampden township, deceased; Alice Jane, wife of Frederick Mumma, manager of the Harris- burg Preserving Company, at Riverton; Rebecca E., wife of F. G. Basehore, a far- mer of Silver's Spring township; Milton C, a farmer on his father's homestead in Hampden township; Catharine N., wife of Martin H. Hertzler, a farmer of Hampden township.
DR. FREDERICK C. BUCHER, a leading physician and surgeon of Wrightsville, York county, is a native of Columbia, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and was born March 23, 1868, the son of Frederick and Louise (Bartch) Bucher. The Buchers are of German origin. Maximil- ian Joseph Bucher, the grandfather of Dr. Bucher, was born in Deggingen, Kingdom of Wurtemberg, Germany, where he spent his entire life and up to the time of his death was engaged in a general mercantile business. Fie married Barbara Berndeler, a lady of Wurtemberg, by whom he had seven children : Frederick, Christian, Max- imilian, Bertha, who married Alexander Teippel, Mary, Amelia and Christiana.
Frederick Bucher, the father of our sub- ject, was born in Wurtemberg September 18, 1830. He received a good education in Germany and at first was engaged in the management of his father's business. In 1853 he came to America and located at Columbia on the Susquehanna river, oppo- site Wrightsville, where the doctor at pres- ent resides, where he was in the employ of several hardware firms and through this circumstance came to invent a stove which
was an improvement on those then in use. After this he engaged in the general merchandise business until i886,when, hav- ing accumulated a considerable amount of the world's goods, he retired to enjoy his remaining days in the ease and comfort that his previous activity had earned for him. Mr. Bucher is one of the large real estate owners of Columbia and as a large tax payer and at one time leading business man, is well known and prominent. In po- litics he is a Republican and manifests a commendable interest in local affairs. In religion he is a liberal. Mr. Bucher has no military record acquired in his adopted country but he saw service in a Rifle com- pany in Wurtemberg before emigrating to Am.erica. He is a member of Susquehanna Lodge, No. 80, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and of No. 20, Council, Artisans Order of Mutual Protection. In i860 he married Louise, a daughter of Michael and Elizabeth Bartch, by whom he had four children: William Louis, of Columbia; Dr. Frederick C, our subject; Mary Elizabeth and Emily. Mrs. Bucher died in 1895.
Dr. Frederick C. Bucher spent the earlier years of his life in acquiring a good Eng- lish education in the public schools of Co- lumbia and graduated in 1885. He then took a post graduate course in the High school and in the spring of 1886 went into the drug store of Dr. C. F. Markle, where he remained a year. He then went to Philadelphia and for a time was employed in the drug business but having determined to enter the medical profession he withdrew from active employment and became a stu- dent at Franklin & Marshall College dur- ing the years 1886 and '87. He then en- tered Princeton University as a Freshman and graduated in 1892. During the fol- lowing three years he studied medicine in the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania and in 1895 received his
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professional diploma as a graduate of that institution. He located in Wrightsville shortly after graduation and has remained there ever since, acquiring a large general practice. He has also identified himself with the town by a commendable display of interest in its growth and welfare. Per- sonally the doctor is a very agreeable gen- tleman, while professionally he is courte- ous, studious and proficient. In politics he is a Republican and in religion a Pres- byterian. He is a member of Chihuahua Lodge, No. 317, Independent Order of Odd Fellows and of Susquehanna Council, No. 89, Junior Order United American Me- chanics. He is also one of the most pop- ular members of the York County Medical Society.
October 31, 1895, he married Stella, a daughter of John M. and Martha Gish (Engle) Brandt, of Mt. Joy. One child, Frederick B., has been born to that union.
THOMAS G. NEELY, of Huntington township, Adams county, Pennsyl- vania, is the son of James H. and Mary (Godfrey) Neely, and was born in Frank- lin township, York county, Pennsylvania, April 24th, 1838.
His paternal great-grandfather, Thomas Neely, was born in Huntington township, Adams county, and was a farmer all his hfe. His paternal grandfather, Samuel Neely, was born Alarch 19th, 1775, in Huntington township, and likewise pur- sued the occupation of farming in said township and county. He married Ann Robinette, daughter of George Robinette, of Latimore township, Adams county. The children of this union were: Agnes (Mrs. George Gardner), James Harvey, Elizabeth (Mrs. Joseph Diehl), Mary Ann (Mrs. Jacob Jones), George and Samuel Allen, and are all deceased. In politics he was a Federal- ist. He died March 18, 1841. His maternal
great grandfather, William Godfrey, came from Wales early in the i8th century and settled upon the farm upon which is situ- ated the historic Valley Forge,and when his son, Thomas Godfrey, grandfather of the subject of this article, was but five or six years old, sold that farm to Benjamin Potts and purchased 800 acres of land in the upper end of York county. Thomas God- frey learned the milling business, and after he came of age leased the Darby mills in Virginia, and at that time met and married his wife, Mary Settle, the daughter of Ed- ward Settle, a prosperous planter of Cul- pepper county in that State. After some years he removed to Franklin township, York county, Pa., and there lived the bal- ance of his lifetime. In politics he was a Democrat and for many years held the office of justice of the peace. He was born June 6, 1770. His children were Lucy Ann (Mrs. Elisha Allen), Evaline (Mrs. Ca- leb Beales), Francis S., Jane F., (Mrs. David Cox), Mary L., (Mrs. J. H. Neely), Harriet, Caroline (Mrs. Davis), who is liv- ing in Mechanicsburg, Ohio, Charles M. Elizabeth M. (Mrs. Thomas Williams), and Stephen F. Edward Settle God- frey, a son of Dr. Charles M. Godfrey, is Major of he Seventh Regiment, United States Cavalry, and is stationed at Fort Apache, Arizona. James Harvey Neely (father of Thomas G.) was born in Huntington township, near Five Points, January 15, 181 1, and was married to Mary L. Godfrey March 25, 1835, and died April 6, 1862. His wife was born May 19, 1810, and died January 28, 1886. He received a common school education of that period and lived nearly all his life on his farm, which was his father's, and is now owned and is the residence of this subject. In politics he was a Whig and filled the local offices of assessor and school director in Huntington township. He was an active
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member and an elder of the Presbyterian church at York Springs. He also belonged to a Volunteer Infantry company for seven years, known as the Petersburg Invin- cibles . His children were Mary Ann, who died in infancy; Thomas Godfrey and James Robinette.
Thomas G. received a common school education, attended private schools and then the Academy at New Bloomfield, which he left on account of ill health. He worked on the farm and also taught school four term.s in Huntington township. In No- vember, 1866, he was, under President Johnson, appointed assistant revenue asses- sor and served until April, 186S. In March 1869 he was elected justice of the peace and served until the fall of 1871, when he re- signed. He was elected Prothonotary in October, 1871, and again in Nov., 1874, and served two terms. In i876he was a del- egate to the Democratic National Conven- tion, which met at St. Louis, and nomi- nated Hon. Samuel J. Tilden for President, and was frequently delegate to Democratic State Conventions. He was chairman of the Democratic County Committee from 1876 to 1882. In January, 1879, he was appointed bank assessor for Adams county. On the 4th of July, 1885, he was appointed deputy revenue collector and served until January, 1890, and was again elected jus- tice of the peace in Februarj', 1896. He has been a director of the Gettysburg Na- tional Bank for some years, and has set- tled up a large number of estates. He still devotes considerable attention to farming, and owns two fine farms, one in Hunting- don and the other in Latimore township. In politics he is a Democrat. He is a Presby- terian and a Free Mason. He was married to Margaret A., daughter of Thomas A. and Lydia A. Dicks, of Reading township, by whom he has six children: Cora A., Charles G. (a druggist of the firm of Long
i^ Neely, 12th and Chestnut streets, Phila- delphia,), Mary (Mrs. D. A. Gardner), Alice (Mrs. Dr. E. W. Cashman), Edgar L. (who m-arried Zulu B., daughter of Dr. A. B. Dill), and Margaret, who died when eight months old. His paternal ancestors were Scotch-Irish.
JOHN NEIMAN, of York, Pennsyl- vania, president of the Dover Fire In- surance Company, is a son of George and Mary (Rupert) Neiman, and was born July 2, 1820. This event took place in an old stone house in Conewago township, built over a hundred years ago and former- ly occupied by his grandfather, George Neiman. This ancestor was a farmer and owned two fine and fertile farms, contain- ing about seven hundred acres. He was a Whig in politics and a Lutheran in religion. By his marriage with Elizabeth Wentz he became the father of a large family.
The father of our subject was born on the same homestead. He grew up in his native township and became quite an ex- tensive farmer owning and tilling a consid- erable portion of 700 acres of land. His decided political opinion caused him to af- filiate with the Whig and later, with the Republican party. In religion he was of the Lutheran faith and filled all the ofifices in the church in which he held membership. He was twice married, first to the mother of our subject, by whom he had a family of nine daughters and four sons; ten of these children are still living. His second wife was a Mrs. Eisenhart. He died April 10, 1879, near the old homestead, on which he was born. Our subject's mother died September 27, 1862. Both are buried in Quickel's church cemetery in Conewago township.
John Neiman had limited educational op- portunities, teaching in those days being
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rather rudimentary; and beside this, much of his time was devoted to farm work. He remained with his father until he had at- tained the age of twenty-three years, when he engaged in farming for himself on a tract of land adjoining his father's. He subsequently continued in that pursuit for twenty-six years on a farm three miles northwest of York, in West Manchester township, on the Carlisle road, where he still owns 172 acres of land. Since remov- ing to York in 1874 he has partially re- tained his connection with farming, which consists principally in looking after his es- tate. He owns also a roller flouring mill which is situated on his farm, and is known as Shiloh mill, located on the Carlisle road on the Little Conewago creek. This mill was erected by Mr. Neiman about the year 1888, and has been conducted by him up to this time.
Mr. Neiman is the only living charter director of the Dover Fire Insurance com- pany, organized in 1856. In 1874 he was elected president of that company and has ever since filled that position with honor and fidelity. Though a Republican in poli- tics and strong in his faith in the national principles of the party, yet Mr. Neiman lays no claim to partisanship. He has the repu- tation of being quite liberal and independ- ent in the use of the franchise locally, voting, as the saying goes, for the best man in home elections. He has held several public offices in his time, among which are township assessor and school director. His religious views are those of the Lutheran church, and he is a member of Christ Luth- eran congregation of York, Pa., in which he has filled the position of elder. Like his father Mr. Neiman has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Cassandra Heilman, of Manchester township, to whom he was united December 29, 1842. They had eleven children. Mrs. Neiman died June
19, 1889, and Mr. Neiman's second mar- riage was contracted September 10, 1891, when he married Mrs. Isabella Strick- houser, nee Zellers.
Mr. Neiman's ancestors were of German origin and he inherited many of the dis- tinguishing and worthy traits of that na- tionality. With these as the groundwork of habits and character, he has worked out a very successful and commendable career. By industry, honesty and conscientious en- deavor he has prospered in the goods of the world, but better yet, has won for himself the esteem which men render upon the ex- hibition of such worthy qualities. He is rounding out a successful life in comfort and contentment at his home on West Market street and as his people have been longlived, bids fair to live many years yet.
REV. J. W. REESE, a well-known and popular Lutheran clergyman, of York Springs, is a son of Edward and Eliza (Kreusin) Reese, and was born No- vember 14, 1838, at Bustleton, Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania. He is of Welsh des- cent, his father having been born in Wales, July 29, 1809. He received the common school education of that country and came to America about 1824, locating in Phila- delphia. He then again attended the pub- lic schools and worked on a farm. He finally took up farming as a vocation and followed it until he retired from active la- bor and resided at Valley Forge, Pa. He still lives there. In politics he was a Whig. Throughout his life he was an exemplary Christian and was an elder in the Baptist church. His children are: Rev. J. W. Reese, the subject of this biographical sketch; William H. ; Edward; Mary Jane; Sarah (Mrs. Harry B. Bornmann); Lydia (Mrs. Stewart); Phoebe (Mrs. Frank Schneider); and Elizabeth. The others died in infancy. The mother died in 1857.
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The subject of this memorandum re- ceived his education in the schools of Phil- adelphia, after which he engaged in the pursuit of gardening in that city for a few years. He then entered Pennsylvania Col- lege, at Gettysburg, but did not complete the course on account of ill health. Sub- sequently he studied theology under Rev. Dr. Ziegler at Missionary Institute, Selins Grove, Pennsylvania, and, having been or- dained, took charge of a church in Curls- ville. Clarion county, in this State. He re- mained there one year and then went to Butler county, where he had charge at North Washington. He remained there from 1872 to 1875, and from the latter year until 1878 was located in Lairdsville, Pa. From 1878 to 1885 he was located at Bed- ford, and then until 1889 in Homer city. Pa. From there he came to York Springs to become pastor of the Lutheran church and has since been identified with interests, moral and spiritual, of that village.
REV. P. P. HEMLER. of New Ox- ford, Adams county, Pa., is the son of David and Susan (Smith) Hemler, and was born April 8, 1859, in Mount Pleasant township, Adams county, Pennsylvania. This was also the birth-place of his father, who received a common school education as a lad, and became a farmer. In 1866 he removed to Carroll county, Maryland, and hired there on a farm for ten years. He then went to Frederick county, near Mount St. Mary's, and continued farming until 1887, when he died mourned, as he had been respected where he lived, by a multitude of friends. He was a Democrat and a devout member of the Catholic church. His children were nine in num- ber: Samuel, Lewis, Katharine, Sarah (Mrs. Hugh Roddy), Agnes, John, Frank, the subject of this sketch, and Mary. His wife died in the year 1862.
The subject of this biographical mono- graph. Rev. P. P. Hemler, received his rudimentary education in the public schools, graduated from Mount St. Mary's College, Maryland, and was ordained to the priesthood October 5, 1888. He was ap- pointed assistant priest at Chambersburg, Pa., where he remained for two years, and wa;: then assigned as assistant priest to St. Mary's church, Lebanon, Pa. There he remained only ten months, when in May, 1891, he was appointed pastor of the Catho- lic church in New Oxford, which position he now holds. He was the first pastor ap- pointed to take this place, and since com- ing here has erected a large brick parson- age, enlarged the church edifice and built the present parochial school building. He prides himself on his successful efforts in building and is now taking steps to erect a new church structure in the early future. In politics Rev. Father Hemler is a Demo- crat, but in local afifairs always votes for the candidate he esteems the most worthy. It is not fulsome praise to say that he is one of the most popular, influential and highly esteemed citizens in this thriving town.
HON. GERARD CRANE BROWN, one of the best known public men of the State of Pennsylvania, was born No- vember 12, 1842, in the tower of London, the son of Benjamin F. and Mary Sophia (Cops) Brown. He is of Puritan, Colonial and Revolutionary stock and is a direct descendant in the seventh generation of Thomas Brown, Esq., of Rye, county of Essex, England, who emigrated to Con- cord, Mass., in 1832. The family is a younger branch of the Browns of Beech- worth, county of Kent, England, which was founded by Sir. Anthony Brown, a Knight of the Bath, upon whom that heraldic dig- nity was conferred at the coronation of
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Richard II, 1377. Senator Brown's great- great-grandfather, Major Hachaliah Brown, commanded the Westchester Levies in the French and Indian war of 1757-8, at the siege of Louisburg, under Gen. Lord Am- herst. His great-grandfather, the second son of Major Brown, served under Wash- ington in the Revolution.
Benjamin F. Brown, the father of Sena- tor Brown, was born in Somers, New York, January 11, 1799, and spent twenty-five years of his Hfe in traveling. In 1841 he married Mary Sophia, a daughter of Alfred Cops, Esq., of the tower of London, where, on November 12, 1842, his eldest child, the subject of this sketch, was born. In Au- gust, 1845, he returned to the United States with his family and re-occupied his farm in Carmel, Putnam county. New York, where he died September 25, 1881.
.Senator Brown received his education at the North Salem Academy, Westchester county, New York, Phillips Academy, An- dover, Mass., where he was a member of the class of 1859, and at Yale University, where he was a member of the class of 1863. He left Yale when 18 years old on the day following the bombardment of Fort Sum- ter, and began raising a company on April 15, 1861, before Lincoln had issued his call for seventy-five thousand volunteers. Sen- ator Brown served as first lieutenant of Company G, 38th Regiment, N. Y. S. Vol., and was wounded at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, and was honorably dis- charged September 20th, 1861. He en- gaged in farming at Croton Falls, New York, and since 1874 he has been farming at Yorkana, York county, Pennsylvania. Since his removal to this county Mr. Brown has taken an active and prominent part in Democratic politics and has risen to the position of one of the State leaders of that party. He was first elected State Senator to represent the 28th Pennsylvania
district, in 1886, re-nominated by acclama- tion and re-elected by four thousand two hundred majority in 1890. In the Legisla- ture of 1893 he served on the committees on agriculture, finance, game and fish, in- surance and library; and was the caucus nominee of his party for president, pro tempore, of the Senate. He was recognized leader in the cause of equalization of taxa- tion; the enforcement of the i6th and 17th articles of the constitution, and all legisla- tion for the advantage of agriculture and the benefit of the farmer's interest. In State and National campaigns Senator Brown has been actively engaged as a speaker and in 1892 he stumped in West Virginia, New Jersey, New York and Con- necticut. As a Tarifif Reformer he has a national reputation. His arguments against a high protective tariff made before the Ways and Means Committee of Congress in 1890 and 1891 have been printed as Democratic campaign documents.
Since becoming a resident of Pennsyl- vania Senator Brown became identified with the Grange and in 1886 was elected State Lecturer and re-elected in 1888. He is the State Deputy for York county since 1876 and for 10 years a member of the leg- islative committee. He has also served as associate editor of the Farmers Friend. In 1879 he organized the Lower Windsor Mu- tual Fire Insurance company, of which he has since been secretary. He was a prom- inent member of the Pennsylvania Tax Conference which codified the Revenue Laws of the State 1893 to 1895.
February 8, 1872, Mr. Brown married Caroline Victoria, a daughter of the late Dr. J. W. Barcroft, of Fairfax county, Virginia. Five children have been born to this union: Benjamin, Gerard, Mary Bar- croft, Eva Wolverton and Caroline Vic- toria. The family are members of St. John's Episcopal church of York,
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Senator Brown has an immense popular- ity in York county, and from his tried and proved devotion to their service possesses the confidence of its people. In his own neighborhood he is known as a hard work- ing and energetic farmer.
In political campaigns the Brown house is frequently a Mecca for politicians from all over the county, district and State, for the Senator is recognized as a man of keen political insight and his advice and judgment are m.uch sought and followed. He iis a splendid shot and when not occu- pied with the cares of political life or the more arduous labors of the farm he in- dulges in his favorite recreation of hunting. For some years the Senator has been re- garded as available timber in the make up of State and district tickets and the day may not be far distant when his party may again call him to some high office in the gift and service of the people.
REV. ALFRED B. MOWERS, of Shiremanstown, Pa., is the son of Simon and Catherine (Piper) Mowers, and was born near Carlisle April 28, 1866. The Mowers are of German origin and were among the early settlers of this county, residing near Shippensburg. George Mowers, great-grandfather of Rev. Alfred, was a native of Germany and the original settler of the Mower's family in the county. He was one of the principal farmers in that community and a member of the United Brethren church. He was a resident of the county prior to the Revolutionary war. John Mowers, grandfather of our subject, was a wagonmaker of Mowersville, a vil- lage named after him, and of which he was the founder. He was one of the prominent men of his day and was a well known mer- chant and business man. He married a Miss Souders, by whom he had eleven children: Six are dead.
Simon Mowers, the father of our subject, was born at Mowersville, January 16, 1822. He was a coach-maker by trade which vocation he relinquished after a few years and engaged in farming. In 1867 he moved to Dauphin county and subsequent- ly purchased a farm six miles east of Har- risburg, Dauphin county, which he culti- vated until 1885. He has been a member of the East Pennsylvania United Brethren Conference since 1865. His principal ap- pointments were Linglestown and Rock- ville, where he remained for nine or ten years .He has always been a very devoted and loyal member to his church, a man of influence and popular where he resided. He was retired from active work in 1895. He married Catherine, daughter of Daniel and Barbara (Piper) the father being the son of a grocer and farmer of Franklin county. To that union were born John F., minister of the United Brethren church, now located in Bethlehem; Mary S., wife of Robert C. Har^'ey, of Oberlin, Pennsylvania ;Dixon W., minister of the M. E. church (South) of Richmond, Virginia; Simon S., a wood worker of the Pennsylvania railroad shops ; Samuel T., retired minister of the United Brethren church, now in the meat market of Philadelphia; David, railroader of Chi- cago, Illinois; Zephaniah C, minister of the United Brethren church, Elmwood, Indiana; Harriet E., wife of Rev. Anson L. Hasler, a Presbyterian minister, of In- dianapolis, Indiana; Harry H., pastor of the First Baptist church, of Lebanon, Pennsyl- vania; Joseph E., carpenter of McKeesport and Rev. Alfred B., of whom we write. The latter received his education in the common and high school and at the Union Biblical Seminary of Dayton, Ohio, graduating in 1889. That same spring he became pastor of the Peth valley charge where he served six years. He came to this town in 1896, where he is pastor of the Shiremanstown
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United Brethren church. He is connected with the Pennsylvania Conference which is composed of vigorous and thriving churches.
He was married to Annie M. Biggs, daughter of William and Lucy (Bixler) Biggs, of Westminster, Maryland, Febru- ary 12, 1889. Mr. Biggs is a native of Scot- land and came to America about 1840. He is a farmer by occupation. Rev. and Mrs. Mowers have three children: Eva L., Earl B., and Alfred G.
GUYON H. BUEHLER, proprietor of the Star and Sentinel, of Gettys- burg, Adams county, is the oldest son of David A. and Fannie J. Buehler, and was born June 4, 1856. On December 3, 1873, he entered the printing ofnce of the Star and Sentinel, and since that date has been connected with it continuously in one ca- pacity or another. In 1877 he became bus- iness manager, in 1893 part proprietor and on May 23, 1896, the sole proprietor of the paper. Mr. Buehler has had a long and varied journalistic experience and this train- ing has been invaluable in holding up his paper to the high standard it attained under previous management.
Adams county was created by act of as- sembly January 22, 1800. On the 12th of November, 1800, The Adams Sentinel, the first paper established in the new county, was issued by Robert Harper, who contin- ued to be its editor down to November 8, 1816. On this latter date he was suc- ceeded by his son, Robert G. Harper, whose connection with the press of the county was long and honorable. This Adams Sen- tinel, was the forerunner of the present Star and Sentinel, but several papers have been consolidated and numerous firms and editors have been engaged in the process of its making.
On April 17, 1830, John S. Ingram estab- lished a paper called the Anti-Masonic Star. A few months later on July 10, 1830, he sold the plant to Robert W. Middleton, who changed the name to the Star and Republican Banner and continued as editor and owner until December 4, 1838, when he disposed of the plant to Cooper, Sny- ser and Co. Changes followed rapidly and on January 4, 1839, Robert S. Paxton's name appears as editor. He retired on January 28, 1840, in favor of G. Washing- ton Bowen. In 1845 David A. Buehler became the owner and on March 23, 1849, he sold a half interest to his brother, C. H. Buehler. They continued their partnership until January, 1856, when they sold to John T. Mcllhenny. In 1867 the two pa- pers, the Adams Sentinel and the Star and Republican Banner were consolidated un- der the management of Harper, McPher- son and Buehler and the name was changed to the Star and Sentinel. Upon the death of Mr. Harper in 1870, his inter- est was purchased by his partners and Da- vid A. Buehler became the editor and con- tinued to be until his death in 1887. After the death of Mr. D. A. Buehler, one of the partners in 1893, the property was sold to John B. McPherson, Guyon H. Buehler and A. Danner Buehler. This partnership continued to May 23, 1896, when Messrs. McPherson and A. Danner Buehler retired and Guyon H. Buehler became sole pro- prietor. The journal has stood for all that is best in the development of the town and county and has attained a high standard in the State. It still has a mission to per- form and all citizens who look to the growth of healthy moral sentiment in the political arena expect the Star and Senti- nel to stand in the future where it has stood in the past. It is the Republican paper of the county.
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WILLIAM H. FLORA, a prominent real estate and insurance agent, of Wrightsville, York county, was born in that borough August i, 1863, the son of Henry N. and Helen (Drenning) Flora. The family is of French Huguenot origin and formerly the name was written de Flury. Abraham Flora, great-grandfather of our subject was born in Germany, from whence he emigrated to America and set- tled in Lancaster county. He left one son Daniel Flora, who farmed in Lancaster county. Afterward he removed to York county and farmed near Wrightsville very extensively during the remainder of his life. He was identified with the Republican party and in religion was a Menonite. Henry M. Flora, father of our subject, was born in Lancaster county October 6, 1814, and died May 23, 1868. He acquired his education in the common schools. Like his father he was a Republican, but instead of subscribing to the latter's religious be- lief he became a Presbyterian. Mrs. Flora was a daughter of William and Mary Drenning, of Lancaster county, and mar- ried to Henry N. Flora in 1861. Their union, one of constancy and felicitv, was blessed with three children: William H., and Walter, twins, and Granville, a moul- der, of Wrightsville. Mrs. Flora has sur- vived her worthy husband twenty-nine years and is still living at Wrightsville.
William H. Flora, acquired his education in the common schools of Wrightsville and then began the battle of life on a farm near the borough. He followed the plow for four years and then engaged in the groc- ery business in Wrightsville for two years. Selling his store he located at Tacoma, Washington and for the next four years engaged in the hotel business. When he retired from that business he returned to Wrightsville and opened a real estate and insurance agency, in which business he still
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continues. He was one of the organizers of the Wrightsville and Hellam Mutual Fire Insurance company, at present being a director and secretary, also agent of Phil- adelphia L'nderwriters, Phoenix Assurance Co. of London and other companies. He does a large business in real estate, loans and mortgages, and is one of the busiest men in the borough. Mr. Flora has charge of a large number of properties owned by non-residents. By strict attention to busi- ness he has succeeded in gaining the entire confidence of the business community. Mr. Flora is one of the most active Republi- cans in York county and is regarded as a strong leader in Wrightsville. His ad- vice is always sought in local party con- tests and he has shown himself to be very astute in his political judgments. He is at present a member of the Republican County Committee and secretary to trie Republican County Chairman. Naturally his activity has won for him more than mere notice in Wrightsville and he has held a number of public positions in that bor- ovigh. At present he is secretary of the board of health, is now serving his second term as tax collector and has been notary public since Governor Pattison appointed him in 1893, his commission having been renewed by Governor Hastings at the ex- pirationof his term in '97. In 1894, Mr. Flora was a candidate for county treasurer but be- ing in the minority party failed of election, though his vote under the circumstances was a flattering one. In religion he is an active Presbyterian and at present is assist- ant superintendent of the Presbyterian Sun- day school at Wrightsville.
His fraternal affiliations are with Chihua- hua Lodge, No, 317, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, in which he has taken an active part since he joined and has passed through all the chairs; and with Susqueh- anna Council, No. 89, Junior Order United
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American Mechanics, of which he is the present Councillor.
PROF. SAMUEL B. HEIGES, scholar, scientist and ex-pomologist of the National Agricultural Department, was born at Dillsburg, Pa., February i6th, 1837, the son of Jacob and Elizabeth (Mumper) Heiges.
Prof. Heiges took hold of the active du- ties of life early in his years. In the local school he was a scholar and teacher until his sixteenth year, when he was placed in full charge of a school in Perry county. In 1854, the first year of the county superin- tendency in Pennsylvania, he became a teacher in Cumberland county; and the next year was assigned as principal to an academy previously presided over by the superintendent of that county. During several years he spent the summer sessions at the Cumberland Valley Institute, Me- chanicsburg, then in a highly flourishing condition, and for a few sessions was there engaged in the capacity of tutor, availing himself, meanwhile, of the opportunity to pursue a course of instruction in natural sciences, under the able tuition of Profes- sor Dornbaugh. He was next chosen pro- fessor of mathematics in the Cumberland County Normal School and occupied that chair during three sessions. In 1861 he removed to York and organized a very flourishing school at Cottage Hill college, where he remained until commissioned superintendent of the schools of York county, June 4th, 1863, to which position, three years subsequently, he was unani- mously re-elected. After retiring he filled the chair of mathematics and natural sci- ences in the York County Academy for three years and for twelve months held the same post in the York High School. On the completion of the York Collegiate In- stitute, the professorship of the same
branches was tendered to, and accepted by, him; but the labor of both departments in so extensive an institution proving too ex- acting, he, at the close of the first year, re- .signed the professorship of mathematics, retaining the chair of natural sciences until he took charge of the Soldiers Orphans' School at Camp Hill, Cumberland county.
When the Camp Hill School became a State institution Prof. Heiges relinquished his control and returned to York. Subse- quently President Cleveland appointed him pomologist of the National Agricultural Department, a position Mr. Heiges held until shortly after the incoming of the Mc- Kinley Administration..
Much of Professor Heiges' time has been devoted to investigations in vegetable and animal physiology and his widespread repu- tation for deep learning m those branches has naturally brought him into much prominence in the circles interested in those departments of knowledge. As a member of numerous agricultural and horticultural societies his opinion is sought, his views adopted and his word as an authority un- questioned. He served for several years as corresponding secretary of the Agricultural Societ}' and for some time as president of the Pennsylvania Fruit Growers' Society. He has been frequently called upon to de- liver lectures before tachers' conventions and institutes in various portions of the State and has held the position of vice pres- ident of the Pennsylvania Teachers' Asso- ciation. By numerous scientific and liter- ary societies of colleges and State normal schools, he has been elected and enrolled in honorary membership.
T OHN M. HEIGES, deceased, was born I in Dillsburg, York county, Pennsyl- vania , December 2, 1829 and died De- cember 28, 1882, on his farm in West Manchester township, the land of which,
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at the present time, forms a large part of the built-up portion of the 9th ward of the city of York. Mr. Heiges was survived by widow and mother, Elizabeth Heiges, a sister, Laura J. Heiges, both of whom have since died,and three brothers: J. D. Heiges, a well known and leading dentist of York; Prof. S. B. Heiges, ex-county superintend- ent of public instruction and late pomolo- gist of the National Department of Agri- culture at Washington; and George W. Heiges, a prominent lawyer and an ex- burgess of York; and a sister, Elizabeth A., wife of William N. Seibert, a leading lawyer of the Perry county, Pennsyl- vania, bar.
Mr. Heiges learned the trade of cabinet making in the city then the borough of York, during his teens and for many years followed that business successfully in his native town of Dillsburg. In politics he was a Democrat who was recognized to be a politician of unusual foresight and shrewdness. He took a prominent and active part in the councils of his party and in his time held numerous offices as a reward for his services and a title to his ability and worth. In 1864 he was elected register of wills and filled the office very acceptably for three years. Subsequently by appointment of the county commission- ers, he became clerk of the board for two years. At various times thereafter he served by appointment as deputy register of wills and deputy prothonotary of the county.
The later years of his life were devoted to experimental farming on his farm of about twenty acres, now wholly within the limits of the city of York. In this he met with great success, especially in the culti- vation of small fruits and wheat. His experiments with wheat lead him to invent a cultivator upon which he obtained letters patent and which he
used for cultivating wheat sowed in rows same as corn. By this method of agricul- ture he produced unusually fine grain, the greater part of which he annually disposed of to the United States Government at an advance far beyond the market price. Mr. Heiges was a member of the York County Agricultural Society, one of the most pro- mising and successful societies of its kind in the United States.
Jacob Heiges, the father of Air. Heiges, was a prominent chair manufacturer of York county, and his mother, Elizabeth (Mumper) Heiges, was a daughter of John and Jane (Beelman) Mumper both of Ger- man parentage. Jacob Heiges died a comparatively young man, at the age of 52 years and about three months. His father died January 12, 1856, aged about sixty- five years, and his mother died September 9, 1886, aged about eighty-one years. John and Jane Mumper lived to be about eighty- one and eighty-tv/o years respectively.
ROBERT J. F. McELROY, ESQ., one of the younger members of the York County Bar, is a son of George W. and Anna M. (Fisher) McElroy, and was born in York, York county, Pennsylvania, August 12, 1868. The McElroy family is of Scotch-Irish origin and was founded in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, by Daniel McElroy, who was a native of County Donegal, Province of Munster, Ireland.and married Rebecca Wisherd, a native of Glas- gow, Scotland. After coming to Lancas- ter county, Pennsylvania, they continued to reside there during the remainder of their lives. Of their nine children, the youngest was George W. McElroy, ex-district at- torney of York county. He was born in Lancaster county, July 23, 1818, was edu- cated in the public schools and from 1841 to 1844, served as principal of Ephrata Academy. Subsequently, he read law with
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Colonel Reah Frazer, and was admitted to the bar of Lancaster county where he practiced several years, during which time he was also editor of the Lancaster Intelligencer. From Lancaster he moved to Meadville, Crawford county, but in 1853 returned to the former place where he practiced until 1861.
At the outbreak of the late civil war, he enlisted in Battery A, First Pennsylvania Artillery, as a private, and remained in the Federal service until December 3, 1864, when he received an honorable discharge. He then located permanentlyin York.where he became a resident member of the Bar on December 20th, 1864. In 1883 he was elected District Attorney of the county, succeeding Edward D. Ziegler, Esq., and continued to fill that office for three years. He died November i, 1887, a short time after the close of his term of office.
In 1866 Mr. McElroy married Anna M. Fisher, a daughter of Michael and Anna Mary Fisher, of York, Pa. They have had eight children, five son and three daugh- ters.
Robert J. F. McElroy attended the pub- lic schools of York, and then entered the High school of the same place, from which he graduated in the class of 1885. After leaving school he read law with his father, and subsequently with A. C. Fulton and W. A. Miller, Esqs., at York, and was ad- mitted to the Bar December 19, 1892, since which time he has been in the active prac- tice of his profession. He is a young man of promise and ability, and for some time after his admission served as special county detective under appointment of the District Attorney.
He is a member of Codorus Council, No. 115, Junior Order of United American Mechanics, and Keystone Conclave, No. 12, Improved Order Heptasophs. He is a member of Trinity Reformed church of
York, Rev. J. O. Miller, D. D., pastor.
He has always been a Democrat in poli- tics but during the late Presidential cam- paign supported the ticket of the National Democracy, and is a warm advocate of the single gold standard of currency.
JACOB M. GOODYEAR, sheriff of Cumberland county, is a veteran of the late Civil war and a descendant of that sturdy pioneer stock which has made Lancaster and other eastern counties one of the rich agricultural districts in the United States. He is a son of Samuel and Mary Ann (Morett) Goodyear, and was born in South Middleton township, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, Novem- ber 21, 1845. I" the tide of emigration from Germany to Pennsylvania was Lud- wig Goodyear, who settled, about 1750, in Warwick township, Lancaster county, where he and his wife Regina lived peace- ful and industrious lives. Their sons, John and Jacob, came to South Middleton town- ship and purchased adjoining farms which they tilled until death summoned them to another world. John Goodyear was born in Warwick township, Lancaster county, March nth, 1784, and died in South Mid- dleton township, December 29, 1864. He married Ann Burkholder, whose parents were Christian and Franca Burkholder, originally from Dauphin county. John and Ann Goodyear were blessed with a family of six sons and two daughters: David, John, Catharine, Jacob. Abraham, Samuel, Benjamin and Regina. Samuel Goodyear, tJie fifth son, was born July 16, 1818, and lived to nearly reach his 74th year, dying September 14, 1895. He followed agri- cultural pursuits up to 1865, in which year he moved to Carlisle where he was engaged successively in the lime and the baking business He was a prominent member of the Knights of Pythias, and in politics sup-
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ported the Democratic party. He wedded Mary Ann Morrett, who is a daughter of Jacob Morrett, of Churchtown, and was born 1825. To their union were born six sons and six daughters, of whom but three sons and three daughters reached ma- turity: WilHam, Jacob M., Mrs. Ann Mar- tin, of Harrisburg; John, of Bloomington, IlHnois; Mrs. C. D. Cameron, and Rebecca, who resides with her mother.
Jacob M. Goodyear was reared on the farm, received a practical business educa- tion, and followed farming until September I, 1864, when he enlisted in Company A, 209th Pennsylvania Volunteers. His regi- ment joined Butler's forces and on Novem- ber 17, 1864, he was captured on the picket line and confined successively in Libby pri- son. Castle Thunder and at Salisbury, North Carolina. He was exchanged March 15th, 1S65, came home on a furlough to recruit his health which had been badly impaired by prison treatment, and then re- joined his regiment which was discharged at Alexandria, Va., on May 1865. Re- turning from the army he located at Car- lisle where he was engaged in the manu- facture of pumps for two years. He then removed to South Dickinson township and after five years spent in farming returned to Carlisle where he embarked in the lime business to which later he added a coal yard. In these two lines he was success- fully engaged up to 1894 when he was elected sherifif of Cumberland county.
On September 26th, 1867, Mr. Good- year married Ellen C. Miller, a daughter of 'Squire Levi Miller, of Mt. Holly Springs. To their union were bom ten children: Fisk and Samuel, successors to their father in the lime and coal business; William; Annie; Frank; Carrie; John; Charles; Nor- ton and Norman, who died in infancy.
Sherifif Goodyear has always been a Democrat and is discharging the duties of
his important office with satisfaction to the public and with credit to himself. He gives to the sherifif's ofEce the same attention and management that made his business enter- prises so successful Sherifif Goodyear is a member of Carlisle Council, No. 574, Jun- ior Order of United American Mechanics; True Friends Lodge, No. 56 Knights of Pythias; and a member and past officer of Capt. Caldwell Post, No. 201, Grand Army of the Republic. He is a member of the First Lutheran church, of Carlisle, and ranks among the useful citizens and effi- cient public officials of Cumberland county.
JARED F. BLASSER, the present efifi- cient Clerk of the Courts of York county, is a son of James Alexander and Sarah (Stabler) Blasser, and was born in Shrewsberry township, York county, Pennsylvania, February, 1862. He is of German and Scotch-Irish descent, and while the record of emigration has not been preserved on either side of the house, yet the names of Blasser and Stabler have al- ways been ones of respectability in the his- tory of the county. In direct lineal descent from the emigrant ancestor of the Blasser family is James Alexander Blasser, who was born in Shrewsbury borough, this county. He obtained a good English edu- cation and learned the trade of tailor which he followed for some years. He is a strong and active Democrat, and served from 1882 to 1885 as the Clerk of Courts of York county. Since leaving the clerk's office, he has been variously engaged and is now a resident of York, Pa. He married Sarah Stabler, a daughter of George Stab- ler, of Shrewsbury township. To their union were born several children, of whom but three lived to reach maturity: Clara, deceased ; Jennie and Jared F.
Jared F. Blasser was reared in his native countv, received his education in the com-
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mon schools, and when twenty )'ears of age, became an assistant to his father in the county clerk's office. In due time he became sufficiently well versed with the affairs of the office to be m.ade deputy clerk, and was appointed to that office by all succeeding clerks of the county courts, from the close of his father's term in 1885, down to the year 1893. In the latter year he ofifered himself as a candidate for clerk at the primaries of his party, and in the convention received on first ballot the votes of 131 of the 174 delegates composing that body. At the ensuing election he was elected by a good majority, and entered upon the duties of his office on January i, 1894. Perfectly familiar, through twelve years of continuous service as deputy, with the affairs of the office, he commenced his duties as clerk with ease and efficiency. Mr. Blasser, although solicited by some to offer himself for a second term, firmly de- clined in deference to the unwritten but time sanctioned usage of the Democratic party, which has always been opposed to the Clerk of Courts holding two consecu- tive terms. Although not a candidate for re-election, yet he takes his usual interest in the county. State and national political affairs, and believes in the supremacy of the Democratic party as necessary to the greatest prosperity of the people and the successful administration of the body poli- tic.
Mr. Blasser is popular as a leader in his party, stands well as a county official, and is respected as a citizen. He is a member of Keystone Conclave, No. 12, Improved Or- der Heptasophs, in which he has passed all the chairs. In 1893-1895 he was the repre- sentative of the above mentioned order to the Supreme Conclave of the United States, which met at Atlantic City, New Jersey, and New Haven, Connecticut.
On April 14,1886, Mr. Blasser was united
in marriage with Annie C. Boeckel, whose father, Emanuel Boeckel, is a resident of Springgarden township, this county. Their union has been blessed with one child, a son, born Alarch 9, 1888, and named Gor- man B., after United States Senator Gorman, of Maryland, who has been promi- nent in public affairs for over a quarter of a century. -
OSEPH ELCOCK, a highly esteemed and one of the oldest citizens of Me- chanicsburg, is a native of York comity, having been born in Warrington tovmship, Nov. 10, 1813. The Elcocks are of Irish extraction. The father, Rich- ard Elcock, came to America from Ireland when eighteen years of age and located in York county, where he married Alary, a daughter of Peter Wagner, a farmer and pump maker of near East Berlin. Though he was a weaver by trade, Mr. Elcock turn- ed to agricultural pursuits and followed the plough the remainder of his life. He died on his farm in Warrington township, where he had resided for many years, in 1843, aged seventy-two years. He was the father of five sons and three daughters: William, born 1799, who died in early manhood; John, late a farmer in York county, born 1801, died 1881; Elizabeth,deceased; David, a teacher and farmer late of York county, who died at the age of eighty-six; Jane, de- ceased, wife of the late Joseph Krall, for- merly of York county, but later a resident of Mechanicsburg; Thomas, a Presbyterian minister and resident of Van Wert, Ohio; and our subject. It will be seen that the Elcocks are hardy people and as a rule long lived.
Joseph Elcock was reared on the farm and educated in the township schools. At twenty years of age he was apprenticed to learn tailoring and followed that occupa- tion five years, when he returned to his
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father's homestead and conducted the farm for two years. At the solicitation of the elder Elcock he then moved upon another of his farms on which was located a hotel. Here he farmed, conducted the hotel and carried on tailoring. In two years he bought a farm for himself and moved upon it. There was a pottery near and in ad- dition to farming he engaged in the man- ufacture of earthen ware for about fifteen years. At the end of that time he moved to Mt. Pleasant and engaged in the mer- cantile business for eleven years. From Mt. Pleasant he moved to Mechanicsburg and carried on the dry-goods business for a number of years, when he turned it over to his son, Thomas, and son-in-law. David Biddle. Mr. Elcock then turned his atten- tion to the manufacture of farming imple- ments, in which he was engaged until 1884, when he retired from all active business. Mr. Elcock has been identified very promi- nently with the public interests of his adopted home. He is the only living or- ganizer of the Second National Bank, of which he has been a director since its or- ganization. He is also a director of the Mechanicsburg Water company and of the East Pensboro Fire Insurance company. His religious affiliations are with the Church of God, of which he has been a consistent and active member and elder for fifty-five years. He was twice married. His first wife being Elizabeth, daughter of Jacob Strominger, of York county. By this wife he had four sons and two daugh- ters: Mary Ann, wife of David Biddle, merchant of Mechanicsburg; Jacob, a busi- ness man of Seattle, Washington; John, a brick manufacturer of Springfield, Illinois; Theodore, a resident of the west; Thomas, a merchant of Mechanicsburg; Elizabeth Jane, wife of David Myers, a York county farmer. His second marriage was with Mary, a daughter of Peter and Mary (Gin-
ter) Brenneman, of York county, by whom he had four daughters: Samantha Lizzie, who died at the age of twenty-five; Lulu, wife of Samuel Hauck, hardware merchant of Mechanicsburg; Sarah Ellen, who died at the age of twenty-two; and Ann F., at home.
Mr. Elcock, who is now almost eighty- four years of age, can look back over a well spent and useful life. Energy, frugality and honorable dealing have gained him wealth, honors and friends. When he came to Me- chanicsburg it was but a village. He has seen it grow and double its proportions and has the consciousness of knowing that to its expansion and growth he has contri- buted no inconsiderable share.
WILLIAM E. WEBB, M. D., exam- iner for the Pennsylvania Railroad company at York, is a son of William and Phoebe (Pownall) Webb, and was born near Unionville, Chester county, Pennsyl- vania, April 14, 1863. The Webb family is of distinguished English ancestry and came to the Province of Penn at an early day in its history. The Pennsylvania branch of the family is of Quaker stock, and its early members while of peaceful profes- sion yet were active in civil affairs. Like the Webbs the Pownalls were sturdy Eng- lish Quakers, but came at an early date to Pennsylvania, being passengers with Penn when he came over in 1682. The Webbs and Pownalls settled at an early day in Chester county, from which many worthy representatives of both families have gone to other counties, where they have led lives of usefulness and been active members of society.
William E. Webb passed his early years of life on the farm, received his literary education in the public schools and the West Chester State Normal school, and then selected the medical profession as his
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life vocation. He read medicine with Dr. H. W. Pownall, and matriculated in Jeffer- son Medical College, of Philadelphia, from which well known institution he was gradu- ated in the class of 1887. After graduation he located at CoUamer, in Chester county, \i'here he practiced up to April 8, 1890, when he accepted the position of assistant examiner for the Pennsylvania Railroad company, at Williamsport, Lycoming county. From Williamsport, on February I, 1893, he was transferred to Derry Sta- tion, Westmoreland county, and remained there as assistant medical examiner until June I, 1895, when he was appointed to his present position as medical examiner at York. Dr. Webb has been successful as a physician, and stands well with his fellow- members of the medical profession. He is a member of the York County and the Pennsylvania State Medical Societies. His advancement to his present and responsible position has been the reward of merit, and hard and assiduous labor. Dr. Webb is a Republican in politics, but takes no active or prominent part in the great contests be- tween the two leading political parties of the country. He is a member of London Grove Friends meeting and follows reli- giously in the foot-steps of his ancestors who were faithful followers of George Fox, On April 7, 1890, Dr. William E. Webb, at Furniss, Lancaster county, married Emma Grace Evans, a member of Chest- nut Level Presbyterian church, and a daughter of J. Leiper and Grace A. (Col- lins) Evans, of Furniss. Dr. and Mrs. Webb, have two children, a son and a daughter; William and Grace E.
JC. TANGER, hardware merchant of • Hanover, York county, is a son of David S. and Susanna Cecilia (Rupp) Tanger, and was born at Hanover June 28, 1857. '^he Tangers are of Scotch ori-
gin. David Tanger was the son of Jacob Tanger, who was born in Lancaster county. Pa. David Tanger was born in Lancaster city. Pa,, and after receiving a common school education, learned wagon making at York Springs, Adams county, after which he engaged in mercantile business for three years. He came to Hanover in 1S54 and began the manufacture of car- riages in 1856. He was also a member of the firm of Loucks, Michael & Tanger, hardware dealers, organized in 1862. In 1865 Loucks withdrew and in 1877 the firm became Tanger & Etzlor. The hardware and carriage business was carried on by this firm until 1880, when our subject bought !\'[r. Etzler's interest and the firm became D. S. Tanger & Son. Since 1887, when the elder Tanger died, the business has been conducted by our subject under the firm of J. C. Tanger & Co. David S. Tanger was a Republican and as such took an ac- tive part in politics. He was twice elected burgess of Hanover and also served in the town's council and school board. In reli- gion he was a member of the Menonite church. He was twice married, his first wife being Susanna Cecilia, a daughter of John and Mary Rupp, by whom he had three children: John C, our subject; Fan- nie E., who married Samuel Hostetter; and a child who died in infancy. His second wife was Elizabeth Harnish, daughter of Jacob and Susanna Harnish. To that un- ion were born seven children: Grant S., deceased: Frank T. ; Eva L., who married Alvin Menges; David A.; Catharine; Viola G., and Anna, the latter deceased.
John C. Tanger received his education in the public schools of Hanover and then engaged in clerking in his father's hard- ware store until 1876, when he went to Philadelphia and clerked in the wholesale carriage and saddlery hardware store of George De B. Keim & Co. In May 1880
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he returned to Hanover and as before men- tioned, bought an interest in his father's hardware business. He has remained a resident and business man of Hanover ever since. Mr. Tanger is one of Hanover's most substantial citizens and has taken a promi- nent part in the development of the town's interests. He assisted in organizing the People's bank at Hanover and is at present secretary of the institution. He also as- sisted in organizing the Hanover & Mc- Sherrystown Street Railway company and was its first president. Mr. Tanger also de- votes considerable attention to the affairs of the Reformed church of which he is a member and a communicant in Emanuel's congregation. He is superintendent of the infant Sunday school.
June 24, 1885, he married Ida S., a daughter of Charles and Susan Young. That union has been blessed with four chil- dren: Charles Y., John C, Susan Y., and David S., the latter deceased.
HON. E. Z. STRINE, an ex-member of the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania, and a prominent lawyer, was born in the village of Strinestown, Cone- wago township, York county. Pa., on June nth, 1842. His parents were Peter S. Strine and Margaret Zeigler Strine. Peter S. Strine was born in Conewago township in 181 5, and Margaret Zeigler Strine was born in Codorus township in 181 7. The father of Mr. Strine died in 1854 and is buried in Union cemetery, Manchester borough. His mother is still living and resides on the old homestead, at Strines- town, and is now in her 8oth year. Both are Dunkards and gave to their son a re- ligious training from his childhood. The great-grandfather, Peter Strine, was a na- tive of Germany and settled in America during the middle of the i8th century. The
latter served under Gen. Washington in the war of the Revolution.
Margaret Zeigler Strine's parents were of German descent, her father, Daniel Zeig- ler, serving as a soldier in the defence of Baltimore in the war of 1812-14.
Capt. E. Z. Strine was employed on a farm during his youth. He was educated in the common schools and ranked high as a scholar. He came to York in March, 1862, and entered into the mercantile busi- ness and continued that pursuit until 1872 when he registered as a law student in the office of E. D. Ziegler, Esq. On Febru- ary 24, 1873, he was admitted to the prac- tice of law in the several courts of York county. Since that time he has been en- gaged in successful practice. Mr. Strine was elected a member of the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania in 1886 and represented his county with ability. He has been prominent in politics for a period of 30 years, being a Democrat. He has taken great interest in military affairs. He left York for Gettysburg on July i, 1863, marched with the Fifth Corps, Union Army and Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, from Hanover to Gettysburg during the night of the first of July, arriving on the Gettys- burg battlefield on the morning of the 2nd of July. He was present with the troops and saw the second day's battle between the Union and Confederate forces. On the morning of the third of July he was taken prisoner by the Federal forces as a Con- federate spy, but after a hearing by the military authorities of evidence offered and proof of identification, was released. These stirring war scenes, and actual ser- vice in battle on the 2nd day of July, 1863, thereafter shaped Capt. Strine's love for military service. The following is a brief account of service rendered his native State, and in which he showed great abil- ity as an officer and tactician. On July 12,
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1866, he was commissioned 2nd Lieutenant of the Ziegle Guards, of York; May 12, 1868, 1st Lieutenant of the Worth Infantry, of York; July 12, 1869, Captain of the Worth Infantry ; Captain of the York Con- tinental Rifles, late Co. C, 8th Regiment, N. G. P., loth day of Oct., 1870; organized the York Grays on the 4th day of July, 1875; commissioned Captain of the York Grays, Co. A, 8th Regiment, N. G. P.; was re-commissioned a number of times and served until July 12, 1893, when he re- signed and his name was placed on the roll of honor by order of Gov. Robt. E. Patti- son. He was present with his company and assisted in suppressing the Homestead riot.
Mr. Strine was married in 1865 to Ada- line Elizabeth Dehoff, a daughter of Amos M. DehofT and Emaline (Stambaugh) De- hoflf. Mrs. Strine was born in West Man- heim township, York county, on January 4, 1846. The great-grandfather of Mrs. Strine was George Philip DehofT, who was a Frenchman and settled in America dur- in the i8th century. The latter served in the Revolutionary Army under the com- mand of Gen. Washington, participating in a number of battles, among them being Brandywine and Trenton; and also was at Valley Forge during the winter of 1777-78.
Mr. and Mrs. Strine have two children, Emma A. Strine and Ulysses S. Grant Strine. The former intermarried with Rev. Wm. H. Ehrhart, pastor of the Lutheran church at Silver Run, Carroll county, Md. Rev. Ehrhart is a York countian by birth and a graduate of Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg of the class of 1893, as well as a graduate of the Theological Lutheran Sem- inary of the class of 1896, at Gettysburg. Mrs. Ehrhart is a highly accomplished and educated woman and one of the leading spirits of her husband's congregation. Ulys- ses S. Grant Strine is married to Amanda
Waring, daughter of George W. and Maria Grim Waring. He was a student at the York County Academy and graduated from the York Collegiate Institute, class of '87. He was ist Sergeant of Co. A, 8th Regi- ment, N. G. P., for a number of years, hav- ing been connected with said company from May 1884 to 1894. Was present with his company at the Homestead riot of 1892. He is now engaged in mercantile business. The father of Mrs. U. S. G. Strine was born in Franklinville, Cattaraugus county, N. Y., and her mother in Dallastown, York county, Pa. Two children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. U. S. G. Strine, Janet Waring Strine and Frances Lois Strine.
Mr. and Mrs. E. Z. Strine are members of Trinity Reformed church, of York, Pa., J. O. Miller, D. D., pastor.
REV. JOSEPH DAVIS SMITH, the venerable and retired pastor of Slate Ridge Presbyterian church, who is a resi- dent of Delta, York county. Pa., is a son of David and Jane (Davis) Smith and was born in the county of Londonderry, Parish Bally Kelly, Ireland, May 30, 1828. In 1847, when he was nineteen years of age, the family consisting of the mother, father and four children, emigrated to America and located in Philadelphia in July of that year. Besides our subject, the children who came over with the family were William, David and Martha. After remaining in Philadelphia for some years our subject drifted away from his family and began seeking his fortune for himself. He had acquired a good education in Ireland in English and mathematics. He also had a knowledge of the art of printing which he had acquired during his residence in Phila- delphia and its neighborhood, but instead of following this calling he began prepar- ing himself for professional life and entered upon a course of training in Centre College,
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Danville, Kentucky, where he finished his Freshman year and then went to Cannons- burg, Pa., where he spent three years in Jefferson College, now merged into Wash- ington and Jefferson College, graduating in 1856. After receiving his diploma he entered Princeton Tlieological Seminary and for three years was engaged in pre- paring for the PresTjyterian ministry. In 1859 he graduated from this institution and preached^ temporarily for a year without any charge. In i860 he was ordained and installed as pastor of the Slate Ridge Pres- byterian church, where he officiated for thirty years, greatly to the satisfaction and well-being of the community. During this active ministry he prepared and preached a number of special discourses which were much commented upon and two of which were published — an historical discourse on his church and another on the duties of ruling elders. The prevailing characteris- tics of Rev. Smith's disposition are kindli- ness, benevolence and a deep devotion to the interests of his church and his com- munity. Pie has generously indulged these, as many young men whom he has assisted to gain an education can testify. Some of the beneficiaries of his kindliness, have through his influence and assistance been led to dis- tinguish themselves in the callings which they elected to follow. Privately Mr. Smith has taught and made a specialty of Greek and other languages. Pie is now living a quiet retired life among those people to whom his years of faithful and arduous la- bor for their spiritual and moral welfare have endeared him.
BF. HUBLEY, M. D., one of the • young and active physicians of York, is the eldest son of Henry and Sarah (Spangler) Hubley, and was born in Jack- son township, York county, Pennsylvania, March 18, 1869. The settlement of the
Hubley family in the province of Pennsyl- vania dates back some time prior to the Revolutionary war. In 1732 George or Joseph Hubley landed in Philadelphia and five years later he was followed by Jacob Hubley, a supposed brother, who was ac- companied by Catrina and Eve Hubley. The records from which these names have been obtained throw no light upon their relationship but it is conjectured that the one was the wife and the other the daughter of the immigrant; and it is supposed that this ancestor was thefounderoftheYorkand Lancaster county branches of the Hubley family. According to book F., page 119, Guardian accounts at York, Jacob Hubly was an orphan son of Jacob Hubley, aged fourteen years, and Jacob Funk was ap- pointed his guardian in 1787. Another theory which in the absence of definite rec- ords, has been built up concerning the an- cestry of the York county Hubleys, is that they are a branch of the Lancaster county family and that the latter is descended from John Hubley who landed in Philadelphia in 1743 and later pushed westward into Lancaster county, where he died in 1769. This theory derives weight and probability from the fact that the Hubleys on this side of the Susquehanna trace their lineage back to John Hubley, Jr., whose father came from Lancaster coimty and located in York county and who is regarded as a descend- ant of the John Hubley of 1743. John Hubley, Jr., followed farming, married and became the father of Henry Hubley, who in turn became the father of Dr. Hubley. Henry Hubley followed the profession of teaching for thirty-four years. He married Sarah, a daughter of John Spangler, of Alpine, York county, and became the father of five sons and three daughters.
Dr. B. F. Hubley grew to manhood in his native county and received his literary education in the public schools of his lo-
Biographical antj Portrait Cyclopedia.
cality and the York County Academy. Leaving the Academy at nineteen years of age, he made the choice of medicine as his life profession. He read under the pre- ceptorship of Dr. John Wiest, of York, and was graduated with honors from the Medi- co-Chirurgical College, of Philadelphia, in the class of 1891, and immediately com- menced the practice of his profession in York, where he has since remained. In addition to a large general practice. Dr. Hubley is an eye specialist of note and subsequent to his graduation, pursued a spe- cial course in preparation for that branch of medical science. He is a close student of all advances in professional literature and keeps well in the front rank of his profession, both in point of experience and theory. He is a member of the York County and the Pennsylvania State Medi- cal societies and the American Medical As- sociation. During the last of his three years' attendance at the Medico-Chirurgi- cal College, 1890-91, he was appointed and served as demonstrator in the Philadelphia School of Anatomy. Dr. Hubley is an ar- dent Republican in political opinion and in the summer of 1896, was made the can- didate of his party for coroner of York county. In the face of a stubborn majority, however, he and his ticket were defeated by a very slender margin. The doctor is chairman of the Republican City Commit- tee of York and for a number of years prior to his election to this position mani- fested an intelligent and zealous interest in all political and municipal issues.
April 7, 1897, he was united in marriage with Tilly A., daughter of Abraham White- head, of Norristown, Pennsylvania.
AD. THOMPSON, alderman from • the 9th ward of the city of York, is the son of Archibald and Rosanna (Mor- rison) Thompson, and was born in Hope-
well township, York county, Pennsylvania, April 30, 1842. Archibald Thompson, the progenitor of the York county branch of the Thompson family, was a Scotch Co- venanter, who came about 1730 to Chance- ford township, where he was one'of the early settlers. He was a native of the North of Ireland, and wedded Margaret Wallace, daughter of Alexander Wallace, who also came to York county, in 1730. They had four children: Alexander,Mrs. Agnes Col- lins, James and Joseph. Alexander Thomp- son was a man of good education, and a cooper by trade, who lent his abilities on many occasions to the public of Chanceford and adjoining townships, and resided dur- ing the greater portion of his life in Hope- well township. He was a man of good business habits and highly respected in his neighborhood. He was a Presbyterian in religious faith, and so zealous was he in the interests of that denomination that he hewed all the logs necessary for the erec- tion of the first church of his denomination (near Cross Roads) in Hopewell township. He served in the Revolutionary war when but a mere lad, and in the war of 1812, in which latter he was wounded at the de- fense of Baltimore. His marriage with Elizabeth Duncan resulted in the birth of one surviving child, Archibald Thompson, the father of the subject of this sketch. The latter was a man of character and influence, like his father, and served for a period of 15 years as justice of the peace in his town- ship, besides holding a number of other offices at various times. He too was a Presbyterian in faith and a warm advo- cate of the public school system, which at that time was brought prominently before the public in Pennsylvania. The date of his death was 1891, at the age of 87 years, having been born 1804.
He married Hanna Meads, who was a daughter of Benjamin ]\Ieads, and died.
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leaving no children. Mr. Thompson after- ward married Rosanna Morrison, a daugh- ter of John Morrison. By his second mar- riage he had ten children, eight sons and two daughters.
A. Duncan Thompson was the oldest child of his father's family and received a good education in the common schools and Stewartstown Academy, in which latter institution he subsequently taught for two years. At the end of that time he aband- oned teaching for farming, which he fol- lowed until 1881, when he was elected clerk to the county commissioners. In 1883 he was re-elected, and shortly thereaf- ter was appointed to index all the mort- gages and judgments of York county, from the year 1880 to 1885. In the last named year he was elected justice of the peace for th 9th ward, city of York, and at the close of his term was elected alderman, which latter office he has ever since held, being re-elected in 1896.
Alderman Thompson has always been a strong Democrat, and has been in active support of the municipal, county, State and National policy of his party. His record as a public official is one of integrity, faith- fulness and efficiency. He is a member of the First Presbyterian church, in which his wife also holds membership, and is also connected with the Improved Order of Heptasophs, in which he has passed all the chairs.
In 1866 Mr. Thompson married Annie E. Trout, a daughter of Samuel and Cath- arine (Douglass) Trout, of Hopewell town- ship. To their union have been born four children: Mary Alzetta, now married to Peter Rebman; Margaret Alice, a graduate of the York High school; James Samuel, who lost his life by accident on July 14, 1894, and Earl, a lad of ten years, now at- tending school.
PROFESSOR E. E. TAYLOR, Littles- town, Pa., son of Peter and Elizabeth Taylor, was born December 31, 1856, near Bendersville, Adams county, Pennsylvania. He is of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His pater- nal great-grandfather, Robert Taylor, was born in Ireland and was the only son when his parents came across the ocean, but he had three brothers, who were born after they came to America; their names being Joseph, George and Douglas.
Robert married Ruth Hunter and they had five sons: first, Joseph, the paternal grandfather of our subject, who married Barbara Arendt, and whose children were Jacob, Levi, Leonard, Peter, Joshua, Cath- arine and Leah; second, James, with only one son, James, of Bowlder, Pa.; third. John, whose sons are Shannan, John and David; fourth, Robert, whose sons were Isaiah and Elijah; fifth, Shannan, with only one son, Coe.
Joseph had five sons also: William D., whose children were Samuel, Lewis, Alex- ander and Joseph. John, whose sons were Brown and Howard. Alexander, whose sons were Solomon and Reuben. Thomas, who had three boys, John, Allen and Meade. James, the only one living, whose two sons are Walter and Hanson. Dou- glas had no sons, but a daughter, who mar- ried her cousin James. George had five sons, who settled along the Juniata river, their names were: Samson, Columbus, Samuel, Solomon and George, now of Mil- lerstown. Pa.
Peter, the father of our subject, was born in Butler township, near Biglerville, and having received a common school educa- tion, followed farming, except for a few years, when he operated a grist mill. He is now retired and lives in Arendtsville, Adams county. Pa. He, like his father, is a Republican in politics, has served as school director, and has been a member of
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the council of the Lutheran church for many years. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias. He married EHzabeth Knouss,with whom he had eleven children: Ezra, William, Ira, Joseph, Lena, John, Isaiah, Kate, Harry, Irvin and George. The mother died February 15, 1895.
The subject of our sketch received his rudimentary education in the common schools, then attended select schools at Arendtsville, Bendersville, and East Berlin, and finally at the State Normal school at Shippensburg. He subsequently began teaching, which profession he has followed for twenty-three years. He taught in the rural districts for seven years, one term in the State of Iowa, one year at the Loys- ville Orphans' Home, then served as prin- cipal of the borough schools of Arendts- ville six years, of East Berlin four years, and has been elected for the fifth time prin- cipal of the Littlestown schools. He is a member of the Lutheran church, superin- tendent of the Sunday school, a deacon in the church council, and an active mem- ber of the Y. P. S. C. E. He was a candi- date for the office of superintendent of com- mon schools of Adams county at the last election in 1896. He is at this time presi- dent of Washington Camp, No. 386, Pa- triotic Order Sons of America at Littles- town.
On the ninth of June, 1877, he married Mary Ellen Postlethwait, of Newport, Pa., and has two children, David Bayard and Grace Elizabeth.
SAMUEL LAMB DIVEN, M. D., a prominent and leading physician of Carlisle, is a son of Samuel Nelson and Sarah Ann (Clark) Diven, and was born at Mount Holly Springs, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, November 6. 1855. The Divens are of Scotch-Irish origin and Wil- liam Diven, the great-grandfather of Dr.
Diven, with his two brothers, came to the vicinity of Carlisle prior to 1775. He was a stone mason and built and lived in a stone building located on the Cumberland county shore just near where the Cumber- land Valley railroad bridge now stands. From this point he operated the first ferry across the Susquehanna river. He also helped to do the mason work of the First Presbyterian church of Carlisle, Pa. Wil- liam Diven served as a soldier in the Rev olutionary war, and his son, Hon. William Diven, who died near Pittsburg in 1868, aged seventy years,lived in York county, Pa., and was a farmer and school teacher. He served in the Pennsylvania legislature and married Mary Nelson, by whom he had three children: Samuel Nelson, Mary, married to John Mateer; and Jane, who wedded Robert McCune.
Samuel Nelson Diven, was born Decem- ber 13th, 1813, in York county, and died in Harrisburg, March 25, 1886. He fol- lowed his trade of tanner for some time at Churchtown, then went to Mount Holly Springs, Pa., where he engaged in mer- chandizing and introduced the first steam saw mill used in that section. He finally in 1868, removed to Harrisburg, in which city he became a leading brick manufac- turer and builder. He started a poor boy and died a man of means, all of which he had acquired honestly, and honorably. He was a strict Presbyterian, a hard-worker, and a staunch Republican. He married Sarah Ann Clark, who was a daughter of William Clark, of Cumberland county, and passed away in 1847 at the age of 76 years. Mr. and Mrs. Diven had eight children: William C, who was a shoe merchant; Sarah Rebecca, married Robert C. Lam- berton, and is now deceased; Robert Nel- son, deceased; Hannah Jane, who is de- ceased; James Ritchey, of Harrisburg, Pa.; De Witt Quay, now in the grocery busi-
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Hess in Topeka, Kansas; Dr. Samuel L. and Florence Emma of Carlisle.
Dr. Samuel L. Diven attended the Boys' High School of Harrisburg, and afterward entered Dickinson College, Carlisle, from which he was graduated in the class of 1878. He then taught school for two years in Minnesota and Nebraska, and in 1880 returned to Carlisle where he read medicine with Dr. S. B. KiefTer. After completing his course of reading with Dr. Kieffer he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania from which he was graduated in 1884. Immed- iately after graduation he returned to Car- lisle and formed a partnership with his preceptor which lasted three years. He then in 1888 commenced practicing by himself, and now has a large and con- stantly increasing practice. Dr. Diven has been a member of the board of health of Carlisle for the last eight years. He is a hard worker, has made a successful spec- ialty of gynecology, and has done much to bring about a radical and sensible change in the treatment of some diseases. He is a member of the American Academy of Med- icine. Dr. Diven is a member of True Friends Lodge, No. 56, Knights of Py- thias, Lodge No. 197, Free and Accepted Masons. He is a Republican. Dr. Diven is unmarried, and has been a member for sev- eral years of the Second Presbyterian church of Carlisle. He is recognized as a physician of ability and skill and stands high in his profession.
SAMUEL M. BUSHMAN, cashier of the Farmers and Mechanics Savings Institution at Gettysburg, is the son of Emanuel and Katharine (Hoffman) Bush- man. On both sides he comes of old and respectable families. His maternal grand- father was one of the first Masons in the eity of Baltimore. On the father's side.
his grandfather, Henry Bushman, was born in Adams county, Pa. He was a farmer and carpenter all his life, an old line Whig in politics and though born a mem- ber of the Lutheran church, later in life, through marriage, affiliated with the Dun- kard faith. His wife bore him thirteen children. All are deceased but Michael, the oldest, now a Dunkard minister in Adams county; Emanuel, our subject's father, now "]"] years of age; Mary; and David.
Emanuel, the father of our subject, was born near Round Top, outside of Gettys- burg. With an education gained by at- tendance for two and three months a year at the rural schools, he began life as a cabi- net maker, carpenter and house painter. Politically he was a Whig and his opinion on the great question of slavery were most pronounced as well as in advance of the thought of the day. It is a matter of some pride to his descendants that of the three original Abolitionists, and for a long time the only apostles of that doctrine in Adams county, he was one. Through his marriage to Katharine Hoffman, he be- came affiliated with the Catholic church. He was the father of eight children: John, Samuel M., E. Morris, Sarah, William, Joseph, Kate and Mary. Mrs. Bushman is also living at the present time.
Our subject attended the Gettysburg schools and very early began life for him- self by driving cattle to Baltimore. At the time of the battle of Gettysburg when there were so many wounded to be taken care of, young Bushman was pressed into service in the hospital corps. In Novem- ber following the battle he entered the Farmers and Mechanics Saving Institution as a clerk where during twenty years ser- vice he filled that position and served tem- porarily as cashier — a position he accepted permanently in 1883 and still holds. In
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the thirty-four years of service in the bank, Mr. Bushman has earned a rare reputation for integrity, financial ability and high gen- era! merit of character. He lives on a fine, well-stocked farm on the edge of the town, on which is located the famous Spangler spring, and with him rounding out their useful and venerable existences live his par- ents. Mr. Bushman's career is essentially self-made. He started in life without for- tune or that wide acquaintance with men which surrounds one with the encouraging influences of friendship. From an humble beginning he has steadily made his way upward not only in station, but in the es- teem of the people who through fellow cit- izenship or business relations have come in contact with him; and today he is honored by a remarkable constituency of friends throughout the county. In politics Mr. Bushman acknowledges faith in the Re- publican doctrines, but he is not given to active party service.
WILLIAM P. QUINBY, ESQ., the subject of this biographical mono- graph, is a well known and popular citizen of Gettysburg, the son of E. T. and Nancy Alda Quinby. He was born at New Ips- wich, Hillsborough county, New Hamp- shire, April 8, 1859. His father was Pro- fessor E. T. Quinby, son of Nicholas and Sarah Quinby of Hopkinton, N. H. He was the son of a farmer and village mer- chant. He taught school several months before the age of 21 years. Then he en- tered Dartmouth College from which he graduated with honor in the class of '51. He went at once to Ipswich, New Hamp- shire, as principal of Appleton Academy, where he remained until the fall of 1864. Under his administration that educational institution arose from a mere village school to such a high grade that it was ranked in New Hampshire by Philips-Exeter acad-
emy alone. He was then appointed pro- fessor of mathematics in Dartmouth col- lege, where he remained 14 years. In 1861 he was appointed acting assistant in the LTnited States Coast Survey and en- gaged in that work each successive sum- mer until 1885. In 1886 he was engaged in the survey of a disputed boundary be- tween New Hampshire and Massachusetts and while upon the computation of this work, was stricken with apoplexy. While a professor, Mr. Quinby gained eminence as an educationalist and most successful instructor. His mind was strictly logical and his character like that of the chevalier was sans pur et sans reproche. His chil- dren were Charles E., and William P., the subject of this sketch. The latter received his primary education in a private school and prepared for college under the instruc- tion of private tutors. He entered college and was graduated from there in 1882. He then taught school in Wilmington, Del., for a year and afterward went to New York city and read law until 1886, when he came to Gettysburg and continued his reading with Judge Wills. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1887 and has practiced his profession here ever since. He has built up a large and lucrative practice which is steadily increasing. Mr. Quinby is a pronounced Republican and active and influential in the councils of his party. He is prominent in social circles and is a lead- ing member of the college society of this city. He was married to Miss Jennie W. Wills, the accomplished daughter of Judge David Wills, in 1889. Their children are Jennie, aged six, and Alda, aged three years. While his father was engaged in the United States coast survey, as above mentioned, he was assisted by his son Wil- liam from the time he was old enough to be asssociated in the work, and during the
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latter part of his service he had charge of the field work.
DR. COLUMBUS WORTH KRISE, a congenial gentleman who stands at the head of his profession, is a native of Adams county, having been born at Get- t3'sburg December 8, 1848, the son of Abraham and Jane (Toot) Krise. The family is of German origin, the grand- father of the doctor having come to Amer- ica a young married man. Abraham Krise, the doctor's father, was born near Em- mittsburg, Carroll county, Md., March 4, 1798, and died at Gettysburg, October 4, 1880. When he married he moved to a farm five miles southwest of Gettysburg and remained there until 14 years before his death, when he became a resident of Gettysburg. He was one of the most sub- stantial farmers of that locality and a Democrat in politics, taking a sufficiently active part in public affairs to be elected county commissioner for three years. He was a consistent and active member of the Reformed church and for about 15 years an elder. His wife, the mother of our subject, was Miss Jane Toot, daughter of Jacob Toot, a farmer near Gettysburg, and also of German origin. To this union were born five daughters and four sons: Mary J., wife of Geo. B.Monfort.of Los Angeles, California: Elizabeth, deceased, married H. G. Carr; Sarah Jane, deceased, married Robert M. Dicks; Calvin P., broker at Gettysburg; Eliza, deceased.married Wash- ington Gault; H. J., a grocer and first dis- trict revenue collector at Frederick, Md.; Etta S.; M. F., cattle dealer, St. Louis; Julia M.; and the doctor. The latter was brought up on his father's farm until 14 years of age when he entered an academy at Taneytown, Md., where he remained a year, then entered the preparatory depart- ment of Pennsylvania College at Gettys-
32
burg, and the next year became a member of the Freshman class of Franklin and Marshall College at Lancaster. At the close of his junior year in that institution he entered the medical department of the University of Maryland Sept. i, 1869, and graduated therefrom March i, 1871. In the fall of that year he located at Car- lisle, where he has continued in active prac- tice up to this time. Besides, through his large practice. Dr. Krise is prominently identified in other ways with his profession. He is a member and ex-president of the Cumberland County Medical Society; a permanent member of the State Society and of the American Medical Association. Since 1894 he has held membership in the International Medical Association. He is a member of Carlisle Lodge, No. 91, and a Past Grand; a member of the Grand Lodge of the Order; a member and Past Chancellor of True Friend Lodge, Knights of Pythias; a member of the Reformed church of Carlisle for 25 years, and a trustee for nine years. October 4, 1881, he married Aliss Emma F. Beetem, daugh- ter of Jacob Beetem, deceased, of Carlisle, by whom he has two children, Helen and Raymond. The doctor is an active Demo- crat and has done yeomen service in his party's cause. He was a member of the standing committee for three years; chair- man of three party conventions, and at the present time (1897) is rounding out his year as member and president of town council. Breadth, geniality and energy of mind, the inherited traits of a worthy an- cestry and natural tastes have been the in- spiring principles which have led the doctor to his present prominent and suc- cessful professional and civic position.
T OHN W. STEACY, a prominent iron
I man of Southeastern Pennsylvania
and a resident of York, is a native of
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Lancaster county, having been born at Strasburg, June 9, 1833, the son of John and EHzabeth (Graham) Steacy. He is of Irish ancestry, both his father and grand- father before him having been natives of County Derry, Ireland. The grandfather Hved and died there, but the father, born in 1786, came to America when about 19 years of age and located near Strasburg, Lancaster county, where he died in 1844. He was a farmer and contractor and also engaged in freighting between Lancaster and Philadelphia, having in that services a number of teams. For eight or ten years he served as a magistrate. Politically he was of the old Jackson school of Demo- cracy and took an active part in politics. He married Elizabeth Graham. They had but two children, and of these our subject alone survives. Our subject was educated in the public schools and at Strasburg Academy, but he left his studies at the age of 13 and went to work on the farm and from that into a foundry at Eden, where he acquired the trade. Soon after serving his apprenticeship he entered a country store at New Providence, Lancaster county, where he continued for some time and then went to Columbia. For five years he clerked in an office and then embarked in mercantile pursuits for himself in the towns of Columbia and Marietta. After 12 years spent in this business he engaged in the oil business as a part owner of the Colum- bia oil works and as buyer and seller for the firm, which was known as Truscott & Co. They went out of business in 1886. Mr. Steacy then for a time conducted the flouring mill near town, under the firm name of Steacy & Co. In 1878 Truscott & Co. purchased the York Rolling mill and conducted it as a partnership under the name of Schall, Steacy & Denny, with Mr. Steacy in the position of manager. But in 1888 the failure of Mr. Schall necessi-
tated a change and a joint stock company under the name of Steacy & Denny Com- pany was organized and now operates the plant, which has an employing capacity of 250. In 1886 the firm bought the Colum- bia rolling mill and Mr. Steacy became treasurer and manager of that interest. Two years previously, in 1884, the firm had pur- chased the Aurora furnace at Wrightsville, and in 1888 they added to their possession the Vesta furnace at Watts' Station on the P. R. R., which became an adjunct to their Columbia mill. Having removed to York upon assuming the management of the mill here, Mr. Steacy in recent years has become very prominently identified with the civic, business and charitable interests of the city. He is at present a director in the York Trust Co., and of the Baltimore & Harrisburg (Eastern Extension) rail- road, commonly known as the Western Maryland, of which it is a division. While a resident of Columbia Mr. Steacy served as a director of the First National Bank. In that town he also performed his first service in public office, being for various terms a member of the school board and of council. Coming to York, his fellow citi- zens in his adopted home soon realized his worth and fitness for positions such as these and he was elected to councils here. He served in the first select branch upon the inauguration of the city government and for several succeeding terms. Despite his pronounced Republicanism, he was elected president of the branch, though at that time it was controlled by the Demo- crats. He filled this position with strict impartiality and retired wih a record be- yond criticism. Since his retirement he has twice been urged to accept the Republican nomination for mayor, but each time he has declined, preferringto give his full attention to his business. He has, however, accepted such positions as director of the York Hos-
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495
pital and of the Children's Home. Though not generally known, Mr. Steacy has a war record, having served in Co. E, Fourth Regiment. Organized at Columbia in 1861, under Gen. Patterson the regiment passed up the Cumberland valley to Hagerstown and Williamsport, and later operated in Virginia. At the expiration of his term of service, three months later, he was mus- tered out of service at Harrisburg. He married Mary Harmley, of Columbia, by whom he had two sons: Frank H., de- ceased; Edwin G., a resident of York, and superintendent of the rolling mill, Mrs. Steacy died, and Mr. Steacy subsequently married Anna Gyger, of Bryn Mawr.
Mr. Steacy is a most pleasant and agree- able gentleman to meet. He is quiet in his ways and his home shows the tastes and refinement of his life. His opinions rarely find public expression, but they are always indexes to a rare, broad and sound judg- ment, a discerning and sympathetic mind and a fine moral sense.
LEWIS D. SELL, a prominent justice of the peace at Hanover, is a son of Henry and Lucinda (Hagy) Sell, and was bom in York county, Pa., March 20, 1853. 'Squire Sell is a great-grandson of Henry Sell, who came from Germany and settled between Hanover and Littlestown, about the middle of the last century. He was a farmer by occupation, and nothing is known of his children except one son, Jacob, Sr., who was born on the home farm, a part of which he inherited and upon which he died about 1856. Jacob Sell, Sr., was a wheelwright by trade, but gave con- siderable attention to farming. He was a Democrat and a member of the Reformed church, and his remains rest beside those of his wife in Christ churchyard near Lit- tlestown. He married Miss Leister, a na- tive of Maryland, by whom he had seven
children: David, Jacob, Elizabeth, married; Lydia (Mrs. Joseph Zook), Henry, Abra- ham and Daniel. Henry Sell, the third son, was born on the homestead farm August 8, 1826, and after the death of his father he purchased his present farm of one hundred and thirty-seven acres in Penn township and near Hanover. He has made all the improvements on this farm which he has cultivated successfully up to the present time. He has always been a Democrat and has filled the office of school director. He is a member of the Reformed church, and has been twice married, first to Lucinda Hagy, who was a daughter of Georgy Hagy, of Conewago, Adams county, and died in 1 880, and afterwards wedded Lucinda Kale. By his first marriage he had the following children; George W. and Jacob H., both of Penn township; Lewis D., Amos J., re- siding on the old homestead farm; Emma L., married D. M. Frey, and now de- ceased; and John A., a school teacher of Conewago township, Adams county.
Lewis D. Sell was reared on the home farm in Heidelberg, now Penn, township, attended the schools of his neighborhood and at 16 years of age commenced teaching in the common schools of the county. He followed teaching for eleven years and then in 1879 was elected as a justice of the peace for Heidelberg township, which of- fice he held by election and re-election un- til December, 1887, when he resigned to accept the ofifice of Qerk of the Courts of York county, to which he had been chosen at the preceding election. He served as Clerk of the Courts from January 2, 1888, to January 6, 1891, then removed to Han- over, where he shortly built his present fine residence on Frederick street, and in 1892 was elcted as justice of the peace at Hanover, which ofifice he still holds. In connection with the discharge of the duties of his official position, he is engaged in the
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real estate and insurance business, and represents the following reliable insurance companies: The Home, of New York, and the Fire Association and the Spring Gar- den, of Philadelphia. 'Squire Sell has al- ways taken an active interest in the various enterprises of Hanover, and is a stock- holder in the Hanover Agricultural Society and Telephone and Cemetery companies; a stockholder and director in the Hanover and McSherrystown railroad, Hanover Heat, Light and Power and the Hanover Herald Publishing companies, and a stock- holder and treasurer of the Hanover Silver Cornet band. He is also a stockholder in the First National Bank of Hanover, the Littlestown and Hanover and McSherrys- town Pike companies, and the McSherrys- town Water and the York Heat and Power companies. He is an active worker in several fraternal societies, being a member of Improved Order of Red Men; Knights of the Golden Eagle; Washington Camp, Patriotic Order Sons of America; Improved Order of Hep- tasophs; Patrons of Husbandry; and Eagle Encampment, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 'Squire Sell is a leading Demo- crat of York county, prominent in his party's councils, serving on both countv and State committees, and frequently rep- resenting his party in county and State conventions.
On May 24, 1874, Mr. Sell married Hen- rietta Allebaugh, a daughter of Absalom S. and Amanda Allebaugh, of Conewago township, Adams county. To 'Squire and Mrs. Sell have been born seven children; Emma L., Harry S. J. T., Lewis A., Temp- tha A., J. S., deceased; Blanche G., Etta S., deceased, and Madeline G.
GEORGE HEMMINGER, M. D., a successful and popular physician and surgeon of Carlisle, is the youngest
son of John and Eliza A. (Heagy) Hem- minger, and was born two miles west of Carlisle, Cumberland county, Pennsyl- vania, September 8, 1840. His grandpar- ents, John, Sr., and Barbara (Rhemm) Hemminger were residents of Lancaster county, the husband being a native of Ger- many, and the wife of Pennsylvania. They hadfour children: John, Jacob, Samuel and, Nancy, wife of George Stubbs. The eldest son, John Hemminger, came into posses- sion of the home farm, which is about two and one-half miles west of Carlisle, and fol- lowed farming until his death. He was a modest, vmassimiing man who never took much interest in political affairs and cared nothing for public office or preferment. He was a strict and conscientious member of the Evangelical Lutheran church, and married Eliza A. Heagy. To Mr. and Mrs. Hemminger were born twelve children: John, deceased; Jane A., wife of Lafayette Pfeffer; Samuel, deceased; Sarah E. ; Wil- liam, deceased; Mary, wife of William McCullough; Joseph, deceased; Hettie, wife of Joseph Beetem; Jacob, ex-county treasurer of Cumberland county; Dr. George, and Susan, who is deceased.
Dr. George Hemminger was reared on the farm, attended the common schools and select school taught by Prof. Frank Gilledon and then in 1 861 entered the Freshman class of Pennsylvania College, at Gettysburg. One year later, after having passed the examination for the Sophomore class, he enlisted, on August 1 6th, in Company B, 138th Pennsylvania volunteers and served until June 23, 1865, when he was honorably discharged. His war record was one of active service. His regiment was placed in the 2nd brigade 3rd division 3rd corps, and did duty at the Relay House until June 16, 1863. He helped in escorting stores to Washington from June i6th to July ist, was at Wapp-
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ing Heights till July 5th, and on July 23 went to Kelly's Ford. He was at Brandy Station November 7th, Mine Run November 8th, Locust Grove November 26th to December 2nd, and in March,
1864, was placed in the Sixth corps. He was in the battle of the Wilderness May 5th and 7th, at Spottsylvania 12th to 19th, Cold Harbor June ist to 3rd, Bermuda Hundred Trenches June 17th, destruction of Weldon railroad June 22nd and 23rd, Monocacy, July 9th and was captured by the Confederates. He was confined at Dan- ville until February 17, 1865, and then sent to Libby prison, where he was paroled on March 2Sth. He returned to his reg- iment April loth and marched with Sher- man's army to Washington City, where he was in the grand review on June 8,
1865. Returning from the army he taught school one year, completed a scien- tific course in Dickinson College and read medicine with Dr. J. J. Gitzer. He then studied six months in the Medical De- partment of the University of Michigan and shortly afterwards entered the College of Medicine, at Detroit, Michigan, from which he was graduated in the class of 1867. After graduation he took a post- graduate course and after a few months travel in the West, located at Newville, this State, where he practiced for six years. At the end of that time, in 1875, he went to Baltimore, and after practicing there for a year as a partner with his old pre- ceptor. Dr. Gitzer, he came to Carlisle, where he has been a leading and success- ful practitioner ever since.
On February 11, 1875, Dr. Hemminger wedded Annie E. Powell, who was a daughter of Col. Samuel R. and Mary A. (Kelly) Powell, of Baltimore. In 1880 Dr. Hemminger was married a second time, wedding Mary N. Oyster, whose
father, D. K. Oyster, is a resident of La Grange, Missouri.
Dr. Hemminger is an unpretentious man, and equally popular physician. He enjoys a very large practice, and is often called to quite a distance in serious cases. He is a good surgeon as well as a capable physician. Dr. Hemminger is a member of the Lutheran church, and stands high as a man, wherever he is known. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias.
GEORGE DARON, United States revenue ganger for the Ninth Dis- trict, Pennsylvania, was born in Manches- ter township, York county, January 12, 1830, and is a son of George and Lydia (Kern) Daron. In a family of thirteen children, Mr. Daron is the fourth in order of birth and is a descendant from French- German stock. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Daron was born in Hellam town- ship in 1 771, and his father was a native of France, which country he left to try his fortunes in the New World when about fifteen years of age. Grandfather Daron was a farmer and distiller by occupation and a representative man in the early days when York county was in a formative state. He was a man of large stature, a Lutheran in religious faith and a vigorous and industrious man. Michael Daron, the emigrant ancestor of the Darons in Penn- sylvania, it is presumed, followed the for- tunes of Lafayette, to this country during the American war for Independence and afterward settled in his adopted country.
Our subject's father was born in Hellam township in 1799 and died in 1857 and his wife was born in 1804 and died in 1871. He was a farmer by occupation, afterward a hotel keeper at Dover, York county, and sometime before his death, which occurred in June, 1857, retired from all active busi- ness interests. He was buried in full com-
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munion with and in the faith of the Luth- eran church at Dover cemetery. At the time of his decease he left surviving four sons and five daughters.
George Daron, our subject, grew to manhood in Manchester and Dover town- ships, received his preliminary education in the district schools and supplemented this with a thorough literary training in the York County Academy, from which he was graduated at the age of 22. In 1854 he purchased the hotel at Dover, succeeding his father, and conducted it for a term of five years. In 1859 he removed to York and was more or less connected with cleri- cal official positions until 1865, when he was elected treasurer of the county. This position he filled with credit and efficiency. Subsequently, in 1868, he became clerk to the county commissioners for one year and in 1877 held the office of deputy prothono- tary for York county. Following in 1882 he was elected justice of the peace and was identified with that office for four years. In 1886 he was appointed deputy sheriff, served three years in this capacity and in 1891 was appointed steward of the County Almshouse, in which latter position he served one and a half years. In 1894 he was appointed to his present position of United States gauger, under the adminis- tration of President Cleveland. Mr. Daron has always been a strong adherent of the principles and policies of the Democratic party, has given liberally to the support and maintenance of that organization and in addition to the official positions already enumerated, has frequently been honored by his party with appointment or election to a number of minor positions. His coun- sel and activities in connection with the Democratic party have uniformly been of a high order. In addition to his public service, Mr. Daron has been a man of pub- lic spirit, interested in the material develop-
ment of his city and has been a real estate owner of considerable prominence. He is a stockholder in the York County Na- tional Bank and in the Eastern Market house, of which latter he was a director for a number of years. He was one of the early supporters and promoters of the Farmers' and other market houses of York.. Fraternally he is an active member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the Improved Order of Red Men.
Mr. Daron has been three times happily married. On November 22, 1855, he was united with Mary A. Leathery, who died March 30, 1874. On November 22, 1876, be married Malvene Crisman, who died May 5, 1893: and on November 22, 1894, he married Leavie Getz. Mr. Daron has no children.
AUGUST SONNEMAN. For the past thirty or more years August Sonneman, packer and dealer in leaf to- bacco, has been prominently identified with the industrial and material develop- ment of the city of York. He was born near Eimbeck.in the town of Sievershausen, Kingdom of Hanover, Germany, May 12th, 1842. He spent his boyhood with his par- ents in the Fatherland where his father, Carl Sonneman, was sexton of the Luth- eran church. Beside the duties of sexton, which were often varied and exacting, his father followed the occupation of weaving linen, in which business he was an expert and skilled craftsman. His mother was, l.efore her marriage, Antoinette Wedekind, a daughter of Carl Wedekind of Sievers- hausen.
Under the care of these industrious and frugal parents, August grew almost to man- hood, when at the age of seventeen he was seized with the ambition to emigrate to America, where he was not only in hope but in fact to achieve success and fortune. Ar-
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riving in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1859, he obtained employment there in the tobacco business. In this he seemed to have been particularly fortunate, for ever since he has been engaged in that work he has met with a success that declares both he and it were admirably suited to each other. After working in this first place for a period of two years he removed to York. Here he followed his trade for four years more, at the end of which time he commenced the manufacture of cigars. This he steadily carried on until 1867, when he greatly in- creased his trade by adding to his already large business the packing of leaf tobacco. So profitable did this new departure prove that it gradually displaced cigar making and now forms his major and almost ex- clusive line of business.
On March 18, 1865, while his career as a manufacturer was still young, Mr. Son- neman married Charlotte Wauker, a daughter of Francis and Juliana Wauker, of York. His marriage, though terminated ten years later by the death of his affection- ate wife, was productive of four children, one son and three daughters, the youngest, Carl August Franz, born April 28th, 1873, died in childhood; the oldest daughter, Antoinette Julianna, born February 27th, 1867, was married November 5th, 1890 to William Grothe, of York, where she still resides; the second daughter, Wilhelmina Charlotte, born June 3, 1869, is the wife of Ferdinand Bloom, of the same city; and Charlotte Augusta, the youngest, born De- cember 7th, 1870, is the wife of Gustav Mehl, of York. On October 27th 1874, the subject of our sketch was married again, his second wife being Catharine Smith, who was born in Lubeck, King- dom of Prussia, Germany. To this mar- riage have resulted four children, two boys and two girls: Anna Catharine, born July 25th, 1875; August Carl Heinrich, born
November 5, 1878; Carl Wilhelm Franz, born March 10, 1880; and Louise Marie Katharine, born January 21, 1892.
In religious affiliation, Mr. Sonneman is an active and valued member of St. John's Lutheran church, of York, of which he is one of the trustees and has served his church on different occasions as lay dele- gate to the Synod meetings of that church.
He has always taken a deep interest in the municipal affairs of his city and was honored by being elected a member of the first city council after York had passed from borough-hood to city-hood. In 1893, he was elected assessor from the First Ward and served with entire accep- tation until 1896. He has served in the councils of his city. Through the exercise of his clearheaded and practical judgment in local politics, he has not only helped to make our local self-government the ad- mirable and economic system which it is, but has won for himself a place of honor and respect among his friends and fellow- citizens. Personally, Mr. Sonneman is affable, uniformly courteous in his de- meanor, a worthy supporter of all meri- torious projects and is held in high esteem as a man of integrity and honor. He is one of the original stockholders and builders of the City Market.
DAVID A. MINNICH, the present postmaster of York, is prominent among the self-made men of the county. He is a son of Jonathan and Elizabeth (Ness) Minnich, and was born at Dallastown, Pa., March loth, 1857. The Minnichs are among the oldest settlers of York county, and have been equally entitled to merit for industry and frugality. The family is of German descent, and the founder of the American branch came to one of the town- ships about the year 1737. The early members of the family were mostly me-
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chanics, and for several generations fur- nished quite a number of carpenters. Coming down to the present century, we find some of them engaged in agricultural pursuits, of which number was Jonathan. He was born in 1813, and died 1865, and is interred in the Lutheran Reformed, now the German Reformed, cemetery, at Dallastown. Following in the foot steps of his early ancestors, he was a man of prudence and industrious habits, and a consistent member of the Reformed church. His wife, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Ness, bore him a family of seven children: Alfred, Pius N., Elizabeth, wife of Charles Cramer, Amanda, Cathar- ine, wedded to John H. Fuller, Jonathan, Jr., and David A., the subject of this sketch.
David A. Alinnich was brought up in his native county, and obtained his education in the common schools. At eleven years of age he entered a tobacco factory and learned the trade of cigar maker, which he followed until 1892. In the latter year he was made foreman of Myers & x\dams cigar factory, which position he retained until his appointm.ent to the post master- ship of York. ]\Ir. Minnich was one of 14 candidates for the coveted position, and after a long and hotly contested struggle, was appointed and commissioned by Presi- dent Cleveland, on July 2, 1896. His ap- pointment was satisfactory to the people regardless of party, and the termination of the contest, in his favor, was celebrated by his friends and a number of labor organi- zations in a public parade. He assumed charge of the post office on July 16, 1896, and since that date the functions of his of- fice have been efficiently performed. In politics Mr. Alinnich has always been an active Democrat. He has always been an active partisan in his political faith and has represented his party in State conventions.
He has also been active as a labor leader, and served officially in both the Cigar Makers' Union and the American Federa- tion of Labor for a number of years. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, Knights of the Golden Eagle, Odd Fellows and Masons. In both latter organizations he has been the recipient of unusual hon- ors, and has passed all the chairs in the Odd Fellows.
Like most successful men, Mr. Minnich began life for himself at an early age, and under adverse circumstances. He has de- rived invaluable lessons, however, from the accumulated experience of business and contact with people, and this, together with keen foresight, and a patriotic spirit, has amply equipped him for any honors that the public might bestow.
On January 22, 1884, Mr. Minnich was joined in bonds of marriage with Jennie Hartman, daughter of Albert Hartman, a native and long time resident of York county. Their nuptial relations have re- sulted in the birth of two children, a son and a daughter: Earl A., and Grace E.
He and his wife are both worthy mem- bers of Christ Lutheran church.
F RANKIN L. SEIFFERT, assistant postmaster of the city of York, is the eldest son of John and Elizabeth (Hen- ise) Seiffert, and was born in Dover town- ship, York county, Pennsylvania, January 12, 1837. His parents were both of Ger- man descent and natives of York county, where his father was born in 1814 and his mother in 1813. John Seiffert was a weaver by trade and followed weaving during his life time. He was a Democrat in politics and served one term of three years as au- ditor of York county. He died March 29, 1888, aged 74 years. He wedded Eliza- beth Henise, who was a daughter of George Henise, and passed away Decem-
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ber 12, 1889, when in the 77th year of her age. To their union were born seven chil- dren, of whom three died in infancy. The four who grew to maturity and are still living are: Franklin L., Ambrose H., Sarah C, wife of John B. Strine, of York; and Rebecca E., who married R. H. Stough.
Franklin L. Seififert was reared in York county, attended the common schools and took an academic course in the Cumber- land Valley Institute. At the close of his school days he engaged in teaching and brick-making, followed the one line of work in winter and the other in summer for nine years. He then in January, 1866, became book-keeper for Hoffheins, Shire- man & Company, of York, and remained with them for five years, when Mr. Shire- man withdrew from the firm and engaged in the manufacture of reapers and farm im- plements. Soon after Mr. Shireman's with- drawal from the firm, Mr. Seiffert became his book-keeper, and two years later ac- cepted the same position from Mr. Shire- man's successor. The York Manufacturing Company, with whom he remained until April I, 1880, when he became clerk and book-keeper for George F. Baugher, man- ufacturer of water wheels. He remained with Mr Baugher and his successors until March i, 1896, when he was appointed as- sistant postmaster of York, and has served acceptably in that position up to the pres- ent time. Mr. Seiffert is a Democrat po- litically, and has always supported his party and worked for its supremacy and the suc- cess of its principles. He served as school controller of his city for five years. He is a member of Heidelberg German Re- formed church. Mr. Seiffert has been con- nected for many years with the Odd Fel- lows and ranks high in that organization. He is a member of and has passed the chairs in Humane Lodge, No. 342, of which he has been secretary for the last
eleven years. He is a member and the present Scribe of Mt. Vernon Encamp- ment, No. 14, Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He has the reputation of being a safe and careful business man, and a good and useful citizen.
On November ist, i860, Franklin L. Seififert married Elizabeth Jacoby, whose father, George Jacoby, was a resident of York county. They have two children, both sons: Carey A., in the employ of the York Wall Paper company; and Harry J., now in Bair Sons' bank, of York.
ALFRED A. LONG, M. D., who has been engaged in the active practice of his profession in the city of York for over twenty years, is a son of William N. aiiL, Mary (Dampmen) Long, and was born in Honeybrook township, Chester county, Pennsylvania, May 21, 1851. The Long and Dampman families were pioneer set- tlers in their section of Chester, one of the three original counties of the "Keystone State," and the best ancestral record of the Longs is probably the one that is in the possession of Dr. W. S. Long, of Hadden- field, New Jersey, which shows them to be a steady and substantial family mostly en- gaged in agricultural pursuits but having a fair representation in business occupa- tions and professional life. William N. Long, like many of his ancestors was a merchant and passed his life peacefully and usefully, dying in 1861, aged 50 years. He married Mary Dampman, whose father, Peter Dampman was a well-to-do farmer of Honeybrook township, Chester county. Mr. and Mrs. Long had a family of five sons and five daughters
Alfred A. Long was reared in his native county, received his education in the pub- lic schools, Coatesville Academy, of Ches- ter county, and Pennington Seminary, of the State of New Jersey. In 1874 he com-
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menced the study of medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. Matthew A. Long, a well known physician of Pottstown, Mont- gomery county. At the termination of his office reading he entered the medical de- partment of the University of Pennsyl- vania, and was graduated in the class of 1877. In a short time after graduation he came to York, and having carefully pre- pared himself for the duties of his exact- ing profession he in due time built up a good practice which he has held and in- creased up to the present time. Dr. A. A. Long is a Republican politically, and while ever supporting the party of his choice in a proper manner has never allowed the ex- citements of political life to allure him from the quiet and steady practice of his profession. He is a member of the York County Medical Society. His choice of the city of York, as a better opening and wider field of usefulness than several other places to which his attention was called in 1877, was one of wisdom and judgment which has been attended with an ample measure of success. He is a member of the First Presbyterian church, of which his wife is also a member.
On May 6, 1884, Dr. Alfred A. Long, was united in marriage with Lillian M. Davis, whose parents are J. Rodney and Elizabeth Davis, residents of York, Pa. Dr. and Mrs. Long have one child, a son, named W. Newton, who was born May 29, 1890, and one son dead, Rodney D. Long, born July 4, 1886, died February 22, 1888.
BENJAMIN F. FRICK, Ex-Prothono- tary of York county, enjoys the dis- tinction of being the first, and so far, the only Republican candidate that has ever been elected to a county office in York in a straight political fight. He is a son of John P. and Hannah (Hershey) Frick, and was born in York county, Pennsylvania,
June 9, 1841. The Frick family is of Swiss origin, and the land of their nativity has al- ways sent to America a class of industrious, energetic people. John P. Frick was a lineal descendant of the progenitor of the Frick family in this county, and spent the early years of his life in Lancaster county, where he was born. He was a miller by trade, and after the pursuit of his vocation for some years in Lancaster county, he re- moved to York county, where he engaged in the general mercantile business. He was a consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and died in 1889 in his 8oth year. He was one of the few early Republicans in York county who advo- cated the principles of that party before it had been formally organized in the Na- tional convention at Pittsburg. He was prominent, active and aggressive as a party leader, and his political services were timely and useful in the community where he re- sided. When the late Civil war commenced and the Internal Revenue Department in- creased its force he was made a deputy col- lector of revenue and held that position for several years. He married Hannah Her- shey, of York county, by whom he had seven children: William H., Benjamin F., John J., Abraham, Mary, widow of Martin Skinner; Daniel B., and Joseph H.
Benjamin F. Frick was reared in York county, received his education in the pub- lic schools and York County Academy. Subsequently, he learned the trade of ma- chinist, which he followed until 1861. In August of that year he enlisted in Company A, 87th Pennsylvania Volunteers, was made sergeant and served until 1863, when he was transferred to Company H, 39th United States Colored troops, with the rank of second lieutenant. The next year he was promoted to first lieutenant, served some time as assistant adjutant general with Colonel Bowman, and after Lee's
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surrender at Appomattox, had charge at Fort Fisher until December, 1865. He was honorably discharged from the Union service in the latter year. Mr. Frick par- ticipated in all the battles of the 87th Regi- ment from 1861 to 1864. On June 17 he was captured at Carter's woods, Virginia, and was incarcerated several weeks as a prisoner in the famous Libby and on Bell Island. After being discharged from the service, he returned home and became book-keeper for the Billmyer & Small car works, with whom he remained ten years. He then embarked in the coal business, which he followed up till 1 88 1, and then opened an insurance office which has since become his principal pursuit. He repre- sents a dozen or more of the largest and strongest insurance companies in the United States, and has succeeded in build- ing up a large and profitable business.
On December 21, 1871, Mr. Frick wedded Emma Sechrist, a daughter of Jacob A. Sechrist, of York. To their union have been born seven children, one son and six daughters: Mary, deceased; Clara, a teacher in the York public schools; John, Hattie, deceased; Hannah, Frances and Susan.
Like his father before him, Mr. Frick has always been a Republican in politics. His strength in his own party and his pop- ularity with the voters of all parties was attested in 1893 when he was nominated by the Republicans for Prothonotary and elected in a county whose Democratic ma- jority runs from 2500 to 4500. His election was the record of the first predominance of a Republican county official over a Democratic opponent in York county.
Mr. Frick is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is a trustee, and of whose Sunday school he was super- intendent for over twenty years. He is fra- ternally a member of the Masons, Junior
Order of United American Mechanics, Knights of Malta, Improved Order of Hep- tasophs. Royal Arcanum, Post No. 37, G. A. R., asd also the Union Veteran Legion.
THOMAS WOOD, secretary of the York Gas company, is a man of var- ied and successful business experience. He is a son of Thomas, Sr., and Sarah F. (Brevitt) Wood, and was born at Darlas- ton, England. His parents were both of English birth and parentage, and his father followed milling as an occupation. To Thomas Wood, Sr., and his wife, were born six children, of whom five grew to ma- turity: Mary, wife of Thomas Page; Su- san, married George Brevitt; Jane, wife of Richard Brevitt; Sarah M., wife of Robert Dungate, and Thomas. Of these five chil- dren who lived to manhood and woman- hood but two are now living, Thomas and Mrs. Dungate, who now resides in New Zealand.
Thomas Wood grew to manhood in his native land, and after attending the schools of his district learned the trade of pattern maker, which he soon abandoned to learn engineering. He soon became an expert as an engineer, and in i860 came to Phila- delphia as manager of the works of Dean, Reichley & Co., who were engaged in man- ufacturing iron, nails and railroad supplies, and a year later failed on account of the Civil war commencing and preventing the collection of large bills due them in the South. After the closing of these works Mr. Wood returned to England and acted successively as traveling salesman for Ap- perly & Co., cloth manufacturers of Strand for five years and as a salesman in a large ware-house at Birmingham for two years.
Leaving Birmingham, England, in 1869, he returned to Philadelphia, and a year later in the early part of 1870, came to York, where he took charge of the business
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of the Singer Sewing Machine company. Five years later he returned to Philadel- phia to spend two years there in the gen- eral office of the Singer company, and then came back to York, where he was engaged in the sewing machine business on his own account for about five years. At the end of the last named period of time, in 1882, he was elected as secretary of the York Gas company and has held that position up to the present time.
In 1847, Mr. Wood married Marianne Cassidy, of Birmingham, England. They had five children: Thomas, Margaret M., Florence, who died in infancy; and Nellie and Amy T. Mrs. Wood died in England in 1868, and two years afterwards Mr. Wood wedded Annie Funk.
In political affairs Mr. Wood believes in the principles of the Republican party. He is a member of the Baptist church and a teacher in its Sunday school. Mr. Wood is an active and successful business man. He is a stockholder in the York Gas and Water companies, and the York City Street Railway company. He is a prominent Mason.
OSCAR G. KLINGER, A. M., is the son of Gideon B. and Elizabeth Klinger and was born September 13, 1861, at Hopeton. He is of Eng- lish origin, his ancestors coming from Saxony. His great-grandfather was born in Cunningham, Pa., received a common school education and was a farmer in Lu- zerne county. Pa., all his life. He was a Democrat in politics, a member of the Lutheran church and an active Christian, being an office holder in that church all his
life. His children were William, Henry, Solomon, Gideon, Isaac and Sarah. He died in 1859. His father was born in Lu- zerne county, received a common school education and was a farmer and merchant by occupation. He is now engaged in the sale of fertilizers. He is a Democrat, an ac- tive politician and has served in local offices. He belongs to the Lutheran church, of which he is a leading and exemplary mem- ber and has long been officially connected with that church. He gives much attention to and takes an active interest in the reli- gious and educational interests of the county. His children are Maranda, Lee, Ella, Rodgers, Virginia and Oscar. The father and mother of the subject are both living and are universally esteemed in the community. The youngest of their chil- dren, whose biographical memoranda we chronicle, graduated at Pennsylvania Col- lege, Gettysburg, in 1886. He then studied logic at the University of Cincinnati for a year and took a theological course at the Lutheran Seminary at Gettysburg, and subsequently studied at Cornell Univer- sity. Subsequently, he went as a home missionary to Cincinnati, where he re- mained two years, after which he became principal of Kee-Mar College at Hagers- town, Md., remaining there a year, and then came to Gettysburg to take charge of Stephens' Hall Preparatory Institute. He now fills the professorship of Greek and English in Pennsylvania College. He is a Republican in politics. In 1890 he was married to Elizabeth Mitchell, daughter of Robert Mitchell, and their children are Blanche Swope and Rodger Mitchell.
INDEX.
Preface, 4
Historical Sketch, 5
Chapter I.
Geography, 5
Topography, 5
Geology, 7
Mineralogy, ... 9
Botany, '°
Zoology, ^°
Political Divisions, ^^
Natural Resources I ^
Chapter II.
Aborigines,
Aboriginal Titles, I5
Early Settlements, 15
Border Difficulties, i?
Boundary Lines, i°
Manors of Springettsbury, Louther and Maske, i8
Pioneer Races, 20
Development Periods, 25
Cities and Villages 28
Chapter III.
French and Indian War, 29
The Revolution, 3°
Continental Congress, 34
Frontier Defense, 34
National Capital Site, 34
Whiskey Insurrection, 35
War of 181 2, 35
Mexican War, 3^
War of the Rebellion, 3^
Battle of Gettysburg 39
Subsequent Military History, 45
Chapter IV.
Agriculture, 4^
Turnpikes and Highways, 49
Milling and Merchandizing, 5°
Manufactures 51
Banks, 53
Railroads, 55
Minor Industries, 57
Chapter V.
Early Schools, 58
Act of 1834, 59
5o6 Index.
The Public Schools 59
County Institutes, 60
Academic Schools 60
Colleges, 61
Dickinson College, 6i
Pennsylvania College, 66
Theological Seminary of the General Synod Lutheran Church 69
Metzger College for Young Ladies, 70
York Collegiate Institute, 71
Parochial Schools, 72
Indian Industrial School 72
Chapter VI.
York County Bar 7S
Adams County Bar 87
Cumberland County Bar, 87
Chapter VII.
First Resident Physicians, 109
Physicians 1766— 1896, 109
The Indian Physician, 112
County Medical Societies, 113
York Hospital, 114
Dr. Dady, The Imposter, 114
Medical Statistics "7
Chapter VIII.
Lutherans 118
Reformed Church 119
Friends or Quakers 123
Presbyterians 124
United Presbyterians 126
Episcopalians 126
Baptists, 127
Catholics 127
Moravians, 128
Mennonites, 128
German Baptists, 128
United Brethren, • 129
Welsh Calvinists, 129
Methodists, 129
Methodist Protestant, 130
Evangelicals, 13°
Winebrennarians 131
River Brethren, 131
Dutch Reformed 131
Cemeteries, 13*
Chapter IX.
Bibliography I33
The Press, I37
The York Daily and Weekly, 136
The York Gazette 140
York Dispatch, 142
The Hanover Herald, 144
The Hanover Record, i44
Index. 5°?
Chapter X.
Local Historians 146
Slavery and Redemptioners, 146
Political and Civil Lists of Cumberland County 147
Indian Local Names, I49
Meteorology, '49
Political Lists of Adams County, 149
Secret Societies, 'S^
Odd Fellowship 152
Improved Order of Red Men, 152
Knights of Pythias 152
Temperance Organization 152
Grand Army of the Republic 152
Knights of the Golden Eagle, 152
Other Societies 152
Insurance, 152
Gettysburg National Cemetery, I53
York County Civil Lists, I53
East and West Indian Trail, 156
Population 156
City of York 157
Carlisle, 159
Gettysburg, 159
Boroughs, 160
Entomology 161
NECROtoGiCAi, Biographies.
Hon. Jeremiah S. Black 165 Gen. William B. Franklin 209
.Tames Williamson Bosler IfiS David Jameson 210
Hon. Edward McPherson, LL. D IT.") Horatio Gates Jameson, M. D 213
The Small Family 179 Col. Hance Hamilton 213
Spencer Fullerton Baird, LL. D 181 Col. Robert McPherson 215
■Molly Pitcher 184 William McPherson 216
Theodore G. Wormley, M. D., LL. D ISO Archibald McClean 216
Rev. Charles Nisbet, D. D 187 Gen. Henry Miller 217
Rev. Joseph A. Murray, D. D 189 Hon. Thaddeus Stevens 220
William Daniel Himes 189 Hon. Ellis Lewis 221
Hon. Martin C. Herman 191 Edward Chapin, Esq 222
Hon. James Smith 192 William Lonhavt 224
Col. Thomas Hartley 194 Hon. Lemuel Todd 226
Hon. Daniel Durkee 195 Co). Henry Slagle 227
Hon. Robert J. Fisher 199 Hon. Jacob Cassatt 227
Oliver Stuck, Esq., 200 Patrick McSherry 227
Hon. Frederick W^atts 202 Christopher Gulp 227
Jacob Forney 203 Gen. William Reed 227
James Underwood 205 Hon. Adam J. Glossbrenner 228
Rev. Jacob Boas 206 John L. Mayer, Esq 228
David E. Small 207 Zachariah K. Loucks 229
Re^. Lewis Mayer, D. D 208 Hon. James H. Graham, LL. D 231
Hon. Henry Ne"s, M. D 208 Hon. John Gibson 231
Contemporaneous Biographies
Ahl, John, M. D 341 Billheimer, Eev. T. 0 337
AUewalt, J. Q., 381 Brickley, Dr. O. C 328
Alleman, Horace M., M. D. 403 Beck, Paul J., 339
Brindle, Capt. John P 340
Biddle, Hon. Edward W 243 Hiroh, Prof. T. Bruce 342
Bosler, J. Herman, 245 Baker, John R., 344
Bittinger, Dr. J. H., 258 Brame, Rev. Ira Franklin, 346
Lellman, Bennett 323 Bowman, Henry N 347
5o8
Index.
Bowman, Dr. John W., 3o5
Benner, Maj. H. S., 361
Brenneman, Henry C, 36.5
Baker, John E., 3rS
Bovd, Hon. Stephen G., 386
Bond, William S., 390
Bressler, Wilbur J., D. D. S., 396
Barshinger, Dr. M. L., 400
Bahn, Prof. John E 412
Bittenger, Hon. John W., 433
Benner, Hon. George J., 433
Bnehler, Col. Charles H., 443
Bollinger, D. A 453
Black, Hon. Channcey P. . .' 457
Biicher, Dr. Frederick C 469
Brown, Hon. Gerard Crane 473
Buehler, Guyon H 476
Blasser, Jared P 481
Bushmen, Samuel M 491
Carl, Jere, 266
Cochran, Richard E 267
Callender, Eev. Samuel N., D. D 324
Conrad, J. J., 379
Dick, Wallace Peter, M. A., 270
Dale, Dr. James A., 272
Dromgold, Walker A., 31S
Delone, Charles J 393
Dougherty, Dr. Milton M 413
DeHoff, Dr. John W., 419
Durbin James Greene -166
Dietz, Christian 46S
Diven, Samuel Lamb, M. D 490
Daron G eorge 497
Elliott, Isaac A., 274
Ehrhart, D. D., 3S4
Ebert, Martin Luther, 417
Kichelberger, Captain A. W 420
Eckert, Edward G., 444
Ehrehart, Charles E 447
Elcock, Joseph 432
P'arquhar. Arthur B 237
Floyd, Eev. David Bittle 277
Fry singer. Rev. W. Maslin, D. D 285
Fastnacht, Rev. Abraham G 297
Freas, Rev. William S., 331
Frey, Samuel C, 333
Farquhar, Benjamin Hallowell 373
Feglev, Rev. Henry N., 3S9
Flora' William H 477
Frick, Benjamin P 502
Gardner, Franklin 248
Gable, I. C, M. D., 265
Glessner. James G., 275
Gross, Israel F SS.";
Gerry, Dr. Elbridge H., 353
Gilbert, Maj. Calvin, 360
Gibson, Milton B 371
Gardner, Edward ■!., 393
Grove, Eugene A., M. D 398
Gross, Prof. George W., Sc. D., 411
Gotwalt, Samuel 415
Glossbrenner Ivan 463
Goodyear, Jacob M 480
Henderson, Hon. Robert M., LL. D...... 253
Himes, Charles Francis, LL. D 253
Heiges, Hon. George W., 293
Bays, John 310
Hagerty, Rev. Andrew Neely 357
Heiges, Dr. Jacob D., 363
Hoober, John A., D. C. L 368
Hoover, George W., 394
Bench, S. Nevin, 397
Heilman, Rev. A. M., 408
Henderson, William M., Jr., 408
Houck, Rev. W. J., 413
Hay, Jacob, M. D., 427
Heller, John W., 431
Haines, Hon. Harvey W 432
Hersh, Grier, 441
Humrich, Christian P 445
Himes, William A 455
Hemler, Rev. P. P 473
Heiges, Prof. Samuel B 478
Heiges, John M 478
Hubley, B. P., M. D 487
Hemminger, George, M. D 490
Jones, Robert L., 301
Key worth, William A 367
Kerr, Eev. J. J 377
Krise, Dr. C. W 393
Kliuger, Oscar G., A. M S04
Lanius, Capt. W. H., 283
Lloyd, Hon. William Penn, 309
Lilly, Rev. A. W., D. D 362
Laf'ean, Daniel F., 375
Long, Samuel S., 404
Lindner, John, Jr 425
Latimer, Hon. James W., 432
Long, Hon. William H 448
Lewis, Clay Eli 463
Long, Alfred A., M. D 501
Moore, Maj. Joseph Addison 250
Mohler, John Frederick, Ph. D 276
Moore, Johnston 30?
McKnight, Rev. Harvey W., LL. D., 303
Manifold, Samuel M., 315
Mcllhenny, William B 354
McCoy, John, 416
Musselraan. J. Elmer 393
Miller, Kev. Jacob 0., D. D., 434
Mayer, Jacob A., 435
McKinnon, Dr. Matthew J 449
McGuire, Rev. Francis W 451
McElroy, Henry 452
Milleisen, Joseph 433
Mover, Rev. Elmer W 454
Meisenhekler, Edmund W., M. D 4.59
Myers, Captain Solomon 461
Mowers, Rev. Alfred B 475
McElroy, Robert J. F 4T9
Index.
509
Minnich, David A 499
Norcross, Kev. George, D. D., 240
Niles, Eev. Henry Edward, D. D., 249
Nixon, Henry B., Ph. D., 313
Nes, Charles I., 388
Niles, Heury C, 335
Neeley, S. S., 429
Neely, Thomas G 470
K eiman, John 471
O'Neil, Dr. John W., 311
Passmore, H. E., 325
Peters, Eev. Morgan A., 330
Patrick, Prof. W. H., 334
Plank, Benjamin, 350
Plank, John W., 351
FefEer, William H 410
Quay, Hon. Matthew S., 305
Quinby William P 493
Eeed, George Edward, S. T. D., LL. D... 244
Ross, N. Sargent, 368
Eobbins. Maj. William M., 356
Eitchey, Vinton Henry, 369
Eupp, Solomon S., 376
Eees, Eiehard, 407
Eeese, Eev. J. W 473
Stewart, Hon. W. P. Bay, 255
Stubbs, Vincent G 263
Spangler, Edward W., 282
Shindel, E. Hathaway, 295
Spangler, B. P., M. D., 299
Spangler, Hon. Benjamin K., 312
Steck, Eev. A. E., 314
Smith, Eev. George L., 316
Schlueter, Eev. Clement A., 326
Smead A. D. B 331
Schall, Jacob D., 338
SaiEord, Lilian E., M. D., 343
Stubbs, Le%vis K., 353
Schall, Michael, 364
Spangler, Dr. Charles P., 366
Strawbridge, Joseph E., 370
Snyder, John J., M. D 374
Sheely, William Clarence 399
Shulenberger, Ephraim A., D. D. S.,.. 401
Small, J. Frank, M. D, 404
Smyser, Samuel, 406
Sta'hle, Col. James A., 432
Swope, Hon. Samuel McCurdy 430
Stock. Eev. Charles M 443
Sadler, Hon. Wilbur P 455
Strine Hon. E. Z 485
Smith, Eev. Joseph D 4S6
Steacy, John W 495
Sell, Lewis D 495
Sonneman, August 498
Seiffert, Franklin L 500
Taylor, Prof. Martin S 345
Trimmer, Daniel K., 380
Taylor, Eev. Andrew E., 409
Tanger, J. C 484
Thompson, A. D 456
Taylor, Professor E. E 489
Valentine, Eev. Milton, LL. D., 361
\ an Cleve, Eev. W. S 300
Vale, Captain Joseph G., 383
Vandersloot, John E 451;
Weakley, Hon. James M., 250
Wetzel, John Wise, 259
Wood, Eev. Charles James, 260
Wanner, Nevin M., 263
Walker, Eev. Herman Henry, D. D., 373
Weiser, Charles S., 280
Whiting, Henry Clay, Ph. D., 297
Watts, Edward Biddle, 310
Weber, Eev. H. H!, 337
Weaver, Eev. William Henry, 348
Weber, Eev. Gerny, A. M., 357
Williams, J. Lawrence, 385
Williams, Howell, 415
M'agner, William H., M. D 465
Wasbers, Henry 435
Webb, William E., M. D 483
Wood, Thomas 503
Young, Hiram, 290
Yeagley, John H., M. D., 418
Young, Hon. James L 435
Ziegler. Edward D., 286
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